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5446956382977741453 | America's Got Talent (season 12) | America 's Got Talent ( Season 12 ) - wikipedia America 's Got Talent ( Season 12 ) Jump to : navigation , search America 's Got Talent Season 12 Broadcast from May 30 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) -- September 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) Judges Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Host ( s ) Tyra Banks Broadcaster NBC Winner Darci Lynne Farmer Origin Oklahoma City Genre ( s ) Ventriloquism Runner - up Angelica Hale Chronology ◀ 2017 Season twelve of the reality competition series America 's Got Talent was ordered on August 2 , 2016 and premiered on NBC on Tuesday , May 30 , 2017 . Howie Mandel , Mel B , Heidi Klum and Simon Cowell returned as judges for their respective eighth , fifth , fifth and second seasons . Supermodel and businesswoman Tyra Banks replaced Nick Cannon , who hosted for eight seasons , making her the first female host of the show . The live shows returned to the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles beginning August 15 , 2017 . The format of the show was the same as in season eleven , and Dunkin Donuts sponsors the show for a third consecutive season . A guest judge joined the panel for each episode of the Judge Cuts round : Chris Hardwick , DJ Khaled , Laverne Cox and Seal . Darci Lynne Farmer was named the winner on the season finale , September 20 , 2017 . She was the third ventriloquist , third child and third female to win a season of America 's Got Talent. 10 - year - old singer Angelica Hale placed second , and glow light dance troupe Light Balance came in third . Farmer won the show 's prize of $1 million and a headlining performance in Las Vegas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Season changes 2 Preliminary auditions 2.1 Golden buzzer 2.2 Death of Brandon Rogers 3 Judge Cuts 3.1 Week 1 3.2 Week 2 3.3 Week 3 3.4 Week 4 4 Quarterfinals 4.1 Week 1 ( August 15 -- 16 ) 4.2 Week 2 ( August 22 -- 23 ) 4.3 Week 3 ( August 29 -- 30 ) 5 Semifinals 5.1 Week 1 ( September 5 -- 6 ) 5.2 Week 2 ( September 12 -- 13 ) 6 Finals 6.1 Finale 7 Top 36 acts 8 Ratings 8.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 8.2 Specials 9 Contestants who appeared on other seasons or shows 10 References 11 External links Season changes ( edit ) Season 12 judging panel and host Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Tyra Banks On October 4 , 2016 , Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through 2019 . Long - time host Nick Cannon announced , on February 13 , 2017 , that he would not return as host for the twelfth season , soon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his 2017 Showtime comedy special , Stand Up , Do n't Shoot . Cannon was still under contract to host , and NBC executives did not initially accept his resignation , but they ultimately searched for a new host . On March 12 , 2017 , NBC announced supermodel and host Tyra Banks as the host for Season 12 . Preliminary auditions ( edit ) The season had preliminary open call auditions in Chicago , Austin , Cleveland , Jacksonville , Philadelphia , Las Vegas , San Diego , New York City , Charleston , Memphis , and Los Angeles . As in years past , prospective contestants could also submit online auditions . Judges ' auditions were taped in March at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Los Angeles . The premiere aired May 30 , 2017 . Golden buzzer ( edit ) The Golden Buzzer returned for its fourth consecutive season . Any act that received a golden buzzer during the preliminary auditions was sent directly to the live shows and did not compete in the Judge Cuts round . In the first episode of preliminary auditions , Mel B pressed the golden buzzer for 12 - year - old singing ventriloquist Darci Lynne Farmer . In subsequent episodes , Simon Cowell pressed it for 29 - year - old deaf singer Mandy Harvey , Howie Mandel chose 16 - year - old former blind singer Christian Guardino , Tyra Banks pressed it for Light Balance dance crew , and Heidi Klum chose 13 - year - old singer Angelina Green . Each Judge Cuts act that received a golden buzzer advanced to the live shows without any voting by the judges . During the Judge Cuts round , guest judges Chris Hardwick pressed his golden buzzer for 9 - year old singer Angelica Hale , DJ Khaled pressed it for 21 - year old singer - songwriter and guitarist Chase Goehring , Laverne Cox pressed it for 9 - year old singer Celine Tam , and Seal pressed it for soul singer Johnny Manuel . Death of Brandon Rogers ( edit ) On June 11 , 2017 , contestant Brandon Rogers died in an automobile accident . Rogers was an American physician who specialized in family medicine . Earlier in 2017 , after seeing YouTube videos of Rogers singing , Boyz II Men invited him to sing with them as a guest in three of their Las Vegas shows . His successful AGT audition aired on July 11 , 2017 , in his memory . He competed in the Judge Cuts round , but his performance in that round was not televised . Judge Cuts ( edit ) The Judge Cuts round began on Tuesday , July 18 , 2017 . Like the previous season , one guest judge joined the judges ' panel each show and was given one golden buzzer opportunity to send an act straight to the live shows . Twenty acts were shown each week and seven advanced , including the guest judge 's golden buzzer choice . Guest judges were not given a red buzzer to use . Any act that received all four red buzzers was immediately eliminated from the competition . The four guest judges were Chris Hardwick , DJ Khaled , Laverne Cox , and Seal . After the Judge Cuts , three wildcards were chosen from eliminated acts to perform in the live shows : Final Draft , Bello Nock and Oskar and Gaspar ( who did not perform in the Judge Cuts round ) . All three of these acts were eliminated in the Quarterfinals . Key Buzzed Golden buzzer Advanced Quarterfinal Wildcard Eliminated Eliminated Immediately Advanced Immediately Week 1 ( edit ) Guest judge : Chris Hardwick Date : July 18 , 2017 Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Hardwick Mel B Mandel Sara and Hero Dog Act Advanced The Baker Family Bluegrass Band Eliminated Mariachi Nuevo Santander Mariachi Group Eliminated The Masqueraders Vocal Group Advanced Eric Jennifer 5 Comedian Eliminated Harrison Greenbaum 6 Comedian Eliminated Dancing Pumpkin Man 7 Dancer Eliminated Tom London 8 Close - Up Magician Eliminated Eric Jones 9 Close - Up Magician Advanced Angelica Hale 10 Singer Advanced Immediately Danylo and Oskar 11 Acrobat Duo Eliminated Lera and Nika Tomanova 12 Aerial Duo Eliminated Yosein Chi 13 Hand Balancer Eliminated Darcy Callus 14 Singer And Keyboardist Eliminated Carlos De Antonis 15 Opera Singer Eliminated Canion Shijirbat 16 Digital Dancer Eliminated Just Jerk 17 Hip - Hop Dance Group Advanced Maw Kitty 18 Singer Eliminated The Singing Trump 19 Singing Trump Impersonator Advanced Demian Aditya 20 Escape Artist Advanced Week 2 ( edit ) Guest judge : DJ Khaled Date : July 25 , 2017 As of 2017 , this is the only Judge Cuts episode in the show 's history in which an act with at least one `` X '' buzzer was nevertheless promoted to the live shows . This was also the only Judge Cuts episode of the season in which an act received 4 red buzzers . Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Khaled Mel B Mandel Sammulous Cabaret Singer Eliminated Steven Scott Comedian Eliminated The Quiddlers Novelty Puppet Group Eliminated Str8jacket Dance Group Eliminated Solto & T Dot 5 Dance Duo Eliminated Junior and Emily 6 Salsa Dance Duo Advanced Jokgu and Aichan 7 Piano - Playing Chickens Eliminated Immediately Dakota Striplin 8 Singer and Guitarist Eliminated Chase Goehring 9 Singer and Guitarist Advanced Immediately Azeri Brothers 10 Danger Act Eliminated The Godfathers 11 Acrobat Group Eliminated Tulga 12 Strongman Eliminated Mirror Image 13 Vocal / Dance Duo Advanced Evie Clair 14 Singer Advanced Kyle Eschen 15 Magician Eliminated Xavier Mortimer 16 Digital Magician Eliminated Colin Cloud 17 Mentalist Advanced Pelican212 18 Family Band Eliminated Puddles Pity Party 19 Singing Clown Advanced Yoli Mayor 20 Singer Advanced Week 3 ( edit ) Guest judge : Laverne Cox Date : August 1 , 2017 This was the first Judge Cuts episode in which no acts received a red buzzer from any of the judges . Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Cox Mel B Mandel Oscar Hernandez Dancer Advanced Tony and Jordan Digital Magicians Eliminated The Naked Magicians Magicians Eliminated Jeki Yoo Magician Eliminated Herbie Russ 5 Singer And Saxophonist Eliminated Mike Yung 6 Singer Advanced 5 Alive 7 Boy Band Eliminated Final Draft 8 R&B Vocal Group Quarterfinal Wild Card Brobots & Mandroidz 9 Hip - Hop Dance Group Advanced Marisa McKaye 10 Singer Eliminated Celine Tam 11 Singer Advanced Immediately Aileen George 12 Pole Dancer Eliminated Shemika Charles 13 Limbo Dancer Eliminated Jay Jay Phillips 14 Comedic Keyboardist Eliminated Diavolo 15 Acrobatic Dance Group Advanced Jonathan Rinny 16 Balancing Acrobat Eliminated Bello Nock 17 Comedic Daredevil Quarterfinal Wild Card Daniel Ferguson 18 Singing Impressionist Eliminated Preacher Lawson 19 Comedian Advanced Billy & Emily England 20 Extreme Rollerskating Duo Advanced Week 4 ( edit ) Guest judge : Seal Date : August 8 , 2017 Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Seal Mel B Mandel Artyon & Paige Dance Duo Advanced Britt Saasen Singer Eliminated In The Stairwell A Capella Group Advanced Will Tsai Visualist Eliminated Henry Richardson 5 Magician Eliminated Elena and Sasha 6 Acrobatic Duo Eliminated Lost Legends 7 Dance Group Eliminated Nick Uhas 8 Scientist Eliminated Veronica Gonzalez 9 Foot Puppeteer Eliminated Sirqus Alfon 10 Comedy Trio Eliminated DaNell Daymon & Greater Works 11 Gospel Choir Advanced Pompeyo Family Dogs 12 Dog Act Advanced Johnny Manuel 13 Singer Advanced Immediately Maria Popazov 14 Hand Balancer / Contortionist Eliminated Maxim Popazov 15 Hand Balancer Eliminated German Cornejo Dance Company 16 Dance Group Eliminated The Honeybee - z Plus 17 Dance Group Eliminated Merrick Hanna 18 Dancer Advanced Kechi Okwuchi 19 Singer Advanced Brandon Rogers N / A Singer Did Not Advance Footnotes Jump up ^ Rogers competed in this round before he died , but his performance was omitted from the episode . Quarterfinals ( edit ) The quarterfinals were broadcast live from the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles starting on August 15 , 2017 . They featured the nine golden buzzer acts , the 24 other acts promoted during the Judge Cuts round , and three wildcard acts chosen by the producers and judges . Twelve acts performed each week , with results announced the on following nights ; each week seven acts were sent through to the semifinals . Puddles Pity Party and Mirror Image received an `` X '' in the Quarterfinals . Demian Aditya received `` X 's '' by Mel B and Cowell in the second Quarterfinals . Key Buzzed Advanced Judges ' Choice Won Judges ' Choice Lost Judges ' Choice Dunkin ' Save Judges ' Wildcard Week 1 ( August 15 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Guests : Grace VanderWaal , August 16 Act Order Performance Type Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel Christian Guardino Singer Dunkin ' Save Artyon & Paige Dancing Duo Eliminated In The Stairwell A Cappella Group Advanced The Singing Trump Singing Donald Trump Impersonator Eliminated Angelica Hale 5 Singer Advanced Bello Nock 6 Comedic Daredevil Eliminated Just Jerk 7 Hip - Hop Dance Group Lost Judges ' Choice Puddles Pity Party 8 Singing Clown Eliminated Preacher Lawson 9 Comedian Advanced Yoli Mayor 10 Singer Won Judges ' Choice Billy & Emily England 11 Extreme Rollerskating Duo Advanced Darci Lynne Farmer 12 Singing Ventriloquist Advanced ^ 1 After the judges split evenly in the Judges ' Choice , Yoli Mayor was announced to have received more of America 's votes than Just Jerk , and she advanced to the semi-finals . Week 2 ( August 22 -- 23 ) ( edit ) Guests : Circus 1903 , August 23 Act Order Performance type Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel Brobots & Mandroidz Hip - Hop Dance Group Eliminated Celine Tam Singer Advanced Mirror Image Vocal Dance Duo Eliminated Johnny Manuel Singer Advanced Merrick Hanna 5 Dancer Advanced Eric Jones 6 Close - up Magician Won Judges ' Choice The Masqueraders 7 Vocal Group Lost Judges ' Choice Light Balance 8 Light - Up Dance Group Advanced Evie Clair 9 Singer Dunkin ' Save Demian Aditya 10 Escape Artist Eliminated Pompeyo Family Dogs 11 Dog Act Wild Card Mandy Harvey 12 Singer - Songwriter / Ukulelist Advanced ^ 1 After the judges split evenly in the Judges ' Choice , Eric Jones was announced to have received more of America 's votes than The Masqueraders , and he advanced to the semi-finals . ^ 2 Due to a technical issue , Light Balance 's performance was based on their dress rehearsal . ^ 3 Another technical issue occurred when the sealed box Aditya was in did n't fall as planned . Week 3 ( August 29 -- 30 ) ( edit ) Guests : Mat Franco , Piff the Magic Dragon , and Jon Dorenbos , August 30 Act Order Performance Type Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel DaNell Daymon & Greater Works Gospel Choir Won Judges ' Choice Junior and Emily Alabi Salsa Dance Duo Eliminated Final Draft Vocal Group Eliminated Oscar Hernandez Dancer Eliminated Angelina Green 5 Singer Lost Judges ' Choice Colin Cloud 6 Mentalist Dunkin ' Save Mike Yung 7 Singer Advanced Oskar and Gaspar 8 Videomapping Act Eliminated Sara and Hero 9 Dog Act Advanced Chase Goehring 10 Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist Advanced Diavolo 11 Acrobatic Dance Group Advanced Kechi Okwuchi 12 Singer Advanced ^ 1 Sara added another dog named Loki in her act . Loki performed throughout the rest of the competition . Semifinals ( edit ) The live semifinals started on September 5 , 2017 . They featured the 21 acts voted to the semifinals , plus the judges ' semifinal wildcard pick . Each week , eleven acts performed ; five went through to the finals , and six were eliminated . No acts were buzzed . Key Advanced Judges ' Choice Won Judges ' Choice Lost Judges ' Choice Dunkin ' Save Week 1 ( September 5 -- 6 ) ( edit ) Guests : The Clairvoyants Act Order Performance Description Judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel Yoli Mayor Singer ; performed `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' by James Arthur Eliminated Eric Jones Close - up magician : The judges are seated on the stage . A $2 bill in Eric 's hand turns into 4 coins . Simon hands him a signed hundred - dollar bill in exchange for the 4 coins . He shakes the coins together between his palms , and one of the coins disappears . Eric gives Heidi the three coins , asks her to focus on one of them , and makes that coin disappear . Howie holds the two coins between his thumb and middle finger , and when he drops them , only one coin remains . Eric then places it onto Mel B 's hand , teleports it to her shoulder , and that coin disappears as well . All four coins are found under Simon 's 100 - dollar bill , and Eric changes them into the $2 bill . Lost Judges ' Choice DaNell Daymon & Greater Works Gospel choir ; performed `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' by Aerosmith Eliminated Preacher Lawson Comedian ; laments being single , explains why he broke up with his ex-girlfriend , Tyra , and worries about passing his big lips on to his future offspring . He ends with a joke about his reaction to his 4 - year - old cousin calling him ugly . Advanced Johnny Manuel 5 Singer ; performed an original song called `` Blind Faith '' Eliminated Billy and Emily England 6 Extreme rollerblading duo : rollerblades on a high platform in which Emily hangs on to Billy in several positions while they spin around . Billy then flings Emily off the edge of the platform into the jaws of animated dragons . Eliminated Evie Clair 7 Singer ; performs `` Yours '' by Ella Henderson Dunkin ' Save Sara & Hero 8 Dog act : Hero pretended to perform CPR on Sara before she `` revives '' and they play volleyball together . Guest performer Loki , Sara 's younger dog , circles backwards around a standing Hero , who then gets on a skateboard and catches frisbees . Sara and Loki get on a surfboard , and then Hero jumps through a hoop before Sara jumps through the hoop with Hero . The act ends with Loki in Sara 's arms . Advanced Chase Goehring 9 Singer - songwriter / Guitarist ; performed an original song called `` What Is Love '' . Won Judges ' Choice Darci Lynne Farmer 10 Singing ventriloquist 's puppet , Edna Doorknocker , complains about being stuck in the elevator with The Singing Trump , while gushing about Simon . She then sings `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' by Aretha Franklin to him , eventually cuddling a blushing Simon . Advanced Mike Yung 11 Singer ; performed `` Do n't Give Up on Me '' by Solomon Burke Eliminated ^ 1 Chase Goehring , DaNell Daymon & Greater Works , and Mike Yung were not initially announced as performing on week one of semifinals . Week 2 ( September 12 -- 13 ) ( edit ) Act Order Performance Description Judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel Celine Tam Singer ; performed `` How Far I 'll Go '' from Moana . Eliminated Colin Cloud Mentalist ; printed thousands of tweets collected from the public , each listing a random celebrity , city and object , on cards ( each containing a couple dozen of the tweets ) distributed to the live audience members . Judges collected some of the cards from the audience at random . Mel B selected one card from these , and Heidi chose one tweet on the card at random , which contained a unique list : Ellen , Rome , cheese . Cloud demonstrated with prerecorded video snippets of himself and the judges that he had correctly predicted the list . A picture on stage , when flipped upside down , gave the same list in reverse order . Lost Judges ' Choice Christian Guardino Singer ; performed `` What 's Going On '' by Marvin Gaye . Eliminated In the Stairwell A Cappella Group ; performed `` Castle on the Hill '' by Ed Sheeran Eliminated Merrick Hanna 5 Dancer ; performed robot - themed urban dance routine that involved some flying . Eliminated Mandy Harvey 6 Singer ; performed an original song , `` Release Me '' , while translating the song into American Sign Language . Advanced Pompeyo Family Dogs 7 Dog Act ; dogs of varying sizes , dressed as Arctic / Antarctic animals such as a polar bear and penguins , performed agility and acrobatic tricks including walking and handstanding on two legs , sometimes in size order , leaping through hoops and over humans , jumping rope with a human and climbing a ladder . Eliminated Diavolo 8 Acrobatic Dance Group ; dancers rose into the air hanging artfully , or climbing on , and leaping from , various moving , transforming apparatuses , with a post-apocalyptic or futuristic theme . Won Judges ' Choice Kechi Okwuchi 9 Singer ; performed `` Do n't Worry About Me '' by Frances . Dunkin ' Save Light Balance 10 Light - Up Dance Group ; urban dance employing darkness and chromatic lights on set and costumes with a video game effect . Advanced Angelica Hale 11 Singer ; performed `` Without You '' by David Guetta Advanced ^ 1 Merrick Hanna and Mandy Harvey were switched to perform on Week 2 although they were on the Week 1 promo . ^ 2 Klum 's voting intention was not revealed . Finals ( edit ) The final performances took place on September 19 , followed by the final results show on September 20 , 2017 . No acts were buzzed . Key Advanced to the top 5 Top 10 Act Order Performance Description Result Angelica Hale Singer ; performed `` Symphony '' by Clean Bandit featuring Zara Larsson . Advanced Chase Goehring Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist ; performed an original song called `` Mirror '' . Top 10 Sara and Hero Dog Act ; Hero freed Sara from a glass cube by pressing a button . Hero danced around Sara 's legs before Loki ran out and performed alongside Hero . Hero balanced on Sara 's feet and put his front legs in the air . Loki jumped over obstacles and ran through a tube , then Loki jumped rope , with Sara and Hero holding the ends . Hero jumped on his hind legs with Sara , then Sara made hoops with her hands for Loki to jump through . The act ended with Hero running up a ramp and jumping high through the air over a ball pit to grab a dangling bone . Advanced Diavolo Dance / Acrobat Crew ; Two acrobats danced around a door before opening it up to reveal acrobats dancing , jumping and sliding on ramps . They then transferred to a large rocking apparatus , climbing on and leaping off of it , and catching each other , with themes of fire and thunder in the background . Top 10 Evie Clair 5 Singer ; performed `` What a Wonderful World '' by Louis Armstrong . Top 10 Preacher Lawson 6 Stand - Up Comedian ; recalled an interaction on the street with a mostly naked man who proclaimed `` Black Power '' despite being white . He said the man asked to borrow $75 , and noted that the man would definitely use it for drugs . He then performed an energetic physical bit , imitating the man by shaking and repeating the same phrase over and over . He ended by making a meta observation that while some audience members die laughing from this joke , others say , `` How long is he gon na do this for ? '' Top 10 Kechi Okwuchi 7 Singer ; performed `` Conqueror '' by Estelle . Top 10 Darci Lynne Farmer 8 Singing Ventriloquist ; puppets Oscar and Petunia bickered over who should sing for the Finals . The two puppets then told Darci to keep her mouth closed while they both performed a version of `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' by The Beatles . Advanced Mandy Harvey 9 Singer - Songwriter / Ukeleleist ; performed an original song called `` This Time '' . Advanced Light Balance 10 Light - Up Dance Group ; urban dance with chromatic lights . At the beginning , echoing the group 's past performances , a dancer in a top hat sat on a chair ( Preliminary auditions ) , followed by a werewolf ( Quarterfinals ) that seemingly tore one of the android dancers in half , although its top and bottom halves soon rejoined , and ended with a person resembling a video game character ( Semifinals ) . Advanced Finale ( edit ) Guest performers in the finale included Kelly Clarkson , Shania Twain , James Arthur , Derek Hough and Terry Fator . Other celebrity appearances included Marlee Matlin . The following chart describes the acts , appearances and segments presented during the finale . Act ( s ) Performance Description Angelica Hale & Kechi Okwuchi Singers ; Guest performer Kelly Clarkson sang , with the two contestants , a trio of her song `` Stronger '' . Chase Goehring Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist ; Guest performer James Arthur sang a duet with Goehring of his song ' `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Sara and Hero Dog Act ; Instead of performing an act , Sara worked to train the Judges ' dogs to perform several tricks . Diavolo Dance / Acrobat Crew ; performed in a space - like setting with asteroids crashing into each other in the background and the dancers jumping off of a moon - like structure . Evie Clair Singer ; Guest performer James Arthur performed a duet with Clair of her song `` Okay Day '' . Preacher Lawson Comedian ; Clips were shown of Lawson performing at the Laugh Factory with Judge Howie Mandel and Kevin Nealon . Darci Lynne Farmer Singing Ventriloquist ; Guest performer Terry Fator , with his turtle puppet , Winston , joked around with Farmer and her bunny , Petunia . The two puppets then performed the comic song `` Anything You Can Do '' . Mandy Harvey Singer - Songwriter / Ukeleleist ; Guest performer Shania Twain sang a duet with Harvey of Twain 's song `` You 're Still The One '' . Light Balance Light - Up Dance Group ; Guest performer Derek Hough led the group in a dance routine similar to the group 's preliminary auditions routine . Key 1st place ( Winner ) 2nd place ( Runner - up ) 3rd place 4th place 5th place Act Result Darci Lynne Farmer Winner Angelica Hale Runner - Up Light Balance 3rd place Mandy Harvey 4th place Sara and Hero 5th place Top 36 acts ( edit ) Key Winner Runner - up Third Place Top 5 Finalist Semifinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Semifinalist ( lost audience vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost audience vote ) Golden buzzer ( Auditions ) Golden buzzer ( Judge Cuts ) Judges ' wild card ( quarterfinals ) Judges ' wild card ( semifinals ) Name of Act Age ( s ) Genre Act Hometown Quarterfinal Semifinal Result Darci Lynne Farmer 12 Comedy & Singing Singing Ventriloquist Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Winner Angelica Hale 9 Singing Singer Atlanta , Georgia Runner - Up Light Balance 22 - 36 Dance Light - Up Dance Group Ukraine 3rd Place Mandy Harvey 29 Singing Singer - Songwriter / Ukulelist St. Cloud , Florida 4th Place Sara and Hero 22 & 5 Animal Dog Act North Bay , Ontario , Canada 5th Place Chase Goehring 21 Singing Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist Nolensville , Tennessee Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) Diavolo 21 - 39 Acrobatics Acrobatic Dance Group Los Angeles , California Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) Evie Clair 13 Singing Singer Florence , Arizona Finalist ( Won Dunkin ' Save Vote ) Kechi Okwuchi 27 Singing Singer Houston , Texas Finalist ( Won Dunkin ' Save Vote ) Preacher Lawson 25 Comedy Stand - up Comedian Memphis , Tennessee Finalist ( Won Audience Vote ) Colin Cloud 30 Magic Mentalist Edinburgh , Scotland Semifinalist ( Lost Judges ' Vote ) Eric Jones 36 Magic Close - up Magician Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Semifinalist ( Lost Judges ' Vote ) Billy & Emily England 30 , 27 Danger Extreme Rollerskating Duo Las Vegas , Nevada Eliminated Celine Tam 9 Singing Singer Hong Kong Eliminated Christian Guardino 16 Singing Singer Patchogue , New York Eliminated DaNell Daymon & Greater Works 24 - 59 Singing Gospel Choir Various Eliminated In The Stairwell 18 - 22 Singing A Cappella Group Colorado Springs , Colorado Eliminated Johnny Manuel 32 Singing Singer Flint , Michigan Eliminated Merrick Hanna 12 Dance Dancer Encinitas , California Eliminated Mike Yung 56 Singing Singer New York , New York Eliminated Pompeyo Family Dogs 7 - 35 Animal Dog Act Sarasota , Florida Eliminated Yoli Mayor 21 Singing Singer Miami , Florida Eliminated Angelina Green 13 Singing Singer Miami , Florida N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Just Jerk 18 - 27 Dance Hip - Hop Dance Group Seoul , South Korea N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) The Masqueraders 72 - 74 Singing Vocal Group Nashville , Tennessee N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Artyon & Paige 9 & 8 Dance Dancing Duo Murrieta , California N / A Eliminated Bello Nock 47 Danger Comedic Daredevil Sarasota , Florida N / A Eliminated Brobots & Mandroidz 16 - 24 Dance Hip - Hop Dance Group Torrance , California N / A Eliminated Demian Aditya 36 Magic Escape Artist Jakarta , Indonesia N / A Eliminated Final Draft 22 - 26 Singing Vocal Group Atlanta , Georgia N / A Eliminated Junior and Emily 31 & 27 Dance Salsa Dance Duo Los Angeles , California N / A Eliminated Mirror Image 16 Singing & Dance Vocal Dance Duo Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania N / A Eliminated Oscar Hernandez 34 Dance Dancer Orange County , California N / A Eliminated Oskar and Gaspar Unknown Variety Videomapping Act Unknown N / A Eliminated Puddles Pity Party 52 Singing Singing Clown Atlanta , Georgia N / A Eliminated The Singing Trump 56 Comedy & Singing Singing Trump Impersonator Palm Springs , California N / A Eliminated Ratings ( edit ) Us nielsen ratings ( edit ) Show Episode title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly Rank Weekly Rank Auditions Week 1 May 30 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.7 11 12.32 Auditions Week 2 June 6 , 2017 2.7 11 12.53 Auditions Week 3 June 13 , 2017 2.6 11 12.70 Auditions Week 4 June 20 , 2017 2.6 11 12.74 5 Auditions Week 5 June 27 , 2017 2.5 10 12.36 6 Auditions Week 6 July 11 , 2017 2.5 10 12.59 7 Judge Cuts 1 July 18 , 2017 2.5 11 12.57 8 Judge Cuts 2 July 25 , 2017 2.6 11 13.08 9 Judge Cuts 3 August 1 , 2017 2.8 12 13.33 10 Judge Cuts 4 August 8 , 2017 2.7 11 13.32 11 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) August 15 , 2017 2.8 11 13.44 12 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Results ) August 16 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 9 10.89 13 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) August 22 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 10 12.76 14 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Results ) August 23 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.0 9 10.84 15 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Performances ) August 29 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 11 13.13 16 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Results ) August 30 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.9 8 11.07 17 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) September 5 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 10 13.29 18 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Results ) September 6 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 8 11.99 6 19 Semifinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) September 12 , 2017 Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.3 9 11.57 20 Semifinals , Week 2 ( Results ) September 13 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 8 11.59 21 The Finals September 19 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 3.0 12 14.70 22 Season Finale September 20 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 3.0 11 15.64 Footnotes Jump up ^ This episode was delayed by one hour to follow Hand in Hand : A Benefit for Hurricane Relief . Specials ( edit ) Show Episode title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly Rank Weekly Rank S1 Best of Season 12 Auditions July 13 , 2017 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.3 6 7.10 10 S2 Road to Finals August 9 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.3 6 7.01 8 Contestants who appeared on other seasons or shows ( edit ) Demian Aditya appeared as a guest performer on Indonesia 's Got Talent . German Cornejo & Gisela Galeassi ( `` German Cornejo Dance Company '' ) appeared on and were the tango dancer winners of ¡ Q'Viva ! The Chosen in 2012 , performing after the show in Las Vegas with ¡ Q'Viva ! The Chosen Live . They also were guest artists in Buenos Aires at the Dance Again World Tour by Jennifer Lopez . Ezequiel Lopez ( `` German Cornejo Dance Company '' ) appeared on and was one of the malambo dancer winners of ¡ Q'Viva ! The Chosen in 2012 . Canion Shijirbat appeared on and was the runner - up of Mongolia 's Got Talent in 2016 . He appeared on Asia 's Got Talent a few months after America 's Got Talent and was given a Golden Buzzer by the hosts . Nick Uhas was a houseguest on Big Brother 15 and was the second houseguest evicted from the house . Merrick Hanna auditioned for So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation . He made it into the top 40 at Dance Academy , but was eliminated before reaching the top 30 . He has also appeared as a lip sync battler on Nickelodeon 's Lip Sync Battle Shorties and on The Ellen DeGeneres Show . Artyon , half of the dancing duo Artyon and Paige , appeared as a lip sync battler on Nickelodeon 's Lip Sync Battle Shorties . Darci Lynne Farmer appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 and on Little Big Shots ( UK TV series ) in 2017 . Billy and Emily England appeared on Britain 's Got Talent ( series 9 ) and reached the Semifinals . In 2008 , Emily was the runner - up on Big Brother UK : Celebrity Hijack , competing under the name of `` Emilia . '' Tony and Jordan ( `` The French Twins '' ) appeared on series 11 of La France a un incroyable talent ( the French version of Got Talent ) in 2016 . Chase Goehring appeared on The X Factor ( U.S. season 3 ) . Christian Guardino appeared on Showtime at the Apollo in 2016 . Light Balance appeared on Britain 's Got Talent ( series 8 ) and reached the Semifinals . Junior and Emily appeared on Season 3 of America 's Got Talent , but were eliminated before the live shows . Shemika Charles appeared on Season 6 of America 's Got Talent , but was eliminated during Vegas week . Celine Tam appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 and Britain 's Got Talent ( series 10 ) but had to drop out due to a visa issue . Vinny Grosso ( `` The Naked Magician '' ) previously appeared on `` Penn and Teller : Fool Us '' , performing the same routine as his AGT Audition , and successfully fooling the magic duo . The Quiddlers participated in the third season and appeared on I Can Do That , performing with Ciara and Nicole Scherzinger during their time on the show . Eric Jones previously appeared on `` Penn and Teller : Fool us , and he was successful in fooling them . Kyle Eschen & Xavier Mortimer also appeared on Fool Us ( Mortimer twice ) , but were unsuccessful in fooling Penn & Teller . Xavier Mortimer auditioned in Season 10 , but was eliminated at the judge cuts after receiving four buzzers . Pelican 212 appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 . Kyle Eschen appeared on Season 3 , episode 2 of Penn & Teller : Fool Us , Masters of Illusion , and The World Magic Awards . Colin Cloud appeared on Britain 's Got Talent in 2012 , but he did not make it through to the live semifinals . Cloud also appeared on Season 1 of Penn and Teller Fool Us . His trick did n't however fool Penn and Teller . At both BGT and Penn and Teller Fool Us he went under his real name Colin McLeod . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Sets Summer Premieres : ' Marlon , ' ' Midnight , Texas , ' ' Carmichael Show , ' Reality & More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' renewed for Season 12 , judges all returning '' . Zap2it . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Sets Tyra Banks As New Host For Season 12 '' . March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dunkin ' Donuts returns to NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' for shows ' 12th Season '' . May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Sets Chris Hardwick and DJ Khaled as Season 12 Guest Judges '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Season 12 Adds Laverne Cox as Guest Judge '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Heidi Klum and Seal Reunite on ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metz , Brooke . `` Darci Lynne Farmer , 12 , is the new champion of America 's Got Talent '' , USA Today , September 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers . `` The winner of America 's Got Talent is ... '' , CNN , September 21 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowell Signs New Deal & Returns as Judge on NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' for Next Three Seasons '' . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon Quits America 's Got Talent After Threats of Firing over Race Joke '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Kiyonna ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Execs Have This to Say About Nick Cannon 's Departure '' . Globalgrind . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Paul ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stand my ground ' : Nick Cannon resolves to ' stay firm ' after quitting AGT and picks Ryan Seacrest as heir '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent Season 12 Auditions : Cities , Dates , Video Tips '' . September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mallenbaum , Carly . `` America 's Got Talent : A look at Season 12 's Golden Buzzer acts '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stone , Natalie ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Rising Star Dies in Car Crash at Age 29 '' . People . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Garcera , Mark Zeanreh . `` Some drama on AGT when Mel B splashes Simon 's face '' , BlastingNews.com , August 23 , 2017 , accessed September 30 , 2017 ; and King , Bill . `` America 's Got Talent Recap : The Quarterfinals Get Underway '' , BuddyTV.com , August 15 , 2017 , accessed September 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Watch America 's Got Talent Live Results 1 online '' . FanSided. 2017 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ' Live Results 1 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Witness the spectacular ... ' '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stagnitta , Ali . `` America 's Got Talent Recap : 2 Onstage Disasters Prevent Fan - Favorite Acts from Performing '' , Hollywood Life , August 22 , 2017 , accessed September 13 , 2017 Jump up ^ www.justjared.com/2017/08/22/demian-adityas-escape-stunt-on-agt-goes-wrong-during-live-show-video/ Jump up ^ `` ' TV ALERT ... ' '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' YOU HEAR THAT ? ... ' '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ www.thewrap.com/americas-got-talent-agt-clairvoyants-video/ Jump up ^ Mizoguchi , Karen . `` America 's Got Talent Fans React to THAT Shocking Season Finale -- See Which Fan - Favorites Got Eliminated ! '' , People magazine , September 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Singing Trump from Palm Springs wowed on ' America 's Got Talent ' with his song and dance skills '' . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Imaginary Mary ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals give ABC a big bump : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for May 29 - June 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals , ' America 's Got Talent ' on top again : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 5 -- 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals carries ABC again : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' and ' American Housewife ' encores adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' leads NBC to victory : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 19 -- 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` NBC and ' AGT ' stay on top : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 26 - July 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and All - Star Game adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent , ' MLB All - Stars go 1 - 2 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for July 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' streak continues : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for July 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' World of Dance ' and ' Somewhere Between ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Another week on top for ' America 's Got Talent ' : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for July 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' World of Dance ' and ' Somewhere Between ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent , ' NFL lead NBC to victory : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Somewhere Between ' and ' World of Dance ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelorette ' finale gives ABC a bump : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Game Night and Somewhere Between adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent , Big Brother dominate the broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' adjusts up , ' The F Word ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' reruns adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` NBC runs winning streak to 10 weeks : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Aug. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Marlon ' and ' Salvation ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent and Hollywood Game Night adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` College football pushes ABC to No. 1 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Aug. 28 - Sept. 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Marlon ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelor in Paradise ' and ' AGT ' adjust up , ' Hollywood Game Night ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Football gives NBC a big win : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Sept. 4 - 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Marlon ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday Night Football falls but remains on top : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Sept. 11 - 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Midnight , Texas ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Will & Grace ' special adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` NBC caps yearlong win with ' AGT ' finale , football : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Sept. 18 - 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother , ' ' Masterchef ' ajdust up , ' The Good Place ' and ' Salvation ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Road to Finals ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Salvation , ' ' Story of Diana , ' ' Carmichael ' and ' AGT ' all adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` So You Think You Can Dance 2016 Recap : So You Think You Can Make The Top 10 ? '' . gossipandgab.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Merrick Hanna '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Official website IMDB America 's Got Talent website Preceded by Season 11 ( 2016 ) America 's Got Talent Season 12 ( 2017 ) Succeeded by Season 13 ( 2018 ) ( hide ) America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Miguel Dakota Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Merrick Hanna Preacher Lawson Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent_(season_12)&oldid=816165902 '' Categories : America 's Got Talent seasons 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 18 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the host on americas got talent | [
"Season twelve of the reality competition series America's Got Talent was ordered on August 2, 2016 and premiered on NBC on Tuesday, May 30, 2017.[1] Howie Mandel, Mel B, Heidi Klum and Simon Cowell returned as judges for their respective eighth, fifth, fifth and second seasons.[2] Supermodel and businesswoman Tyra Banks replaced Nick Cannon, who hosted for eight seasons, making her the first female host of the show.[3] The live shows returned to the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles beginning August 15, 2017."
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"Tyra Banks"
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-7825136190474417868 | Soviet atomic bomb project | Soviet atomic bomb project - wikipedia Soviet atomic bomb project Soviet atomic bomb project Russian physicists Andrei Sakharov ( left ) and Igor Kurchatov , who led the program to success . Operational scope Operational R&D Location Atomgrad , Semipalatinsk , Chagan Lake Planned by NKVD , NKGB GRU , MGB , PGU Date 1940 -- 49 Executed by Soviet Union Outcome The successful development of nuclear weapons . The Soviet atomic bomb project ( Russian : Советский проект атомной бомбы , Sovetskiy proyekt atomnoy bomby ) was the classified research and development program that was authorized by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union to develop nuclear weapons during World War II . Although the Soviet scientific community discussed the possibility of an atomic bomb throughout the 1930s , going as far as making a concrete proposal to develop such a weapon in 1940 , the full - scale program was initiated only in response to the intelligence reports collected by Soviet intelligence through their spy ring in the United States on the secretive Manhattan Project . Because of the conspicuous silence of the scientific publications on the subject of nuclear fission by German , American , and British scientists , Russian physicist Georgy Flyorov suspected that the Allied powers had secretly been developing a `` superweapon '' since 1939 . Flyorov wrote a letter to Stalin urging him to start this program in 1942 . Initial efforts were slowed due to the German invasion of the Soviet Union and remained largely composed of the intelligence knowledge gained from the spy rings working in the U.S. ' Manhattan Project in 1943 . After learning of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that ended the Pacific War in 1945 , the program was aggressively pursued , mainly through effective intelligence gathering about the German weapon project and the American Manhattan Project . The Russian efforts also rounded up captured German scientists to join their program , and relied heavily on knowledge passed by the spy ring to the Russian intelligence agencies . On 29 August 1949 , the Soviet Union secretly conducted its first successful weapon test ( First Lightning ) , based on the U.S. design at the Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early efforts 1.1 Background origins and roots 1.2 World War II and accelerated feasibility 2 Organization and administration 3 Espionage 3.1 Soviet atomic ring 3.2 Soviet intelligence management in Manhattan Project 4 Initial thermonuclear bomb designs 5 Logistical problems 6 Important Soviet nuclear tests 6.1 RDS - 1 6.2 RDS - 2 6.3 RDS - 3 6.4 RDS - 4 6.5 RDS - 5 6.6 RDS - 6 6.7 RDS - 9 6.8 RDS - 37 6.9 Tsar Bomba ( RDS - 220 ) 6.10 Chagan 7 Secret cities 8 Environmental and public health effects 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Bibliography 11 External links Early efforts ( edit ) Background Origins and roots ( edit ) Main articles : Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records and History of the periodic table I.V. Kurchatov at the Radium Institute , ca . 1930s . As early as 1910 in Russia , independent research was being conducted on radioactive elements by several Russian scientists . Despite the hardship faced by the Russian academy of sciences during the national revolution in 1917 , followed by the violent civil war in 1922 , the Russian scientists had made remarkable efforts towards the advancement of physics research in the Soviet Union in the 1930s . Before the first revolution in 1905 , the mineralogist Vladimir Vernadsky had made a number of public calls for a survey of Russia 's uranium deposits but none were heeded . However , such early efforts were independently and privately funded by various organizations until 1922 when the Radium Institute in Petrograd ( now Saint Petersburg ) opened and industrialized the research . From the 1920s until the late 1930s , Russian physicists had been conducting joint research with their European counterparts on the advancement of atomic physics at the Cavendish Laboratory run by a British physicist , Ernest Rutherford , where Georgi Gamov and Pyotr Kapitsa had studied and researched . Influential research towards the advancement of nuclear physics was guided by Abram Ioffe , who was the director at the Leningrad Physical - Technical Institute ( LPTI ) , having sponsored various research program at various technical schools in the Soviet Union . The discovery of the neutron by the British physicist James Chadwick further provided promising expansion of the LPTI 's program , with the operation of the first cyclotron to energies of over 1 MeV , and the first `` splitting '' of the atomic nucleus by John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton . Russian physicists began pushing the government , lobbying in the interest of the development of science in the Soviet Union , which had received little interest due to the upheavals created during the Russian revolution and the February Revolution . Earlier research was directed towards the medical and scientific exploration of radium , that could be retrieved from borehole water from the Ukhta oilfields . In 1939 , German chemist Otto Hahn reported his discovery of fission , achieved by the splitting of uranium with neutrons that produced the much lighter element barium . This eventually led to the realization among Russian scientists , and their American counterparts , that such reaction could have military significance . The discovery excited the Russian physicists , and they began conducting their independent investigations on nuclear fission , mainly aiming towards power generation , as many were skeptical of possibility of creating an atomic bomb anytime soon . Early efforts were led by Yakov Frenkel ( a physicist specialised on condensed matter ) , who did the first theoretical calculations on continuum mechanics directly relating the kinematics of binding energy in fission process in 1940 . Georgy Flyorov 's and Lev Rusinov 's collaborative work on thermal reactions concluded that 3 - 1 neutrons were emitted per fission only days after similar conclusions had been reached by the team of Frédéric Joliot - Curie . World War II and accelerated feasibility ( edit ) Main article : Eastern Front ( World War II ) After a strong lobbying of Russian scientists , the Soviet government did initially set up a commission that was to address the `` uranium problem '' and investigate the possibility of chain reaction and Isotope separation . The Uranium Problem Commission was ineffective due to the German invasion of Soviet Union that eventually limited the focus on research as Russia became engaged in a bloody conflict along the Eastern Front for the next four years . The Soviet atomic weapons program had no significance and most work was unclassified as the papers were continuously published as public domain in academic journals . Joseph Stalin , the Soviet leader , had mostly disregarded the atomic knowledge possessed by the Russian scientists and had most of the scientists working in the metallurgy and mining industry or serving in the Soviet Armed Forces technical branches during the World War II 's eastern front in 1940 -- 42 . In 1940 -- 42 , Georgy Flyorov , a Russian physicist serving as an officer in the Soviet Air Force , noted that despite progress in other areas of physics , the German , British , and American scientists had ceased publishing papers on nuclear science ; clearly they each had active secret research programs . In April 1942 , Flyorov directed two classified letters to Stalin , warning him of the consequences of the development of atomic weapons : `` ... the results will be so overriding ( that ) it wo n't be necessary to determine who is to blame for the fact that this work has been neglected in our country . '' The second letter , by Flyorov and Konstantin Petrzhak , highly emphasized the importance of a `` uranium bomb '' : `` it is essential to manufacture a uranium bomb without a delay . '' Upon reading the Flyorov letters , Stalin immediately pulled Russian physicists from their respective military services and authorized an atomic bomb project , under engineering physicist Anatoly Alexandrov and nuclear physicist Igor V. Kurchatov . For this purpose , the Laboratory No. 2 near Moscow was established under Kurchatov . At the same time , Flyorov was moved to Dubna , where he established the Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions , focusing on synthetic elements and thermal reactions . In late 1942 , the State Defense Committee officially delegated the program to the Soviet Army , with major wartime logistical efforts later being supervised by Lavrentiy Beria , the head of NKVD . In 1945 , the Arzamas 16 site near Moscow was established under Yakov Zel'dovich and Yuli Khariton who performed calculations on nuclear combustion theory , alongside Isaak Pomeranchuk . Despite early and accelerated efforts , it was reported by historians that efforts on building a bomb using weapon - grade uranium seemed hopeless to Russian scientists . Igor Kurchatov had harboured doubts working towards the uranium bomb , made progress on a bomb using weapon - grade plutonium after British data was provided by the NKVD . The situation dramatically changed when the Soviet Union learned of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 , which eventually led to the unilateral surrender of Japan to the United States , ending the war in Asia . Immediately after the atomic bombing , the Soviet Politburo took control of the atomic bomb project by establishing a special committee to oversee the development of nuclear weapons as soon as possible . On 9 April 1946 , the Council of Ministers created the KB -- 11 Design Bureau that worked towards mapping the first nuclear weapon design , primarily based on American approach and detonated with weapon - grade plutonium . From this point , the work on the program was carried out quickly , resulting in the first nuclear reactor near Moscow on 25 October 1946 . Organization and administration ( edit ) From 1941 -- 46 , the Soviet Union 's Ministry of Foreign Affairs handled the logistics of the atomic bomb project , with Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov controlling the direction of the program . However , Molotov proved to be a weak administrator , and the program stagnated . In contrast to American military administration in their atomic bomb project , the Russians ' program was directed by political dignitaries such as Molotov , Lavrentiy Beria , Georgii Malenkov , and Mikhail Pervukhin -- there were no military members . After the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , the program 's leadership changed , when Stalin appointed Lavrentiy Beria on 22 August 1945 . Beria is noted for leadership that helped the program to its final implementation . Beria understood the necessary scope and dynamics of research . This man , who was the personification of evil to modern Russian history , also possessed the great energy and capacity to work . The scientists who met him could not fail to recognize his intelligence , his will power , and his purposefullness . They found him first - class administrator who could carry a job through to completion ... -- Yulii Khariton , The First War of Physics : The Secret History of the Atom Bomb , 1939 - 1949 The new Committee , under Beria , retained Georgii Malenkov and added Nikolai Voznesensky and Boris Vannikov , People 's Commissar for Armament . Under the administration of Beria , the NKVD co-opted atomic spies of the Soviet Atomic Spy Ring into the Western Allied program , and infiltrated the German nuclear program . Espionage ( edit ) Soviet atomic ring ( edit ) Main articles : Nuclear espionage and Atomic spies The atomic and industrial espionages in the United States by American sympathisers of communism who were controlled by their rezident Russian officials in North America greatly aided the speed of the Soviet atomic project from 1942 -- 54 . Willingness of sharing classified information to Soviet Union by recruited American communist sympathizers increased when the Soviet Union faced possible defeat during the German invasion in World War II . The Russian intelligence network in the United Kingdom also played a vital role in setting up the spy rings in the United States when the Russian State Defense Committee approved resolution 2352 , in September 1942 . For this purpose , the spy Harry Gold , controlled by Semyon Semyonov , was used for a wide range of espionage that included industrial espionage in the American chemical industry and obtaining sensitive atomic information that was handed over to him by the British physicist Klaus Fuchs . Knowledge and further technical information that were passed by the American Theodore Hall , a theoretical physicist , and Klaus Fuchs had a significant impact on the direction of Russian development of nuclear weapons . Leonid Kvasnikov , a Russian chemical engineer turned KGB officer , was assigned for this special purpose and moved to New York City to coordinate such activities . Anatoli Yatzkov , another NKVD official in New York , was also involved in obtaining sensitive information gathered by Sergei Kournakov from Saville Sax . The existence of Russian spies were exposed by the U.S. Army 's secretive Venona project in 1943 . For example , Soviet work on methods of uranium isotope separation was altered when it was reported , to Kurchatov 's surprise , that the Americans had opted for the Gaseous diffusion method . While research on other separation methods continued throughout the war years , the emphasis was placed on replicating U.S. success with gaseous diffusion . Another important breakthrough , attributed to intelligence , was the possibility of using plutonium instead of uranium in a fission weapon . Extraction of plutonium in the so - called `` uranium pile '' allowed bypassing of the difficult process of uranium separation altogether , something that Kurchatov had learned from intelligence from the Manhattan project . Soviet intelligence management in Manhattan project ( edit ) Main articles : History of Soviet and Russian espionage in the United States and History of Soviet espionage In 1945 , the Soviet intelligence obtained rough blueprints of the first U.S. atomic device . Alexei Kojevnikov has estimated , based on newly released Soviet documents , that the primary way in which the espionage may have sped up the Soviet project was that it allowed Khariton to avoid dangerous tests to determine the size of the critical mass : `` tickling the dragon 's tail , '' as it was called in the U.S. , consumed a good deal of time and claimed at least two lives ; see Harry Daghlian and Louis Slotin . The published Smyth Report of 1945 on the Manhattan Project was translated into Russian , and the translators noted that a sentence on the effect of `` poisoning '' of Plutonium - 239 in the first ( lithograph ) edition had been deleted from the next ( Princeton ) edition by Groves . This change was noted by the Russian translators , and alerted the Soviet Union to the problem ( which had meant that reactor - bred plutonium could not be used in a simple gun - type bomb like the proposed Thin Man ) . One of the key pieces of information , which Soviet intelligence obtained from Fuchs , was a cross-section for D-T fusion . This data was available to top Soviet officials roughly three years before it was openly published in the Physical Review in 1949 . However , this data was not forwarded to Vitaly Ginzburg or Andrei Sakharov until very late , practically months before publication . Initially both Ginzburg and Sakharov estimated such a cross-section to be similar to the D-D reaction . Once the actual cross-section become known to Ginzburg and Sakharov , the Sloika design become a priority , which resulted in a successful test in 1953 . In the 1990s , with the declassification of Soviet intelligence materials , which showed the extent and the type of the information obtained by the Soviets from US sources , a heated debate ensued in Russia and abroad as to the relative importance of espionage , as opposed to the Soviet scientists ' own efforts , in the making of the Soviet bomb . The vast majority of scholars agree that whereas the Soviet atomic project was first and foremost a product of local expertise and scientific talent , it is clear that espionage efforts contributed to the project in various ways and most certainly shortened the time needed to develop the atomic bomb . Comparing the timelines of H - bomb development , some researchers came to the conclusion that the Soviets had a gap in access to classified information regarding the H - bomb at least between late 1950 and some time in 1953 . Earlier , e.g. , in 1948 , Fuchs gave the Soviets a detailed update of the classical super progress , including an idea to use lithium , but did not explain it was specifically lithium - 6 . Teller accepted the fact that `` classical super '' scheme was infeasible by 1951 , following results obtained by various researchers ( including Stanislaw Ulam ) and calculations performed by John von Neumann in late 1950 . Yet the research for the Soviet analogue of `` classical super '' continued until December 1953 , when the researchers were reallocated to a new project working on what later became a true H - bomb design , based on radiation implosion . This remains an open topic for research , whether the Soviet intelligence was able to obtain any specific data on Teller - Ulam design in 1953 or early 1954 . Yet , Soviet officials directed the scientists to work on a new scheme , and the entire process took less than two years , commencing around January 1954 and producing a successful test in November 1955 . It also took just several months before the idea of radiation implosion was conceived , and there is no documented evidence claiming priority . It is also possible that Soviets were able to obtain a document lost by John Wheeler on a train in 1953 , which reportedly contained key information about thermonuclear weapon design . Initial thermonuclear bomb designs ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Early ideas of the fusion bomb came from espionage and internal Soviet studies . Though the espionage did help Soviet studies , the early American H - bomb concepts had substantial flaws , so it may have confused , rather than assisted , the Soviet effort for a nuclear bomb . The designers of early thermonuclear bombs envisioned using an atomic bomb as a trigger to provide the needed heat and compression to initiate the thermonuclear reaction in a layer of liquid deuterium between the fissile material and the surrounding chemical high explosive . The group would realize that a lack of sufficient heat and compression of the deuterium would result in an insignificant fusion of the deuterium fuel . Andrei Sakharov 's study group at FIAN in 1948 came up with a second concept which was adding a shell of natural , unenriched uranium around the deuterium would increase the deuterium concentration at the uranium - deuterium boundary and the overall yield of the device , because the natural uranium would capture neutrons and itself fission as part of the thermonuclear reaction . This idea of a layered fission - fusion - fission bomb led Sakharov to call it the sloika , or layered cake . It was also known as the RDS - 6S , or Second Idea Bomb . This second bomb idea was not a fully evolved thermonuclear bomb in the contemporary sense , but a crucial step between pure fission bombs and the thermonuclear `` supers . '' Due to the three - year lag in making the key breakthrough of radiation compression from the United States the Soviet Union 's development efforts followed a different course of action . In the United States they decided to skip the single - stage fusion bomb and make a two - stage fusion bomb as their main effort . Unlike the Soviet Union , the analog RDS - 7 advanced fission bomb was not further developed , and instead , the single - stage 400 - kiloton RDS - 6S was the Soviet 's bomb of choice . The RDS - 6S Layer Cake design was detonated on 12 August 1953 , producing a yield of 400 kilotons , about ten times more powerful than any previous Soviet test . Around this time the United States detonated its first super using radiation compression on 1 November 1952 , code - named Mike . Though the Mike was about twenty times greater than the RDS - 6S , it was not a design that was practical to use , unlike the RDS - 6S . Following the successful launching of the RDS - 6S , Sakharov proposed an upgraded version called RDS - 6SD . This bomb was proved to be faulty , and it was neither built nor tested . The Soviet team had been working on the RDS - 6T concept , but it also proved to be a dead end . In 1954 , Sakharov worked on a third concept , a two - stage thermonuclear bomb . The third idea used the radiation wave of a fission bomb , not simply heat and compression , to ignite the fusion reaction , and paralleled the discovery made by Ulam and Teller . Unlike the RDS - 6S boosted bomb , which placed the fusion fuel inside the primary A-bomb trigger , the thermonuclear super placed the fusion fuel in a secondary structure a small distance from the A-bomb trigger , where it was compressed and ignited by the A-bomb's x-ray radiation . The KB - 11 Scientific - Technical Council approved plans to proceed with the design on 24 December 1954 . Technical specifications for the new bomb were completed on 3 February 1955 , and it was designated the RDS - 37 . The RDS - 37 was successfully tested on 22 November 1955 with a yield of 1.6 megaton . The yield was almost a hundred times greater than the first Soviet atomic bomb six years before , showing that the Soviet Union could compete with the United States . Logistical problems ( edit ) The single largest problem during the early Soviet project was the procurement of uranium ore , as the USSR had limited domestic sources at the beginning of the project . The era of domestic uranium mining can be dated exactly , to November 27 , 1942 , the date of a directive issued by the all - powerful wartime State Defense Committee . The first Soviet uranium mine was established in Taboshar , present - day Tajikistan , and was producing at an annual rate of a few tons of uranium concentrate by May 1943 . Taboshar was the first of many officially secret Soviet closed cities related to uranium mining and production . Demand from the experimental bomb project was far higher . The Americans , with the help of Belgian businessman Edgar Sengier in 1940 , had already blocked access to known sources in Congo , South Africa , and Canada . In December 1944 Stalin took the uranium project away from Vyacheslav Molotov and gave to it to Lavrentiy Beria . The first Soviet uranium processing plant was established as the Leninabad Mining and Chemical Combine in Chkalovsk ( present - day Buston , Ghafurov District ) , Tajikistan , and new production sites identified in relative proximity . This posed a need for labor , a need that Beria would fill with forced labor : tens of thousands of Gulag prisoners were brought to work in the mines , the processing plants , and related construction . Domestic production was still insufficient when the Soviet F - 1 reactor , which began operation in December 1946 , was fueled using uranium confiscated from the remains of the German atomic bomb project . This uranium had been mined in the Belgian Congo , and the ore in Belgium fell into the hands of the Germans after their invasion and occupation of Belgium in 1940 . Further sources of uranium in the early years of the program were mines in East Germany ( via the deceptively - named SAG Wismut ) , Czechoslovakia , Bulgaria , Romania ( near Stei ) and Poland . Boris Pregel sold 0.23 tonnes of uranium oxide to the Soviet Union during the war , with the authorisation of the U.S. Government . Eventually , large domestic sources were discovered in the Soviet Union ( including those now in Kazakhstan ) . The uranium for the Soviet nuclear weapons program came from mine production in the following countries , Year USSR Germany Czechoslovakia Bulgaria Poland 1945 14.6 t 1946 50.0 t 15 t 18 t 26.6 t 1947 129.3 t 150 t 49.1 t 7.6 t 2.3 t 1948 182.5 t 321.2 t 103.2 t 18.2 t 9.3 t 1949 278.6 t 767.8 t 147.3 t 30.3 t 43.3 t 1950 416.9 t 1,224 t 281.4 t 70.9 t 63.6 t Important Soviet nuclear tests ( edit ) See also : List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union RDS - 1 ( edit ) RDS - 1 , the first Soviet atomic test was internally code - named First Lightning ( Первая молния , or Pervaya Molniya ) August 29 , 1949 , and was code - named by the Americans as Joe 1 . The design was very similar to the first US `` Fat Man '' plutonium bomb , using a TNT / hexogen implosion lens design . RDS - 2 ( edit ) On September 24 , 1951 , the 38.3 kiloton device RDS - 2 was tested based on a tritium `` boosted '' uranium implosion device with a levitated core . This test was code named Joe 2 by the CIA . RDS - 3 ( edit ) The mushroom cloud from the first air - dropped bomb test in 1951 . This picture is confused with RDS - 27 and RDS - 37 tests . RDS - 3 was the third Soviet atomic bomb . On October 18 , 1951 , the 41.2 kiloton device was detonated - a boosted weapon using a composite construction of levitated plutonium core and a uranium - 235 shell . Code named Joe 3 in the USA , this was the first Soviet air - dropped bomb test . Released at an altitude of 10 km , it detonated 400 meters above the ground . RDS - 4 ( edit ) RDS - 4 represented a branch of research on small tactical weapons . It was a boosted fission device using plutonium in a `` levitated '' core design . The first test was an air drop on August 23 , 1953 , yielding 28 kilotons . In 1954 , the bomb was also used during Snowball exercise in Totskoye , dropped by Tu - 4 bomber on the simulated battlefield , in the presence of 40,000 infantry , tanks , and jet fighters . The RDS - 4 comprised the warhead of the R - 5M , the first medium - range ballistic missile in the world , which was tested with a live warhead for the first and only time on February 5 , 1956 RDS - 5 ( edit ) RDS - 5 was a small plutonium based device , probably using a hollow core . Two different versions were made and tested . RDS - 6 ( edit ) RDS - 6 , the first Soviet test of a hydrogen bomb , took place on August 12 , 1953 , and was nicknamed Joe 4 by the Americans . It used a layer - cake design of fission and fusion fuels ( uranium 235 and lithium - 6 deuteride ) and produced a yield of 400 kilotons . This yield was about ten times more powerful than any previous Soviet test . When developing higher level bombs , the Soviets proceeded with the RDS - 6 as their main effort instead of the analog RDS - 7 advanced fission bomb . This led to the third idea bomb which is the RDS - 37 . RDS - 9 ( edit ) A much lower - power version of the RDS - 4 with a 3 - 10 kiloton yield , the RDS - 9 was developed for the T - 5 nuclear torpedo . A 3.5 kiloton underwater test was performed with the torpedo on September 21 , 1955 . RDS - 37 ( edit ) The first Soviet test of a `` true '' hydrogen bomb in the megaton range was conducted on November 22 , 1955 . It was dubbed RDS - 37 by the Soviets . It was of the multi-staged , radiation implosion thermonuclear design called Sakharov 's `` Third Idea '' in the USSR and the Teller - Ulam design in the USA . Joe 1 , Joe 4 , and RDS - 37 were all tested at the Semipalatinsk Test Site in Kazakhstan . Tsar Bomba ( RDS - 220 ) ( edit ) The Tsar Bomba ( Царь - бомба ) was the largest , most powerful thermonuclear weapon ever detonated . It was a three - stage hydrogen bomb with a yield of about 50 megatons . This is equivalent to ten times the amount of all the explosives used in World War II combined . It was detonated on October 30 , 1961 , in the Novaya Zemlya archipelago , and was capable of approximately 100 megatons , but was purposely reduced shortly before the launch ( this was due to the pysicists fear of irreversable damage to the earth that would or could be caused by a 100 Mgt bomb ) . Although weaponized , it was not entered into service ; it was simply a demonstrative testing of the capabilities of the Soviet Union 's military technology at that time . The heat of the explosion was estimated to potentially inflict third degree burns at 100 km distance of clear air . Chagan ( edit ) Chagan was a shot in the Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy or Project 7 , the Soviet equivalent of the US Operation Plowshare to investigate peaceful uses of nuclear weapons . It was a subsurface detonation . It was fired on January 15 , 1965 . The site was a dry bed of the Chagan River at the edge of the Semipalatinsk Test Site , and was chosen such that the lip of the crater would dam the river during its high spring flow . The resultant crater had a diameter of 408 meters and was 100 meters deep . A major lake ( 10,000 m ) soon formed behind the 20 -- 35 m high upraised lip , known as Chagan Lake or Balapan Lake . The photo is sometimes confused with RDS - 1 in literature . Secret cities ( edit ) Main article : Atomgrads During the Cold War , the Soviet Union created at least nine closed cities , known as Atomgrads , in which nuclear weapons - related research and development took place . After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , all of the cities changed their names ( most of the original code - names were simply the oblast and a number ) . All are still legally `` closed '' , though some have parts of them accessible to foreign visitors with special permits ( Sarov , Snezhinsk , and Zheleznogorsk ) . Cold War name Current name Established Primary function ( s ) Arzamas - 16 Sarov 1946 Weapons design and research , warhead assembly Sverdlovsk - 44 Novouralsk 1946 Uranium enrichment Chelyabinsk - 40 and later 65 Ozyorsk 1947 Plutonium production , component manufacturing Sverdlovsk - 45 Lesnoy 1947 Uranium enrichment , warhead assembly Tomsk - 7 Seversk 1949 Uranium enrichment , component manufacturing Krasnoyarsk - 26 Zheleznogorsk 1950 Plutonium production Zlatoust - 36 Tryokhgorny 1952 Warhead assembly Penza - 19 Zarechny 1955 Warhead assembly Krasnoyarsk - 45 Zelenogorsk 1956 Uranium enrichment Chelyabinsk - 70 Snezhinsk 1957 Weapons design and research Environmental and public health effects ( edit ) The Soviets started experimenting with nuclear technology in 1943 , and first tested a nuclear weapon in August 1949 . Many of the fission based devices left behind radioactive isotopes which have contaminated air , water and soil in the areas immediately surrounding , downwind and downstream of the blast site . According to the records that the Russian government released in 1991 , the Soviet Union tested 969 nuclear devices between 1949 and 1990 . Soviet scientists conducted the tests with little regard for environmental and public health consequences . The detrimental effects that the toxic waste generated by weapons testing and processing of radioactive materials are still felt to this day . Even decades later , the risk of developing various types of cancer , especially that of the thyroid and the lungs , continues to be elevated far above national averages for people in affected areas . Iodine - 131 , a radioactive isotope that is a major byproduct of fission - based weapons , is retained in the thyroid gland , and so poisoning of this kind is commonplace in impacted populations . The Soviets set off 214 nuclear bombs in the open air between 1949 and 1962 , when the United Nations banned atmospheric tests worldwide . The billions of radioactive particles released into the air exposed countless people to extremely mutagenic and carcinogenic materials , resulting in a myriad of deleterious genetic maladies and deformities . The majority of these tests took place at the Semipalatinsk Test Site , or STS , located in northeast Kazakhstan . The testing at STS alone exposed hundreds of thousands of Kazakh citizens to the harmful effects , and the site continues to be one of the most highly irradiated places on the planet . When the earliest tests were being conducted , even the scientists had only a poor understanding of the medium - and long - term effects of radiation exposure . In fact , the STS was chosen as the primary site for open - air testing precisely because the Soviets were curious about the potential for lasting harm that their weapons held . Contamination of air and soil due to atmospheric testing is only part of a wider issue . Water contamination due to improper disposal of spent uranium and decay of sunken nuclear - powered submarines is a major problem in the Kola Peninsula in northwest Russia . Although the Russian government states that the radioactive power cores are stable , various scientists have come forth with serious concerns about the 32,000 spent nuclear fuel elements that remain in the sunken vessels . There have been no major incidents other than the explosion and sinking of a nuclear - powered submarine in August 2000 , but many international scientists are still uneasy at the prospect of the hulls eroding , releasing uranium into the sea and causing considerable contamination . Although the submarines pose an environmental risk , they have yet to cause serious harm to public health . However , water contamination in the area of the Mayak test site , especially at Lake Karachay , is extreme , and has gotten to the point where radioactive byproducts have found their way into drinking water supplies . It has been an area of concern since the early 1950s , when the Soviets began disposing of tens of millions of cubic meters of radioactive waste by pumping it into the small lake . Half a century later , in the 1990s , there are still hundreds of millions of curies of waste in the Lake , and at points contamination has been so severe that a mere half - hour of exposure to certain regions would deliver a dose of radiation sufficient to kill 50 % of humans . Although the area immediately surrounding the lake is devoid of population , the lake has the potential to dry up in times of drought . Most significantly , in 1967 , it dried up and winds carried radioactive dust over thousands of square kilometers , exposing at least 500,000 citizens to a range of health risks . To control dust , Soviet scientists piled concrete on top of the lake . Although this was effective in helping mediate the amount of dust , the weight of the concrete pushed radioactive materials into closer contact with standing underground groundwater . It is difficult to gauge the overall health and environmental effects of the water contamination at Lake Karachay because figures on civilian exposure are unavailable , making it hard to show causation between elevated cancer rates and radioactive pollution specifically from the lake . Contemporary efforts to manage radioactive contamination in the Soviet Union are few and far between . Public awareness of the past and present dangers , as well as the Russian government 's investment in current cleanup efforts , are likely dampened by the lack of media attention STS and other sites have gotten in comparison to isolated nuclear incidents such as Hiroshima , Nagasaki , Chernobyl and Three - Mile Island . The domestic government 's investment in cleanup measures seems to be driven by economic concerns rather than care for public health . The most significant political legislation in this area is a bill agreeing to turn the already contaminated former weapons complex Mayak into an international radioactive waste dump , accepting cash from other countries in exchange for taking their radioactive byproducts of nuclear industry . Although the bill stipulates that the revenue go towards decontaminating other test sites such as Semipalatinsk and the Kona Peninsula , experts doubt whether this will actually happen given the current political and economic climate in Russia . See also ( edit ) Andrei Sakharov Igor Kurchatov Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Arzamas - 16 Chelyabinsk - 70 History of nuclear weapons History of the Soviet Union ( 1927 -- 53 ) Manhattan Project Military history of the Soviet Union Nuclear warfare Nuclear weapon Tsar Bomba Semipalatinsk Test Site Yuli Khariton Yakov Zeldovich Pavel Sudoplatov Klaus Fuchs Theodore Hall Russian Alsos Project - 706 Environmental racism in Europe References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Baggott , Jim ( 2010 ) . The First War of Physics : The Secret History of the Atom Bomb , 1939 - 1949 ( googlebooks ) . New York : Pegasus Books . ISBN 9781605987699 . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sublette , Carey . `` The Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program '' . nuclearweaponarchive.org . nuclearweaponarchive , part I. Retrieved 21 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , John . `` The Soviet - American Arms Race '' . www.historytoday.com . History Today . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ http://engine.aviaport.ru/issues/63/page58.html Jump up ^ http://ufn.ru/ru/articles/1963/11/g/ Jump up ^ http://www.kipt.kharkov.ua/ru/bhr.html Jump up ^ http://www.ilt.kharkov.ua/bvi/general/phys_k_r.html Jump up ^ https://day.kyiv.ua/ru/article/panorama-dnya/harkov-1940-atomnaya-prelyudiya Jump up ^ Holloway , ( by ) David ( 1994 ) . Stalin and the bomb : the Soviet Union and atomic energy ( 1 ed . ) . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 421 . ISBN 0300066643 . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ US DOE . `` Manhattan Project : Espionage and the Manhattan Project , 1940 - 1945 '' . www.osti.gov . US DOE . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Strickland , Jeffrey ( 2011 ) . Weird Scientists : the Creators of Quantum Physics . New York : Lulu.com . p. 549 . ISBN 9781257976249 . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schmid , Sonja D. ( 2015 ) . `` Dual Origins '' . Producing Power : The Pre-Chernobyl History of the Soviet Nuclear Industry ( googlebooks ) ( 1 ed . ) . ( S.l. ) : MIT Press . p. 315 . ISBN 9780262028271 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Lente , Dick van ( 2012 ) . `` A Conspicuous Silence '' . The Nuclear Age in Popular Media : A Transnational History , 1945 -- 1965 ( googlebooks ) . New York : Springer . p. 270 . ISBN 9781137086181 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Paul R. ( 1987 ) . Early years of Soviet nuclear physics ( 2 ed . ) . U.S. : Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . p. 60 . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Richelson , Jeffrey ( 2007 ) . `` A Terrifying Prospect '' . Spying on the Bomb : American Nuclear Intelligence from Nazi Germany to Iran and North Korea ( googlebooks ) . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 600 . ISBN 9780393329827 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Burns , Richard Dean ; Siracusa , Joseph M. ( 2013 ) . `` Soviet scientists began Quest '' . A Global History of the Nuclear Arms Race : Weapons , Strategy , and Politics ( 2 volumes ) : Weapons , Strategy , and Politics ( googlebooks ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 641 . ISBN 9781440800955 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ponomarev , L.I. ; Kurchatov , I.V. ( 1993 ) . `` Quantumalia '' . The Quantum Dice ( googlebooks ) . Bristol : CRC Press . p. 250 . ISBN 9780750302517 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Peter ( 8 May 1986 ) . `` How the USSR Broke in the Nuclear Club '' ( googlebooks ) . New Scientist . Reed Business Information ( 1507 ) . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Thomas B. ; Polmar , Norman ( 2012 ) . `` Atomic Bomb : Soviet Union '' . World War II : the encyclopedia of the war years 1941 - 1945 ( googlebooks ) ( Dover ed . ) . Mineola , N.Y. : Dover Publications . p. 941 . ISBN 9780486479620 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Higham , R. ( 2010 ) . `` The Stalin Years : 194653 '' . The Military History of the Soviet Union ( googlebooks ) . Springer . p. 400 . ISBN 9780230108219 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kean , Sam ( 2010 ) . The disappearing spoon and other true tales of madness , love , and the history of the world from the periodic table of the elements ( googlebooks ) ( Sony eReader ed . ) . New York : Little , Brown and Co . ISBN 9780316089081 . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : West , Nigel ; Tsarev , Oleg ( 1999 ) . `` Atom Secrets '' . The Crown Jewels : The British Secrets at the Heart of the KGB Archives ( googlebooks ) . Yale University Press . ISBN 0300078064 . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , William H. ; Sasser , Charles W. ( 2016 ) . Night Fighter : An Insider 's Story of Special Ops from Korea to SEAL Team 6 . Skyhorse Publishing , Inc . ISBN 9781628726831 . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hamblin , Jacob Darwin ( 2005 ) . `` I.V. Kurchatov '' . Science in the early twentieth century : an encyclopedia ( googlebooks ) . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . p. 400 . ISBN 9781851096657 . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bukharin , Oleg ; Hippel , Frank Von ( 2004 ) . `` Making the First Nuclear Weapons '' . Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces ( googlebooks ) . MIT Press . p. 695 . ISBN 9780262661812 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Burns , Richard Dean ; Coyle III , Philip E. ( 2015 ) . `` Seeking to Prevent Nuclear Proliferation '' . The Challenges of Nuclear Non-Proliferation ( googlebooks ) ( 1 ed . ) . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 237 . ISBN 9781442223769 . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Baggott , Jim ( 2011 ) . The First War of Physics : The Secret History of the Atom Bomb , 1939 - 1949 . Pegasus Books . ISBN 9781605987699 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Baggott , Jim ( 2011 ) . The First War of Physics : The Secret History of the Atom Bomb , 1939 - 1949 . Pegasus Books . ISBN 9781605987699 . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Michael I. ( 1996 ) . `` The Russian - A ( merican ) Bomb : The Role of Espionage in the Soviet Atomic Bomb Project '' ( PDF ) . J. Undgrad. Sci. Harvard University : Harvard University press . 3 : 108 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . There was no `` Russian '' atomic bomb . There only was an American one , masterfully discovered by Soviet spies . '' ^ Jump up to : Haynes , John Earl ( 2000 ) . `` Industrial and Atomic Espionage '' . Venona : Decoding Soviet Espionage in America ( googlebooks ) . Yale University , TX : Yale University Press . p. 400 . ISBN 0300129874 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Romerstein , Herbert ; Breindel , Eric ( 2000 ) . The Venona secrets exposing Soviet espionage and America 's traitors . Washington , DC : Regnery Pub . ISBN 9781596987326 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Powers , Daniel Patrcik Moynihan ( 1999 ) . Gid , Richard , ed . Secrecy : the American experience ( New preface . ed . ) . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 0300080794 . Jump up ^ http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~jus/0302/schwartz.pdf Jump up ^ The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union by Martin Mccauley Jump up ^ Goncharov . Beginnings of the Soviet H - Bomb Program . ^ Jump up to : Zaloga , Steve ( 17 February 2002 ) . The Kremlin 's Nuclear Sword : The Rise and Fall of Russia 's Strategic Nuclear Forces . Smithsonian Books . pp. 32 -- 35 . Jump up ^ The American counterpart to this idea was Edward Teller 's Alarm Clock design of August 1946 . In August 1990 the Soviet science journal Priroda published a special issue devoted to Andrei Sakharov , which contained more detailed notes on the early fusion bomb than Sakharov 's own memoirs , especially the articles by V.E. Ritus and Yu A. Romanov Jump up ^ Goncharov . Beginnings . pp. 50 -- 54 . Jump up ^ The Super Oralloy bomb was developed in Los Alamos and tested on 15 November 1952 Jump up ^ Details of Soviet weapons designs after 1956 - 57 are generally lacking . A certain amount can be inferred from data about missile warheads , and in recent histories , the two nuclear - warhead development bureaus have begun to cautiously reveal which weapons they designed . Jump up ^ Medvedev , Zhores . `` Stalin and the Atomic Gulag '' ( PDF ) . Spokesman Books . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uranium in Tajikistan '' . World Nuclear Association . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Time Magazine '' March 13 , 1950 Jump up ^ Zoellner , Tom ( 2009 ) . Uranium . London : Penguin Books . p. 45 , 55,151 -- 158 . ISBN 9780143116721 . Jump up ^ Williams , Susan ( 2016 ) . Spies in the Congo . New York : Public Affairs . pp. 186 -- 187 , 217 , 233 . ISBN 9781610396547 . Jump up ^ Chronik der Wismut , Wismut GmbH 1999 Jump up ^ Andryushin et al , `` Taming the Nucleus '' Jump up ^ `` RDS - 37 nuclear test , 1955 '' . johnstonsarchive.net . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ The yield of the test has been estimated between 50 and 57.23 megatons by different sources over time . Today all Russian sources use 50 megatons as the official figure . See the section `` Was it 50 Megatons or 57 ? '' at `` The Tsar Bomba ( '' King of Bombs `` ) '' . Retrieved 11 May 2006 . Jump up ^ DeGroot , Gerard J. The Bomb : A Life . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , 2005 . p. 254 . Jump up ^ `` The Soviet Weapons Program -- The Tsar Bomba '' . NuclearWeaponArchive.org . The Nuclear Weapon Archive. 3 September 2007 . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Norris , Robert S. , and Thomas B. Cochran . `` Nuclear Weapons Tests and Peaceful Nuclear Explosions by the Soviet Union : August 29 , 1949 to October 24 , 1990 . '' Natural Resource Defense Council . Web . 19 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Marvin ( 1997 ) . `` The Russian Radiation Legacy : Its Integrated Impact and Lessons '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 105 ( 6 ) : 1385 -- 91 . doi : 10.2307 / 3433637 . ^ Jump up to : Clay , R ( April 2001 ) . `` Cold war , hot nukes : legacy of an era '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 109 ( 4 ) : A162 -- A169 . doi : 10.2307 / 3454880 . ISSN 0091 - 6765 . PMC 1240291 . PMID 11335195 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Jerome ( 10 Sep 2009 ) , `` The World 's Worst Radiation Hotspot '' , The Independent , Independent Digital News and Media . Bibliography ( edit ) Holloway , David ( 1994 ) , Stalin and the Bomb : The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy 1939 -- 1956 , Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 06056 - 4 . Kojevnikov , Alexei ( 2004 ) , Stalin 's Great Science : The Times and Adventures of Soviet Physicists , Imperial College Press , ISBN 1 - 86094 - 420 - 5 . Rhodes , Richard ( 1995 ) , Dark Sun : The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb , Simon & Schuster , ISBN 0 - 684 - 80400 - X . External links ( edit ) Collection of Archival Documents on the Soviet Nuclear Program , Wilson Center Digital Archive Ilkaev , RI ( 2013 ) , `` Major stages of the Atomic Project '' , Phys . Usp. , 56 ( 5 ) : 502 -- 509 , Bibcode : 2013PhyU ... 56 ... 502I , doi : 10.3367 / UFNe. 0183.201305 h. 0528 , Video archive of Soviet Nuclear Testing at sonicbomb.com Kurchatov institute ( official website ) Citizen Kurchatov , PBS . Soviet and Nuclear Weapons History German Scientists in the Soviet Atomic Project Russian Nuclear Weapons Museum ( in English ) Images of Soviet bombs ( in Russian ) -- RDS - 1 , RDS - 6 , Tsar Bomba , and an ICBM warhead Cold War : A Brief History Annotated bibliography on the Russian nuclear weapons program from the Alsos Digital Library On the Soviet Nuclear Scent - CIA Library hide Soviet atomic bomb project Sites Semipalatinsk Novaya Zemlya Semey Sukhoy Nos Totskoye Atomgrad Novouralsk Laboratory B Tryokhgorny Snezhinsk Zheleznogors Laboratory No. 2 Administrators Joseph Stalin Vyacheslav Molotov Lavrentiy Beria Boris Vannikov Pavel Fitin Pavel Sudoplatov Georgy Zhukov Mikhail Pervukhin Ivan Serov Scientists Russian Igor Kurchatov Andrei Sakharov Georgii Flerov Pavel Cherenkov Anatoly Alexandrov Oleg Lavrentiev Yulii Khariton Yakov Zel'dovich Yakov Frenkel Nikolay Dollezhal Vitaly Ginzburg Lev Artsimovich Isaak Kikoin Konstantin Petrzhak Rashid Sunyaev Isaak Pomeranchuk German ( Russian Alsos ) Heinz Pose Manfred von Ardenne Ernst Rexer Nikolaus Riehl Saville Sax Gernot Zippe Peter Thiessen Robert Döpel Max Steenbeck Justus Mühlenpfordt Spy ring Morris Cohen Klaus Fuchs Harry Gold David Greenglass Theodore Hall David Greenglass George Koval Rosenbergs Harry Gold Intelligence Intelligence cycle management NKVD NKGB GRU MGB PGU Russian Alsos Soviet Army Russian espionage in the United States Perseus Related Articles K - Project Chagan RDS - 6 RDS - 1 RDS - 37 RDS - 220 Russia and weapons of mass destruction Nuclear weapons and Ukraine Manhattan Project Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy See also : Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet_atomic_bomb_project&oldid=841241900 '' Categories : Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union Cold War history of the Soviet Union 1943 establishments in the Soviet Union 1949 disestablishments Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles needing additional references from March 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 18 : 52 . 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"On 29 August 1949, the Soviet Union secretly conducted its first successful weapon test (First Lightning), based on the U.S. design at the Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan.[2]"
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"29 August 1949"
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-8918033793689073120 | History of Sheffield Wednesday F.C. | History of Sheffield Wednesday F.C. - Wikipedia History of Sheffield Wednesday F.C. This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sheffield Wednesday F.C. is a football club from Sheffield , England . Established in 1867 , the club would see early regional success followed by a rocky transition to professionalism . Although it has spent the majority of its Football League years in the top flight its position within the league has varied from the very top to almost slipping to the fourth tier . Historical league position ( the four bars represent the four tiers of the Football League ) Contents 1 The 19th century 1.1 The early years 1.2 Rocky road to professionalism 1.3 The Olive Grove years 2 The 20th century 2.1 Pre-war success 2.2 Post-war turmoil 2.3 The 1980s : Resurgence 2.4 The 1990s : Life at the top 3 The 21st century 3.1 Relegation to League One 3.2 Return to the Championship 3.3 Brian Laws and Alan Irvine 3.4 Change of ownership structure 3.5 Gary Megson , Dave Jones , Stuart Gray and Carlos Carvalhal 4 References The 19th century ( edit ) The early years ( edit ) The club was initially a cricket team named The Wednesday Cricket Club after the day of the week on which they played their matches . The footballing side of the club was established to keep the team together and fit during the winter months . SWFC was born on the evening of Wednesday 4 September 1867 at a meeting at the Adelphi Hotel in Sheffield . The formation was announced two days later with the following statement in the Sheffield Independent newspaper : SHEFFIELD WEDNESDAY CRICKET CLUB AND FOOTBALL CLUB . -- At a general meeting held on Wednesday last , at the Adelphi Hotel , it was decided to form a football club in connection with the above influential cricket club , with the object of keeping together during the winter season the members of this cricket club . From the great unanimity which prevailed as to the desirability of forming the club , there is every reason to expect that it will take first rank . The office bearers were elected as follows : -- President , Mr. B. Chatterton ; vice-president and treasurer , Mr. F.S. Chambers ; hon . Secretary , Mr. Jno . Marsh ; assistant , Mr. Castleton . Committee : Messrs Jno . Rodgers , Jno . White , C. Stokes , and H. Bocking . About sixty were enrolled without any canvas , some of them being the best players of the town . Even at this first meeting it became apparent that football would soon come to eclipse the cricketing side of the club . The formation of the football club came within a decade of the first football club in the world , Sheffield F.C. , being formed . Hallam F.C. was set up shortly afterwards and by 1867 Association football was becoming very popular . The Wednesday played their first football match in October 1867 against the Mechanics Club at Norfolk Park , a game which they won by three goals and four rouges to nil . By 1 February 1868 Wednesday were playing their first competitive football match as they entered the Cromwell Cup , a four - team competition for newly formed clubs sponsored by Oliver Cromwell , the manager of the local Theatre Royal . They went on to win the cup , beating Cromwell 's own team , The Garrick Club 1 -- 0 after extra time in the final at Bramall Lane . The match has its own place in history with Wednesday being the scorers in the first recorded instance of a `` golden goal '' although the term was not used at the time . Wednesday were joined by the Clegg brothers , Charles and William in 1870 . Charles became the club 's first international player when he played in the very first international on 30 November 1872 . William represented the Wednesday in the next international on 8 March 1873 . Both players would go on to be associated with the club for the rest of their lives . Although it would be Charles who became most heavily involved in football eventually rising to become president and chairman of the Football Association . Both the Cleggs received knighthoods in later life . In 1876 Wednesday were joined by James Lang . The directors of the club had seen him playing for Glasgow against the Sheffield FA representative side . He was subsequently invited to come to Sheffield and play for the club and given a job , working in a silversmiths owned by one of the directors , which involved no formal duties . This is now acknowledged as the first case of professionalism in the game . Sheffield 's first annual tournament , the Sheffield FA Challenge Cup , was inaugurated in 1876 and won by Wednesday who beat Heeley , their chief rivals at the time , in the final 4 -- 3 after extra time . They would go on to also win the first Warncliffe Cup in 1879 . By this time Wednesday had become the dominant force in local football . Rocky road to professionalism ( edit ) Leaflet advertising the opening match at Olive Grove between ' The Wednesday ' and Blackburn Rovers , 12 September 1887 . In 1879 a number of Wednesday players were involved in a team referred to as The Zulus . The team was set up to raise funds for the families of victims of the Zulu War . They toured the north of England and Scotland but after allegations that the players were being paid , a practice that was illegal at the time , the team was forced to disband by the Sheffield FA in 1882 . In the summer of 1882 , after a season in which The Wednesday reached the semi-finals of the FA Cup , the cricket and football teams split permanently , and by the end of 1925 the cricket team had disbanded . In the 1880s Wednesday became a permanent fixture in the FA Cup as they attempted to move away from local competitions , however in the 1886 -- 87 season Wednesday did not meet the deadline for entry and a revolt by several of their most skilful players followed . Several players , all involved in the earlier Zulus controversy , temporarily left the club to play for a local works team which had managed to submit its entry on time . Later in the season the same players threatened to walk out permanently and set up a professional club called Sheffield Rovers . Wednesday 's President at the time , John Holmes , was against the club turning professional , but under the immense pressure of the possibility of losing his star players he entered into talks with the rebels , eventually offering professional terms . At the meeting called to set up Sheffield Rovers , one of the rebel players , Tom Cawley , argued that Wednesday should be given one final chance and the football club duly turned professional on 22 April 1887 . The initial wages were five shillings for home fixtures and seven shillings and sixpence for away games . The Olive Grove years ( edit ) The Wednesday players posing with the FA Cup won in 1896 The move to professionalism led to the team building their own stadium rather than playing at venues such as Bramall Lane or Sheaf House whose owners took a share of the `` gate '' . They leased some land by the railway tracks near Queen 's Road from the Duke of Norfolk and in 1887 built the Olive Grove ground . They named it so because an olive farm was bulldozed in order to build it In 1889 , when their first application to join the Football League was rejected , the club became founder members of the Football Alliance of which they were the first champions in a season that they also reached the 1890 FA Cup Final , losing 6 -- 1 to Blackburn Rovers at The Oval . They finished the following season bottom of the Alliance but recovered to finish in fourth place in the final Alliance season . The following season they were elected to Division 1 of the Football League when it was increased from 14 to 16 clubs , topping the poll with 10 votes . They won the FA Cup in 1896 , beating Wolverhampton Wanderers by a 2 -- 1 scoreline at Crystal Palace . The 20th century ( edit ) Pre-war success ( edit ) In a strong decade Wednesday won the league twice in the 1902 -- 03 and 1903 -- 04 seasons and the FA Cup again in 1907 , beating Everton , again at Crystal Palace by two goals to one . After this a relatively fallow period was to be suffered for another two decades . In 1929 the club officially changed its name from The Wednesday Football Club to Sheffield Wednesday Football Club under the stewardship of manager Robert Brown . However the name Sheffield Wednesday dates back as far as 1883 : the former ground at Olive Grove had the name Sheffield Wednesday painted on the stand roof . The team rose to the top of English football once again in the 1928 -- 29 season . They had almost been relegated in the previous season but with 17 points in the last 10 matches the team pulled off the great escape , rising from bottom to 14th . Consecutive titles in the next two seasons started a run that would see the team finishing lower than third only once until 1935 . The period was topped off with the team winning the FA cup for the third time in the club 's history in 1935 under manager Billy Walker . Post-war turmoil ( edit ) The 50s saw Wednesday unable to consistently hold on to a position in the top flight . After being promoted back up in 1950 , they were relegated a total of three times . Each time would see them bounce back up by winning the Second Division the following season . The decade ended on a high note with the team finally finishing in the top half of the First Division for the first time since World War 2 . In 1958 , they were the first team to play Manchester United after the Munich Air Disaster , an FA cup tie , which they lost 0 -- 3 . This led to a decade of successfully remaining in the First Division , which included a cup run to the FA cup final in 1966 . Off the field the club was embroiled in the British betting scandal of 1964 where three of their players , Peter Swan , David Layne and Tony Kay , were accused of match fixing and betting against their own team . The three were subsequently convicted and , on release from prison , banned from football for life . Wednesday were relegated at the end of the 1969 -- 70 season , starting arguably the darkest period in the club 's history . After going into freefall they spent 5 seasons in the Third Division and the club almost suffered relegation to the Fourth Division in 1976 , but a revival over the next few seasons under first , Jack Charlton and then , Howard Wilkinson , saw them reach the First Division in 1984 . The 1980s : resurgence ( edit ) Under the management of Wilkinson , Sheffield Wednesday won promotion to the First Division at the end of the 1983 -- 84 season and would remain at this level for all but one of the next sixteen seasons . They finished fifth in the league at the end of the 1985 -- 86 season and only missed out on a UEFA Cup place because English teams were banned from European competitions due to the Heysel Stadium disaster at this time . Wilkinson left in September 1988 to take charge of Leeds United who were a Second Division club at the time . Within four seasons , he had taken them to the league title . Meanwhile , Sheffield Wednesday replaced Wilkinson with his former assistant Peter Eustace in what proved to be a disastrous appointment . He was at the helm for just four months before being sacked to make way for former West Bromwich Albion manager Ron Atkinson , who had lifted two FA Cups with Manchester United . The 1990s : life at the top ( edit ) In Atkinson 's first full season as manager , 1989 -- 90 , Sheffield Wednesday finished 18th in the First Division and were relegated on goal difference , despite the acquisition of the talented John Sheridan and the fact they had pulled towards mid-table at one stage of the season . They regained promotion at the first attempt but the real highlight of the season was a League Cup final victory over Atkinson 's old club Manchester United . Midfielder Sheridan scored the only goal of the game , which delivered the club 's first major trophy since their FA Cup success of 1935 . Atkinson moved to Aston Villa shortly after promotion was achieved , and handed over the reins to 37 - year - old striker Trevor Francis . Wednesday finished third in the First Division at the end of the 1991 -- 92 season , booking their place in the following season 's UEFA Cup and becoming a founder member of the new FA Premier League . 1992 -- 93 was one of the most eventful seasons in the history of Sheffield Wednesday football club . They finished seventh in the Premier League and reached the finals of both the FA Cup and the League Cup , but were on the losing side to Arsenal in both games , the FA Cup final going to a replay and only settled in the last minute of extra time . This prevented the Owls from making another appearance in European competition . Still , the 1992 -- 93 season established Sheffield Wednesday as a top club . Midfielder Chris Waddle was voted Football Writers ' Association Footballer of the Year , and the strike partnership of David Hirst and Mark Bright was one of the most feared in the country . Francis was unable to achieve any more success at the club , and two seasons later he was sacked . His successor was former Luton , Leicester and Tottenham manager David Pleat . David Pleat 's first season as Sheffield Wednesday manager was frustrating , as they finished 15th in the Premiership despite an expensively - assembled line - up which included the likes of Marc Degryse , Dejan Stefanovic and Darko Kovacevic -- who all had disappointing and short - lived tenures at the club . An excellent start to the 1996 -- 97 season saw the Owls top the Premiership after winning their first four games , and David Pleat was credited Manager of the Month for August 1996 . But the club failed to mount a serious title challenge and they faded away to finish seventh in the final table . Pleat was sacked the following November with the club struggling at the wrong end of the Premiership , and Ron Atkinson briefly returned to steer the Owls clear of relegation . At the end of the 1997 -- 98 season , Ron Atkinson 's short - term contract was not renewed and Sheffield Wednesday turned to the Barnsley boss Danny Wilson as their new manager after being given the backword by both Gerard Houllier and Walter Smith who joined Liverpool and Everton respectively . Wilson 's first season at the helm brought a slight improvement as they finished 12th in the Premiership . An expensively assembled squad including Paolo Di Canio , Benito Carbone and Wim Jonk failed to live up to the massive wage bill the club was paying and things eventually came to a head when Italian firebrand Di Canio was sent off in a match against Arsenal and proceeded to push the referee on his way off . Danny Wilson was sacked the following March with relegation looking a certainty for the Hillsborough club , following a disastrous season where they had been hammered 8 -- 0 by Newcastle United as early as September . His assistant Peter Shreeves took temporary charge but was unable to stave off relegation . The 21st century ( edit ) Relegation to League one ( edit ) Peter Shreeves remained at Sheffield Wednesday for the 2000 -- 01 season as assistant to their new manager Paul Jewell . But Jewell was unable to mount a promotion challenge and he was sacked the following February with the Owls hovering just above the Division One relegation zone . Shreeves was given a permanent contract to take charge of the first team and he guided them to a 17th - place finish . After another bad start in 2001 -- 02 , he handed the reins over to assistant Terry Yorath . Wednesday finished just two places above the Division One relegation zone and the only bright spot of the season was a run to the semi finals of the League Cup . Yorath resigned in October 2002 after Wednesday made a terrible start to the 2002 -- 03 season , and in came Hartlepool manager Chris Turner -- a former Owls goalkeeper -- as his successor . Turner made a big effort to rejuvenate the side and there were some impressive results during the final weeks of the season , but a failure to beat Brighton in the penultimate game of the season condemned them to relegation . Turner was optimistic of an immediate return to Division One , but this was not to be . Wednesday finished 2003 -- 04 in 16th place in Division Two , with the lowest goals tally in the division ( 48 ) . It was the lowest ebb of the club 's history , rivalled only by the 1975 -- 76 season , where Wednesday finished in 20th place in the same division with the same number of points as in the 2003 -- 04 season . Turner was sacked after a poor start to the 2004 -- 05 Coca - Cola League One campaign , and replaced by former Plymouth and Southampton manager Paul Sturrock . Return to the Championship ( edit ) Wednesday Lift the 2005 League One Playoff Trophy Sturrock revitalised Sheffield Wednesday 's fortunes and they finished fifth in League One at the end of the 2004 -- 05 season , qualifying for the promotion playoffs . They defeated Brentford 3 -- 1 on aggregate in the semi-finals , moving them into the playoff final on 29 May 2005 at the Millennium Stadium . 41,000 Wednesdayites descended on Cardiff for what was the biggest game in twelve years for the club . They were n't to be disappointed as the Owls took a 1 -- 0 lead through Jon - Paul McGovern on the stroke of halftime . However , Hartlepool fought back and took a 2 -- 1 lead with 20 minutes of the game remaining . Sturrock made a brave triple substitution bringing on 18 - year - old striker Drew Talbot and the Owls ' top scorer of the season , Steve MacLean ( who had been out injured for the previous three months and had not kicked a ball ) . They combined with 10 minutes left as the Owls levelled the game 2 -- 2 . Talbot was adjudged to have been pushed down inside the box and Sheffield Wednesday were awarded a controversial penalty , which also resulted in the dismissal of Hartlepool player Westwood . MacLean duly slotted home the resultant penalty . They went on to win 4 -- 2 after extra time , goals from Glenn Whelan and Drew Talbot , achieving promotion to the Championship . On 17 April 2006 , Sheffield Wednesday retained their place in the Championship with two matches remaining , with a 2 -- 0 away win at Brighton , condemning Brighton , Millwall and Crewe to the drop in the process . Wednesday went on to finish the season in 19th place , 10 points clear of the relegation zone . They were statistically the best supported team in the Championship ; their average home league attendance of 24,853 marginally beat newly relegated Norwich with 24,833 . Brian Laws and Alan Irvine ( edit ) Despite having been awarded a new four - year contract just five weeks earlier , Sturrock was sacked after a slow start to the 2006 -- 07 season . His replacement was the former Scunthorpe United boss Brian Laws . Wednesday finished the season ninth in the Football League Championship , just four points short of the playoffs . On 25 June 2007 , the River Don burst its bank during a period of severe weather in the area , and the whole ground was flooded with several feet of water . The changing rooms , restaurants and kitchens and boardroom were all flooded , as well as the shop ; many local houses were also affected . The club and ground remained closed for the rest of June . On 6 July , the club issued a statement confirming that the pitch would be ready in time for a pre-season friendly match against Birmingham City on 4 August . A disastrous start of six consecutive league defeats meant the club spent the 2007 -- 08 season battling against relegation and went into the final match of the season against Norwich City knowing that defeat could send them down . After conceding first , a 4 -- 1 victory in front of 36,208 spectators brought much needed relief . This was the Football League 's highest attendance of the season and provided a fitting stage for Dion Dublin 's final game . He received a standing ovation from all parts of the ground when substituted in the 66th minute . Season 2008 -- 09 saw Wednesday 's first Sheffield derby win double in 95 years and a mid-table finish brought fresh hope for the coming season . But after a run of poor results , Laws left the club by mutual consent in December 2009 . He was replaced in January by the former Preston North End boss Alan Irvine . Irvine won the January Championship Manager of the Month award , but the form was not sustained and the club was relegated after failing to beat Crystal Palace in front of 37,121 on the final day of the season . Change of ownership structure ( edit ) The relegation triggered the resignation of chairman Lee Strafford . Stepping into the breach was former Wednesday player and manager Howard Wilkinson , making it clear that this would be an interim measure . In July and September 2010 winding up petitions instigated by HMRC were successfully fought off but in November 2010 a third winding up order threatened the club 's existence . The High Court 's patience was clearly wearing thin but CEO Nick Parker succeeded in securing a stay of execution after Deputy Prime Minister and Sheffield Hallam MP Nick Clegg helped persuade the club 's main creditor , the Co-operative Bank , to grant more time to find a buyer . Shortly afterwards , Leicester City chairman Milan Mandarić agreed to purchase the club . The purchase was completed the following month after an Extraordinary General Meeting of Wednesday 's shareholders during which 99.7 % of shareholders voted to sell the company to Mandarić 's UK Football Investments for £ 1 . Mandarić agreed to settle the club 's outstanding debts as part of the deal and stepped down as chairman of Leicester City . For the first time in the club 's history , the whole of the share base was now controlled by a single entity . Gary Megson , Dave Jones , Stuart Gray and Carlos Carvalhal ( edit ) On the field , the club was failing to make its mark in League One and Irvine was replaced by Gary Megson , son of former Owls captain Don Megson , and twice previously a player for the club . Megson failed to salvage the season and the club ended in a disappointing 15th place , lower than when he had taken over . Season 2011 -- 12 marked the start of a change in the club 's fortunes but , after a late dip in form , Megson was controversially replaced by former Cardiff City manager Dave Jones despite having just led Wednesday to what proved to be a season defining Sheffield derby win and with the club lying in third place . Jones carried on Megson 's good work and completed the season unbeaten with ten wins and two draws , picking up two consecutive League One Manager of the Month awards . The final match of the season against Wycombe Wanderers attracted 38,082 spectators to Hillsborough to watch Wednesday achieve the victory needed to finish second in the division , clinching promotion at the expense of local rivals Sheffield United who subsequently lost a play off final penalty shoot - out with Huddersfield Town at Wembley . With one of the lowest playing budgets in the Championship , 2012 -- 13 season was one of survival and , with judicious loan signings , Jones steered the club to an 18th - place finish in one of the toughest Championship seasons in history with fourth bottom club Barnsley needing 55 points to survive . With no appreciable improvement in the budget , 2013 -- 14 season was again proving to be a struggle and , with only one league win and the club second bottom , Jones was sacked at the start of December . Coach Stuart Gray was named caretaker manager and , after a good run of results , was finally given the job permanently . The length of contract remained confidential and , with a departure from club tradition , Gray was given the job title of head coach . For the third consecutive season Wednesday finished in a higher league position than the previous season . Season 2014 -- 15 was preceded by a story in the French newspaper , L'Equipe , of the imminent takeover of Wednesday by Hafiz Mammadov , an Azerbaijani industrialist and effective owner of RC Lens . With the Sheffield public hungry for news , Manderić , perhaps unwisely , confirmed the takeover before its completion and announced a shirt sponsorship deal with the supposed new ownership . Mammadov subsequently failed to fulfil his legal obligations within the terms of the takeover agreement and Manderić called time on the deal , instructing the club 's lawyers accordingly . Embarrassingly , shirts had already been sold with the logo ' Azerbaijan Land of Fire ' and the club decided to continue with the shirt sponsorship deal for the season , insisting that the deal was independent of the failed takeover . On 29 January 2015 the club announced that an agreement had been reached between Mr Mandaric 's UKFI Limited and Thai businessman Mr Dejphon Chansiri to acquire 100 % of the club 's shareholding . At a press conference on 2 March 2015 Mr Chansiri , whose family has a controlling interest in the Thai Union Frozen Group , announced that he had purchased the club for £ 37.5 m and is aiming for promotion to the Premier League by 2017 , the club 's 150th anniversary . Season 2014 / 15 ended with the club improving its league position for the fourth consecutive season despite a very poor home campaign in which only 16 league goals were scored . The final home game of the season saw a wretched defeat at the hands of Yorkshire rivals Leeds United , contrasting sharply with the previous season 's 6 - 0 victory . Many felt that the home form was the catalyst for Stuart Gray 's departure from the club in June 2015 and the appointment of Carlos Carvalhal , a widely traveled but largely unknown Portuguese coach . Carvalhal became Wednesday 's first ever overseas manager / coach . After a patchy start , season 2015 / 16 culminated in a creditable 6th - place finish which represented a fifth consecutive improvement in league position . Wednesday somewhat luckily defeated the play off favourites Brighton & Hove Albion in the two legged semi-final but suffered a 1 - 0 defeat at the hands of Yorkshire rivals Hull City in the final , the club 's first visit to the new Wembley . Season 2016 / 17 ended in disappointment despite Wednesday improving their league position for the sixth consecutive season . Defeat in the play offs at the semi-final stage by eventual winners Huddersfield Town signalled criticism in some quarters of the marked change in playing style from the previous season . After much confusion over Carlos Carvalhal 's future due to conflicting press reports it was announced that he would remain in charge for the coming season although the length of his contract was not disclosed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` In the Beginning '' . FL Interactive Limited . Retrieved 15 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Farnsworth , Keith ( 1995 ) . Sheffield Football A History : Volume 1 1857 -- 1861 . Hallamshire Press . ISBN 1 - 874718 - 13 - X . Jump up ^ Drake , A . `` The Cromwell Cup '' . Archived from the original on 5 June 2012 . Retrieved 15 August 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Charles Clegg '' . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` William Edwin Clegg '' . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Farnsworth , Keith ( 1982 ) . Wednesday ! . Sheffield City Libraries . Jump up ^ Drake , A. `` SFA Cup 76 -- 77 '' . Archived from the original on 30 June 2012 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Sheffield Zulus '' . SAsoccer365. 7 September 2004 . Retrieved 17 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Football Alliance '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Brown 's Golden Era '' . FL Interactive Limited . Retrieved 12 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Brighton 0 -- 2 Sheff Wed '' . BBC Sport. 17 April 2006 . Retrieved 17 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport : Owls - Blues friendly gets go - ahead '' . BBC News . 6 July 2007 . Retrieved 5 January 2010 . Sheffield Wednesday Football Club The Club History Players ( internationals ) Records Seasons Managers Academy Europe Ladies Grounds Highfield Myrtle Road Sheaf House Bramall Lane Olive Grove Hillsborough Related articles Steel City derby Wednesdayite All articles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C.&oldid=849069722 '' Categories : Sheffield Wednesday F.C. History of Sheffield History of association football clubs in England Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 July 2018 , at 09 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did sheffield wednesday get promoted to championship | [
"Sturrock revitalised Sheffield Wednesday's fortunes and they finished fifth in League One at the end of the 2004–05 season, qualifying for the promotion playoffs. They defeated Brentford 3–1 on aggregate in the semi-finals, moving them into the playoff final on 29 May 2005 at the Millennium Stadium. 41,000 Wednesdayites descended on Cardiff for what was the biggest game in twelve years for the club. They weren't to be disappointed as the Owls took a 1–0 lead through Jon-Paul McGovern on the stroke of halftime. However, Hartlepool fought back and took a 2–1 lead with 20 minutes of the game remaining. Sturrock made a brave triple substitution bringing on 18-year-old striker Drew Talbot and the Owls' top scorer of the season, Steve MacLean (who had been out injured for the previous three months and had not kicked a ball). They combined with 10 minutes left as the Owls levelled the game 2–2. Talbot was adjudged to have been pushed down inside the box and Sheffield Wednesday were awarded a controversial penalty, which also resulted in the dismissal of Hartlepool player Westwood. MacLean duly slotted home the resultant penalty. They went on to win 4–2 after extra time, goals from Glenn Whelan and Drew Talbot, achieving promotion to the Championship.\n"
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"29 May 2005"
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-117550883179129779 | Lists of countries by mineral production | Lists of countries by Mineral production - wikipedia Lists of countries by Mineral production The following list creates a summary of the two major producers of different minerals ( and coal , which is generally not considered a mineral ) . Contents 1 Fuels 1.1 Fossil fuels 1.2 Nuclear fuel 2 Gemstones 3 Metals 4 References Fuels ( edit ) Fossil fuels ( edit ) Fossil fuel Largest Producer second largest producer Complete list Coal China India List of countries by coal production Natural gas United States Russia List of countries by natural gas production Petroleum Russia Saudi Arabia List of countries by oil production Nuclear fuel ( edit ) Nuclear fuel Largest Producer Second Largest Producer Complete list Uranium Kazakhstan Canada List of countries by uranium production Thorium India Australia Occurrence of thorium Gemstones ( edit ) Gem Largest Producer Second Largest Producer Complete list Fluorite China Mexico List of countries by fluorite production Diamond Russia Australia List of countries by diamond production Metals ( edit ) Metal Leading Producer Second Leading Producer Complete list Aluminium China Russia List of countries by aluminium production Bauxite Australia China List of countries by bauxite production Bismuth China Mexico List of countries by bismuth production Copper Chile China List of countries by copper production Gold China Australia List of countries by gold production Iron ore Australia Brazil List of countries by iron ore production Lithium Australia Chile List of countries by lithium production Manganese South Africa Australia List of countries by manganese production Mercury China Mexico List of countries by mercury production Mica China Russia List of countries by mica production Nickel Philippines Russia List of countries by nickel production Niobium Brazil Canada List of countries by niobium production Palladium Russia South Africa List of countries by palladium production Platinum South Africa Russia List of countries by platinum production Silver Mexico China List of countries by silver production Tin China Indonesia List of countries by tin production Titanium Australia South Africa ( tied ) List of countries by titanium production Zinc China Australia List of countries by zinc production References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Statistical Review of World Energy 2017 '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . CIA . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World 's top oil producers 2016 '' . U.S. Energy Information Administration . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Uranium Mining '' . World Nuclear Association . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/TE_1450_web.pdf Jump up ^ World Mineral Production 2009 -- 2013 . British Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) . USGS . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Aluminum . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Bauxite . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Bismuth . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Copper . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Gold . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mineral Commodity Summaries 2017 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Lithium . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Manganese . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Mercury . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?product=mica&graph=production Jump up ^ Nickel . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mineral Commodity Summaries 2017 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Palladium . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Platinum . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Silver . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Tin . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Titanium . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Zinc , p. 187 . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Lists of countries by industrial output rankings Metallurgy Aluminium Al O Bauxite Bismuth Copper smelter Gold Iron ore Lithium Magnesium Manganese Mercury Palladium Platinum Silver Steel Tin Titanium Uranium reserves Zinc Mineral Antimony Bentonite Feldspar Fluorite Silicon Salt Emissions CO per capita GDP per Greenhouse gas per capita Others Manufacturing Cement Motor vehicles Paper Refrigerators Washing machines List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists_of_countries_by_mineral_production&oldid=865394860 '' Categories : Lists of countries by mineral production Lists of lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia தமிழ் اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 17 : 50 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | largest producer of mica in the world is | [
"\n\n\nMetal\n\nLeading Producer\n\nSecond Leading Producer\n\nComplete list\n\n\nAluminium[8]\n\n China\n\n Russia\n\nList of countries by aluminium production\n\n\nBauxite[9]\n\n Australia\n\n China\n\nList of countries by bauxite production\n\n\nBismuth[10]\n\n China\n\n Mexico\n\nList of countries by bismuth production\n\n\nCopper[11]\n\n Chile\n\n China\n\nList of countries by copper production\n\n\nGold[12]\n\n China\n\n Australia\n\nList of countries by gold production\n\n\nIron ore[13]\n\n Australia\n\n Brazil\n\nList of countries by iron ore production\n\n\nLithium[14]\n\n Australia\n\n Chile\n\nList of countries by lithium production\n\n\nManganese[15]\n\n South Africa\n\n Australia\n\nList of countries by manganese production\n\n\nMercury[16]\n\n China\n\n Mexico\n\nList of countries by mercury production\n\n\nMica[17]\n\n China\n\n Russia\n\nList of countries by mica production\n\n\nNickel[18]\n\n Philippines\n\n Russia\n\nList of countries by nickel production\n\n\nNiobium[19]\n\n Brazil\n\n Canada\n\nList of countries by niobium production\n\n\nPalladium[20]\n\n Russia\n\n South Africa\n\nList of countries by palladium production\n\n\nPlatinum[21]\n\n South Africa\n\n Russia\n\nList of countries by platinum production\n\n\nSilver[22]\n\n Mexico\n\n China\n\nList of countries by silver production\n\n\nTin[23]\n\n China\n\n Indonesia\n\nList of countries by tin production\n\n\nTitanium[24]\n\n Australia\n\n South Africa (tied)\n\nList of countries by titanium production\n\n\nZinc[25]\n\n China\n\n Australia\n\nList of countries by zinc production\n"
] | [
"China"
] |
1873443240194253890 | We Gotta Get out of This Place | We Gotta Get out of This Place - wikipedia We Gotta Get out of This Place For other uses , see We Gotta Get out of This Place ( disambiguation ) . `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' Single by The Animals B - side `` I Ca n't Believe It '' Released July 1965 ( UK ) August 1965 ( U.S. ) Format 7 '' single Recorded 15 June 1965 Genre Rock Length 3 : 17 Label Columbia Graphophone ( UK ) MGM ( U.S. ) Songwriter ( s ) Barry Mann , Cynthia Weil Producer ( s ) Mickie Most The Animals singles chronology `` Bring It On Home to Me '' ( 1965 ) `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' ( 1965 ) `` It 's My Life '' ( 1965 ) `` Bring It On Home to Me '' ( 1965 ) `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' ( 1965 ) `` It 's My Life '' ( 1965 ) `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' , occasionally written `` We 've Gotta Get out of This Place '' , is a rock song written by Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil and recorded as a 1965 hit single by The Animals . It has become an iconic song of its type and was immensely popular with United States Armed Forces GIs during the Vietnam War . In 2004 it was ranked number 233 on Rolling Stone 's The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time list ; it is also in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll list . Contents 1 History 1.1 The two versions 2 Impact 3 In popular culture 4 The Angels version 5 Track listing 6 Personnel 7 Other versions 8 Charts 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil were husband and wife ( and future Hall of Fame ) songwriters associated with the 1960s Brill Building scene in New York City . Mann and Weil wrote and recorded `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' as a demo , with Mann singing and playing piano . It was intended for The Righteous Brothers , for whom they had written the number one hit `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' but then Mann gained a recording contract for himself , and his label Red Bird Records wanted him to release it instead . Meanwhile , record executive Allen Klein had heard it and gave the demo to Mickie Most , The Animals ' producer . Most already had a call out to Brill Building songwriters for material for the group 's next recording session ( The Animals hits `` It 's My Life '' and `` Do n't Bring Me Down '' came from the same call ) , and The Animals recorded it before Mann could . In The Animals ' rendition , the lyrics were slightly reordered and reworded from the demo and opened with a locational allusion -- although different from that in the songwriters ' minds -- that was often taken as fitting the group 's industrial , working class Newcastle - upon - Tyne origins : In this dirty old part of the city Where the sun refused to shine People tell me , there ai n't no use in tryin ' Next came a verse about the singer 's father in his deathbed after a lifetime of working his life away , followed by a call - and - response buildup , leading to the start of the chorus : We got ta get out of this place ! If it 's the last thing we ever do ... The arrangement featured a distinctive bass lead by group member Chas Chandler . This was the first single not to be recorded by the original line - up , following as it did the departure of keyboard player Alan Price and his replacement by Dave Rowberry . It featured one of singer Eric Burdon 's typically raw , fierce vocals . Rolling Stone described the overall effect as a `` harsh white - blues treatment from The Animals . As ( Burdon ) put it , ' Whatever suited our attitude , we just bent to our own shape . ' '' The song reached number 2 on the UK pop singles chart on August 14 , 1965 ( held out of the top slot by The Beatles ' `` Help ! '' ) . The following month , it reached number 13 on the U.S. pop singles chart , its highest placement there . In Canada , the song also reached number 2 , on September 20 , 1965 . The two versions ( edit ) The UK and US single releases were different versions from the same recording sessions . The take that EMI , The Animals ' parent record company , sent to MGM Records , the group 's American label , was mistakenly one that had not been selected for release elsewhere . The two versions are most easily differentiated by the lyric at the beginning of the second verse : in the US version the lyric is , `` See my daddy in bed a-dyin ' '' , while the UK version uses , `` Watch my daddy in bed a-dyin ' '' ( as a result of an error by the music labels , certain online retailers sell the UK version but incorrectly identify it as the US version ) . In the US the song ( in its `` mistaken '' take ) was included on the album Animal Tracks , released in the fall 1965 , and again on the popular compilation The Best of The Animals released in 1966 and re-released with an expanded track list on the ABKCO label in 1973 . The song was not on any British Animals album during the group 's lifetime . Once Animals reissues began occurring during the compact disc era , Allen Klein , by now owner of ABKCO and the rights to this material , dictated that the `` correct '' British version be used on all reissues and compilations everywhere . Thus , as US radio stations converted from vinyl records to CDs , gradually only the British version became heard . Some collectors and fans in the US wrote letters of complaint to Goldmine magazine , saying they believed the US version featured an angrier and more powerful vocal from Burdon , and in any case wanted to hear the song in the form they had grown up with . The 2004 remastered SACD Retrospective compilation from ABKCO included the US version . Impact ( edit ) At the time , the title and simple emotional appeal of `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' lent itself to some obvious self - identifications -- for instance , it was a very popular number to be played at high school senior proms and graduation parties . In music writer Dave Marsh 's view , it was one of a wave of songs in 1965 , by artists such as The Beatles , The Rolling Stones , and Bob Dylan , that ushered in a new role for rock music as a vehicle for common perception and as a force for social consciousness . Writer Craig Werner sees the song as reflecting the desire of people to take a hard look at their own lives and the community they come from . Burdon later said , `` The song became an anthem for different people -- everybody at some time wants to get out of the situation they 're in . '' The song was very popular with United States Armed Forces members stationed in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War . It was frequently requested of , and played by , American Forces Vietnam Network disc jockeys . During 2006 two University of Wisconsin -- Madison employees , one a Vietnam veteran , began an in - depth survey of hundreds of Vietnam veterans , and found that `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' had resonated the strongest among all the music popular then : `` We had absolute unanimity is this song being the touchstone . This was the Vietnam anthem . Every bad band that ever played in an armed forces club had to play this song . '' Just such a band played the song in an episode ( `` USO Down '' , by Vietnam veteran Jim Beaver ) of the American television series about the war , Tour of Duty , and the song is reprised in the episode 's final scene . `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' was also used in Dennis Potter 's 1965 television play Stand Up , Nigel Barton and the BBC 's 1996 Newcastle - set Our Friends in the North , which partially took place in the 1960s . In America it was used as the title credits song in some episodes of the Vietnam War - set television series China Beach . It was then applied to the Bin Laden family , having to leave the United States in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attacks , in Michael Moore 's 2004 Fahrenheit 9 / 11 . It also was featured in the soundtrack to the 1987 movie Hamburger Hill . It was used in a third - season episode of the 2000s television series Heroes . It was used as the theme song for 2002 BBC comedy TLC and the 2013 BBC series Privates . The song was also featured humorously in the Kong : Skull Island trailer In a 2012 keynote speech to an audience at the South by Southwest music festival , Bruce Springsteen performed an abbreviated version of The Animals ' version on acoustic guitar and then said , `` That 's every song I 've ever written . That 's all of them . I 'm not kidding , either . That 's ' Born to Run ' , ' Born in the U.S.A. ' '' In popular culture ( edit ) The song 's title and theme have become a common cultural phrase over the years . It formed the basis for the title of academician Lawrence Grossberg 's We Gotta Get out of This Place : Popular Conservatism and Postmodern Culture ( 1992 ) , detailing the conflict between American conservatism and rock culture . Similarly , it formed the title basis for Gerri Hirshey 's 2002 account , We Gotta Get out of This Place : The True , Tough Story of Women in Rock . It has also been used as the title of editorials by American Journalism Review and other publications . The title was even used to name an art exhibit , curated by Stefan Kalmar at the Cubitt Gallery in London in 1997 . The Angels version ( edit ) We Gotta Get Out of This Place is the twenty eighth single by Australian Hard rock band The Angels , released in 1986 . It is the third single to be released from The Angels eighth studio album Howling . The song peaked at number 7 on the ARIA Charts and number 13 on the Recorded Music NZ , `` We Gotta Get Out Of This Place '' Single by The Angels from the album Howling Released 1986 Format Vinyl , 7 Genre Hard rock Length 4 : 43 Label Mushroom Records Songwriter ( s ) Barry Mann , Cynthia Weil Producer ( s ) Steve Brown The Angels singles chronology `` Do n't Waste My Time '' ( 1986 ) `` We Gotta Get Out Of This Place '' ( 1986 ) `` Ca n't Take Any More '' ( 1987 ) `` Do n't Waste My Time '' ( 1986 ) `` We Gotta Get Out of This Place '' ( 1987 ) `` Ca n't Take Any More '' ( 1987 ) Track listing ( edit ) We Gotta Get Out of This Place ( Barry Mann , Cynthia Weil ) - 4 : 43 I Just Wanna Be With You ( New Version ) ( Doc Neeson , John Brewster , Richard Brewster ) - 3 : 54 Personnel ( edit ) Bass , Vocals , Saxophone -- Jim Hilbun Drums -- Brent Eccles Lead Guitar -- Rick Brewster Lead Vocals -- Doc Neeson Rhythm Guitar -- Bob Spencer Production Steve Brown ( tracks : 1 ) Ashley Howe ( tracks : 2 ) Other versions ( edit ) `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' has been recorded or performed in concert by numerous artists , including The Cryan ' Shames ( 1966 ) , The American Breed ( 1967 ) , The Frost ( 1970 ) , The Partridge Family ( 1972 ) , Bruce Springsteen ( performed only a handful of times in his career , but acknowledged by him as one of his primary influences in the 1970s ) , Udo Lindenberg ( in a German language adaption in the 1970s for which commercial success was small ) , Blue Öyster Cult ( 1978 ) , Steve Bender ( 1978 ) , Gilla ( 1979 ) , Angelic Upstarts ( 1980 ) , Gardens & Villa , Grand Funk Railroad ( 1981 ) , David Johansen ( 1982 , and a hit on album oriented rock radio and MTV as part of an Animals medley ) , Fear ( 1982 ) , The Angels ( 1986 ) , Richard Thompson ( 1988 ) , Jello Biafra and D.O.A. ( 1989 ) , Randy Stonehill ( 1990 ) , Bon Jovi ( 1992 , again as part of an Animals medley for an MTV special ) , Midnight Oil ( 1993 , for MTV Unplugged ) , Space ( 1998 ) , Southside Johnny ( concerts in the 2000s ) , Overkill ( 2000 ) , Widespread Panic ( 2005 ) , Ann Wilson with Wynonna Judd ( 2007 ) , Alice Cooper ( 2011 ) , and many others . In 1990 Eric Burdon joined Katrina and the Waves for a recording of it for use on China Beach . In 2000 Barry Mann revisited the song , performing it with Bryan Adams on Mann 's retrospective solo album Soul & Inspiration . When Suzi Quatro was on a German tour in 2008 she came on stage and played bass on the song during an Eric Burdon concert at the Porsche Arena in Stuttgart . Burdon also performed it in 2010 at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony , when songwriters Mann and Weil were inducted . Later in 2010 , Mann and Weil were at The Grammy Museum in Los Angeles -- to open a gallery for the Songwriter 's Hall of Fame -- and performed their original version of the song , including previously - unheard lyrics like `` What are we waiting for ? '' ( which was supposed to occur before the familiar lyrics in the chorus ) . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 ) Peak position Canadian Singles Chart German Singles Chart 31 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 13 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Spelling on original Columbia Graphophone single release label used the `` We 've '' form ; the sleeve left out the `` Of '' . However , song publisher BMI registers it as `` We '' ( see BMI searchable database ) as do the large majority of music references sources and album labels . Jump up ^ `` Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil '' . The Official Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil Web site . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Dale Kawashima . `` Legendary Songwriting Duo Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil Talk About Their Classic Hits and New Projects '' . Songwriter Universe . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 18 . Demo audio stream at end of article . Jump up ^ `` Songwriter Carl D'Errico Interviewed by Mick Patrick '' . Spectropop . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Terry Gross ( 2004 - 07 - 02 ) ( 2002 ) . `` Former Animals Singer Eric Burdon '' . Fresh Air . NPR . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Gillett , Charlie ( 1996 ) . The Sound of the City : The Rise of Rock and Roll ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Da Capo Press . p. 271 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80683 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Perone , James E. ( 2009 ) . Mods , Rockers , and the Music of the British Invasion . ABC - CLIO . p. 129 . ISBN 0275998606 . Jump up ^ Michael Heatley ( 2009 ) . Jimi Hendrix Gear : The Guitars , Amps & Effects That Revolutionized Rock ' n ' Roll . Voyageur Press . p. 60 . ISBN 0760336393 . Jump up ^ Dan Aykroyd ; Ben Manilla ( 2004 ) . Elwood 's Blues : Interviews With The Blues Legends & Stars . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 132 . ISBN 0879308095 . ^ Jump up to : Werner , Craig ( 1999 ) . A Change Is Gonna Come : Music , Race , and the Soul of America . University of Michigan Press . pp. 87 -- 88 . ISBN 0 - 452 - 28065 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' . Rolling Stone . 2004 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Animals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 1994 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : The Animals USA chart history , Billboard.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Dave ( 1983 ) . Before I Get Old : The Story of the Who . New York : St. Martin 's Press . pp. 117 -- 118 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 07155 - 8 . Jump up ^ Will Higgins ( 2002 - 04 - 29 ) . `` ' Nam deejays air their memories '' . The Indianapolis Star . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Brian Mattmiller , `` ' We Gotta Get out of This Place : ' Music , memory and the Vietnam War '' Archived 2007 - 02 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , University of Wisconsin -- Madison , February 16 , 2006 . Retrieved February 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ gradepoint ( 27 Feb 2017 ) . `` Kong : Skull Island - Rise of the King ( Official Final Trailer ) '' . Retrieved 2 Feb 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Todd Martens ( 2012 - 03 - 15 ) . `` SXSW : Bruce Springsteen hits a lot of notes in keynote address '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Rem Rieder ( March 1998 ) . `` We got ta get out of this place. ( Editorial ) '' . American Journalism Review . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ The Angels - We Gotta Get Out Of This Place at 45cat Jump up ^ The Angels - We Gotta Get Out Of This Place at Discogs Jump up ^ The Angels - We Gotta Get Out Of This Place at Australian Music Database Jump up ^ The Angels - We Gotta Get Out Of This Place at Australian - Charts Jump up ^ `` Will Percy Interviews Bruce Springsteen '' . DoubleTake . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( 2010 - 03 - 16 ) . `` The Stooges , Genesis , Abba Join the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame at Historic 25th Induction Ceremony '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Songwriters Hall of Fame Photo Archive '' . BMI . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Chartverfolgung / The Animals / Single '' . Music Line ( in German ) . Germany : Media Control Charts . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . External links ( edit ) List of covers of `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Animals The ( Original ) Animals ( 1962 -- 1966 , 1977 , 1983 ) : Eric Burdon Chas Chandler Mick Gallagher Barry Jenkins Alan Price Dave Rowberry John Steel Hilton Valentine Eric Burdon & The ( New ) Animals ( 1966 -- 1969 ) : Vic Briggs Eric Burdon Barry Jenkins Danny McCulloch Zoot Money Andy Summers John Weider Studio albums The Animals ( 1962 -- 1966 ) ( UK ) The Animals Animal Tracks Animalisms ( US ) The Animals The Animals on Tour Animal Tracks Animalization Animalism Eric Burdon and the Animals Eric Is Here ( US only ) Winds of Change The Twain Shall Meet Every One of Us ( US only ) Love Is The Animals ( 1977 , 1983 ) Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted Ark Compilations The Best of The Animals ( 1966 ) The Greatest Hits of Eric Burdon and The Animals The Most of Animals The Best of The Animals ( 1988 ) The Best of The Animals ( 1997 ) Absolute Animals 1964 -- 1968 Hit singles `` Baby Let Me Take You Home '' `` The House of the Rising Sun '' `` I 'm Crying '' `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' `` It 's My Life '' `` Inside - Looking Out '' `` Do n't Bring Me Down '' `` See See Rider '' `` Help Me Girl '' `` When I Was Young '' `` Good Times '' `` San Franciscan Nights '' `` Monterey '' `` Sky Pilot '' `` The Night '' Related articles The Animals discography Eric Burdon discography Book Space Tommy Scott Franny Griffiths Phil Hartley Allan Jones Jamie Murphy Andy Parle Yorkie Leon Caffrey Ryan Clarke Studio albums Spiders Tin Planet Suburban Rock ' n ' Roll Attack of the Mutant 50ft Kebab Give Me Your Future Compilation albums Invasion of the Spiders Greatest Hits Greatest Hits & Unheard Bits Singles `` If Its Real '' `` Money '' / `` Kill Me '' `` Neighbourhood '' `` Female of the Species '' `` Me and You Versus the World '' `` Dark Clouds '' `` Avenging Angels '' `` The Ballad of Tom Jones '' `` Begin Again '' `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' `` Diary of a Wimp '' `` Zombies '' `` Suburban Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` 20 Million Miles from Earth '' `` Fortune Teller '' `` Strange World '' `` Blow Up Doll '' Extended plays The Bad Days EP Other releases Love You More than Football ( unreleased ) Music for Aliens Related articles Cerys Matthews `` ( How Does It Feel to Be ) On Top of the World '' Reload Twentieth - Century Blues : The Songs of Noël Coward Gut Records The Angels Rick Brewster John Brewster Dave Gleeson Nick Norton Sam Brewster Doc Neeson Peter Christopolous ( aka Charlie King ) Graham `` Buzz Throckman '' Bidstrup Chris Bailey Brent Eccles Jim Hilbun Bob Spencer James Morley Studio albums The Angels Face to Face No Exit Dark Room Night Attack Watch the Red Two Minute Warning Howling Beyond Salvation Red Back Fever Skin & Bone Take It to the Streets Talk the Talk Compilations The Angels ' Greatest The Angels ' Greatest Vol. II Their Finest Hour ... and Then Some Evidence Greatest Hits 40 Years of Rock -- Vol 1 : 40 Greatest Studio Hits Live albums Live Line Live at the Basement Extended plays Out of the Blue Never So Live Singles `` Am I Ever Gonna See Your Face Again '' `` You 're a Lady Now '' `` Comin ' Down '' `` Take a Long Line '' `` After the Rain '' `` Shadow Boxer '' `` Out of the Blue '' `` No Secrets '' `` Poor Baby '' `` Face the Day '' `` Into the Heat '' `` Do n't Waste My Time '' `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' `` Ca n't Take Any More '' `` Finger on the Trigger '' `` Let the Night Roll On '' `` Dogs Are Talking '' `` Back Street Pickup '' Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Gotta_Get_out_of_This_Place&oldid=850889670 '' Categories : 1965 singles 1965 songs Alice Cooper songs Blues rock songs Bon Jovi songs Bruce Springsteen songs Columbia Graphophone Company singles Grand Funk Railroad songs Katrina and the Waves songs MGM Records singles Song recordings produced by Mickie Most Songs with lyrics by Cynthia Weil Songs written by Barry Mann The Animals songs The Partridge Family songs Songs of the Vietnam War The Angels ( Australian band ) songs 1986 singles 1987 singles Mushroom Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 18 July 2018 , at 17 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang we got to get out of this place | [
"\"We Gotta Get out of This Place\", occasionally written \"We've Gotta Get out of This Place\",[1] is a rock song written by Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil and recorded as a 1965 hit single by The Animals. It has become an iconic song of its type and was immensely popular with United States Armed Forces GIs during the Vietnam War.\n"
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"The Animals"
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-960416319149498552 | Thursday Night Football | Thursday Night Football - Wikipedia Thursday Night Football Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Thursday Night Football Thursday Night Football logo since 2016 Also known as Run to the Playoffs ( 2006 -- present ) Thursday Night Football on NFL Network ( 2006 -- present ) Thursday Night Football on CBS ( 2014 -- present ) NBC Thursday Night Football ( 2016 -- present ) NFL Network Special ( 2017 -- present ) Genre NFL football telecasts Presented by Jim Nantz Tony Romo Tracy Wolfson James Brown Bill Cowher Deion Sanders Rich Eisen Marshall Faulk Steve Mariucci Michael Irvin Greg Gumbel Trent Green Mike Tirico Cris Collinsworth Kurt Warner Heather Cox Liam McHugh Tony Dungy Rodney Harrison Theme music composer Helmut VonLichten ( CBS ) Jimmy Greco ( NBC ) Opening theme `` TNF 32 '' ( CBS ) `` Ca n't Hold Us Down '' ( NBC ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 12 ( NFL Network seasons ) 4 ( CBS seasons ) 2 ( NBC seasons ) No. of episodes 57 ( games ) Production Location ( s ) Various NFL stadiums ( game telecasts , pregame , halftime and postgame shows ) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 180 minutes or until game ends ( inc . adverts ) Production company ( s ) National Football League NFL Network ( 2006 -- present ) CBS Sports ( 2014 -- present ) NBC Sports ( 2016 -- present ) Release Original network NFL Network ( 2006 -- present ) CBS ( 2014 -- present ; select games ) NBC ( 2016 -- present ; select games ) Universo via Telemundo Deportes ( 2016 -- present ; Spanish simulcasts on select NBC games ) Amazon Prime Video ( 2017 ; select games ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) , 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release November 23 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 23 ) -- present Chronology Related shows NFL on CBS NFL on NBC The NFL Today Football Night in America NBC Sunday Night Football External links Website Thursday Night Football ( or simply TNF ) is the branding used for broadcasts of National Football League ( NFL ) games that broadcast primarily on Thursday nights . Most of the games kick off at 8 : 25 p.m. Eastern Time , but games in the package also air occasionally on Saturdays in the later portion of the season , as well as a single Sunday morning game from London in the NFL International Series ( these games have been branded since 2017 as NFL Network Special ) . Debuting on November 23 , 2006 , the telecasts were originally part of NFL Network 's Run to the Playoffs package , which consisted of eight total games broadcast on Thursday and Saturday nights ( five on Thursdays , and three on Saturdays , originally branded as Saturday Night Football ) during the latter portion of the season . Since 2012 , the TNF package has begun during the second week of the NFL season ; the NFL Kickoff Game and the Thanksgiving primetime game are both broadcast as part of NBC Sports ' Sunday Night Football contract and are not included in Thursday Night Football , although the Thanksgiving primetime game was previously part of the package from 2006 until 2011 . At its launch , the package proved highly controversial mainly due to the relative unavailability of NFL Network at the time ; the league used the games as leverage to encourage television providers to carry NFL Network on their basic service tiers , rather than in premium , sports - oriented packages that required subscribers to pay a higher fee ; although , as with all other national cable telecasts of NFL games , the league 's own regulations require the games to be syndicated to over-the - air television stations in the local markets of the teams . These issues were magnified in 2007 , when a game that saw the New England Patriots close out a perfect regular season was simulcast nationally on both CBS and NBC , in addition to NFL Network and the local stations that the game was sold to , following concerns from politicians and other critics . In 2014 , production of the Thursday Night Football games was taken over by CBS Sports under a one - year deal . As part of the deal , CBS would carry nine Thursday night games ( which were simulcast on NFL Network ) and lend its primary broadcast team , consisting of Jim Nantz and Phil Simms , to cover the remaining Thursday telecasts airing exclusively on NFL Network . In addition , NFL Network extended the length of the Thursday telecasts to Week 16 of the season , and added a new Saturday doubleheader split between CBS and NFL Network . On January 18 , 2015 , CBS and NFL Network extended the same arrangement for a second season . On February 1 , 2016 , the NFL announced that CBS and NBC would split the broadcast television portion of the Thursday Night Football schedule for the 2016 and 2017 seasons , with each network broadcasting 5 games per year in simulcast with NFL Network . CBS will air the first 5 games and NBC will air the other 5 games . Additionally , games televised by CBS and NBC are streamed via Amazon 's Prime Video as part of an agreement for the 2017 season . The games are broadcast on radio via Westwood One , which syndicates the broadcasts to its partner radio stations around the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Early history 1.2 2014 -- 2015 : partnership with CBS Sports 1.3 2016 -- 2017 : CBS and NBC 1.4 2018 - 2 Coverage 2.1 Game announcers 2.2 Pregame , halftime and postgame coverage 2.3 Radio coverage 3 Game announcers 3.1 Television 3.1. 1 Current 3.1. 2 Former 3.2 Radio 3.2. 1 Current 3.2. 2 Former 4 Results 5 Reception 5.1 Carriage 5.2 Game quality and viewership 5.3 Player safety 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) The NFL Network 's coverage was not the first time that NFL games were covered on Thursday or Saturday . Prior to the new contract , ESPN carried a handful of sporadic Thursday night games ( usually those displaced from Sunday night ) and the broadcast networks used to air several national games on Saturday afternoons in mid-to - late December after the college football regular season ended . Incidentally , the only reason the league is even allowed to televise football games on Saturday night stems from a legal loophole : the league 's antitrust exemption , the Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961 , was written when the NFL regular season ended in mid-December , and as such , it contains specific language that prohibits televising NFL games in most markets on Friday nights and all day on Saturdays between the second week of September and the second week of December , to protect high school and college football . Since most high school and college seasons have ended by mid-December , other than bowl games , there has been little desire to close this loophole , even though the regular season has expanded well beyond mid-December since the law 's passage . In 2005 , when the NFL negotiated a new set of television contracts , Comcast - owned OLN offered to pay $450 million for an eight - year contract to carry NFL prime time games . In exchange , Comcast planned to add NFL Network to its digital cable lineup . The channel was added , but NFL Network decided to air the games itself , foregoing a rights fee . The other television deals generated $3.735 billion per year over an eight - year period for CBS , Fox , NBC , ESPN and DirecTV ( owner of the out - of - market sports package NFL Sunday Ticket ) . Thursday Night Football debuted on November 23 , 2006 , with the Kansas City Chiefs handing the visiting Denver Broncos a 19 -- 10 Thanksgiving defeat . Each of the game broadcasts were titled either Thursday Night Football or Saturday Night Football , depending on the night on which it aired . This format carried over to the 2007 season . Starting in 2008 , NFL Network eliminated all but one of the Saturday night games and started their Thursday night package three weeks earlier . This was done to accommodate the earlier schedule and the league 's antitrust exemption that prohibits Saturday games from being held for most of the season . In the following season , all references to Saturday Night Football were dropped , and any games that are not played on Thursday ( such as in 2016 , two Christmas weekend games and an NFL International Series game ) have since been branded as `` special editions '' of Thursday Night Football , and later Thursday Night Special or NFL Network Special . The Thanksgiving matchup was moved from NFL Network to NBC 's Sunday Night Football package as part of the new broadcast contract after the 2011 season . During Super Bowl week in 2012 , it was announced that the Thursday Night Football package would expand from eight to 13 games and air on NFL Network , again soliciting and rejecting offers from Turner Sports and Comcast . 2014 -- 2015 : partnership with CBS Sports ( edit ) In January 2014 , it was reported that the NFL was planning to sub-license a package of up to eight Thursday Night Football games to another broadcaster for the 2014 NFL season . The league had negotiated with its existing broadcast partners , along with Turner Sports . These eight games were to be simulcast by NFL Network , and reports indicated that ESPN planned to place the games on ABC in the event it won the rights , bringing the NFL back to the network for the first time since Super Bowl XL and the move of Monday Night Football to ESPN in 2006 . The remaining games would remain exclusive to NFL Network , due to carriage contracts with TV providers requiring at least eight NFL games to air exclusively on the channel per - season . The decision came as the league wished to heighten the profile of its Thursday night games , which had suffered from relatively lower viewership and advertising revenue in comparison to other games . On February 5 , 2014 , the NFL announced that CBS had acquired the partial rights to Thursday Night Football for the 2014 season . Under the agreement , all of the Thursday Night Football telecasts would be produced by CBS Sports and called by the network 's primary announcing team of Jim Nantz and Phil Simms . The first eight games of the season were simulcast nationally on NFL Network and CBS ; the remaining games in the package only aired nationally on NFL Network , but per league broadcast polices , were simulcast on local stations in the participating teams ' markets . CBS affiliates were given right of first refusal to air the local simulcast before it is offered to another station ( as had occurred in Cincinnati , Ohio where the market 's NBC affiliate WLWT aired a game between the Bengals and the Cleveland Browns instead of CBS affiliate WKRC - TV ) . A Saturday doubleheader was also added on Week 16 : NFL Network aired the early game , while CBS aired the second , prime time game . The NFL considered CBS 's bid to be the most attractive , owing to the network 's overall ratings stature ( CBS had been the highest - rated broadcast network in the U.S. since the 2005 - 06 television season ) , a commitment to aggressively promote the Thursday games across its properties , and its plans to utilize CBS Sports ' top NFL talent and production staff across all of the games in the package to ensure a major improvement in quality over the previous , in - house productions . CBS staff also cited experience with its joint coverage of the NCAA Men 's basketball tournament with Turner Sports as an advantage in its collaboration with NFL Network staff , as talent from both networks collaborate on pre-game , halftime and post-game coverage . During the games , a distinct graphics package co-branded with both CBS and NFL Network logos is used , certain players on each team wear microphones , and 4K cameras are used to allow zoom - in shots during instant replays . With the move of selected games to CBS , media executives expected more major match - ups to appear on Thursday Night Football than in previous years in order to attract better viewership ; in the past , Thursday Night Football had been criticized for often featuring games between lesser and poorer - performing teams . CBS and the NFL unveiled the games scheduled for Thursday Night Football in April 2014 ; CBS 's slate of games featured a number of major divisional rivalries , including New York Giants -- Washington , Green Bay -- Minnesota , and its opening game on September 11 , 2014 , featuring the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Baltimore Ravens . In the wake of the controversy surrounding Ravens player Ray Rice ( who had been removed from the team and suspended from the NFL earlier in the week following the discovery of footage showing the player physically assaulting his wife , Janay , who was engaged to Rice at the time the security camera footage was recorded ) , changes were made to pre-game coverage on the first game in order to accommodate additional interviews and discussion related to the incident . Among these changes were the removal of an introductory segment featuring Rihanna ( who was similarly assaulted by fellow performer Chris Brown in 2009 ) performing her song `` Run This Town '' . Following complaints by Rihanna on Twitter regarding the removal , the song was pulled entirely from future broadcasts . The rights were negotiated under a one - year contract valued at $275 million ; on January 18 , 2015 , the NFL announced that it would renew the arrangement with CBS for the 2015 season , with its value increasing to around $300 million . 2016 -- 2017 : CBS and NBC ( edit ) In November 2015 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that in response to the success of the package under CBS , the NFL was planning to negotiate a long - term contract for Thursday Night Football , with CBS , Fox , NBC , and Turner Sports showing interest . The New York Post reported that this deal would also include the sale of a stake in NFL Network itself . On December 16 , 2015 , it was reported that the NFL was shopping the Thursday Night Football package as a one - year deal with an option for a second year , similarly to the current arrangement with CBS ; the league also requested that bidders outline goals for `` growing '' NFL Network . The league was also reportedly interested in selling non-exclusive digital rights to simulcast the games to another partner , such as Amazon.com , Apple Inc. , Google , or Yahoo ! ( which exclusively streamed an International Series as part of a trial during the 2015 season , but would shut down its original video content service in January 2016 ) . In January 2016 , it was reported that the NFL was considering splitting the Thursday Night Football package across multiple broadcasters in tandem with the possibility of expanding the overall package to 17 games . It was also reported that ESPN and Turner Sports were not interested in the package due to its short - term nature , and that Fox was attempting to outbid CBS . On February 1 , 2016 , the NFL announced that Thursday Night Football would be shared between CBS , NBC , and NFL Network for the 2016 and 2017 seasons . CBS and NBC will each air five games ( resulting in a schedule of 10 games on broadcast TV in comparison to 8 under the previous deal ) , followed by an additional eight games exclusively on NFL Network to satisfy NFL Network 's retransmission consent contracts with cable providers ; the eight NFL Network - exclusive games included six Thursday contests , a Sunday morning International Series contest , and a Christmas day game . As with the previous contract , all games will be simulcast by NFL Network . Commissioner Roger Goodell stated that the league was `` thrilled to add NBC to the Thursday Night Football mix , a trusted partner with a proven track record of success broadcasting NFL football in primetime , and look forward to expanding with a digital partner for what will be a unique tri-cast on broadcast , cable and digital platforms . '' On April 5 , 2016 , it was revealed that Twitter had acquired non-exclusive worldwide digital streaming rights to the 10 broadcast television TNF games . The collaboration will also include streaming content on Twitter 's Periscope service , such as behind the scenes access . Rogers Media , who owns television rights to the Thursday Night Football package in Canada through the end of the 2016 season but has not yet acquired digital rights ( the majority of the NFL 's media rights in Canada are owned by Rogers 's rival , Bell Media ) , successfully forced Twitter to block the game streams in that country , overriding the league 's insistence that the free stream be global . Due to the streaming deal , over-the - top television providers PlayStation Vue and Sling TV are also required to black out the simulcast of the games on NFL Network . The first game produced by NBC Sports was broadcast exclusively on NFL Network on November 3 , 2016 , while the first game simulcast nationally on NBC aired on November 17 . A cappella group Pentatonix recorded a reworked version of their song `` Sing '' ( `` Weekend Go '' ) to serve as the opening theme song for NBC 's Thursday Night Football telecasts , NBC also commissioned new instrumental theme music by Jimmy Greco , `` Ca n't Hold Us Down '' , which was performed by members of the orchestra from the Broadway musical Hamilton . Both were retained for NBC 's games in 2017 . On April 4 , 2017 , it was announced that Amazon.com had acquired non-exclusive streaming rights to the 10 broadcast television games for the 2017 season over their Amazon Prime Video service , under a deal valued at $50 million , a five-fold increase over the $10 million paid by Twitter . The streams will be exclusive to paid Prime subscribers . The deal includes $30 million worth of promotion . Amazon planned several special features for its inaugural game , including broadcasting alternate feeds with Spanish , Portuguese and British English commentary ( the last of which being intended for those unfamiliar with the rules and terminology of American football ) , and a pre-show hosted by Tiki Barber and Curtis Stone that featured presentations of NFL merchandise available for purchase on Amazon . The November 16 , 2017 telecast between the Pittsburgh Steelers and Tennessee Titans was the first NFL broadcast to intentionally use the Skycam as its primary camera angle , as opposed to the usual sideline camera that has been used since telecasts of NFL games began in 1939 . NBC Sports had previously switched to a skycam - only presentation for portions of two Sunday night games earlier that season because of fog and smoke ( and , sixteen years prior , during its coverage of the XFL ) ; positive reaction to the impromptu change prompted NBC to experiment with using the strategy for the full game . 2018 - ( edit ) In January 2018 , Bloomberg reported that ESPN and Fox Sports had made bids for the next Thursday Night Football package . ESPN parent The Walt Disney Company had recently announced its intent to acquire the majority of Fox 's entertainment business , but excluding the Fox network itself and Fox Sports ' national operations among other assets , including the Fox Sports 1 cable channel . Both Fox and FS1 were named as potential outlets for the package in the Fox Sports bid , which was believed to showcase Fox 's continued commitment to sports after the sale , if completed . CBS and NBC were also considering renewing their contract , but had wanted a lower rights fee due to the decreasing viewership of the NFL ( TNF had also been cited as a factor in the downturn due to perceived oversaturation ) . Alongside the existing practice of sharing digital rights with the television rightsholder , it was also reported that the NFL would allow bids by technology firms for exclusive rights to the package . Coverage ( edit ) Game Announcers ( edit ) The initial NFL Network team consisted of HBO Sports ' Bryant Gumbel as play - by - play announcer , NBC Sports ' Cris Collinsworth as the color commentator for the Thursday telecasts , and Dick Vermeil replacing Collinsworth for Saturday telecasts . In 2007 , Collinsworth replaced Vermeil alongside Gumbel for all games . Gumbel left the network after the 2007 season and his then - HBO colleague Bob Papa , who is also the radio voice of the New York Giants , was brought in to replace him . Collinsworth stayed on until the end of the 2008 season , then left to take over for the retiring John Madden as lead analyst on NBC Sunday Night Football . NFL Network replaced him with Matt Millen , who returned to broadcasting in 2009 , and then added former ESPN analyst Joe Theismann for 2010 . For 2011 , then ESPN now CBS play - by - play man Brad Nessler took over the Thursday night broadcast . He was joined by NFL Network draft analyst and NBC Notre Dame color man Mike Mayock , and the pairing spent three seasons calling games . As a result of CBS taking over production responsibilities for the Thursday Night Football broadcasts , its number one broadcast team of Jim Nantz and Phil Simms took over the broadcast booth . With NBC adding games in 2016 , Al Michaels and Cris Collinsworth , the broadcast team of NBC Sunday Night Football , were required under league contract to do the same . NBC had initially hired former Monday Night Football play - by - play man Mike Tirico for Thursdays before the league nixed the idea of any separate broadcast teams for Sunday and Thursday nights . Tirico would eventually call three Sunday Night Football games , including the Thanksgiving night game which is in the SNF package , in order for NBC to allow Michaels over a week 's rest before the end of the season . Tirico would also call the December 22 , 2016 TNF game alongside Collinsworth , as well as two NBC - produced Thursday Night Special game broadcasts on December 18 and Christmas Day , respectively , both alongside former USFL and NFL quarterback Doug Flutie , who serves as the analyst for NBC 's college football coverage as well . On May 31 , 2017 , it was announced that Mike Tirico would replace Al Michaels full - time for NBC 's Thursday Night Football games . For 2017 , Kurt Warner will similarly fill in for Collinsworth on two non-Thursday games . For 2017 , CBS hired Tony Romo as its lead color commentator . Numerous complications needed to be resolved , namely Romo 's reluctance to cover both Sunday and Thursday nights as required under the Thursday Night Football contract , and the fact that Simms remains under contract with CBS through the next several years . However , the network confirmed via press release that Romo 's duties would include Sunday and Thursday games . Pre-game , halftime and post-game coverage ( edit ) Each game telecast is preceded on NFL Network by TNF GameDay , which broadcasts live from the site of each game and currently features Rich Eisen as its host , with Steve Mariucci , Deion Sanders , Michael Irvin and either Kurt Warner or other NFL Network colleagues as analysts . The show generally begins two hours before game time ( 6 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time ) . The game proper is preceded by a pre-game show ; CBS games are preceded by Thursday Night Kickoff , hosted by James Brown , Bill Cowher , and Deion Sanders . NBC games are preceded by Football Night in America ( renamed in reference of the host city of the game , such as Football Night in Tampa ) , hosted by Liam McHugh , Tony Dungy , and Rodney Harrison . CBS joined Thursday Night Kickoff at 7 : 30 p.m. Eastern Time during its games . This resulted in some controversy among viewers and the producers of syndicated programming in the locally programmed timeslot before network primetime , where the pre-game affects programs such as Wheel of Fortune , Jeopardy ! and Entertainment Tonight ( all distributed by CBS 's sister syndication division CBS Television Distribution ) , along with several other programs , which then require pre-emption or slotting on lower - profile alternate timeslots or stations to air in markets where they are carried by CBS or NBC affiliates in order to accommodate the Thursday games . Radio coverage ( edit ) Westwood One provides national radio broadcasts of the Thursday Night Football games , with Ian Eagle calling play - by - play , Tony Boselli handling color analysis and Hub Arkush as the sideline reporter . Boomer Esiason , the Monday Night Football analyst for Westwood One , is a regular substitute should Boselli be unavailable due to other commitments ( in some cases , Esiason would call the Thursday night game if he is unavailable for the previous / next Monday night game and / or if the Thursday game is in close proximity to his New York home . ) Game announcers ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Television ( edit ) Current ( edit ) Pre-game show Primary James Brown -- CBS Host ( 2014 -- present ) Bill Cowher -- CBS Analyst ( 2014 -- present ) Deion Sanders -- CBS Analyst ( 2006 -- present ) Liam McHugh -- Fill - in NBC Host ( 2016 ) ; NBC Host ( 2017 -- present ) Dan Patrick - Fill - in NBC Host ( 2017 ) Tony Dungy -- NBC Analyst and Fill - in Color Analyst ( 2016 -- present ) Rodney Harrison -- NBC Analyst ( 2016 -- present ) Secondary Rich Eisen -- Host ( 2006 -- present ) Chris Rose -- Fill - in Host ( 2016 -- present ) Amber Theoharis - Fill - in Host ( 2016 -- present ) Dan Hellie - Fill - in Host ( 2017 -- present ) Michael Irvin -- Analyst ( 2011 -- present ) Steve Mariucci -- Analyst ( 2006 -- present ) LaDanian Tomlinson -- Fill - in Analyst ( 2016 -- present ) Willie McGinest -- Fill - in Analyst ( 2016 -- present ) Steve Smith Sr. - Fill - in Analyst ( 2017 -- present ) Reggie Wayne - Fill - in Analyst ( 2017 - present ) Game coverage Jim Nantz -- CBS # 1 Play - by - Play ( 2014 -- present ) Tony Romo -- CBS # 1 Color Commentator ( 2017 -- present ) Tracy Wolfson -- CBS # 1 Sideline Reporter ( 2014 -- present ) Greg Gumbel -- CBS # 2 Play - by - Play ( 2017 -- present ) Trent Green -- CBS Fill - in Color Commentator ( 2015 ) ; CBS # 2 Color Commentator ( 2017 -- present ) Jamie Erdahl - CBS # 2 Sideline Reporter ( 2017 -- present ) Mike Tirico -- NBC Host & Fill - in Play - by - Play ( 2016 ) ; NBC Play - by - Play ( 2017 -- present ) Cris Collinsworth - NFLN color commentator ( 2006 - 2008 ) ; NBC # 1 Color Commentator ( 2016 -- present ) Kurt Warner -- NFLN Color Commentator ( 2010 -- 2011 ) ; NBC # 2 Color Commentator ( 2017 -- present ) Heather Cox -- NBC Sideline Reporter ( 2016 -- present ) Former ( edit ) Fran Charles -- NFLN pre-game host ( 2006 - 2008 ) Bob Costas -- NBC Host ( 2016 ) Jenny Dell -- CBS Fill - in Sideline Reporter ( 2014 ) Ian Eagle -- CBS Fill - in Play - by - Play ( 2014 -- 2015 ) ( Still calls TNF on the Radio ) Marshall Faulk -- Analyst ( 2006 -- 2017 Week 14 ) Alex Flanagan -- NFLN sideline reporter ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Doug Flutie -- NBC Fill - in Color Commentator ( 2016 ) Jay Glazer -- NFLN pre-game analyst ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Bryant Gumbel -- NFLN play - by - play ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Tom Hammond -- NFLN substitute play - by - play ( 2007 ) Scott Hanson -- NFLN sideline reporter ( 2009 ) Kara Henderson -- NFLN pre-game host ( 2011 ) Harry Kalas -- NFLN sponsorship announcer ( 2006 -- 2008 ; deceased ) Mike Mayock -- NFLN color analyst ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Al Michaels - NBC play - by - play ( 2016 ) Matt Millen -- NFLN color analyst ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Jim Mora -- NFLN pre-game analyst ( 2010 ) Brad Nessler -- NFLN play - by - play ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Bob Papa -- NFLN play - by - play ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Warren Sapp -- NFLN pre-game analyst ( 2008 ) Adam Schefter -- NFLN sideline reporter ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Sterling Sharpe -- NFLN pre-game analyst ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Phil Simms -- CBS Color analyst ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Pat Summerall -- NFLN sponsorship announcer ( 2009 ; deceased ) Joe Theismann -- NFLN color commentator ( 2010 ) Dick Vermeil -- NFLN Saturday color commentator ( 2006 ) Evan Washburn -- Fill - in CBS Sideline Reporter ( 2015 ) Radio ( edit ) Current ( edit ) Ian Eagle -- play - by - play ( 2008 -- present ) Boomer Esiason -- color analyst ( 2013 -- present ) Select Games Tony Boselli -- color analyst ( 2015 -- present ) Select Games Former ( edit ) Bonnie Bernstein -- sideline reporter ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Randy Cross -- color analyst ( 2009 ) Dick Enberg -- play - by - play ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Dennis Green -- color analyst ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Mike Mayock -- color analyst ( 2014 ) Tim Ryan -- color analyst ( 2015 ) Select Games Sam Wyche -- color analyst ( 2006 ) Results ( edit ) Main article : NFL Network Thursday Night Football results ( 2006 -- present ) This table shows the National Football League teams ' all - time standings for games played on Thursday Night Football . Standings are current as of December 25 , 2017 . Team Games Played Wins Losses Ties Win Pct . First Appearance Most Recent Appearance Indianapolis Colts 9 7 . 778 000000002007 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2007 defeated Atlanta 31 -- 13 000000002017 - 12 - 23 - 0000 December 23 , 2017 lost to Baltimore 23 - 16 Kansas City Chiefs 8 6 . 750 000000002006 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2006 defeated Denver 19 -- 10 000000002017 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2017 defeated L.A. Chargers 30 - 13 Pittsburgh Steelers 11 8 . 727 000000002006 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 2006 defeated Cleveland 27 -- 7 000000002017 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 2017 defeated Houston 34 - 6 New York Jets 7 . 571 000000002008 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2008 defeated New England 34 -- 31 000000002017 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2017 defeated Buffalo 34 -- 21 Los Angeles Chargers ‡ 7 5 . 714 000000002008 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4 , 2008 defeated Oakland 34 -- 7 000000002017 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2017 lost to Kansas City 30 - 13 Dallas Cowboys 10 8 . 800 000000002006 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2006 defeated Atlanta 38 -- 28 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2017 defeated Washington 38 - 14 Philadelphia Eagles 7 . 571 000000002008 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 2008 defeated Arizona 48 -- 20 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 defeated Carolina 28 -- 23 New York Giants 7 . 571 000000002006 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 2006 defeated Washington 34 -- 28 000000002016 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 2016 lost to Philadelphia 24 -- 19 San Francisco 49ers 11 5 6 . 455 000000002006 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 2006 defeated Seattle 24 -- 14 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 lost to L.A. Rams 41 - 39 Denver Broncos 11 6 5 . 545 000000002006 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2006 lost to Kansas City 19 -- 10 000000002017 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 2017 defeated Indianapolis 25 - 13 Atlanta Falcons 10 7 . 700 000000002006 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2006 lost to Dallas 38 -- 28 000000002017 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 2017 defeated New Orleans 20 - 17 Chicago Bears 10 6 . 400 000000002007 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 2007 lost to Washington 24 -- 16 000000002017 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2017 lost to Detroit 20 - 10 Baltimore Ravens 11 7 . 636 000000002006 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2006 lost to Cincinnati 13 -- 7 000000002017 - 12 - 23 - 0000 December 23 , 2017 defeated Indianapolis 23 - 16 Seattle Seahawks 6 5 . 833 000000002006 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 2006 lost to San Francisco 24 -- 14 000000002017 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 2017 defeated Arizona 22 - 16 Green Bay Packers 6 5 . 833 000000002006 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21 , 2006 defeated Minnesota 9 -- 7 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 defeated Chicago 35 - 14 Arizona Cardinals 8 . 500 000000002008 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 2008 lost to Philadelphia 48 -- 20 000000002017 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 2017 lost to Seattle 22 - 16 Washington Redskins 9 5 . 444 000000002006 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 2006 lost to N.Y. Giants 34 -- 28 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2017 lost to Dallas 38 - 14 New England Patriots 6 5 . 833 000000002007 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 2007 defeated N.Y. Giants 38 -- 35 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 defeated Tampa Bay 19 -- 14 Miami Dolphins 8 . 500 000000002009 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 2009 defeated Carolina 24 -- 17 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 lost to Baltimore 40 - 0 Houston Texans 8 5 . 375 000000002007 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2007 defeated Denver 31 -- 13 000000002017 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 2017 lost to Pittsburgh 34 - 6 Oakland Raiders 9 5 . 556 000000002006 - 12 - 23 - 0000 December 23 , 2006 lost to Kansas City 20 -- 9 000000002017 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2017 defeated Kansas City 31 - 30 Cleveland Browns 8 5 . 375 000000002006 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 2006 lost to Pittsburgh 27 -- 7 000000002017 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2017 lost to Minnesota 33 - 16 Cincinnati Bengals 10 6 . 400 000000002006 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2006 defeated Baltimore 13 -- 7 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 lost to Houston 13 -- 9 Carolina Panthers 10 7 . 300 000000002007 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 2007 lost to Dallas 20 -- 13 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 lost to Philadelphia 28 - 23 Jacksonville Jaguars 8 5 . 375 000000002008 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 2008 lost to Indianapolis 31 -- 24 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 lost to Tennessee 36 -- 22 Tennessee Titans 8 5 . 375 000000002009 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 2009 lost to San Diego 42 -- 17 000000002017 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2017 lost to Pittsburgh 40 - 17 New Orleans Saints 8 5 . 375 000000002008 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 2008 lost to Chicago 27 -- 24 000000002017 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 2017 lost to Atlanta 20 - 17 Buffalo Bills 7 5 . 288 000000002009 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3 , 2009 lost to N.Y. Jets 19 -- 13 000000002017 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2017 lost to N.Y. Jets 34 -- 21 Los Angeles Rams † 8 5 . 375 000000002007 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 2007 lost to Pittsburgh 41 -- 24 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 defeated San Francisco 41 - 39 Minnesota Vikings 6 . 333 000000002006 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21 , 2006 lost to Green Bay 9 -- 7 000000002017 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2017 defeated Cleveland 33 - 16 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 6 5 . 167 000000002011 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2011 lost to Dallas 31 -- 15 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 lost to New England 19 - 14 Detroit Lions . 500 000000002015 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3 , 2015 lost to Green Bay 27 - 23 000000002017 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2017 defeated Chicago 20 - 10 † St. Louis Rams , 1995 -- 2015 ‡ San Diego Chargers , 1961 -- 2016 Reception ( edit ) Carriage ( edit ) Upon the original launch of the Thursday and Saturday night games , few television service providers carried the NFL Network due to disputes during the network 's terms in its carriage contracts during negotiations . These disputes were magnified throughout the 2007 season , as two high - profile matchups were to be broadcast by the network . The first was a matchup between the Dallas Cowboys and Green Bay Packers which was scheduled for the week after Thanksgiving and saw both teams at 10 - 1 , vying for the top seed in the NFC , and the second was Week 17 Saturday night game between the New England Patriots and the New York Giants , where the Patriots had a chance to become the first team since the 1972 Miami Dolphins to end a regular season undefeated . In the first case , fans were displeased that a matchup between two teams at such a critical point in the season was not available on broadcast television except in the Dallas and Green Bay markets . To avoid such a problem with the potential sixteenth victory for the Patriots , CBS and NBC bought broadcast rights to the game so it could be seen by a nationwide audience on both cable and broadcast television . This ended up causing another controversy , however , as the move by the networks infringed on the exclusivity that would normally have been enjoyed by WWOR - TV in New York City and WCVB - TV in Boston , which were the Giants ' and Patriots ' respective local over-the - air broadcasters for cable - televised games ( the game aired on these stations , as well as on WCBS - TV , WNBC , WBZ - TV and WHDH in the teams ' market areas ) . Game quality and viewership ( edit ) Thursday Night Football games on NFL Network are among the lowest - rated nationally televised NFL broadcasts . Critics have argued that the games televised on Thursday Night Football have been of lower quality than other prime time games , as they often featured match - ups between lesser or poor - performing teams , and that the shortened rest between games triggered by Thursday games also has an effect on their overall quality . In an analysis by Sports on Earth writer Aaron Roberts , it was determined that most Thursday games were of average or above - average quality in comparison to normal , non-prime time games , but that this was `` by design '' due to the leverage of other NFL broadcasters on how games are scheduled throughout the season ( which traditionally prioritizes `` major '' games for either late - afternoon or Sunday and Monday nights ) . The move of selected games to CBS brought improved ratings : the inaugural game was the highest - rated program of the night , with an audience share of 13.7 and an average of 20.7 million viewers , representing a 108 % increase in ratings over the first NFL Network game in 2013 . The game , whose ratings were boosted by coverage of the Ray Rice scandal , also brought CBS its highest prime time ratings on a Thursday night since May 2006 . While lower , at 9.6 million viewers , the Week 3 game between the Atlanta Falcons and Tampa Bay Buccaneers was also the highest - rated program of the night . The first four games of the package , however , featured blowout victories . In total , average viewership of the games increased from around 7 million to around 11.8 million in the 2014 season . Controversy over ratings and the quality of play in Thursday night contests escalated when on November 28 , 2016 , a report circulated that the league was considering ending the franchise . The NFL , however , denied this rumor . The subsequent game on December 1 , 2016 between the Dallas Cowboys and the Minnesota Vikings was the highest rated Thursday Night Football of the season . During the 2016 season , current and former players including Richard Sherman , J.J. Watt , and Charles Woodson expressed their dislikes for Thursday Night Football , with Richard Sherman calling it a `` poopfest '' . Player safety ( edit ) As mentioned , a team needing to play a Thursday night game can result in a shortened rest period for players between games . On October 6 , 2014 , Arian Foster , then of the Houston Texans , made a statement considering it hypocritical for the NFL to emphasize the safety of players ( particularly in regards to concussions ) while allowing its players to play a game on only three days ' rest , which he considered to be equally `` dangerous '' . Richard Sherman of the Seattle Seahawks has also voiced displeasure about Thursday night games reducing prep time , and wrote a 2016 editorial for The Players ' Tribune about the games . Sherman 's 2017 season would end on November 9 , 2017 during a Thursday night game against the Arizona Cardinals , when he ruptured his Achilles tendon . On January 29 , 2015 , the NFL released its health and safety report , which states that an average of 4.8 injuries were sustained during Thursday games compared to 6.9 injuries per game on Sundays and Mondays . See also ( edit ) Fox NFL NFL on CBS NFL on NBC NBC Sunday Night Football Monday Night Football References ( edit ) Jump up ^ NBCSports.com ( 2 November 2016 ) . `` Listen to NBC Sports ' Thursday Night Football theme music '' . ^ Jump up to : Brian Steinberg ( January 18 , 2015 ) . `` CBS , NFL Renew Deal For ' Thursday Night Football ' '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon will stream ' Thursday Night Football ' in 2017 . Here 's what you need to know '' . SBNation . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ John Ourand ( January 25 , 2009 ) . `` Why NFL Network is on the sidelines '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` N.F.L. Explores New TV Deal '' . The New York Times . January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : NFL Wants Thursday Games Simulcast On NFL Network '' . Sports Business Journal . January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : ABC Planning To Bid For Thursday Night NFL Package '' . Sports Business Journal . January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Expected to Receive Bids to Air Thursday Games '' . The Wall Street Journal . January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL aims to boost network with ' Thursday Night Football ' bidding war '' . New York Post . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` How CBS won Thursday night '' . Sports Business Daily . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Panthers ' blowout loss sinks TV interest , too '' . Charlotte Business Journal . American City Business Journals . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bengals - Browns game on WLWT - TV on Thursday '' . Cincinnati.com . Gannett Company . November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rivalries Abound in CBS Thursday Night Football Slate '' . Adweek . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBS to broadcast eight Thursday night football games in 2014 '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBS to broadcast NFL games on Thursday in 2014 '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBS , NFL Network Begin Final Push for Thursday Night Football Launch '' . Sports Video Group . August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Execs expect strong NFL slate for CBS '' . Sports Business Journal . April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dan Levy . `` Is Thursday Night Football Hurting the NFL Brand ? '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eye on Football staff . `` 2014 NFL Thursday Night Football schedule '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS announces changes to TNF coverage in wake of Ray Rice saga '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Ray - Riceless Ravens are playing Pittsburgh tonight . The opening act is Rihanna '' . The Washington Post . September 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Dropped From Thursday Night Football After She Slams NFL and CBS '' . Time . September 16 , 2014 . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Targets Massive Payday in Thursday Night TV Deal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Ready To Accept New Bids For Thursday Night Package , Including Streaming Companies '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Sports in Aggressive Bid to Steal NFL Thursday Night Games from CBS '' . TheStreet.com . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : NFL Could Split Up Thursday Night Package Among Multiple Broadcast Networks '' . Sports Business Daily . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CBS & NBC To Share ' Thursday Night Football ' With NFL Network ; League Eyes `` Tri-Cast '' With Digital Partner `` . Deadline.com . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL reaches deal with CBS , NBC to split ' Thursday Night Football ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Brodkin , Jon ( 5 April 2016 ) . `` Twitter buys NFL streaming rights for 10 Thursday Night Football games '' . Ars Technica . Conde Nast . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rogers blacks out NFL games on Twitter in Canada '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadians will be blacked out from Twitter Inc 's deal to broadcast Thursday night NFL games '' . Financial Post . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Surprise ! Thursday Night Football not available for streaming on Sling , PS Vue '' . Awful Announcing . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pentatonix to Sing NFL Thursday Night Football Opening Song '' . Billboard . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBC gearing up to produce ' Thursday Night Football ' '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FIRST LISTEN : Hamilton Orchestra Performs Thursday Night Football Theme Music '' . People . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon 's NFL Deal Includes $30 Million in Free Marketing '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Levy , Nat ( 28 September 2017 ) . `` Amazon 's first NFL live stream overcomes early glitches and long weather delay '' . GeekWire . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon 's NFL stream of Green Bay - Chicago could draw diehards , boycotters and the curious '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon gives NFL global feel '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey C. Arnold ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` NBC 's ' SkyCam ' will provide Madden - like view of tonight 's Titans - Steelers game '' . oregonlive.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Is Trying to Win the Rights to Thursday NFL Games '' . Bloomberg.com. 2018 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Raissman , Bob ( August 20 , 2016 ) . `` Al Michaels , not Mike Tirico , will be calling NFL games on Thursday for NBC '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Syracuse University alum Mike Tirico to call NFL games on NBC '' . Syracuse.com . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tirico To Call `` Thursday Night Football '' For NBC This Season `` . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Phil . `` Cris Collinsworth wo n't be thrown to Lions ; Kurt Warner to call Bears game '' . chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Ourand , John ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Sources : Romo To Land With CBS ; Could Replace Simms As Top Analyst '' . sportsbusinessdaily.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gantt , Darin ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Phil Simms ' agent : `` Multiple years '' left on contract `` . NBC Sports . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Romo Joins CBS Sports as Lead NFL Game Analyst '' . CBS Sports . April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Timothy Burke ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` How CBS And The NFL Teamed Up To Screw Wheel Of Fortune And Jeopardy ! '' . Deadspin . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Announcers '' . Westwood One Sports . Retrieved January 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dusty Saunders ( January 2 , 2008 ) . `` COMMENTARY : Antitrust threat prompted NFL 's reversal '' . Rocky Mountain News . Arkansas Democrat - Gazette . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2008 . Retrieved January 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` By design , Thursday Night Football is merely average '' . Sports On Earth . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Night Blights '' . Sports On Earth . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS ' ' Thursday Night Football ' Easily Dominates Thursday Ratings '' . Variety . Penske Media Company . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Thursday Night Football ' ratings up from last year , down from last week '' . SBNation . Vox Media . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS gets 13.7 rating , up 108 percent , for Ravens - Steelers '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bucs Turning Point , Week 3 : Worst Thursday Night Football game ever '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Night Football a mixed bag in the TV ratings '' . Sporting News . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brian Smith ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Texans ' Arian Foster says NFL Thursday night games are dangerous , hypocritical '' . The Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Night Football package saw viewer increase this season '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Denies Speculation About ' Thursday Night Football ' Ending Amid Ratings Slump '' . Variety . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Surges to Season High , CW Crossover Stays Strong '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys Rustle Up Big NFL ' Thursday Night Football ' Numbers '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why I Hate Thursday Night Football - The Players ' Tribune '' . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Watt : Thursday night games are `` very difficult '' `` . Jump up ^ `` NFL 's Thursday night football : A bad idea here to stay '' . Jump up ^ Wire , SI . `` Richard Sherman rips Thursday Night Football '' . Jump up ^ Sherman , Richard ( 14 December 2016 ) . `` Why I Hate Thursday Night Football '' . The Players ' Tribune . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Charlotte ( 9 November 2017 ) . `` Richard Sherman injury : Seahawks CB ruptured Achilles '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Darin Gantt ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` NFL health and safety report says concussions , ACLs are down '' . Pro Football Talk . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how long has the nfl been doing thursday night football | [
"Debuting on November 23, 2006, the telecasts were originally part of NFL Network's Run to the Playoffs package, which consisted of eight total games broadcast on Thursday and Saturday nights (five on Thursdays, and three on Saturdays, originally branded as Saturday Night Football) during the latter portion of the season. Since 2012, the TNF package has begun during the second week of the NFL season; the NFL Kickoff Game and the Thanksgiving primetime game are both broadcast as part of NBC Sports' Sunday Night Football contract and are not included in Thursday Night Football, although the Thanksgiving primetime game was previously part of the package from 2006 until 2011."
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"November 23, 2006"
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-6227992045046309866 | Opioid antagonist | Opioid antagonist - wikipedia Opioid antagonist Jump to : navigation , search An opioid antagonist , or opioid receptor antagonist , is a receptor antagonist that acts on one or more of the opioid receptors . Naloxone and naltrexone are commonly used opioid antagonist drugs which are competitive antagonists that bind to the opioid receptors with higher affinity than agonists but do not activate the receptors . This effectively blocks the receptor , preventing the body from responding to opioids and endorphins . Some opioid antagonists are not pure antagonists but in fact do produce some weak opioid partial agonist effects , and can produce analgesic effects when administered in high doses to opioid - naive individuals . Examples of such compounds include nalorphine and levallorphan . However , the analgesic effects from these specific drugs are limited and tend to be accompanied by dysphoria , most likely due to additional agonist action at the κ - opioid receptor . As they induce opioid withdrawal effects in people who are taking , or have recently used , opioid full agonists , these drugs are generally considered to be antagonists for practical purposes . The weak partial agonist effect can be useful for some purposes , and has previously been used for purposes such as long - term maintenance of former opioid addicts using nalorphine , however it can also have disadvantages such as worsening respiratory depression in patients who have overdosed on non-opioid sedatives such as alcohol or barbiturates . Naloxone on the other hand has no partial agonist effects , and is in fact a partial inverse agonist at μ - opioid receptors , and so is the preferred antidote drug for treating opioid overdose . Naltrexone is also a partial inverse agonist , and this property is exploited in treatment of opioid addiction , as a sustained course of low - dose naltrexone can reverse the altered homeostasis which results from long - term abuse of opioid agonist drugs . This is the only treatment available which can reverse the long - term after effects of opioid addiction known as post acute withdrawal syndrome , which otherwise tends to produce symptoms such as depression and anxiety that may lead to eventual relapse . A course of low - dose naltrexone is thus often used as the final step in the treatment of opioid addiction after the patient has been weaned off the substitute agonist such as methadone or buprenorphine , in order to restore homeostasis and minimize the risk of post acute withdrawal syndrome once the maintenance agonist has been withdrawn . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of opioid antagonists 1.1 Centrally active 1.1. 1 Marketed 1.1. 2 Discontinued or rarely used 1.1. 3 Under development 1.1. 4 Never marketed 1.2 Peripherally restricted 1.2. 1 Marketed 1.2. 2 Under development currently or previously 1.3 Miscellaneous 2 Selective antagonists 3 Depersonalization disorder 4 In popular culture 5 References 6 External links List of opioid antagonists ( edit ) The following are all μ - opioid receptor ( MOR ) antagonists or inverse agonists . Many of them also bind to the κ - opioid receptor ( KOR ) and / or δ - opioid receptor ( DOR ) , where they variously behave as antagonists and / or agonists . Centrally active ( edit ) These drugs are used mainly as antidotes to reverse opioid overdose and in the treatment of alcohol dependence and opioid dependence ( by blocking the effects , namely euphoria , of opioids so as to discourage abuse ) . Marketed ( edit ) Naloxone Naltrexone Nalmefene Diprenorphine is used in veterinary medicine only . Discontinued or rarely used ( edit ) Nalorphine Nalorphine dinicotinate Levallorphan Under development ( edit ) Samidorphan Never marketed ( edit ) Nalodeine Peripherally restricted ( edit ) These drugs are used mainly in the treatment of opioid - induced constipation . Marketed ( edit ) Alvimopan Methylnaltrexone Naloxegol Under development currently or previously ( edit ) 6β - Naltrexol Axelopran Bevenopran Methylsamidorphan Naldemedine Miscellaneous ( edit ) Buprenorphine and dezocine are partial agonists of the MOR but antagonists of the KOR . Contrarily , eptazocine is an antagonist of the MOR but an agonist of the KOR ; the same is also true for nalorphine and levallorphan . A variety of partial agonists or mixed agonists - antagonists of the MOR and KOR are also marketed , and include butorphanol , levorphanol , nalbuphine , pentazocine , and phenazocine . All of the aforementioned drugs may be described as opioid modulators instead of as pure antagonists . With the sole exception of nalorphine , all of the preceding are used as analgesics ( by virtue of the fact that both MOR and KOR agonism independently confer pain relief ) . However , these opioid analgesics have atypical properties in comparison to the prototypical pure MOR full agonist opioid analgesics , such as less or no risk of respiratory depression for MOR partial agonists and antagonists , reduced or no euphoria , abuse potential , and dependence liability with MOR partial agonists / antagonists , and use - and dose - limiting side effects such as dysphoria and hallucinations with KOR agonists . In addition , by virtue of its KOR antagonism , buprenorphine ( as buprenorphine / samidorphan ( ALKS - 5461 ) or buprenorphine / naltrexone to block its MOR agonism ) is under investigation for the treatment of depression and cocaine dependence , as are other KOR antagonists such as CERC - 501 ( LY - 2456302 ) and , previously , JDTic and PF - 4455242 ( both discontinued due to toxicity concerns ) . Selective antagonists ( edit ) All of the centrally active opioid antagonists used widely in medicine are non-selective , either blocking multiple opioid receptors , or blocking the MOR but activating the KOR . However , for scientific research , selective antagonists are needed which can block one of the opioid receptors but without affecting the others . This has led to the development of antagonists which are highly selective to one of the four receptors : Cyprodime is a selective MOR antagonist Naltrindole is a selective DOR antagonist Norbinaltorphimine is a selective KOR antagonist J - 113,397 is a selective nociceptin receptor ( NOP ) antagonist Other selective antagonists are also known , but the four listed above were the first selective antagonists discovered for each respective opioid receptor , and are still the most widely used . In addition to selective antagonists , AT - 076 is a non-selective , balanced antagonist of all four of the opioid receptors , and was the first such agent to be discovered . Depersonalization disorder ( edit ) Naloxone and naltrexone have both been studied in the treatment of depersonalization disorder . In a 2001 study with naloxone , three of fourteen patients lost their depersonalization symptoms entirely , and seven showed marked improvement . The findings of a 2005 naltrexone study were slightly less promising , with an average of a 30 % reduction of symptoms , as measured by three validated dissociation scales . The more dramatic result of naloxone versus naltrexone is suspected to be due to different opioid receptor affinity / selectivity with naloxone ( specifically , more potent KOR blockade ) , which appears to be better suited to individuals suffering from depersonalization disorder . In popular culture ( edit ) In the episode of House , `` Skin Deep '' , opioid antagonist drugs were administered in order to completely remove the patient 's heroin induced addiction / withdrawal symptoms ( during an induced coma in order to relieve the extreme pain of their use ) , so that an accurate diagnosis of paraneoplastic syndrome caused by cancer was differentiated . In an episode of Royal Pains , a character dangerously tries to undergo a procedure ( and go under anaesthesia ) in his own home . In an episode of Hannibal , Dr. Lecter administers Naloxone to Jack Crawford 's wife after she tries to commit suicide by overdosing on morphine . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kawamoto H , Ozaki S , Itoh Y , Miyaji M , Arai S , Nakashima H , Kato T , Ohta H , Iwasawa Y ( 1999 ) . `` Discovery of the first potent and selective small molecule opioid receptor - like ( ORL1 ) antagonist : 1 - ( ( 3R , 4R ) - 1 - cyclooctylmethyl - 3 - hydroxymethyl - 4 - piperidyl ) - 3 - ethyl - 1 , 3 - dihydro - 2H - benzimidazol - 2 - one ( J - 113397 ) '' . J. Med . Chem. 42 ( 25 ) : 5061 -- 3 . PMID 10602690 . doi : 10.1021 / jm990517p . Jump up ^ Zaveri NT , Journigan VB , Polgar WE ( 2015 ) . `` Discovery of the first small - molecule opioid pan antagonist with nanomolar affinity at mu , delta , kappa , and nociceptin opioid receptors '' . ACS Chem Neurosci. 6 ( 4 ) : 646 -- 57 . PMC 4401318 . PMID 25635572 . doi : 10.1021 / cn500367b . Jump up ^ Nuller , Yuri . `` Effect of naloxone therapy on depersonalization : a pilot stud '' . Sage . Retrieved 10 / 8 / 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Simeon , Daphne . `` An Open Trial of Naltrexone in the Treatment of Depersonalization Disorder '' . Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 13 . External links ( edit ) David S , Lancaster T , Stead LF . Opioid antagonists for smoking cessation ( Cochrane Review ) , The Cochrane Library , Issue 2 , 2005 . Chichester , UK : John Wiley & Sons , Ltd . Opioid Antagonists at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Antidotes ( V03AB ) Nervous system Nerve agent / Organophosphate poisoning Atropine Biperiden Diazepam Oximes Obidoxime Pralidoxime see also : Cholinesterase Barbiturate overdose Bemegride Ethamivan Benzodiazepine overdose Cyprodenate Flumazenil GHB overdose Physostigmine SCH - 50911 Opioid overdose Diprenorphine Doxapram Nalmefene Nalorphine Naloxone Naltrexone Reversal of neuromuscular blockade Sugammadex Circulatory system Beta blocker Glucagon Digoxin toxicity Digoxin Immune Fab Heparin Protamine Other Arsenic poisoning Dimercaprol Succimer Cyanide poisoning 4 - Dimethylaminophenol Hydroxocobalamin nitrite Amyl nitrite Sodium nitrite Sodium thiosulfate Hydrofluoric acid Calcium gluconate Methanol / Ethylene glycol poisoning Primary alcohols : Ethanol Fomepizole Paracetamol toxicity ( Acetaminophen ) Acetylcysteine Glutathione Methionine Toxic metals ( cadmium lead mercury thallium ) Dimercaprol Edetates Prussian blue Other iodine - 131 Potassium iodide Methylthioninium chloride oxidizing agent Potassium permanganate Prednisolone / promethazine Emetic Copper sulfate Ipecacuanha Syrup of ipecac WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Treatment of drug dependence ( N07B ) Nicotine dependence Bupropion Cytisine Lobeline Mecamylamine Varenicline AA ( Clonidine ) Alcohol dependence AD inhibitor ( Disulfiram Calcium carbimide Hydrogen cyanamide ) Acamprosate Opioid antagonists ( Naltrexone Nalmefene ) Topiramate AA ( Clonidine ) Baclofen Metadoxine Phenibut Opioid dependence AA ( Clonidine Lofexidine ) Ibogaine Opioids Buprenorphine ( + naloxone ) Levacetylmethadol Methadone Dihydrocodeine Dihydroetorphine Hydromorphone ( extended - release ) Morphine ( extended - release ) Opioid antagonists ( Naltrexone Nalmefene ) Benzodiazepine dependence AA ( Clonidine ) Benzodiazepines ( Diazepam Lorazepam Chlordiazepoxide Oxazepam ) Barbiturates ( Phenobarbital ) Opioid receptor modulators MOR Agonists ( abridged ; see here for a full list ) : 3 - HO - PCP 7 - Acetoxymitragynine 7 - Hydroxymitragynine ψ - Akuammigine α - Chlornaltrexamine α - Narcotine Acetyldihydrocodeine Acetylfentanyl Acrylfentanyl Adrenorphin ( metorphamide ) AH - 7921 Akuammicine Akuammidine Alfentanil Anileridine Apparicine β - Endorphin BAM - 12P BAM - 18P BAM - 22P Benzhydrocodone Benzylmorphine Bezitramide Biphalin BU08070 Buprenorphine Butorphan Butorphanol Butyrfentanyl BW - 373U86 Carfentanil Casokefamide Cebranopadol Chloroxymorphamine Codeine DADLE DAMGO ( DAGO ) Dermorphin Desmetramadol ( desmethyltramadol ) Desomorphine Dextromoramide Dextropropoxyphene ( propoxyphene ) Dezocine Dimenoxadol Dimethylaminopivalophenone Eluxadoline Diamorphine ( heroin ) Dihydrocodeine Dihydroetorphine Dihydromorphine Diphenoxylate Dipipanone Dynorphin A Embutramide Endomorphin - 1 Endomorphin - 2 Eseroline Ethylmorphine Etorphine Fentanyl Fluorophen Frakefamide Furanylfentanyl Hemorphin - 4 Herkinorin Hodgkinsine Hydrocodone Hydromorphinol Hydromorphone IBNtxA Ketamine Ketobemidone Kratom Laudanosine Lefetamine Leu - enkephalin Levacetylmethadol Levomethorphan Levorphanol Lexanopadol Loperamide Loxicodegol Matrine Meptazinol Met - enkephalin ( metenkefalin ) Methadone Metkefamide Metopon Mitragynine Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl Morphiceptin Morphine Nalbuphine Nalbuphine sebacate NalBzOH Nalmexone Naltalimide Neopine NFEPP Nicocodeine Nicodicodeine Nicomorphine NKTR - 181 Norketamine Octreotide Oliceridine OM - 3 - MNZ Oripavine Oxycodone Oxymorphazone Oxymorphonazine Oxymorphone Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone OxyPNPH Papaver somniferum ( opium ) Pentazocine Pericine Pethidine ( meperidine ) Phenazocine Phencyclidine Piminodine Piritramide PL - 017 Prodine Propiram PZM21 Racemethorphan Racemorphan Remifentanil Salsolinol SC - 17599 Sinomenine Sufentanil Tapentadol Tetrahydropapaveroline TH - 030418 Thebaine Thienorphine Tianeptine Tilidine Tramadol Trimebutine TRIMU 5 TRV734 Tubotaiwine U-47700 Valorphin Viminol Xorphanol PAMs : BMS - 986121 BMS - 986122 Antagonists : ( 3S , 4S ) - Picenadol 2 - ( S ) - N , N - ( R ) - Viminol 3CS - nalmefene 4 - Caffeoyl - 1 , 5 - quinide 4 ′ - Hydroxyflavanone 4 ' , 7 - Dihydroxyflavone 6β - Naltrexol 6β - Naltrexol - d4 18 - MC α - Gliadin β - Chlornaltrexamine β - Funaltrexamine Akuammine Alvimopan AM - 251 Apigenin AT - 076 Axelopran Bevenopran Catechin Catechin gallate Clocinnamox CTAP CTOP Cyclofoxy Cyprodime Diacetylnalorphine Diprenorphine ECG EGC Epicatechin Eptazocine Gemazocine Ginsenoside R Hyperoside Ibogaine Levallorphan Lobeline LY - 255582 LY - 2196044 Methocinnamox Methylnaltrexone Methylsamidorphan chloride Naldemedine Nalmefene Nalodeine ( N - allylnorcodeine ) Nalorphine Nalorphine dinicotinate Naloxazone Naloxegol Naloxol Naloxonazine Naloxone Naltrexazone Naltrexonazine Naltrexone Naltrindole Naringenin Noribogaine Oxilorphan Pawhuskin A Rimonabant Quadazocine Samidorphan Taxifolin Unknown / unsorted : Cannabidiol Coronaridine Cyproterone acetate Dihydroakuuamine Tabernanthine Tetrahydrocannabinol DOR Agonists : 3CS - nalmefene 6 ' - GNTI 7 - SIOM ADL - 5747 ( PF - 04856881 ) ADL - 5859 Alazocine ( SKF - 10047 ) Amoxapine AR - M100390 ( ARM390 ) AZD2327 β - Endorphin BAM - 18P Biphalin BU - 48 Butorphan Butorphanol BW - 373U86 Casokefamide Cebranopadol Codeine Cyclazocine DADLE Deltorphin A Deltorphin I Deltorphin II Desmethylclozapine Desmetramadol ( desmethyltramadol ) Dezocine Diamorphine ( heroin ) Dihydroetorphine Dihydromorphine DPDPE DPI - 221 DPI - 3290 DSLET Ethylketazocine Etorphine Fentanyl FIT Fluorophen Hemorphin - 4 Hydrocodone Hydromorphone Ibogaine Isomethadone JNJ - 20788560 KNT - 127 Kratom Laudanosine Leu - enkephalin Levomethorphan Levorphanol Lexanopadol Lofentanil Met - enkephalin ( metenkefalin ) Metazocine Metkefamide Mitragynine Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl Morphine N - Phenethyl - 14 - ethoxymetopon Norbuprenorphine NalBzOH Oripavine Oxycodone Oxymorphone Pethidine ( meperidine ) Proglumide Racemethorphan Racemorphan RWJ - 394674 Samidorphan SB - 235863 SNC - 80 SNC - 162 TAN - 67 ( SB - 205,607 ) TH - 030418 Thebaine Thiobromadol ( C - 8813 ) Tonazocine Tramadol TRV250 Xorphanol Zenazocine Antagonists : 4 ' , 7 - Dihydroxyflavone 5 ' - NTII 6β - Naltrexol 6β - Naltrexol - d4 α - Santolol β - Chlornaltrexamine Apigenin AT - 076 Axelopran Bevenopran BNTX Catechin Catechin gallate Clocinnamox Diacetylnalorphine Diprenorphine ECG EGC Eluxadoline Epicatechin ICI - 154129 ICI - 174864 LY - 255582 LY - 2196044 Methylnaltrexone Methylnaltrindole N - Benzylnaltrindole Nalmefene Nalorphine Naltrexone Naltriben Naltrindole Naloxone Naringenin Noribogaine Pawhuskin A Quadazocine SDM25N SoRI - 9409 Taxifolin Thienorphine Unknown / unsorted : 18 - MC Cannabidiol Coronaridine Cyproterone acetate Tabernanthine Tetrahydrocannabinol KOR Agonists : 3CS - nalmefene 6 ' - GNTI 8 - CAC 18 - MC 14 - Methoxymetopon β - Chlornaltrexamine β - Funaltrexamine Adrenorphin ( metorphamide ) Akuuamicine Alazocine ( SKF - 10047 ) Allomatrine Apadoline Asimadoline BAM - 12P BAM - 18P BAM - 22P Big dynorphin Bremazocine BRL - 52537 Butorphan Butorphanol BW - 373U86 Cebranopadol Ciprefadol CR665 Cyclazocine Cyclorphan Cyprenorphine Desmetramadol ( desmethyltramadol ) Diamorphine ( heroin ) Diacetylnalorphine Difelikefalin Dihydroetorphine Dihydromorphine Diprenorphine Dynorphin A Dynorphin B ( rimorphin ) Eluxadoline Enadoline Eptazocine Erinacine E Ethylketazocine Etorphine Fedotozine Fentanyl Gemazocine GR - 89696 GR - 103545 Hemorphin - 4 Herkinorin HS665 Hydromorphone HZ - 2 Ibogaine ICI - 199,441 ICI - 204,448 Ketamine Ketazocine Laudanosine Leumorphin ( dynorphin B - 29 ) Levallorphan Levomethorphan Levorphanol Lexanopadol Lofentanil LPK - 26 Lufuradom Matrine MB - 1C - OH Menthol Metazocine Metkefamide Mianserin Mirtazapine Morphine Moxazocine MR - 2034 N - MPPP Nalbuphine Nalbuphine sebacate NalBzOH Nalfurafine Nalmefene Nalodeine ( N - allylnorcodeine ) Nalorphine Naltriben Niravoline Norbuprenorphine Norbuprenorphine - 3 - glucuronide Noribogaine Norketamine Oripavine Oxilorphan Oxycodone Pentazocine Pethidine ( meperidine ) Phenazocine Proxorphan Racemethorphan Racemorphan RB - 64 Salvinorin A ( salvia ) Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether Samidorphan Spiradoline ( U-62,066 ) TH - 030418 Thienorphine Tifluadom Tricyclic antidepressants ( e.g. , amitriptyline , desipramine , imipramine , nortriptyline ) U-50,488 U-54,494 A U-69,593 Xorphanol Antagonists : 4 ′ - Hydroxyflavanone 4 ' , 7 - Dihydroxyflavone 5 ' - GNTI 6 ' - GNTI 6β - Naltrexol 6β - Naltrexol - d4 β - Chlornaltrexamine Buprenorphine / samidorphan Amentoflavone ANTI Apigenin Arodyne AT - 076 Axelopran AZ - MTAB Binaltorphimine BU09059 Buprenorphine Catechin Catechin gallate CERC - 501 ( LY - 2456302 ) Clocinnamox Cyclofoxy Dezocine DIPPA EGC ECG Epicatechin Hyperoside JDTic LY - 255582 LY - 2196044 LY - 2444296 LY - 2459989 LY - 2795050 MeJDTic Methylnaltrexone ML190 ML350 MR - 2266 N - Fluoropropyl - JDTic Naloxone Naltrexone Naltrindole Naringenin Norbinaltorphimine Noribogaine Pawhuskin A PF - 4455242 RB - 64 Quadazocine Taxifolin UPHIT Zyklophin Unknown / unsorted : Akuammicine Akuammine Coronaridine Cyproterone acetate Dihydroakuuamine Ibogamine Tabernanthine NOP Agonists : ( Arg14 , Lys15 ) Nociceptin ( ( pF ) Phe ) Nociceptin ( 1 - 13 ) NH ( Phe Ψ ( CH - NH ) Gly ) Nociceptin ( 1 - 13 ) NH Ac - RYYRWK - NH Ac - RYYRIK - NH BU08070 Buprenorphine Cebranopadol Dihydroetorphine Etorphine JNJ - 19385899 Levomethorphan Levorphanol Levorphanol Lexanopadol MCOPPB MT - 7716 NNC 63 - 0532 Nociceptin ( orphanin FQ ) Nociceptin ( 1 - 11 ) Nociceptin ( 1 - 13 ) NH Norbuprenorphine Racemethorphan Racemorphan Ro64 - 6198 Ro65 - 6570 SCH - 221510 SCH - 486757 SR - 8993 SR - 16435 TH - 030418 Antagonists : ( Nphe ) Nociceptin ( 1 - 13 ) NH AT - 076 BAN - ORL - 24 J - 113397 JTC - 801 LY - 2940094 NalBzOH Nociceptin ( 1 - 7 ) Nocistatin SB - 612111 SR - 16430 Thienorphine Trap - 101 UFP - 101 Unsorted β - Casomorphins Amidorphin BAM - 20P Cytochrophin - 4 Deprolorphin Gliadorphin ( gluteomorphin ) Gluten exorphins Hemorphins Kava constituents MEAGL MEAP NEM Neoendorphins Nepetalactone ( catnip ) Peptide B Peptide E Peptide F Peptide I Rubiscolins Soymorphins Others Enkephalinase inhibitors : Amastatin BL - 2401 Candoxatril D - Phenylalanine Dexecadotril ( retorphan ) Ecadotril ( sinorphan ) Kelatorphan Racecadotril ( acetorphan ) RB - 101 RB - 120 RB - 3007 Opiorphan Selank Semax Spinorphin Thiorphan Tynorphin Ubenimex ( bestatin ) Propeptides : β - Lipotropin ( proendorphin ) Prodynorphin Proenkephalin Pronociceptin Proopiomelanocortin ( POMC ) Others : Kyotorphin ( met - enkephalin releaser / degradation stabilizer ) See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Signaling peptide / protein receptor modulators Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opioid_antagonist&oldid=806985936 '' Categories : Opioid antagonists Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 07 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | opioid antagonists work by blocking the actions of | [
"All of the centrally active opioid antagonists used widely in medicine are non-selective, either blocking multiple opioid receptors, or blocking the MOR but activating the KOR. However, for scientific research, selective antagonists are needed which can block one of the opioid receptors but without affecting the others. This has led to the development of antagonists which are highly selective to one of the four receptors:"
] | [
"either blocking multiple opioid receptors, or blocking the MOR"
] |
-5823305913559773009 | And Then There Were None (miniseries) | And Then There Were None ( miniseries ) - wikipedia And Then There Were None ( miniseries ) Jump to : navigation , search And Then There Were None Title card Genre Mystery Drama Thriller Based on And Then There Were None by Agatha Christie Written by Sarah Phelps Directed by Craig Viveiros Composer ( s ) Stuart Earl Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes Production Executive producer ( s ) Mathew Pritchard Hilary Strong Karen Thrussell Damien Timmer Matthew Read Sara Phelps Producer ( s ) Abi Bach Cinematography John Pardue Running time 180 minutes Production company ( s ) Mammoth Screen Agatha Christie Productions Acorn Productions A&E Networks Distributor BBC Release Original network BBC One BBC One HD Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Stereo Original release 26 December ( 2015 - 12 - 26 ) -- 28 December 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 28 ) External links Website And Then There Were None is a 2015 British - American mystery thriller television serial that was first broadcast on BBC One from 26 to 28 December 2015 . The three - part programme was adapted by Sarah Phelps and directed by Craig Viveiros and is based on Agatha Christie 's novel of the same name . The serial aired in the United States on Lifetime from 13 to 14 March 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 3 Differences from the original novel 4 Production 4.1 Conception 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Episodes 6 Reception 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) On a hot day in late August 1939 , eight people , all strangers to each other , are invited to a small , isolated island off the coast of Devon , England , by a `` Mr and Mrs Owen '' . The guests settle in at a mansion tended by two newly hired servants , Thomas and Ethel Rogers , but their hosts are absent . When the guests sit down to dinner , they notice the centrepiece , ten figurines of soldiers arranged in a circle . Afterward , Thomas Rogers puts on a gramophone record , from which a voice accuses everyone present of murder . Shortly after this , one of the party dies from poisoning , and then more and more people are murdered , all in methods synonymous with a nursery rhyme the island is named after , and the murderer removes a figurine from the dining table each time someone is killed . The remaining people decide to work together . They must discover who the murderer is before they run out of time and nobody remains . Cast ( edit ) Douglas Booth as Anthony Marston Charles Dance as Justice Lawrence Wargrave Maeve Dermody as Vera Claythorne Burn Gorman as Detective Sergeant William Blore Anna Maxwell Martin as Ethel Rogers Sam Neill as General John Macarthur Miranda Richardson as Emily Brent Toby Stephens as Doctor Edward Armstrong Noah Taylor as Thomas Rogers Aidan Turner as Philip Lombard Harley Gallacher as Cyril Ogilvie Hamilton Paul Chahidi as Isaac Morris Charlie Russell as Audrey Richard Hansell as Recording Artist Christopher Hatherall as Fred Narracott Ben Deery as Henry Richmond Margot Edwards as Miss Brady Rob Heaps as Hugo Hamilton Celia Henebury as Leslie Macarthur Tom Clegg as Landor Daisy Waterstone as Beatrice Catherine Bailey as Olivia Ogilvie Hamilton Joseph Prowen as Edward Seton Differences from the original novel ( edit ) In the book , the entire group are ferried by Fred Narracott together , except for Dr. Armstrong , who arrives later and is ferried separately . Here , Emily Brent and Anthony Marston are ferried early . Also Marston was not depicted as a cocaine addict in the book , but a dissolute wealthy playboy . Edward Seton , the man Justice Wargrave is accused of having hanged for crimes he did not commit ( but was in fact guilty ) , was , in the original novel , executed for the murder of his landlady to get her money . Here , he is said by Wargrave to have killed multiple people , believing he was doing the world a favour by getting rid of them . In the book , Detective Sergeant William Blore is accused of having committed perjury , with the result that an innocent man was wrongly sent to jail for life , where he died . In this series , Blore is accused of beating a homosexual man to death . In the book , he is killed by a clock in the shape of a bear being dropped on his head , whereas in this production he is killed by being stabbed and draped with a bear rug . In the book , Emily Brent is killed with Dr Armstrong 's hypodermic needle , and a bee put into the room to fulfill the rhyme . Here , after being given a sedative in her coffee , she is stabbed in the throat with one of her own knitting needles , embossed with her initials `` EB '' , which , facing downward , sounds phonetically like `` bee '' . Another variation is that in the original version , Brent 's maid , Beatrice Taylor , had killed herself by drowning , not by throwing herself in front of a speeding train . In the book , the Rogers are suspected of having withheld vital medication from their elderly employer , Miss Brady , so as to kill her , whereas in the series they suffocate her with a pillow . Mrs Rogers receives a fatal overdose of chloral hydrate in her brandy in the drawing room in the chaos after the gramophone recording , whereas here it is implied that she was administered the overdose in her bedroom . In the book , Mr Rogers is killed with an axe blow to the head while he is chopping wood , here his midriff is eviscerated by an axe . In the book , General Macarthur has his wife ( Leslie ) 's lover , Arthur Richmond , killed by sending him out on a particularly deadly mission , where his death was almost assured . However , in this production General Macarthur kills Henry Richmond ( as he is called here ) by shooting him in the back . Macarthur himself is killed with a telescope here , whereas in the original novel he was bludgeoned by an unidentified weapon , suspected to be a life preserver . In the book , Philip Lombard is a soldier of fortune responsible for the deaths of 21 men in East Africa by abandoning them in the desert and taking the food and supplies with him , which he does not deny . In this series , he kills the men to get diamonds . The bacchanal that takes place in the third episode does not happen in the book . In the book , there is no explicit romance between Vera and Lombard and they never become physically intimate with one another . In the book , Vera hangs herself in a post-hypnotic trance after shooting Lombard dead , and never discovers the true identity of `` U.N. Owen '' , and the reader only finds out in the postscript that Owen was Wargrave . In this production , Wargrave walks into the room while Vera is about to hang herself , explains his actions and motivations , and informs her that he intends to shoot himself and create an unsolvable mystery . She tries to bargain with him but he suddenly yanks the chair from under her feet , causing her seemingly self - inflicted death . Wargrave 's death is very different from the novel . In the book , he sets up his death in his bedroom to reflect how he was last found , by shooting himself in the forehead , with a cord tied to the revolver and door knob , allowing the gun to be pulled away after firing . Here , after killing Vera , he goes to the dining room , where he sets up two place settings , presumably for himself and `` U.N. Owen '' . He fires the bullet just under his chin , and the revolver 's recoil propels the gun away , landing at the empty place setting . In the novel , after the deaths and the arrival of help from the mainland , two policemen sit to discuss the case and ultimately are unable to solve the mystery . Later , a note from the murderer in a bottle is caught in a fishing trawler 's net and the mystery is solved . Neither occurs in this version . Production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) ( From top to bottom , left to right ) , Douglas Booth , Miranda Richardson , Charles Dance , Maeve Dermody , Sam Neill and Aidan Turner . And Then There Were None was commissioned by Ben Stephenson and Charlotte Moore for the BBC to mark the 125th anniversary of Agatha Christie 's birth . The adaptation was produced by Mammoth Screen in partnership with Agatha Christie Productions . Writer Sarah Phelps told the BBC that she was shocked by the starkness and brutality of the novel . Comparing the novel to Christie 's other work , she stated , `` Within the Marple and Poirot stories somebody is there to unravel the mystery , and that gives you a sense of safety and security , of predicting what is going to happen next ... In this book that does n't happen -- no one is going to come to save you , absolutely nobody is coming to help or rescue or interpret '' . Casting ( edit ) Maeve Dermody was cast two days before the read through of the script and was in Burma ( Myanmar ) at the time . She flew to the UK to begin work with a dialect coach and read the book in the first two weeks of filming . Filming ( edit ) Filming began in July 2015 . Cornwall was used for many of the harbour and beach scenes , including Holywell Bay , Kynance Cove , and Mullion Cove . Harefield House in Hillingdon , outside London , served as the location for the island mansion . Production designer Sophie Beccher decorated the house in the style of 1930s designers like Syrie Maugham and Elsie de Wolfe . The below stairs and kitchen scenes were shot at Wrotham Park in Hertfordshire . Railway scenes were filmed at the South Devon Railway between Totnes and Buckfastleigh . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) `` Episode 1 '' Craig Viveiros Sarah Phelps 26 December 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 26 ) 9.56 On a hot late August day sometime in the late 1930s , eight strangers arrive at Soldier Island , most having ostensibly been invited by old friends or the current ostensible owners , Mr and Mrs Owen . There is no host to greet them but there are domestic staff , Thomas and Ethel Rogers , a married couple . The `` guests '' find a copy of a children 's rhyme `` Ten Little Soldiers '' in each of their rooms and ten jade figurines on the dining room table . After dinner , Mr Rogers , who had been instructed to do so , plays a gramophone record , in which all the guests as well as Mr and Mrs Rogers , are named as being responsible for the death ( s ) of another human being ( or other human beings ) for which they evaded punishment . One of the guests ( Blore ) is revealed to be an impostor using another name . Eight guests refute the accusations made against them , but Philip Lombard and Anthony Marston do not . Marston dies shortly thereafter from cyanide - laced gin in a similar manner of the first little soldier . The next day , the cook Mrs Rogers is found dead in her bed from unknown causes ( although Dr Armstrong diagnoses an overdose of some barbiturate ) , matching the second verse from the poem . Vera Claythorne shows Dr Armstrong that two of the soldiers in the dining room have disappeared . `` Episode 2 '' Craig Viveiros Sarah Phelps 27 December 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 27 ) 8.45 The poisoning of both victims casts suspicion on Dr. Armstrong who has his bag searched . As a hunt for the mysterious Mr Owen is conducted on the island , the nature behind the accusations begin to come to light ; Philip Lombard confirms that he killed 21 Africans for a diamond reward , Emily Brent recounts the fateful past of her former maid , Beatrice Taylor , and General MacArthur succumbs to insanity , crippled with guilt over killing his subordinate and wife 's lover , Arthur Richmond . After the General is found with his head smashed in with a telescope , the remaining seven realise that whoever left the mysterious message intends to make good on their threat , according to the rules of the nursery rhyme . Wargrave proposes a damning theory to the others that the killer is one of them . After the butler , Mr Rogers , is found split open with an axe , and Miss Brent is impaled with one of her knitting needles , the five survivors band together to search all the rooms and belongings to unmask the killer and save themselves . `` Episode 3 '' Craig Viveiros Sarah Phelps 28 December 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 28 ) 8.33 Five of the original ten are left . During a moment of confusion , Judge Wargrave is found with an apparent gunshot wound to the head and declared dead by Dr Armstrong . The judge has been dressed up to match the Chancery verse of the poem . The remaining four engage in a demented bacchanal with alcohol and drugs . Vera and Philip have sex . During the night , the doctor leaves the house , leaving the other three to believe he is the killer . An attempt for rescue is initiated , but Blore is ambushed by the killer wearing a bear skin rug , and is fatally stabbed . Subsequently , Dr Armstrong 's corpse is brought in by the tide , leaving only Philip and Vera alive . Vera manages to trick Lombard and lifts his gun . When he charges at her , she shoots him dead . Delirious , she returns to her room where a noose is waiting . In a trance , she begins to hang herself . Then , Judge Wargrave walks in , quite alive , and reveals how he wanted to create an unsolvable mystery and punish the guilty , and how he intends to shoot himself to complete the poem . Vera tries to bargain with Wargrave but he pulls the chair from under her and leaves her to die . He returns to the dining room , where he has set the table for two . He loads the revolver with the final bullet and shoots himself . The revolver recoils to land at the other table setting , thus creating a presumably unsolvable mystery for the police , as Wargrave had always planned to do . Reception ( edit ) And Then There Were None received critical acclaim and was a ratings success for the BBC , with the first episode netting over 6 million viewers and becoming the second most watched programme on Boxing Day . Each of the two subsequent episodes netted over 5 million viewers . Despite criticism ahead of the programme 's launch from the Daily Mail that the production deviated from Agatha Christie 's source material , And Then There Were None received critical acclaim . Ben Dowell of the Radio Times gave a positive review . Jasper Reese for The Daily Telegraph gave the first episode 4 out of 5 stars , calling it a `` pitch - black psychological thriller as teasing murder mystery '' and `` spiffingly watchable '' . Reviewing the first episode , UK daily newspaper The Guardian 's Sam Wollaston noted , `` ( ... ) it also manages to be loyal , not just in plot but in spirit as well . I think the queen of crime would approve . I certainly do . Mass murder rarely gets as fun as this . '' Reviewing the final episode for The Daily Telegraph , Tim Martin gave it 4 out of 5 stars , calling it a `` class act '' , and praising the adaptation for highlighting the darkness of Christie 's novel , which he claimed no previous adaptation had attempted . See also ( edit ) And Then There Were None ( disambiguation ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : 28 day data References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( 28 February 2014 ) . `` David Walliams to star as BBC bags Agatha Christie drama deal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Dowell , Ben ( 28 February 2014 ) . `` David Walliams heralds new era for BBC as the new home of Agatha Christie adaptations '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` David Walliams to star in new Agatha Christie BBC drama '' . Independent . 28 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Filming begins on Agatha Christie 's And Then There Were None '' . agathachristie.com . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` And Then There Were None What 's Up With the Epigraph ? '' . Shmoop.com . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` And Then There Were None Plot Analysis '' . Shmoop.com . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` And Then There Were None What 's Up With the Ending ? '' . Shmoop.com . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC One to become new home of Agatha Christie in UK '' . BBC . 28 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Stuart ( 27 February 2014 ) . `` BBC Commissions Two New Agatha Christie Adaptations '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Barraclough , Leo ( 28 February 2014 ) . `` BBC Plots Agatha Christie Adaptations for Writer 's 125th Anniversary '' . Variety . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Kanter , Jake ( 28 February 2014 ) . `` BBC signs Agatha Christie deal '' . Broadcast . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 17 December 2015 ) . `` Adapting Agatha Christie 's ' And Then There Were None ' for BBC One '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Dermody , Maeve . `` Maeve Dermody plays Vera Claythorne '' . Agatha Christie.com . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Dermody , Maeve . `` Behind the scenes '' . Agatha Christie.com . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Filming begins on Agatha Christie 's And Then There Were None for BBC One '' . BBC . 10 July 2015 . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Not Poldark : Aidan Turner back in Cornwall with Charles Dance and Sam Neill in Agatha Christie drama '' . West Briton. 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Tom Deehan ( 22 December 2015 ) . `` BBC 's And Then There Were None filmed in Cornwall and Hillingdon '' . The Location Guide . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` And Then There Were None : A Landmark Adaptation of the World 's Best SElling Crime Novel '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . BBC . December 2015 . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` And Then There Were None and Christie Adaptation Links '' . 29 February 2016 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Steam railway is a star in Christie 's ratings winner '' . Western Morning News . 8 January 2016 . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 30 Programmes '' . BARB. 14 February 2016 . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jasper ( 29 December 2015 ) . `` And Then There Were None helps BBC dominate Christmas ratings '' . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Hastings , Chris ( 12 December 2015 ) . `` What HAS the BBC done to Agatha Christie ? Christmas viewers will be stunned by controversial new adaption featuring drugs , gruesome violence and the F - word '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Dowell , Ben ( 26 December 2015 ) . `` And Then There Were None is a creepy , chilling Agatha Christie ... with a helping of Aidan Turner '' . Radio Times . London . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Rees , Jasper ( 26 December 2015 ) . `` And Then There Were None , review : ' spiffingly watchable ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam ( 26 December 2015 ) . `` Dickensian review -- a labour of love obscured by too much fog and too many hats '' . The Guardian . London , UK . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin , Tim ( 28 December 2015 ) . `` And Then There Were None , episode three , review : ' a class act ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , UK . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . External Links ( edit ) And Then There Were None on IMDb And Then There Were None at BBC Programmes ( hide ) Agatha Christie 's And Then There Were None Films And Then There Were None ( 1945 ) Ten Little Indians ( 1965 ) Gumnaam ( 1965 ) Nadu Iravil ( 1970 ) And Then There Were None ( 1974 ) Desyat Negrityat ( 1987 ) Ten Little Indians ( 1989 ) Miniseries And Then There Were None ( 2015 ) Other And Then There Were None ( play ) Agatha Christie : And Then There Were None ( game ) Related `` And Then There Were Fewer '' `` Private View '' Ten Little Indians Something 's Afoot I Know What You Did Last Wednesday A Stab in the Dark Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=And_Then_There_Were_None_(miniseries)&oldid=832161141 '' Categories : English - language films 2010s British television miniseries 2015 British television programme debuts 2015 British television programme endings 2010s British drama television series Films shot in England 2010s crime thriller films British crime films British films British mystery films English - language television programs Television series set in the 1930s Television programmes based on works by Agatha Christie BBC television dramas Television series by Mammoth Screen Films based on And Then There Were None Hidden categories : Use British English from February 2016 Use dmy dates from February 2016 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 05 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did they film and then there were none | [
"Filming began in July 2015.[15] Cornwall was used for many of the harbour and beach scenes, including Holywell Bay, Kynance Cove, and Mullion Cove.[16] Harefield House in Hillingdon, outside London, served as the location for the island mansion.[17] Production designer Sophie Beccher decorated the house in the style of 1930s designers like Syrie Maugham and Elsie de Wolfe.[18] The below stairs and kitchen scenes were shot at Wrotham Park in Hertfordshire.[19] Railway scenes were filmed at the South Devon Railway between Totnes and Buckfastleigh.[20]",
"Filming began in July 2015.[15] Cornwall was used for many of the harbour and beach scenes, including Holywell Bay, Kynance Cove, and Mullion Cove.[16] Harefield House in Hillingdon, outside London, served as the location for the island mansion.[17] Production designer Sophie Beccher decorated the house in the style of 1930s designers like Syrie Maugham and Elsie de Wolfe.[18] The below stairs and kitchen scenes were shot at Wrotham Park in Hertfordshire.[19] Railway scenes were filmed at the South Devon Railway between Totnes and Buckfastleigh.[20]",
"Filming began in July 2015.[15] Cornwall was used for many of the harbour and beach scenes, including Holywell Bay, Kynance Cove, and Mullion Cove.[16] Harefield House in Hillingdon, outside London, served as the location for the island mansion.[17] Production designer Sophie Beccher decorated the house in the style of 1930s designers like Syrie Maugham and Elsie de Wolfe.[18] The below stairs and kitchen scenes were shot at Wrotham Park in Hertfordshire.[19] Railway scenes were filmed at the South Devon Railway between Totnes and Buckfastleigh.[20]",
"Filming began in July 2015.[15] Cornwall was used for many of the harbour and beach scenes, including Holywell Bay, Kynance Cove, and Mullion Cove.[16] Harefield House in Hillingdon, outside London, served as the location for the island mansion.[17] Production designer Sophie Beccher decorated the house in the style of 1930s designers like Syrie Maugham and Elsie de Wolfe.[18] The below stairs and kitchen scenes were shot at Wrotham Park in Hertfordshire.[19] Railway scenes were filmed at the South Devon Railway between Totnes and Buckfastleigh.[20]"
] | [
"Cornwall",
"Harefield House in Hillingdon, outside London",
"Wrotham Park in Hertfordshire",
"the South Devon Railway between Totnes and Buckfastleigh"
] |
3781826798040630083 | Glenn Quinn | Glenn Quinn - wikipedia Glenn Quinn Glenn Quinn Glenn Martin Christopher Francis Quinn ( 1970 - 05 - 28 ) May 28 , 1970 Dublin , Ireland December 3 , 2002 ( 2002 - 12 - 03 ) ( aged 32 ) North Hollywood , California , U.S. Cause of death Heroin overdose Resting place Forest Lawn Memorial Park , Cypress , California , U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 1990 -- 2002 Glenn Martin Christopher Francis Quinn ( May 28 , 1970 -- December 3 , 2002 ) was an Irish actor . While he was best known for his portrayal of Mark Healy on the popular ' 90s family sitcom Roseanne , Quinn also amassed a large fan base for his portrayal of Doyle , a half - demon , on Angel , a spin - off series of Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Death 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Quinn was born in Dublin , Ireland on May 28 , 1970 , the son of Murty Quinn , a musician and singer with the Miami Showband who enjoyed seven # 1 hits in the ' 60s and ' 70s , and his wife , Bernadette Quinn ( nee Brady ) . He was raised in Cabinteely , a suburb of Dublin , and attended Clonkeen College . He emigrated to the United States with his mother and two sisters , Sonja and Louisa , in 1988 , when he was still just a teenager , with the family settling in Los Angeles , California . Quinn had a third sibling , a brother Ciaran , whom he never knew existed as the boy had been placed for adoption . Career ( edit ) Quinn did commercials for Pepsi and Ray - Ban , appeared in the music video for the Richard Marx song `` Satisfied , '' and had his first speaking line in the pilot of Beverly Hills , 90210 after having endured eight separate auditions for the role of `` Brandon Walsh '' and then `` Steve Sanders '' ( played by Jason Priestley and Ian Ziering , respectively ) . Casting director Johanna Ray gave him a small role with two lines in the pilot , but Quinn was barely visible in the final broadcast version . His first substantial speaking part was as a guest star in an episode of the short - lived series The Outsiders . In 1991 , Quinn had his first major role in the movie Shout , which starred John Travolta and in which Quinn shared an on - screen kiss with Gwyneth Paltrow in her debut film . One of Quinn 's more visible roles began in 1990 as the character Mark Healy , Becky Conner 's boyfriend and later husband , in Roseanne . He continued in this role until the show ended in 1997 ( seasons 3 -- 9 ) . In 2018 , the fourth episode of the revived show 's tenth season was dedicated to the memory of Quinn . Quinn took on the role as youngest son Cedric on the 1992 U.S. and UK TV series Covington Cross . While shooting the series in England , he suffered a serious injury to his back after falling from his horse while shooting a scene . In 1992 , he starred alongside Holly Marie Combs in Dr. Giggles . In 1997 , he played dual roles in the horror anthology film Campfire Tales . After seven years using an American accent on Roseanne , Quinn was pleased producers made Doyle on Angel Irish because it would allow him to use his native accent . In an interview with The Irish Times , Quinn said of his accent , `` I 've been hiding it for so long that it 's amazing to have some freedom . It was like putting on an old pair of shoes . It 's bringing my soul back to life . '' His last film work was in R.S.V.P. ( 2002 ) . Death ( edit ) On December 3 , 2002 , Quinn 's body was found at a friend 's home in North Hollywood , California . An autopsy found that Quinn had died as the result of a heroin overdose . In the months leading up to his death , Quinn had reportedly been struggling with homelessness and drug addiction . His issues with substance abuse started in 1987 with the breakdown of his parents ' marriage and , unable to maintain sobriety , he was eventually bought out as owner of Goldfingers nightclub in Los Angeles , California , for begging for money from customers and causing fights . Quinn neither married nor had any children . Filmography ( edit ) List of film roles Year Title Role Notes 1991 Shout Alan 1992 Dr. Giggles Max Anderson 1995 Live Nude Girls Randy Conzini 1997 Campfire Tales Scott Anderson / Paramedic # 1 Segments : `` The Locket '' and `` The Campfire '' 1998 Some Girl Jeff 2002 R.S.V.P. Prof. Hal Evans List of television roles Year Title Role Notes Beverly Hills , 90210 Party Jock # 1 Episode : `` Class of Beverly Hills '' Bagdad Café Johnny Episode : `` Not Enough Cooks '' Call Me Anna George Chakiris Television movie Silhouette Darren Lauder Television movie 1990 -- 1997 Roseanne Mark Healy 74 episodes 1992 The Jackie Thomas Show Mark Healy Episode : `` The Joke '' Covington Cross Cedric Grey 13 episodes 1997 -- 2002 Fair City Joshua St. John 5 episodes 1999 Jesse Sean Episode : `` The Mischievous Elf '' 1999 -- 2002 Angel Allen Francis Doyle 10 episodes 2000 At Any Cost Ben Tarowe Television movie List of video game roles Year Title Role Notes Star Wars : X-Wing vs. TIE Fighter Voice only 1997 Outlaws ' Rattlesnake ' Dick Farmer Voice only The Curse of Monkey Island Pirate # 5 Voice only References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Dublin - born actor who found fame in the US '' . The Irish Times . December 28 , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Hayward , Anthony ( 2002 - 12 - 18 ) . `` Obituary : Glenn Quinn '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Reed , Christopher ( 2002 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Obituary : Glenn Quinn '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glenn Quinn '' . The Guardian . December 21 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` The tragic closing act of Hollywood hero Glenn Quinn - Independent.ie '' . Independent.ie . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ McLellan , Dennis ( 2002 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Glenn Quinn , 32 ; Actor Was in TV Series ' Roseanne ' and ' Angel ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Quinn : Actor '' . variety.com. 2002 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Bobbin , Jay ( April 30 , 2006 ) . `` Young ' Roseanne ' star died from OD '' . The Buffalo News . Jump up ^ Siegmund Cuda , Heidi ( 1997 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Dressing Up the Area : Goldfingers adds glitter to Hollywood '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The tragic closing act of Hollywood hero Glenn Quinn - Independent.ie '' . Independent.ie . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Celebs who quietly passed away without you knowing KiwiReport '' . KiwiReport. 2017 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Biography portal Glenn Quinn on IMDb Glenn Quinn at Find a Grave GND : 1091099154 ISNI : 0000 0000 4682 4524 LCCN : no2008172281 VIAF : 51518698 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glenn_Quinn&oldid=854110118 '' Categories : 1970 births 2002 deaths Irish male film actors Irish expatriates in the United States Irish male television actors Irish male video game actors Irish male voice actors Male actors from Dublin ( city ) Deaths by heroin overdose in California Drug - related deaths in California Burials in Orange County , California 20th - century Irish male actors 21st - century Irish male actors Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 01 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played mark on the tv show roseanne | [
"Glenn Martin Christopher Francis Quinn (May 28, 1970 – December 3, 2002) was an Irish actor. While he was best known for his portrayal of Mark Healy on the popular '90s family sitcom Roseanne, Quinn also amassed a large fan base for his portrayal of Doyle, a half-demon, on Angel, a spin-off series of Buffy the Vampire Slayer.[1][2]\n"
] | [
"Glenn Martin Christopher Francis Quinn"
] |
-667623578747939369 | Beyoncé | Beyoncé - Wikipedia Beyoncé American singer , songwriter and actress For the album , see Beyoncé ( album ) . Beyoncé Beyoncé performing at Wembley Stadium , London during The Formation World Tour , 2016 Beyoncé Giselle Knowles ( 1981 - 09 - 04 ) September 4 , 1981 ( age 36 ) Houston , Texas , U.S. Other names Third Ward Trill Occupation Singer songwriter actress Years active 1997 -- present Net worth US $355 million ( July 2018 ) Spouse ( s ) Jay - Z ( m . 2008 ) Children Parent ( s ) Mathew Knowles Tina Knowles Relatives Solange Knowles ( sister ) Musical career Genres R&B pop Instruments Vocals Labels Music World Parkwood Columbia Associated acts Destiny 's Child Jay - Z The Carters Website beyonce.com Beyoncé Giselle Knowles - Carter ( / biːˈjɒnseɪ / ; born September 4 , 1981 ) is an American singer , songwriter , performer , and actress . Born and raised in Houston , Texas , Beyoncé performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child . She rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of the R&B girl - group Destiny 's Child . Managed by her father , Mathew Knowles , the group became one of the world 's best - selling girl groups in history . Their hiatus saw Beyoncé 's theatrical film debut in Austin Powers in Goldmember ( 2002 ) and the release of her debut album , Dangerously in Love ( 2003 ) . The album established her as a solo artist worldwide , debuting at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart and earning five Grammy Awards , and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number one singles `` Crazy in Love '' and `` Baby Boy '' . Following the break - up of Destiny 's Child in 2006 , she released her second solo album , B'Day ( 2006 ) , which contained her fourth number one single , `` Irreplaceable '' , as well as the top ten singles `` Déjà Vu '' , and `` Beautiful Liar '' . Beyoncé also continued her acting career , with starring roles in The Pink Panther ( 2006 ) , Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , and Obsessed ( 2009 ) . Her marriage to rapper Jay - Z and portrayal of Etta James in Cadillac Records ( 2008 ) influenced her third album , I Am ... Sasha Fierce ( 2008 ) , which saw the introduction of her alter - ego Sasha Fierce and earned a record - setting six Grammy Awards in 2010 , including Song of the Year for `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' . Beyoncé took a hiatus from music in 2010 and took over management of her career ; her fourth album 4 ( 2011 ) was subsequently mellower in tone , exploring 1970s funk , 1980s pop , and 1990s soul . Her critically acclaimed eponymous album , released in 2013 with no prior announcement , was distinguished from previous releases by its experimental production and exploration of darker themes . Her sixth album , Lemonade ( 2016 ) , also received widespread critical acclaim , with many referring to it as her most personal and political work to date , and subsequently became the best - selling album of 2016 . She released Everything Is Love , her seventh album , a collaboration with husband Jay - Z as The Carters in 2018 . Throughout her career , Beyoncé has sold over 100 million records worldwide , making her one of the world 's best - selling music artists . She has won 22 Grammy Awards and is the most nominated woman in the award 's history . She is also the most awarded artist at the MTV Video Music Awards , with 24 wins , including the Video Vanguard Award . The Recording Industry Association of America recognized Beyoncé as the Top Certified Artist in America , during the 2000s decade . In 2009 , Billboard named her the Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade , the Top Female Artist of the 2000s decade , and awarded her their Millennium Award in 2011 . In 2014 , she became the highest - paid black musician in history and was listed among Time 's 100 most influential people in the world for a second year in a row . Forbes ranked her as the most powerful female in entertainment on their 2015 and 2017 lists , and in 2016 she occupied the sixth place for Time 's Person of the Year . With the release of Lemonade , Beyoncé became the first and only musical act in Billboard chart history to debut at number one with their first six solo studio albums . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1997 -- 2002 : Destiny 's Child 2.2 2003 -- 2007 : Dangerously in Love and B'Day 2.3 2008 -- 2010 : I Am ... Sasha Fierce and films 2.4 2011 -- 2015 : 4 and Beyoncé 2.5 2016 -- 2017 : Lemonade and collaborations 2.6 2018 : Everything Is Love 3 Artistry 3.1 Voice and songwriting 3.2 Influences 3.3 Music videos and stage 3.4 Alter ego 4 Public image 5 Personal life 5.1 Marriage and children 5.2 Activism 5.3 Wealth 6 Legacy 7 Achievements 8 Business and ventures 8.1 Endorsements 8.2 Fashion lines 8.3 Philanthropy 9 Discography 10 Filmography 11 Tours and residencies 11.1 Headlining tours 11.2 Co-headlining tours 11.3 Concert residencies 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Early life Beyoncé Giselle Knowles was born in Houston , Texas , to Celestine `` Tina '' Knowles ( née Beyincé ) , a hairdresser and salon owner , and Mathew Knowles , a Xerox sales manager . Beyoncé 's name is a tribute to her mother 's maiden name . Beyoncé 's younger sister Solange is also a singer and a former backup dancer for Destiny 's Child . Solange and Beyoncé are the first sisters to have both had No. 1 albums . Mathew is African American , while Tina is of Louisiana Creole descent ( African , Native American , and French ) . Through her mother , Beyoncé is a descendant of Acadian leader Joseph Broussard . Beyoncé attended St. Mary 's Montessori School in Houston , where she enrolled in dance classes . Her singing talent was discovered when dance instructor Darlette Johnson began humming a song and she finished it , able to hit the high - pitched notes . Beyoncé 's interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven , singing John Lennon 's `` Imagine '' to beat 15 / 16 - year - olds . In fall of 1990 , Beyoncé enrolled in Parker Elementary School , a music magnet school in Houston , where she would perform with the school 's choir . She also attended the High School for the Performing and Visual Arts and later Alief Elsik High School . Beyoncé was also a member of the choir at St. John 's United Methodist Church as a soloist for two years . When Beyoncé was eight , she and childhood friend Kelly Rowland met LaTavia Roberson while at an audition for an all - girl entertainment group . They were placed into a group called Girl 's Tyme with three other girls , and rapped and danced on the talent show circuit in Houston . After seeing the group , R&B producer Arne Frager brought them to his Northern California studio and placed them in Star Search , the largest talent show on national TV at the time . Girl 's Tyme failed to win , and Beyoncé later said the song they performed was not good . In 1995 Beyoncé 's father resigned from his job to manage the group . The move reduced Beyoncé 's family 's income by half , and her parents were forced to move into separated apartments . Mathew cut the original line - up to four and the group continued performing as an opening act for other established R&B girl groups . The girls auditioned before record labels and were finally signed to Elektra Records , moving to Atlanta Records briefly to work on their first recording , only to be cut by the company . This put further strain on the family , and Beyoncé 's parents separated . On October 5 , 1995 , Dwayne Wiggins 's Grass Roots Entertainment signed the group . In 1996 , the girls began recording their debut album under an agreement with Sony Music , the Knowles family reunited , and shortly after , the group got a contract with Columbia Records . Career 1997 -- 2002 : Destiny 's Child Main article : Destiny 's Child The group changed their name to Destiny 's Child in 1996 , based upon a passage in the Book of Isaiah . In 1997 , Destiny 's Child released their major label debut song `` Killing Time '' on the soundtrack to the 1997 film , Men in Black . The following year , the group released their self - titled debut album , scoring their first major hit `` No , No , No '' . The album established the group as a viable act in the music industry , with moderate sales and winning the group three Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards for Best R&B / Soul Album of the Year , Best R&B / Soul or Rap New Artist , and Best R&B / Soul Single for `` No , No , No '' . The group released their Multi-Platinum second album The Writing 's on the Wall in 1999 . The record features some of the group 's most widely known songs such as `` Bills , Bills , Bills '' , the group 's first number - one single , `` Jumpin ' Jumpin ' '' and `` Say My Name '' , which became their most successful song at the time , and would remain one of their signature songs . `` Say My Name '' won the Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals and the Best R&B Song at the 43rd Annual Grammy Awards . The Writing 's on the Wall sold more than eight million copies worldwide . During this time , Beyoncé recorded a duet with Marc Nelson , an original member of Boyz II Men , on the song `` After All Is Said and Done '' for the soundtrack to the 1999 film , The Best Man . LeToya Luckett and Roberson became unhappy with Mathew 's managing of the band and eventually were replaced by Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams . Beyoncé experienced depression following the split with Luckett and Roberson after being publicly blamed by the media , critics , and blogs for its cause . Her long - standing boyfriend left her at this time . The depression was so severe it lasted for a couple of years , during which she occasionally kept herself in her bedroom for days and refused to eat anything . Beyoncé stated that she struggled to speak about her depression because Destiny 's Child had just won their first Grammy Award , and she feared no one would take her seriously . Beyoncé would later speak of her mother as the person who helped her fight it . Franklin was then dismissed , leaving just Beyoncé , Rowland , and Williams . The remaining band members recorded `` Independent Women Part I '' , which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2000 film Charlie 's Angels . It became their best - charting single , topping the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart for eleven consecutive weeks . In early 2001 , while Destiny 's Child was completing their third album , Beyoncé landed a major role in the MTV made - for - television film , Carmen : A Hip Hopera , starring alongside American actor Mekhi Phifer . Set in Philadelphia , the film is a modern interpretation of the 19th - century opera Carmen by French composer Georges Bizet . When the third album Survivor was released in May 2001 , Luckett and Roberson filed a lawsuit claiming that the songs were aimed at them . The album debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 , with first - week sales of 663,000 copies sold . The album spawned other number - one hits , `` Bootylicious '' and the title track , `` Survivor '' , the latter of which earned the group a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals . After releasing their holiday album 8 Days of Christmas in October 2001 , the group announced a hiatus to further pursue solo careers . In July 2002 , Beyoncé continued her acting career playing Foxxy Cleopatra alongside Mike Myers in the comedy film Austin Powers in Goldmember , which spent its first weekend atop the US box office and grossed $73 million . Beyoncé released `` Work It Out '' as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten in the UK , Norway , and Belgium . In 2003 , Beyoncé starred opposite Cuba Gooding , Jr. , in the musical comedy The Fighting Temptations as Lilly , a single mother with whom Gooding 's character falls in love . The film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $30 million in the U.S. Beyoncé released `` Fighting Temptation '' as the lead single from the film 's soundtrack album , with Missy Elliott , MC Lyte , and Free which was also used to promote the film . Another of Beyoncé 's contributions to the soundtrack , `` Summertime '' , fared better on the US charts . 2003 -- 2007 : Dangerously in Love and B'Day Beyoncé performing `` Baby Boy '' , which spent nine consecutive weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart Beyoncé 's first solo recording was a feature on Jay - Z 's `` ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde '' that was released in October 2002 , peaking at number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart . Her first solo album Dangerously in Love was released on June 24 , 2003 , after Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland had released their solo efforts . The album sold 317,000 copies in its first week , debuted atop the Billboard 200 , and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide . The album 's lead single , `` Crazy in Love '' , featuring Jay - Z , became Beyoncé 's first number - one single as a solo artist in the US . The single `` Baby Boy '' also reached number one , and singles , `` Me , Myself and I '' and `` Naughty Girl '' , both reached the top - five . The album earned Beyoncé a then record - tying five awards at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards ; Best Contemporary R&B Album , Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for `` Dangerously in Love 2 '' , Best R&B Song and Best Rap / Sung Collaboration for `` Crazy in Love '' , and Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for `` The Closer I Get to You '' with Luther Vandross . During the ceremony , she performed with Prince . Beyoncé performing `` Listen '' from the motion picture Dreamgirls during The Beyoncé Experience tour . She received a Golden Globe nomination for her performance as Deena Jones in the film . In November 2003 , she embarked on the Dangerously in Love Tour in Europe and later toured alongside Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys for the Verizon Ladies First Tour in North America . On February 1 , 2004 , Beyoncé performed the American national anthem at Super Bowl XXXVIII , at the Reliant Stadium in Houston , Texas . After the release of Dangerously in Love , Beyoncé had planned to produce a follow - up album using several of the left - over tracks . However , this was put on hold so she could concentrate on recording Destiny Fulfilled , the final studio album by Destiny 's Child . Released on November 15 , 2004 , in the US and peaking at number two on the Billboard 200 , Destiny Fulfilled included the singles `` Lose My Breath '' and `` Soldier '' , which reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . Destiny 's Child embarked on a worldwide concert tour , Destiny Fulfilled ... and Lovin ' It and during the last stop of their European tour , in Barcelona on June 11 , 2005 , Rowland announced that Destiny 's Child would disband following the North American leg of the tour . The group released their first compilation album Number 1 's on October 25 , 2005 , in the US and accepted a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in March 2006 . The group has sold 60 million records worldwide . Beyoncé 's second solo album B'Day was released on September 4 , 2006 , in the US , to coincide with her twenty - fifth birthday . It sold 541,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the Billboard 200 , becoming Beyoncé 's second consecutive number - one album in the United States . The album 's lead single `` Déjà Vu '' , featuring Jay - Z , reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . The second international single `` Irreplaceable '' was a commercial success worldwide , reaching number one in Australia , Hungary , Ireland , New Zealand and the United States . B'Day also produced three other singles ; `` Ring the Alarm '' , `` Get Me Bodied '' , and `` Green Light '' ( released in the United Kingdom only ) . Her first acting role of 2006 was in the comedy film The Pink Panther starring opposite Steve Martin , grossing $158.8 million at the box office worldwide . Her second film Dreamgirls , the film version of the 1981 Broadway musical loosely based on The Supremes , received acclaim from critics and grossed $154 million internationally . In it , she starred opposite Jennifer Hudson , Jamie Foxx , and Eddie Murphy playing a pop singer based on Diana Ross . To promote the film , Beyoncé released `` Listen '' as the lead single from the soundtrack album . In April 2007 , Beyoncé embarked on The Beyoncé Experience , her first worldwide concert tour , visiting 97 venues and grossed over $24 million . Beyoncé conducted pre-concert food donation drives during six major stops in conjunction with her pastor at St. John 's and America 's Second Harvest . At the same time , B'Day was re-released with five additional songs , including her duet with Shakira `` Beautiful Liar '' . 2008 -- 2010 : I Am ... Sasha Fierce and films Beyoncé performing `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' during the I Am ... World Tour . The song reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , earned the Grammy Award for Song of the Year and spawned the Internet 's first major dance craze . On April 4 , 2008 , Beyoncé married Jay - Z . She publicly revealed their marriage in a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album , I Am ... Sasha Fierce , in Manhattan 's Sony Club on October 22 , 2008 . I Am ... Sasha Fierce was released on November 18 , 2008 , in the United States . The album formally introduces Beyoncé 's alter ego Sasha Fierce , conceived during the making of her 2003 single `` Crazy in Love '' . It was met with generally mediocre reviews from critics , but sold 482,000 copies in its first week , debuting atop the Billboard 200 , and giving Beyoncé her third consecutive number - one album in the US . The album featured the number - one song `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' and the top - five songs `` If I Were a Boy '' and `` Halo '' . Achieving the accomplishment of becoming her longest - running Hot 100 single in her career , `` Halo '' 's success in the US helped Beyoncé attain more top - ten singles on the list than any other woman during the 2000s . It also included the successful `` Sweet Dreams '' , and singles `` Diva '' , `` Ego '' , `` Broken - Hearted Girl '' and `` Video Phone '' . The music video for `` Single Ladies '' has been parodied and imitated around the world , spawning the `` first major dance craze '' of the Internet age according to the Toronto Star . The video has won several awards , including Best Video at the 2009 MTV Europe Music Awards , the 2009 Scottish MOBO Awards , and the 2009 BET Awards . At the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards , the video was nominated for nine awards , ultimately winning three including Video of the Year . Its failure to win the Best Female Video category , which went to American country pop singer Taylor Swift 's `` You Belong with Me '' , led to Kanye West interrupting the ceremony and Beyoncé improvising a re-presentation of Swift 's award during her own acceptance speech . In March 2009 , Beyoncé embarked on the I Am ... World Tour , her second headlining worldwide concert tour , consisting of 108 shows , grossing $119.5 million . Beyoncé further expanded her acting career , starring as blues singer Etta James in the 2008 musical biopic Cadillac Records . Her performance in the film received praise from critics , and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of James , including a Satellite Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress , and a NAACP Image Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress . Beyoncé donated her entire salary from the film to Phoenix House , an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country . On January 20 , 2009 , Beyoncé performed James ' `` At Last '' at First Couple Barack and Michelle Obama 's first inaugural ball . Beyoncé starred opposite Ali Larter and Idris Elba in the thriller , Obsessed . She played Sharon Charles , a mother and wife whose family is threatened by her husband 's stalker . Although the film received negative reviews from critics , the movie did well at the US box office , grossing $68 million -- $60 million more than Cadillac Records -- on a budget of $20 million . The fight scene finale between Sharon and the character played by Ali Larter also won the 2010 MTV Movie Award for Best Fight . At the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards , Beyoncé received ten nominations , including Album of the Year for I Am ... Sasha Fierce , Record of the Year for `` Halo '' , and Song of the Year for `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' , among others . She tied with Lauryn Hill for most Grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist . Beyoncé went on to win six of those nominations , breaking a record she previously tied in 2004 for the most Grammy awards won in a single night by a female artist with six . In 2010 , Beyoncé was featured on Lady Gaga 's single `` Telephone '' and appeared in its music video . The song topped the US Pop Songs chart , becoming the sixth number - one for both Beyoncé and Gaga , tying them with Mariah Carey for most number - ones since the Nielsen Top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992 . `` Telephone '' received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals . Beyoncé announced a hiatus from her music career in January 2010 , heeding her mother 's advice , `` to live life , to be inspired by things again '' . During the break she and her father parted ways as business partners . Beyoncé 's musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple European cities , the Great Wall of China , the Egyptian pyramids , Australia , English music festivals and various museums and ballet performances . 2011 -- 2015 : 4 and Beyoncé Beyoncé 's sound became mellower with 2011 's 4 which focused on traditional R&B styles . She performed the album during her 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé concert residency in August 2011 On June 26 , 2011 , she became the first solo female artist to headline the main Pyramid stage at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival in over twenty years . Her fourth studio album 4 was released two days later in the US . 4 sold 310,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart , giving Beyoncé her fourth consecutive number - one album in the US . The album was preceded by two of its singles `` Run the World ( Girls ) '' and `` Best Thing I Never Had '' . The fourth single `` Love on Top '' spent seven consecutive weeks at number one on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart , while peaking at number 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 , the highest peak from the album . 4 also produced four other singles ; `` Party '' , `` Countdown '' , `` I Care '' and `` End of Time '' . `` Eat , Play , Love '' , a cover story written by Beyoncé for Essence that detailed her 2010 career break , won her a writing award from the New York Association of Black Journalists . In late 2011 , she took the stage at New York 's Roseland Ballroom for four nights of special performances : the 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé concerts saw the performance of her 4 album to a standing room only . On August 1 , 2011 , the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , having shipped 1 million copies to retail stores . By December 2015 , it reached sales of 1.5 million copies in the US . The album reached one billion Spotify streams on February 5 , 2018 , making Beyoncé the first female artist to have three of their albums surpass one billion streams on the platform . On January 7 , 2012 , Beyoncé gave birth to her first child , a daughter , Blue Ivy Carter , at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York . Five months later , she performed for four nights at Revel Atlantic City 's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort 's opening , her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy . In January 2013 , Destiny 's Child released Love Songs , a compilation album of the romance - themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded track , `` Nuclear '' . Beyoncé performed the American national anthem singing along with a pre-recorded track at President Obama 's second inauguration in Washington , D.C. The following month , Beyoncé performed at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show , held at the Mercedes - Benz Superdome in New Orleans . The performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268,000 tweets per minute . At the 55th Annual Grammy Awards , Beyoncé won for Best Traditional R&B Performance for `` Love on Top '' . Her feature - length documentary film , Life Is But a Dream , first aired on HBO on February 16 , 2013 . The film was co-directed by Beyoncé herself . Beyoncé performing during The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour in 2013 . The tour is one of the highest grossing tours of the decade . Beyoncé embarked on The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour on April 15 in Belgrade , Serbia ; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to March 2014 . It became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most successful tours of all time . In May , Beyoncé 's cover of Amy Winehouse 's `` Back to Black '' with André 3000 on The Great Gatsby soundtrack was released . Beyoncé voiced Queen Tara in the 3D CGI animated film , Epic , released by 20th Century Fox on May 24 , and recorded an original song for the film , `` Rise Up '' , co-written with Sia . On December 13 , 2013 , Beyoncé unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the iTunes Store without any prior announcement or promotion . The album debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart , giving Beyoncé her fifth consecutive number - one album in the US . This made her the first woman in the chart 's history to have her first five studio albums debut at number one . Beyoncé received critical acclaim and commercial success , selling one million digital copies worldwide in six days ; Musically an electro - R&B album , it concerns darker themes previously unexplored in her work , such as `` bulimia , postnatal depression ( and ) the fears and insecurities of marriage and motherhood '' . The single `` Drunk in Love '' , featuring Jay - Z , peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . In April 2014 , after much speculation , Beyoncé and Jay - Z officially announced their On the Run Tour . It served as the couple 's first co-headlining stadium tour together . On August 24 , 2014 , she received the Video Vanguard Award at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards . Beyoncé also won home three competitive awards : Best Video with a Social Message and Best Cinematography for `` Pretty Hurts '' , as well as best collaboration for `` Drunk in Love '' . In November , Forbes reported that Beyoncé was the top - earning woman in music for the second year in a row -- earning $115 million in the year , more than double her earnings in 2013 . Beyoncé was reissued with new material in three forms : as an extended play , a box set , as well as a full platinum edition . According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) , in the last 19 days of 2013 , the album sold 2.3 million units worldwide , becoming the tenth best - selling album of 2013 . The album also went on to become the twentieth best - selling album of 2014 . As of November 2014 , Beyoncé has sold over 5 million copies worldwide and has generated over 1 billion streams , as of March 2015 . At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015 , Beyoncé was nominated for six awards , ultimately winning three : Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song for `` Drunk in Love '' , and Best Surround Sound Album for Beyoncé . She was nominated for Album of the Year , but the award went to Beck for his album Morning Phase . 2016 -- 2017 : Lemonade and collaborations Beyoncé performing during The Formation World Tour in 2016 On February 6 , 2016 , Beyoncé released `` Formation '' and its accompanying music video exclusively on the music streaming platform Tidal ; the song was made available to download for free . She performed `` Formation '' live for the first time during the NFL Super Bowl 50 halftime show . The appearance was considered controversial as it appeared to reference the 50th anniversary of the Black Panther Party and the NFL forbids political statements in its performances . Immediately following the performance , Beyoncé announced The Formation World Tour , which highlighted stops in both North America , and Europe . It ended on October 7 , with Beyoncé bringing out her husband Jay - Z , Kendrick Lamar , and Serena Williams for the last show . The tour went on to win `` Tour of the Year '' at the 44th American Music Awards . On April 16 , 2016 , Beyoncé released a teaser clip for a project called Lemonade . It turned out to be a one - hour film which aired on HBO exactly a week later ; a corresponding album with the same title was released on the same day exclusively on Tidal . Lemonade debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 , making Beyoncé the first act in Billboard history to have their first six studio albums debut atop the chart ; she broke a record previously tied with DMX in 2013 . With all 12 tracks of Lemonade debuting on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , Beyoncé also became the first female act to chart 12 or more songs at the same time . Additionally , Lemonade was streamed 115 million times through Tidal , setting a record for the most - streamed album in a single week by a female artist in history . It was 2016 's third highest - selling album in the US with 1.554 million copies sold in that time period within the country as well as the best - selling album worldwide with global sales of 2.5 million throughout the year . Lemonade became her most critically acclaimed work to date , receiving universal acclaim according to Metacritic , a website collecting reviews from professional music critics . Several music publications included the album among the best of 2016 , including Rolling Stone , which listed Lemonade at number one . The album 's visuals were nominated in 11 categories at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards , the most ever received by Beyoncé in a single year , and went on to win 8 awards , including Video of the Year for `` Formation '' . The eight wins made Beyoncé the most awarded artist in the history of the VMAs ( 24 ) , surpassing Madonna ( 20 ) . Beyoncé occupied the sixth place for Time magazine 's 2016 Person of the Year . In January 2017 , it was announced that Beyoncé would headline the Coachella Music and Arts Festival . This would make Beyoncé only the second female headliner of the festival since it was founded in 1999 . It was later announced on February 23 , 2017 that Beyoncé would no longer be able to perform at the festival due to doctor 's concerns regarding her pregnancy . The festival owners announced that she will instead headline the 2018 festival . Upon the announcement of Beyoncé 's departure from the festival lineup , ticket prices dropped by 12 % . At the 59th Grammy Awards in February 2017 , Lemonade led the nominations with nine , including Album , Record , and Song of the Year for Lemonade and `` Formation '' respectively . and ultimately won two , Best Urban Contemporary Album for Lemonade and Best Music Video for `` Formation '' . Adele , upon winning her Grammy for Album of the Year , stated Lemonade was monumental and more deserving . On June 13 , 2017 , Beyoncé gave birth to twins Rumi and Sir Carter at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles , California . In September 2017 , Beyoncé collaborated with J Balvin and Willy William , to release a remix of the song `` Mi Gente '' . Beyoncé donated all proceeds from the song to hurricane charities for those affected by Hurricane Harvey and Hurricane Irma in Texas , Mexico , Puerto Rico , and other Caribbean Islands . On November 10 , Eminem released `` Walk on Water '' featuring Beyoncé as the lead single from his album Revival . On November 30 , Ed Sheeran announced that Beyoncé would feature on the remix to his song `` Perfect '' . `` Perfect Duet '' was released on December 1 , 2017 . The song reached number - one in the United States , becoming Beyoncé 's sixth song of her solo career to do so . 2018 : Everything is Love Album release at the final London performance of On the Run II Tour On January 4 , 2018 , the music video of Beyoncé and Jay - Z 's 4 : 44 collaboration , `` Family Feud '' was released . It was directed by Ava DuVernay . On March 1 , 2018 , DJ Khaled released `` Top Off '' as the first single from his forthcoming album Father of Asahd featuring Beyoncé , husband Jay - Z , and Future . The following day , Beyoncé took to Instagram to invite fans to join her on a 22 - day vegan diet plan in preparation for her upcoming performance at Coachella . On March 5 , 2018 , a joint tour with Knowles ' husband Jay - Z , was leaked on Facebook . Information about the tour was later taken down . The couple announced the joint tour officially as On the Run II Tour on March 12 and simultaneously released a trailer for the tour on YouTube . On March 20 , 2018 , the couple traveled to Jamaica to film a music video directed by Melina Matsoukas . On April 14 , 2018 , Beyoncé played the first of two weekends as the headlining act of the Coachella Music Festival . Her April 14 performance , attended by 125,000 festival - goers , was immediately praised , with multiple media outlets describing it as historic . The performance became the most - tweeted about performance of weekend one , as well as the most - watched live Coachella performance and the most - watched live performance on YouTube of all time . The show paid tribute to black culture , specifically historically black colleges and universities and featured a live band with over 100 dancers . Destiny 's Child also reunited during the show . On June 6 , 2018 , Beyoncé and husband Jay - Z kicked - off the On the Run II Tour in Cardiff , United Kingdom . Ten days later , at their final London performance , the pair unveiled Everything Is Love , their joint studio album , credited under the name The Carters , and initially available exclusively on Tidal . The pair also released the video for the album 's lead single , `` Apeshit '' , on Beyoncé 's official YouTube channel . Everything Is Love received generally positive reviews , and debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 , with 123,000 album - equivalent units , of which 70,000 were pure album sales . In film , Beyoncé will voice Nala in Jon Favreau 's The Lion King , which is expected to be released on July 19 , 2019 . Artistry Voice and songwriting With `` Single Ladies '' , clearly I 'd just gotten married , and people want to get married every day -- then there was the whole Justin Timberlake thing ( recreating the video ) on Saturday Night Live , and it was also the year YouTube blew up . With `` Irreplaceable '' , the aggressive lyrics , the acoustic guitar , and the 808 drum machine -- those things do n't typically go together , and it sounded fresh . `` Crazy in Love '' was another one of those classic moments in pop culture that none of us expected . I asked Jay to get on the song the night before I had to turn my album in -- thank God he did . It still never gets old , no matter how many times I sing it . -- Beyoncé Jody Rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive , describing her voice as `` one of the most compelling instruments in popular music '' . Her vocal abilities mean she is identified as the centerpiece of Destiny 's Child . Jon Pareles of The New York Times commented that her voice is `` velvety yet tart , with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting '' . Rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced Beyoncé 's unique rhythmic vocal style , but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry , gospel and falsetto . Other critics praise her range and power , with Chris Richards of The Washington Post saying she was `` capable of punctuating any beat with goose - bump - inducing whispers or full - bore diva - roars . '' Beyoncé 's music is generally R&B and pop , but she also incorporates soul and funk into her songs . 4 demonstrated Beyoncé 's exploration of 1990s - style R&B , as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases . While she almost exclusively releases English songs , Beyoncé recorded several Spanish songs for Irreemplazable ( re-recordings of songs from B'Day for a Spanish - language audience ) , and the re-release of B'Day . To record these , Beyoncé was coached phonetically by American record producer Rudy Perez . She has received co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded with Destiny 's Child and her solo efforts . Her early songs were personally driven and female - empowerment themed compositions like `` Independent Women '' and `` Survivor '' , but after the start of her relationship with Jay - Z , she transitioned to more man - tending anthems such as `` Cater 2 U '' . Beyoncé has also received co-producing credits for most of the records in which she has been involved , especially during her solo efforts . However , she does not formulate beats herself , but typically comes up with melodies and ideas during production , sharing them with producers . In 2001 , she became the first black woman and second female lyricist to win the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at the American Society of Composers , Authors , and Publishers Pop Music Awards . Beyoncé was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs ( `` Irreplaceable '' , `` Grillz '' and `` Check on It '' ) in the same year , after Carole King in 1971 and Mariah Carey in 1991 . She is tied with American lyricist Diane Warren at third with nine song - writing credits on number - one singles . ( The latter wrote her 9 / 11 - motivated song `` I Was Here '' for 4 . ) In May 2011 , Billboard magazine listed Beyoncé at number 17 on their list of the `` Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters '' , for having co-written eight singles that hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . She was one of only three women on that list , along with Alicia Keys and Taylor Swift . Influences Beyoncé names Michael Jackson as her major musical influence . Aged five , Beyoncé attended her first ever concert where Jackson performed and she claims to have realized her purpose . When she presented him with a tribute award at the World Music Awards in 2006 , Beyoncé said , `` if it was n't for Michael Jackson , I would never ever have performed . '' She admires Diana Ross as an `` all - around entertainer '' and Whitney Houston , who she said `` inspired me to get up there and do what she did . '' She credits Mariah Carey 's singing and her song `` Vision of Love '' as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child . Her other musical influences include Aaliyah , Prince , Lauryn Hill , Sade Adu , Donna Summer , Mary J. Blige , Janet Jackson , Anita Baker and Rachelle Ferrell . The feminism and female empowerment themes on Beyoncé 's second solo album B'Day were inspired by her role in Dreamgirls and by singer Josephine Baker . Beyoncé paid homage to Baker by performing `` Déjà Vu '' at the 2006 Fashion Rocks concert wearing Baker 's trademark mini-hula skirt embellished with fake bananas . Beyoncé 's third solo album I Am ... Sasha Fierce was inspired by Jay - Z and especially by Etta James , whose `` boldness '' inspired Beyoncé to explore other musical genres and styles . Her fourth solo album , 4 , was inspired by Fela Kuti , 1990s R&B , Earth , Wind & Fire , DeBarge , Lionel Richie , Teena Marie , The Jackson 5 , New Edition , Adele , Florence and the Machine , and Prince . Beyoncé has stated that she is personally inspired by Michelle Obama ( the 44th First Lady of the United States ) , saying `` She proves you can do it all '' and she has described Oprah Winfrey as `` the definition of inspiration and a strong woman '' . She has also discussed how Jay - Z is a continuing inspiration to her , both with what she describes as his lyrical genius and in the obstacles he has overcome in his life . Beyoncé has expressed admiration for the artist Jean - Michel Basquiat , posting in a letter `` what I find in the work of Jean - Michel Basquiat , I search for in every day in music ... he is lyrical and raw '' . In February 2013 , Beyoncé said that Madonna inspired her to take control of her own career . She commented , `` I think about Madonna and how she took all of the great things she achieved and started the label and developed other artists . But there are not enough of those women . '' . Music videos and stage Beyoncé performing `` Run the World ( Girls ) '' on the 2011 Good Morning America Summer Concert Series In 2006 , Beyoncé introduced her all - female tour band Suga Mama ( also the name of a song in B'Day ) which includes bassists , drummers , guitarists , horn players , keyboardists and percussionists . Her background singers , The Mamas , consist of Montina Cooper - Donnell , Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqué Riddick . They made their debut appearance at the 2006 BET Awards and re-appeared in the music videos for `` Irreplaceable '' and `` Green Light '' . The band have supported Beyoncé in most subsequent live performances , including her 2007 concert tour The Beyoncé Experience , 2009 -- 2010 I Am ... World Tour , 2013 -- 2014 The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour and 2016 The Formation World Tour . Beyoncé has received praise for her stage presence and voice during live performances . Jarett Wieselman of the New York Post placed her at number one on her list of the Five Best Singer / Dancers . According to Barbara Ellen of The Guardian Beyoncé is the most in - charge female artist she 's seen onstage , while Alice Jones of The Independent wrote she `` takes her role as entertainer so seriously she 's almost too good . '' The ex-President of Def Jam L.A. Reid has described Beyoncé as the greatest entertainer alive . Jim Farber of the Daily News and Stephanie Classen of The StarPhoenix both praised her strong voice and her stage presence . Beyoncé 's stage outfits have been met with criticism from many countries , such as Malaysia , where she has postponed or cancelled performances due to the country 's strict laws banning revealing costumes . Beyoncé has worked with numerous directors for her music videos throughout her career , including Melina Matsoukas , Jonas Åkerlund , and Jake Nava . Bill Condon , director of Beauty and the Beast , stated that the Lemonade visuals in particular served as inspiration for his film , commenting , `` You look at Beyoncé 's brilliant movie Lemonade , this genre is taking on so many different forms ... I do think that this very old - school break - out - into - song traditional musical is something that people understand again and really want . '' Alter ego Described as being `` sexy , seductive and provocative '' when performing on stage , Beyoncé has said that she originally created the alter ego `` Sasha Fierce '' to keep that stage persona separate from who she really is . She described Sasha as being `` too aggressive , too strong , too sassy ( and ) too sexy '' , stating , `` I 'm not like her in real life at all . '' Sasha was conceived during the making of `` Crazy in Love '' , and Beyoncé introduced her with the release of her 2008 album I Am ... Sasha Fierce . In February 2010 , she announced in an interview with Allure magazine that she was comfortable enough with herself to no longer need Sasha Fierce . However , Beyoncé announced in May 2012 that she would bring her back for her Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live shows later that month . Public Image Beyoncé at the premiere for her 2006 film , Dreamgirls Beyoncé has been described as having a wide - ranging sex appeal , with music journalist Touré writing that since the release of Dangerously in Love , she has `` become a crossover sex symbol '' . Offstage Beyoncé says that while she likes to dress sexily , her onstage dress `` is absolutely for the stage . '' Due to her curves and the term 's catchiness , in the 2000s ( decade ) , the media often used the term `` Bootylicious '' ( a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious ) to describe Beyoncé , the term popularized by Destiny 's Child 's single of the same name . In 2006 , it was added to the Oxford English Dictionary . External image Knowles 's Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue cover from February 15 , 2007 In September 2010 , Beyoncé made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford 's Spring / Summer 2011 fashion show . She was named `` World 's Most Beautiful Woman '' by People and the `` Hottest Female Singer of All Time '' by Complex in 2012 . In January 2013 , GQ placed her on its cover , featuring her atop its `` 100 Sexiest Women of the 21st Century '' list . VH1 listed her at number 1 on its 100 Sexiest Artists list . Several wax figures of Beyoncé are found at Madame Tussauds Wax Museums in major cities around the world , including New York , Washington , D.C. , Amsterdam , Bangkok , Hollywood and Sydney . According to Italian fashion designer Roberto Cavalli , Beyoncé uses different fashion styles to work with her music while performing . Her mother co-wrote a book , published in 2002 , titled Destiny 's Style an account of how fashion affected the trio 's success . The B'Day Anthology Video Album showed many instances of fashion - oriented footage , depicting classic to contemporary wardrobe styles . In 2007 , Beyoncé was featured on the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue , becoming the second African American woman after Tyra Banks , and People magazine recognized Beyoncé as the best - dressed celebrity . The BeyHive is the name given to Beyoncé 's fan base . Fans were previously titled `` The Beyontourage '' , ( a portmanteau of Beyoncé and entourage ) . The name Bey Hive derives from the word beehive , purposely misspelled to resemble her first name , and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service Twitter and online news reports during competitions . In 2006 , the animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) , criticized Beyoncé for wearing and using fur in her clothing line House of Deréon . In 2011 , she appeared on the cover of French fashion magazine L'Officiel , in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media . A statement released from a spokesperson for the magazine said that Beyoncé 's look was `` far from the glamorous Sasha Fierce '' and that it was `` a return to her African roots '' . Beyoncé 's lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the African - American community . Emmett Price , a professor of music at Northeastern University , wrote in 2007 , that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms , saying white celebrities who dress similarly do not attract as many comments . In 2008 , L'Oréal was accused of whitening her skin in their Feria hair color advertisements , responding that `` it is categorically untrue '' , and in 2013 , Beyoncé herself criticized H&M for their proposed `` retouching '' of promotional images of her , and according to Vogue requested that only `` natural pictures be used '' . Personal life Beyoncé performing on the I Am ... World Tour with Jay - Z , whom she married in 2008 Marriage and Children Beyoncé started a relationship with Jay - Z after their collaboration on `` ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde '' , which appeared on his seventh album The Blueprint 2 : The Gift & The Curse ( 2002 ) . Beyoncé appeared as Jay - Z 's girlfriend in the music video for the song , fuelling speculation about their relationship . On April 4 , 2008 , Beyoncé and Jay - Z married without publicity . As of April 2014 , the couple had sold a combined 300 million records together . They are known for their private relationship , although they have appeared to become more relaxed in recent years . Both have acknowledged difficulty that arose in their marriage after Jay - Z had an affair . Beyoncé suffered a miscarriage around 2010 or 2011 , describing it as `` the saddest thing '' she had ever endured . She returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss . In April 2011 , Beyoncé and Jay - Z traveled to Paris in order to shoot the album cover for 4 , and unexpectedly became pregnant in Paris . In August , the couple attended the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards , at which Beyoncé performed `` Love on Top '' and ended the performance by revealing she was pregnant . Her appearance helped that year 's MTV Video Music Awards become the most - watched broadcast in MTV history , pulling in 12.4 million viewers ; the announcement was listed in Guinness World Records for `` most tweets per second recorded for a single event '' on Twitter , receiving 8,868 tweets per second and `` Beyonce pregnant '' was the most Googled term the week of August 29 , 2011 . On January 7 , 2012 , Beyoncé gave birth to a daughter , Blue Ivy Carter , at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City . On February 1 , 2017 she revealed on her Instagram account that she was expecting twins . Her announcement gained over 6.3 million `` likes '' within eight hours , breaking the world record for the most liked image on the website at the time . On July 13 , 2017 , Beyoncé uploaded the first image of herself and the twins onto her Instagram account , confirming their birth date as a month prior , on June 13 , 2017 and the names Rumi and Sir Carter . The twins were born at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in California . Rumi , the daughter , was born before Sir , the son . She wrote of her pregnancy and its aftermath in the iconic September 2018 of Vogue , in which she had full control of the cover , shot by photographer Tyler Mitchell . Activism Beyoncé performed `` America the Beautiful '' at the 2009 presidential inauguration , as well as `` At Last '' during the first inaugural dance at the Neighborhood Ball two days later . They held a fundraiser at Jay - Z 's 40 / 40 Club in Manhattan for Obama 's 2012 presidential campaign which raised $4 million . In the 2012 Presidential election , Beyoncé voted for Obama . She performed the American national anthem at his second inauguration in January 2013 . The Washington Post reported in May 2015 , that Beyoncé attended a major celebrity fundraiser for 2016 presidential nominee Hillary Clinton . She also headlined for Hillary Clinton in a 2016 concert held the weekend before Election Day . In this performance , Beyoncé and her entourage of backup dancers wore pantsuits ; a clear allusion to Clinton 's frequent dress - of - choice . The backup dancers also wore `` I 'm with her '' tee shirts , the campaign slogan for Clinton . In a brief speech at this performance Beyoncé said , `` I want my daughter to grow up seeing a woman lead our country and knowing that her possibilities are limitless . '' In 2013 , Beyoncé stated in an interview with Vogue that she considered herself to be `` a modern - day feminist '' . She would later align herself more publicly with the movement , sampling `` We should all be feminists '' , a speech delivered by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at a TEDx talk in April 2013 , in her song `` Flawless '' , released later that year . In 2014 she performed live at the MTV Video Awards in front a giant backdrop reading `` FEMINIST . '' She has also contributed to the Ban Bossy campaign , which uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls . Following Beyoncé 's public identification as a feminist , the sexualized nature of her performances and the fact that she championed her marriage was questioned . Beyoncé publicly endorsed same sex marriage on March 26 , 2013 , after the Supreme Court debate on California 's Proposition 8 . Beyoncé spoke against North Carolina 's Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act , a bill passed ( and later repealed ) that discriminated against the LGBT community in public places in a statement during her concert in Raleigh as part of the Formation World Tour in 2016 . She has also condemned police brutality against black Americans . Beyoncé and Jay - Z attended a rally in 2013 in response to the acquittal of George Zimmerman for the shooting of Trayvon Martin . The film for her sixth album Lemonade included the mothers of Trayvon Martin , Michael Brown and Eric Garner , holding pictures of their sons in the video for `` Freedom '' . In a 2016 interview with Elle , Beyoncé responded to the controversy surrounding her song `` Formation '' which was perceived to be critical of the police . She clarified , `` I am against police brutality and injustice . Those are two separate things . If celebrating my roots and culture during Black History Month made anyone uncomfortable , those feelings were there long before a video and long before me '' . In February 2017 , Beyoncé spoke out against the withdrawal of protections for transgender students in public schools by Donald Trump 's presidential administration . Posting a link to the 100 Days of Kindness campaign on her Facebook page , Beyoncé voiced her support for transgender youth and joined a roster of celebrities who spoke out against Trump 's decision . Wealth Forbes magazine began reporting on Beyoncé 's earnings in 2008 , calculating that the $80 million earned between June 2007 to June 2008 , for her music , tour , films and clothing line made her the world 's best - paid music personality at the time , above Madonna and Celine Dion . They placed her fourth on the Celebrity 100 list in 2009 and ninth on the `` Most Powerful Women in the World '' list in 2010 . The following year , Forbes placed her eighth on the `` Best - Paid Celebrities Under 30 '' list , having earned $35 million in the past year for her clothing line and endorsement deals . In 2012 , Forbes placed Beyoncé at number 16 on the Celebrity 100 list , twelve places lower than three years ago yet still having earned $40 million in the past year for her album 4 , clothing line and endorsement deals . In the same year , Beyoncé and Jay - Z placed at number one on the `` World 's Highest - Paid Celebrity Couples '' , for collectively earning $78 million . The couple made it into the previous year 's Guinness World Records as the `` highest - earning power couple '' for collectively earning $122 million in 2009 . For the years 2009 to 2011 , Beyoncé earned an average of $70 million per year , and earned $40 million in 2012 . In 2013 , Beyoncé 's endorsements of Pepsi and H&M made her and Jay - Z the world 's first billion dollar couple in the music industry . That year , Beyoncé was published as the fourth most - powerful celebrity in the Forbes rankings . MTV estimated that by the end of 2014 , Beyoncé would become the highest - paid black musician in history ; this became the case in April 2014 . In June 2014 , Beyoncé ranked at number one on the Forbes Celebrity 100 list , earning an estimated $115 million throughout June 2013 -- June 2014 . This in turn was the first time she had topped the Celebrity 100 list as well as being her highest yearly earnings to date . In 2016 , Beyoncé ranked at number 34 on the Celebrity 100 list with earnings of $54 million . Herself and Jay - Z also topped the highest paid celebrity couple list , with combined earnings of $107.5 million . As of May 2017 , Forbes calculated her net worth to be $350 million , and in June of the same year , ranked her as the second - highest earning celebrity with annual earnings of $105 million . This tied Beyoncé with Madonna as the only two female artists to earn more than $100 million within a single year twice . As a couple with Jay - Z , they have a combined net worth of $1.16 billion . In July 2017 , Billboard announced that Beyoncé was the highest paid musician of 2016 , with an estimated total of $62.1 million . Legacy Beyoncé performing during her I Am ... World Tour in 2009 In The New Yorker , music critic Jody Rosen described Beyoncé as `` the most important and compelling popular musician of the twenty - first century ... the result , the logical end point , of a century - plus of pop . '' When The Observer named her Artist of the Decade , Llewyn - Smith wrote : Why Beyoncé ? ( ... ) Because she made not one but two of the decade 's greatest singles , with ' Crazy in Love ' and ' Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) ' , not to mention her hits with Destiny 's Child ; and this was the decade when singles -- particularly R&B singles -- regained their status as pop 's favourite medium . ( ... ) ( She ) and not any superannuated rock star was arguably the greatest live performer of the past 10 years . In 2013 , Beyoncé made the Time 100 list , with Baz Luhrmann writing : No one has that voice , no one moves the way she moves , no one can hold an audience the way she does ... When Beyoncé does an album , when Beyoncé sings a song , when Beyoncé does anything , it 's an event , and it 's broadly influential . Right now , she is the heir - apparent diva of the USA -- the reigning national voice . In 2014 , Beyoncé was listed again on the Time 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue . Beyoncé 's work has influenced numerous artists including Britney Spears , Adele , Bebe Rexha , Ariana Grande , Lady Gaga , Ellie Goulding , Rihanna , Iggy Azalea , Demi Lovato , Tinashe , Kelly Rowland , Sam Smith , Nicole Scherzinger , Jessica Sanchez , Cheryl , JoJo , Meghan Trainor , Grimes , Rita Ora , Zendaya , Alexis Jordan , Bridgit Mendler , and Azealia Banks . American indie rock band White Rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album Milk Famous ( 2012 ) , friend Gwyneth Paltrow studied Beyoncé at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film Country Strong . Sheldon Pearce of Pitchfork noticed her contribution in changing the sound of pop music radio with her hip - hop assisted style , writing : Her hip - hop fluency gave her an advantage in the pop - star arms race , helping her to become the presiding voice in an increasingly rap - dominated musical landscape . Her evolution , from rap - adjacent R&B star ( appearing as early as 1998 in a Geto Boys video ) to reluctant hip - hop shareholder to full - blown rapper , played a role in slowly shifting the sound of pop radio . Her debut single , `` Crazy in Love '' was named VH1 's `` Greatest Song of the 2000s '' , NME 's `` Best Track of the 00s '' and `` Pop Song of the Century '' , considered by Rolling Stone to be one of the 500 greatest songs of all time , earned two Grammy Awards and is one of the best - selling singles of all time at around 8 million copies . The music video for `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' , which achieved fame for its intricate choreography and its deployment of jazz hands , was credited by the Toronto Star as having started the `` first major dance craze of both the new millennium and the Internet '' , triggering a number of parodies of the dance choreography and a legion of amateur imitators on YouTube . In 2013 , Drake released a single titled `` Girls Love Beyoncé '' , which featured an interpolation from Destiny Child 's `` Say My Name '' and discussed his relationship with women . In January 2012 , research scientist Bryan Lessard named Scaptia beyonceae , a species of horse fly found in Northern Queensland , Australia after Beyoncé due to the fly 's unique golden hairs on its abdomen . In July 2014 , a Beyoncé exhibit was introduced into the `` Legends of Rock '' section of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . The black leotard from the `` Single Ladies '' video and her outfit from the Super Bowl half time performance are among several pieces housed at the museum . Architects credit Beyoncé 's look in her `` Ghost '' music video as the inspiration of the design of the Premier Tower under construction in Australia . The City of Minneapolis , Minnesota declared May 23 Beyoncé Day in the city in 2016 . In 2018 , the City of Columbia , South Carolina declared August 21 Beyoncé Knowles - Carter Day in the city after presenting her with the keys to Columbia . Achievements See also : List of awards and nominations received by Beyoncé See also : List of awards and nominations received by Destiny 's Child Beyoncé has received numerous awards . As a solo artist she has sold over 17 million albums in the US , and over 100 million records worldwide ( a further 60 million additionally with Destiny 's Child ) , making her one of the best - selling music artists of all time . The Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) listed Beyoncé as the top certified artist of the 2000s decade , with a total of 64 certifications . Her songs `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' , `` Halo '' , and `` Irreplaceable '' are some of the best - selling singles of all time worldwide . In 2009 , The Observer named her the Artist of the Decade and Billboard named her the Top Female Artist and Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade . In 2010 , Billboard named her in their `` Top 50 R&B / Hip - Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years '' list at number 15 . In 2012 VH1 ranked her third on their list of the `` 100 Greatest Women in Music '' , behind Mariah Carey and Madonna . Beyoncé was honored with the International Artist Award at the 2007 American Music Awards . She has also received the Legend Award at the 2008 World Music Awards , the Billboard Millennium Award at the 2011 Billboard Music Awards , the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards , and the Fashion Icon Award at the 2016 CFDA Awards . Beyoncé has won 22 Grammy Awards , both as a solo artist and member of Destiny 's Child , making her the second most honored female artist by the Grammys , behind Alison Krauss and the most nominated woman in Grammy Award history with a total of 62 nominations . `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' won Song of the Year in 2010 while `` Say My Name '' , `` Crazy in Love '' and `` Drunk in Love '' have each won Best R&B Song . Dangerously in Love , B'Day and I Am ... Sasha Fierce have all won Best Contemporary R&B Album , while Lemonade has won Best Urban Contemporary Album . Beyoncé set the record for the most Grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards , breaking the tie she previously held with Alicia Keys , Norah Jones , Alison Krauss , and Amy Winehouse , with Adele equaling this in 2012 . Beyoncé has also won 24 MTV Video Music Awards , making her the most - awarded artist in Video Music Award history . `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' and `` Formation '' won Video of the Year in 2009 and 2016 respectively . Beyoncé tied the record set by Lady Gaga in 2010 for the most VMAs won in one night for a female artist with eight in 2016 . She is also the most awarded and nominated artist in BET Award history , winning 29 awards from a total of 60 nominations . Following her role in Dreamgirls , Beyoncé was nominated for Best Original Song for `` Listen '' and Best Actress at the Golden Globe Awards , and Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture at the NAACP Image Awards . Beyoncé won two awards at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2006 ; Best Song for `` Listen '' and Best Original Soundtrack for Dreamgirls : Music from the Motion Picture . According to Fuse in 2014 , Beyoncé is the second most award - winning artist of all time , after Michael Jackson . She was named on the 2016 BBC Radio 4 Woman 's Hour Power List as one of seven women judged to have had the biggest impact on women 's lives over the past 70 years , alongside Margaret Thatcher , Barbara Castle , Helen Brook , Germaine Greer , Jayaben Desai and Bridget Jones . Business and ventures Endorsements Beyoncé has worked with Pepsi since 2002 , and in 2004 appeared in a Gladiator - themed commercial with Britney Spears , Pink , and Enrique Iglesias . In 2012 , Beyoncé signed a $50 million deal to endorse Pepsi . The Center for Science in the Public Interest ( CSPINET ) wrote Beyoncé an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation . Nevertheless , NetBase found that Beyoncé 's campaign was the most talked about endorsement in April 2013 , with a 70 per cent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads . Beyoncé has worked with Tommy Hilfiger for the fragrances True Star ( singing a cover version of `` Wishing on a Star '' ) and True Star Gold ; she also promoted Emporio Armani 's Diamonds fragrance in 2007 . Beyoncé launched her first official fragrance , Heat , in 2010 . The commercial , which featured the 1956 song `` Fever '' , was shown after the water shed in the United Kingdom as it begins with an image of Beyoncé appearing to lie naked in a room . In February 2011 , Beyoncé launched her second fragrance , Heat Rush . Beyoncé 's third fragrance , Pulse , was launched in September 2011 . In 2013 , The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition version of Heat was released . The six editions of Heat are the world 's best - selling celebrity fragrance line , with sales of over $400 million . The release of a video - game Starpower : Beyoncé was cancelled after Beyoncé pulled out of a $100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development . It was settled out of court by her lawyers in June 2013 who said that they had cancelled because GateFive had lost its financial backers . Beyoncé also has had deals with American Express , Nintendo DS and L'Oréal since the age of 18 . In March 2015 , Beyoncé became a co-owner , with other artists , of the music streaming service Tidal . The service specializes in lossless audio and high definition music videos . Beyoncé 's husband Jay - Z acquired the parent company of Tidal , Aspiro , in the first quarter of 2015 . Including Beyoncé and Jay - Z , sixteen artist stakeholders ( such as Kanye West , Rihanna , Madonna , Chris Martin , Nicki Minaj and more ) co-own Tidal , with the majority owning a 3 % equity stake . The idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry . Fashion lines Beyoncé and her mother introduced House of Deréon , a contemporary women 's fashion line , in 2005 . The concept is inspired by three generations of women in their family , with the name paying tribute to Beyoncé 's grandmother , Agnèz Deréon , a respected seamstress . According to Tina , the overall style of the line best reflects her and Beyoncé 's taste and style . Beyoncé and her mother founded their family 's company Beyond Productions , which provides the licensing and brand management for House of Deréon , and its junior collection , Deréon . House of Deréon pieces were exhibited in Destiny 's Child 's shows and tours , during their Destiny Fulfilled era . The collection features sportswear , denim offerings with fur , outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear , and are available at department and specialty stores across the US and Canada . In 2005 , Beyoncé teamed up with House of Brands , a shoe company , to produce a range of footwear for House of Deréon . In January 2008 , Starwave Mobile launched Beyoncé Fashion Diva , a `` high - style '' mobile game with a social networking component , featuring the House of Deréon collection . In July 2009 , Beyoncé and her mother launched a new junior apparel label , Sasha Fierce for Deréon , for back - to - school selling . The collection included sportswear , outerwear , handbags , footwear , eyewear , lingerie and jewelry . It was available at department stores including Macy 's and Dillard 's , and specialty stores Jimmy Jazz and Against All Odds . On May 27 , 2010 , Beyoncé teamed up with clothing store C&A to launch Deréon by Beyoncé at their stores in Brazil . The collection included tailored blazers with padded shoulders , little black dresses , embroidered tops and shirts and bandage dresses . In October 2014 , Beyoncé signed a deal to launch an activewear line of clothing with British fashion retailer Topshop . The 50 -- 50 venture is called Ivy Park and was launched in April 2016 . The brand 's name is a nod to Beyoncé 's daughter Blue Ivy and her favourite number four ( IV in roman numerals ) , and also references the park where she used to run in Texas . Philanthropy Beyoncé ( center ) and her mother , Tina , ( left ) at the opening of the Beyoncé Cosmetology Center on March 5 , 2010 After Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , Beyoncé and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the Houston area , to which Beyoncé contributed an initial $250,000 . The foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city , and also provided relief following Hurricane Ike three years later . Beyoncé participated in George Clooney and Wyclef Jean 's Hope for Haiti Now : A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief telethon and was named the official face of the limited edition CFDA `` Fashion For Haiti '' T - shirt , made by Theory which raised a total of $1 million . On March 5 , 2010 , Beyoncé and her mother Tina opened the Beyoncé Cosmetology Center at the Brooklyn Phoenix House , offering a seven - month cosmetology training course for men and women . In April 2011 , Beyoncé joined forces with US First Lady Michelle Obama and the National Association of Broadcasters Education Foundation , to help boost the latter 's campaign against child obesity by reworking her single `` Get Me Bodied '' . Following the death of Osama bin Laden , Beyoncé released her cover of the Lee Greenwood song `` God Bless the USA '' , as a charity single to help raise funds for the New York Police and Fire Widows ' and Children 's Benefit Fund . In December , Beyoncé along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for `` Demand A Plan '' , a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 US mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws , following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting . Beyoncé became an ambassador for the 2012 World Humanitarian Day campaign donating her song `` I Was Here '' and its music video , shot in the UN , to the campaign . In 2013 , it was announced that Beyoncé would work with Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini on a Gucci `` Chime for Change '' campaign that aims to spread female empowerment . The campaign , which aired on February 28 , was set to her new music . A concert for the cause took place on June 1 , 2013 in London and included other acts like Ellie Goulding , Florence and the Machine , and Rita Ora . In advance of the concert , she appeared in a campaign video released on May 15 , 2013 , where she , along with Cameron Diaz , John Legend and Kylie Minogue , described inspiration from their mothers , while a number of other artists celebrated personal inspiration from other women , leading to a call for submission of photos of women of viewers ' inspiration from which a selection was shown at the concert . Beyoncé said about her mother Tina Knowles that her gift was `` finding the best qualities in every human being . '' With help of the crowdfunding platform Catapult , visitors of the concert could choose between several projects promoting education of women and girls . Beyoncé is also taking part in `` Miss a Meal '' , a food - donation campaign , and supporting Goodwill charity through online charity auctions at Charitybuzz that support job creation throughout Europe and the U.S. In December 2016 , Beyoncé was named the Most Charitable Celebrity of the year . Discography Main article : Beyoncé discography See also : Destiny 's Child discography Dangerously in Love ( 2003 ) B'Day ( 2006 ) I Am ... Sasha Fierce ( 2008 ) 4 ( 2011 ) Beyoncé ( 2013 ) Lemonade ( 2016 ) Filmography Further information : Beyoncé videography Tours and residencies Main article : List of Beyoncé live performances Headlining tours Dangerously in Love Tour ( 2003 ) The Beyoncé Experience ( 2007 ) I Am ... World Tour ( 2009 -- 2010 ) The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour ( 2013 -- 2014 ) The Formation World Tour ( 2016 ) Co-headlining tours Verizon Ladies First Tour ( with Alicia Keys and Missy Elliott ) ( 2004 ) On the Run Tour ( with Jay - Z ) ( 2014 ) On the Run II Tour ( with Jay - Z ) ( 2018 ) Concert residencies I Am ... Yours ( 2009 ) 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé ( 2011 ) Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live ( 2012 ) See also Book : Beyoncé Honorific nicknames in popular music List of artists who reached number one in the United States List of Billboard Social 50 number - one artists List of black Golden Globe Award winners and nominees List of artists with the most number ones on the U.S. dance chart List of highest - grossing concert tours Beyoncé 2018 Coachella performance Notes Jump up ^ The gross takings from the 29 shows which were reported to Billboard Boxscore totalled $24.9 million ; the tour comprised 96 concerts . References Jump up ^ `` DJ Khaled 's single , `` Top Off featuring JAY - Z , Future & B '' `` . Billboard . March 2 , 2018 . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé credited as `` Third Ward Trill '' on JAY - Z 's album , Magna Carta Holy Grail `` . Global Grind . July 9 , 2013 . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ `` Celebrity fashion labels : The good , the bad and the ugly '' . CNN . September 26 , 2011 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adenitire , Adenike ( June 8 , 2005 ) . `` Destiny 's Child Put On A Fashion Show At U.K. Concert '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Moss , Corey ( April 12 , 2005 ) . `` Beyoncé In Talks For Potential ' Dream ' Film Role '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Butler , Meredith ( August 15 , 2005 ) . `` Rancho Bernardo company teams with singer '' . North Country Times . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kaplan , Julee ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Beyoncé and Tina Knowles Launch Sasha Fierce '' . Women 's Wear Daily . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dereon by Beyoncé for C&A '' . Fashionlooks.com . June 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Alter , Charlotte ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` Beyoncé Launching Athletic Brand With Topshop '' . Time . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Adamczyk , Alicia ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` Beyoncé To Launch Activewear Brand With Topshop '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé talks about her athleisure brand Ivy Park and the pressure to be perfect '' . The Telegraph . April 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Survivor Foundation Established by Knowles and Rowland Families to Provide Transitional Housing for Hurricane Evacuees '' . Business Wire. 2005 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philanthropy '' . Music World . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2010 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( October 15 , 2008 ) . `` Beyoncé 's Survivor Foundation Helps Hurricane Ike Victims '' . MTV Newsroom . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé Added to Haiti Telethon '' . Rap - Up . January 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Daly , Bridget ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` Beyoncé Named Face of Fashion for Haiti T - Shirt '' . Holly Scoop . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Fashion Industry Donates $1 Million to the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund '' . Jump up ^ Conley , Mikaela ( April 29 , 2011 ) . `` Beyoncé Joins Michelle Obama 's Initiative To Fight Childhood Obesity '' . ABC . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé Wants You to `` Move Your Body '' `` . Rap - Up . April 8 , 2011 . Retrieved April 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Martin , Dan ( May 6 , 2011 ) . `` Beyoncé debuts charity single God Bless the USA '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About Mayors Against Illegal Guns '' . demandaction.org . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gun Control : Celebrities ' Demand a Plan ' '' . Sky News . December 22 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hart , Tina ( August 20 , 2012 ) . `` Beyoncé helps break 1bn social media milestone for World Humanitarian Day '' . Music Week . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Humanitarian Day -- 19 August '' . Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Sarah ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Beyoncé Leads New Gucci Empowerment Campaign '' . Vogue . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Talarico , Brittany ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Katy Perry , Blake Lively Join Beyoncé and Gucci to Empower Women '' . People . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Line Up '' . Chime for Change . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McKnight , Jenni ( April 8 , 2013 ) . `` Beyoncé reveals her biggest inspiration is her mother as she sees the ' best qualities ' in everybody '' . Metro News . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cameron Diaz , Evan Rachel Wood , Florence Welch , Freida Pinto , Gwyneth Paltrow , Jada Pinkett Smith , John Legend , Julia Roberts , Kylie Minogue , Olivia Wilde , Ziggy Marley And Zoe Saldana Join Chime For Change Co Founders Beyoncé Knowles -- Carter , Frida Giannini And Salma Hayek Pinault To Celebrate The Most Inspirational Girls And Women In Their Lives '' ( PDF ) . Chime For Change . London , UK . May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About : Miss A Meal '' . Miss A Meal . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé is Lending Her Voice for GOOD '' . Reuters. April 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` charitybuzz '' . Beyonce.com. April 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` See Which Star Was Named Most Charitable Celeb of 2016 '' . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beyoncé . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Beyoncé Official website Beyoncé at Encyclopædia Britannica Beyoncé at AllMusic Beyoncé discography at Discogs Beyoncé on IMDb Related articles Beyoncé Awards and nominations Discography Songs Performances Videography Studio albums Dangerously in Love B'Day I Am ... Sasha Fierce Beyoncé Lemonade Collaborative albums Everything Is Love ( with Jay - Z as The Carters ) EPs True Star : A Private Performance Irreemplazable Above and Beyoncé : Dance Mixes Heat 4 : The Remix More Only Compilations Beyoncé : Platinum Edition Live and video releases Live at Wembley The Ultimate Performer B'Day Anthology Video Album The Beyoncé Experience Live Above and Beyoncé : Video Collection I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas I Am ... World Tour Live at Roseland : Elements of 4 Live in Atlantic City Live Concert tours Dangerously in Love Tour Verizon Ladies First Tour The Beyoncé Experience I Am ... World Tour The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour On the Run Tour The Formation World Tour On the Run II Tour Concert residencies I Am ... Yours 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live Television Super Bowl XLVII halftime show Life Is But a Dream On the Run Tour : Beyoncé and Jay - Z Super Bowl 50 halftime show Lemonade Beyoncé 2018 Coachella performance Retail House of Deréon Heat Heat Rush Pulse Rise Tidal Ivy Park Related soundtracks Dreamgirls soundtrack Cadillac Records soundtrack Related topics Parkwood Entertainment Destiny 's Child Jay - Z ( husband ) Mathew Knowles ( father ) Tina Knowles ( mother ) Solange Knowles ( sister ) Frank Gatson Jr . Ashley Everett Bibi McGill True Star `` Kanyegate '' Let 's Move ! Flash Workout Scaptia beyonceae EveryBODYisflawless Book Category Portal Beyoncé songs Discography Dangerously in Love `` Crazy in Love '' `` Naughty Girl '' `` Baby Boy '' `` Me , Myself and I '' `` The Closer I Get to You '' `` Dangerously in Love 2 '' `` Daddy '' Live at Wembley `` What 's It Gonna Be '' `` Wishing on a Star '' B'Day `` Déjà Vu '' `` Get Me Bodied '' `` Suga Mama '' `` Upgrade U '' `` Ring the Alarm '' `` Kitty Kat '' `` Freakum Dress '' `` Green Light '' `` Irreplaceable '' `` Resentment '' `` Check on It '' `` Beautiful Liar / Bello Embustero '' `` Welcome to Hollywood '' `` Flaws and All '' `` Still in Love ( Kissing You ) '' `` Listen '' `` Amor Gitano '' I Am ... Sasha Fierce `` If I Were a Boy '' `` Halo '' `` Broken - Hearted Girl '' `` Ave Maria '' `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' `` Radio '' `` Diva '' `` Sweet Dreams '' `` Video Phone '' `` Ego '' `` Honesty '' `` Why Do n't You Love Me '' `` Poison '' `` 1 + 1 '' `` I Care '' `` I Miss You '' `` Best Thing I Never Had '' `` Party '' `` Rather Die Young '' `` Start Over '' `` Love On Top '' `` Countdown '' `` End of Time '' `` I Was Here '' `` Run the World ( Girls ) '' `` Lay Up Under Me '' `` Schoolin ' Life '' `` Dance for You '' Beyoncé `` Pretty Hurts '' `` Haunted '' `` Drunk in Love '' `` Blow '' `` No Angel '' `` Partition '' `` Jealous '' `` Rocket '' `` Mine '' `` XO '' `` Flawless '' `` Superpower '' `` Heaven '' `` 7 / 11 '' `` Ring Off '' Lemonade `` Pray You Catch Me '' `` Hold Up '' `` Do n't Hurt Yourself '' `` Sorry '' `` 6 Inch '' `` Daddy Lessons '' `` Love Drought '' `` Sandcastles '' `` Forward '' `` Freedom '' `` All Night '' `` Formation '' Everything Is Love `` Apeshit '' As featured artist `` ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Feeling Myself '' `` Fighting Temptation '' `` Hollywood '' `` Hymn for the Weekend '' `` I Got That '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Lift Off '' `` Love a Woman '' `` Love in This Club Part II '' `` Mi Gente '' `` Part II ( On the Run ) '' `` Put It in a Love Song '' `` Runnin ' ( Lose It All ) '' `` Say Yes '' `` See Me Now '' `` Shining '' `` Telephone '' `` Top Off '' `` Until the End of Time '' `` Walk on Water '' `` What More Can I Give '' Other songs `` A Woman Like Me '' `` All I Could Do Was Cry '' `` At Last '' `` Back to Black '' `` Crazy in Love ( Remix ) '' `` Die with You '' `` Fever '' `` God Bless the USA '' `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' `` Sexy Lil Thug '' `` One Night Only '' `` Perfect Duet '' `` Summertime '' `` Work It Out '' Book Category Destiny 's Child Beyoncé Knowles Kelly Rowland Michelle Williams LaTavia Roberson LeToya Luckett Farrah Franklin Studio albums Destiny 's Child The Writing 's on the Wall Survivor 8 Days of Christmas Destiny Fulfilled Compilation albums This Is the Remix # 1 's Mathew Knowles & Music World Present Vol. 1 : Love Destiny Playlist : The Very Best of Destiny 's Child Love Songs Extended plays Love : Destiny Singles `` No , No , No '' `` With Me '' `` Get on the Bus '' `` Bills , Bills , Bills '' `` Bug a Boo '' `` Say My Name '' `` Jumpin ' , Jumpin ' '' `` Independent Women '' `` Survivor '' `` Bootylicious '' `` Emotion '' `` Nasty Girl '' `` 8 Days of Christmas '' `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' `` Lose My Breath '' `` Soldier '' `` Girl '' `` Cater 2 U '' `` Stand Up for Love '' Featured singles `` Just Be Straight with Me '' `` Thug Love '' `` What 's Going On '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' Live and video releases The Platinum 's on the Wall Destiny 's Child World Tour Live in Atlanta Destiny 's Child Video Anthology Concert tours Total Request Live Tour Destiny Fulfilled ... and Lovin ' It Related topics Discography Awards and nominations Songs Mathew Knowles Super Bowl XLVII halftime show Book Brit Award for International Female 1980s Tracy Chapman ( 1989 ) 1990s Not Awarded ( 1990 ) Sinéad O'Connor ( 1991 ) Not Awarded ( 1992 ) Not Awarded ( 1993 ) Björk ( 1994 ) K.d. lang ( 1995 ) Björk ( 1996 ) Sheryl Crow ( 1997 ) Björk ( 1998 ) Natalie Imbruglia ( 1999 ) 2000s Macy Gray ( 2000 ) Madonna ( 2001 ) Kylie Minogue ( 2002 ) Pink ( 2003 ) Beyoncé ( 2004 ) Gwen Stefani ( 2005 ) Madonna ( 2006 ) Nelly Furtado ( 2007 ) Kylie Minogue ( 2008 ) Katy Perry ( 2009 ) 2010s Lady Gaga ( 2010 ) Rihanna ( 2011 ) Rihanna ( 2012 ) Lana Del Rey ( 2013 ) Lorde ( 2014 ) Taylor Swift ( 2015 ) Björk ( 2016 ) Beyoncé ( 2017 ) Lorde ( 2018 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Song 1998 -- 2000 `` When You Believe '' Music & Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` Music of My Heart '' Music & Lyrics : Diane Warren ( 1999 ) `` My Funny Friend and Me '' Music & Lyrics : David Hartley , Sting ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` May It Be '' Music & Lyrics : Enya , Nicky Ryan , Roma Ryan ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music & Lyrics : Jeff Bass , Eminem , Luis Resto , ( 2002 ) `` A Mighty Wind '' Music & Lyrics : Christopher Guest , Eugene Levy , Michael McKean ( 2003 ) `` Old Habits Die Hard '' Music & Lyrics : Mick Jagger , David Stewart ( 2004 ) `` Hustle & Flow '' Music & Lyrics : Terrence Howard ( 2005 ) `` Listen '' Music & Lyrics : Scott Cutler , Henry Krieger , Anne Preven ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music & Lyrics : Glen Hansard , Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` The Wrestler '' Music & Lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music & Lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` If I Rise '' Music & Lyrics : Rollo Armstrong , Dido , A.R. Rahman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- 2020 `` Life 's a Happy Song '' Music & Lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music & Lyrics : Adele , Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music & Lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez , Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music & Lyrics : Common , John Legend ( 2014 ) `` See You Again '' Music & Lyrics : Andrew Cedar , DJ Frank E , Wiz Khalifa , Charlie Puth ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz ; Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music & Lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez , Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) Grammy Award for Song of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Volare '' -- Domenico Modugno ( songwriter ) ( 1959 ) `` The Battle of New Orleans '' -- Jimmy Driftwood ( songwriter ) ( 1960 ) `` Theme from Exodus '' -- Ernest Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1962 ) `` What Kind of Fool Am I ? '' -- Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley ( songwriters ) ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1964 ) `` Hello , Dolly ! '' -- Jerry Herman ( songwriter ) ( 1965 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' -- Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel ( songwriters ) ( 1966 ) `` Michelle '' -- John Lennon & Paul McCartney ( songwriters ) ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up , and Away '' -- Jimmy Webb ( songwriter ) ( 1968 ) `` Little Green Apples '' -- Bobby Russell ( songwriter ) ( 1969 ) `` Games People Play '' -- Joe South ( songwriter ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Paul Simon ( songwriter ) ( 1971 ) `` You 've Got a Friend '' -- Carole King ( songwriter ) ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Ewan MacColl ( songwriter ) ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' -- Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox ( songwriters ) ( 1974 ) `` The Way We Were '' -- Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch ( songwriters ) ( 1975 ) `` Send In the Clowns '' -- Stephen Sondheim ( songwriter ) ( 1976 ) `` I Write the Songs '' -- Bruce Johnston ( songwriter ) ( 1977 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' -- Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams ( songwriters ) / `` You Light Up My Life '' -- Joe Brooks ( songwriter ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Billy Joel ( songwriter ) ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' -- Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald ( songwriters ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' -- Christopher Cross ( songwriter ) ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon ( songwriters ) ( 1982 ) `` Always on My Mind '' -- Johnny Christopher , Mark James & Wayne Carson ( songwriters ) ( 1983 ) `` Every Breath You Take '' -- Sting ( songwriter ) ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' -- Graham Lyle & Terry Britten ( songwriters ) ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' -- Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie ( songwriters ) ( 1986 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager ( songwriters ) ( 1987 ) `` Somewhere Out There '' -- James Horner , Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil ( songwriters ) ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' -- Bobby McFerrin ( songwriter ) ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' -- Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar ( songwriters ) ( 1990 ) `` From a Distance '' -- Julie Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' -- Irving Gordon ( songwriter ) ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' -- Eric Clapton & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1993 ) `` A Whole New World '' -- Alan Menken & Tim Rice ( songwriters ) ( 1994 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' -- Bruce Springsteen ( songwriter ) ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' -- Seal ( songwriter ) ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' -- Gordon Kennedy , Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims ( songwriters ) ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' -- Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal ( songwriters ) ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- James Horner & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' -- Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas ( songwriters ) ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2001 ) `` Fallin ' '' -- Alicia Keys ( songwriter ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' -- Jesse Harris ( songwriter ) ( 2003 ) `` Dance with My Father '' -- Richard Marx & Luther Vandross ( songwriters ) ( 2004 ) `` Daughters '' -- John Mayer ( songwriter ) ( 2005 ) `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' -- Emily Burns Erwin , Martha Maguire , Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson ( songwriters ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' -- Amy Winehouse ( songwriter ) ( 2008 ) `` Viva la Vida '' -- Guy Berryman , Jonathan Buckland , William Champion & Christopher Martin ( songwriters ) ( 2009 ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' -- Thaddis `` Kuk '' Harrell , Beyoncé Knowles , Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart ( songwriters ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' -- Dave Haywood , Josh Kear , Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott ( songwriters ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth ( songwriters ) ( 2012 ) `` We Are Young '' -- Jack Antonoff , Jeff Bhasker , Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess ( songwriters ) ( 2013 ) `` Royals '' -- Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor ( songwriters ) ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) -- James Napier , William Phillips & Sam Smith ( songwriters ) ( 2015 ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' -- Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge ( songwriters ) ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' -- Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin ( songwriters ) ( 2017 ) `` That 's What I Like '' -- Christopher Brody Brown , James Fauntleroy , Philip Lawrence , Bruno Mars , Ray Charles McCullough II , Jeremy Reeves , Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip ( songwriters ) ( 2018 ) Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 2000 -- 2019 ) 2000 : `` Breathe '' -- Faith Hill 2001 : `` Hanging by a Moment '' -- Lifehouse 2002 : `` How You Remind Me '' -- Nickelback 2003 : `` In da Club '' -- 50 Cent 2004 : `` Yeah ! '' -- Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris 2005 : `` We Belong Together '' -- Mariah Carey 2006 : `` Bad Day '' -- Daniel Powter 2007 : `` Irreplaceable '' -- Beyoncé 2008 : `` Low '' -- Flo Rida featuring T - Pain 2009 : `` Boom Boom Pow '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2010 : `` Tik Tok '' -- Kesha 2011 : `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Thrift Shop '' -- Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` Love Yourself '' -- Justin Bieber 2017 : `` Shape of You '' -- Ed Sheeran Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) MTV Movie Award for Best Fight Adam Sandler vs. Bob Barker -- Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) Fairuza Balk vs. Robin Tunney -- The Craft ( 1997 ) Will Smith vs. Cockroach -- Men in Black ( 1998 ) Ben Stiller vs. Puffy the Dog -- There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) Keanu Reeves vs. Laurence Fishburne -- The Matrix ( 2000 ) Zhang Ziyi vs. Entire bar -- Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2001 ) Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker vs. Hong Kong gang -- Rush Hour 2 ( 2002 ) Yoda vs. Christopher Lee -- Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2003 ) Uma Thurman vs. Chiaki Kuriyama -- Kill Bill : Volume 1 ( 2004 ) Uma Thurman vs. Daryl Hannah -- Kill Bill : Volume 2 ( 2005 ) Angelina Jolie vs. Brad Pitt -- Mr. & Mrs. Smith ( 2006 ) Gerard Butler vs. Robert Maillet -- 300 ( 2007 ) Sean Faris vs. Cam Gigandet -- Never Back Down ( 2008 ) Robert Pattinson vs. Cam Gigandet -- Twilight ( 2009 ) Beyoncé Knowles vs. Ali Larter -- Obsessed ( 2010 ) Robert Pattinson vs. Bryce Dallas Howard and Xavier Samuel -- The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence and Josh Hutcherson vs. Alexander Ludwig -- The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Evans , Mark Ruffalo , Chris Hemsworth , Scarlett Johansson and Jeremy Renner vs. Tom Hiddleston -- The Avengers ( 2013 ) Orlando Bloom and Evangeline Lilly vs. Orcs -- The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2014 ) Dylan O'Brien vs. Will Poulter -- The Maze Runner ( 2015 ) Ryan Reynolds vs. Ed Skrein - 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"Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter (/biːˈjɒnseɪ/; born September 4, 1981)[4] is an American singer, songwriter, performer, and actress. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, Beyoncé performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child. She rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of the R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the world's best-selling girl groups in history. Their hiatus saw Beyoncé's theatrical film debut in Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002) and the release of her debut album, Dangerously in Love (2003). The album established her as a solo artist worldwide, debuting at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart and earning five Grammy Awards, and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number one singles \"Crazy in Love\" and \"Baby Boy\".\n"
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-8393645035637657294 | Subnautica | Subnautica - Wikipedia Subnautica Jump to : navigation , search Subnautica Developer ( s ) Unknown Worlds Entertainment Publisher ( s ) Unknown Worlds Entertainment Designer ( s ) Charlie Cleveland Programmer ( s ) Charlie Cleveland Steve An Max McGuire Artist ( s ) Cory Strader Brian Cummings Scott MacDonald Writer ( s ) Tom Jubert Composer ( s ) Simon Chylinski Engine Unity Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows MacOS Xbox One Release Microsoft Windows , MacOS January 23 , 2018 Xbox One 2018 Genre ( s ) Adventure , survival Mode ( s ) Single - player Subnautica is a survival adventure game developed and published by Unknown Worlds Entertainment . It allows the player to freely explore the ocean on an alien planet , known as planet 4546B , collecting resources to survive . Subnautica was first released in early access for Microsoft Windows in December 2014 , Mac OS X in June 2015 , and for Xbox One in May 2016 . The full release out of early access was in January 2018 Exclusive for PC on Steam , with a version for the PlayStation 4 also planned for a later date . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Plot 3 Development 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Subnautica is a survival , adventure game set in an open world environment and played from a first - person perspective . The player controls the lone survivor of a crashed space ship , called the Aurora , on the fictional ocean planet 4546B . The ship 's wreckage explodes shortly after starting the game , from which point onward it can be explored . The main objective of the player is to explore the game 's world and survive the dangers of the planet while at the same time following the story of the game . Subnautica allows the player to collect resources , construct tools , bases , and submersibles , and interact with the planet 's wildlife . In the basic difficulty `` Survival '' , the player will have to maintain nutrition , hydration , and oxygen . The game includes a day and night cycle which affects the gameplay and surroundings . The game includes three other modes : `` Freedom mode '' , in which hunger and thirst are disabled ; `` Hardcore mode '' , which is the same as Survival , except that if the player dies , the player will no longer be able to respawn ; and `` Creative Mode '' , in which the hunger , thirst , health , and oxygen features are all disabled , all the crafting blueprints are acquired , where no resources are needed to craft and the submersibles do not need energy and can not be damaged . The game is mainly set underwater , with two explorable islands . HTC Vive Support is not yet fully built into the game . As a result , using SteamVR will not work with the Vive Controllers . Plot ( edit ) Subnautica takes place in the late 22nd century , when humanity begins to colonize planets in space . A vessel constructed by the trans - gov Alterra known as the `` Aurora '' has been sent to the outer reaches of controlled space on its maiden voyage with the main goal of constructing a form of high speed space travel structure known as a Phasegate . The Aurora also had a secondary mission which was to scan the Planet 4546B , which they would pass by on their journey , for signs of a ship that had gone missing around a decade prior , known as the `` Degasi '' . The Aurora was chosen for this mission due to its new , advanced scanners . Upon coming close to the planet a strange signature is picked up by the scanner and the Aurora is struck by an energy pulse of unknown origin , and shortly after , crash landing onto the planet . While the player crashing is still part of the plot , the Aurora 's nature has changed several times throughout the game 's development . For a period of time , it was instead a terraforming ship sent to harvest resources from the planet when it got shot down , while in the launch version of the game , the Aurora has been built for the sole purpose of constructing a Phasegate in 4546B 's system . As time passes , a series of radio messages from other survivors begins to stream in , sending the player to other crashed escape pods containing information about some of the Aurora 's passengers , but no people . A few signals appear to be sent by unknown creatures , which are planning on hunting down the survivors of the crash . Eventually , a passing trade ship called the `` Sunbeam '' picks up the Aurora 's distress signal and comes to help . However , upon attempting landing to pick up the player , the Sunbeam is destroyed , along with its entire crew , by the Quarantine Enforcement Platform , a huge weapon system built into the side of a mountain island by an unknown alien race around one thousand years ago . Soon afterwards the Alterra Corporation - the Aurora 's owner - manages to send through schematics of a rocket ship called the `` Neptune Escape Rocket '' that will allow the player to escape the planet . However , it will not be possible for the rocket to take off while the Quarantine Enforcement Platform is still active . As the player discovers later in the game , 4546B was host to an ancient alien race around one thousand years ago . They are referred to only as the `` Precursor Race '' . The Precursors were not natives of the planet , they were there searching for a cure to a highly infectious bacterium known as `` Kharaa '' that they had become infected with on an unknown planet , and in their time had killed over 143 billion of their kind . After many experiments were conducted on the native fauna species , the Precursors discovered one species known as the Sea Emperor Leviathan - the game 's largest creature and the being that has been telepathically communicating with the player throughout the game , whose stomach enzyme known as `` Enzyme 42 '' is capable of causing remission of Kharaa 's symptoms . A purpose built facility known as the `` Primary Containment Facility '' was constructed in a remote location at a depth of 1400 meters where the Sea Emperor , along with the eggs it was found with , were contained . Due to the Sea Emperor 's old age , around 1600 years , the potency of its Enzyme 42 had declined , meaning it was not capable of killing the Kharaa bacteria , only causing temporary remission . After discovering this the Precursors shifted their attention from the adult , to the eggs . Despite their best efforts the Precursors were unable to trigger the eggs to hatch and they were left in a state of indefinite stasis . Unbeknownst to the Precursors . who for reasons unknown were unable to hear the Sea Emperor 's telepathic voice , the Sea Emperor Leviathan was trying to tell them that the only way to hatch the eggs was to place them in their natural conditions , where enzymes produced by local flora would trigger full maturity and the hatching process to begin . After several attempts they took two of the seven Emperor eggs that had been collected and placed one in a laboratory dedicated to the research of eggs , and dissected the other . The egg dissection was a failure as the embryo was incapable of producing potent Enzmye 42 . Desperate , the Precursors stole two eggs from another native species , the `` Sea Dragon Leviathan '' , a species related to the Sea Emperor Leviathan species that shares many features with it , albeit smaller and far less intelligent . These eggs were taken to research the hatching conditions of the Sea Emperor , as the Emperor 's eggs were too precious to lose more of . The Precursors underestimated the Sea Dragon Leviathan , and it pursued them to another of their bases , the `` Disease Research Facility '' . One of the two Dragon eggs had been contained here and the Sea Dragon Leviathan launched an assault on the base , ending with it ramming headfirst into one of the support cables keeping the facility suspended above the ground , a feat that - according to the player 's PDA - would have required a ramming force of three hundred tons , and resulted in the death of the creature due to massive head trauma . The cable was ripped from the cave wall and the facility dropped , causing other cables to detach also and the facility to fall to the cave floor . This facility was the site in which Kharaa 's effects were tested on the local fauna , and its destruction caused Kharaa to break out into the ecosystem . Upon outbreak , several automated quarantine procedures were put into place : The Quarantine Enforcement Platform , a huge atmospheric weapon system was activated . The system prevents any unauthorised spacecraft from entering or leaving the planet . Clearance to leave can only be acquired by entering and having a blood sample taken by an automated device . If Kharaa , active or not , was present in the bloodstream , leaving would be made impossible as the spacecraft would be destroyed upon reaching a sufficient height . Despite only one such platform existing on the planet , it seems to have a scanning range covering the entire planet and the energy pulse fired by it can bend around the planet 's gravitational field , allowing coverage over the entire planet . The remaining Precursors were automatically evacuated to small , hidden bases known as sanctuaries . Here , their corporeal bodies were destroyed and their minds digitally stored , awaiting retrieval . Bio-mechanical constructs referred to as `` Self - Warping Quarantine Enforcer Units '' , or `` Warpers '' were activated . Their sole purpose is to track and destroy any infected organism , a purpose for which they are aptly equipped . Warpers were constructed from the body parts and DNA of dozens of different organisms , the vast majority of which are completely alien ; taken from other planets . In place of a digestive system they have an internal battery that is wirelessly charged by means unknown . They have no pulmonary system and a digitally augmented brain and nervous system ; a radio device was implanted into the brain , allowing contact with other units , and miniaturised `` phase technology '' was implanted beneath the skin which allows them to teleport themselves and others when triggered by the central nervous system . In the story , the player must locate and explore four bases constructed on the planet by the Precursors . These are the Quarantine Enforcement Platform , the Disease Research Facility , the Alien Thermal Plant ( a huge thermal power generator that supplies energy to all of the Precursor technology on the planet ) , and the Primary Containment Facility , where the now 2600 year old Sea Emperor Leviathan still resides with its eggs . The Sea Emperor Leviathan explains to the player that forcing the babies out of their eggs as the Precursors tried to will kill them , that they need a hatching enzyme to wake them from the eggs . The player then gathers local flora to make the Hatching Enzyme and hatches the eggs . After brief contact with its children , the ancient Sea Emperor 's strength finally fails , one of its arm on which it was supported giving out , leaving it crumpled and breathing heavily . After hatching the Sea Emperor 's eggs the player can leave the Primary Containment Facility 's aquarium through a `` Warp Gate '' through which the Sea Emperor 's babies also traveled into the shallow waters . The player can now disable the Quarantine Enforcement Platform . Once this is accomplished , they can launch the Neptune Escape Rocket to leave the planet . After leaving the atmosphere the rocket enters warp speed , made possible by the addition of Precursor technology to the engine . During this sequence the Sea Emperor Leviathan , a deeply philosophical being , makes telepathic contact one last time , saying `` What is a wave without the ocean ? A beginning without an end ? They are different , but they go together . Now you go among the stars , and I fall among the sand . We are different , but we go together '' . After which the credits will play . In a scene after the credits the computer confirms you have arrived back in Alterra space , but permission to land will only be granted after you pay your outstanding balance of one trillion credits , for the value of the planet 's natural resources used by the player during the game . Development ( edit ) Subnautica was announced by Unknown Worlds Entertainment on December 17 , 2013 , with Charlie Cleveland as the game director and lead gameplay programmer , and Hugh Jeremy as the producer . The development team opted to use the Unity engine rather than Spark , the engine used for the company 's previous game , Natural Selection 2 . Subnautica producer Hugh Jeremy justified this decision because of the different demands that the game places on the engine , and `` because ( the team ) does not include people working on Spark , it 's not appropriate for Subnautica to use Spark . By using Unity for Subnautica , Spark can continue to develop in certain directions , while Subnautica develops in others . To use Spark for Subnautica would be like trying to fit a square peg in a round hole . '' The development team opted against the inclusion of lethal weapons in the game . Charlie Cleveland , the game 's director , described Subnautica as `` one vote towards a world with less guns , '' and had felt inspired by real life gun violence , including the Sandy Hook shooting , to encourage players to think about `` non-violent and more creative solutions to solve our problems . '' Subnautica was released on Steam Early Access on December 16 , 2014 , and was in early access development until January 23 , 2018 . It was released on Xbox One Preview on May 17 , 2016 . The complete version of Subnautica was released on January 23 , 2018 for Steam . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic 87 / 100 The game received a positive pre-release reception . Ian Birnbaum of PC Gamer described Subnautica as an `` underwater Minecraft '' , remarking that `` with an experienced developer at the helm and a limitless variety of the oceans to play with , it 's going to take a lot for Subnautica to go badly wrong . As the toolbox gets deeper and the shape of the end - game gets set , Subnautica will be a unique example of the ways survival can be tense , rewarding , and fun . '' Marsh Davies of Rock , Paper , Shotgun praised the rewarding nature of exploring the world of Subnautica , but criticized the `` arbitrariness '' and lack of intuition in some of the in - game recipes . At launch , the game received generally positive reviews . Metacritic calculated an average score of 87 out of 100 based on 27 reviews for the Windows version . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jeremy , Hugh ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` The Crew of Subnautica '' . Unknown Worlds Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About Unknown Worlds '' . Unknown Worlds Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Carlson , Patrick ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Natural Selection isaac Edwards announces ocean - based Subnautica '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Ian ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` Subnautica : Early impressions of Minecraft under the sea '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Subnautica Xbox Preview Releases on 17 May - Subnautica '' . Subnautica . May 16 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Matulef , Jeffrey ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Natural Selection 2 dev 's Subnautica is out now on Steam Early Access '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Santangelo , Nick ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` Subnautica is now in development for Xbox One '' . XBLA Fans . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2016 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Subnautica ( Xbox Game Preview ) Is Now Available For Xbox One '' . Xbox Live 's Major Nelson . May 16 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy . `` Subnautica will finally leave Early Access later this month '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Start PS4 port '' . trello.com . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeremy , Hugh ( December 2013 ) . `` Subnautica : Descend into the Depths '' . Unknown Worlds Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeremy , Hugh ( December 18 , 2013 ) . `` Why is Subnautica using Unity , and not the Spark Engine ? '' . Unknown Worlds Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , Riley ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Subnautica Developer Explains Why He Wo n't Add Guns To The Game '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Subnautica for PC review '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davies , Marsh ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Premature Evaluation : Subnautica '' . Rock , Paper , Shotgun . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subnautica&oldid=842481065 '' Categories : MacOS games 2018 video games Adventure games Windows games Early access video games Survival video games Scuba diving video games Open world video games Video games developed in the United States Unity ( game engine ) games Xbox One games Ocean planets in fiction Video games set on fictional planets Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano مصرى Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 18 : 50 . About Wikipedia | when does subnautica fully come out for xbox one | [
"\n\nSubnautica\n\n\n\n\n\nDeveloper(s)\nUnknown Worlds Entertainment\n\n\nPublisher(s)\nUnknown Worlds Entertainment\n\n\nDesigner(s)\n\n\n\nCharlie Cleveland\n\n\n\n\n\nProgrammer(s)\n\n\n\nCharlie Cleveland\nSteve An\nMax McGuire[1]\n\n\n\n\n\nArtist(s)\n\n\n\nCory Strader\nBrian Cummings\nScott MacDonald [1]\n\n\n\n\n\nWriter(s)\nTom Jubert\n\n\nComposer(s)\nSimon Chylinski[2]\n\n\nEngine\nUnity\n\n\nPlatform(s)\n\n\n\nMicrosoft Windows\nMacOS\nXbox One\n\n\n\n\n\nRelease\n\n\n\nMicrosoft Windows, MacOS\nJanuary 23, 2018\nXbox One\n2018\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre(s)\nAdventure, survival\n\n\nMode(s)\nSingle-player\n\n"
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7069980641782756384 | Colosseum | Colosseum - wikipedia Colosseum Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Colosseum ( disambiguation ) . Colosseum Location Regio IV Templum Pacis ( `` Temple of Peace '' ) Built in 70 -- 80 AD Built by / for Vespasian , Titus Type of structure Amphitheatre Related List of ancient monuments in Rome The Colosseum The Colosseum or Coliseum ( / kɒləˈsiːəm / kol - ə - SEE - əm ) , also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre ( Latin : Amphitheatrum Flavium ; Italian : Anfiteatro Flavio ( aŋfiteˈaːtro ˈflaːvjo ) or Colosseo ( kolosˈsɛːo ) ) , is an oval amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome , Italy . Built of travertine , tuff , and brick - faced concrete , it is the largest amphitheatre ever built . The Colosseum is situated just east of the Roman Forum . Construction began under the emperor Vespasian in AD 72 , and was completed in AD 80 under his successor and heir Titus . Further modifications were made during the reign of Domitian ( 81 -- 96 ) . These three emperors are known as the Flavian dynasty , and the amphitheatre was named in Latin for its association with their family name ( Flavius ) . The Colosseum could hold , it is estimated , between 50,000 and 80,000 spectators , having an average audience of some 65,000 ; it was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles ( for only a short time as the hypogeum was soon filled in with mechanisms to support the other activities ) , animal hunts , executions , re-enactments of famous battles , and dramas based on Classical mythology . The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era . It was later reused for such purposes as housing , workshops , quarters for a religious order , a fortress , a quarry , and a Christian shrine . Although partially ruined because of damage caused by earthquakes and stone - robbers , the Colosseum is still an iconic symbol of Imperial Rome . It is one of Rome 's most popular tourist attractions and also has links to the Roman Catholic Church , as each Good Friday the Pope leads a torchlit `` Way of the Cross '' procession that starts in the area around the Colosseum . The Colosseum is also depicted on the Italian version of the five - cent euro coin . The Colosseum The Colosseum 's original Latin name was Amphitheatrum Flavium , often anglicized as Flavian Amphitheatre . The building was constructed by emperors of the Flavian dynasty , following the reign of Nero . This name is still used in modern English , but generally the structure is better known as the Colosseum . In antiquity , Romans may have referred to the Colosseum by the unofficial name Amphitheatrum Caesareum ( with Caesareum an adjective pertaining to the title Caesar ) , but this name may have been strictly poetic as it was not exclusive to the Colosseum ; Vespasian and Titus , builders of the Colosseum , also constructed an amphitheater of the same name in Puteoli ( modern Pozzuoli ) . The name Colosseum has long been believed to be derived from a colossal statue of Nero nearby ( the statue of Nero was named after the Colossus of Rhodes ) . This statue was later remodeled by Nero 's successors into the likeness of Helios ( Sol ) or Apollo , the sun god , by adding the appropriate solar crown . Nero 's head was also replaced several times with the heads of succeeding emperors . Despite its pagan links , the statue remained standing well into the medieval era and was credited with magical powers . It came to be seen as an iconic symbol of the permanence of Rome . In the 8th century , a famous epigram attributed to the Venerable Bede celebrated the symbolic significance of the statue in a prophecy that is variously quoted : Quamdiu stat Colisæus , stat et Roma ; quando cadet colisæus , cadet et Roma ; quando cadet Roma , cadet et mundus ( `` as long as the Colossus stands , so shall Rome ; when the Colossus falls , Rome shall fall ; when Rome falls , so falls the world '' ) . This is often mistranslated to refer to the Colosseum rather than the Colossus ( as in , for instance , Byron 's poem Childe Harold 's Pilgrimage ) . However , at the time that the Pseudo-Bede wrote , the masculine noun coliseus was applied to the statue rather than to what was still known as the Flavian amphitheatre . The Colossus did eventually fall , possibly being pulled down to reuse its bronze . By the year 1000 the name `` Colosseum '' had been coined to refer to the amphitheatre . The statue itself was largely forgotten and only its base survives , situated between the Colosseum and the nearby Temple of Venus and Roma . The name further evolved to Coliseum during the Middle Ages . In Italy , the amphitheatre is still known as il Colosseo , and other Romance languages have come to use similar forms such as Coloseumul ( Romanian ) , le Colisée ( French ) , el Coliseo ( Spanish ) and o Coliseu ( Portuguese ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Construction , inauguration , and Roman renovations 1.2 Medieval 1.3 Modern 2 Physical description 2.1 Exterior 2.2 Interior seating 2.3 Arena and hypogeum 2.4 Supporting buildings 3 Use 3.1 Today 3.1. 1 Restoration 4 Significance in Christianity 5 Flora 6 Works modeled on , or inspired by , the Colosseum 7 Popular culture references 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Bibliography 10 External links History Construction , inauguration , and Roman renovations Colosseum Sestertius of Titus celebrating the inauguration of the Colosseum ( minted 80 AD ) . A map of central Rome during the Roman Empire , with the Colosseum at the upper right corner The site chosen was a flat area on the floor of a low valley between the Caelian , Esquiline and Palatine Hills , through which a canalised stream ran . By the 2nd century BC the area was densely inhabited . It was devastated by the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64 , following which Nero seized much of the area to add to his personal domain . He built the grandiose Domus Aurea on the site , in front of which he created an artificial lake surrounded by pavilions , gardens and porticoes . The existing Aqua Claudia aqueduct was extended to supply water to the area and the gigantic bronze Colossus of Nero was set up nearby at the entrance to the Domus Aurea . Cross-section from the Lexikon der gesamten Technik ( 1904 ) Although the Colossus was preserved , much of the Domus Aurea was torn down . The lake was filled in and the land reused as the location for the new Flavian Amphitheatre . Gladiatorial schools and other support buildings were constructed nearby within the former grounds of the Domus Aurea . Vespasian 's decision to build the Colosseum on the site of Nero 's lake can be seen as a populist gesture of returning to the people an area of the city which Nero had appropriated for his own use . In contrast to many other amphitheatres , which were located on the outskirts of a city , the Colosseum was constructed in the city centre ; in effect , placing it both symbolically and precisely at the heart of Rome . Construction was funded by the opulent spoils taken from the Jewish Temple after the Great Jewish Revolt in 70 AD led to the Siege of Jerusalem . According to a reconstructed inscription found on the site , `` the emperor Vespasian ordered this new amphitheatre to be erected from his general 's share of the booty . '' Along with the spoils , estimated 100,000 Jewish prisoners were brought back to Rome after the war , and many contributed to the massive workforce needed for construction . The slaves undertook manual labor such as working in the quarries at Tivoli where the travertine was quarried , along with lifting and transporting the quarried stones 20 miles from Tivoli to Rome . Along with this free source of unskilled labor , teams of professional Roman builders , engineers , artists , painters and decorators undertook the more specialized tasks necessary for building the Colosseum . Construction of the Colosseum began under the rule of Vespasian in around 70 -- 72 AD ( 73 - 75 AD according to some sources ) The Colosseum had been completed up to the third story by the time of Vespasian 's death in 79 . The top level was finished by his son , Titus , in 80 , and the inaugural games were held in A.D. 80 or 81 . Dio Cassius recounts that over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the inaugural games of the amphitheatre . Commemorative coinage was issued celebrating the inauguration . The building was remodelled further under Vespasian 's younger son , the newly designated Emperor Domitian , who constructed the hypogeum , a series of underground tunnels used to house animals and slaves . He also added a gallery to the top of the Colosseum to increase its seating capacity . In 217 , the Colosseum was badly damaged by a major fire ( caused by lightning , according to Dio Cassius ) which destroyed the wooden upper levels of the amphitheatre 's interior . It was not fully repaired until about 240 and underwent further repairs in 250 or 252 and again in 320 . Gladiatorial fights are last mentioned around 435 . An inscription records the restoration of various parts of the Colosseum under Theodosius II and Valentinian III ( reigned 425 -- 455 ) , possibly to repair damage caused by a major earthquake in 443 ; more work followed in 484 and 508 . The arena continued to be used for contests well into the 6th century . Animal hunts continued until at least 523 , when Anicius Maximus celebrated his consulship with some venationes , criticised by King Theodoric the Great for their high cost . Medieval Map of medieval Rome depicting the Colosseum The Colosseum underwent several radical changes of use during the medieval period . By the late 6th century a small chapel had been built into the structure of the amphitheater , though this apparently did not confer any particular religious significance on the building as a whole . The arena was converted into a cemetery . The numerous vaulted spaces in the arcades under the seating were converted into housing and workshops , and are recorded as still being rented out as late as the 12th century . Around 1200 the Frangipani family took over the Colosseum and fortified it , apparently using it as a castle . Severe damage was inflicted on the Colosseum by the great earthquake in 1349 , causing the outer south side , lying on a less stable alluvial terrain , to collapse . Much of the tumbled stone was reused to build palaces , churches , hospitals and other buildings elsewhere in Rome . A religious order moved into the northern third of the Colosseum in the mid-14th century and continued to inhabit it until as late as the early 19th century . The interior of the amphitheater was extensively stripped of stone , which was reused elsewhere , or ( in the case of the marble façade ) was burned to make quicklime . The bronze clamps which held the stonework together were pried or hacked out of the walls , leaving numerous pockmarks which still scar the building today . Modern The Colosseum in a 1757 engraving by Giovanni Battista Piranesi 1747 view by Giovanni Paolo Panini , emphasizing the semi-rural environs of the Colosseum at the time During the 16th and 17th century , Church officials sought a productive role for the Colosseum . Pope Sixtus V ( 1585 -- 1590 ) planned to turn the building into a wool factory to provide employment for Rome 's prostitutes , though this proposal fell through with his premature death . In 1671 Cardinal Altieri authorized its use for bullfights ; a public outcry caused the idea to be hastily abandoned . Allied troops consult a guidebook outside the Colosseum after liberation in 1944 In 1749 , Pope Benedict XIV endorsed the view that the Colosseum was a sacred site where early Christians had been martyred . He forbade the use of the Colosseum as a quarry and consecrated the building to the Passion of Christ and installed Stations of the Cross , declaring it sanctified by the blood of the Christian martyrs who perished there ( see Significance in Christianity ) . However , there is no historical evidence to support Benedict 's claim , nor is there even any evidence that anyone before the 16th century suggested this might be the case ; the Catholic Encyclopedia concludes that there are no historical grounds for the supposition , other than the reasonably plausible conjecture that some of the many martyrs may well have been . Interior of the Colosseum , Rome ( 1832 ) by Thomas Cole , showing the Stations of the Cross around the arena and the extensive vegetation Later popes initiated various stabilization and restoration projects , removing the extensive vegetation which had overgrown the structure and threatened to damage it further . The façade was reinforced with triangular brick wedges in 1807 and 1827 , and the interior was repaired in 1831 , 1846 and in the 1930s . The arena substructure was partly excavated in 1810 -- 1814 and 1874 and was fully exposed under Benito Mussolini in the 1930s . The Colosseum is today one of Rome 's most popular tourist attractions , receiving millions of visitors annually . The effects of pollution and general deterioration over time prompted a major restoration programme carried out between 1993 and 2000 , at a cost of 40 billion Italian lire ( $19.3 m / € 20.6 m at 2000 prices ) . In recent years the Colosseum has become a symbol of the international campaign against capital punishment , which was abolished in Italy in 1948 . Several anti -- death penalty demonstrations took place in front of the Colosseum in 2000 . Since that time , as a gesture against the death penalty , the local authorities of Rome change the color of the Colosseum 's night time illumination from white to gold whenever a person condemned to the death penalty anywhere in the world gets their sentence commuted or is released , or if a jurisdiction abolishes the death penalty . Most recently , the Colosseum was illuminated in gold in November 2012 following the abolishment of capital punishment in the American state of Connecticut in April 2012 . Because of the ruined state of the interior , it is impractical to use the Colosseum to host large events ; only a few hundred spectators can be accommodated in temporary seating . However , much larger concerts have been held just outside , using the Colosseum as a backdrop . Performers who have played at the Colosseum in recent years have included Ray Charles ( May 2002 ) , Paul McCartney ( May 2003 ) , Elton John ( September 2005 ) , and Billy Joel ( July 2006 ) . The Colosseum today as a background to the busy metropolis Physical description Exterior Original façade of the Colosseum Unlike earlier Greek theatres that were built into hillsides , the Colosseum is an entirely free - standing structure . It derives its basic exterior and interior architecture from that of two Roman theatres back to back . It is elliptical in plan and is 189 meters ( 615 ft / 640 Roman feet ) long , and 156 meters ( 510 ft / 528 Roman feet ) wide , with a base area of 24,000 square metres ( 6 acres ) . The height of the outer wall is 48 meters ( 157 ft / 165 Roman feet ) . The perimeter originally measured 545 meters ( 1,788 ft / 1,835 Roman feet ) . The central arena is an oval 87 m ( 287 ft ) long and 55 m ( 180 ft ) wide , surrounded by a wall 5 m ( 15 ft ) high , above which rose tiers of seating . The outer wall is estimated to have required over 100,000 cubic metres ( 3,531,467 cubic feet ) of travertine stone which were set without mortar ; they were held together by 300 tons of iron clamps . However , it has suffered extensive damage over the centuries , with large segments having collapsed following earthquakes . The north side of the perimeter wall is still standing ; the distinctive triangular brick wedges at each end are modern additions , having been constructed in the early 19th century to shore up the wall . The remainder of the present - day exterior of the Colosseum is in fact the original interior wall . The exterior of the Colosseum , showing the partially intact outer wall ( left ) and the mostly intact inner wall ( center and right ) The surviving part of the outer wall 's monumental façade comprises three stories of superimposed arcades surmounted by a podium on which stands a tall attic , both of which are pierced by windows interspersed at regular intervals . The arcades are framed by half - columns of the Doric , Ionic , and Corinthian orders , while the attic is decorated with Corinthian pilasters . Each of the arches in the second - and third - floor arcades framed statues , probably honoring divinities and other figures from Classical mythology . Two hundred and forty mast corbels were positioned around the top of the attic . They originally supported a retractable awning , known as the velarium , that kept the sun and rain off spectators . This consisted of a canvas - covered , net - like structure made of ropes , with a hole in the center . It covered two - thirds of the arena , and sloped down towards the center to catch the wind and provide a breeze for the audience . Sailors , specially enlisted from the Roman naval headquarters at Misenum and housed in the nearby Castra Misenatium , were used to work the velarium . Entrance LII of the Colosseum , with Roman numerals still visible The Colosseum 's huge crowd capacity made it essential that the venue could be filled or evacuated quickly . Its architects adopted solutions very similar to those used in modern stadiums to deal with the same problem . The amphitheatre was ringed by eighty entrances at ground level , 76 of which were used by ordinary spectators . Each entrance and exit was numbered , as was each staircase . The northern main entrance was reserved for the Roman Emperor and his aides , whilst the other three axial entrances were most likely used by the elite . All four axial entrances were richly decorated with painted stucco reliefs , of which fragments survive . Many of the original outer entrances have disappeared with the collapse of the perimeter wall , but entrances XXIII ( 23 ) to LIV ( 54 ) survive . Spectators were given tickets in the form of numbered pottery shards , which directed them to the appropriate section and row . They accessed their seats via vomitoria ( singular vomitorium ) , passageways that opened into a tier of seats from below or behind . These quickly dispersed people into their seats and , upon conclusion of the event or in an emergency evacuation , could permit their exit within only a few minutes . The name vomitoria derived from the Latin word for a rapid discharge , from which English derives the word vomit . Interior seating The raked areas that once held seating According to the Codex - Calendar of 354 , the Colosseum could accommodate 87,000 people , although modern estimates put the figure at around 50,000 . They were seated in a tiered arrangement that reflected the rigidly stratified nature of Roman society . Special boxes were provided at the north and south ends respectively for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins , providing the best views of the arena . Flanking them at the same level was a broad platform or podium for the senatorial class , who were allowed to bring their own chairs . The names of some 5th century senators can still be seen carved into the stonework , presumably reserving areas for their use . Diagram of the levels of seating The tier above the senators , known as the maenianum primum , was occupied by the non-senatorial noble class or knights ( equites ) . The next level up , the maenianum secundum , was originally reserved for ordinary Roman citizens ( plebeians ) and was divided into two sections . The lower part ( the immum ) was for wealthy citizens , while the upper part ( the summum ) was for poor citizens . Specific sectors were provided for other social groups : for instance , boys with their tutors , soldiers on leave , foreign dignitaries , scribes , heralds , priests and so on . Stone ( and later marble ) seating was provided for the citizens and nobles , who presumably would have brought their own cushions with them . Inscriptions identified the areas reserved for specific groups . Another level , the maenianum secundum in legneis , was added at the very top of the building during the reign of Domitian . This comprised a gallery for the common poor , slaves and women . It would have been either standing room only , or would have had very steep wooden benches . Some groups were banned altogether from the Colosseum , notably gravediggers , actors and former gladiators . Each tier was divided into sections ( maeniana ) by curved passages and low walls ( praecinctiones or baltei ) , and were subdivided into cunei , or wedges , by the steps and aisles from the vomitoria . Each row ( gradus ) of seats was numbered , permitting each individual seat to be exactly designated by its gradus , cuneus , and number . Arena and hypogeum The Colosseum arena , showing the hypogeum now filled with walls . The walls were added early in the Colosseum 's existence when it was decided it would no longer be flooded and used for naval battles . Latin inscription in the Colosseum The arena itself was 83 meters by 48 meters ( 272 ft by 157 ft / 280 by 163 Roman feet ) . It comprised a wooden floor covered by sand ( the Latin word for sand is harena or arena ) , covering an elaborate underground structure called the hypogeum ( literally meaning `` underground '' ) . The hypogeum was not part of the original construction but was ordered to be built by Emperor Domitian . Little now remains of the original arena floor , but the hypogeum is still clearly visible . It consisted of a two - level subterranean network of tunnels and cages beneath the arena where gladiators and animals were held before contests began . Eighty vertical shafts provided instant access to the arena for caged animals and scenery pieces concealed underneath ; larger hinged platforms , called hegmata , provided access for elephants and the like . It was restructured on numerous occasions ; at least twelve different phases of construction can be seen . Detail of the hypogeum The hypogeum was connected by underground tunnels to a number of points outside the Colosseum . Animals and performers were brought through the tunnel from nearby stables , with the gladiators ' barracks at the Ludus Magnus to the east also being connected by tunnels . Separate tunnels were provided for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins to permit them to enter and exit the Colosseum without needing to pass through the crowds . Substantial quantities of machinery also existed in the hypogeum . Elevators and pulleys raised and lowered scenery and props , as well as lifting caged animals to the surface for release . There is evidence for the existence of major hydraulic mechanisms and according to ancient accounts , it was possible to flood the arena rapidly , presumably via a connection to a nearby aqueduct . However , the construction of the hypogeum at Domitian 's behest put an end to the practise of flooding , and thus also to naval battles , early in the Colosseum 's existence . Supporting buildings The Colosseum -- a view from the Oppian Hill The Colosseum and its activities supported a substantial industry in the area . In addition to the amphitheatre itself , many other buildings nearby were linked to the games . Immediately to the east is the remains of the Ludus Magnus , a training school for gladiators . This was connected to the Colosseum by an underground passage , to allow easy access for the gladiators . The Ludus Magnus had its own miniature training arena , which was itself a popular attraction for Roman spectators . Other training schools were in the same area , including the Ludus Matutinus ( Morning School ) , where fighters of animals were trained , plus the Dacian and Gallic Schools . Also nearby were the Armamentarium , comprising an armory to store weapons ; the Summum Choragium , where machinery was stored ; the Sanitarium , which had facilities to treat wounded gladiators ; and the Spoliarium , where bodies of dead gladiators were stripped of their armor and disposed of . Around the perimeter of the Colosseum , at a distance of 18 m ( 59 ft ) from the perimeter , was a series of tall stone posts , with five remaining on the eastern side . Various explanations have been advanced for their presence ; they may have been a religious boundary , or an outer boundary for ticket checks , or an anchor for the velarium or awning . Right next to the Colosseum is also the Arch of Constantine . Use Pollice Verso ( Thumbs Down ) by Jean - Léon Gérôme , 1872 The Colosseum was used to host gladiatorial shows as well as a variety of other events . The shows , called munera , were always given by private individuals rather than the state . They had a strong religious element but were also demonstrations of power and family prestige , and were immensely popular with the population . Another popular type of show was the animal hunt , or venatio . This utilized a great variety of wild beasts , mainly imported from Africa and the Middle East , and included creatures such as rhinoceros , hippopotamuses , elephants , giraffes , aurochs , wisents , Barbary lions , panthers , leopards , bears , Caspian tigers , crocodiles and ostriches . Battles and hunts were often staged amid elaborate sets with movable trees and buildings . Such events were occasionally on a huge scale ; Trajan is said to have celebrated his victories in Dacia in 107 with contests involving 11,000 animals and 10,000 gladiators over the course of 123 days . During lunch intervals , executions ad bestias would be staged . Those condemned to death would be sent into the arena , naked and unarmed , to face the beasts of death which would literally tear them to pieces . Other performances would also take place by acrobats and magicians , typically during the intervals . During the early days of the Colosseum , ancient writers recorded that the building was used for naumachiae ( more properly known as navalia proelia ) or simulated sea battles . Accounts of the inaugural games held by Titus in AD 80 describe it being filled with water for a display of specially trained swimming horses and bulls . There is also an account of a re-enactment of a famous sea battle between the Corcyrean ( Corfiot ) Greeks and the Corinthians . This has been the subject of some debate among historians ; although providing the water would not have been a problem , it is unclear how the arena could have been waterproofed , nor would there have been enough space in the arena for the warships to move around . It has been suggested that the reports either have the location wrong , or that the Colosseum originally featured a wide floodable channel down its central axis ( which would later have been replaced by the hypogeum ) . Sylvae or recreations of natural scenes were also held in the arena . Painters , technicians and architects would construct a simulation of a forest with real trees and bushes planted in the arena 's floor , and animals would then be introduced . Such scenes might be used simply to display a natural environment for the urban population , or could otherwise be used as the backdrop for hunts or dramas depicting episodes from mythology . They were also occasionally used for executions in which the hero of the story -- played by a condemned person -- was killed in one of various gruesome but mythologically authentic ways , such as being mauled by beasts or burned to death . Today A panorama of the interior of the Colosseum in 2016 The Colosseum today is now a major tourist attraction in Rome with thousands of tourists each year paying to view the interior arena , though entrance for citizens of the European Union ( EU ) is partially subsidised , and entrance is free for EU citizens under eighteen or over sixty - five years of age . There is now a museum dedicated to Eros located in the upper floor of the outer wall of the building . Part of the arena floor has been re-floored . Beneath the Colosseum , a network of subterranean passageways once used to transport wild animals and gladiators to the arena opened to the public in summer 2010 . The Colosseum is also the site of Roman Catholic ceremonies in the 20th and 21st centuries . For instance , Pope Benedict XVI led the Stations of the Cross called the Scriptural Way of the Cross ( which calls for more meditation ) at the Colosseum on Good Fridays . Restoration In 2011 Diego Della Valle , head of the shoe firm Tod 's , entered into an agreement with local officials to sponsor a € 25 million restoration of the Colosseum . Work was planned to begin at the end of 2011 , taking up to two and a half years . Due to the controversial nature of using a public -- private partnership to fund the restoration , work was delayed and began in 2013 . The restoration is the first full cleaning and repair in the Colosseum 's history . The first stage is to clean and restore the Colosseum 's arcaded façade and replace the metal enclosures that block the ground - level arches . Taking three years , the final product of this work was unveiled July 1 , 2016 , when the Italian minister of culture , Dario Franceschini , also announced that the funds have been committed to replace the floors by the end of 2018 . These will provide a stage that Franceschini says will be used for `` cultural events of the highest level . '' The project also plans to create a services center and to restore the galleries and underground spaces inside the Colosseum. . New to tours of the restored marvel beginning November 1 , 2017 , the top two levels have been opened for guided visits . The fourth level held the marketplace , and the top fifth tier is where the poorest citizens , the plebians , gathered and watched the show , bringing picnics for the day - long event . Colosseum 2013 Colosseum 2013 Colosseum 2012 Colosseum 2013 Colosseum 2013 Colosseum 2013 Colosseum 2013 Colosseum 2014 Significance in Christianity The Christian Martyrs ' Last Prayer , by Jean - Léon Gérôme ( 1883 ) View of the interior of the Colosseum , by C.W. Eckersberg ( 1815 ) The Colosseum is generally regarded by Christians as a site of the martyrdom of large numbers of believers during the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire , as evidenced by Church history and tradition . On the other hand , other scholars believe that the majority of martyrdoms may have occurred at other venues within the city of Rome , rather than at the Colosseum , citing a lack of still - intact physical evidence or historical records . These scholars assert that `` some Christians were executed as common criminals in the Colosseum -- their crime being refusal to reverence the Roman gods '' , but most Christian martyrs of the early Church were executed for their faith at the Circus Maximus . According to Irenæus ( died about 202 ) , Ignatius of Antioch was fed to the lions in Rome around 107 A.D and although Irenaeus says nothing about this happening at the Colosseum , tradition ascribes it to that place . In the Middle Ages , the Colosseum was not regarded as a monument , and was used as what some modern sources label a `` quarry , '' which is to say that stones from the Colosseum were taken for the building of other sacred sites . This fact is used to support the idea that , at a time when sites associated with martyrs were highly venerated the Colosseum was not being treated as a sacred site . It was not included in the itineraries compiled for the use of pilgrims nor in works such as the 12th century Mirabilia Urbis Romae ( `` Marvels of the City of Rome '' ) , which claims the Circus Flaminius -- but not the Colosseum -- as the site of martyrdoms . Part of the structure was inhabited by a Christian religious order , but it is not known whether this was for any particular religious reason . Pope Pius V ( 1566 -- 1572 ) is said to have recommended that pilgrims gather sand from the arena of the Colosseum to serve as a relic , on the grounds that it was impregnated with the blood of martyrs , although some of his contemporaries did not share his conviction . A century later Fioravante Martinelli listed the Colosseum at the head of a list of places sacred to the martyrs in his 1653 book Roma ex ethnica sacra . Martinelli 's book evidently had an effect on public opinion ; in response to Cardinal Altieri 's proposal some years later to turn the Colosseum into a bullring , Carlo Tomassi published a pamphlet in protest against what he regarded as an act of desecration . The ensuing controversy persuaded Pope Clement X to close the Colosseum 's external arcades and declare it a sanctuary . Cross dedicated to the Christian martyrs , placed in 2000 by Pope John Paul II . At the insistence of St. Leonard of Port Maurice , Pope Benedict XIV ( 1740 -- 1758 ) forbade the quarrying of the Colosseum and erected Stations of the Cross around the arena , which remained until February 1874 . Benedict Joseph Labre spent the later years of his life within the walls of the Colosseum , living on alms , before he died in 1783 . Several 19th century popes funded repair and restoration work on the Colosseum , and it still retains its Christian connection today . A Christian cross stands in the Colosseum , with a plaque , stating : The amphitheater , one consecrated to triumphs , entertainments , and the impious worship of pagan gods , is now dedicated to the sufferings of the martyrs purified from impious superstitions . Other Christian crosses stand in several points around the arena and every Good Friday the Pope leads a Via Crucis procession to the amphitheater . Flora Plants on the inner walls of the Colosseum The Colosseum has a wide and well - documented history of flora ever since Domenico Panaroli made the first catalogue of its plants in 1643 . Since then , 684 species have been identified there . The peak was in 1855 ( 420 species ) . Attempts were made in 1871 to eradicate the vegetation , because of concerns over the damage that was being caused to the masonry , but much of it has returned . 242 species have been counted today and of the species first identified by Panaroli , 200 remain . The variation of plants can be explained by the change of climate in Rome through the centuries . Additionally , bird migration , flower blooming , and the growth of Rome that caused the Colosseum to become embedded within the modern city centre rather than on the outskirts of the ancient city , as well as deliberate transport of species , are also contributing causes . Another reason often given is their seeds being unwittingly transported either on the fur or in the feces of animals brought there from all corners of the empire . Works modeled on , or inspired by , the Colosseum The Kongresshalle , or `` Congress Hall '' , ( 1935 , unfinished ) at the Nazi Party Rally grounds , Nuremberg , Germany The Summer Olympic Games medal from 1928 to 2000 , designed by Giuseppe Cassioli , features a depiction of the Colosseum . At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens the Colosseum was replaced by a depiction of the Panathinaiko Stadium The exterior of the Vancouver Public Library in British Columbia resembles the current state of the Colosseum . It was designed by Moshe Safdie . The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum entrance was inspired by the Colosseum . The Palazzo della Civilta Italiana was very closely modelled on the Colosseum . It was built for Mussolini for the Universal Exhibition of 1942 but the exhibition never happened due to the outbreak of World War II . The architects were Giovanni Guerrini , Ernesto Bruno La Padula , and Mario Romano . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Popular culture references The Colosseum was featured in the 2010 video game Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood . The Colosseum is of great importance to the entire Assassin 's Creed series as a whole : first , it was an entrance site to a Lair of Romulus , second , the Lair beneath the Colosseum led directly to the Temple of Juno Moneta which housed the Apple of Eden , third , it was used in a Passion Play depicting Jesus Christ 's crucifixion where an assassination attempt was unfoiled by the protagonist Ezio Auditore da Firenze , fourth , in the 21st century , Desmond Miles freeran through the maze in the Colosseum in order to find the Temple of Juno Moneta below the Basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli and the Apple kept in it by Ezio in 1506 and fifth , it has a glyph at the top . In addition , the Colosseum is elliptical ( oval - shaped ) in reality , but it was made circular for Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood , since devising shadows for different sides of the buildings would have `` driven game designers nuts '' . See also Portals Access related topics Rome portal Architecture portal History portal References Notes Jump up ^ `` Building the Colosseum '' . roman-colosseum.info . Jump up ^ Hopkins , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` BBC 's History of the Colosseum p. 2 '' . Bbc.co.uk. 22 March 2011 . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Roth , Leland M. ( 1993 ) . Understanding Architecture : Its Elements , History and Meaning ( First ed . ) . Boulder , CO : Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 06 - 430158 - 3 . Jump up ^ William H. Byrnes IV ( Spring 2005 ) `` Ancient Roman Munificence : The Development of the Practice and Law of Charity '' . Rutgers Law Review vol. 57 , issue 3 , pp. 1043 -- 1110 . Jump up ^ `` BBC 's History of the Colosseum p. 1 '' . Bbc.co.uk. 22 March 2011 . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Eleonora ( 2012 ) . Rome day by day . Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons Inc. p. 26 . ISBN 9781118166291 . Jump up ^ Dark Tourism - Italy 's Creepiest Attractions , The Local ^ Jump up to : `` Frommer 's Events -- Event Guide : Good Friday Procession in Rome ( Palatine Hill , Italy ) '' . Frommer 's . Archived from the original on 7 January 2009 . Retrieved 8 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Logan , Willy . `` The Flavian Dynasty '' . Archived from the original on 31 May 2011 . Retrieved 25 September 2007 . Jump up ^ J.C. Edmondson ; Steve Mason ; J.B. Rives ( 2005 ) . Flavius Josephus and Flavian Rome . Oxford University Press . p. 114 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 926212 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Colosseum -- History 1 '' . Retrieved 26 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Mairui , Amedeo . Studi e ricerche sull'Anfiteatro Flavio Puteolano . Napoli : G. Macchiaroli , 1955 . ( OCLC 2078742 ) Jump up ^ `` The Coliseum '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . New Advent . Retrieved 2 August 2006 . ; the form quoted from the Pseudo-Bede is that printed in Migne , Pat . Lat 94 ( Paris ) , 1862 : 543 , noted in F. Schneider , Rom und Romgedanke im Mittelalter ( Munich ) 1926 : 66f , 251 , and in Roberto Weiss , The Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity ( Oxford : Blackwell ) 1973 : 8 and note 5 . ^ Jump up to : Claridge , Amanda ( 1998 ) . Rome : An Oxford Archaeological Guide ( First ed . ) . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press , 1998 . pp. 276 -- 282 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 288003 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Building the Colosseum '' . tribunesandtriumphs.org . Jump up ^ Sear , David R. ( 2000 ) . Roman Coins and Their Values - The Millennium Edition . Volume I : The Republic and The Twelve Caesars , 280BC - AD96 ( pp. 468 - 469 , coin # 2536 ) . London : Spink . ISBN 1 902040 35 X Jump up ^ ALFÖLDY , GÉZA ( 1995 ) . `` Eine Bauinschrift Aus Dem Colosseum '' . Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 109 : 195 -- 226 . Jump up ^ Cass . Dio lxxviii. 25 . Jump up ^ The repairs of the damages inflicted by the earthquake of 484 were paid for by the Consul Decius Marius Venantius Basilius , who put two inscriptions to celebrate his works ( CIL VI , 1716 ) . Jump up ^ `` MEDIVM AEVVM '' . The - Colosseum . The-Colosseum.Net . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Names the order : Arciconfraternita del SS . Salvatore ad Sancta Sanctorum , aka del Gonfalone . Co-tenants : the Roman Senate and the Camera Apostolica . `` In 1519 The Confraternita built the little chapel of Santa Maria della Pietà inside the Colosseum . '' Jump up ^ `` Rome . '' Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006 . Jump up ^ The Coliseum in Catholic Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Young , Gayle ( 24 February 2000 ) . `` On Italy 's passionate opposition to death penalty '' . CNN . Retrieved 2 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` INTERNATIONAL : Roman Colosseum Lit to Mark Connecticut 's Abolition of Death Penalty '' . Death Penalty Info . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Colosseum stages peace concert , BBC News Online , 12 May 2002 . Jump up ^ McCartney rocks the Colosseum , BBC News Online , 12 May 2003 . Jump up ^ Sir Elton 's free gig thrills Rome , BBC News Online , 4 September 2005 . Jump up ^ Ian Archibald Richmond , Donald Emrys Strong , Janet DeLaine . `` Colosseum '' , The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization . Ed . Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth . Oxford University Press , 1998 . Jump up ^ Downey , Charles T. ( 9 February 2005 ) . `` The Colosseum Was a Skydome ? '' . Retrieved 2 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Samuel Ball Platner ( as completed and revised by Thomas Ashby ) , A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome . Oxford University Press , 1929 . Jump up ^ The Colosseum.net : The resourceful site on the Colosseum . Jump up ^ Squires , Nick ( 23 June 2010 ) . `` Colosseum to open gladiator passageways for first time '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Joseph M Champlin , The Stations of the Cross With Pope John Paul II Liguori Publications , 1994 , ISBN 0 - 89243 - 679 - 4 . Jump up ^ Vatican Description of the Stations of the Cross at the Colosseum : Pcf.va Jump up ^ `` Rome Colosseum repair to be funded by Tods shoe firm '' . BBC . 21 January 2011 . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Silvers , Eric ( 25 April 2014 ) . `` The Colosseum 's Badly Needed Bath '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 7 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italy Completes a Long Overdue Restoration of Rome 's Iconic Colosseum '' . 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Povoledo , Elisabetta . `` Colosseum Wo n't Be Restored in a Day , but Work Is Finally Scheduled to Start '' . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Donati , Silvia ( 5 October 2017 ) . `` Colosseum To Open Top Levels to the Public '' . Jump up ^ `` The-Colosseum.net : Antiquity '' . the-colosseum.net . Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : The Coliseum '' . newadvent.org . Jump up ^ `` Colosseum & Christian Martyrs '' . tribunesandtriumphs.org . Jump up ^ Hopkins , p. 103 Jump up ^ Brockman , Norbert C. ( 13 September 2011 ) . Encyclopedia of Sacred Places ( 2 volumes ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 108 . ISBN 9781598846553 . Public executions were held there during the empire , and it is for these last events that the Colosseum became a Christian shrine . It is disputed whether many early Christian martyrs actually died in the Colosseum , since there is no mention of that in ancient Christian records . Jump up ^ Brockman , Norbert C. ( 13 September 2011 ) . Encyclopedia of Sacred Places ( 2 volumes ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 108 . ISBN 9781598846553 . There seems little doubt that some Christians were executed as common criminals in the Colosseum - their crime being refusal to reverence the Roman gods . Most martyrs , however , died for their faith at the Circus Maximus . Some were even executed as members of what the Romans considered a Jewish sect , since both Jews and Christians refused to reverence the gods . Jump up ^ Potter , David Stone ( 1999 ) . Life , Death , and Entertainment in the Roman Empire . University of Michigan Press . p. 227 . ISBN 9780472085682 . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . The public execution of condemned offenders , including Christians , is associated above all with the amphitheater , although there were executions at various other venues . Gladiatorial games , hunting displays , and executions also took place at the Circus Maximus , even after the construction of the Colosseum ( Humphrey 1987 , 121 ) . ^ Jump up to : Litfin , Bryan M. ( 1 October 2007 ) . Getting to Know the Church Fathers : An Evangelical Introduction . Brazos Press . p. 44 . ISBN 9781441200747 . But according to Irenaeus ( who spent time in Rome not long after these events took place ) Ignatius did in fact meet his end by being torn apart by wild animals for the amusement of the Roman masses , probably in the infamous Colosseum . The crowd there that day would have viewed the spectacle as a crushing defeat of this meek man 's Christian religion . But Ignatius understood his death to be a shout of victory . Today a Christian cross stands in the Colosseum of Rome with a plaque that reads , `` The amphitheater , one consecrated to triumphs , entertainments , and the impious worship of pagan gods , is now dedicated to the sufferings of the martyrs purified from impious superstitions . '' Jump up ^ Flinn , Frank K. ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Catholicism . Infobase Publishing . p. 359 . ISBN 9780816075652 . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . He was caught up in the general persecution of the church under the emperor Trajan ( r . 98 - 117 ) , brought to Rome , and fed to the lions in the Coliseum around 107 C.E. His feast day is October 17 . Before his execution , Ignatius wrote seven letters to the churches along his route , one each to Ephesus , Magnesia , Tralles , and Philadelphia , two to the church at Smyrna , and one to Smyrna 's bishop , Polycarp . The letters are a rich source about early theology , liturgy , and church organization . Jump up ^ Hopkins , p. 103 : `` It is likely that Christians were put to death there and that those said to have been martyred ' in Rome ' actually died in the Colosseum . But , despite what we are often told , that is only a guess . One of the possible candidates for martyrdom in the Colosseum is St. Ignatius , a bishop of Antioch ( in Syria ) at the beginning of the second century AD , who was ' condemned to the beasts ' at Rome . '' Jump up ^ Brockman , Norbert C. ( 13 September 2011 ) . Encyclopedia of Sacred Places ( 2 volumes ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 108 . ISBN 9781598846553 . The Christians who did die in the Colosseum often did so under dramatic circumstances , thus cementing the legend . The hero St. Ignatius of Antioch , a disciple of St. John the Beloved , was sent to the beasts by Trajan in 107 . Shortly after , 115 Christians were killed by archers . When Christians refused to pray to the gods for the end of a plague in the latter part of the second century , Marcus Aurelius had thousands killed in the Colosseum for blasphemy . Jump up ^ Hopkins , p. 160 : `` For most of the Middle Ages and early Renaissance the Colosseum was not so much a monument as a quarry . To describe this activity as ' robbery ' is to give the wrong impression . For the most part , there was nothing illegal or unofficial about the removal of this stone . '' Jump up ^ `` The-Colosseum.net : 1300 - 1700 '' . the-colosseum.net . Jump up ^ `` The Coliseum '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New Advent . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . In the Middle Ages , for example , when the sanctuaries of the martyrs were looked upon with so great veneration , the Coliseum was completely neglected ; its name never occurs in the itineraries , or guide - books , compiler for the use of pilgrims to the Eternal City . Jump up ^ `` The Coliseum '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New Advent . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . The `` Mirabilia Romae '' , the first manuscripts of which date from the twelfth century , cites among the places mentioned in the `` Passions '' of the martyrs the Circus Flaminius ad pontem Judaeorum , but in this sense makes no allusion to the Coliseum . Jump up ^ `` The Coliseum '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New Advent . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Pope St. Pius ( 1566 - 72 ) is said to have recommended persons desirous of obtaining relics to procure some sand from the arena of the Coliseum , which , the pope declared , was impregnated with the blood of martyrs . The opinion of the saintly pontiff , however , does not seem to have been shared by his contemporaries . Jump up ^ `` The Coliseum '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New Advent . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . The pamphlet was so completely successful that four years later , the jubilee year of 1675 , the exterior arcades were closed by order of Clement X ; from this time the Coliseum became a sanctuary . ^ Jump up to : `` The Coliseum '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New Advent . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . At the instance of St. Leonard of Port Maurice , Benedict XIV ( 1740 - 58 ) erected Stations of the Cross in the Coliseum , which remained until February , 1874 , when they were removed by order of Commendatore Rosa . St. Benedict Joseph Labre ( d . 1783 ) passed a life of austere devotion , living on alms , within the walls of the Coliseum . Jump up ^ Cooper , Paul ( 5 December 2017 ) . `` Rome 's Colosseum Was Once a Wild , Tangled Garden '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Glyph Locations '' . IGN . July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hsu , Jeremy ( November 12 , 2010 ) . `` A Renaissance Scholar Helps Build Virtual Rome '' . Live Science . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Bibliography Coarelli , Filippo ( 1989 ) . Guida Archeologica di Roma . Milano : Arnoldo Mondadori Editore . ISBN 88 - 04 - 11896 - 2 . Hopkins , Keith ; Beard , Mary ( 2005 ) . The Colosseum . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01895 - 8 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colosseum . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Colosseo . Official website Virtual tour of the Colosseum A 3D model of Colosseum on Sketchfab `` Colosseum '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . 1914 . 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XIX Celio Titus Vespasian 80 Buildings and structures completed in the 1st century World Heritage Sites in Italy World Heritage Sites in Europe World Heritage Sites Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from June 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Incomplete lists from August 2011 Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Twi Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws 中文 Kabɩyɛ 108 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 14 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the colosseum built on top of | [
"Although the Colossus was preserved, much of the Domus Aurea was torn down. The lake was filled in and the land reused as the location for the new Flavian Amphitheatre. Gladiatorial schools and other support buildings were constructed nearby within the former grounds of the Domus Aurea. Vespasian's decision to build the Colosseum on the site of Nero's lake can be seen as a populist gesture of returning to the people an area of the city which Nero had appropriated for his own use. In contrast to many other amphitheatres, which were located on the outskirts of a city, the Colosseum was constructed in the city centre; in effect, placing it both symbolically and precisely at the heart of Rome."
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"the site of Nero's lake"
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711516285237606965 | Rockin' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu | Rockin ' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu - wikipedia Rockin ' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu `` '' Rockin ' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu '' ( Part 1 ) '' Single by Huey ' Piano ' Smith B - side `` Rockin ' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu '' ( Part 2 ) Released August 1957 Format 7 '' Genre Rock and roll Label Ace Records Songwriter ( s ) J. Vincent , Huey Smith Huey ' Piano ' Smith singles chronology `` '' Rockin ' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu '' ( Part 1 ) '' ( 1957 ) `` Do n't You Just Know It '' ( 1958 ) `` Rockin ' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu '' ( Part 1 ) '' ( 1957 ) `` Do n't You Just Know It '' ( 1958 ) `` Rockin ' Pneumonia - Boogie Woogie Flu '' Single by Johnny Rivers from the album L.A. Reggae B - side `` Come Home America '' Released October 1972 Format 7 '' Recorded 1972 Genre Blues rock , electric blues Length 3 : 30 Label United Artists Songwriter ( s ) J. Vincent , Huey Smith Johnny Rivers singles chronology `` Think His Name '' ( 1971 ) `` Rockin ' Pneumonia - Boogie Woogie Flu '' ( 1972 ) `` Blue Suede Shoes '' ( 1973 ) `` Think His Name '' ( 1971 ) `` Rockin ' Pneumonia - Boogie Woogie Flu '' ( 1972 ) `` Blue Suede Shoes '' ( 1973 ) `` Rockin ' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu '' is a song written and originally recorded by Huey ' Piano ' Smith in 1957 , who scored a minor hit with the song ( No. 52 Billboard ) . Contents 1 Johnny Rivers cover 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Other cover versions 4 References 5 External links Johnny Rivers cover ( edit ) 1972 saw the song as an international hit single for Johnny Rivers with instrumental backing from L.A. sessions musicians from the Wrecking Crew . `` Rockin ' Pneumonia '' reached number six on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 during the winter of 1973 . It was only Rivers ' fifth highest charting song , but spent much longer on the chart ( 19 weeks ) than any of his two dozen hits to that date . On the U.S. Cash Box Top 100 the song peaked at number five , and in Canada it reached number three . Rivers ' cover of `` Rockin ' Pneumonia '' became his third Gold record . His last Gold record would be five years later with the 1977 hit , `` Swayin ' to the Music ( Slow Dancing ) . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 - 73 ) Peak position Australia ( Go - Set ) 27 Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) New Zealand ( Listener ) 11 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 6 U.S. Cashbox Top 100 5 U.S. Record World Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Rank U.S. Billboard Hot 100 78 U.S. Cash Box 30 Other cover versions ( edit ) In 1957 the tune was recorded by Larry Williams on Specialty Records . The back - up band included René Hall , guitar , Earl Palmer , drums , and Plas Johnson , tenor sax . The song was covered by Flamin ' Groovies in 1969 on their album Supersnazz . Aerosmith covered the song in 1987 for the Less Than Zero soundtrack . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hartman , Kent ( 2012 ) . The Wrecking Crew . St. Martin 's Griffin . pp. 261 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 250 - 03046 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Song artist 376 - Johnny Rivers '' . Tsort.info. 2007 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1973 / Top 100 Songs of 1973 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Larry Williams : Bad Boy The Legends of Specialty Records , Speciality Records 1989 , liner notes External links ( edit ) Full lyrics of this song Johnny Rivers Live albums At the Whisky à Go Go Here We à Go Go Again ! In Action Meanwhile Back at the Whisky à Go Go ... And I Know You Wanna Dance Songs `` Memphis '' `` Maybellene '' `` Mountain of Love '' `` Midnight Special '' `` The Seventh Son '' `` Where Have All the Flowers Gone ? '' `` Secret Agent Man '' `` ( I Washed My Hands In ) Muddy Water '' `` Poor Side of Town '' `` Baby I Need Your Lovin ' '' `` The Tracks of My Tears '' `` Summer Rain '' `` Into the Mystic '' `` Fire and Rain '' `` Sea Cruise '' `` Rockin ' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu '' `` Blue Suede Shoes '' `` So Fine '' `` Six Days on the Road '' `` Help Me , Rhonda '' `` Swayin ' to the Music ( Slow Dancing ) '' `` Um , Um , Um , Um , Um , Um '' Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rockin%27_Pneumonia_and_the_Boogie_Woogie_Flu&oldid=817521263 '' Categories : 1957 songs 1957 singles 1972 singles Johnny Rivers songs United Artists Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 23 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang rockin pneumonia and boogie woogie flu | [
"\"Rockin' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu\" is a song written and originally recorded by Huey 'Piano' Smith in 1957, who scored a minor hit with the song (No. 52 Billboard).\n"
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"Huey 'Piano' Smith"
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7241338376454012391 | List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes | List of medical roots , suffixes and prefixes - wikipedia List of medical roots , suffixes and prefixes Jump to : navigation , search The citations in this article lack sufficient bibliographical information ( e.g. author , title , date of publication , publisher , ISBN , OCLC number , pages cited , etc . ) . Specific concerns can be found on the talk page . See Help : Referencing for beginners with citation templates for guidance about writing citations . ( September 2017 ) This is a list of roots , suffixes , and prefixes used in medical terminology , their meanings , and their etymology . Most of them are combining forms in New Latin and hence international scientific vocabulary . There are a few general rules about how they combine . First , prefixes and suffixes , most of which are derived from ancient Greek or classical Latin , have a droppable - o - . As a general rule , this - o - almost always acts as a joint - stem to connect two consonantal roots , e.g. arthr - + - o - + logy = arthrology . But generally , the - o - is dropped when connecting to a vowel - stem ; e.g. arthr - + itis = arthritis , instead of * arthr - o-itis . Second , medical roots generally go together according to language , i.e. , Greek prefixes occur with Greek suffixes and Latin prefixes with Latin suffixes . Although international scientific vocabulary is not stringent about segregating combining forms of different languages , it is advisable when coining new words not to mix different lingual roots . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prefixes and suffixes 1.3 C 1.4 D 1.5 E 1.6 F 1.7 G 1.8 H 1.9 I 1.10 J 1.11 K 1.12 L 1.13 M 1.14 N 1.15 O 1.16 P 1.17 Q 1.18 R 1.19 S 1.20 T 1.21 U 1.22 V 1.23 X 1.24 Y 1.25 Z 2 English meanings 2.1 Roots of the body 2.1. 1 Roots of bodily concepts 2.1. 2 Roots of body parts and components 2.2 Roots of color 2.3 Roots of description 2.4 Roots of position 2.5 Prefixes of quantity or amount 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography Prefixes and suffixes ( edit ) The following is an alphabetical list of medical prefixes and suffixes , along with their meanings , origin , and English examples . Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) a - , an - not , without Ancient Greek ἀ - / ἀν - ( a - / an - ) , not , without analgesic , apathy ab - from ; away from Latin abduction abdomin - Of or relating to the abdomen Latin abdōmen , abdomen , fat around the belly abdomen , abdominal - ac pertaining to Greek - ακός ( - akos ) cardiac , hydrophobiac acanth - thorn or spine Ancient Greek ἄκανθα ( ákantha ) , thorn acanthion , acanthocyte , acanthoma , acanthulus acou - Of or relating to hearing Greek ἀκούειν ( akoúein ) , ἀκουστικός ( akoustikós ) , of or for hearing acoumeter , acoustician , hyperacusis acr - extremity , topmost Greek ἄκρον ( akron ) , highest or farthest point acrocrany , acromegaly , acroosteolysis , acroposthia - acusis hearing Greek ἀκουστικός ( akoustikós ) , of or for hearing paracusis - ad toward , in the direction of dorsad ad - at , increase , on , toward Latin adduction aden - Of or relating to a gland Ancient Greek ἀδήν , ἀδέν - ( adēn , aden - ) , an acorn ; a gland adenocarcinoma , adenology , adenotome , adenotyphus adip - Of or relating to fat or fatty tissue Latin ( adeps , adip - ) , fat Adipocyte adren - Of or relating to adrenal glands Latin adrenal artery - emia ( BrE ) blood condition Greek ἀναιμία , without blood Anemia aer ( o ) - air , gas Greek ἀήρ , ἀέρος Aerosinusitis aesthesi - ( BrE ) sensation Greek αἴσθησις Anesthesia - al pertaining to Latin - alis abdominal , femoral alb - Denoting a white or pale color Latin albus , white Albino alge ( si ) - pain Greek ἄλγος Analgesic - algia , alg ( i ) o - pain Greek Myalgia all - Denoting something as different , or as an addition Ancient Greek ἄλλος ( allos ) , another , other Alloantigen , allopathy ambi - Denoting something as positioned on both sides ; describing both of two Latin ( ambi - , ambo ) , both , on both sides Ambidextrous amni - Pertaining to the membranous fetal sac ( amnion ) Greek ἄμνιον Amniocentesis amph ( i ) - , on both sides Greek ἀμφί ( amphi ) Amphicrania , amphismela , amphomycin amylo - starchy , carbohydrate - related Latin amylum ( starch ) Amylase , amylophagia an - not , without Greek Analgesia ana - back , again , up Greek Anaplasia an - anus Latin anal andr - pertaining to a man Greek ἀνήρ , ἀνδρ - Android , andrology , androgen angi - blood vessel Greek ἀγγεῖον angiogram , angioplasty aniso - Describing something as unequal Ancient Greek ἄνῑσος ( anīsos ) , unequal Anisocytosis , anisotropic ankyl - , ancyl - Denoting something as crooked or bent Ancient Greek ἀγκύλος ( ankýlos ) , crooked , curved Ankylosis ante - Describing something as positioned in front of another thing Latin ( āntē ) , before , in front of antepartum anti - Describing something as ' against ' or ' opposed to ' another Ancient Greek αντι ( anti ) , against Antibody , antipsychotic apo - away , separated from , derived from Ancient Greek ἀπό Apoptosis arch - first , primitive Ancient Greek archinephron arsen ( o ) - Of or pertaining to a male ; masculine Greek ( arsein ) arsenoblast arteri ( o ) - Of or pertaining to an artery Ancient Greek ἀρτηρία ( artēría ) , a wind - pipe , artery ( used distinctly versus a vein ) Arteriole , artery arthr - Of or pertaining to the joints , limbs Ancient Greek ἄρθρον ( árthron ) , a joint , limb Arthritis articul - joint Latin articulus Articulation - ary pertaining to Latin - arius biliary tract , coronary - ase enzyme Greek διάστασις , division Lactase - asthenia weakness Greek , ἀσθένεια Myasthenia gravis atel ( o ) - imperfect or incomplete development atelocardia ather - fatty deposit , soft gruel - like deposit ἀθάρη ( athárē ) Atherosclerosis - ation process Latin medication atri - an atrium ( esp . heart atrium ) Latin atrioventricular aur - Of or pertaining to the ear Latin ( auris ) , the ear Aural aut - self Greek αὐτο - Autoimmune aux ( o ) - increase ; growth Auxocardia : enlargement of the heart , auxology axill - Of or pertaining to the armpit ( uncommon as a prefix ) Latin ( axilla ) , armpit Axilla azo ( to ) - nitrogenous compound azothermia : raised temperature due to nitrogenous substances in blood Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) bacteri - Pertaining to bacteria Latin ( `` bacterium '' ) ; Greek βακτήριον ( `` baktḗrion '' ) , `` small staff '' bacteriophage , bactericide balan - Of the glans penis or glans clitoridis Greek βάλανος ( bálanos ) , acorn , glans balanitis bas - Of or pertaining to base Greek βάσις ( básis ) , `` foundation '' , `` base '' basolateral bi - twice , double Latin Binary bio - life Ancient Greek βίος ( bíos ) Biology blast - germ or bud Greek βλαστός ( blastós ) Blastomere blephar ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the eyelid Ancient Greek βλέφαρον ( blépharon ) , eyelid Blepharoplasty brachi ( o ) - Of or relating to the arm Latin ( bracchium ) , from Ancient Greek βραχίων ( brachiōn ) , arm Brachium of inferior colliculus brachy - Indicating ' short ' or less commonly ' little ' Ancient Greek βραχύς ( brachys ) , short , little , shallow brachycephalic brady - ' slow ' Ancient Greek βραδύς ( bradys ) , slow Bradycardia bronch ( i ) - of or relating to the bronchus Latin ( bronchus ) ; Ancient Greek βρόγχος ( brónkhos ) , windpipe Bronchitis , bronchiolitis obliterans bucc ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the cheek Latin ( bucca ) , cheek Buccolabial burs ( o ) - bursa ( fluid sac between the bones ) Latin ( bursa ) , purse ; Ancient Greek βύρσα ( búrsa ) , hide , wine - skin Bursa , bursitis Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) capill - Of or pertaining to hair Latin ( capillus ) , hair Capillus capit - Pertaining to the head ( as a whole ) Latin ( caput , capit - ) , the head capitation carcin - cancer Greek καρκίνος ( karkinos ) , crab carcinoma cardi - Of or pertaining to the heart Ancient Greek καρδία ( kardía ) , heart cardiology carp - Of or pertaining to the wrist Latin ( carpus ) < Ancient Greek καρπός ( karpós ) , wrist ; NOTE : This root should not be confused with the mirror root carp ( o ) - meaning fruit . carpopedal spasm cata - down , under Greek κατά ( kata ) Cataract , catabolism - cele pouching , hernia Ancient Greek κήλη ( kēlē ) Hydrocele , Varicocele - centesis surgical puncture for aspiration Ancient Greek κέντησις ( kentēsis ) amniocentesis cephal ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the head ( as a whole ) Ancient Greek κεφαλή ( képhalē ) , the head cephalalgy , hydrocephalus cerat ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the cornu ; a horn Ancient Greek κέρας , κερατ - ( kéras , kerat - ) , a horn Ceratoid cerebell ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the cerebellum Latin ( cerebellum ) , little brain Cerebellum cerebr - Of or pertaining to the brain Latin ( cerebrum ) , brain Cerebrology cervic - Of or pertaining to the neck , the cervix Latin ( cervix , cervīc - ) , neck , cervix cervicodorsal cheil - Of or pertaining to the lips Latin ( cheilitis ) angular cheilitis chem - chemistry , drug Greek χημεία chemotherapy chir - , cheir - Of or pertaining to the hand Ancient Greek χείρ , χειρο - ( cheir , cheiro - ) , hand chiropractor chlor - Denoting a green color Ancient Greek χλωρός ( chlōros ) , green , yellow - green chlorophyll chol ( e ) - Of or pertaining to bile Ancient Greek χολή ( cholē ) , bile Cholaemia ( UK ) / Cholemia ( US ) , Cholecystitis cholecyst ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the gallbladder Ancient Greek χοληκύστις ( cholēkýstis ) , gallbladder < χολή ( cholē ) , bile , gall + κύστις ( kýstis ) , bladder Cholecystectomy chondr ( i ) o - cartilage , gristle , granule , granular Ancient Greek χονδρός ( chondros ) Chondrocalcinosis chrom ( ato ) - color Ancient Greek χρῶμα ( chrōma ) Hemochromatosis - cidal , - cide killing , destroying Latin bacteriocidal cili - Of or pertaining to the cilia , the eyelashes ; eyelids Latin ( cilium ) , eyelash ; eyelid Ciliary circum - Denoting something as ' around ' another Latin ( circum ) , around circumcision cis - on this side Latin cis cisgender clast break Greek κλαστός `` broken '' osteoclast clostr - spindle Greek κλωστήρ ( klōstēr ) Clostridium co - with , together , in association Latin coenzymes col - , colo - , colono - colon κόλον ( kólon ) Colonoscopy colp ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the vagina Ancient Greek κόλπος ( kólpos ) , bosom , womb ; hollow , depth Colposcopy com - with , together Latin cum contra against Latin Contraindicate cor - with , together Latin corrective cor - Of or pertaining to eye 's pupil Ancient Greek κόρη ( kórē ) , girl , doll ; pupil of the eye Corectomy cord - Of or pertaining to the heart ( uncommon as a prefix ) Latin ( cor , cordi - ) , `` heart '' Commotio cordis cornu - Applied to processes and parts of the body describing them likened or similar to horns Latin cornū , `` horn '' Greater cornu coron ( o ) - pertaining to heart Latin corōna coronary heart disease cortic ( o ) Cortex , or outer region Latin cortex , `` Bark of a tree '' Corticosteriod cost - Of or pertaining to the ribs Latin ( costa ) , `` rib '' Costochondral cox - Of or relating to the hip , haunch , or hip - joint Latin ( coxa ) , hip Coxopodite crani ( o ) - Belonging or relating to the cranium Latin ( cranium ) < Ancient Greek κρᾱνίον ( krānion ) , the cranium , skull , bones enclosing the brain Craniology - crine , crin ( o ) to secrete εκκρίνει ecrine Endocrine cry ( o ) - cold Greek κρύος Cryoablation cutane - skin Latin cutis Subcutaneous cyan ( o ) - Denotes a blue color Ancient Greek κύανος , κυάνεος ( kýanos , kyáneos ) , blue Cyanopsia cycl - circle , cycle Greek κύκλος ( kuklos ) Cyclosis cyph ( o ) - Denotes something as bent ( uncommon as a prefix ) Ancient Greek κυφός ( kȳphós ) , bent , hunchback Cyphosis cyst ( o ) - , cyst ( i ) - Of or pertaining to the urinary bladder Ancient Greek κύστις κύστις ( kýstis ) ; bladder , cyst Cystotomy cyt ( o ) - , - cyte cell Greek κύτος Cytokine , leukocyte Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) dacry ( o ) - Of or pertaining to tears Greek δάκρυ , tear Dacryoadenitis , dacryocystitis - dactyl ( o ) - Of or pertaining to a finger , toe Ancient Greek δάκτυλος ( dáktylos ) , finger , toe dactylology , polydactyly de - from , down , or away from Latin de - dehydrate dent - Of or pertaining to teeth Latin ( dens , dentis ) , tooth Dentist dermat ( o ) - , derm ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the skin Ancient Greek δέρμα , δέρματος ( dérma , dérmat - ) , skin , human skin Dermatology , epidermis , hypodermic , xeroderma - desis binding Greek δέσις ( désis ) arthrodesis dextr ( o ) - right , on the right side Latin dexter Dextrocardia di - two Greek δι - Diplopia di - apart , separation Latin dilation , distal dia - through , during , across Ancient Greek διά ( diá ) , through , during , across dialysis dif - apart , separation Latin different digit - Of or pertaining to the finger ( rare as a root ) Latin ( digitus ) , finger , toe Digit diplo - twofold Greek διπλόος ( diplóos ) diploid , diplosis - dipsia suffix meaning `` ( condition of ) thirst '' ' Greek δίψα ( dípsa ) dipsomania , hydroadipsia , oligodipsia , polydipsia dis - separation , taking apart Latin dis - Dissection dors ( o ) - , dors ( i ) - Of or pertaining to the back Latin ( dorsum ) , back dorsal , dorsocephalad dromo - running , conduction , course Greek δρόμος ( drómos ) Dromotropic , syndrome duodeno - duodenum , twelve : upper part of the small intestine ( twelve inches long on average ) , connects to the stomach Latin duodeni Duodenal atresia dynam ( o ) - force , energy , power Greek δύναμις ( dúnamis ) Hand strength dynamometer - dynia pain Vulvodynia dys - bad , difficult , defective , abnormal Greek δυσ - ( dus - ) dysentery , dysphagia , dysphasia Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) - eal pertaining to Latin adenohypophyseal , corneal , esophageal , perineal ec - out , away Greek ἐκ - ( ek - ) Ectopia , ectopic pregnancy ect ( o ) - outer , outside Greek ἐκτός ( ektós ) Ectoblast , ectoderm - ectasia , - ectasis expansion , dilation Ancient Greek ἔκτασις ( éktasis ) Bronchiectasis , telangiectasia - ectomy Denotes a surgical operation or removal of a body part . Resection , excision Ancient Greek ἐκτομή ( ektomḗ ) , excision Mastectomy - emesis vomiting condition Greek ἕμεσις ( émesis ) Hematemesis - emia blood condition ( Am Engl ) Ancient Greek αἷμα , blood Anemia encephal ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the brain . Also see Cerebro . Ancient Greek ἐγκέφαλος ( enképhalos ) , the brain Encephalogram endo - Denotes something as ' inside ' or ' within ' ἐνδο - ( endo - ) , inside , internal Endocrinology , endospore eosin ( o ) - Red Ancient Greek Eos , the Greek word for ' dawn ' and the name of the Greek goddess of the dawn . Eosinophil granulocyte enter ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the intestine Ancient Greek ἔντερον ( énteron ) , intestine Gastroenterology epi - on , upon Ancient Greek ἐπι - ( epi - ) , before , upon , on , outside , outside of Epicardium , epidermis , epidural , episclera , epistaxis episi ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the pubic region , the loins Ancient Greek ἐπίσιον - ( epísion ) , the pubic area , loins ; vulva Episiotomy erythr ( o ) - Denotes a red color Ancient Greek ἐρυθρός ( erythrós ) , red Erythrocyte - esophageal , - esophago - gullet ( AmE ) Greek οἰσοφάγος ( oisophágos ) Esophagus esthesio - sensation ( AmE ) Greek αἴσθησις ( aisthēsis ) Esthesioneuroblastoma , esthesia eu - true , good , well , new εὖ ( eû ) Eukaryote ex - out of , away from Latin Excision exo - Denotes something as ' outside ' another Ancient Greek ἐξω - ( exo - ) , outside of , external Exophthalmos , exoskeleton extra - outside Latin Extradural hematoma Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) faci - Of or pertaining to the face Latin faciēs , the face , countenance Facioplegic fibr - fiber Latin fibra , fiber , filament , entrails fibril , fibrin , fibrinous pericarditis , fibroblast fil - fine , hair - like Latin ( filum ) , thread Filament , filum terminale foramen hole , opening , or aperature , particularly in bone Latin Foramen magnum - form Used to form adjectives indicating ' having the form of ' Latin ( forma ) , form , shape cruciform , cuneiform , falciform fore - before or ahead foregut fossa A hollow or depressed area ; trench or channel Latin ( fossa ) , ditch , pit fossa ovalis front - Of or pertaining to the forehead Latin ( frōns , front - ) , the forehead frontonasal Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) galact ( o ) - milk Greek γάλα , γαλακτ - Galactorrhea Galaxy gastr ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the stomach Ancient Greek γαστήρ ( gastēr ) , γαστρ - , stomach , belly Gastric bypass - gen ( 1 ) Denotes the sense ' born in , from ' ( 2 ) Denotes the sense ' of a certain kind ' Ancient Greek - γενής ( - genēs ) , from γεν - νάειν ( gen - náein ) , to be born ( 1 ) Endogen ; ( 2 ) Heterogenous - genic Formative , pertaining to producing Greek Cardiogenic shock genu - Of or pertaining to the knee Latin ( genū ) , knee Genu valgum - geusia Taste Ancient Greek γεῦσις ( geusis ) Ageusia , dysgeusia , hypergeusia , hypogeusia , parageusia gingiv - Of or pertaining to the gums Latin gingīva , gum Gingivitis glauc ( o ) - Denoting a grey or bluish - grey colour Ancient Greek γλαυκός ( glaukos ) , grey , bluish - grey Glaucoma gloss ( o ) - , glott ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the tongue Ancient Greek γλῶσσα , γλῶττα ( glōssa , glōtta ) , tongue Glossology gluco - sweet Greek γλυκός , sweet Glucocorticoid glyc ( o ) - sugar Ancient Greek Glycolysis gnath ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the jaw Ancient Greek γνάθος ( gnáthos ) , jaw Gnathodynamometer - gnosis knowledge Greek diagnosis , prognosis gon ( o ) - seed , semen ; also , reproductive Ancient Greek γόνος Gonorrhea - gram , - gramme record or picture Greek γράμμα ( gramma ) Angiogram - graph instrument used to record data or picture Ancient Greek - γραφία ( - graphía ) , written , drawn , graphic interpretation Electrocardiograph - graphy process of recording Ancient Greek Angiography gyno - , gynaeco - ( BrE ) , gyneco - ( AmE ) woman Greek γυνή , γυναικ - Gynecomastia Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) halluc - to wander in mind Classical Latin to wander in mind Hallucinosis hemat - , haemato - ( haem - , hem - ) Of or pertaining to blood Latin ( hæma ) < Ancient Greek αἵμα , αἱματ - ( haima , haimat - ) , blood Hematology , older form Haematology hema - or hemo - blood ( AmE ) Greek Hemal , Hemoglobin hemangi or hemangio - blood vessels Hemangioma hemi - one - half Ancient Greek ἡμι - ( hēmi - ) , `` half '' Cerebral hemisphere hepat - ( hepatic - ) Of or pertaining to the liver Ancient Greek ἥπαρ , ἡπατο - ( hēpar , hēpato - ) , the liver Hepatology , Hepatitis heter ( o ) - Denotes something as ' the other ' ( of two ) , as an addition , or different Ancient Greek ἕτερος ( héteros ) , the other ( of two ) , another ; different Heterogeneous hidr ( o ) - sweat Greek ἱδρωτ - Hyperhidrosis hist ( o ) - , histio - tissue Greek ἱστός Histology home ( o ) - similar Ancient Greek ὅμοιος ( homoios ) Homeopathy hom ( o ) - Denotes something as ' the same ' as another or common Ancient Greek ὁμο - ( homo - ) , the same , common Homosexuality humer ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the shoulder ( or ( rarely ) the upper arm ) Latin ( umerus ) , shoulder Humerus hydr ( o ) - water Greek ὕδωρ Hydrophobe hyper - Denotes something as ' extreme ' or ' beyond normal ' Ancient Greek ὑπέρ ( hyper ) , over , above ; beyond , to the extreme Hypertension hyp ( o ) - Denotes something as ' below normal ' Ancient Greek ὑπ ( ο ) - ( hypo - ) , below , under Hypovolemia , hyster ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the womb , the uterus Ancient Greek ὑστέρα ( hystéra ) , womb Hysterectomy , Hysteria Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) - i - asis condition , formation , or presence of Greek - ίασις Mydriasis iatr ( o ) - Of or pertaining to medicine , or a physician ( uncommon as a prefix ; common as a suffix , see - iatry ) Ancient Greek ἰᾱτρός ( iātrós ) , healer , physician Iatrochemistry - iatry Denotes a field in medicine of a certain body component Ancient Greek ἰᾱτρός ( iātrós ) , healer , physician Podiatry , psychiatry - ic pertaining to Greek - ικός ( - ikos ) Hepatic artery - icle small Latin Ovarian follicle - ics organized knowledge , treatment Latin - ica < Greek < - ικά Obstetrics idio - self , one 's own Greek ἴδιος , idios , `` one 's own '' Idiopathic ileo - ileum Greek ἰλεός Ileocecal valve infra - below Latin Infrahyoid muscles inter - between , among Latin Interarticular ligament intra - within Latin intramural ipsi - same Latin Ipsilateral irid ( o ) - iris Greek ἴρις Iridectomy isch - restriction Greek ἴσχω Ischemia ischio - Of or pertaining to the ischium , the hip - joint Ancient Greek ἰσχιόν ( ischión ) , hip - joint , ischium Ischioanal fossa - ism condition , disease Dwarfism - ismus spasm , contraction Greek - ισμός Hemiballismus iso - Denoting something as being ' equal ' Ancient Greek ἴσος ( ísos ) , equal Isotonic - ist one who specializes in Greek - ιστής ( - istes ) Pathologist - ite the nature of , resembling Greek - ίτης Hermaphrodite - itis inflammation Tonsillitis - ium structure , tissue pericardium J ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) juxta ( iuxta ) Near to , alongside or next to Latin Juxtaglomerular apparatus Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) kal - potassium hyperkalemia kary - nucleus Greek κάρυον ( káruon ) , `` nut '' eukaryote kerat - cornea ( eye or skin ) Greek κέρας ( kéras ) , `` horn '' keratoscope kine - movement Greek κινέω akinetopsia , kinesthesia koil - hollow Greek κοῖλος ( koîlos ) koilocyte kyph - humped Greek κυφός ( kuphós ) kyphoscoliosis Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) labi - Of or pertaining to the lip Latin ( labium ) , lip labiodental lacrim ( o ) - tear Latin Lacrimal canaliculi lact ( i ) - , lact ( o ) milk Latin Lactation lapar ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the abdominal wall , flank Ancient Greek λαπάρᾱ ( lapárā ) , flank Laparotomy laryng ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the larynx , the lower throat cavity where the voice box is Ancient Greek λάρυγξ , λαρυγγ - ( lárynx , laryng - ) , throat , gullet Larynx latero - lateral Latin Lateral pectoral nerve lei ( o ) - smooth Greek λεῖος Leiomyoma - lepsis , - lepsy attack , seizure Greek λῆψις Epilepsy , narcolepsy lept ( o ) - light , slender Greek λεπτός ( leptos ) Leptomeningeal leuc ( o ) - , leuk ( o ) - Denoting a white color Ancient Greek λευκός ( leukos ) , white , bright Leukocyte lingu ( a ) - , lingu ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the tongue Latin ( lingua ) , tongue Linguistics lip ( o ) - fat Greek λίπος ( lipos ) Liposuction liss ( os ) - smooth Greek Λισσός ( lissos ) Lissencephaly lith ( o ) - stone , calculus Greek λίθος ( lithos ) Lithotripsy log ( o ) - speech Greek λόγος ( logos ) dialog , catalog , logos - logist Denotes someone who studies a certain field ( the field of _____ - logy ) ; a specialist ; one who treats Ancient Greek λογιστής ( logistēs ) , studier , practitioner Oncologist , pathologist - logy Denotes the academic study or practice of a certain field ; the study of Ancient Greek λόγoς ( logos ) study hematology , urology lumb ( o ) - , lumb ( a ) - Of or relating to the part of the trunk between the lowest ribs and the pelvis . Latin ( lumbus or lumbaris ) loin Lumbar vertebrae lymph ( o ) - lymph Latin lympha - water Lymphedema lys ( o ) - , - lytic dissolution Greek Lysosome - lysis Destruction , separation Greek λύσις Paralysis Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) macr ( o ) - large , long Greek μακρός Macrophage - malacia softening Greek μαλακία Osteomalacia mamm ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the breast Latin ( mamma ) , breast ; udder Mammogram mammill ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the nipple Latin mammilla , nipple Mammillaplasty , Mammillitis manu - Of or pertaining to the hand Latin ( manus ) , hand Manufacture mast ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the breast Ancient Greek μαστός ( mastós ) , breast , women 's breast ; man 's pectoral muscle Mastectomy meg ( a ) - , megal ( o ) - , - megaly enlargement , million Greek μέγας Splenomegaly , Megameter melan ( o ) - black color Ancient Greek μέλας , μελανο - ( melas , melano - ) , black ; dark Melanin melos extremity Ancient Greek μέλος Erythromelalgia mening ( o ) - membrane Greek μῆνιγξ , μηνιγγ - Meningitis men - month , menstrual cycle Ancient Greek μήν ( mḗn ) , month Menopause , Menorrhagia mer - part Greek μέρος ( meros ) , part Merocrine , Meroblastic mes - middle Ancient Greek μέσος ( mesos ) , `` middle '' Mesoderm met , meta - after , beside , beyond or change Greek μετά Metacarpal , Metacarpus , Metacromion , Metanephros , Metatheria - meter instrument used to measure or count Greek μέτρον Sphygmomanometer - metry process of measuring Greek - μετρία Optometry metr - Pertaining to conditions or instruments of the uterus Ancient Greek μήτρᾱ ( mētrā ) , womb , uterus Metrorrhagia micr - denoting something as small , or relating to smallness , millionth Ancient Greek μικρός ( mikros ) , small Microscope milli - thousandth Latin mille , thousand Milliliter mon - single Greek μονός ( monos ) Infectious Mononucleosis morph - form , shape Greek μορφή ( morphē ) Morphology muscul ( o ) - muscle Latin Musculoskeletal system my ( o ) - Of or relating to muscle Ancient Greek μῦς , μυ - ( mys , my - ) , muscle ; mouse ; mussel Myoblast myc ( o ) - fungus Greek μύκης , μυκητ - Onychomycosis myel ( o ) - Of or relating to bone marrow or spinal cord Ancient Greek μυελόν ( myelon ) , marrow ; bone - marrow Myeloblast myl ( o ) - Of or relating to molar teeth or lower jaw Greek ( myle ) Mylohyoid nerve myri - ten thousand Ancient Greek μύριοι ( mýrioi ) , myriad Myriad myring ( o ) - eardrum Latin myringa Myringotomy myx ( o ) - mucus Greek μύξα Myxoma Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) narc ( o ) - numb , sleep Greek νάρκη narcolepsy nas ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the nose Latin ( nāsum ) , nose nasal necr ( o ) - death Greek νεκρός Necrosis , necrotizing fasciitis neo - new Greek νέος Neoplasm nephr ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the kidney Ancient Greek νεφρός ( nephrós ) , kidney Nephrology nerv - Of or pertaining to nerves and the nervous system ( Uncommon as a root : neuro - mostly always used ) Latin ( nervus ) , tendon ; nerve ; Cognate with the Greek νευρον ( neuron ) ( see below ) Nerve , nervous system neur ( i ) - , neur ( o ) - Of or pertaining to nerves and the nervous system Ancient Greek νεῦρον ( neuron ) , tendon , sinew ; nerve Neurofibromatosis noci - pain , injury , hurt Latin ( noceo ) Nociception normo - normal Latin Normocapnia O ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) ocul ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the eye Latin ( oculus ) , the eye Oculist odont ( o ) - Of or pertaining to teeth Ancient Greek ὀδούς , ὀδοντ - ( odoús , odont - ) , tooth orthodontist odyn ( o ) - pain Greek ὀδύνη stomatodynia - oesophageal , oesophago - ( BrE ) gullet Greek οἰσοφάγος oesophagus - oid resemblance to Greek - οειδής Sarcoidosis ole small or little Latin olig ( o ) - Denoting something as ' having little , having few ' Ancient Greek ὀλίγος ( oligos ) , few Oligotrophy om ( o ) - shoulder Ancient Greek ὠμός ( ōmos ) , shoulder Omoplate - oma ( singular ) , - omata ( plural ) tumor , mass , fluid collection Greek - ωμα Sarcoma , teratoma , Mesothelioma omphal ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the navel , the umbilicus Ancient Greek ὀμφαλός ( omphalós ) , navel , belly - button Omphalotomy onco - tumor , bulk , volume Greek ὄγκος Oncology - one hormone onych ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the nail ( of a finger or toe ) Ancient Greek ὄνυξ , ὀνυχο - ( ónyx , ónycho - ) , nail ; claw ; talon Onychophagy oo - Of or pertaining to an ( egg ) , a woman 's egg , the ovum Ancient Greek ᾠόν , ᾠο - ( ōón , ōo - ) , egg , ovum Oogenesis oophor ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the woman 's ( ovary ) Neoclassical Greek ᾠοφόρον ( ōophóron ) , ovary , egg - bearing Oophorectomy ophthalm ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the ( eye ) Ancient Greek ὀφθαλμός ( ophthalmós ) , the eye Ophthalmology opistho - back , behind , rear Greek roots , ὄπισθεν , opisthen meaning `` behind '' Opisthotonus - opsy Examination or inspection Ancient Greek ὄψις ( opsis ) , sight Biopsy , autopsy optic ( o ) - Of or relating to chemical properties of the eye Middle French ( optique ) < Greek ὀπτικός ( optikós ) ; ώψ ( opsi ) , vision . Cognate with Latin oculus , relating to the eye Opticochemical , biopsy or ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the mouth Latin ( ōs , or - ) , mouth Oral - or one who doctor orchi ( o ) - , orchid ( o ) - , orch ( o ) - testis Greek ὀρχις ( orkhis , orkhi - ) Orchiectomy , orchidectomy orth ( o ) - Denoting something as straight or correct Ancient Greek ὀρθός ( orthós ) , straight , correct , normal Orthodontist - osis a condition , disease or increase Greek - ωσις Harlequin type ichthyosis , psychosis , osteoporosis osse - bony Latin Osseous ossi - bone Latin Peripheral ossifying fibroma ost ( e ) - , oste ( o ) - bone Greek ὀστέον Osteoporosis , Osteoarthritis ot ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the ear Ancient Greek οὖς , ὠτ - ( ous , ōt - ) , the ear Otology - ous pertaining to Latin - osus porous ovari ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the ovaries Latin ( ōvarium ) , ovary Ovariectomy ovo - , ovi - , ov - Of or pertaining to the eggs , the ovum Latin ( ōvum ) , egg , ovum Ovogenesis oxo - addition of oxygen Greek ὀξύς oxy - sharp , acid , acute , oxygen Greek ὀξύς ( oxus ) Oxytocin , oxygenated , oxycodone Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) pachy - thick Greek παχύς pachyderma palpebr - Of or pertaining to the eyelid ( uncommon as a root ) Latin ( palpebra ) , eyelid palpebra pan - , pant ( o ) - Denoting something as ' complete ' or containing ' everything ' ; `` all '' Ancient Greek πᾶς , παν - ( pas , pan - ) , all , every panophobia , panopticon , pancytopenia ( deficiency in ' ALL ' blood cell types - erythrocytes , leukocytes , thrombocytes ) papill - Of or pertaining to the nipple ( of the chest / breast ) Latin ( papilla ) , nipple ; diminutive of papula ( see below ) papillitis papul ( o ) - Indicates papulosity , a small elevation or swelling in the skin , a pimple , swelling Latin ( papula ) , pimple , pustle ; a small elevation or swelling in the skin papulation para - alongside of Ancient Greek παρά ( para ) paracyesis - paresis slight paralysis Greek πάρεσις hemiparesis parvo - small Latin parvus Parvovirus path ( o ) - disease Greek πάθος Pathology - pathy Denotes ( with a negative sense ) a disease , or disorder Ancient Greek πάθος ( pathos ) , suffering , accident sociopathy , neuropathy pauci - Few Latin paucus Pauci - immune pector - breast or chest Latin pectus pectoralgia , pectoriloquy , pectorophony ped - , - ped - , - pes Of or pertaining to the foot ; - footed Latin pēs , pēd - , foot Pedoscope ped - , pedo - Of or pertaining to the child Ancient Greek παιδός , child pediatrics . pedophilia pelv ( i ) - , pelv ( o ) - hip bone Latin Pelvis - penia deficiency Greek πενία osteopenia peo - Of or pertaining to the penis Greek πέος ( peos ) Peotomy - pepsia Denotes something relating to digestion , or the digestive tract . Ancient Greek πεπτός ( peptós ) cooked , digested < πέσσω ( péssō ) I boil , cook ; digest Dyspepsia per - through Latin percutaneous peri - Denoting something with a position ' surrounding ' or ' around ' another Ancient Greek περί ( peri ) , around Periodontal - pexy fixation Greek πῆξις Nephropexy phaco - lens - shaped Greek φακός phacolysis , phacometer , phacoscotoma - phage , - phagia Forms terms denoting conditions relating to eating or ingestion Ancient Greek φαγία ( phagía ) eating < φαγεῖν ( phagein ) to eat Sarcophagia - phago - eating , devouring Greek - φάγος phagocyte phagist - Forms nouns that denote a person who ' feeds on ' the first element or part of the word Ancient Greek φαγιστής ( phagistēs ) eater ; see - phagia Lotophagi - phagy Forms nouns that denotes ' feeding on ' the first element or part of the word Ancient Greek φαγία ( phagia ) eating ; see - phagia hematophagy phall - phallus Greek φαλλός ( phallos ) Aphallia pharmac - drug , medication Greek φάρμακον pharmacology pharyng - Of or pertaining to the pharynx , the upper throat cavity Ancient Greek φάρυγξ , φαρυγγ - ( phárynx , pháryng - ) , throat , windpipe ; chasm pharyngitis , pharyngoscopy - phil ( ia ) attraction for Greek φιλία hemophilia phleb - Of or pertaining to the ( blood ) veins , a vein Ancient Greek φλέψ , φλεβ - ( phleps , phlebo - ) , blood - vessel , vein phlebography , phlebotomy - phobia exaggerated fear , sensitivity , aversion Greek φόβος arachnophobia phon - sound Greek φωνή phonograph , symphony phos - Of or pertaining to light or its chemical properties , now historic and used rarely . See the common root phot - below . Ancient Greek φῶς , φωτ - ( phōs , phōt - ) , light phosphene phot - Of or pertaining to light Ancient Greek φῶς , φωτ - ( phōs , phōt - ) , light photopathy phren - , phrenic - the mind Greek φρήν , φρεν - phrenic nerve , schizophrenia phyllo - leaf - like phyllodes tumour phyt - to grow hydrophyte pia - soft pia mater piri - Pear Latin pirum , pear Piriformis muscle - plasia formation , development Greek πλάσις Achondroplasia - plasty surgical repair , reconstruction Greek πλαστός rhinoplasty - plegia paralysis Greek πληγή paraplegia pleio - more , excessive , multiple Greek pleion pleiomorphism pleur - Of or pertaining to the ribs Latin ( pleura ) from Ancient Greek πλευρόν ( pleurón ) , rib , side of the body Pleurogenous - plexy stroke or seizure Greek πλῆξις Cataplexy pne - , pneum - air , breath , lung Ancient Greek πνεῖν ( pneîn ) , πνεῦμα , πνεύματος ( pneûma ) , πνεύμων ( pneúmōn ) apnea , pneumatology , pneumonocyte , pneumonia pod - , - pod - , - pus Of or pertaining to the foot , - footed Ancient Greek πούς , ποδ - ( poús , pod - ) , foot podiatry - poiesis production hematopoiesis polio - Denoting a grey color Ancient Greek πολιός ( poliós ) , `` grey '' poliomyelitis poly - Denotes a ' plurality ' of something Ancient Greek πολυς ( polys ) , `` much , many '' polymyositis por - pore , porous πόρος ( póros ) pore porphyr - Denotes a purple color Ancient Greek πορπύρα ( porphýra ) , `` purple '' porphyroblast post - Denotes something as ' after ' or ' behind ' another Latin ( post ) , after , behind postoperation , postmortem pre - Denotes something as ' before ' another ( in ( physical ) position or time ) Medieval Latin ( pre - ) < ( Classical ) Latin ( præ ) , before , in front of premature birth presby - old age Greek presbyopia , presbycusis prim - Denotes something as ' first ' or ' most - important ' Latin prīmus , first , most important primary pro - Denotes something as ' before ' another ( in ( physical ) position or time ) Ancient Greek προ ( pro ) , before , in front of procephalic proct - anus , rectum proctology prosop - face Greek ( prosopon ) , face , mask prosopagnosia prot - Denotes something as ' first ' or ' most important ' Ancient Greek πρωτος ( prōtos ) , first ; principal , most important protoneuron pseud - Denotes something false or fake Ancient Greek pseudoephedrine psor - Itching psoriasis psych - Of or pertaining to the mind Ancient Greek ψυχή ( psyché ) , breath , life , soul psychology , psychiatry pterygo - Pertaining to a wing Greek lateral pterygoid plate - ptosis falling , drooping , downward placement , prolapse apoptosis , nephroptosis - ptysis spitting Greek hemoptysis , the spitting of blood derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes pulmon - , pulmo - Of or relating to the lungs Latin ( pulmo , pulmōn - , usually used in plural ) , a lung pulmonary py - pus Greek πύον pyometra pyel - pelvis Ancient Greek ( pyelos ) pyelonephritis pykno - to thicken ( as the nucleus does in early stages of cell death ) Greek πυκνωνω , to thicken or condense pyknosis pylor - gate Greek pyloric sphincter pyr - fever Greek πῦρ , πυρετός antipyretic Q ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) quadr ( i ) - four Latin quadriceps Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) radi - radiation Latin radiowave radic - referring to the beginning , or the root , of a structure , usually a nerve or a vein Latin ( radix ) root radiculopathy re - again , back Latin relapse rect - rectum Latin rectal , rectum ren - Of or pertaining to the kidney Latin ( rēnes ) , kidney renal reticul ( o ) - net Latin reticulocyte retro - backward , behind Latin retroversion , retroverted rhabd ( o ) - rod shaped , striated Greek ῥάβδος rhabdomyolysis rhachi ( o ) - spine Greek ῥάχις rachial , rachialgia , rachidian , rachiopathy rhin ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the nose Ancient Greek ῥίς , ῥῑνο - ( rhīs , rhīno - ) , nose rhinoceros , rhinoplasty rhod ( o ) - Denoting a rose - red color Ancient Greek ῥόδον ( rhódon ) , rose rhodophyte - rrhage burst forth Greek - ρραγία Hemorrhage - rrhagia rapid flow of blood Greek - ρραγία menorrhagia - rrhaphy surgical suturing Greek ῥαφή neurorrhaphy - rrhea ( AmE ) flowing , discharge Greek - ρροια Galactorrhea , Diarrhea - rrhexis rupture Greek ῥῆξις Karyorrhexis - rrhoea ( BrE ) flowing , discharge Greek - ρροια diarrhoea rubr ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the red nucleus of the brain Latin ( ruber ) , red Rubrospinal - rupt Break or burst Latin Erupt , Interrupt Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) salping ( o ) - Of or pertaining to tubes e.g. fallopian tubes Ancient Greek σάλπιγξ , σαλπιγγ - , ( sálpinx , salpingo - ) trumpet ( literally ) Salpingectomy , salpingopharyngeus muscle sangui - , sanguine - Of or pertaining to blood Latin ( sanguis , sanguin - ) , blood Sanguine sarco - muscular , fleshlike Greek σάρξ , σαρκ - sarcoma , sarcoidosis schist ( o ) - split , cleft Greek σχιστός ( schistos ) schistocyte schiz ( o ) - Denoting something ' split ' or ' double - sided ' Ancient Greek σχιζω ; irregular formation of the verb σχίζειν ( schizein ) , to cut , split Schizophrenia scler ( o ) - hard Greek σκληρός Scleroderma - sclerosis hardening Greek σκλήρωσις Atherosclerosis , multiple sclerosis scoli ( o ) - twisted Greek σκολιός ( skolios ) scoliosis - scope instrument for viewing Greek - σκόπος stethoscope - scopy use of instrument for viewing Greek - σκοπία endoscopy scoto - darkness Greek σκότος ( skotos ) scotopic vision semi - one - half , partly Latin semiconscious sial ( o ) - saliva , salivary gland Greek σίαλος ( sialos ) sialagogue sigmoid ( o ) - sigmoid , S - shaped curvature Greek σιγμοειδής sigmoid colon sinistr ( o ) - left , left side Latin sinus - Of or pertaining to the sinus Latin ( sinus ) , a curve , bend , bay Sinusitis sito - food , grain Greek σῖτος ( sitos ) Sitophobia somat ( o ) - , somatico - body , bodily Greek σῶμα ( sōma ) somatic somn ( o ) Sleep insomniac - spadias slit , fissure Greek σπάδων hypospadias , epispadias spasmo - spasm Greek σπασμός Spasmodic dysphonia sperma - , spermo - , spermato - semen , spermatozoa Greek σπέρμα ( sperma ) Spermatogenesis splanchn ( i ) - , splanchn ( o ) - viscera Greek σπλάγχνον splanchnology splen ( o ) - spleen Greek σπλήν , σπλην - Splenectomy spondyl ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the spine , the vertebra Greek σπόνδυλος / σφόνδυλος , ( spóndylos , sphóndylos ) , the spine Spondylitis squamos ( o ) - Denoting something as ' full of scales ' or ' scaly ' Latin sqāmōsus , full of scales ; scaly Squamous cell - stalsis contraction Greek στάλσις Peristalsis - stasis stopping , standing Greek στάσις Cytostasis , homeostasis - staxis dripping , trickling Greek στάξις , στακτός sten ( o ) - Denoting something as ' narrow in shape ' or pertaining to narrowness Ancient Greek στενός ( stenos ) ; narrow , short Stenography - stenosis abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure Ancient Greek στένωσις ( stenōsis ) restenosis , stenosis steth - Of or pertaining to the upper chest , chest , the area above the breast and under the neck Ancient Greek στῆθος ( stēthos ) , chest , cuirass stethoscope stheno - strength , force , power Greek σθένος stom - , stomat - Of or pertaining to the mouth ; an artificially created opening Ancient Greek στόμα , στοματ - ( stóma , stomat - ) , `` mouth '' stomatogastric , stomatognathic system - stomy creation of an opening Greek - στομία colostomy sub - beneath , under Latin subcutaneous tissue super - in excess , above , superior Latin superior vena cava supra - above , excessive Latin supraorbital vein sy , syl - , sym - , syn - , sys - Indicates similarity , likeness , or being together ; assimilates before some consonants : before l to syl - , s to sys - , before a labial consonant to sym - . Ancient Greek συν - ( syn ) , with , together symptom , synalgia , synesthesia , syssarcosis Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) tachy - Denoting something as fast , irregularly fast Ancient Greek ταχύς ( tachys ) , fast , quickly tachycardia - tension , - tensive pressure Latin Hypertension terato - Monster Ancient Greek teras ( s ) terata ( pl ) teratoma , teratogen tetan - rigid , tense Ancient Greek tetanos tetanus thec - case , sheath Ancient Greek θήκη ( thēkē ) Intrathecal thel - Of or pertaining to a nipple ( uncommon as a prefix ) Ancient Greek θηλή ( thēlē ) , a teat , nipple Theleplasty , thelarche thely - Denoting something as ' relating to a woman , feminine ' Ancient Greek θῆλυς ( thēlys ) , female , feminine Thelygenous therap - treatment Ancient Greek ( therapeía ) hydrotherapy , therapeutic therm ( o ) - heat Ancient Greek θερμός ( thermós ) Hypothermia thorac ( i ) - , thorac ( o ) - , thoracico - Of or pertaining to the upper chest , chest ; the area above the breast and under the neck Latin ( thōrāx ) < Ancient Greek θώραξ ( thōrax ) , chest , cuirass thoracic , thorax thromb ( o ) - Of or relating to a blood clot , clotting of blood Ancient Greek θρόμβος ( thrómbos ) , lump , piece , clot of blood Thrombus , thrombocytopenia thyr ( o ) - thyroid Greek θυρεο - ειδής thym - emotions Greek : `` thymos '' , spirit , soul ; courage ; breath , mind , emotions dysthymia - tic pertaining to Greek - τικός toco - childbirth Greek τόκος - tome cutting instrument Greek τομή ( tomē ) - tomy act of cutting ; incising , incision Greek - τομία Gastrotomy ton - tone , tension , pressure Greek τόνος ( tonos ) - tony tension Greek - τονία top ( o ) - place , topical Greek τόπος ( topos ) Topical anesthetic tort ( i ) - twisted Latin tortus Torticollis tox ( i ) - , tox ( o ) - , toxic ( o ) - toxin , poison Greek τοξικόν Toxoplasmosis trache ( a ) - trachea Greek τραχεία Tracheotomy trachel ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the neck Ancient Greek τράχηλος ( tráchēlos ) , neck tracheloplasty trans - Denoting something as moving or situated across or through Latin trāns , `` across , through '' Transfusion tri - three Latin triangle , triceps trich ( i ) - , trichia , trich ( o ) - Of or pertaining to hair , hair - like structure Ancient Greek θρίξ , τριχ ( ο ) - ( thríx , trich ( o ) - ) , hair Trichocyst - tripsy crushing Greek τρίψις Lithotripsy - trophy nourishment , development Greek - τροφία , τροφή Pseudohypertrophy tympan ( o ) - eardrum Greek τύμπανον Tympanocentesis U ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) - ula , - ule small Latin Nodule ultra - beyond , excessive Latin ultra Ultrasound , ultraviolet umbilic - Of or pertaining to the navel , the umbilicus Latin umbilīcus , navel , belly - button Umbilical ungui - Of or pertaining to the nail , a claw Latin unguis , nail , claw Unguiform , Ungual un ( i ) - one Latin unus Unilateral hearing loss ur - Of or pertaining to urine , the urinary system Greek οὐρεῖν ( oureîn ) ; οὖρον ( oûron ) , urine ; οὐρητήρ ( ourētḗr ) ; οὐρήθρα ( ourḗthra ) antidiuretic , diuresis , diuretic , dysuria , enuresis , polyurea , polyuria , uraemia / uremia , uremic , ureter , urethra , urology uric - uric acid Greek οὐρικός urin - Of or pertaining to urine , the urinary system Latin ūrīna , urine < Ancient Greek ουρον ( ouron ) , see above . Uriniferous uter ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the uterus or womb Latin ( uterus ) , womb , uterus Uterus V ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) vagin - Of or pertaining to the vagina Latin ( vāgīna ) , sheath , scabbard Vagina varic ( o ) - swollen or twisted vein Latin varix varicose vas ( o ) - duct , blood vessel Latin vasoconstriction vasculo - blood vessel Latin vāsculum ven - Of or pertaining to the veins , venous blood , and the vascular system Latin ( vēna ) , blood - vessel , vein Venule , Venospasm ventr ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the belly ; the stomach cavities Latin ( venter ) , the belly , the stomach ; the womb Ventrodorsal ventricul ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the ventricles ; any hollow region inside an organ Latin ( venter ) , the ventricles of the heart , the ventricles of the brain Cardiac ventriculography - version turning Latin versiō anteversion , retroversion vesic ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the bladder Latin ( vēsīca ) , bladder ; blister vesical arteries viscer ( o ) - Of or pertaining to the internal organs , the viscera Latin ( viscus , pl . viscera ) , internal organ ( s ) Viscera X ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) xanth ( o ) - Denoting a yellow color , an abnormally yellow color Greek ξανθός ( xanthós ) , yellow Xanthopathy xen ( o ) - Foreign , different Greek ξένος ( xénos ) , stranger Xenograft xer ( o ) - dry , desert - like Greek ξηρός ( xērós ) , dry Xerostomia , xeroderma xiph - sword Greek ξίφος ( xíphos ) , sword xiphisternum , xiphoid , xiphoidalgia Y ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) - y condition or process of Latin - ia < Greek - ία Surgery Z ( edit ) Affix Meaning Origin language and etymology Example ( s ) zo ( o ) - animal , animal life Greek ζῷον zoology zym ( o ) - fermentation Greek ζύμη enzyme , lysozyme English meanings ( edit ) This section contains lists of different root classification ( e.g. body components , quantity , description , etc . ) . Each list is alphabetized by English meanings , with the corresponding Greek and Latin roots given . Roots of the body ( edit ) Roots of bodily concepts ( edit ) Bodily concept Greek root in English Latin root in English Other root in English Digestion - pepsia - - Disease - pathy - - Eating - phagia - vory - Roots of body parts and components ( edit ) ( Internal anatomy , external anatomy , body fluids , body substances ) Body part or component Greek root Latin root Other root abdomen lapar - abdomin - - aorta aort ( o ) - aort ( o ) - - arm brachi - arm - - armpit maschal - axill - - artery arteri - -- - back not - dors - - big toe -- allic - , hallic - - bladder cyst - vesic - - blood haemat - , hemat - ( haem - , hem - ) sangui - , sanguin - - blood clot thromb - -- - blood vessel angi - vas - , vascul - - body somat - , som - corpor - - bone oste - ossi - - bone marrow , marrow myel - medull - - brain encephal ( o ) - cerebr - - breast mast - mamm ( o ) - - chest steth - pector - - cheek parei - bucc - - ear ot ( o ) - aur ( i ) - - eggs , ova oo - ov - - eye ophthalm ( o ) - ocul ( o ) - optic ( o ) - ( French ) eyelid blephar ( o ) - cili - , palpebr - - face prosop ( o ) - faci ( o ) - - fallopian tubes salping ( o ) - -- - fat , fatty tissue lip ( o ) - adip - - finger dactyl ( o ) - digit - - forehead - front ( o ) - - gallbladder cholecyst ( o ) - fell - - genitals , sexually undifferentiated gon ( o ) - , phall ( o ) - - - gland aden ( o ) - - - glans penis or clitoridis balan ( o ) - - - gums - gingiv - - hair trich ( o ) - capill - - hand cheir ( o ) - , chir ( o ) - manu - - head cephal ( o ) - capit ( o ) - - heart cardi ( o ) - cordi - - hip , hip - joint - cox - - horn cerat ( o ) - cornu - - intestine enter ( o ) - - - jaw gnath ( o ) - - - kidney nephr ( o ) - ren - - knee gon - genu - - lip cheil ( o ) - , chil ( o ) - labi ( o ) - - liver hepat ( o ) - , ( hepatic - ) jecor - - loins , pubic region episi ( o ) - pudend - - lungs pneumon - pulmon ( i ) - , ( pulmo - ) - marrow , bone marrow myel ( o ) - medull - - mind psych - ment - - mouth stomat ( o ) - or - - muscle my ( o ) - - - nail onych ( o ) - ungui - - navel omphal ( o ) - umbilic - - neck trachel ( o ) - cervic - - nerve ; the nervous system neur ( o ) - nerv - - nipple , teat thele - papill - , mammill - - nose rhin ( o ) - nas - - ovary oophor ( o ) - ovari ( o ) - - pelvis pyel ( o ) - pelv ( i ) - - penis pe ( o ) - - - pupil ( of the eye ) cor - , core - , coro - - - rib pleur ( o ) - cost ( o ) - - rib cage thorac ( i ) - , thorac ( o ) - - - shoulder om ( o ) - humer ( o ) - - sinus - sinus - - skin dermat ( o ) - , ( derm - ) cut - , cuticul - - skull crani ( o ) - - - stomach gastr ( o ) - ventr ( o ) - -- testis orchi ( o ) - , orchid ( o ) - - -- throat ( upper throat cavity ) pharyng ( o ) - - -- throat ( lower throat cavity / voice box ) ) laryng ( o ) - - -- thumb - pollic - -- tooth odont ( o ) - dent ( i ) - -- tongue gloss - , glott - lingu ( a ) - -- toe dactyl ( o ) - digit - -- tumour cel - , onc ( o ) - tum - -- ureter ureter ( o ) - ureter ( o ) - -- urethra urethr ( o ) - , urethr ( a ) - urethr ( o ) - , urethr ( a ) - -- urine , urinary system ur ( o ) - urin ( o ) - -- uterine tubes salping ( o ) - salping ( o ) - -- uterus hyster ( o ) - , metr ( o ) - uter ( o ) - -- vagina colp ( o ) - vagin - -- vein phleb ( o ) - ven - -- vulva episi ( o ) - vulv - -- womb hyster ( o ) - , metr ( o ) - uter ( o ) - -- wrist carp ( o ) - carp ( o ) - -- Roots of color ( edit ) Color Greek root in English Latin root in English Other root black melan - atr - , nigr - -- blue cyan - cerule - -- gold chrys - aur - -- gray , grey poli - can - -- green chlor - vir - -- purple porphyr - purpur - , purpureo - -- red erythr - , rhod - rub - , rubr - , ruf - -- red - orange cirrh - -- -- silver -- argent - -- white leuc - , leuk - alb - , cand - -- yellow xanth - flav - jaun - ( French ) Roots of description ( edit ) ( Size , shape , strength , etc . ) Description Greek root in English Latin root in English Other root bad , incorrect cac - , dys - mal - mis - bent , crooked ankyl - prav - -- big mega - , megal ( o ) - magn ( i ) - -- biggest megist - maxim - -- broad , wide eury - lat ( i ) - -- cold cry ( o ) - frig ( i ) - -- dead necr ( o ) - mort - -- equal is ( o ) - equ ( i ) - -- false pseud ( o ) - fals ( i ) - -- female , feminine thely - - -- flat platy - plan ( i ) - -- good , well eu - ben ( e ) - , bon ( i ) - -- great mega - , megal ( o ) - magn ( i ) - -- hard scler ( o ) - dur ( i ) - -- heavy bar ( o ) - grav ( i ) - -- hollow coel ( o ) - cav ( i ) - -- huge megal ( o ) - magn ( i ) - -- incorrect , bad cac ( o ) - , dys - mal ( e ) - mis - irregular poikil ( o ) -- -- large ; extremely large mega - magn ( i ) - -- largest megist - maxim - -- long macr ( o ) - long ( i ) - -- male , masculine arseno - vir - -- narrow sten ( o ) - angust ( i ) - -- new ne ( o ) - nov ( i ) - -- normal , correct orth ( o ) - rect ( i ) - -- old paleo - veter - -- sharp oxy - ac - -- short brachy - brev ( i ) - -- small micr ( o ) - parv ( i ) - ( rare ) -- smallest - minim - -- slow brady - tard ( i ) - -- fast tachy - celer - -- soft malac ( o ) - moll ( i ) - -- straight orth ( o ) - rect ( i ) - -- thick pachy - crass ( i ) - -- varied , various poikilo - vari - -- well , good eu - ben ( e ) - -- wide , broad eury - lat ( i ) - -- Roots of position ( edit ) Description Greek root in English Latin root in English Other root around , surrounding peri - circum - -- left levo - laev - , sinistr - -- middle mes - medi - -- right dexi - dextr - -- Prefixes of quantity or amount ( edit ) Description Greek root in English Latin root in English Other root double diplo - dupli - -- equal iso - equi - -- few oligo - pauci - -- half hemi - semi - demi - ( French ) many , much poly - multi - -- twice dis - bis - -- See also ( edit ) Classical compound International scientific vocabulary List of medical abbreviations Medical dictionary Medicine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ἀκούω Jump up ^ `` Latin Word Study Tool '' . Tufts.edu . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ κάρυον . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ κέρας in Liddell and Scott Jump up ^ κινέω in Liddell and Scott Jump up ^ κοῖλος in Liddell and Scott Jump up ^ κύπτω in Liddell and Scott Jump up ^ http://www.dictionary.com/browse/opistho - Jump up ^ Opisthotonus Jump up ^ http://www.memidex.com/opisthotonus Jump up ^ The Language of Medicine , 11th edition , Davi - Ellen Chabner Jump up ^ Stedman 's Online Jump up ^ The Language of Medicine 11th Edition , Davi - Ellen Chabner Jump up ^ Stanfield , Peggy S. ; Hui , Y.H. ; Cross , Nanna ( 30 September 2013 ) . `` Essential Medical Terminology '' . Jones & Bartlett Learning . Retrieved 25 February 2017 -- via Amazon . Bibliography ( edit ) `` Root Words : Quick Reference . '' LearnThatWord . N.p. , n.d. Web . 3 March 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_medical_roots,_suffixes_and_prefixes&oldid=832352826 '' Categories : Medical terminology Medical lists Word coinage Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 13 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does the prefix re mean in medical terminology | [
"\n\nAffix\nMeaning\nOrigin language and etymology\nExample(s)\n\n\nradi-\nradiation\nLatin\nradiowave\n\n\nradic-\nreferring to the beginning, or the root, of a structure, usually a nerve or a vein\nLatin (radix) root\nradiculopathy\n\n\nre-\nagain, back\nLatin\nrelapse\n\n\nrect-\nrectum\nLatin\nrectal, rectum\n\n\nren-\nOf or pertaining to the kidney\nLatin (rēnes), kidney\nrenal\n\n\nreticul(o)-\nnet\nLatin\nreticulocyte\n\n\nretro-\nbackward, behind\nLatin\nretroversion, retroverted\n\n\nrhabd(o)-\nrod shaped, striated\nGreek ῥάβδος\nrhabdomyolysis\n\n\nrhachi(o)-\nspine\nGreek ῥάχις\nrachial, rachialgia, rachidian, rachiopathy\n\n\nrhin(o)-\nOf or pertaining to the nose\nAncient Greek ῥίς, ῥῑνο- (rhīs, rhīno-), nose\nrhinoceros, rhinoplasty\n\n\nrhod(o)-\nDenoting a rose-red color\nAncient Greek ῥόδον (rhódon), rose\nrhodophyte\n\n\n-rrhage\nburst forth\nGreek -ρραγία\nHemorrhage\n\n\n-rrhagia\nrapid flow of blood\nGreek -ρραγία\nmenorrhagia\n\n\n-rrhaphy\nsurgical suturing\nGreek ῥαφή\nneurorrhaphy\n\n\n-rrhea (AmE)\nflowing, discharge\nGreek -ρροια\nGalactorrhea, Diarrhea\n\n\n-rrhexis\nrupture\nGreek ῥῆξις\nKaryorrhexis\n\n\n-rrhoea (BrE)\nflowing, discharge\nGreek -ρροια\ndiarrhoea\n\n\nrubr(o)-\nOf or pertaining to the red nucleus of the brain\nLatin (ruber), red\nRubrospinal\n\n\n-rupt\nBreak or burst\nLatin\nErupt, Interrupt\n\n"
] | [
"again, back"
] |
1747545036629048297 | Grace and Frankie | Grace and Frankie - Wikipedia Grace and Frankie Jump to : navigation , search Grace and Frankie Genre Comedy Created by Marta Kauffman Howard J. Morris Starring Jane Fonda Lily Tomlin Sam Waterston Martin Sheen Brooklyn Decker Ethan Embry June Diane Raphael Baron Vaughn Opening theme `` Stuck in the Middle with You '' performed by Grace Potter Composer ( s ) Sam KS Michael Skloff Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 52 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Marta Kauffman Howard J. Morris Jane Fonda Lily Tomlin Tate Taylor ( pilot ) Paula Weinstein Dana Goldberg David Ellison Marcy Ross Alexa Junge Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Cinematography Gale Tattersall Editor ( s ) Lisa Zeno Churgin Michael Jablow Sarah Lucky Camera setup Single - camera Running time 25 -- 35 minutes Production company ( s ) Okay Goodnight Skydance Television Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) -- present External links Official website Grace and Frankie is an American comedy - drama web television series created by Marta Kauffman and Howard J. Morris for Netflix . The series stars Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin in the title roles of Grace and Frankie , two unlikely friends who are brought together after their husbands announce that they are in love and plan to get married . Sam Waterston , Martin Sheen , Brooklyn Decker , Ethan Embry , June Diane Raphael , and Baron Vaughn co-star in supporting roles . It premiered on Netflix on May 8 , 2015 , with all 13 episodes of the first season released simultaneously . The second , third , and fourth seasons , also consisting of 13 episodes each , have been released on May 6 , 2016 , March 24 , 2017 , and January 19 , 2018 , respectively . Despite mixed reviews upon its debut , the series was met with a more positive critical reception towards its later seasons and has received several nominations , including four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series and a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy . On February 15 , 2018 , Grace and Frankie was renewed for a fifth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main and Recurring 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production and development 4.1 Casting 4.2 Filming 5 Reception 5.1 Accolades 5.2 Controversy 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows Grace , a retired cosmetics mogul , and Frankie , a hippie art teacher , whose husbands , Robert and Sol , are successful divorce lawyers in San Diego . Grace and Frankie 's lives are turned upside down when Robert and Sol announce that they are in love with each other and are leaving their wives . Now , the women , who have never particularly liked each other , are forced to live together and learn to unite and cope with difficulties . Cast ( edit ) Main and Recurring ( edit ) Actor Character Season 5 Jane Fonda Grace Hanson Lead Lily Tomlin Frances ' Frankie ' Bergstein Lead Sam Waterston Sol Bergstein -- Hanson Lead Martin Sheen Robert Bergstein -- Hanson Lead Brooklyn Decker Mallory Hanson Main June Diane Raphael Brianna Hanson Main Ethan Embry Coyote Bergstein Main Baron Vaughn Nwabudike ' Bud ' Bergstein Main Recurring ( edit ) Actor Character Season 5 Ernie Hudson Jacob Recurring Brittany Ishibashi Erica Guest Recurring Guest Geoff Stults Mitch Recurring Guest Tim Bagley Peter Recurring Guest Recurring Peter Cambor Barry Recurring Guest Recurring Craig T. Nelson Guy Recurring Michael Charles Roman Adam Guest Recurring Guest Recurring Marsha Mason Arlene Guest Recurring Swoosie Kurtz Janet Guest Guest Lindsey Kraft Allison Giampietro - Smikowitz Recurring Megan Ferguson Nadia Guest Recurring Peter Gallagher Nick Skolka Recurring Jack Plotnick Paul Recurring Lisa Kudrow Sheree Recurring Talia Shire Teddie Recurring Sam Elliott Phil Milstein Recurring Mark Deklin Roy Recurring Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grace and Frankie episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) 13 May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) 13 March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) 13 January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Production and Development ( edit ) In March 2014 , Netflix finalized a deal for a 13 - episode straight - to - series order for Grace and Frankie , with Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin attached to star in the lead roles . The series was written and created by Marta Kauffman and Howard J. Morris , who also serve as executive producers alongside Fonda , Tomlin , Paula Weinstein and Tate Taylor , and Skydance Productions ' Dana Goldberg , David Ellison and Marcy Ross . On May 26 , 2015 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season which premiered on May 6 , 2016 . On December 10 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a third season which premiered on March 24 , 2017 . On April 12 , 2017 , the series was renewed for a fourth season , which premiered on January 19 , 2018 . On February 15 , 2018 , the series was renewed for a fifth season , with RuPaul announced to guest star as a rival of Grace & Frankie . Casting ( edit ) Casting announcements began in June 2014 , with Martin Sheen cast in the role of Robert , Grace 's husband . The following month , Sam Waterston was cast in the role of Sol , Frankie 's husband . June Diane Raphael and Baron Vaughn were then added to the cast , with Raphael cast in the role of Brianna , Grace and Robert 's elder daughter , who rebels against Grace 's decorum . Vaughn signed onto the role of Nwabudike , Frankie and Sol 's son . Shortly afterwards , Ethan Embry and Brooklyn Decker were cast in the remaining roles on the series . Embry joined in the role of Coyote , Frankie and Sol 's recovering drug addicted son , while Decker signed onto the role of Mallory , Grace and Robert 's younger daughter . In October 2015 , it was announced Sam Elliott would appear in the second season as Grace 's love interest . In April 2017 , it was reported that Lisa Kudrow will appear in the fourth season as Sheree , Grace 's manicurist . In February 2018 , the same day as the fifth season was commissioned , RuPaul was confirmed to appear in the fifth season as a rival of Grace and Frankie . Filming ( edit ) Production on season one of Grace and Frankie began in Los Angeles , California , in early August 2014 , and ended in late November . Production on season two of the series began in July 2015 , and ended in November the same year . Reception ( edit ) The first season of Grace and Frankie received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes it has a rating of 50 % , based on 32 reviews , with an average rating of 6.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Grace and Frankie 's stellar cast adds an undeniable appeal , although its sloppy dialogue and clichéd sitcom setup will still leave most viewers wanting . '' On Metacritic the season has a score of 58 out of 100 , based on 27 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . The second season received a more positive reception from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a rating of 89 % , based on 9 reviews , with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 . On Metacritic , the season has a score of 62 out of 100 , based on 6 critics , indicating `` generally favourable reviews '' . Jasef Wisener of TVOvermind gave the second season a 4.5 / 5 , calling it `` heartfelt and hilarious '' and `` a huge improvement over the sometimes sluggish first season . '' The third season received critical acclaim . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a rating of 100 % , based on 5 reviews , with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2015 67th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated 20th Satellite Awards Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated 73rd Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Lily Tomlin Nominated Dorian Awards TV Comedy of the Year Nominated TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Jane Fonda Nominated TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Lily Tomlin Nominated LBGTQ TV Show of the Year Nominated 27th GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Comedy Series Nominated 19th OFTA Awards Best Comedy Series Nominated Best Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Won Best Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Sam Waterston Nominated Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated Best Direction in a Comedy Series Nominated Best Writing in a Comedy Series Nominated 2016 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series , Limited Series , or Movie Allyson Fanger , Lori DeLapp Nominated 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Contemporary Television Series Allyson B. Fanger Nominated 28th GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Comedy Series Nominated Artios Awards Outstanding Achievement in Casting - Television Pilot - Comedy Tracy Lilienfield , Emily Towler Nominated 20th OFTA Awards Best Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated Best Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated 2017 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series , Limited Series , or Movie Designers ( show ) Allyson B. Fanger , Heather Pain , Lori DeLapp Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Program ( Half - Hour or Less ) Designers ( show ) Devorah Herbert , Ben Edelberg , Christopher Carlson Nominated 2018 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Controversy ( edit ) After the show 's release , Tomlin and Fonda expressed displeasure once it became public that their salaries were just equal to those of Sheen and Waterston , even though `` the show is not ' Sol and Robert ' , it 's ' Grace and Frankie , ' '' in the words of Lily Tomlin , and contended this constituted a significant pay inequity . Shortly thereafter , Sheen and Waterston went on the record to support their co-stars ' demands for a salary increase , with Waterston being quoted as saying : `` I think they 're being cheated '' . After fans of the show gathered nearly 200,000 signatures on a petition protesting the disparity , the two actresses issued a public statement backing away from criticism , saying : `` This just reminds us to be mindful of how things come across in interviews . We appreciate everyone 's support and the attention to this issue , but the structure of Grace and Frankie is fair , and we could n't be happier to work with Skydance , Netflix and the great cast of this show . '' Fonda and Tomlin made a statement to The Wrap that they were never unhappy with the salaries to start with and that they had `` made a joke in an interview about our salaries , which was taken out of context . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Erik , Pedersen ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grace And Frankie ' Renewed For Season 5 On Netflix ; RuPaul To Guest Star '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin Back Together Again in `` Grace and Frankie , '' A New Original Comedy Series on Netflix `` . The Futon Critic . March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grace And Frankie ' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix '' . Deadline.com . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For ' Orange Is The New Black , ' ' The Get Down , ' ' Flaked ' And Others '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Renews ' Grace and Frankie ' for Season 3 '' . Variety.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grace And Frankie ' Gets Season 3 Premiere Date On Netflix & Teaser '' . Deadline . ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grace and Frankie ' Renewed for Season 4 at Netflix , Adds Lisa Kudrow '' . Variety.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Kasey ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Grace and Frankie Season 4 : Official Renewal Status and Release Date '' . whats-on-netflix.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ; Goldberg , Lesley ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Martin Sheen to Star in Netflix 's Jane Fonda - Lily Tomlin Comedy ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kaitlin ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Sam Waterston and Jane Fonda Reunite for Netflix 's Grace and Frankie '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` June Diane Raphael & Baron Vaughn Join Netflix Comedy ' Grace & Frankie ' '' . Deadline.com . July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Tuesday , July 29 '' . The Futon Critic . July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fonda , Jane ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Grace & Frankie nearing end of Season 2 '' . JaneFonda.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Starting the New Series , Grace & Frankie , with Lily Tomlin , Martin Sheen & Sam Waterston '' . JaneFonda.com . August 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gearing Up for Grace and Frankie Season II '' . JaneFonda.com . July 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Last day on Season II of Grace & Frankie '' . JaneFonda.com . November 13 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 1 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 2 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 2 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wisener , Jasef ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Grace and Frankie Season 2 Review '' . TVOvermind . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 3 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emmy Awards 2015 : The complete winners list '' . CNN.com . September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards ( 2015 ) '' . International Press Academy . IPA . December 2 , 2015 . pressacademy.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` 2016 Golden Globes : Lady Gaga , Transparent and Orange Is the New Black Leads the Race '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` GALECA 2015 / 16 DORIAN AWARDS '' . GALECA. 2016 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 / 01 / 2016 - glaad - media - award - nominations '' . vulture.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 19th Annual TV Awards ( 2014 - 15 ) '' . Online Film & Television Association . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Anderson and Lauren Graham to Announce Emmy Nominations '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Los Angeles Times . July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : https://variety.com/2016/film/news/2017-sag-awards-nominations-nominees-list-1201941897/ Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Contemporary TV Series '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GLAAD Media Awards Nominees # glaadawards '' . GLAAD . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.castingsociety.com/awards/artios/2016 Jump up ^ http://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/20th-annual-tv-awards-2015-16/ Jump up ^ http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominations/award-search?search_api_views_fulltext=Grace+and+Frankie&submit=Search&field_celebrity_details_field_display_name=&field_show_details_field_nominee_show_nr_title=&field_show_details_field_network=All&field_show_details_field_production_company=All&field_nominations_year=1949-01-01+00%3A00%3A00&field_nominations_year_1=2017-01-01+00%3A00%3A00&field_award_category=All Jump up ^ Kang , Inkoo . `` Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin Go Public About Their Unfair ' Grace and Frankie ' Paychecks '' . Women and Hollywood . Indiewire.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vanmetre , Elizabeth ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Martin Sheen , Sam Waterston agree ' Grace and Frankie ' , stars Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin deserve pay raise '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gennis , Sadie . `` Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin Say They 're Okay with Grace and Frankie Gender Pay Disparity '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . 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( 2018 ) The Ballad of Buster Scruggs ( 2018 ) The Boss Baby : Back in Business ( 2018 ) The Break with Michelle Wolf ( 2018 ) The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants ( 2018 ) The Rain ( 2018 ) The Umbrella Academy ( 2018 ) Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ( 2018 ) Carmen Sandiego ( 2019 ) Jinn ( 2019 ) Messiah ( 2019 ) Top Boy ( season 3 , 2019 ) The Last Kids on Earth ( 2019 ) Wizards ( 2019 ) Best Worst Weekend Ever ( TBA ) Chambers ( TBA ) Cursed ( TBA ) Ghoul ( TBA ) Nightflyers ( TBA ) Norm Macdonald Has a Show ( TBA ) Raising Dion ( TBA ) Ratched ( TBA ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( TBA ) The Eddy ( TBA ) The Forgiving Earth ( TBA ) The Good Cop ( TBA ) The Green Beret 's Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Haunting of Hill House ( TBA ) The Innocents ( TBA ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) The Politician ( TBA ) The Prince of Peoria ( TBA ) The Spy ( TBA ) The Witcher ( TBA ) Tidelands ( TBA ) Tuca & Bertie ( TBA ) Unbelievable ( TBA ) Wanderlust ( TBA ) Watership Down ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grace_and_Frankie&oldid=832591328 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2015 American television series debuts English - language television programs Netflix original programming Single - camera television sitcoms Television shows set in San Diego Television series by Skydance Television Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 22 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays roy in season 4 of grace and frankie | [
"\n\nActor\nCharacter\nSeason\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n\n\nErnie Hudson\nJacob\nRecurring\n\n\nBrittany Ishibashi\nErica\nGuest\nRecurring\n\nGuest\n\n\nGeoff Stults\nMitch\nRecurring\n\nGuest\n\n\n\nTim Bagley\nPeter\nRecurring\nGuest\nRecurring\n\n\nPeter Cambor\nBarry\nRecurring\nGuest\nRecurring\n\n\nCraig T. Nelson\nGuy\nRecurring\n\n\n\nMichael Charles Roman\nAdam\nGuest\nRecurring\nGuest\nRecurring\n\n\nMarsha Mason\nArlene\n\nGuest\nRecurring\n\n\nSwoosie Kurtz\nJanet\n\nGuest\n\nGuest\n\n\n\nLindsey Kraft\nAllison Giampietro-Smikowitz\n\nRecurring\n\n\nMegan Ferguson\nNadia\n\nGuest\nRecurring\n\n\nPeter Gallagher\nNick Skolka\n\nRecurring\n\n\nJack Plotnick\nPaul\n\nRecurring\n\n\nLisa Kudrow\nSheree\n\nRecurring\n\n\nTalia Shire\nTeddie\n\nRecurring\n\n\nSam Elliott\nPhil Milstein\n\nRecurring\n\n\n\nMark Deklin\nRoy\n\nRecurring\n\n\n"
] | [
"Mark Deklin"
] |
-1352449770517346835 | The Notorious Cherry Bombs | The Notorious Cherry Bombs - wikipedia The Notorious Cherry Bombs Jump to : navigation , search The Notorious Cherry Bombs Also known as The Cherry Bombs Origin USA Genres Country Years active 1980 -- 1988 , 2003 -- 2004 Labels Universal South Associated acts Emmylou Harris Past members Eddie Bayers Richard Bennett Tony Brown Rodney Crowell Hank DeVito Vince Gill Emory Gordy , Jr . John Hobbs Larrie Londin Michael Rhodes The Notorious Cherry Bombs , originally called The Cherry Bombs , was an American country music supergroup founded by singer - songwriter Rodney Crowell in 1980 . A former member of Emmylou Harris 's Hot Band , Crowell picked several former Hot Band members as his backing band , which he named The Cherry Bombs . They made their debut as Rodney 's backing band on his 1980 album But What Will the Neighbors Think . Although they served as Crowell 's backing band for several years , The Cherry Bombs did not record an album of their own until a 2004 reunion ( at which point `` Notorious '' had been added to the band 's name ) . The album , also titled The Notorious Cherry Bombs , produced a hit on the country music charts in `` It 's Hard to Kiss the Lips at Night That Chew Your Ass Out All Day Long '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Cherry Bombs 2 Return as The Notorious Cherry Bombs 3 Discography 3.1 Studio albums 3.2 Singles 3.3 Music videos 4 References 5 External links The Cherry Bombs ( edit ) Rodney Crowell was a founding member of country singer Emmylou Harris 's Hot Band ; when he began his own solo career in the early 1980s , Crowell picked several former Hot Band members as his backing band , whom he named The Cherry Bombs . The initial members comprised Vince Gill ( background vocals , electric guitar ) , Hank DeVito ( steel guitar ) , Emory Gordy , Jr. ( bass guitar ) , Richard Bennett ( electric guitar ) , Tony Brown ( keyboards ) , and Larrie Londin ( drums ) . As The Cherry Bombs , the band backed both Crowell and Rosanne Cash , to whom Crowell was married at the time . After Crowell and Cash divorced , the band 's members began leaving . Gill began a solo career in country music in the late 1980s , while Brown became a record producer for MCA Records . Londin died from a heart attack in 1992 . Gordy married country singer Patty Loveless and served as her producer , while Bennett and DeVito found work as studio musicians . Return as the Notorious Cherry Bombs ( edit ) In 2003 , several of the former members of The Cherry Bombs , including Gill and Crowell , re-united . Emory Gordy , Jr. opted not to participate in the reunited group , which by then comprised Eddie Bayers ( drums ) , Richard Bennett ( electric guitar , bouzouki , cavaquinho ) , Hank DeVito ( steel guitar , Dobro ) , Tony Brown ( piano , keyboards ) , John Hobbs ( piano , keyboards ) , and Michael Rhodes ( bass guitar ) , with Gill and Crowell alternating as lead singers . A year later , the band was signed to a record deal with Universal South Records to record their first album as an actual band . Due to legal concerns , the band was renamed The Notorious Cherry Bombs . Their self - titled album produced a minor hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts that year in `` It 's Hard to Kiss the Lips at Night That Chew Your Ass Out All Day Long '' . This was followed by `` Let It Roll , Let It Ride '' which failed to chart . Also included on the album was `` Making Memories of Us '' , which had previously been recorded by Tracy Byrd and would later become a Number One hit when Keith Urban released his own version in 2005 . After the release of their second single , The Notorious Cherry Bombs disbanded again , and Crowell and Gill resumed their solo careers . Discography ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) Title Album details Peak chart positions US Country US US Heat The Notorious Cherry Bombs Release date : July 27 , 2004 Label : Universal South Records 23 135 Singles ( edit ) Year Single Peak positions Album US Country `` It 's Hard to Kiss the Lips at Night That Chew Your Ass Out All Day Long '' 47 The Notorious Cherry Bombs 2005 `` Let It Roll , Let It Ride '' -- `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart Music videos ( edit ) Year Video Director `` It 's Hard to Kiss the Lips at Night That Chew Your Ass Out All Day Long '' Eric Welch References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` allmusic ( ( ( The Notorious Cherry Bombs > Biography ) ) ) '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Hill , Cheryl Harvey . `` The Notorious Cherry Bombs - Self - titled Album review '' . Country Stars Online . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Vince Gill official website Rodney Crowell official website ( hide ) Rodney Crowell Studio albums Ai n't Living Long Like This But What Will the Neighbors Think Rodney Crowell Street Language Diamonds & Dirt Keys to the Highway Life Is Messy Let the Picture Paint Itself Jewel of the South The Houston Kid Fate 's Right Hand The Outsider Sex & Gasoline Old Yellow Moon Tarpaper Sky The Traveling Kind Close Ties Compilation albums The Rodney Crowell Collection Greatest Hits Singles `` Elvira '' `` ( Now and Then There 's ) A Fool Such as I '' `` Ashes by Now '' `` Ai n't No Money '' `` It 's Such a Small World '' `` I Could n't Leave You If I Tried '' `` She 's Crazy for Leavin ' '' `` After All This Time '' `` Above and Beyond '' `` Many a Long and Lonesome Highway '' `` If Looks Could Kill '' `` My Past Is Present '' `` Now That We 're Alone '' `` Lovin ' All Night '' `` What Kind of Love '' `` Please Remember Me '' `` I Walk the Line Revisited '' Other songs `` The Answer Is Yes '' `` Heartbroke '' `` I Ai n't Living Long Like This '' `` Leaving Louisiana in the Broad Daylight '' `` Making Memories of Us '' `` Queen of Hearts '' `` Song for the Life '' `` Voilá , An American Dream '' Related articles Discography The Notorious Cherry Bombs The Notorious Cherry Bombs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Notorious_Cherry_Bombs&oldid=788430647 '' Categories : American country music groups Musical groups established in 1980 Supergroups ( music ) Show Dog - Universal Music artists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 July 2017 , at 10 : 11 . About Wikipedia | who sang it's hard to kiss the lips | [
"Although they served as Crowell's backing band for several years, The Cherry Bombs did not record an album of their own until a 2004 reunion (at which point \"Notorious\" had been added to the band's name).[1] The album, also titled The Notorious Cherry Bombs, produced a hit on the country music charts in \"It's Hard to Kiss the Lips at Night That Chew Your Ass Out All Day Long\"."
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"The Cherry Bombs"
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4753657453727454257 | Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award | Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year award - wikipedia Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year award Jump to : navigation , search Rookie of the Year Award Jackie Robinson , the inaugural winner in 1947 and eventual namesake of the award Award details Given for Major League Baseball 's best regular - season rookie History First award 1947 Most recent Michael Fulmer ( American League ) Corey Seager ( National League ) Website Rookie of the Year In Major League Baseball , the Rookie of the Year Award is annually given to one player from each league as voted on by the Baseball Writers ' Association of America ( BBWAA ) . The award was established in 1940 by the Chicago chapter of the BBWAA , which selected an annual winner from 1940 through 1946 . The award became national in 1947 ; Jackie Robinson , the Brooklyn Dodgers ' second baseman , won the inaugural award . One award was presented for both leagues in 1947 and 1948 ; since 1949 , the honor has been given to one player each in the National and American League . Originally , the award was known as the J. Louis Comiskey Memorial Award , named after the Chicago White Sox owner of the 1930s . The award was renamed the Jackie Robinson Award in July 1987 , 40 years after Jackie Robinson broke the baseball color line . Of the 140 players named Rookie of the Year ( as of 2016 ) , 16 have been elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame -- Jackie Robinson , five American League players , and ten others from the National League . The award has been shared twice : once by Butch Metzger and Pat Zachry of the National League in 1976 ; and once by John Castino and Alfredo Griffin of the American League in 1979 . Members of the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers have won the most awards of any franchise ( with 17 ) , twice the total of the New York Yankees , and members of the Philadelphia and Oakland Athletics ( eight ) , who have produced the most in the American League . Fred Lynn and Ichiro Suzuki are the only two players who have been named Rookie of the Year and Most Valuable Player in the same year , and Fernando Valenzuela is the only player to have won Rookie of the Year and the Cy Young Award in the same year . Sam Jethroe is the oldest player to have won the award , at age 32 , 33 days older than 2000 winner Kazuhiro Sasaki ( also 32 ) . Michael Fulmer of the Detroit Tigers and Corey Seager of the Los Angeles Dodgers are the most recent winners . Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualifications and voting 2 Winners 2.1 Key 2.2 Major Leagues combined ( 1947 -- 48 ) 2.3 American League winners ( 1949 -- present ) 2.4 National League winners ( 1949 -- present ) 3 See also 4 References Qualifications and voting ( edit ) Hideo Nomo won in 1995 , the first of several players to win with past professional baseball experience in Nippon Professional Baseball . From 1947 through 1956 , each BBWAA voter used discretion as to who qualified as a rookie . In 1957 , the term was first defined as someone with fewer than 75 at bats or 45 innings pitched in any previous Major League season . This guideline was later amended to 90 at bats , 45 innings pitched , or 45 days on a Major League roster before September 1 of the previous year . The current standard of 130 at bats , 50 innings pitched or 45 days on the active roster of a Major League club ( excluding time in military service or on the disabled list ) before September 1 was adopted in 1971 . Since 1980 , each voter names three rookies : a first - place choice is given five points , a second - place choice three points , and a third - place choice one point . The award goes to the player who receives the most overall points . Edinson Vólquez received three second - place votes in 2008 balloting despite no longer being a rookie under the award 's definition . The award has drawn criticism in recent years because several players with experience in Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) have won the award , such as Hideo Nomo in 1995 , Kazuhiro Sasaki in 2000 , and Ichiro Suzuki in 2001 . The current definition of rookie status for the award is based only on Major League experience , but some feel that past NPB players are not true rookies because of their past professional experience . Others , however , believe it should make no difference since the first recipient and the award 's namesake played for the Negro Leagues prior to his MLB career and thus could also not be considered a `` true rookie '' . This issue arose in 2003 when Hideki Matsui narrowly lost the AL award to Ángel Berroa . Jim Souhan of the Minneapolis Star Tribune said he did not see Matsui as a rookie in 2003 because `` it would be an insult to the Japanese league to pretend that experience did n't count . '' The Japan Times ran a story in 2007 on the labeling of Daisuke Matsuzaka , Kei Igawa , and Hideki Okajima as rookies , saying `` ( t ) hese guys are n't rookies . '' Past winners such as Jackie Robinson , Don Newcombe , and Sam Jethroe had professional experience in the Negro Leagues . Winners ( edit ) Key ( edit ) Cal Ripken , Jr. won in 1982 , and is one of 16 Hall of Famers to win Rookie of the Year honors . Year Links to the article about the corresponding Major League Baseball season † Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Denotes player who is still active * Denotes year in which the award was shared Major Leagues combined ( 1947 -- 48 ) ( edit ) Year Player Team Position Selected statistics Ref 1947 Robinson , Jackie Jackie Robinson Brooklyn Dodgers 1B . 297 batting average 125 runs scored 29 stolen bases 1948 Dark , Alvin Alvin Dark Boston Braves SS . 322 batting average 3 home runs 48 runs batted in American League winners ( 1949 -- present ) ( edit ) Mike Trout , 2012 AL winner Jeremy Hellickson , the 2011 AL winner Evan Longoria , the 2008 AL winner Dustin Pedroia , the 2007 AL winner Justin Verlander , the 2006 AL winner Year Player Team Position Selected statistics Ref 1949 Sievers , Roy Roy Sievers St. Louis Browns OF . 306 batting average 16 home runs 91 runs batted in 1950 Dropo , Walt Walt Dropo Boston Red Sox 1B . 322 batting average 34 home runs 144 runs batted in 1951 McDougald , Gil Gil McDougald New York Yankees 3B . 306 batting average 14 home runs 63 runs batted in 1952 Byrd , Harry Harry Byrd Philadelphia Athletics 3.31 earned run average 15 complete games 15 -- 15 record in 37 appearances ( 28 games started ) 1953 Kuenn , Harvey Harvey Kuenn Detroit Tigers SS . 308 batting average 94 runs scored 209 hits 1954 Grim , Bob Bob Grim New York Yankees 3.26 earned run average 199 innings pitched 20 -- 6 record in 37 appearances ( 20 games started ) 1955 Score , Herb Herb Score Cleveland Indians 2.85 earned run average 227 ⁄ innings pitched 16 -- 10 record in 32 games started 1956 Aparicio , Luis Luis Aparicio Chicago White Sox SS . 266 batting average 21 stolen bases 69 runs scored 1957 Kubek , Tony Tony Kubek New York Yankees SS . 297 batting average 56 runs scored 39 runs batted in 1958 Pearson , Albie Albie Pearson Washington Senators OF . 275 batting average 3 home runs 63 runs scored 1959 Allison , Bob Bob Allison Washington Senators OF . 261 batting average 30 home runs 85 runs batted in 1960 Hansen , Ron Ron Hansen Baltimore Orioles SS . 255 batting average 22 home runs 86 runs batted in 1961 Schwall , Don Don Schwall Boston Red Sox 3.22 earned run average 178 ⁄ innings pitched 15 -- 7 record in 25 games started 1962 Tresh , Tom Tom Tresh New York Yankees SS . 286 batting average 20 home runs 93 runs batted in 1963 Peters , Gary Gary Peters Chicago White Sox 2.33 earned run average 243 innings pitched 19 -- 8 record in 41 appearances ( 30 games started ) 1964 Oliva , Tony Tony Oliva Minnesota Twins OF . 323 batting average 32 home runs 94 runs batted in 1965 Blefary , Curt Curt Blefary Baltimore Orioles OF . 260 batting average 22 home runs 70 runs batted in 1966 Agee , Tommie Tommie Agee Chicago White Sox OF . 273 batting average 44 stolen bases 98 runs scored 1967 Carew , Rod Rod Carew Minnesota Twins 2B . 292 batting average 8 home runs 66 runs scored 1968 Bahnsen , Stan Stan Bahnsen New York Yankees 2.05 earned run average 267 ⁄ innings pitched 17 -- 12 record in 34 games started 1969 Piniella , Lou Lou Piniella Kansas City Royals OF . 282 batting average 11 home runs 68 runs batted in 1970 Munson , Thurman Thurman Munson New York Yankees . 302 batting average 53 runs batted in 52 % caught stealing percentage in the field 1971 Chambliss , Chris Chris Chambliss Cleveland Indians 1B . 275 batting average 9 home runs 48 runs batted in 1972 Fisk , Carlton Carlton Fisk Boston Red Sox . 293 batting average 22 home runs 61 runs batted in 1973 Bumbry , Al Al Bumbry Baltimore Orioles OF . 337 batting average 11 triples 73 runs scored Hargrove , Mike Mike Hargrove Texas Rangers 1B . 323 batting average . 395 on - base percentage 66 runs batted in Lynn , Fred Fred Lynn Boston Red Sox OF . 331 batting average 47 doubles 105 runs batted in 1976 Fidrych , Mark Mark Fidrych Detroit Tigers 2.34 earned run average 24 complete games 19 -- 9 record in 29 games started 1977 Murray , Eddie Eddie Murray Baltimore Orioles DH . 283 batting average 27 home runs 88 runs batted in 1978 Whitaker , Lou Lou Whitaker Detroit Tigers 2B . 285 batting average 3 home runs 58 runs batted in 1979 * Castino , John John Castino Minnesota Twins 3B . 285 batting average 8 triples 52 runs batted in 1979 * Griffin , Alfredo Alfredo Griffin Toronto Blue Jays SS . 287 batting average 10 triples 81 runs scored 1980 Charboneau , Joe Joe Charboneau Cleveland Indians OF . 289 batting average 23 home runs 87 runs batted in 1981 Righetti , Dave Dave Righetti New York Yankees 2.05 earned run average 105 ⁄ innings pitched 8 -- 4 record in 15 games started 1982 Ripken , Cal Cal Ripken , Jr . Baltimore Orioles SS . 264 batting average 28 home runs 93 runs batted in Kittle , Ron Ron Kittle Chicago White Sox OF . 254 batting average 35 home runs 100 runs batted in 1984 Davis , Alvin Alvin Davis Seattle Mariners 1B . 284 batting average 27 home runs 116 runs batted in 1985 Guillén , Ozzie Ozzie Guillén Chicago White Sox SS . 273 batting average 9 triples 71 runs scored 1986 Canseco , Jose Jose Canseco Oakland Athletics OF . 240 batting average 33 home runs 117 runs batted in McGwire , Mark Mark McGwire Oakland Athletics 1B . 289 batting average 49 home runs 118 runs batted in 1988 Weiss , Walt Walt Weiss Oakland Athletics SS . 250 batting average 3 home runs 39 runs batted in 1989 Olson , Gregg Gregg Olson Baltimore Orioles 1.69 earned run average 85 innings pitched 27 saves 1990 Alomar , Jr. , Sandy Sandy Alomar , Jr . Cleveland Indians . 290 batting average 9 home runs 66 runs batted in 1991 Knoblauch , Chuck Chuck Knoblauch Minnesota Twins 2B . 281 batting average 25 stolen bases 78 runs scored 1992 Listach , Pat Pat Listach Milwaukee Brewers SS . 290 batting average 54 stolen bases 93 runs scored 1993 Salmon , Tim Tim Salmon California Angels OF . 283 batting average 31 home runs 95 runs batted in 1994 Hamelin , Bob Bob Hamelin Kansas City Royals DH . 282 batting average 24 home runs 65 runs batted in 1995 Cordova , Marty Marty Cordova Minnesota Twins OF . 277 batting average 24 home runs 84 runs batted in Jeter , Derek Derek Jeter New York Yankees SS . 314 batting average 10 home runs 104 runs scored 1997 Garciaparra , Nomar Nomar Garciaparra Boston Red Sox SS . 306 batting average 30 home runs 122 runs scored 1998 Grieve , Ben Ben Grieve Oakland Athletics OF . 288 batting average 18 home runs 89 runs batted in 1999 Beltrán , Carlos Carlos Beltrán Kansas City Royals OF . 293 batting average 22 home runs 108 runs batted in 2000 Sasaki , Kazuhiro Kazuhiro Sasaki Seattle Mariners 3.16 earned run average 78 strikeouts 37 saves 2001 Suzuki , Ichiro Ichiro Suzuki Seattle Mariners OF . 350 batting average 56 stolen bases 127 runs scored 2002 Hinske , Eric Eric Hinske Toronto Blue Jays 3B . 279 batting average 24 home runs 84 runs batted in 2003 Berroa , Ángel Ángel Berroa Kansas City Royals SS . 287 batting average 21 stolen bases 92 runs scored Crosby , Bobby Bobby Crosby Oakland Athletics SS . 239 batting average 22 home runs 64 runs batted in 2005 Street , Huston Huston Street Oakland Athletics 1.72 earned run average 78 ⁄ innings pitched 23 saves 2006 Verlander , Justin Justin Verlander Detroit Tigers 3.63 earned run average 186 innings pitched 17 -- 9 record in 30 games started 2007 Pedroia , Dustin Dustin Pedroia Boston Red Sox 2B . 317 batting average 39 doubles 86 runs scored 2008 Longoria , Evan Evan Longoria Tampa Bay Rays 3B . 272 batting average 27 home runs 85 runs batted in 2009 Andrew Bailey Oakland Athletics 1.84 earned run average 83 ⁄ innings pitched 26 saves Feliz , Neftalí Neftalí Feliz Texas Rangers 2.73 earned run average 69 ⁄ innings pitched 40 saves 2011 Hellickson , Jeremy Jeremy Hellickson Tampa Bay Rays 2.95 earned run average 117 strikeouts 13 -- 10 record in 29 games started 2012 Trout , Mike Mike Trout Los Angeles Angels OF . 326 batting average 30 home runs 129 runs scored 49 stolen bases 2013 Myers , Wil Wil Myers Tampa Bay Rays OF . 293 batting average 13 home runs 53 runs batted in 2014 Abreu , José José Abreu Chicago White Sox 1B . 317 batting average 36 home runs 107 runs batted in 2015 Correa , Carlos Carlos Correa Houston Astros SS . 279 batting average 22 home runs 68 runs batted in 2016 Fulmer , Michael Michael Fulmer Detroit Tigers 3.06 earned run average 132 strikeouts 11 -- 7 record in 26 games started National League winners ( 1949 -- present ) ( edit ) Bryce Harper , 2012 NL winner Craig Kimbrel , 2011 NL winner Geovany Soto , 2008 NL winner Ryan Braun , 2007 NL winner Ryan Howard , 2005 NL winner Year Player Team Position Selected statistics Ref 1949 Newcombe , Don Don Newcombe Brooklyn Dodgers 3.17 earned run average 5 shutouts 17 -- 8 record in 31 games started 1950 Jethroe , Sam Sam Jethroe Boston Braves OF . 273 batting average 35 stolen bases 100 runs scored 1951 Mays , Willie Willie Mays New York Giants OF . 274 batting average 20 home runs 68 runs batted in 1952 Black , Joe Joe Black Brooklyn Dodgers 2.15 earned run average 15 saves 15 -- 4 record in 56 appearances 1953 Gilliam , Jim Jim Gilliam Brooklyn Dodgers 2B . 278 batting average 17 triples 125 runs scored 1954 Moon , Wally Wally Moon St. Louis Cardinals OF . 304 batting average 12 home runs 106 runs scored 1955 Virdon , Bill Bill Virdon St. Louis Cardinals OF . 281 batting average 17 home runs 68 runs batted in 1956 Robinson , Frank Frank Robinson Cincinnati Reds OF . 290 batting average 38 home runs 122 runs scored 1957 Sanford , Jack Jack Sanford Philadelphia Phillies 3.08 earned run average 188 strikeouts 19 -- 8 record in 33 games started 1958 Cepeda , Orlando Orlando Cepeda San Francisco Giants 1B . 312 batting average 25 home runs 96 runs batted in 1959 McCovey , Willie Willie McCovey San Francisco Giants 1B . 354 batting average 13 home runs 38 runs batted in 1960 Howard , Frank Frank Howard Los Angeles Dodgers OF . 268 batting average 23 home runs 77 runs batted in 1961 Williams , Billy Billy Williams Chicago Cubs OF . 278 batting average 25 home runs 86 runs batted in 1962 Hubbs , Ken Ken Hubbs Chicago Cubs 2B . 260 batting average 90 runs scored Gold Glove Award 1963 Rose , Pete Pete Rose Cincinnati Reds 2B . 273 batting average 9 triples 101 runs scored 1964 Allen , Dick Dick Allen Philadelphia Phillies 3B . 318 batting average 13 triples 125 runs scored 1965 Lefebvre , Jim Jim Lefebvre Los Angeles Dodgers 2B . 250 batting average 12 home runs 69 runs batted in 1966 Helms , Tommy Tommy Helms Cincinnati Reds 2B . 284 batting average 9 home runs 72 runs scored 1967 Seaver , Tom Tom Seaver New York Mets 2.76 earned run average 251 innings pitched 16 -- 13 record in 34 games started 1968 Bench , Johnny Johnny Bench Cincinnati Reds . 275 batting average 15 home runs 82 runs batted in 1969 Sizemore , Ted Ted Sizemore Los Angeles Dodgers 2B . 271 batting average 4 home runs 69 runs scored 1970 Morton , Carl Carl Morton Montreal Expos 3.60 earned run average 284 ⁄ innings pitched 18 -- 11 record in 43 appearances ( 37 games started ) 1971 Williams , Earl Earl Williams Atlanta Braves . 260 batting average 33 home runs 87 runs batted in 1972 Matlack , Jon Jon Matlack New York Mets 2.32 earned run average 244 innings pitched 15 -- 10 record in 32 games started 1973 Matthews , Gary Gary Matthews San Francisco Giants OF . 300 batting average 12 home runs 74 runs scored McBride , Bake Bake McBride St. Louis Cardinals OF . 309 batting average 30 stolen bases 81 runs scored Montefusco , John John Montefusco San Francisco Giants 2.88 earned run average 215 strikeouts 15 -- 9 record on 34 games started 1976 * Metzger , Butch Butch Metzger San Diego Padres 2.92 earned run average 16 saves 11 -- 4 record in 77 appearances 1976 * Zachry , Pat Pat Zachry Cincinnati Reds 2.74 earned run average 204 innings pitched 14 -- 7 record in 38 appearances ( 28 games started ) 1977 Dawson , Andre Andre Dawson Montreal Expos OF . 282 batting average 19 home runs 65 runs batted in 1978 Horner , Bob Bob Horner Atlanta Braves 3B . 266 batting average 23 home runs 63 runs batted in 1979 Sutcliffe , Rick Rick Sutcliffe Los Angeles Dodgers 3.46 earned run average 242 innings pitched 17 -- 10 record in 39 appearances ( 30 games started ) 1980 Howe , Steve Steve Howe Los Angeles Dodgers 2.66 earned run average 84 ⁄ innings pitched 17 saves 1981 Valenzuela , Fernando Fernando Valenzuela Los Angeles Dodgers 2.48 earned run average 8 shutouts 13 -- 7 record in 25 games started 1982 Sax , Steve Steve Sax Los Angeles Dodgers 2B . 282 batting average 49 stolen bases 88 runs scored Strawberry , Darryl Darryl Strawberry New York Mets OF . 257 batting average 26 home runs 74 runs batted in 1984 Gooden , Dwight Dwight Gooden New York Mets 2.60 earned run average 276 strikeouts 17 -- 9 record in 31 games started 1985 Coleman , Vince Vince Coleman St. Louis Cardinals OF . 267 batting average 110 stolen bases 107 runs scored 1986 Worrell , Todd Todd Worrell St. Louis Cardinals 2.08 earned run average 103 ⁄ innings pitched 36 saves Santiago , Benito Benito Santiago San Diego Padres . 300 batting average 18 home runs 79 runs batted in 1988 Sabo , Chris Chris Sabo Cincinnati Reds 3B . 271 batting average 46 stolen bases 74 runs scored 1989 Walton , Jerome Jerome Walton Chicago Cubs OF . 293 batting average 24 stolen bases 64 runs scored 1990 Justice , David David Justice Atlanta Braves OF . 282 batting average 28 home runs 78 runs batted in 1991 Bagwell , Jeff Jeff Bagwell Houston Astros 1B . 294 batting average 15 home runs 82 runs batted in 1992 Karros , Eric Eric Karros Los Angeles Dodgers 1B . 257 batting average 20 home runs 88 runs batted in 1993 Piazza , Mike Mike Piazza Los Angeles Dodgers . 318 batting average 35 home runs 112 runs batted in 1994 Mondesí , Raúl Raúl Mondesí Los Angeles Dodgers OF . 306 batting average 16 home runs 56 runs batted in 1995 Nomo , Hideo Hideo Nomo Los Angeles Dodgers 2.54 earned run average 236 strikeouts 13 -- 6 record in 28 games started Hollandsworth , Todd Todd Hollandsworth Los Angeles Dodgers OF . 291 batting average 12 home runs 59 runs batted in 1997 Rolen , Scott Scott Rolen Philadelphia Phillies 3B . 283 batting average 21 home runs 92 runs batted in 1998 Wood , Kerry Kerry Wood Chicago Cubs 3.40 earned run average 233 strikeouts 13 -- 6 record in 26 games started 1999 Williamson , Scott Scott Williamson Cincinnati Reds 2.41 earned run average 19 saves 12 -- 7 record in 62 appearances 2000 Furcal , Rafael Rafael Furcal Atlanta Braves SS . 295 batting average 40 stolen bases 87 runs scored 2001 Pujols , Albert Albert Pujols St. Louis Cardinals 3B . 329 batting average 37 home runs 130 runs batted in 2002 Jennings , Jason Jason Jennings Colorado Rockies 4.52 earned run average 185 ⁄ innings pitched 16 -- 8 record in 32 games started 2003 Willis , Dontrelle Dontrelle Willis Florida Marlins 3.30 earned run average 160 ⁄ innings pitched 14 -- 6 record in 27 games started Bay , Jason Jason Bay Pittsburgh Pirates OF . 282 batting average 26 home runs 82 runs batted in 2005 Howard , Ryan Ryan Howard Philadelphia Phillies 1B . 288 batting average 22 home runs 63 runs batted in 2006 Ramírez , Hanley Hanley Ramírez Florida Marlins SS . 292 batting average 51 stolen bases 119 runs scored 2007 Braun , Ryan Ryan Braun Milwaukee Brewers 3B . 324 batting average 34 home runs 97 runs batted in 2008 Soto , Geovany Geovany Soto Chicago Cubs . 285 batting average 23 home runs 86 runs batted in 2009 Coghlan , Chris Chris Coghlan Florida Marlins OF . 321 batting average 162 base hits 84 runs scored Posey , Buster Buster Posey San Francisco Giants . 305 batting average 18 home runs 67 runs batted in 2011 Kimbrel , Craig Craig Kimbrel Atlanta Braves 2.10 earned run average 127 strikeouts in 77 innings pitched 46 saves 2012 Harper , Bryce Bryce Harper Washington Nationals OF . 270 batting average 22 home runs 59 runs batted in 2013 Fernández , José José Fernández Miami Marlins 2.19 earned run average 0.98 WHIP 12 wins 2014 deGrom , Jacob Jacob deGrom New York Mets 2.69 earned run average 1.14 WHIP 9 wins 2015 Bryant , Kris Kris Bryant Chicago Cubs 3B . 275 batting average 26 home runs 99 runs batted in 2016 Seager , Corey Corey Seager Los Angeles Dodgers SS . 308 batting average 26 home runs 72 runs batted in See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Esurance MLB Awards Best Rookie ( in MLB ) Players Choice Awards Outstanding Rookie ( in each league ) Baseball America Rookie of the Year ( in MLB ) Sporting News Rookie of the Year Award ( in each league ) Rookie of the Month Topps All - Star Rookie Teams Baseball awards Rookie of the Year Award ( all sports ) Rookie of the Year ( film ) References ( edit ) General `` Rookie of the Year winners '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . `` Rookie of the Year Awards & Rolaids Relief Award Winners '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Inline citations ^ Jump up to : Vass , George ( July 1998 ) . `` History of the rookie award filled with controversy '' . Baseball Digest . 57 ( 7 ) : 26 . ISSN 0005 - 609X . Jump up ^ `` Sports News '' . Associated Press . July 14 , 1987 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( June 19 , 2001 ) . `` Sam Jethroe Is Dead at 83 ; Was Oldest Rookie of the Year '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cour , Jim ( November 7 , 2000 ) . `` Sasaki voted AL Rookie of the Year '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` MLB Miscellany : Rules , regulations and statistics '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved July 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rookie of the Year Award / Jackie Robinson Award '' . Baseball Almanac. 2008 . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Longoria , Soto are Rookies of the Year '' . Major League Baseball . November 10 , 2008 . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The BBWAA and Edinson Volquez '' . Baseball Prospectus . November 16 , 2008 . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Berroa barely edges Matsui for AL honor '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved July 10 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Graczyk , Wayne ( May 27 , 2007 ) . `` MLB should eliminate ' rookie ' label for Japanese veterans '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Robinson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alvin Dark Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Sievers Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Dropo Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gil McDougald Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Byrd Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harvey Kuenn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Grim Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Herb Score Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Aparicio Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Kubek Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Albie Pearson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Allison Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Hansen Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Don Schwall Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Tresh Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Peters Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Oliva Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Curt Blefary Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tommiee Agee Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rod Carew Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Bahnsen Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Piniella Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Thurman Munson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Chambliss Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Carlton Fisk Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Al Bumbry Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Hargrove Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Lynn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Fidrych Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Murray Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Whitaker Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` John Castino Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alfredo Griffin Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Charboneau Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Righetti Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cal Ripken , Jr . Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Kittle Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alvin Davis Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ozzie Guillén Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Canseco Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mark McGwire Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Weiss Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gregg Olson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sandy Alomar Jr . Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Knoblauch Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pat Listach Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Salmon Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Hamelin Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Marty Cordova Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Jeter Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nomar Garciaparra Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Grieve Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Beltrán Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kazuhiro Sasaki Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ichiro Suzuki Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Hinske Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ángel Berroa Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Crosby Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Huston Street Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Verlander Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dustin Pedroia Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Evan Longoria Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Bailey Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , T.R. ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Feliz wins AL Rookie of the Year Award '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Hellickson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://bbwaa.com/12-al-roy/ Jump up ^ http://bbwaa.com/13-al-roy/ Jump up ^ http://bbwaa.com/14-al-roy/ Jump up ^ http://bbwaa.com/15-al-roy/ Jump up ^ http://bbwaa.com/16-al-roy/ Jump up ^ `` Don Newcombe Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Jethroe Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Willie Mays Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Black Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Gilliam Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wally Moon Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Virdon Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Robinson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Sanford Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando CepedaStatistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Willie McCovey Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Howard Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Williams Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Hubbs Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Rose Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dick Allen Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Lefebvre Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tommy Helms Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Seaver Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Bench Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Sizemore Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Carl Morton Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Earl Williams Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Matlack Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Matthews Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bake McBride Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` John Montefusco Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Butch Metzger Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pat Zachry Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Andre Dawson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Horner Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Sutcliffe Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Howe Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fernando Valenzuela Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Sax Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Darryl Strawberry Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Gooden Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Coleman Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Worrell Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Benito Santiago Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Sabo Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jerome Walton Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Justice Statistics and History '' . 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Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Geovany Soto Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Coghlan Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Bailey ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Posey tops Heyward for NL Rookie honor '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Craig Kimbrel Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bryce Harper Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://bbwaa.com/13-nl-roy/ Jump up ^ http://bbwaa.com/14-nl-roy/ Jump up ^ http://www.cbssports.com/mlb/eye-on-baseball/25377126/cubs-kris-bryant-unanimously-named-2015-nl-rookie-of-the-year Jump up ^ http://bbwaa.com/16-nl-roy/ Major League Baseball awards and trophies Team Commissioner 's Trophy ( list of winners ) Warren Giles Trophy ( NL pennant winners ) William Harridge Trophy ( AL pennant winners ) Individual Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Cy Young Manager of the Year Rookie of the Year Roberto Clemente Hank Aaron Gold Glove Silver Slugger World Series MVP All - Star Game MVP Rolaids Relief Man Comeback Player of the Year League Championship Series MVP Reliever of the Year Player of the Month Pitcher of the Month Rookie of the Month Player of the Week Other Commissioner 's Historic Achievement Award Book : Major League Baseball awards Category : Major League Baseball awards Portal : Baseball American League Rookie of the Year Award 1949 : Sievers 1950 : Dropo 1951 : McDougald 1952 : Byrd 1953 : Kuenn 1954 : Grim 1955 : Score 1956 : Aparicio 1957 : Kubek 1958 : Pearson 1959 : Allison 1960 : Hansen 1961 : Schwall 1962 : Tresh 1963 : Peters 1964 : Oliva 1965 : Blefary 1966 : Agee 1967 : Carew 1968 : Bahnsen 1969 : Piniella 1970 : Munson 1971 : Chambliss 1972 : Fisk 1973 : Bumbry 1974 : Hargrove 1975 : Lynn 1976 : Fidrych 1977 : Murray 1978 : Whitaker 1979 : Castino & Griffin 1980 : Charboneau 1981 : Righetti 1982 : Ripken Jr . 1983 : Kittle 1984 : Davis 1985 : Guillén 1986 : Canseco 1987 : McGwire 1988 : Weiss 1989 : Olson 1990 : Alomar Jr . 1991 : Knoblauch 1992 : Listach 1993 : Salmon 1994 : Hamelin 1995 : Cordova 1996 : Jeter 1997 : Garciaparra 1998 : Grieve 1999 : Beltrán 2000 : Sasaki 2001 : Suzuki 2002 : Hinske 2003 : Berroa 2004 : Crosby 2005 : Street 2006 : Verlander 2007 : Pedroia 2008 : Longoria 2009 : Bailey 2010 : Feliz 2011 : Hellickson 2012 : Trout 2013 : Myers 2014 : Abreu 2015 : Correa 2016 : Fulmer National League Rookie of the Year Award 1947 : J. Robinson 1948 : Dark 1949 : Newcombe 1950 : Jethroe 1951 : Mays 1952 : Black 1953 : Gilliam 1954 : Moon 1955 : Virdon 1956 : F. Robinson 1957 : Sanford 1958 : Cepeda 1959 : McCovey 1960 : F. Howard 1961 : B. Williams 1962 : Hubbs 1963 : Rose 1964 : Allen 1965 : Lefebvre 1966 : Helms 1967 : Seaver 1968 : Bench 1969 : Sizemore 1970 : Morton 1971 : E. Williams 1972 : Matlack 1973 : Matthews 1974 : McBride 1975 : Montefusco 1976 : Metzger & Zachry 1977 : Dawson 1978 : Horner 1979 : Sutcliffe 1980 : Howe 1981 : Valenzuela 1982 : Sax 1983 : Strawberry 1984 : Gooden 1985 : Coleman 1986 : Worrell 1987 : Santiago 1988 : Sabo 1989 : Walton 1990 : Justice 1991 : Bagwell 1992 : Karros 1993 : Piazza 1994 : Mondesi 1995 : Nomo 1996 : Hollandsworth 1997 : Rolen 1998 : Wood 1999 : Williamson 2000 : Furcal 2001 : Pujols 2002 : Jennings 2003 : Willis 2004 : Bay 2005 : R. Howard 2006 : Ramírez 2007 : Braun 2008 : Soto 2009 : Coghlan 2010 : Posey 2011 : Kimbrel 2012 : Harper 2013 : Fernández 2014 : deGrom 2015 : Bryant 2016 : Seager Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_League_Baseball_Rookie_of_the_Year_Award&oldid=783267557 '' Categories : Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award winners Major League Baseball trophies and awards Awards established in 1947 1947 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 June 2017 , at 05 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won rookie of the year and cy young award in the same year | [
"Of the 140 players named Rookie of the Year (as of 2016), 16 have been elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame—Jackie Robinson, five American League players, and ten others from the National League. The award has been shared twice: once by Butch Metzger and Pat Zachry of the National League in 1976; and once by John Castino and Alfredo Griffin of the American League in 1979. Members of the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers have won the most awards of any franchise (with 17), twice the total of the New York Yankees, and members of the Philadelphia and Oakland Athletics (eight), who have produced the most in the American League. Fred Lynn and Ichiro Suzuki are the only two players who have been named Rookie of the Year and Most Valuable Player in the same year, and Fernando Valenzuela is the only player to have won Rookie of the Year and the Cy Young Award in the same year. Sam Jethroe is the oldest player to have won the award, at age 32,[3] 33 days older than 2000 winner Kazuhiro Sasaki (also 32).[4] Michael Fulmer of the Detroit Tigers and Corey Seager of the Los Angeles Dodgers are the most recent winners."
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"Fernando Valenzuela"
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-6183243803072474988 | Mass number | Mass number - wikipedia Mass number Jump to : navigation , search The mass number ( symbol A ) , also called atomic mass number or nucleon number , is the total number of protons and neutrons ( together known as nucleons ) in an atomic nucleus . It determines the atomic mass of atoms . Because protons and neutrons both are baryons , the mass number A is identical with the baryon number B as of the nucleus as of the whole atom or ion . The mass number is different for each different isotope of a chemical element . This is not the same as the atomic number ( Z ) which denotes the number of protons in a nucleus , and thus uniquely identifies an element . Hence , the difference between the mass number and the atomic number gives the number of neutrons ( N ) in a given nucleus : N = A − Z . The mass number is written either after the element name or as a superscript to the left of an element 's symbol . For example , the most common isotope of carbon is carbon - 12 , or , which has 6 protons and 6 neutrons . The full isotope symbol would also have the atomic number ( Z ) as a subscript to the left of the element symbol directly below the mass number : C . This is technically redundant , as each element is defined by its atomic number , so it is often omitted . Mass number changes in radioactive decay ( edit ) Different types of radioactive decay are characterized by their changes in mass number as well as atomic number , according to the radioactive displacement law of Fajans and Soddy . For example , uranium - 238 usually decays by alpha decay , where the nucleus loses two neutrons and two protons in the form of an alpha particle . Thus the atomic number and the number of neutrons each decrease by 2 ( Z : 92 → 90 , N : 146 → 144 ) , so that the mass number decreases by 4 ( A = 238 → 234 ) ; the result is an atom of thorium - 234 and an alpha particle ( He ) : U → Th + He On the other hand , carbon - 14 naturally decays by radioactive beta decay , whereby one neutron is transmuted into a proton with the emission of an electron and an anti-neutrino . Thus the atomic number increases by 1 ( Z : 6 → 7 ) and the mass number remains the same ( A = 14 ) , while the number of neutrons decreases by 1 ( N : 8 → 7 ) . The resulting atom is nitrogen - 14 , with seven protons and seven neutrons : C → + + ν Another type of radioactive decay without change in mass number is emission of a gamma ray from a nuclear isomer or metastable excited state of an atomic nucleus . Since all the protons and neutrons remain in the nucleus unchanged in this process , the mass number is also unchanged . Mass number and isotopic mass ( edit ) The mass number gives an estimate of the isotopic mass measured in atomic mass units ( u ) . For C the isotopic mass is exactly 12 , since the atomic mass unit is defined as 1 / 12 of the mass of C. For other isotopes , the isotopic mass is usually within 0.1 u of the mass number . For example , Cl ( 17 protons and 18 neutrons ) has a mass number of 35 and an isotopic mass of 34.96885 . The difference between mass number of an atom and its isotopic mass is known as the mass excess . Mass excess should not be confused with mass defect which is the difference between the mass of an atom and its constituent particles ( namely protons , neutrons and electrons ) . There are two reasons for mass defect / excess : The neutron is slightly heavier than the proton . This increases the mass of nuclei with more neutrons than protons relative to the atomic mass unit scale based on C with equal numbers of protons and neutrons . The nuclear binding energy varies between nuclei . A nucleus with greater binding energy has a lower total energy , and therefore a lower mass according to Einstein 's mass - energy equivalence relation E = mc . For Cl the isotopic mass is less than 35 so this must be the dominant factor . Relative atomic mass of an element ( edit ) The mass number should also not be confused with the standard atomic weight ( also called atomic weight ) of an element , which is the ratio of the average atomic mass of the different isotopes of that element ( weighted by abundance ) to the unified atomic mass unit . This weighted average can be quite different from the near - integer values for individual isotopic masses . For instance , there are two main isotopes of chlorine : chlorine - 35 and chlorine - 37 . In any given sample of chlorine that has not been subjected to mass separation there will be roughly 75 % of chlorine atoms which are chlorine - 35 and only 25 % of chlorine atoms which are chlorine - 37 . This gives chlorine a relative atomic mass of 35.5 ( actually 35.4527 g / mol ) . Moreover , the weighted average mass can be near - integer , but at the same time not corresponding to the mass of any natural isotope . For example , bromine has only two stable isotopes , Br and Br , naturally present in approximately equal fractions , which leads to the standard atomic mass of bromine close to 80 ( 79.904 g / mol ) , even though the isotope Br with such mass is unstable . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How many protons , electrons and neutrons are in an atom of krypton , carbon , oxygen , neon , silver , gold , etc ... ? '' . Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Elemental Notation and Isotopes '' . Science Help Online . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Suchocki , John . Conceptual Chemistry , 2007 . Page 119 . Jump up ^ Curran , Greg ( 2004 ) . Homework Helpers . Career Press . pp. 78 -- 79 . ISBN 1 - 56414 - 721 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` IUPAC Definition of Relative Atomic Mass '' . International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements '' . NIST . Further reading ( edit ) Bishop , Mark . `` The Structure of Matter and Chemical Elements ( ch. 3 ) '' . An Introduction to Chemistry . Chiral Publishing . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9778105 - 4 - 3 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mass_number&oldid=825978827 '' Categories : Nuclear chemistry Chemical properties Talk About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Furlan Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latviešu Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 粵語 中文 59 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 14 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does the mass number of an isotope represent | [
"The mass number (symbol A), also called atomic mass number or nucleon number, is the total number of protons and neutrons (together known as nucleons) in an atomic nucleus. It determines the atomic mass of atoms. Because protons and neutrons both are baryons, the mass number A is identical with the baryon number B as of the nucleus as of the whole atom or ion. The mass number is different for each different isotope of a chemical element. This is not the same as the atomic number (Z) which denotes the number of protons in a nucleus, and thus uniquely identifies an element. Hence, the difference between the mass number and the atomic number gives the number of neutrons (N) in a given nucleus: N=A−Z.[1]"
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"the total number of protons and neutrons (together known as nucleons) in an atomic nucleus"
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3190756322619990934 | Drake equation | Drake equation - wikipedia Drake equation This article is about Frank Drake 's equation . For other uses , see Drake equation ( disambiguation ) . Dr. Frank Drake The Drake equation is a probabilistic argument used to estimate the number of active , communicative extraterrestrial civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy . The equation was written in 1961 by Frank Drake , not for purposes of quantifying the number of civilizations , but as a way to stimulate scientific dialogue at the first scientific meeting on the search for extraterrestrial intelligence ( SETI ) . The equation summarizes the main concepts which scientists must contemplate when considering the question of other radio - communicative life . It is more properly thought of as a Fermi problem rather than as a serious attempt to nail down a precise number . Criticism related to the Drake equation focuses not on the equation itself , but on the fact that the estimated values for several of its factors are highly conjectural , the combined effect being that the uncertainty associated with any derived value is so large that the equation can not be used to draw firm conclusions . Contents 1 Equation 2 History 3 Usefulness 4 Modifications 5 Estimates 5.1 Original estimates 5.2 Current estimates 5.2. 1 Rate of star creation in our galaxy , R 5.2. 2 Fraction of those stars that have planets , f 5.2. 3 Average number of planets that might support life per star that has planets n 5.2. 4 Fraction of the above that actually go on to develop life , f 5.2. 5 Fraction of the above that develops intelligent life , f 5.2. 6 Fraction of the above revealing their existence via signal release into space , f 5.2. 7 Lifetime of such a civilization wherein it communicates its signals into space , L 5.3 Range of results 5.4 Has intelligent life ever existed ? 6 Criticism 6.1 Fermi paradox 7 In fiction and popular culture 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Equation ( edit ) The Drake equation is : N = R ∗ ⋅ f p ⋅ n e ⋅ f l ⋅ f i ⋅ f c ⋅ L ( \ displaystyle N = R_ ( * ) \ cdot f_ ( \ mathrm ( p ) ) \ cdot n_ ( \ mathrm ( e ) ) \ cdot f_ ( \ mathrm ( l ) ) \ cdot f_ ( \ mathrm ( i ) ) \ cdot f_ ( \ mathrm ( c ) ) \ cdot L ) where : N = the number of civilizations in our galaxy with which communication might be possible ( i.e. which are on our current past light cone ) ; and R = the average rate of star formation in our galaxy f = the fraction of those stars that have planets n = the average number of planets that can potentially support life per star that has planets f = the fraction of planets that could support life that actually develop life at some point f = the fraction of planets with life that actually go on to develop intelligent life ( civilizations ) f = the fraction of civilizations that develop a technology that releases detectable signs of their existence into space L = the length of time for which such civilizations release detectable signals into space History ( edit ) In September 1959 , physicists Giuseppe Cocconi and Philip Morrison published an article in the journal Nature with the provocative title `` Searching for Interstellar Communications '' . Cocconi and Morrison argued that radio telescopes had become sensitive enough to pick up transmissions that might be broadcast into space by civilizations orbiting other stars . Such messages , they suggested , might be transmitted at a wavelength of 21 cm ( 1,420.4 MHz ) . This is the wavelength of radio emission by neutral hydrogen , the most common element in the universe , and they reasoned that other intelligences might see this as a logical landmark in the radio spectrum . Two months later , Harvard University astronomy professor Harlow Shapley speculated on the number of inhabited planets in the universe , saying `` The universe has 10 million , million , million suns ( 10 followed by 18 zeros ) similar to our own . One in a million has planets around it . Only one in a million million has the right combination of chemicals , temperature , water , days and nights to support planetary life as we know it . This calculation arrives at the estimated figure of 100 million worlds where life has been forged by evolution . '' Seven months after Cocconi and Morrison published their article , Drake made the first systematic search for signals from communicative extraterrestrial civilizations . Using the 25 m dish of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Green Bank , West Virginia , Drake monitored two nearby Sun - like stars : Epsilon Eridani and Tau Ceti . In this project , which he called Project Ozma , he slowly scanned frequencies close to the 21 cm wavelength for six hours per day from April to July 1960 . The project was well designed , inexpensive , and simple by today 's standards . It was also unsuccessful . Soon thereafter , Drake hosted a `` search for extraterrestrial intelligence '' meeting on detecting their radio signals . The meeting was held at the Green Bank facility in 1961 . The equation that bears Drake 's name arose out of his preparations for the meeting . As I planned the meeting , I realized a few day ( s ) ahead of time we needed an agenda . And so I wrote down all the things you needed to know to predict how hard it 's going to be to detect extraterrestrial life . And looking at them it became pretty evident that if you multiplied all these together , you got a number , N , which is the number of detectable civilizations in our galaxy . This was aimed at the radio search , and not to search for primordial or primitive life forms . -- Frank Drake The ten attendees were conference organizer J. Peter Pearman , Frank Drake , Philip Morrison , businessman and radio amateur Dana Atchley , chemist Melvin Calvin , astronomer Su - Shu Huang , neuroscientist John C. Lilly , inventor Barney Oliver , astronomer Carl Sagan and radio - astronomer Otto Struve . These participants dubbed themselves `` The Order of the Dolphin '' ( because of Lilly 's work on dolphin communication ) , and commemorated their first meeting with a plaque at the observatory hall . Usefulness ( edit ) The Allen Telescope Array for SETI The Drake equation amounts to a summary of the factors affecting the likelihood that we might detect radio - communication from intelligent extraterrestrial life . The last four parameters , f , f , f , and L , are not known and are very difficult to estimate , with values ranging over many orders of magnitude ( see criticism ) . Therefore , the usefulness of the Drake equation is not in the solving , but rather in the contemplation of all the various concepts which scientists must incorporate when considering the question of life elsewhere , and gives the question of life elsewhere a basis for scientific analysis . The Drake equation is a statement that stimulates intellectual curiosity about the universe around us , for helping us to understand that life as we know it is the end product of a natural , cosmic evolution , and for helping us realize how much we are a part of that universe . What the equation and the search for life has done is focus science on some of the other questions about life in the universe , specifically abiogenesis , the development of multi-cellular life and the development of intelligence itself . Within the limits of our existing technology , any practical search for distant intelligent life must necessarily be a search for some manifestation of a distant technology . After about 50 years , the Drake equation is still of seminal importance because it is a ' road map ' of what we need to learn in order to solve this fundamental existential question . It also formed the backbone of astrobiology as a science ; although speculation is entertained to give context , astrobiology concerns itself primarily with hypotheses that fit firmly into existing scientific theories . Some 50 years of SETI have failed to find anything , even though radio telescopes , receiver techniques , and computational abilities have improved enormously since the early 1960s , but it has been discovered , at least , that our galaxy is not teeming with very powerful alien transmitters continuously broadcasting near the 21 cm hydrogen frequency . No one could say this in 1961 . Modifications ( edit ) As many observers have pointed out , the Drake equation is a very simple model that does not include potentially relevant parameters , and many changes and modifications to the equation have been proposed . One line of modification , for example , attempts to account for the uncertainty inherent in many of the terms . Others note that the Drake equation ignores many concepts that might be relevant to the odds of contacting other civilizations . For example , David Brin states : `` The Drake equation merely speaks of the number of sites at which ETIs spontaneously arise . The equation says nothing directly about the contact cross-section between an ETIS and contemporary human society '' . Because it is the contact cross-section that is of interest to the SETI community , many additional factors and modifications of the Drake equation have been proposed . Colonization It has been proposed to generalize the Drake equation to include additional effects of alien civilizations colonizing other star systems . Each original site expands with an expansion velocity v , and establishes additional sites that survive for a lifetime L. The result is a more complex set of 3 equations . Reappearance factor The Drake equation may furthermore be multiplied by how many times an intelligent civilization may occur on planets where it has happened once . Even if an intelligent civilization reaches the end of its lifetime after , for example , 10,000 years , life may still prevail on the planet for billions of years , permitting the next civilization to evolve . Thus , several civilizations may come and go during the lifespan of one and the same planet . Thus , if n is the average number of times a new civilization reappears on the same planet where a previous civilization once has appeared and ended , then the total number of civilizations on such a planet would be 1 + n , which is the actual reappearance factor added to the equation . The factor depends on what generally is the cause of civilization extinction . If it is generally by temporary uninhabitability , for example a nuclear winter , then n may be relatively high . On the other hand , if it is generally by permanent uninhabitability , such as stellar evolution , then n may be almost zero . In the case of total life extinction , a similar factor may be applicable for f , that is , how many times life may appear on a planet where it has appeared once . METI factor Alexander Zaitsev said that to be in a communicative phase and emit dedicated messages are not the same . For example , humans , although being in a communicative phase , are not a communicative civilization ; we do not practise such activities as the purposeful and regular transmission of interstellar messages . For this reason , he suggested introducing the METI factor ( messaging to extraterrestrial intelligence ) to the classical Drake equation . He defined the factor as `` the fraction of communicative civilizations with clear and non-paranoid planetary consciousness '' , or alternatively expressed , the fraction of communicative civilizations that actually engage in deliberate interstellar transmission . The METI factor is somewhat misleading since active , purposeful transmission of messages by a civilization is not required for them to receive a broadcast sent by another that is seeking first contact . It is merely required they have capable and compatible receiver systems operational ; however , this is a variable humans can not accurately estimate . Biogenic gases Astronomer Sara Seager proposed a revised equation that focuses on the search for planets with biosignature gases . These gases are produced by living organisms that can accumulate in a planet atmosphere to levels that can be detected with remote space telescopes . The Seager equation looks like this : N = N ∗ ⋅ F Q ⋅ F H Z ⋅ F O ⋅ F L ⋅ F S ( \ displaystyle N = N_ ( * ) \ cdot F_ ( \ mathrm ( Q ) ) \ cdot F_ ( \ mathrm ( HZ ) ) \ cdot F_ ( \ mathrm ( O ) ) \ cdot F_ ( \ mathrm ( L ) ) \ cdot F_ ( \ mathrm ( S ) ) ) where : N = the number of planets with detectable signs of life N = the number of stars observed F = the fraction of stars that are quiet F = the fraction of stars with rocky planets in the habitable zone F = the fraction of those planets that can be observed F = the fraction that have life F = the fraction on which life produces a detectable signature gas Seager stresses , `` We 're not throwing out the Drake Equation , which is really a different topic , '' explaining , `` Since Drake came up with the equation , we have discovered thousands of exoplanets . We as a community have had our views revolutionized as to what could possibly be out there . And now we have a real question on our hands , one that 's not related to intelligent life : Can we detect any signs of life in any way in the very near future ? '' Estimates ( edit ) Original estimates ( edit ) There is considerable disagreement on the values of these parameters , but the ' educated guesses ' used by Drake and his colleagues in 1961 were : R = 1 yr ( 1 star formed per year , on the average over the life of the galaxy ; this was regarded as conservative ) f = 0.2 to 0.5 ( one fifth to one half of all stars formed will have planets ) n = 1 to 5 ( stars with planets will have between 1 and 5 planets capable of developing life ) f = 1 ( 100 % of these planets will develop life ) f = 1 ( 100 % of which will develop intelligent life ) f = 0.1 to 0.2 ( 10 -- 20 % of which will be able to communicate ) L = 1000 to 100,000,000 years ( which will last somewhere between 1000 and 100,000,000 years ) Inserting the above minimum numbers into the equation gives a minimum N of 20 ( see : Range of results ) . Inserting the maximum numbers gives a maximum of 50,000,000 . Drake states that given the uncertainties , the original meeting concluded that N ≈ L , and there were probably between 1000 and 100,000,000 civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy . Current estimates ( edit ) This section discusses and attempts to list the best current estimates for the parameters of the Drake equation . Rate of star creation in our galaxy , R ( edit ) Latest calculations from NASA and the European Space Agency indicate that the current rate of star formation in our galaxy is about 0.68 -- 1.45 M of material per year . To get the number of stars per year , this must account for the initial mass function ( IMF ) for stars , where the average new star mass is about 0.5 M . This gives a star formation rate of about 1.5 -- 3 stars per year . Fraction of those stars that have planets , f ( edit ) Recent analysis of microlensing surveys has found that f may approach 1 -- that is , stars are orbited by planets as a rule , rather than the exception ; and that there are one or more bound planets per Milky Way star . Average number of planets that might support life per star that has planets n ( edit ) In November 2013 , astronomers reported , based on Kepler space mission data , that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth - sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of sun - like stars and red dwarf stars within the Milky Way Galaxy . 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting sun - like stars . Since there are about 100 billion stars in the galaxy , this implies f n is roughly 0.4 . The nearest planet in the habitable zone is Proxima Centauri b , which is as close as about 4.2 light - years away . The consensus at the Green Bank meeting was that n had a minimum value between 3 and 5 . Dutch science journalist Govert Schilling has opined that this is optimistic . Even if planets are in the habitable zone , the number of planets with the right proportion of elements is difficult to estimate . Brad Gibson , Yeshe Fenner , and Charley Lineweaver determined that about 10 % of star systems in the Milky Way galaxy are hospitable to life , by having heavy elements , being far from supernovae and being stable for a sufficient time . The discovery of numerous gas giants in close orbit with their stars has introduced doubt that life - supporting planets commonly survive the formation of their stellar systems . So - called hot Jupiters may migrate from distant orbits to near orbits , in the process disrupting the orbits of habitable planets . On the other hand , the variety of star systems that might have habitable zones is not just limited to solar - type stars and Earth - sized planets . It is now estimated that even tidally locked planets close to red dwarf stars might have habitable zones , although the flaring behavior of these stars might argue against this . The possibility of life on moons of gas giants ( such as Jupiter 's moon Europa , or Saturn 's moon Titan ) adds further uncertainty to this figure . The authors of the rare Earth hypothesis propose a number of additional constraints on habitability for planets , including being in galactic zones with suitably low radiation , high star metallicity , and low enough density to avoid excessive asteroid bombardment . They also propose that it is necessary to have a planetary system with large gas giants which provide bombardment protection without a hot Jupiter ; and a planet with plate tectonics , a large moon that creates tidal pools , and moderate axial tilt to generate seasonal variation . Fraction of the above that actually go on to develop life , f ( edit ) Geological evidence from the Earth suggests that f may be high ; life on Earth appears to have begun around the same time as favorable conditions arose , suggesting that abiogenesis may be relatively common once conditions are right . However , this evidence only looks at the Earth ( a single model planet ) , and contains anthropic bias , as the planet of study was not chosen randomly , but by the living organisms that already inhabit it ( ourselves ) . From a classical hypothesis testing standpoint , there are zero degrees of freedom , permitting no valid estimates to be made . If life were to be found on Mars , Europa , Enceladus or Titan that developed independently from life on Earth it would imply a value for f close to 1 . While this would raise the degrees of freedom from zero to one , there would remain a great deal of uncertainty on any estimate due to the small sample size , and the chance they are not really independent . Countering this argument is that there is no evidence for abiogenesis occurring more than once on the Earth -- that is , all terrestrial life stems from a common origin . If abiogenesis were more common it would be speculated to have occurred more than once on the Earth . Scientists have searched for this by looking for bacteria that are unrelated to other life on Earth , but none have been found yet . It is also possible that life arose more than once , but that other branches were out - competed , or died in mass extinctions , or were lost in other ways . Biochemists Francis Crick and Leslie Orgel laid special emphasis on this uncertainty : `` At the moment we have no means at all of knowing '' whether we are `` likely to be alone in the galaxy ( Universe ) '' or whether `` the galaxy may be pullulating with life of many different forms . '' As an alternative to abiogenesis on Earth , they proposed the hypothesis of directed panspermia , which states that Earth life began with `` microorganisms sent here deliberately by a technological society on another planet , by means of a special long - range unmanned spaceship '' . Fraction of the above that develops intelligent life , f ( edit ) This value remains particularly controversial . Those who favor a low value , such as the biologist Ernst Mayr , point out that of the billions of species that have existed on Earth , only one has become intelligent and from this , infer a tiny value for f . Likewise , the Rare Earth hypothesis , notwithstanding their low value for n above , also think a low value for f dominates the analysis . Those who favor higher values note the generally increasing complexity of life over time , concluding that the appearance of intelligence is almost inevitable , implying an f approaching 1 . Skeptics point out that the large spread of values in this factor and others make all estimates unreliable . ( See Criticism ) . In addition , while it appears that life developed soon after the formation of Earth , the Cambrian explosion , in which a large variety of multicellular life forms came into being , occurred a considerable amount of time after the formation of Earth , which suggests the possibility that special conditions were necessary . Some scenarios such as the snowball Earth or research into the extinction events have raised the possibility that life on Earth is relatively fragile . Research on any past life on Mars is relevant since a discovery that life did form on Mars but ceased to exist might raise our estimate of f but would indicate that in half the known cases , intelligent life did not develop . Estimates of f have been affected by discoveries that the Solar System 's orbit is circular in the galaxy , at such a distance that it remains out of the spiral arms for tens of millions of years ( evading radiation from novae ) . Also , Earth 's large moon may aid the evolution of life by stabilizing the planet 's axis of rotation . Fraction of the above revealing their existence via signal release into space , f ( edit ) For deliberate communication , the one example we have ( the Earth ) does not do much explicit communication , though there are some efforts covering only a tiny fraction of the stars that might look for our presence . ( See Arecibo message , for example ) . There is considerable speculation why an extraterrestrial civilization might exist but choose not to communicate . However , deliberate communication is not required , and calculations indicate that current or near - future Earth - level technology might well be detectable to civilizations not too much more advanced than our own . By this standard , the Earth is a communicating civilization . Another question is what percentage of civilizations in the galaxy are close enough for us to detect , assuming that they send out signals . For example , existing Earth radio telescopes could only detect Earth radio transmissions from roughly a light year away . Lifetime of such a civilization wherein it communicates its signals into space , L ( edit ) Michael Shermer estimated L as 420 years , based on the duration of sixty historical Earthly civilizations . Using 28 civilizations more recent than the Roman Empire , he calculates a figure of 304 years for `` modern '' civilizations . It could also be argued from Michael Shermer 's results that the fall of most of these civilizations was followed by later civilizations that carried on the technologies , so it is doubtful that they are separate civilizations in the context of the Drake equation . In the expanded version , including reappearance number , this lack of specificity in defining single civilizations does not matter for the end result , since such a civilization turnover could be described as an increase in the reappearance number rather than increase in L , stating that a civilization reappears in the form of the succeeding cultures . Furthermore , since none could communicate over interstellar space , the method of comparing with historical civilizations could be regarded as invalid . David Grinspoon has argued that once a civilization has developed enough , it might overcome all threats to its survival . It will then last for an indefinite period of time , making the value for L potentially billions of years . If this is the case , then he proposes that the Milky Way galaxy may have been steadily accumulating advanced civilizations since it formed . He proposes that the last factor L be replaced with f T , where f is the fraction of communicating civilizations become `` immortal '' ( in the sense that they simply do not die out ) , and T representing the length of time during which this process has been going on . This has the advantage that T would be a relatively easy to discover number , as it would simply be some fraction of the age of the universe . It has also been hypothesized that once a civilization has learned of a more advanced one , its longevity could increase because it can learn from the experiences of the other . The astronomer Carl Sagan speculated that all of the terms , except for the lifetime of a civilization , are relatively high and the determining factor in whether there are large or small numbers of civilizations in the universe is the civilization lifetime , or in other words , the ability of technological civilizations to avoid self - destruction . In Sagan 's case , the Drake equation was a strong motivating factor for his interest in environmental issues and his efforts to warn against the dangers of nuclear warfare . Range of results ( edit ) As many skeptics have pointed out , the Drake equation can give a very wide range of values , depending on the assumptions , and the values used in portions of the Drake equation are not well - established . In particular , the result can be N ≪ 1 , meaning we are likely alone in the galaxy , or N ≫ 1 , implying there are many civilizations we might contact . One of the few points of wide agreement is that the presence of humanity implies a probability of intelligence arising of greater than zero . As an example of a low estimate , combining NASA 's star formation rates , the rare Earth hypothesis value of f n f = 10 , Mayr 's view on intelligence arising , Drake 's view of communication , and Shermer 's estimate of lifetime : R = 1.5 -- 3 yr , f n f = 10 , f = 10 , f = 0.2 , and L = 304 years gives : N = 1.5 × 10 × 10 × 0.2 × 304 = 9.1 × 10 i.e. , suggesting that we are probably alone in this galaxy , and possibly in the observable universe . On the other hand , with larger values for each of the parameters above , values of N can be derived that are greater than 1 . The following higher values that have been proposed for each of the parameters : R = 1.5 -- 3 yr , f = 1 , n = 0.2 , f = 0.13 , f = 1 , f = 0.2 , and L = 10 years Use of these parameters gives : N = 3 × 1 × 0.2 × 0.13 × 1 × 0.2 × 10 = 15,600,000 Monte Carlo simulations of estimates of the Drake equation factors based on a stellar and planetary model of the Milky Way have resulted in the number of civilizations varying by a factor of 100 . Has intelligent life ever existed ? ( edit ) The Drake equation can be modified to determine just how unlikely intelligent life must be , to give the result that Earth has the only intelligent life that has ever arisen , either in our galaxy or the universe as a whole . This simplifies the calculation by removing the lifetime and communication constraints . Since star and planets counts are known , this leaves the only unknown as the odds that a habitable planet ever develops intelligent life . For Earth to have the only civilization that has ever occurred in the universe , then the odds of any habitable planet ever developing such a civilization must be less than 6976250000000000000 ♠ 2.5 × 10 . Similarly , for Earth to host the only civilization in our galaxy for all time , the odds of a habitable zone planet ever hosting intelligent life must be less than 6989170000000000000 ♠ 1.7 × 10 ( about 1 in 60 billion ) . The figure for the universe implies that it is highly unlikely that Earth hosts the only intelligent life that has ever occurred . The figure for our galaxy suggests that other civilizations may have occurred or will likely occur in our galaxy . Criticism ( edit ) Criticism of the Drake equation follows mostly from the observation that several terms in the equation are largely or entirely based on conjecture . Star formation rates are well - known , and the incidence of planets has a sound theoretical and observational basis , but the other terms in the equation become very speculative . The uncertainties revolve around our understanding of the evolution of life , intelligence , and civilization , not physics . No statistical estimates are possible for some of the parameters , where only one example is known . The net result is that the equation can not be used to draw firm conclusions of any kind , and the resulting margin of error is huge , far beyond what some consider acceptable or meaningful . One reply to such criticisms is that even though the Drake equation currently involves speculation about unmeasured parameters , it was intended as a way to stimulate dialogue on these topics . Then the focus becomes how to proceed experimentally . Indeed , Drake originally formulated the equation merely as an agenda for discussion at the Green Bank conference . Fermi paradox ( edit ) Main article : Fermi paradox The pessimists ' most telling argument in the SETI debate stems not from theory or conjecture but from an actual observation : the presumed lack of extraterrestrial contact . A civilization lasting for tens of millions of years might be able to travel anywhere in the galaxy , even at the slow speeds foreseeable with our own kind of technology . Furthermore , no confirmed signs of intelligence elsewhere have been recognized as such , either in our galaxy or in the observable universe of 2 trillion galaxies . According to this line of thinking , the tendency to fill up all available territory seems to be a universal trait of living things , so the Earth should have already been colonized , or at least visited , but no evidence of this exists . Hence Fermi 's question `` Where is everybody ? '' . A large number of explanations have been proposed to explain this lack of contact ; a book published in 2015 elaborated on 75 different explanations . In terms of the Drake Equation , the explanations can be divided into three classes : Few intelligent civilizations ever arise . This is an argument that at least one of the first few terms , R f n f f , has a low value . The most common suspect is f , but explanations such as the rare Earth hypothesis argue that n is the small term . Intelligent civilizations exist , but we see no evidence , meaning f is small . Typical arguments include that civilizations are too far apart , it is too expensive to spread throughout the galaxy , civilizations broadcast signals for only a brief period of time , it is dangerous to communicate , and many others . The lifetime of intelligent , communicative civilizations is short , meaning the value of L is small . Drake suggested that a large number of extraterrestrial civilizations would form , and he further speculated that the lack of evidence of such civilizations may be because technological civilizations tend to disappear rather quickly . Typical explanations include it is the nature of intelligent life to destroy itself , it is the nature of intelligent life to destroy others , they tend to be destroyed by natural events , and others . These lines of reasoning lead to the Great Filter hypothesis , which states that since there are no observed extraterrestrial civilizations , despite the vast number of stars , then some step in the process must be acting as a filter to reduce the final value . According to this view , either it is very difficult for intelligent life to arise , or the lifetime of such civilizations , or the period of time they reveal their existence , must be relatively short . In fiction and popular culture ( edit ) The equation was cited by Gene Roddenberry as supporting the multiplicity of inhabited planets shown on Star Trek , the television series he created . However , Roddenberry did not have the equation with him , and he was forced to `` invent '' it for his original proposal . The invented equation created by Roddenberry is : F f 2 ( M g E ) − C 1 R i 1 ⋅ M = L / S o ( \ displaystyle Ff ^ ( 2 ) ( MgE ) - C ^ ( 1 ) Ri ^ ( 1 ) \ cdot M = L / So ) However , a number raised to the first power is merely the number itself . See also ( edit ) Astrobiology Fermi paradox Goldilocks principle Kardashev scale Planetary habitability Ufology Lincoln index Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The rendering of the equation here is slightly modified for clarity of presentation from the rendering in the cited source . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Burchell , M.J. ( 2006 ) . `` W ( h ) ither the Drake equation ? '' . 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( 31 May 2007 ) . `` The Drake Equation is obsolete '' . Sentient Developments . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Tarter , J. ( May -- June 2006 ) . `` The Cosmic Haystack Is Large '' . Skeptical Inquirer. 30 ( 3 ) . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Alexander , A . `` The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence : A Short History - Part 7 : The Birth of the Drake Equation '' . The Planetary Society . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Christopher J. Conselice ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` The Evolution of Galaxy Number Density at z < 8 and its Implications '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 830 ( 2 ) : 83 . arXiv : 1607.03909 v2 . Bibcode : 2016ApJ ... 830 ... 83C . doi : 10.3847 / 0004 - 637X / 830 / 2 / 83 . Jump up ^ Fountain , Henry ( 17 October 2016 ) . `` Two Trillion Galaxies , at the Very Least '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , E.M. ( 1 March 1985 ) . `` Where is everybody ? '' An account of Fermi 's question ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Los Alamos National Laboratory . Bibcode : 1985STIN ... 8530988J . doi : 10.2172 / 5746675 . OSTI 5746675 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Krauthammer , C. ( 29 December 2011 ) . `` Are we alone in the Universe ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Webb , S. ( 2015 ) . If the Universe Is Teeming with Aliens ... WHERE IS EVERYBODY ? : Seventy - Five Solutions to the Fermi Paradox and the Problem of Extraterrestrial Life . Springer International Publishing . ISBN 3319132350 . Jump up ^ Hanson , R. ( 15 September 1998 ) . `` The Great Filter -- Are We Almost Past It ? '' . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ The Making of Star Trek by Stephen E. Whitfield and Gene Roddenberry , Ballantine Books , N.Y. , 1968 Further reading ( edit ) Morton , Oliver ( 2002 ) . `` A Mirror in the Sky '' . In Graham Formelo . It Must Be Beautiful . Granta Books . ISBN 1 - 86207 - 555 - 7 . Rood , Robert T. ; James S. Trefil ( 1981 ) . Are We Alone ? The Possibility of Extraterrestrial Civilizations . New York : Scribner . ISBN 0684178427 . Vakoch , Douglas A. ; Dowd , Matthew F. , eds. ( 2015 ) . The Drake Equation : Estimating the Prevalence of Extraterrestrial Life Through the Ages . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 10 - 707365 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Look up Drake equation in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Interactive Drake Equation Calculator `` Only a matter of time , says Frank Drake '' . A Q&A with Frank Drake in February 2010 . Frank Drake ( December 2004 ) . `` The E.T. Equation , Recalculated '' . Wired . Macromedia Flash page allowing the user to modify Drake 's values from PBS Nova The Drake Equation Astronomy Cast episode # 23 , includes full transcript . Animated simulation of the Drake equation . The Alien Equation 22 September 2010 , BBC Radio program Discovery . `` Reflections on the Equation '' ( PDF ) , by Frank Drake , 2013 Astrobiology Disciplines Astrochemistry Astrophysics Atmospheric sciences Biochemistry Evolutionary biology Exoplanetology Geomicrobiology Microbiology Paleontology Planetary science Main topics Allan Hills 84001 Biomolecule Biosignature Drake equation Earliest known life forms Earth analog Extraterrestrial life Extremophiles Hypothetical types of biochemistry List of microorganisms tested in outer space Molecules detected in outer space Ocean planet Origin of life Panspermia Planetary protection Search for extraterrestrial intelligence ( SETI ) Yamato meteorite Planetary habitability Habitability of binary star systems Habitability of K - type main - sequence star systems Habitability of natural satellites Habitability of red dwarf systems Circumstellar habitable zone Earth analog List of potentially habitable exoplanets Tholin Extraterrestrial liquid water Galactic habitable zone Space missions Earth orbit BIO BIOCORE Biolab Bion BIOPAN Biosatellite program E-MIST ERA EXOSTACK EXPOSE O / OREOS OREOcube Tanpopo VEGGIE Mars missions Beagle 2 ExoMars ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter Schiaparelli EDM lander Fobos - 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102 ( misidentified quasar ) Fast radio burst ( unknown origin ) Wow ! signal ( inconclusive ) KIC 8462852 ( unusual light fluctuations ) SHGb02 + 14a ( radio source ) HD 164595 signal ( unknown origin ) Life in the Universe Earliest known life forms Habitability of Enceladus Habitability of Europa Habitability of Mars Habitability of Titan Habitability of Venus Planetary habitability Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems Circumstellar habitable zone Earth analog Extraterrestrial liquid water Galactic habitable zone Habitability of binary star systems Habitability of orange dwarf systems Habitability of red dwarf systems Natural satellite habitability Planetary habitability Space missions Beagle 2 Biological Oxidant and Life Detection BioSentinel Curiosity Darwin Enceladus Explorer Enceladus Life Finder Europa Clipper ExoMars ExoLance EXPOSE Foton - M3 Icebreaker Life Journey to Enceladus and Titan Laplace - P Life Investigation For Enceladus Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment Mars Geyser Hopper Mars sample return mission Mars 2020 Northern Light Opportunity SpaceX Red Dragon Spirit Tanpopo Titan Mare Explorer Venus In Situ Explorer Viking 1 Viking 2 Interstellar communication Active SETI Allen Telescope Array Arecibo message Arecibo Observatory Berkeley SETI Research Center Bracewell probe Breakthrough Initiatives Breakthrough Listen Breakthrough Message Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence Gauss 's Pythagorean right triangle proposal Lincos language NIROSETI Pioneer plaque Project Cyclops Project Ozma Project Phoenix SERENDIP Search for extraterrestrial intelligence SETI@home setiQuest Voyager Golden Record Water hole Xenolinguistics Exhibitions The Science of Aliens Hypotheses Ancient astronauts Aestivation hypothesis Aurelia and Blue Moon Cosmic pluralism Directed panspermia Drake equation Extraterrestrial hypothesis Fermi paradox Great Filter Hypothetical types of biochemistry Interplanetary contamination Kardashev scale Mediocrity principle Neocatastrophism Panspermia Planetarium hypothesis Rare Earth hypothesis Zoo hypothesis Related topics Astrobiology Astroecology Biosignature Brookings Report Planetary protection Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact Exotheology Extraterrestrials in fiction Extremophile Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Noogenesis San Marino Scale Technosignature UFO religion Xenoarchaeology Interstellar communications Programs Active SETI Breakthrough Initiatives Breakthrough Listen Breakthrough Message Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence Search for extraterrestrial intelligence Messages List of interstellar radio messages A Message from Earth Across the Universe Arecibo message Bracewell probe Cosmic Call CosmicOS Hello from Earth Pioneer plaque Teen Age Message Voyager Golden Record People Frank Drake Ann Druyan Hans Freudenthal Nikolai Kardashev Jon Lomberg Carl Sagan Linda Salzman Sagan Iosif Shklovsky Aleksandr Leonidovich Zaitsev Other Alien language Astrobiology Drake equation Extraterrestrial life Lincos Fermi paradox Prix Guzman San Marino Scale Book Category Portal Molecules detected in outer space Molecules Diatomic Aluminium monochloride Aluminium monofluoride Aluminium monoxide Argonium Carbon monophosphide Carbon monosulfide Carbon monoxide Carborundum Cyanogen radical Diatomic carbon Fluoromethylidynium Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen ( molecular ) Hydroxyl radical Iron ( II ) oxide Magnesium monohydride cation Methylidyne radical Nitric oxide Nitrogen ( molecular ) Nitrogen monohydride Nitrogen sulfide Oxygen ( molecular ) Phosphorus monoxide Phosphorus mononitride Potassium chloride Silicon carbide Silicon mononitride Silicon monoxide Silicon monosulfide Sodium chloride Sodium iodide Sulfur monohydride Sulfur monoxide Titanium oxide Triatomic Aluminium hydroxide Aluminium isocyanide Amino radical Carbon dioxide Carbonyl sulfide CCP radical Chloronium Diazenylium Dicarbon monoxide Disilicon carbide Ethynyl radical Formyl radical Hydrogen cyanide ( HCN ) Hydrogen isocyanide ( HNC ) Hydrogen sulfide Hydroperoxyl Iron cyanide Isoformyl Magnesium cyanide Magnesium isocyanide Methylene radical Nitrous oxide Nitroxyl Ozone Phosphaethyne Potassium cyanide Protonated molecular hydrogen Sodium cyanide Sodium hydroxide Silicon carbonitride c - 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5267803885751586265 | Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution | Eighteenth amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia Eighteenth amendment to the United States Constitution Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Eighteenth Amendment ( Amendment XVIII ) of the United States Constitution effectively established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the United States by declaring the production , transport , and sale of alcohol ( though not the consumption or private possession ) illegal . The separate Volstead Act set down methods for enforcing the Eighteenth Amendment , and defined which `` intoxicating liquors '' were prohibited , and which were excluded from prohibition ( e.g. , for medical and religious purposes ) . The Amendment was the first to set a time delay before it would take effect following ratification , and the first to set a time limit for its ratification by the states . President Woodrow Wilson vetoed the bill , but the House of Representatives overrode the veto , and the Senate did so as well the next day . The Volstead Act set the starting date for nationwide prohibition for January 17 , 1920 , which was the earliest day allowed by the Eighteenth Amendment . The Amendment was in effect for the following 13 years . It was repealed in 1933 by ratification of the Twenty - First Amendment . The Twenty - first Amendment was ratified on December 5 , 1933 . It is unique among the 27 amendments of the U.S. Constitution for being the only one to repeal a prior amendment and to have been ratified by state ratifying conventions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Background 3 The Temperance Movement 4 Proposal and ratification 5 The Volstead Act 6 Positives and Negatives 7 Controversies 8 Calls for Repeal 9 Impact 10 Bootlegging and Organized Crime 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Text ( edit ) Section 1 . After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture , sale , or transportation of intoxicating liquors within , the importation thereof into , or the exportation thereof from the United States and all the territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited . Section 2 . The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation . Section 3 . This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States , as provided in the Constitution , within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress . Background ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2017 ) Main article : Prohibition in the United States The Eighteenth Amendment was the result of decades of effort by the temperance movement in the United States and at the time was generally considered a progressive amendment . Starting in 1906 , the Anti-Saloon League ( ASL ) began leading a campaign to ban the sale of alcohol on a state level . They led speeches , advertisements , and public demonstrations , claiming that banning the sale of alcohol would get rid of poverty and social issues , such as immoral behavior and violence . It would also inspire new forms of sociability between men and women and they believed that families would be happier , fewer industrial mistakes would be made and overall , the world would be a better place . Other groups such as the Women 's Christian Temperance Union began as well trying to ban the sale , manufacturing , and distribution of alcoholic beverages . A well - known reformer during this time period was Carrie Amelia Moore Nation , whose violent actions ( such as vandalizing saloon property ) made her a household name across America . Many state legislatures had already enacted statewide prohibition prior to the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment but did not ban the consumption of alcohol in most households . It took some states longer than others to ratify this amendment , especially northern states such as : New York , New Jersey , and Massachusetts . They violated the law by still allowing some wines and beers to be sold . By 1916 , 23 of 48 states had already passed laws against saloons , some even banning the manufacture of alcohol in the first place . The temperance movement ( edit ) The Temperance Movement , was dedicated to the complete abstinence of alcohol from public life . The movement began in the early 1800s within the church , and was very religiously motivated . The central areas the group was founded out of were in the Saratoga area of New York , as well as in Massachusetts . Churches were also highly influential in gaining new members and support , garnering 6,000 local societies in several different states . A group that was inspired by the movement was the Anti-Saloon league , who at the turn of the 20th century began heavily lobbying for prohibition in the United States . The group was founded in 1893 in the state of Ohio , gaining massive support from Evangelical Protestants , to becoming a national organization in 1895 . The group was successful in helping implement prohibition , through heavy lobbying and having a vast influence . The group following repeal of prohibition fell out of power and in 1950 merged with other groups forming the National Temperance League . Proposal and ratification ( edit ) Amendment XVIII in the National Archives On August 1 , 1917 , the Senate passed a resolution containing the language of the amendment to be presented to the states for ratification . The vote was 65 to 20 , with the Democrats voting 36 in favor and 12 in opposition ; and the Republicans voting 29 in favor and 8 in opposition . The House of Representatives passed a revised resolution on December 17 , 1917 . This was the first amendment to impose a date in which it had to be ratified in which if the deadline was not met , the amendment would be discarded . In the House , the vote was 282 to 128 , with the Democrats voting 141 in favor and 64 in opposition ; and the Republicans voting 137 in favor and 62 in opposition . Four Independents in the House voted in favor and two Independents cast votes against the amendment . It was officially proposed by the Congress to the states when the Senate passed the resolution , by a vote of 47 to 8 , the next day , December 18 . The amendment and its enabling legislation did not ban the consumption of alcohol , but made it difficult to obtain alcoholic beverages legally , as it prohibited the sale , manufacturing and distribution of them in U.S. territory . Any one who got caught selling , manufacturing or distributing alcoholic beverages would be arrested . Because prohibition was already implemented by many states , it was quickly ratified into a law. The ratification of the Amendment was completed on January 16 , 1919 , when Nebraska became the 36th of the 48 states then in the Union to ratify it . On January 29 , acting Secretary of State Frank L. Polk certified the ratification . The following states ratified the amendment : Mississippi ( January 7 , 1918 ) Virginia ( January 11 , 1918 ) Kentucky ( January 14 , 1918 ) North Dakota ( January 25 , 1918 ) South Carolina ( January 29 , 1918 ) Maryland ( February 13 , 1918 ) Montana ( February 19 , 1918 ) Texas ( March 4 , 1918 ) Delaware ( March 18 , 1918 ) South Dakota ( March 20 , 1918 ) Massachusetts ( April 2 , 1918 ) Arizona ( May 24 , 1918 ) Georgia ( June 26 , 1918 ) Louisiana ( August 3 , 1918 ) Florida ( November 27 , 1918 ) Michigan ( January 2 , 1919 ) Ohio ( January 7 , 1919 ) Oklahoma ( January 7 , 1919 ) Idaho ( January 8 , 1919 ) Maine ( January 8 , 1919 ) West Virginia ( January 9 , 1919 ) California ( January 13 , 1919 ) Tennessee ( January 13 , 1919 ) Washington ( January 13 , 1919 ) Arkansas ( January 14 , 1919 ) Illinois ( January 14 , 1919 ) Indiana ( January 14 , 1919 ) Kansas ( January 14 , 1919 ) Alabama ( January 15 , 1919 ) Colorado ( January 15 , 1919 ) Iowa ( January 15 , 1919 ) New Hampshire ( January 15 , 1919 ) Oregon ( January 15 , 1919 ) North Carolina ( January 16 , 1919 ) Utah ( January 16 , 1919 ) Nebraska ( January 16 , 1919 ) Missouri ( January 16 , 1919 ) Wyoming ( January 16 , 1919 ) Minnesota ( January 17 , 1919 ) Wisconsin ( January 17 , 1919 ) New Mexico ( January 20 , 1919 ) Nevada ( January 21 , 1919 ) New York ( January 29 , 1919 ) Vermont ( January 29 , 1919 ) Pennsylvania ( February 25 , 1919 ) New Jersey ( March 9 , 1922 ) The following states rejected the amendment : Connecticut Rhode Island Prohibition agents destroying barrels of alcohol To define the language used in the Amendment , Congress enacted enabling legislation called the National Prohibition Act , better known as the Volstead Act , on October 28 , 1919 . President Woodrow Wilson vetoed that bill , but the House of Representatives immediately voted to override the veto and the Senate voted similarly the next day . The Volstead Act set the starting date for nationwide prohibition for January 17 , 1920 , which was the earliest date allowed by the 18th amendment . The Volstead Act ( edit ) The Volstead Act was passed by Congress as a means of overriding the veto of the 18th amendment put forth by President Woodrow Wilson . The act was conceived and introduced by Wayne Wheeler who was a leader of the Anti-Saloon League , a group which found alcohol responsible for almost all of society 's problems , and were also responsible for many campaigns against the sell of alcohol . The law was also heavily supported by Judiciary Chairman at the time , Andrew Volstead from Minnesota and was named in his honor . The act in its written form laid the ground work of prohibition , defining the procedures for banning the distribution of alcohol including their production and distribution . Volstead had once before introduced an early version of the law to congress . It was first brought to the floor on May 27th , 1919 meeting heavy resistance from Democrat senators , introducing instead what was called the `` wet law '' , which was an attempt to end the wartime prohibition laws put into affect much earlier . The debate of prohibition would continue to be fueled even longer in congress , for that entire the House would be divided among what would be known as the `` bone - drys and the `` wets '' . With Republicans in the majority of the House of Representatives , the act was passed July 22nd , 1919 with 287 in favor and 100 opposed . Unfortunately the act was in large part a failure , being unable to prevent mass distribution of alcoholic beverages and also inadvertently gave way to massive increase in organized crime . The act would go on to be the standard for enforcing prohibition , until the passing of the 21st amendment in 1933 effectively repealed it . Positives and negatives ( edit ) Positives : During the Prohibition era 's first years , amendment supporters were gratified by a decline in arrests for drunkenness , hospitalization for alcoholism , and instances of liver - related medical problems . These statistics seemed to validate their campaign and to suggest that America 's future might include happier families , fewer industrial accidents , and a superior moral tone . Most Americans greeted the end of the Prohibition era with relief . While the end of the conflict and lawlessness was a relief there was also a clear benefit that Americans could recognize . The legalization of alcohol meant that alcohol could be taxed by government ; the United States was in the midst of the Great Depression and state and federal governments needed revenue to create relief programs . Negatives : The rise of mass disobedience to prohibition laws took the amendment 's advocates by surprise . People who could afford the high price of smuggled liquor flocked to speakeasies and gin joints . These establishments could be quite glamorous . Whereas pre-Prohibition saloons had seldom welcomed women , the new world of nightclubs invited both the bob - haired `` flapper '' and her `` sheik '' to drink cocktails , smoke , and dance to jazz . Working - class consumption largely moved from saloons into the home . `` Bathtub gin '' and moonshine took the place of mass - produced liquor , and hosts might use additives to turn grape juice into wine for their guests . Americans who sought to remain in the liquor business found ways to re-distill the alcohol in perfume , paint , and carpentry supplies . They continued redistilling even after learning that many of these products contained poisons meant to deter such transformations Ultimately , only a small percentage of liquor distributors found themselves arrested . But even this limited number of accused -- there were approximately 65,000 federal criminal actions in the first two years of Prohibition -- was enough to cripple the justice system . Prisons grew crowded , and judges tried to incentivize quick `` guilty '' pleas by promising very small fines . And if a liquor seller did wind up on trial , juries filled with liquor drinkers were often reluctant to find the defendants guilty ; only about 60 percent of cases ended with a conviction . Controversies ( edit ) The proposed amendment was the first to contain a provision setting a deadline for its ratification. That clause of the amendment was challenged , with the case reaching the US Supreme Court . It upheld the constitutionality of such a deadline in Dillon v. Gloss ( 1921 ) . The Supreme Court also upheld the ratification by the Ohio legislature in Hawke v. Smith ( 1920 ) , despite a petition requiring that the matter go to ballot . This was not the only controversy around the amendment . The phrase `` intoxicating liquor '' would not logically have included beer and wine , and their inclusion in the prohibition came as a surprise to the general public , as well as wine and beer makers . This controversy caused many Northern states to not abide by which caused some problems . The brewers were probably not the only Americans to be surprised at the severity of the regime thus created . Voters who considered their own drinking habits blameless , but who supported prohibition to discipline others , also received a rude shock . That shock came with the realization that federal prohibition went much farther in the direction of banning personal consumption than all local prohibition ordinances and many state prohibition statutes . National Prohibition turned out to be quite a different beast than its local and state cousins . Under Prohibition , the illegal manufacture and sale of liquor -- known as `` bootlegging '' -- occurred on a large scale across the United States . In urban areas , where the majority of the population opposed Prohibition , enforcement was generally much weaker than in rural areas and smaller towns . Perhaps the most dramatic consequence of Prohibition was the effect it had on organized crime in the United States : as the production and sale of alcohol went further underground , it began to be controlled by the Mafia and other gangs , who transformed themselves into sophisticated criminal enterprises that reaped huge profits from the illicit liquor trade . When it came to its booming bootleg business , the Mafia became skilled at bribing police and politicians to look the other way . Chicago 's Al Capone emerged as the most notorious example of this phenomenon , earning an estimated $60 million annually from the bootlegging and speakeasy operations he controlled . In addition to bootlegging , gambling and prostitution reached new heights during the 1920s as well . A growing number of Americans came to blame Prohibition for this widespread moral decay and disorder -- despite the fact that the legislation had intended to do the opposite -- and to condemn it as a dangerous infringement on the freedom of the individual . In his important study both of the Eighteenth Amendment and its repeal , Daniel Okrent identifies the powerful political coalition that worked successfully in the two decades leading to the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment : Five distinct , if occasionally overlapping , components made up this unspoken coalition : racists , progressives , suffragists , populists ( whose ranks included a small socialist auxiliary ) , and nativists . Adherents of each group may have been opposed to alcohol for its own sake , but used the Prohibition impulse to advance ideologies and causes that had little to do with it . Calls for repeal ( edit ) If public sentiment had turned against Prohibition by the late 1920s , the advent of the Great Depression only hastened its demise , as some argued that the ban on alcohol denied jobs to the unemployed and much - needed revenue to the government . The efforts of the nonpartisan group Americans Against Prohibition Association ( AAPA ) added to public disillusionment . In 1932 , the platform of Democratic presidential candidate Franklin D. Roosevelt included a plank for repealing the 18th Amendment , and his victory that November marked a certain end to Prohibition . In February 1933 , Congress adopted a resolution proposing the 21st Amendment to the Constitution , which repealed both the 18th Amendment and the Volstead Act . The resolution required state conventions , rather than the state legislatures , to approve the amendment , effectively reducing the process to a one - state , one - vote referendum rather than a popular vote contest . That December , Utah became the 36th state to ratify the amendment , achieving the necessary majority for repeal . A few states continued statewide prohibition after 1933 , but by 1966 all of them had abandoned it . Since then , liquor control in the United States has largely been determined at the local level . Impact ( edit ) Just after the Eighteenth Amendment 's adoption , there was a significant reduction in alcohol consumption among the general public and particularly among low - income groups . There were fewer hospitalizations for alcoholism and likewise fewer liver - related medical problems . However , consumption soon climbed as underworld entrepreneurs began producing `` rotgut '' alcohol which was full of dangerous diseases . With the rise of home distilled alcohol , many cases of careless distilling lead to the deaths of many citizens . During the ban upwards of 10,000 deaths can be attributed to wood alcohol ( methanol ) poisoning . Ultimately , during prohibition use and abuse of alcohol ended up higher than before it started . The greatest unintended consequence of Prohibition however , was the plainest to see . For over a decade , the law that was meant to foster temperance instead fostered intemperance and excess . The solution the United States had devised to address the problem of alcohol abuse had instead made the problem even worse . The statistics of the period are notoriously unreliable , but it is very clear that in many parts of the United States more people were drinking , and people were drinking more. < / ref > Though there were significant increases in crimes involved in the production and distribution of illegal alcohol , there was an initial reduction in overall crime , mainly in types of crimes associated with the effects of alcohol consumption such as public drunkenness . Those who continued to use alcohol , tended to turn to organized criminal syndicates . Law enforcement was n't strong enough to stop all liquor traffic ; however , they used a `` sting '' operations -- `` Prohibition agent Elliot Ness famously used wine - tapping to discern secret locations of breweries . '' The prisons became crowded which fewer arrests for the distribution of alcohol as well as those arrested being charged with small fines rather than prison time . The murder rate fell for two years , but then rose to record highs because this market became extremely attractive to criminal organizations , a trend that reversed the very year prohibition ended . Overall , crime rose 24 % , including increases in assault and battery , theft , and burglary . Anti-prohibition groups arose and worked to have the amendment repealed , once it became apparent that Prohibition was an unprecedented catastrophe . The Eighteenth Amendment failed because of its sudden , strict enforcement . It did n't allow the people to have a say or let them gradually ease into the complete ban of alcoholic beverages . Instead , the people rebelled and the introduction of speakeasies and `` flappers '' came about . The Twenty - first Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 5 , 1933 . Bootlegging and organized crime ( edit ) Following ratification in 1919 the effects of the amendment were long lasting leading to increases in crime in many large cities in the United States , like Chicago , New York , and Los Angeles ( 1 ) . Along with this came many separate forms of illegal alcohol distribution . Examples of this include speakeasies and bootlegging , as well as illegal distilling productions . Bootlegging got its start in border towns along Mexico and Canada , as well as in areas with several ports and harbors , a personal favorite distribution area for bootleggers being Atlantic City , New Jersey . The alcohol was often supplied from various foreign distributors ; like Cuba and the Bahamas , or even Newfoundland and islands under rule by the French . The government in response employed the Coast Guard to search and detain any ships transporting alcohol into the ports , but with this came several complications such as disputes over where jurisdiction lied on the water . This was what made Atlantic City such a hot spot for smuggling operations , because of a shipping point close to three miles off the shore that U.S. officials could not investigate on , further complicating enforcement of the amendment . What made matters even worse for the Coast Guard was that they were not well equipped enough to chase down bootlegging vessels . The Coast Guard however , was able to respond to these issues , and began searching vessels out at sea , instead of when they made port , and upgraded their own vehicles allowing for more efficient and consistent arrests . But even with the advancements in enforcing the amendment , there were still complications that plagued the governments efforts . One issue came in the form of forged prescriptions , on alcoholic beverages . Many forms of alcohol were being sold over the counter at the time , under the guise of them being for medical purposes . But in truth , these beverages had falsified any sort evidence that they were medically fit to be sold to consumers . Bootlegging itself was the leading factor that developed the organized crime - rings in big cities . Given that controlling and distributing of liquor was very difficult task to achieve . From that arose many profitable gangs that would control every aspect of the distributing process ; whether it be concealed brewing and storage , or even operating a speakeasy , or selling in restaurants and nightclubs run by a specific syndicate . With organized crime , becoming a rising problem in the United States , control for specific territories was a key objective among gangs , leading to many violent confrontations with murder rates and burglaries heavily increasing between 1920 and 1933 . Bootlegging was also found to be a gateway crime for many gangs who would then expand operations into crimes such as prostitution , gambling rackets , narcotics , loan - sharking , extortion and labor rackets thus causing problems to persist long after the amendment was repealed . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Effective January 28 , 1918 , the date on which the North Dakota ratification was approved by the state Governor . Jump up ^ Effective August 9 , 1918 , the date on which the Louisiana ratification was approved by the state Governor . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The 18th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution '' . National Constitution Center -- The 18th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hamm , Richard F. ( 1995 ) . Shaping the Eighteenth Amendment : temperance reform , legal culture , and the polity , 1880 -- 1920 . UNC Press Books . p. 228 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4493 - 9 . OCLC 246711905 . Jump up ^ https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/roaring-twenties/essays/prohibition-and-its-effects Jump up ^ https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/roaring-twenties/essays/prohibition-and-its-effects Jump up ^ http://www.history.com/topics/18th-and-21st-amendments Jump up ^ https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/roaring-twenties/essays/prohibition-and-its-effects Jump up ^ http://www.history.com/topics/18th-and-21st-amendments Jump up ^ `` temperance movement '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , inc . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Saloon League '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , inc . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 40 Stat. 1050 Jump up ^ https://constitution.laws.com/american-history/constitution/constitutional-amendments/18th-amendment Jump up ^ David Pietrusza , 1920 : The Year of Six Presidents ( NY : Carroll & Graf , 2007 ) , 160 Jump up ^ `` Prohibition wins in Senate , 47 to 8 '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . December 19 , 1917 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/roaring-twenties/essays/prohibition-and-its-effects Jump up ^ https://constitution.laws.com/american-history/constitution/constitutional-amendments/18th-amendment Jump up ^ 40 Stat. 1941 Jump up ^ The dates of proposal , ratifications and certification come from The Constitution Of The United States Of America Analysis And Interpretation Analysis Of Cases Decided By The Supreme Court Of The United States To July 1 , 2014 , United States Senate doc . no . 108 - 17 , at 35 n. 10 . Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Connecticut Balks at Prohibition , '' February 5 , 1919 , accessed July 27 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Cohn , Henry S. ; Davis , Ethan ( 2009 ) . `` Stopping the Wind that Blows and the Rivers that Run : Connecticut and Rhode Island Reject the Prohibition Amendment '' . Quinnipiac Law Review . 27 : 327 , 328 . ( I ) t took until 1922 for the forty - sixth state , New Jersey , to ratify , and Connecticut and Rhode Island would never do so . -- via HeinOnline ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Rhode Island Defeats Prohibition , '' March 13 , 1918 , accessed July 27 , 2011 Jump up ^ http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/woodrow-wilson Jump up ^ Smentkowski , Brian P. `` Eighteenth Amendment . '' Encyclopædia Britannica , Encyclopædia Britannica , inc. , 22 Aug. 2017 , www.britannica.com/topic/Eighteenth-Amendment Jump up ^ `` The Volstead Act '' . History , Art & Archives , U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Congress enforces prohibition . '' History.com , A&E Television Networks , www.history.com/this-day-in-history/congress-enforces-prohibition . Jump up ^ `` Prohibition and Its Effects The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History '' . www.gilderlehrman.org. 2012 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ https://constiution.laws.com/american-history/constiution/constituional-amendments/18th-amendment Jump up ^ https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/roaring-twenties/essays/prohibition-and-its-effects Jump up ^ `` 18th and 21st Amendments - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution '' . National Constitution Center -- The 18th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 18th and 21st Amendments - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://www.history.com/topics/18th-and-21st-amendments Jump up ^ `` ^ '' . TIME . line feed character in title = at position 68 ( help ) ; Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Blum , Deborah ( 18 February 2010 ) . The Poisoners Handbook . New York , New York : Penguin Books . p . Ch. 2 . Jump up ^ https://object.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa157.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/roaring-twenties/essays/prohibition-and-its-effects Jump up ^ https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/roaring-twenties/essays/prohibition-and-its-effects Jump up ^ https://object.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa157.pdf -- Cato Institute Policy Analysis No. 157 : Alcohol Prohibition Was a Failure The homicide rate increased from 6 per 100,000 population in the pre-Prohibition period to nearly 10 per 100,000 in 1933 . That rising trend was reversed by the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 , and the rate continued to decline throughout the 1930s and early 1940s Jump up ^ Reason Magazine : Prohibition = Violence Jump up ^ Histeropedia - The Eighteenth Amendment 's Contribution to Increased Crime and Societal Disobedience in the 1920s ( Fall 2012 ) Rather than reducing the crime rates within the United States , prohibition resulted in an increased crime rate of 24 % including increased assault and battery by 13 % , homicide rates by 12.7 % , and burglaries and theft by 9 % . Jump up ^ https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/roaring-twenties/essays/prohibition-and-its-effects Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin ( December 5 , 1933 ) , Proclamation 2065 - Repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment Jump up ^ `` Prohibition . '' Britannica Academic , Encyclopædia Britannica , 21 Aug. 2014 . academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/Prohibition/610119 . Accessed 20 Nov. 2017 . Jump up ^ https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2012/01/17/prohibition-and-the-rise-of-the-american-gangster/ External links ( edit ) The Constitution Of The United States Of America : Analysis And Interpretation : Analysis Of Cases Decided By The Supreme Court Of The United States To June 28 , 2002 , United States Senate doc . no . 108 - 17 . CRS Annotated Constitution : 18th Amendment United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Alcohol prohibition By country Canada Finland Iceland India Iran Russia / Soviet Union United States List By topic 18th Amendment ( U.S. Constitution ) 21st Amendment ( U.S. Constitution ) American Mafia Anti-Saloon League Blaine Act Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives Bureau of Prohibition Dry county Islam Jazz Age Local option Moonshine Neo-prohibitionism Roaring Twenties Rum - running Rum Patrol Rum row Speakeasy Swedish prohibition referendum , 1922 Teetotalism Temperance movement Temperance ( Scotland ) Act 1913 Volstead Act Webb -- Kenyon Act Wickersham Commission Woman 's Christian Temperance Union People Lyman Beecher Al Capone Mickey Duffy Waxey Gordon Frank Hamer J. Edgar Hoover Bumpy Johnson Enoch L. Johnson Meyer Lansky Lucky Luciano Sam Maceo Owney Madden William McCoy Bugs Moran Carrie Nation Eliot Ness Roy Olmstead The Purple Gang Lanzetta Brothers George Remus Arnold Rothstein Howard Hyde Russell Dutch Schultz Eliza Thompson Andrew Volstead Wayne Wheeler Frances Willard Izzy Einstein and Moe Smith Political parties National Prohibition Party ( UK ) Prohibition Party ( PRO ) Prohibition Party ( Canada ) Scottish Prohibition Party Related Prohibition ( 2011 documentary miniseries ) VIAF : 176305210 LCCN : n97009352 GND : 4489477 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=817435656 '' Categories : 1919 in American law Amendments to the United States Constitution Prohibition in the United States History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Prohibition 1919 in the United States 1919 in American politics Hidden categories : Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 errors : invisible characters Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from February 2013 Articles to be expanded from January 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 עברית Lietuvių 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 10 : 29 . About Wikipedia | who is in charge of enforcing the 18th amendment | [
"The Eighteenth Amendment (Amendment XVIII) of the United States Constitution effectively established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the United States by declaring the production, transport, and sale of alcohol (though not the consumption or private possession) illegal. The separate Volstead Act set down methods for enforcing the Eighteenth Amendment, and defined which \"intoxicating liquors\" were prohibited, and which were excluded from prohibition (e.g., for medical and religious purposes). The Amendment was the first to set a time delay before it would take effect following ratification, and the first to set a time limit for its ratification by the states. President Woodrow Wilson vetoed the bill, but the House of Representatives overrode the veto, and the Senate did so as well the next day. The Volstead Act set the starting date for nationwide prohibition for January 17, 1920, which was the earliest day allowed by the Eighteenth Amendment."
] | [
"Volstead Act"
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551969215481129881 | United States twenty-dollar bill | United States twenty - dollar bill - wikipedia United States twenty - dollar bill Jump to : navigation , search Twenty dollars ( United States ) Value $20 Width 156 mm Height 66.3 mm Weight Approx 1 g Paper type 75 % cotton 25 % linen Years of printing 1861 -- present Obverse Design Andrew Jackson Design date 2003 Reverse Design White House Design date 2003 The United States twenty - dollar bill ( $20 ) is a denomination of U.S. currency . The seventh U.S. President ( 1829 -- 37 ) , Andrew Jackson has been featured on the front side of the bill since 1928 , while the White House is featured on the reverse side . As of December 2013 , the average circulation life of a $20 bill is 7.9 years before it is replaced due to wear . Approximately 11 % of all notes printed in 2009 were $20 bills . Twenty - dollar bills are delivered by Federal Reserve Banks in violet straps . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-Federal Reserve history 2 Federal Reserve history 3 Proposal for a woman 's portrait 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Pre-federal Reserve history ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1863 $20 Legal Tender note 1880 $20 Legal Tender depicting Alexander Hamilton Series 1905 $20 gold certificate 1861 : A demand note with Lady Liberty holding a sword and shield on the front , and an abstract design on the back . The back is printed green . 1862 : A note that is very similar , the first $20 United States note . The back is different , with several small variations extant . 1863 : A gold certificate $20 note with an Eagle vignette on the face . The reverse has a $20 gold coin and various abstract elements . The back is orange . 1865 : A national bank note with `` The Battle of Lexington '' and of Pocahontas ' marriage to John Rolfe in black , and a green border . 1869 : A new United States note design with Alexander Hamilton on the left side of the front and Victory holding a shield and sword . The back design is green . 1875 : As above , except with a different reverse . 1878 : A silver certificate $20 note with a portrait of Stephen Decatur on the right side of the face . The back design is black . 1882 : A new gold certificate with a portrait of James Garfield on the right of the face . The back is orange and features an eagle . 1882 : A new national bank note . The front is similar , but the back is different and printed in brown . 1886 : A new silver certificate $20 note with Daniel Manning on the center of the face . 1890 : A treasury ( coin ) note with John Marshall on the left of the face . Two different backs exist : both with abstract designs . 1902 : A new national bank note . The front design features Hugh McCulloch , and the back has a vignette of an allegorical America . 1905 : A new gold certificate $20 note with George Washington on the center of the face . The back design is orange . Federal Reserve history ( edit ) 1914 $20 Federal Reserve Note . 1928 $20 small - size Federal Reserve Note . Series 1929 $20 National Currency note issued by the Cleveland Federal Reserve Bank . Series 1995 $20 Federal Reserve Note . Series 1996 $20 Federal Reserve Note . The security strip in a twenty - dollar bill glows green under a blacklight . Andrew Jackson first appeared on the $20 bill in 1928 . Although 1928 coincides with the 100th anniversary of Jackson 's election as president , it is not clear why the portrait on the bill was switched from Grover Cleveland to Jackson . ( Cleveland 's portrait was moved to the new $1000 bill the same year ) . According to the U.S. Treasury , `` Treasury Department records do not reveal the reason that portraits of these particular statesmen were chosen in preference to those of other persons of equal importance and prominence . '' The placement of Jackson on the $20 bill may be a historical irony ; as president , he vehemently opposed both the National Bank and paper money and made the goal of his administration the destruction of the National Bank . In his farewell address to the nation , he cautioned the public about paper money . 1914 : Began as a large - sized note , a portrait of Grover Cleveland on the face , and , on the back , a steam locomotive and an automobile approaching from the left , and a steamship approaching from the right . 1918 : A federal reserve bank note with Grover Cleveland on the front , and a back design similar to the 1914 Federal Reserve Note . 1928 : Switched to a small - sized note with a portrait of Andrew Jackson on the face and the south view of the White House on the reverse . The banknote is redeemable in gold or silver ( at the bearer 's discretion ) at any Federal Reserve Bank . 1933 : With the U.S. having abandoned the gold standard , the bill is no longer redeemable in gold , but rather in `` lawful money '' , meaning silver . 1942 : A special emergency series , with brown serial numbers and `` HAWAII '' overprinted on both the front and the back , is issued . These notes are designed to circulate on the islands , and be deemed invalid in the event of a Japanese invasion . 1948 : The White House picture was updated to reflect renovations to the building itself , including the addition of the Truman Balcony , as well as the passage of time . Most notably , the trees are larger . 1950 : Design elements like the serial numbers are reduced in size and moved around subtly , presumably for aesthetic reasons . 1963 : `` Will Pay To The Bearer On Demand '' is removed from the front of the bill below the portrait , and the legal tender designation is shortened to `` This note is legal tender for all debts , public and private '' ( eliminating `` and is redeemable in lawful money at the United States Treasury , or at any Federal Reserve Bank . '' ) Also , `` In God We Trust '' is added above the White House on the reverse . These two acts ( one taking U.S. currency off silver backing , and the other authorizing the national motto ) are coincidental , even if their combined result is implemented in one redesign . Also , several design elements are rearranged , less perceptibly than the change in 1950 , mostly to make room for the slightly rearranged obligations . 1969 : The new treasury seal appears on all denominations , including the $20 . 1977 : A new type of serial - number press results in a slightly different font . The old presses are gradually retired , and old - style serial numbers appear as late as 1981 for this denomination . 1992 : Anti-counterfeiting features are added : microprinting around the portrait , and a plastic strip embedded in the paper . Even though the bills read Series 1990 , the first bills were printed in April 1992 . September 24 , 1998 : Received a completely new appearance to further deter counterfeiting ; the picture of the White House was changed to the north side view . A larger , off - center portrait of Jackson was used on front , and several anti-counterfeiting features were added , including color - shifting ink , microprinting , and a watermark . The plastic strip now reads `` USA 20 '' and glows green under a black light . The bills were first printed in June 1998 . October 9 , 2003 : The current series of 20 dollar bills is released with light background shading in green and yellow , and no oval around Andrew Jackson 's portrait ( background images of eagles , etc. were also added to the front ) ; the back is the same view of the White House , but without the oval around it . Ninety faint `` 20 '' s are scattered on the back in yellow as a `` EURion constellation '' to prevent photocopying . The first issue 's series date is 2004 with Marin - Snow signatures . The bills were first printed in April 2003 . Proposal for a woman 's portrait ( edit ) In a campaign called `` Women on 20s '' , selected voters were asked to choose three of 15 female candidates to have a portrait on the $20 bill . The goal was to have a woman on the $20 bill by 2020 , the centennial of the 19th Amendment which gave women the right to vote . Among the candidates on the petition were Harriet Tubman , Eleanor Roosevelt , Rosa Parks , and Wilma Mankiller , the first female chief of the Cherokee Nation . On May 12 , 2015 , Tubman was announced as the winning candidate of that `` grassroots '' poll with more than 600,000 people surveyed and more than 118,000 choosing Tubman , followed by Roosevelt , Parks and Mankiller . On June 17 , 2015 , then - Treasury Secretary Jack Lew announced that a woman 's portrait would be featured on a redesigned $10 bill by 2020 , replacing Alexander Hamilton . However , that decision was reversed , at least in part due to Hamilton 's surging popularity following the hit Broadway musical Hamilton . On April 20 , 2016 , Lew officially announced that Alexander Hamilton would remain on the $10 bill , while Andrew Jackson would be replaced by Tubman on the front of the $20 bill , with Jackson appearing on the reverse . Lew simultaneously announced that the five - and ten - dollar bills would also be redesigned in the coming years and put into production in the next decade . Steven Mnuchin , the current U.S. Treasury Secretary , said that he will not commit to putting Tubman on the twenty - dollar bill , explaining `` People have been on the bills for a long period of time . This is something we 'll consider ; right now we have a lot more important issues to focus on . '' See also ( edit ) Twenty Bucks , a 1993 movie that follows the travels of a $20 bill References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How long is the life span of U.S. paper money ? '' . Federal Reserve . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Money Facts '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Currency FAQs '' . U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson as President '' . CliffsNotes . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson Vetoes Bank Bill -- July 10 , 1832 '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wikisource : Andrew Jackson 's Farewell Address Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 1990 $20 '' . Jump up ^ `` New $20 Bill Debuts September 24th - 09 / 21 / 98 '' . Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 1996 $20 '' . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Counterfeiting '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . United States Treasury . 2007 . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 2004 $20 '' . Jump up ^ `` Why the $20 ? '' . Women On 20s . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tan , Avianne ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Women on 20s ' to Ask President Obama to Put One of These 4 Women on $20 Bill '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Which country has the least sexist banknotes ? BBC . April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved on April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Final Round Candidates '' . Women On 20s . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harriet Tubman wins poll to replace Andrew Jackson on $20 bill '' . New York Post . Reuters . May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Jackson To Be Taken Off The $20 Bill '' . Huffington Post . April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Tina. `` '' Hamilton '' Fans , Rejoice : Founding Father to Stay on the $10 Bill `` . Vanity Fair . ^ Jump up to : `` Treasury Secretary Lew Announces Front of New $20 to Feature Harriet Tubman , Lays Out Plans for New $20 , $10 and $5 '' ( Press release ) . United States Department of the Treasury . April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , Ben ; McCaskill , Nolan D. `` Treasury 's Lew to announce Hamilton to stay on $10 bill '' . Politico . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Korte , Gregory ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman to replace Jackson on the front of the $20 bill '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Temple - West , Patrick ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Mnuchin dismisses question about putting Harriet Tubman on $20 bill '' . Politico . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 20 United States dollar banknotes . ( hide ) United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_twenty-dollar_bill&oldid=801069796 '' Categories : 1861 establishments in the United States Currency introduced in 1861 Andrew Jackson Banknotes of the United States Twenty - base - unit banknotes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2015 Articles needing additional references from July 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 13 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when are the new 20 dollar bills coming out | [
"On June 17, 2015, then-Treasury Secretary Jack Lew announced that a woman's portrait would be featured on a redesigned $10 bill by 2020, replacing Alexander Hamilton.[17] However, that decision was reversed, at least in part due to Hamilton's surging popularity following the hit Broadway musical Hamilton.[18]"
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"by 2020"
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-6641542032934942495 | Mamma Mia! (film) | Mamma Mia ! ( Film ) - wikipedia Mamma Mia ! ( Film ) Mamma Mia ! Theatrical release poster Directed by Phyllida Lloyd Produced by Judy Craymer Gary Goetzman Screenplay by Catherine Johnson Based on Mamma Mia ! by Catherine Johnson Starring Meryl Streep Pierce Brosnan Colin Firth Stellan Skarsgård Julie Walters Dominic Cooper Amanda Seyfried Christine Baranski Music by Benny Andersson Björn Ulvaeus Cinematography Haris Zambarloukos Edited by Lesley Walker Production company Relativity Media Littlestar Productions Playtone Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date June 30 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 30 ) ( Leicester Square ) July 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 10 ) ( United Kingdom ) July 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 17 ) ( Germany ) July 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 18 ) ( United States ) Running time 109 minutes Country Germany United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $52 million Box office $615.7 million Mamma Mia ! ( promoted as Mamma Mia ! The Movie ) is a 2008 jukebox musical romantic comedy film directed by Phyllida Lloyd and written by Catherine Johnson based on the 1999 musical of the same name , also written by Johnson , which itself is based on the songs of pop group ABBA , including the title song , with additional music composed by ABBA member Benny Andersson . The film features an ensemble cast , including Meryl Streep , Pierce Brosnan , Colin Firth , Stellan Skarsgård , Julie Walters , Dominic Cooper , Amanda Seyfried and Christine Baranski . The plot follows a young bride - to - be who invites three men to her upcoming wedding , each one with the possibility of being her father . The film was an international co-production between Germany , the United Kingdom , and the United States , and was co-produced by Relativity Media , Playtone and Littlestar Productions . Principal photography primarily took place on the island of Skopelos , Greece from August to September 2007 . The film was distributed by Universal Pictures . Mamma Mia ! held its world premiere on June 30 , 2008 at Leicester Square in London and premiered on July 4 , 2008 in Stockholm , Sweden , with Andersson , Björn Ulvaeus , Anni - Frid Lyngstad and Agnetha Fältskog in attendance . The film was released theatrically on July 10 in the United Kingdom , on July 17 in Germany and on July 18 in the United States . It received mixed reviews from critics , who praised the musical numbers and production values , but criticized the plot and casting of inexperienced singers , in particular Brosnan and Skarsgård . Nonetheless , the film grossed $615 million worldwide on a $52 million budget , becoming the fifth highest - grossing film of 2008 . A sequel , titled Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again , was released on July 20 , 2018 , with much of the main cast returning . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Musical numbers 4 Production 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) On the Greek island of Kalokairi , 20 - year - old bride - to - be Sophie Sheridan reveals to her bridesmaids , Ali and Lisa , that she has secretly invited three men to her wedding without telling her mother , Donna . They are the men that her mother 's diary reveals could have been her father : Irish - American architect Sam Carmichael , Swedish adventurer and writer Bill Anderson , and British banker Harry Bright . She dreams of being given away by her father at her wedding , and believes that after she spends time with them she will know which is her father . Sophie 's mother Donna , who owns a villa and runs it not very successfully as a hotel , is ecstatic to reunite with her former Dynamos bandmates , wisecracking author Rosie Mulligan and wealthy multiple divorcée Tanya Chesham - Leigh , and reveals her bafflement at her daughter 's desire to get married . Donna shows off the villa to Rosie and Tanya . The three men arrive and Sophie smuggles them to their room . She does n't reveal that she believes one of them is her father , but does explain that she and not her mother sent the invitations . She begs them to hide so Donna will be surprised by the old friends of whom she `` so often '' favorably speaks . They overhear Donna working and swear not to reveal Sophie 's secret . Donna spies them and is dumbfounded to find herself facing former lovers , demanding they leave . She confides in Tanya and Rosie that she truly does not know which of the three fathered Sophie . Tanya and Rosie rally her spirits by getting her to dance with an all female ensemble of staff and islanders . Sophie finds the men aboard Bill 's yacht , and they sail around Kalokairi , telling stories of Donna 's carefree youth . Sophie plans to tell her fiancé Sky about her ploy , but loses her nerve . Sky and Sophie sing to each other , but Sky is abducted for his bachelor party . At Sophie 's bachelorette party , Donna , Tanya , and Rosie perform . When Sam , Bill , and Harry arrive , Sophie decides to talk with each of them alone . While her girlfriends dance with the men , Sophie learns from Bill that Donna received the money for her villa from his great - aunt Sofia . Sophie guesses she must be Sofia 's namesake . She asks him to give her away and keep their secret until the wedding . Sophie 's happiness is short - lived as Sam and Harry each pull her aside to tell her they are her father and will give her away . Sophie , overwhelmed by the consequences of raising the hopes of all three `` fathers '' , faints . In the morning , Rosie and Tanya assure Donna they will take care of the men . Bill and Harry intend to tell each other what they learned the previous night , but Rosie interrupts them . Donna confronts Sophie , believing Sophie wants the wedding stopped . Sophie says that all she wants is to avoid her mother 's mistakes . Sam accosts Donna , concerned about Sophie getting married so young . Donna confronts him and they realize they still have feelings for each other . Tanya and young Pepper continue flirtations from the previous night . Sophie confesses to Sky and asks for his help . He reacts angrily to Sophie 's deception and she turns to her mother for support . As Donna helps her daughter dress for the wedding , their rift is healed and Donna reminisces about Sophie 's childhood . Donna admits her mother disowned her when she became pregnant . Sophie asks Donna to give her away . As the bridal party walks to the chapel , Sam intercepts Donna , who reveals the pain she felt over losing him . Sophie and Donna walk down the aisle as the band plays . Donna tells Sophie and all gathered that her father could be any of the three men . Sam reveals that while he left Donna to get married , he did not go through with it , but returned to find Donna with another man . The men do not want paternity confirmed , each agreeing to be one - third of a father for Sophie . She tells Sky they should postpone their wedding and travel the world . Sam proposes to Donna . She accepts and they are married . At the reception , Sam sings to Donna and Rosie makes a play for Bill . The couples proclaim their love . Sophie and Sky sail away . Cast ( edit ) ABBA appeared together with the film 's cast in 2008 . ( Left to right : Benny Andersson , Pierce Brosnan , Amanda Seyfried , Meryl Streep , Agnetha Fältskog , Anni - Frid Lyngstad , Christine Baranski , Colin Firth , Catherine Johnson , Phyllida Lloyd , Judy Craymer , Björn Ulvaeus and Dominic Cooper ) Meryl Streep as Donna Sheridan , Sophie 's mother , owner of the hotel Villa Donna . Amanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan , Donna 's 20 - year - old daughter , Sky 's fiancée . Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael , Sophie 's possible father and an architect . Colin Firth as Harry Bright , Sophie 's possible father and a British banker . Stellan Skarsgård as Bill Andersson , Sophie 's possible father , a Swedish sailor and travel writer . Dominic Cooper as Sky , Sophie 's fiancé who is designing a website for the hotel . Julie Walters as Rosie Mulligan , one of Donna 's former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos ; an unmarried fun - loving author . Christine Baranski as Tanya Chesham - Leigh , Donna 's other former bandmate ; a rich three - time divorcee . Philip Michael as Pepper , Sky 's best man who likes Tanya ; a bartender Juan Pablo Di Pace as Petros Ashley Lilley as Ali , close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid . Rachel McDowall as Lisa , close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid . Enzo Squillino as Gregoris , one of Donna 's employees . Niall Buggy as Father Alex , the wedding priest . Chris Jarvis as Eddie , a friend of Sky and Pepper . Cameo appearances and uncredited roles Benny Andersson as `` Dancing Queen '' piano player Björn Ulvaeus as Greek god Rita Wilson as Greek goddess Musical numbers ( edit ) See also : Mamma Mia ! The Movie Soundtrack A soundtrack album was released on July 7 , 2008 by Decca and Polydor in the United States and internationally , respectively . The recording was produced by Benny Andersson . The album features sixteen musical numbers within the film , including a hidden track . The album was nominated at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media . The deluxe edition of the soundtrack album was released on November 25 , 2008 . `` I Have a Dream '' -- Sophie `` Honey , Honey '' -- Sophie , Ali and Lisa `` Money , Money , Money '' -- Donna , Tanya and Rosie `` Mamma Mia '' -- Donna `` Chiquitita '' -- Rosie , Tanya and Donna `` Dancing Queen '' -- Tanya , Rosie and Donna `` Our Last Summer '' -- Harry , Bill , Sam , Sophie and Donna `` Lay All Your Love on Me '' -- Sky and Sophie `` Super Trouper '' -- Donna , Tanya and Rosie `` Gimme ! Gimme ! Gimme ! ( A Man After Midnight ) '' -- Sophie , Ali and Lisa `` Voulez - Vous '' -- Donna , Sam , Tanya , Rosie , Harry , Bill , Sky , Ali , Lisa and Pepper `` The Name of the Game '' -- Sophie `` SOS '' -- Sam and Donna `` Does Your Mother Know '' -- Tanya and Pepper `` Slipping Through My Fingers '' -- Donna and Sophie `` The Winner Takes It All '' -- Donna `` I Do , I Do , I Do , I Do , I Do '' -- Sam and Donna `` When All Is Said and Done '' -- Sam and Donna `` Take a Chance on Me '' -- Rosie , Bill , Tanya , Pepper and Harry `` Waterloo '' -- Donna , Rosie , Tanya , Sam , Bill , Harry , Sky and Sophie `` Thank You for the Music '' -- Sophie Featured in the film , but omitted from the soundtrack album . Included in the soundtrack album , but omitted from the film . Included on the soundtrack album as a hidden track . Production ( edit ) The Agios Ioannis chapel during filming of the wedding scene for Mamma Mia ! . Most of the outdoor scenes were filmed on location at the small Greek island of Skopelos ( during August / September 2007 ) , and the seaside hamlet of Damouchari in the Pelion area of Greece . On Skopelos , Kastani beach on the south west coast was the film 's main location site . The producers built a beach bar and jetty along the beach , but removed both set pieces after production wrapped . A complete set for Donna 's Greek villa was built at the 007 stage at Pinewood Studios and most of the film was shot there . Real trees were utilised for the set , watered daily through an automated watering system and given access to daylight in order to keep them growing . The part of the film where Brosnan 's character , Sam , leaves his New York office to go to the Greek Island was actually filmed at the Lloyd 's Building on Lime Street in the City of London . He dashes down the escalators and through the porte - cochere , where yellow cabs and actors representing New York mounted police were used for authenticity . The movie was filmed in the Greek island of Skopelos The Fernando , Bill Anderson 's yacht ( actually a ketch ) in the film was the Tai - Mo - Shan built in 1934 by H.S. Rouse at the Hong Kong and Whampoa dockyards . Meryl Streep took opera singing lessons as a child , and as an adult , she previously sang in several films , including Postcards from the Edge , Silkwood , Death Becomes Her , and A Prairie Home Companion . She was a fan of the stage show Mamma Mia ! after seeing it on Broadway in September 2001 , when she found the show to be an affirmation of life in the midst of the destruction of 9 / 11 . Release ( edit ) Though the world premiere of the film occurred elsewhere , most of the media attention was focused on the Swedish premiere , where Anni - Frid Lyngstad and Agnetha Fältskog joined Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson with the cast at the Rival Theatre in Mariatorget , Stockholm , owned by Andersson , on July 4 , 2008 . It was the first time all four members of ABBA had been photographed together since 1986 . Home Media ( edit ) In November 2008 , Mamma Mia ! became the fastest - selling DVD of all time in the UK , according to Official UK Charts Company figures . It sold 1,669,084 copies on its first day of release , breaking the previous record ( held by Titanic ) by 560,000 copies . By the end of 2008 , the Official UK Charts Company declared that it had become the biggest selling DVD ever in the UK , with one in every four households owning a copy ( over 5 million copies sold ) . The record was previously held by Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl with sales of 4.7 million copies . In the United States , the DVD made over $30 million on its first day of release . By December 31 , 2008 , Mamma Mia ! became the best - selling DVD of all time in Sweden with 545,000 copies sold . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Mamma Mia ! grossed $144.1 million in the United States and $471.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $615.7 million , against a production budget of $52 million . It became the highest grossing live - action musical of all time , until it was surpassed by Bill Condon 's Beauty and the Beast in 2017 . It was also the highest - grossing movie directed by a woman , until it was surpassed by Patty Jenkins ' Wonder Woman in 2017 . It is the third highest - grossing film of 2008 internationally ( i.e. , outside North America ) with an international total of $458.4 million and the thirteenth highest gross of 2008 in North America ( the US and Canada ) with $144.1 million . In the United Kingdom , Mamma Mia ! has grossed £ 69.2 million as of January 23 , 2009 , and is the ninth highest - grossing film of all time at the UK box office . The film opened at # 1 in the U.K , taking £ 6.6 million on 496 screens . It managed to hold onto the top spot for 2 weeks , narrowly keeping Pixar 's WALL - E from reaching # 1 in its second week . When released on July 3 in Greece , the film grossed $1.6 million in its opening weekend , ranking # 1 at the Greek box office . The film made $9.6 million in its opening day in the United States and Canada , and $27.6 million in its opening weekend , ranking # 2 at the box office , behind The Dark Knight . At the time , it made Mamma Mia ! the record - holder for the highest grossing opening weekend for a movie based on a Broadway musical , surpassing Hairspray 's box office record in 2007 and later surpassed by Into the Woods . Critical response ( edit ) Pierce Brosnan 's singing was heavily panned by critics On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 54 % based on 179 reviews , with an average rating of 5.5 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` This jukebox musical is full of fluffy fun but rough singing voices and a campy tone might not make you feel like ' You Can Dance ' the whole 90 minutes . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100 , based on 37 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . BBC Radio 5 Live 's film critic Mark Kermode admitted to enjoying the film , despite describing the experience as ' the closest you get to see A-List actors doing drunken karaoke ' . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian was more negative , giving it one star , and expressed a `` need to vomit '' . Bob Chipman of Escape to the Movies said it was `` so base , so shallow and so hinged on meaningless spectacle , it 's amazing it was n't made for men '' . The Daily Telegraph stated that it was enjoyable but poorly put together : `` Finding the film a total shambles was sort of a shame , but I have a sneaking suspicion I 'll go to see it again anyway . '' Angie Errigo of Empire said it was `` cute , clean , camp fun , full of sunshine and toe tappers . '' The casting of actors not known for their singing abilities led to some mixed reviews . Variety stated that `` some stars , especially the bouncy and rejuvenated Streep , seem better suited for musical comedy than others , including Brosnan and Skarsgård . '' Brosnan , especially , was savaged by many critics : his singing was compared to `` a water buffalo '' ( New York Magazine ) , `` a donkey braying '' ( The Philadelphia Inquirer ) and `` a wounded raccoon '' ( The Miami Herald ) , and Matt Brunson of Creative Loafing Charlotte said he `` looks physically pained choking out the lyrics , as if he 's being subjected to a prostate exam just outside of the camera 's eye . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . ACE Eddie Awards February 15 , 2009 Best Edited Feature Film -- Comedy or Musical Lesley Walker Nominated British Academy Film Awards February 8 , 2009 Outstanding British Film Mamma Mia ! Nominated Best Film Music Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Nominated Carl Foreman Award for Special Achievement by a British Director , Writer or Producer for their First Feature Film Judy Craymer Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards February 17 , 2009 Excellence in Contemporary Film Ann Roth Nominated Empire Awards March 29 , 2009 Best Soundtrack Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Won Golden Globe Awards January 11 , 2009 Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Mamma Mia ! Nominated Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Meryl Streep Nominated Golden Raspberry Awards February 21 , 2009 Worst Supporting Actor Pierce Brosnan Won Golden Reel Awards February 21 , 2009 Best Sound Editing -- Music in a Musical Feature Film Tony Lewis , Martin Lowe , Robert Houston Won Grammy Awards February 8 , 2009 Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media Various Artists Nominated Irish Film and Television Awards February 14 , 2009 Best International Actress Meryl Streep Won MTV Movie Awards May 31 , 2009 Best Breakthrough Female Performance Amanda Seyfried Nominated National Movie Awards September 8 , 2008 Best Musical Mamma Mia ! Won Best Female Performance Meryl Streep Won Best Male Performance Pierce Brosnan Nominated Colin Firth Nominated People 's Choice Awards January 7 , 2009 Favorite Movie Comedy Mamma Mia ! Nominated Favorite Cast Mamma Mia ! Nominated Favorite Song from a Soundtrack `` Mamma Mia '' Won Rembrandt Awards March 9 , 2009 Best Female Actress Meryl Streep Won Best International Actress Won Best International Film Phyllida Lloyd Won Satellite Awards December 14 , 2008 Best Actress in a Motion Picture , Comedy or Musical Meryl Streep Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Because of the film 's financial success , Hollywood studio chief David Linde , the co-chairman of Universal Studios , said that it would take a while , but there would be a sequel . He stated that he would be delighted if Judy Craymer , Catherine Johnson , Phyllida Lloyd , Benny Andersson , and Björn Ulvaeus agreed to the project , noting that there were still plenty of ABBA songs to use . Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was announced on May 19 , 2017 , with a planned release date of July 20 , 2018 . It was written and directed by Ol Parker . It was announced that Seyfried , Cooper , Streep , Firth and Brosnan would be returning . In July 2017 , Lily James was confirmed to portray young Donna . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! ( 2008 ) BFI '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mamma Mia ! ( 2008 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Paul ( 2008 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! -- Unfazed by the fuss in Skopelos '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FLAMIN - Page not found '' . 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 45 ' Teak Ketch 1933 . Yacht for sale from classic yacht broker in Poole '' . Sandeman Yacht brokerage Poole . Sandeman Yacht Company . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Tai - Mo - Shan '' . Coburg Yacht Brokers website . Coburg Yacht Brokers . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Hiscock , John ( 2008 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Meryl Streep the singing and dancing queen '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Meryl Streep , speaking on ' Abba : The Mamma Mia Story ' , ITV Jump up ^ Sandra Wejbro ( 2008 - 07 - 04 ) . `` ABBA återförenades på röda mattan ( Swedish ) '' . Aftonbladet . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Mark ( 2008 - 12 - 31 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! ' breaks U.K. DVD record '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` MAMMA MIA ! DVD Takes In 30 Million In First Day Of Sales '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Nyheterna - tv4.se '' . nyheterna.se . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Trey ( 2017 - 06 - 24 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' passes ' Mamma Mia ! ' as highest - grossing film by female director '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` UK all time top grossing films '' . 25thframe.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Box Office Index '' . Box Office Mojo . June 10 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . July 19 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Michael Gioia , Vichet Chum ( December 30 , 2014 ) . `` '' Into the Woods '' Slides Into Second Place in Domestic Box - Office Totals , Beating `` Unbroken '' `` . Playbill . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 05 . As previously reported , the Rob Marshall - directed film has become the biggest launch of a Broadway adaptation since `` Mamma Mia ! '' ( $27.8 million ) . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Mama Mia reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Kermode Reviews Mamma Mia '' . BBC Radio 5 live . 2008 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Peter Bradshaw . `` Mamma Mia ! Culture '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` MOVIEBOB : Mama Mia '' . YouTube . 2008 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Telegraph review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Angie Errigo ( 3 July 2008 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Review Movie '' . gb : Empireonline.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Jordan Mintzer ( 2008 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! '' . Variety . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Knight -- Mamma Mia ! -- The Exiles '' . Nymag.com . New York Magazine Movie Review . 2008 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Rickey , Carrie ( 2008 - 07 - 17 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia , ' here we go again -- this time on screen '' . Philly.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Rene . `` Mamma Mia ! ( PG - 13 ) * * Â1⁄2 Singing ! And dancing ! Not much of a story ! Who cares ! ? ! MiamiHerald.com '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Brunson , Matt ( 2008 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Out of tune Reviews '' . Charlotte.creativeloafing.com . Creative Loafing Charlotte . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Knegt , Peter ( 12 January 2009 ) . `` ACE Eddie Noms Announced '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Film Nominations in 2009 '' . Film Awards -- BAFTA. 2009 - 01 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 10th Annual Awards 2008 '' . Costume Designers Guild . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( March 30 , 2009 ) . `` Empire Awards 2009 : The Winners '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 66th Annual Golden Globe Award Winners '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , John ( 2009 ) . `` 29th Annual Golden Raspberry ( Razzie ) Award `` Winners '' `` . Home of the Golden Raspberry Award Foundation . Golden Raspberry Award Foundation . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Golden Reel Award Nominees : Feature Films '' . Motion Picture Sound Editors . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 51st Annual Grammy Awards -- 2008 '' . grammy.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winners 2009 IFTA Irish Film & Television Academy Irish Film & Television Awards '' . Irish Film & Television Academy . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( May 31 , 2009 ) . `` 2009 MTV Movie Awards Winners '' . SlashFilm . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , Veronica ( 9 September 2008 ) . `` Mamma Mia wins at National Movie Awards '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . More than one of website = and work = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Past Nominees & Winners : 2009 '' . PCAvote.com . Sycamore Productions . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ van Oosten , Jasper ( 10 March 2009 ) . `` Oorlogswinter en Mamma Mia ! winnen Film1 Rembrandt Awards '' . Film1 . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees and Winners ; 2008 13th Annual SATELLITE Awards '' . The International Press Academy . Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Baz Bamigboye ( 2008 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Baz Bamigboye on a possible Mamma Mia sequel , Kate Winslet , Leonardo DiCaprio and much more '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Bryan Alexander ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ' sequel ' Here We Go Again ' coming next summer '' . US Today . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again ! ' On Universal Pictures ' 2018 Schedule '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Amanda Seyfried Set For ' Mamma Mia ! ' Reprise '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zach Seemayer ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Dominic Cooper Dishes on Returning for ' Mamma Mia 2 ' : It 's ' a Phone Call I 've Been Waiting For ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jenna Busch ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Mamma Mia Sequel Casts Baby Driver 's Lily James '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Louise FitzGerald , Melanie Williams : Mamma Mia ! The Movie : Exploring a Cultural Phenomenon . I.B. Tauris , 2013 , ISBN 9781848859425 External links ( edit ) Official website Mamma Mia ! on IMDb Mamma Mia ! at AllMovie Mamma Mia ! at Box Office Mojo Mamma Mia ! at Rotten Tomatoes Mamma Mia ! at Metacritic ABBA Agnetha Fältskog Björn Ulvaeus Benny Andersson Anni - Frid Lyngstad Studio albums Ring Ring Waterloo ABBA Arrival ABBA : The Album Voulez - Vous Super Trouper The Visitors Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Gracias Por La Música The Singles : The First Ten Years Thank You for the Music The Songbook -- Australian Chart Hits Gold : Greatest Hits Oro : Grandes Éxitos More ABBA Gold : More ABBA Hits Thank You for the Music ( box set ) Love Stories The Definitive Collection 18 Hits The Complete Studio Recordings Number Ones The Albums Live albums ABBA Live Live at Wembley Arena Tours and TV specials Eurovision Song Contest 1974 European & Australian Tour ABBA : The Tour Dick Cavett Meets ABBA Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest ABBA : Thank You for the Music , An All - Star Tribute Films and musicals ABBA : The Movie The Girl with the Golden Hair ABBAcadabra Mamma Mia ! Original Cast Recording Film series Mamma Mia ! Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Soundtracks Mamma Mia ! Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Video games SingStar ABBA ABBA : You Can Dance Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Songs Unreleased songs Tribute albums Abba-esque Abbasalutely The ABBA Generation ABBAmania A Tribute to ABBA Dancing Queen `` Just Like That '' `` Thank ABBA for the Music '' ABBA : The Museum Music of Sweden Related individuals Stig Anderson Ola Brunkert Rutger Gunnarsson Janne Schaffer Michael B. Tretow Lasse Hallström A-Teens Björn Again Linda Ulvaeus Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamma_Mia!_(film)&oldid=855683099 '' Categories : 2008 films English - language films ABBA 2000s musical comedy films 2000s romantic comedy films 2000s romantic musical films American films American musical comedy films American romantic comedy films American romantic musical films British films British musical comedy films British romantic comedy films Directorial debut films Greek - language films Films about weddings Films based on musicals Films produced by Gary Goetzman Films set in hotels Films set in Greece Films set in the Mediterranean Sea Films set on islands Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in California Films shot in Greece Films shot in London Films shot in Morocco Jukebox musical films Universal Pictures films Mamma Mia ! 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"Mamma Mia!\nTheatrical release posterDirected by\nPhyllida LloydProduced by\nJudy CraymerGary GoetzmanScreenplay by\nCatherine JohnsonBased on\nMamma Mia!by Catherine JohnsonStarring\nMeryl StreepPierce BrosnanColin FirthStellan SkarsgårdJulie WaltersDominic CooperAmanda SeyfriedChristine BaranskiMusic by\nBenny AnderssonBjörn UlvaeusCinematography\nHaris ZambarloukosEdited by\nLesley WalkerProductioncompany \nRelativity MediaLittlestar ProductionsPlaytoneDistributed by\nUniversal PicturesRelease date\nJune 30, 2008 (2008-06-30) (Leicester Square)\nJuly 10, 2008 (2008-07-10) (United Kingdom)\nJuly 17, 2008 (2008-07-17) (Germany)\nJuly 18, 2008 (2008-07-18) (United States)\n\nRunning time\n109 minutesCountry\n\nGermany\nUnited Kingdom\nUnited States[1]\nLanguage\nEnglishBudget\n$52 million[2]Box office\n$615.7 million[2]"
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"July 18, 2008"
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1549675392853076085 | Trinity College Library | Trinity College Library - wikipedia Trinity College Library For the library of Trinity College , Cambridge , see Wren Library . The Library of Trinity College Dublin The Long Room in the Old Library Country Ireland Type Academic library Location College Street , Dublin 2 Coordinates 53 ° 20 ′ 38 '' N 6 ° 15 ′ 24.5 '' W / 53.34389 ° N 6.256806 ° W / 53.34389 ; - 6.256806 Collection Items collected Books , journals , newspapers , magazines , sound and music recordings , databases , maps , prints and manuscripts Size c. 6,000,000 volumes Criteria for collection Acquisition through purchase , bequest and legal deposit Legal deposit Republic of Ireland ( Copyright and Related Rights Act , 2000 ) and United Kingdom ( Legal Deposit Libraries Act , 2003 ) Access and use Access requirements Staff , graduates ( reading privileges only ) and students of the university . Other readers admitted under cross-institutional arrangements , or if material is unavailable elsewhere . Old Library and Library Gift Shop open to public Other information Director College Librarian and Archivist Helen Shenton Staff Around 180 Website http://www.tcd.ie/Library/ The Old Library Building Arnaldo Pomodoro 's Sfera con Sfera at The Berkeley Library The Library of Trinity College Dublin serves Trinity College and the University of Dublin . It is the largest library in Ireland and , as a legal deposit or `` copyright library '' , it has rights to receive material published in the Republic of Ireland free of charge ; it is also the only Irish library to hold such rights for the United Kingdom . The Library is the permanent home to the famous Book of Kells . Two of the four volumes are on public display , one opened to a major decorated page and the other to a typical page of text . The volumes and pages shown are regularly changed . Members of the University of Dublin also have access to the libraries of Tallaght Hospital and the Irish School of Ecumenics , Milltown . Contents 1 Constituent Library buildings 2 History 3 Legal deposit library status 4 The Long Room 4.1 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Constituent Library buildings ( edit ) The Library proper occupies several buildings , four of which are at the Trinity College campus itself , with another part of the Trinity Centre at St. James 's Hospital , Dublin : The original ( Old ) Library is Thomas Burgh 's masterpiece . A huge building , it originally towered over the university and city after its completion . Even today , surrounded by similarly scaled buildings , it is imposing and dominates the view of the university from Nassau Street . The Book of Kells is located in the Old Library , along with the Book of Durrow , the Book of Howth and other ancient texts . Also incorporating the Long Room , the Old Library is one of Ireland 's biggest tourist attractions , and holds thousands of rare , and in many cases very early , volumes . In the 18th century , the college received the Brian Boru harp , one of the three surviving medieval Gaelic harps , and a national symbol of Ireland , which is now housed in the Library . Housed within the Old Library are : Early Printed Books and Special Collections Manuscripts & Archives Research Library ( M&ARL ) The Berkeley / Lecky / Ussher ( BLU ) Arts Libraries complex , incorporating : The Berkeley Library , in Fellows Square The Lecky Library , attached to the Arts Building The Ussher Library , overlooking College Park The Glucksman Map Library The Preservation and Conservation Department The Hamilton Science and Engineering Library The 1937 Reading Room ( for graduate use ) The John Stearne Medical Library ( JSML ) , housed at St James 's Hospital Further materials are held in storage in Stacks , either in closed access within College or at a book depository in the Dublin suburb of Santry . History ( edit ) The Library began with the founding of Trinity College in 1592 . In 1661 , Henry Jones presented it with the Book of Kells , its most famous manuscript . James Ussher ( 1625 -- 56 ) , Archbishop of Armagh , whose most important works were `` Veterum Epistolarum Hibernicarum Sylloge '' ( 1632 ) and `` Brittanicarum Ecclesiarum Antiquitates '' ( 1639 ) , left his valuable library , comprising several thousand printed books and manuscripts , to the Library . His complete works were published by the Library in twenty - four volumes . In 1801 , the Library was given legal deposit rights , making it the only library in Ireland to have such rights for the United Kingdom at that time . Starting at 4 pm on Saturday 29 November 2009 , the Trinity Students ' Union organized a 24 - hour sit - in in protest at a reduced book - buying budget , lack of access to books on Sundays , and a proposed reduction of counter services . Legal deposit Library status ( edit ) According to the Republic of Ireland 's Copyright and Related Rights Act , 2000 , the Library is entitled , along with the National Library of Ireland and the libraries of the National University of Ireland , the University of Limerick , and Dublin City University , to receive a copy of all works published in the Republic of Ireland . Also , as a result of the British Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003 , which continues a more ancient right dating from 1801 , the Library is entitled , along with the British Library , the Bodleian Library at Oxford , Cambridge University Library , the National Library of Wales and the National Library of Scotland , to receive a copy on request of all works published in the United Kingdom . The Long Room ( edit ) Detail of Long Room shelving Watercolour of Long Room before the roof was raised The 65 - metre - long ( 213 ft ) main chamber of the Old Library , the Long Room , was built between 1712 and 1732 and houses 200,000 of the Library 's oldest books . Initially The Long Room had a flat ceiling , shelving for books only on the lower level , and an open gallery . By the 1850s the room had to be expanded as the shelves were filled due to the fact that the Library had been given permission to obtain a free copy of every book that had been published in Ireland and Britain . In 1860 , The Long Room 's roof was raised to accommodate an upper gallery . The Long Room is lined with marble busts . The marble bust collection was formed when 14 busts from the famous sculptor Peter Scheemakers were acquired by the college . Many of the busts are of great philosophers , writers , and men who supported the college . The most outstanding bust in the collection is of the writer Jonathan Swift , created by Louis François Roubiliac . The Long Room also holds one of the last remaining copies of the 1916 Proclamation of the Irish Republic . This proclamation was read by Patrick Pearse near the General Post Office on 24 April 1916 . Visitors may also view the Trinity College harp ( also known as the `` Brian Boru harp '' ) in The Long Room that is the oldest of its kind in Ireland dating back to the 15th century . The harp is made out of oak and willow and includes 29 brass strings . In popular culture ( edit ) The Jedi archives of the Jedi Temple in the movie Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones bear a startling resemblance to the Long Room of the Trinity College Library . This resemblance resulted in controversy as permission had not been sought to use the building 's likeness in the film . However , Lucasfilm denied that the Long Room was the basis for the Jedi archives , and officials from Trinity College Library decided not to take any legal action . See also ( edit ) Category : Librarians of Trinity College , Dublin Books in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` University and College Officers - University and Professors , Associate Professors , Lecturers and other Officers '' . College Calendar , Trinity College Dublin ( PDF ) . 2008 . p . B117 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Book of Kells - The Old Library & the Book of Kells Exhibition : Trinity College Dublin , The University of Dublin , Ireland '' . Tcd.ie. 2014 - 12 - 04 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Library '' . Tcd.ie . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Trinity library occupied - Indymedia Ireland '' . Indymedia.ie . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Long Room '' . Tcd.ie . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Eoghan ( 29 September 2002 ) . `` Trinity to strike back at return of the Jedi '' . The Irish Independent . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jedi Archives Clones Long Room , Trinity Attacks '' . Archiseek . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Fox , Peter Treasures of the Library : Trinity College Dublin . Dublin : Royal Irish Academy , 1986 ISBN 978 - 0 - 901714 - 45 - 9 Fox , Peter `` The Librarians of Trinity College '' , in : Vincent Kinane , Anne Walsh , eds. , Essays on the History of Trinity College Library , Dublin . Dublin : Four Courts Press , 2000 ISBN 1 - 85182 - 467 - 7 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trinity College Library . Trinity College Library Dublin Search the Library 's catalogue The Library of Trinity College Dublin at Google Cultural Institute University of Dublin , Trinity College People Chancellor : Mary Robinson ( predecessors ) Provost : Patrick Prendergast ( predecessors ) People Professorships Scholars University and college Centre for Asian Studies Centre for Deaf Studies Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices Marino Institute of Education Oscar Wilde Centre School of Ecumenics School of Law School of Medicine School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Trinity Business School Trinity Hall Trinity College Library Parliamentary representation Academic dress Student life Students ' Union Cumann Gaelach Historical Society Icarus Laurentian Society Philosophical Society The Piranha Q Soc Theological Society Trinity Hall Trinity News The University Times Vincent de Paul Society List of student organisations Trinitones Sport American football Association football Cricket Fencing Rugby union Rifle Rowing Men Women Competitions The Colours Match Categories Academics Alumni Buildings and structures Departments Teaching hospitals Library Sport Coordinates : 53 ° 20 ′ 38 '' N 6 ° 15 ′ 24.5 '' W / 53.34389 ° N 6.256806 ° W / 53.34389 ; - 6.256806 WorldCat Identities BNF : cb12233848b ( data ) GND : 84180 - 8 ISNI : 0000 0001 2150 4601 LCCN : n50027615 SUDOC : 031044336 VIAF : 261059942 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trinity_College_Library&oldid=866213950 '' Categories : Academic libraries in Ireland Departments of the University of Dublin , Trinity College Buildings and structures of Trinity College , Dublin Trinity College Library , Dublin History of Dublin ( city ) Deposit libraries Libraries in Dublin ( city ) Trinity College , Dublin Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from January 2011 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Română Slovenščina Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 00 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many books are in trinity college library | [
"The Library of Trinity College Dublin\nThe Long Room in the Old LibraryCountry\nIrelandType\nAcademic libraryLocation\nCollege Street, Dublin 2Coordinates\n53°20′38″N 6°15′24.5″W / 53.34389°N 6.256806°W / 53.34389; -6.256806CollectionItems collected\nBooks, journals, newspapers, magazines, sound and music recordings, databases, maps, prints and manuscriptsSize\nc. 6,000,000 volumesCriteria for collection\nAcquisition through purchase, bequest and legal depositLegal deposit\nRepublic of Ireland (Copyright and Related Rights Act, 2000) and United Kingdom (Legal Deposit Libraries Act, 2003)Access and useAccess requirements\nStaff, graduates (reading privileges only) and students of the university. Other readers admitted under cross-institutional arrangements, or if material is unavailable elsewhere. Old Library and Library Gift Shop open to publicOther informationDirector\nCollege Librarian and Archivist Helen ShentonStaff\nAround 180[1]Website\nhttp://www.tcd.ie/Library/"
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"6,000,000"
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-940163626139129418 | Abdominal examination | Abdominal examination - wikipedia Abdominal examination hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Abdominal examination Medical diagnostics Abdominal examination ) ) The abdominal exam , in medicine , is performed as part of a physical examination , or when a patient presents with abdominal pain or a history that suggests an abdominal pathology Purpose as part of a comprehensive physical exam The abdominal exam has conventionally been split into different stages : Preparation / Positioning of the patient . Inspection of the patient and the visible characteristics of their abdomen . Auscultation of the abdomen with a stethoscope . Palpation of the patient 's abdomen and abdominal organs . Percussion of the patient 's abdomen . Special tests performed based on the need to inspect for signs of various abdominal diseases . Contents 1 Purpose 2 Positioning and environment 3 Inspection 4 Auscultation 5 Palpation 6 Percussion 7 Other and special maneuvers 8 References 9 External links Purpose ( edit ) According to Mosby 's , `` The abdominal exam is performed as part of the comprehensive physical examination or when a patient presents with signs of symptoms of an abdominal disease process . '' In other words , your doctor will often perform an abdominal exam as part of a routine examination . However , your doctor might perform additional tests if your doctor feels that you might have an abdominal disease . Positioning and environment ( edit ) A suggested position is for the patient to be supine ( on their back ) , with their arms to their sides . The patient should be placed in an environment with good lighting , and should be draped with towels or sheets to preserve privacy and warmth Although physicians have had concern that giving patients pain medications during acute abdominal pain may hinder diagnosis and treatment , separate systematic reviews by the Cochrane Collaboration and the Rational Clinical Examination refute this . Inspection ( edit ) The abdominal exam typically begins a visual examination of the abdomen . Some common things an examiner might look for are : masses scars lesions abdominal distension In addition , a doctor might look / check for specific signs of disease , such as : spider angiomata caput medusae ascites Auscultation ( edit ) Auscultation refers to the use of a stethoscope by the examiner to listen to sounds from the abdomen . This is a very subjective procedure . Unlike other physical exams , auscultation is performed prior to percussion or palpation , as both of these could alter the regularity of bowel sounds . Some controversy exists as to the length of time required to confirm or exclude bowel sounds , with suggested durations up to seven minutes . Bowel obstruction may present with grumbling bowel sounds or high - pitched noises . Healthy persons can have no bowel sounds for several minutes and intestinal contractions can be silent . Absence of sounds may be caused by peritonitis , paralytic ileus , bowel obstruction , intestinal ischemia or other causes . Some authors suggest that listening at a single location is enough as sounds can be transmitted throughout the abdomen . A prospective study published in 2014 where 41 physicians listened to the bowel sounds of 177 volunteers ( 19 of which had bowel obstructions and 15 with an ileus ) found that `` Auscultation of bowel sounds is not a useful clinical practice when differentiating patients with normal versus pathologic bowel sounds . The listener frequently arrives at an incorrect diagnosis . Agreement between raters was also low ( 54 % ) . '' . This article suggests focusing on other indicators ( flatus , pain , nausea ) instead . There is no research evidence that reliably corroborates the assumed association between bowel sounds and gastro - intestinal motility status . The examiner also typically listens to the two renal arteries for bruits by listening in each upper quadrant , adjacent to and above the umbilicus . Bruits heard in the epigastrium that are confined to systole are considered normal . Palpation ( edit ) A Bangladeshi doctor palpating the abdomen of a female patient . The examiner typically palpates all nine areas of the patient 's abdomen . This is typically performed twice , lightly and then deeply . On light palpation , the examiner tests for any palpable mass , rigidity , or pain . On deep palpation , the examiner is testing for and organomegaly , including enlargement of the liver and spleen . Reactions that may indicate pathology include : guarding , describing muscle contraction as pressure is applied . rigidity , indicating peritoneal inflammation . rebound , pain on release hernial orifices if positive cough impulses . Percussion ( edit ) The examiner , mindful of areas of discomfort , begins by palpating areas of no pain . Percussion is performed by knocking the middle finger against the phalanx of the middle finger of the opposing hand , which rests against the surface of the abdomen in each of the nine areas tested . Percussion can elicit a painful response in the patient , and may also reveal whether there is abnormal levels of fluid in the abdomen . Organomegaly may also be noted , including gross splenomegaly ( enlargement of the spleen ) , hepatomegaly ( enlargement of the liver ) , and urinary retention . The examiner , when percussing for organomegaly , percusses in a particular manner : percuss the liver from the right iliac region to right hypochondrium percuss for the spleen from the right iliac region to the right hypochondrium and the left iliac to the left hypochondrium . Examination of the spleen Castell 's sign or alternatively Traube 's space Other and special maneuvers ( edit ) Examination of pelvic lymph nodes Digital rectal exam -- Abdominal examination is not complete without a digital rectal exam . Pelvic examination only if clinically indicated . Special manevures may also be performed , to elicit signs of specific diseases . These include Gallbladder : Murphy 's sign Appendicitis or peritonitis : Psoas sign -- pain when tensing the psoas muscle Obturator sign -- pain when tensing the obturator muscle Rovsing 's sign -- pain in the right iliac fossa on palpation of the left side of the abdomen Carnett 's sign -- pain when tensing the abdominal wall muscles Patafio 's sign -- pain when the patient is asked to cough whilst tensing the psoas muscle Cough test -- pain when the patient is asked to cough Suspected Pyelonephritis : Murphy 's punch sign Hepatomegaly : Liver scratch test Ascites : bulging flanks , fluid wave test , shifting dullness References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seidel , Henry M. ; Ball , Jane W. ; Dains , Joyce E. ; Flynn , John A. ; Solomon , Barry S. ; Stewart , Rosalyn W. ( 2011 ) . Mosby 's Guide to Physical Examination ( 7th ed . ) . St. Louis , MO : Elsevier . pp. 492 -- 513 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 323 - 05570 - 3 . Jump up ^ Manterola C , Vial M , Moraga J , Astudillo P ( 2011 ) . Manterola C , ed . `` Analgesia in patients with acute abdominal pain '' . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 1 ) : CD005660 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD005660. pub3 . PMID 21249672 . Jump up ^ Ranji SR , Goldman LE , Simel DL , Shojania KG ( 2006 ) . `` Do opiates affect the clinical evaluation of patients with acute abdominal pain ? '' . JAMA. 296 ( 14 ) : 1764 -- 74 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 296.14. 1764 . PMID 17032990 . ^ Jump up to : MD , Lynn B. Bates ' Guide to Physical Examination and History - Taking , 11th Edition . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , 11 / 2012 . Jump up ^ McGee , S , Evidence - Based Physical Diagnosis , 3rd Edition . Philadelphia , PA : Elsevier - Saunders ; 2012 Jump up ^ http://blogs.jwatch.org/frontlines-clinical-medicine/2017/03/01/listening-bowel-sounds-outdated-practice/ Jump up ^ Jarvis , C. ( 2008 ) . Physical Examination and Health Assessment . 5th edn . Saunders Elsevier , St Louis Jump up ^ Reuben , A. ( 2016 ) . Examination of the abdomen . Clinical Liver Disease , 7 ( 6 ) , 143 -- 150 . doi : 10.1002 / cld. 556 Jump up ^ Felder , S. , Margel , D. , Murrell , Z. , & Fleshner , P. ( 2014 ) . Usefulness of Bowel Sound Auscultation : A Prospective Evaluation . Journal of Surgical Education , 71 ( 5 ) , 768 -- 773 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jsurg. 2014.02. 003 Jump up ^ Massey RL . Return of bowel sounds indicating an end of postoperative ileus : is it time to cease this long - standing nursing tradition ? Medsurg Nurs . 2012 ; 21 ( 3 ) : 146 -- 150 External links ( edit ) Abdominal exam -- a practical guide to clinical medicine from the University of California , San Diego . hide Medical examination and history taking Medical history Chief complaint History of the present illness Systems review Nursing assessment Allergies Medications Past medical history Family history Social history Psychiatric history Progress notes Mnemonics SAMPLE OPQRST SOAP COASTMAP Physical examination General / IPPA Inspection Auscultation Palpation Percussion Vital signs Temperature Heart rate Blood pressure Respiratory rate HEENT Oral mucosa TM Eyes ( Ophthalmoscopy , Swinging - flashlight test ) Hearing ( Weber , Rinne ) Respiratory Respiratory sounds Cyanosis Clubbing Cardiovascular Precordial examination Peripheral vascular examination Heart sounds Other Jugular venous pressure Abdominojugular test Carotid bruit Ankle - brachial pressure index Abdominal Digestive Liver span Rectal Murphy 's sign Bowel sounds Urinary Murphy 's punch sign Extremities / Joint Back ( Straight leg raise ) Knee ( McMurray test ) Hip Wrist ( Tinel sign , Phalen maneuver ) Shoulder ( Adson 's sign ) GALS screen Neurological Mental state Mini -- mental state examination Cranial nerve examination Upper limb neurological examination Neonatal Apgar score Ballard Maturational Assessment Gynecological Well - woman examination Vaginal examination Breast examination Cervical motion tenderness Assessment and plan Medical diagnosis Differential diagnosis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdominal_examination&oldid=856291465 '' Categories : Diagnostic gastroenterology Physical examination Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2008 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles that are too technical from February 2012 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from February 2012 All articles needing expert attention Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 05 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when should you examine the areas of pain when physically assessing the patients abdomen | [
"On light palpation, the examiner tests for any palpable mass, rigidity, or pain.\n"
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"palpation"
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6466115993887855066 | Spanish–American War | Spanish -- American war - wikipedia Spanish -- American war Jump to : navigation , search Spanish -- American War Part of the Philippine Revolution and the Cuban War of Independence Explosion of the USS Maine Date April 21 , 1898 -- August 13 , 1898 ( 3 months , 3 weeks and 2 days ) Location Cuba and Puerto Rico ( Caribbean Sea ) Philippines and Guam ( Asia - Pacific ) Result American victory Treaty of Paris of 1898 Territorial changes Spain relinquishes sovereignty over Cuba , cedes Puerto Rico , Guam and the Philippine Islands to the United States for $20 million Belligerents United States Cuban revolutionaries Filipino revolutionaries Spain Cuba Philippines Guam Puerto Rico Commanders and leaders William McKinley Nelson A. Miles Theodore Roosevelt William R. Shafter George Dewey William Sampson Wesley Merritt Joseph Wheeler Charles D. Sigsbee Máximo Gómez Demetrio Castillo Duany Emilio Aguinaldo Apolinario Mabini Antonio Luna Maria Christina Práxedes Mateo Sagasta Patricio Montojo Pascual Cervera Arsenio Linares Manuel Macías Ramón Blanco Antero Rubín Valeriano Weyler Basilio Augustín Fermín Jáudenes José Toral y Velázquez Diego de los Ríos Strength 72,339 troops ( total ) 53,000 rebels 40,000 rebels 206,000 troops ( Caribbean ) Unknown ( Philippines ) Casualties and losses American : 281 killed and 1,577 wounded ( Army ) 16 killed and 68 wounded ( Navy ) 2,061 dead from disease 11 prisoners 1 cargo ship sunk 1 cruiser damaged Spanish : 200 killed and 400 wounded ( Army ) 500 -- 600 killed and 300 -- 400 wounded ( Navy ) 15,000 dead from disease 40,000 + prisoners 6 small ships sunk 11 cruisers sunk 2 destroyers sunk The higher naval losses are attributed to the disastrous naval defeats inflicted on the Spanish at Manila Bay and Santiago de Cuba . Spanish -- American War Atlantic Ocean Theater Cuba Puerto Rico Pacific Ocean Theater The Philippines Guam Banana Wars Cuba First US Occupation ( 1898 -- 1902 ) Second US Occupation ( 1906 -- 1909 ) Negro Rebellion ( 1912 ) Sugar Intervention ( 1917 -- 1922 ) Puerto Rico Puerto Rican Campaign ( 1898 ) Honduras ( 1903 -- 1925 ) Nicaragua ( 1912 -- 1933 ) Granada Masaya Coyotepe Hill 1926 -- 1927 civil war La Paz Centro Ocotal San Fernando Santa Clara Telpaneca Sapotillal 1st Las Cruces 2nd Las Cruces Quilali El Bramadero La Flor Achuapa Agua Carta El Sauce Mexico ( 1914 ) Veracruz Haiti ( 1915 -- 1934 ) Fort Dipitie Fort Rivière 1st Port - au - Prince 2nd Port - au - Prince Dominican Republic ( 1916 -- 1924 ) Santo Domingo Guayacanas San Francisco de Macoris Part of a series on the History of Cuba Governorate of Cuba ( 1511 -- 1519 ) Viceroyalty of New Spain ( 1535 -- 1821 ) Captaincy General of Cuba ( 1607 -- 1898 ) Cuban War of Independence Spanish -- American War Treaty of Paris US Military Government ( 1898 -- 1902 ) Republic of Cuba ( 1902 -- 1959 ) Cuban Pacification ( 1906 -- 1909 ) Negro Rebellion ( 1912 ) Sugar Intervention ( 1917 -- 1922 ) Cuban Revolution ( 1953 -- 1959 ) Republic of Cuba ( 1959 -- ) Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Intervention in Angola Special Period Cuban Thaw Timeline Topical Military history Cuba portal The Spanish -- American War ( Spanish : Guerra hispano - americana or Guerra hispano - estadounidense ; Filipino : Digmaang Espanyol - Amerikano ) was fought between the United States and Spain in 1898 . Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba leading to United States intervention in the Cuban War of Independence . American acquisition of Spain 's Pacific possessions led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine -- American War . Revolts had been occurring for some years in Cuba against Spanish rule . The U.S. later backed these revolts upon entering the Spanish -- American War . There had been war scares before , as in the Virginius Affair in 1883 , but in the late 1890s , U.S. public opinion was agitated by anti-Spanish propaganda led by newspaper publishers such as Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst which used yellow journalism to call for war . The business community across the United States had just recovered from a deep depression and feared that a war would reverse the gains . It lobbied vigorously against going to war . The United States Navy armoured cruiser Maine had mysteriously sunk in Havana Harbor ; political pressures from the Democratic Party pushed the administration of Republican President William McKinley into a war that he had wished to avoid . President McKinley signed a joint Congressional resolution demanding Spanish withdrawal and authorizing the President to use military force to help Cuba gain independence on April 20 , 1898. . In response , Spain severed diplomatic relations with the United States on April 21 . On the same day , the U.S. Navy began a blockade of Cuba . On April 23 , Spain stated that it would declare war if the US forces invaded its territory . On April 25 , the U.S. Congress declared that a state of war between the U.S. and Spain had de facto existed since April 21 , the day the blockade of Cuba had begun . The United States sent an ultimatum to Spain demanding that it surrender control of Cuba , but due to Spain not replying soon enough , the United States had assumed Spain had ignored the ultimatum and continued to occupy Cuba . The main issue was Cuban independence ; the ten - week war was fought in both the Caribbean and the Pacific . As the American agitators for war well knew , U.S. naval power proved decisive , allowing expeditionary forces to disembark in Cuba against a Spanish garrison already facing nationwide Cuban insurgent attacks and further wasted by yellow fever . American , Cuban , and Philippine forces obtained the surrender of Santiago de Cuba and Manila despite the good performance of some Spanish infantry units and fierce fighting for positions such as San Juan Hill . Madrid sued for peace after two obsolete Spanish squadrons sunk in Santiago de Cuba and Manila Bay and a third , more modern fleet was recalled home to protect the Spanish coasts . The result was the 1898 Treaty of Paris , negotiated on terms favourable to the U.S. which allowed it temporary control of Cuba and ceded ownership of Puerto Rico , Guam and the Philippine islands . The cession of the Philippines involved payment of $20 million ( $575,760,000 today ) to Spain by the U.S. to cover infrastructure owned by Spain . The defeat and loss of the last remnants of the Spanish Empire was a profound shock to Spain 's national psyche and provoked a thorough philosophical and artistic revaluation of Spanish society known as the Generation of ' 98 . The United States gained several island possessions spanning the globe and a rancorous new debate over the wisdom of expansionism . It was one of only five US wars ( against a total of eleven sovereign states ) to have been formally declared by the U.S. Congress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical background 1.1 Spain 's attitude towards its colonies 1.2 American interest in the Caribbean 2 Path to war 2.1 Cuban struggle for independence 2.2 Spanish attitude 2.3 U.S. response 2.4 USS Maine . Dispatch to Havana and loss 2.5 Declaring war 2.6 Alternative historical interpretations 3 Pacific theater 3.1 Philippines 3.2 Guam 4 Caribbean Theater 4.1 Cuba 4.1. 1 Cuban sentiment 4.1. 2 Land campaign 4.1. 3 Naval operations 4.1. 4 U.S. withdrawal 4.2 Puerto Rico 5 Making peace 6 Aftermath 6.1 Postwar American investment in Puerto Rico 7 In film and television 8 Military decorations 8.1 United States 8.2 Other countries 9 See also 10 Notes 10.1 Footnotes 10.2 Source citations 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links 13.1 Media 13.2 Reference materials 13.3 Newspapers Historical background ( edit ) Spain 's attitude towards its colonies ( edit ) The combined problems arising from the Peninsular War ( 1807 -- 1814 ) , the loss of most of its colonies in the Americas in the early 19th - century Spanish American wars of independence , and three Carlist Wars ( 1832 -- 1876 ) effected a new interpretation of Spain 's remaining empire . Liberal Spanish elites like Antonio Cánovas del Castillo and Emilio Castelar offered new interpretations of the concept of `` empire '' to dovetail with Spain 's emerging nationalism . Cánovas made clear in an address to the University of Madrid in 1882 his view of the Spanish nation as based on shared cultural and linguistic elements -- on both sides of the Atlantic -- that tied Spain 's territories together . Cánovas saw Spanish imperialism as markedly different in its methods and purposes of colonization from those of rival empires like the British or French . Spaniards regarded the spreading of civilization and Christianity as Spain 's major objective and contribution to the New World . The concept of cultural unity bestowed special significance on Cuba , which had been Spanish for almost four hundred years , and was viewed as an integral part of the Spanish nation . The focus on preserving the empire would have negative consequences for Spain 's national pride in the aftermath of the Spanish -- American War . American interest in the Caribbean ( edit ) In 1823 , American fifth President James Monroe ( 1758 - 1831 , served 1817 - 1825 ) enunciated the Monroe Doctrine , which stated that the United States would not tolerate further efforts by European governments to retake , expand their colonial holdings in the Americas or to interfere with the newly independent states in the hemisphere ; at the same time , the doctrine stated that the U.S. would respect the status of the existing European colonies . Before the American Civil War ( 1861 - 1865 ) , Southern interests attempted to have the United States purchase Cuba and convert it into a new slave territory . The Ostend Manifesto proposal of 1854 failed , and national attention shifted to the growing sectional conflict and threat of civil war . After the American Civil War and Cuba 's Ten Years ' War , U.S. businessmen began monopolizing the devalued sugar markets in Cuba . In 1894 , 90 % of Cuba 's total exports went to the United States , which also provided 40 % of Cuba 's imports . Cuba 's total exports to the U.S. were almost twelve times larger than the export to her mother country , Spain . U.S. business interests indicated that while Spain still held political authority over Cuba , economic authority in Cuba , acting - authority , was shifting to the U.S.A. The U.S. became interested in a trans - isthmus canal across Central America , either in Nicaragua , or in Panama , where the Panama Canal would later be built ( 1903 - 1914 ) , and realized the need for naval protection . Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan was an especially influential theorist ; his ideas were much admired by future 26th President Theodore Roosevelt , as the U.S. rapidly built a powerful naval fleet of steel warships in the 1880s and 1890s . Roosevelt served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in 1897 -- 1898 and was an aggressive supporter of a war with Spain over Cuba . Meanwhile , the `` Cuba Libre '' movement , led by Cuban intellectual José Martí , had established offices in Florida and New York to buy and smuggle weapons . It mounted a large propaganda campaign to generate sympathy that would lead to official pressure on Spain . Protestant churches and Democratic farmers were supportive , but business interests called on Washington to ignore them . Although Cuba attracted American attention , little note was made of the Philippines , Guam , or Puerto Rico . Historians note that there was little popular demand in the United States for an overseas colonial empire , though at this time the longtime colonial empires of the United Kingdom ( Great Britain ) with its British Empire `` on which the sun never set '' and France 's French Empire maintained theirs with some added growths and additions , now joined by the German Empire , Italian Empire and the Empire of Japan . These new and growing empires were dramatically expanding their overseas holdings during the late 19th century in unclaimed areas among native and indigenous peoples in the less developed continents of Africa , Asia and the Pacific . Path to war ( edit ) Cuban struggle for independence ( edit ) Main article : Cuban War of Independence The first serious bid for Cuban independence , the Ten Years ' War , erupted in 1868 and was subdued by the authorities a decade later . Neither the fighting nor the reforms in the Pact of Zanjón ( February 1878 ) quelled the desire of some revolutionaries for wider autonomy and ultimately independence . One such revolutionary , José Martí , continued to promote Cuban financial and political autonomy in exile . In early 1895 , after years of organizing , Martí launched a three - pronged invasion of the island . The plan called for one group from Santo Domingo led by Máximo Gómez , one group from Costa Rica led by Antonio Maceo Grajales , and another from the United States ( preemptively thwarted by U.S. officials in Florida ) to land in different places on the island and provoke an uprising . While their call for revolution , the grito de Baíre , was successful , the result was not the grand show of force Martí had expected . With a quick victory effectively lost , the revolutionaries settled in to fight a protracted guerrilla campaign . Antonio Cánovas del Castillo , the architect of Spain 's Restoration constitution and the prime minister at the time , ordered General Arsenio Martínez - Campos , a distinguished veteran of the war against the previous uprising in Cuba , to quell the revolt . Campos 's reluctance to accept his new assignment and his method of containing the revolt to the province of Oriente earned him criticism in the Spanish press . The mounting pressure forced Cánovas to replace General Campos with General Valeriano Weyler , a soldier who had experience in quelling rebellions in overseas provinces and the Spanish metropole . Weyler deprived the insurgency of weaponry , supplies , and assistance by ordering the residents of some Cuban districts to move to reconcentration areas near the military headquarters . This strategy was effective in slowing the spread of rebellion . In the United States , this fueled the fire of anti-Spanish propaganda . In a political speech President William McKinley used this to ram Spanish actions against armed rebels . He even said this `` was not civilized warfare '' but `` extermination '' . Spanish attitude ( edit ) A Spanish satirical drawing published in La Campana de Gràcia ( 1896 ) criticizing U.S. behavior regarding Cuba by Manuel Moliné . Upper text reads ( in old Catalan ) : `` Uncle Sam 's craving '' , and below : `` To keep the island so it wo n't get lost . '' An American cartoon published in Judge , Feb. 6 , 1897 : Columbia ( representing the American people ) reaches out to the oppressed Cuba ( the caption under the chained child reads `` Spain 's 16th Century methods '' ) while Uncle Sam ( representing the US government ) sits blindfolded , refusing to see the atrocities or use his guns to intervene ( cartoon by Grant E. Hamilton ) . The Spanish Government regarded Cuba as a province of Spain rather than a colony , and depended on it for prestige and trade , and as a training ground for the army . Prime minister Antonio Cánovas del Castillo announced that `` the Spanish nation is disposed to sacrifice to the last peseta of its treasure and to the last drop of blood of the last Spaniard before consenting that anyone snatch from it even one piece of its territory . '' He had long dominated and stabilized Spanish politics . He was assassinated in 1897 by Italian anarchist Michele Angiolillo , leaving a Spanish political system that was not stable and could not risk a blow to its prestige . U.S. response ( edit ) Further information : Presidency of William McKinley The eruption of the Cuban revolt , Weyler 's measures , and the popular fury these events whipped up proved to be a boon to the newspaper industry in New York City , where Joseph Pulitzer of the New York World and William Randolph Hearst of the New York Journal recognized the potential for great headlines and stories that would sell copies . Both papers denounced Spain , but had little influence outside New York . American opinion generally saw Spain as a hopelessly backward power that was unable to deal fairly with Cuba . American Catholics were divided before the war began , but supported it enthusiastically once it started . The U.S. had important economic interests that were being harmed by the prolonged conflict and deepening uncertainty about the future of Cuba . Shipping firms that had relied heavily on trade with Cuba now suffered losses as the conflict continued unresolved . These firms pressed Congress and McKinley to seek an end to the revolt . Other American business concerns , specifically those who had invested in Cuban sugar , looked to the Spanish to restore order . Stability , not war , was the goal of both interests . How stability would be achieved would depend largely on the ability of Spain and the U.S. to work out their issues diplomatically . While tension increased among the Cubans and Spanish Government , popular support of intervention began to spring up in the United States , due to the emergence of the `` Cuba Libre '' movement and the fact that many Americans had drawn parallels between the American Revolution and the Cuban revolt , seeing the Spanish Government as the tyrannical colonial oppressor . Historian Louis Pérez notes that `` The proposition of war in behalf of Cuban independence took hold immediately and held on thereafter . Such was the sense of the public mood . '' At the time many poems and songs were written in the United States to express support of the `` Cuba Libre '' movement . At the same time , many African Americans , facing growing racial discrimination and increasing retardation of their civil rights , wanted to take part in the war because they saw it as a way to advance the cause of equality , service to country hopefully helping to gain political and public respect amongst the wider population . President McKinley , well aware of the political complexity surrounding the conflict , wanted to end the revolt peacefully . In accordance with this policy , McKinley began to negotiate with the Spanish government , hoping that the negotiations would be able to end the yellow journalism in the United States , and therefore , end the loudest calls to go to war with Spain . An attempt was made to negotiate a peace before McKinley took office , however , the Spanish refused to take part in the negotiations . In 1897 McKinley appointed Stewart L. Woodford as the new minister to Spain , who again offered to negotiate a peace . In October 1897 , the Spanish government still refused the United States offer to negotiate between the Spanish and the Cubans , but promised the U.S. it would give the Cubans more autonomy . However , with the election of a more liberal Spanish government in November , Spain began to change their policies in Cuba . First , the new Spanish government told the United States that it was willing to offer a change in the Reconcentration policies ( the main set of policies that was feeding yellow journalism in the United States ) if the Cuban rebels agreed to a cessation of hostilities . This time the rebels refused the terms in hopes that continued conflict would lead to U.S. intervention and the creation of an independent Cuba . The liberal Spanish government also recalled the Spanish Governor General Valeriano Weyler from Cuba . This action alarmed many Cubans loyal to Spain . The Cubans loyal to Weyler began planning large demonstrations to take place when the next Governor General , Ramon Blanco , arrived in Cuba . U.S. consul Fitzhugh Lee learned of these plans and sent a request to the U.S. State Department to send a U.S. warship to Cuba . This request lead to the U.S.S. Maine being sent to Cuba . While the Maine was docked in Havana , an explosion sank the ship . The sinking of the Maine was blamed on the Spanish and made the possibility of a negotiated peace very slim . Throughout the negotiation process , the major European powers , especially Britain , France , and Russia , generally supported the American position and urged Spain to give in . Spain repeatedly promised specific reforms that would pacify Cuba but failed to deliver ; American patience ran out . USS Maine . Dispatch to Havana and loss ( edit ) Main article : USS Maine ( ACR - 1 ) The sunken USS Maine in Havana harbor McKinley sent the USS Maine to Havana to ensure the safety of American citizens and interests , and to underscore the urgent need for reform . Naval forces were moved in position to attack simultaneously on several fronts if the war was not avoided . As Maine left Florida , a large part of the North Atlantic Squadron was moved to Key West and the Gulf of Mexico . Others were also moved just off the shore of Lisbon , and still others were moved to Hong Kong . At 9 : 40 on the evening of February 15 , 1898 , Maine sank in Havana Harbor after suffering a massive explosion . While McKinley urged patience and did not declare that Spain had caused the explosion , the deaths of 250 out of 355 sailors on board focused American attention . McKinley asked Congress to appropriate $50 million for defense , and Congress unanimously obliged . Most American leaders took the position that the cause of the explosion was unknown , but public attention was now riveted on the situation and Spain could not find a diplomatic solution to avoid war . Spain appealed to the European powers , most of whom advised it to accept U.S. conditions for Cuba in order to avoid war . Germany urged a united European stand against the United States but took no action . The U.S. Navy 's investigation , made public on March 28 , concluded that the ship 's powder magazines were ignited when an external explosion was set off under the ship 's hull . This report poured fuel on popular indignation in the U.S. , making the war inevitable . Spain 's investigation came to the opposite conclusion : the explosion originated within the ship . Other investigations in later years came to various contradictory conclusions , but had no bearing on the coming of the war . In 1974 , Admiral Hyman George Rickover had his staff look at the documents and decided there was an internal explosion . A study commissioned by National Geographic magazine in 1999 , using AME computer modelling , stated that the explosion could have been caused by a mine , but no definitive evidence was found . Declaring war ( edit ) Main article : Propaganda of the Spanish -- American War United States Army Colonel Charles A. Wikoff was the most senior U.S. military officer killed in the Spanish -- American War . After the Maine was destroyed , New York City newspaper publishers Hearst and Pulitzer decided that the Spanish were to blame , and they publicized this theory as fact in their papers . They both used sensationalistic and astonishing accounts of `` atrocities '' committed by the Spanish in Cuba by using headlines in their newspapers , such as `` Spanish Murderers '' and `` Remember The Maine '' . Their press exaggerated what was happening and how the Spanish were treating the Cuban prisoners . The stories were based on factual accounts , but most of the time , the articles that were published were embellished and written with incendiary language causing emotional and often heated responses among readers . A common myth falsely states that when illustrator Frederic Remington said there was no war brewing in Cuba , Hearst responded : `` You furnish the pictures and I 'll furnish the war . '' This new `` yellow journalism '' was , however , uncommon outside New York City , and historians no longer consider it the major force shaping the national mood . Public opinion nationwide did demand immediate action , overwhelming the efforts of President McKinley , Speaker of the House Thomas Brackett Reed , and the business community to find a negotiated solution . Wall Street , big business , high finance and Main Street businesses across the country were vocally opposed to war and demanded peace . After years of severe depression , the economic outlook for the domestic economy was suddenly bright again in 1897 . However , the uncertainties of warfare posed a serious threat to full economic recovery . `` War would impede the march of prosperity and put the country back many years , '' warned the New Jersey Trade Review . The leading railroad magazine editorialized , `` From a commercial and mercenary standpoint it seems peculiarly bitter that this war should come when the country had already suffered so much and so needed rest and peace . '' McKinley paid close attention to the strong anti-war consensus of the business community , and strengthened his resolve to use diplomacy and negotiation rather than brute force to end the Spanish tyranny in Cuba . A speech delivered by Republican Senator Redfield Proctor of Vermont on March 17 , 1898 , thoroughly analyzed the situation and greatly strengthened the pro-war cause . Proctor concluded that war was the only answer . Many in the business and religious communities which had until then opposed war , switched sides , leaving McKinley and Speaker Reed almost alone in their resistance to a war . On April 11 , McKinley ended his resistance and asked Congress for authority to send American troops to Cuba to end the civil war there , knowing that Congress would force a war . The American transport ship Seneca , a chartered vessel that carried troops to Puerto Rico and Cuba On April 19 , while Congress was considering joint resolutions supporting Cuban independence , Republican Senator Henry M. Teller of Colorado proposed the Teller Amendment to ensure that the U.S. would not establish permanent control over Cuba after the war . The amendment , disclaiming any intention to annex Cuba , passed the Senate 42 to 35 ; the House concurred the same day , 311 to 6 . The amended resolution demanded Spanish withdrawal and authorized the President to use as much military force as he thought necessary to help Cuba gain independence from Spain . President McKinley signed the joint resolution on April 20 , 1898 , and the ultimatum was sent to Spain . In response , Spain severed diplomatic relations with the United States on April 21 . On the same day , the U.S. Navy began a blockade of Cuba . Spain stated , it would declare war if the US forces invaded its territory , on April 23 . On April 25 , the U.S. Congress declared that a state of war between the U.S. and Spain had de facto existed since April 21 , the day the blockade of Cuba had begun . Spanish Vessels captured up to evening of May 1 , 1898 The Navy was ready , but the Army was not well - prepared for the war and made radical changes in plans and quickly purchased supplies . In the spring of 1898 , the strength of the Regular U.S. Army was just 25,000 men . The Army wanted 50,000 new men but received over 220,000 through volunteers and the mobilization of state National Guard units , even gaining nearly 100,000 men on the first night after the explosion of the USS Maine . Alternative Historical interpretations ( edit ) The Department of State of the United States of America summarizes the aftermath of the war for the Filipino people : `` After its defeat in the Spanish - American War of 1898 , Spain ceded its longstanding colony of the Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris . On February 4 , 1899 , just two days before the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty , fighting broke out between American forces and Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo , who sought independence rather than a change in colonial rulers . The ensuing Philippine - American War lasted three years and resulted in the death of over 4,200 American and over 20,000 Filipino combatants . As many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died from violence , famine , and disease . '' In 1901 , novelist Mark Twain wrote about the aftermath of the war for the Philippines : `` We have robbed a trusting friend of his land and his liberty ; we have invited clean young men to shoulder a discredited musket and do bandit 's work under a flag which bandits have been accustomed to fear , not to follow ; we have debauched America 's honor and blackened her face before the world . '' In his War and Empire , Prof. Paul Atwood of the University of Massachusetts ( Boston ) writes : `` The Spanish - American War was fomented on outright lies and trumped up accusations against the intended enemy ... War fever in the general population never reached a critical temperature until the accidental sinking of the USS Maine was deliberately , and falsely , attributed to Spanish villainy ... In a cryptic message ... Senator lodge wrote that ' There may be an explosion any day in Cuba which would settle a great many things . We have got a battleship in the harbor of Havana , and our fleet , which overmatches anything the Spanish have , is masked at the Dry Tortugas . ' '' In his autobiography , Theodore Roosevelt gave his views of the origins of the war : `` Our own direct interests were great , because of the Cuban tobacco and sugar , and especially because of Cuba 's relation to the projected Isthmian ( Panama ) Canal . But even greater were our interests from the standpoint of humanity ... It was our duty , even more from the standpoint of National honor than from the standpoint of National interest , to stop the devastation and destruction . Because of these considerations I favored war . '' Pacific theater ( edit ) Philippines ( edit ) The Pacific theatre of the Spanish -- American War In the 333 years of Spanish rule , the Philippines developed from a small overseas colony governed from the Viceroyalty of New Spain to a land with modern elements in the cities . The Spanish - speaking middle classes of the 19th century were mostly educated in the liberal ideas coming from Europe . Among these Ilustrados was the Filipino national hero José Rizal , who demanded larger reforms from the Spanish authorities . This movement eventually led to the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule . The revolution had been in a state of truce since the signing of the Pact of Biak - na - Bato in 1897 , with revolutionary leaders having accepted exile outside of the country . The Battle of Manila Bay The first battle between American and Spanish forces was at Manila Bay where , on May 1 , Commodore George Dewey , commanding the U.S. Navy 's Asiatic Squadron aboard USS Olympia , in a matter of hours defeated a Spanish squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo . Dewey managed this with only nine wounded . With the German seizure of Tsingtao in 1897 , Dewey 's squadron had become the only naval force in the Far East without a local base of its own , and was beset with coal and ammunition problems . Despite these problems , the Asiatic Squadron not only destroyed the Spanish fleet but also captured the harbor of Manila . Following Dewey 's victory , Manila Bay was filled with the warships of Britain , Germany , France , and Japan . The German fleet of eight ships , ostensibly in Philippine waters to protect German interests , acted provocatively -- cutting in front of American ships , refusing to salute the United States flag ( according to customs of naval courtesy ) , taking soundings of the harbor , and landing supplies for the besieged Spanish . The Germans , with interests of their own , were eager to take advantage of whatever opportunities the conflict in the islands might afford . There was a fear at the time that the islands would become a German possession . The Americans called the bluff of the Germans , threatening conflict if the aggression continued , and the Germans backed down . At the time , the Germans expected the confrontation in the Philippines to end in an American defeat , with the revolutionaries capturing Manila and leaving the Philippines ripe for German picking . Commodore Dewey transported Emilio Aguinaldo , a Filipino leader who had led rebellion against Spanish rule in the Philippines in 1896 , from exile in Hong Kong to the Philippines to rally more Filipinos against the Spanish colonial government . By June , U.S. and Filipino forces had taken control of most of the islands , except for the walled city of Intramuros . On June 12 , Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines . On August 13 , with American commanders unaware that a cease - fire had been signed between Spain and the U.S. on the previous day , American forces captured the city of Manila from the Spanish in the Battle of Manila . This battle marked the end of Filipino -- American collaboration , as the American action of preventing Filipino forces from entering the captured city of Manila was deeply resented by the Filipinos . This later led to the Philippine -- American War , which would prove to be more deadly and costly than the Spanish -- American War . The U.S. had sent a force of some 11,000 ground troops to the Philippines . Armed conflict broke out between U.S. forces and the Filipinos when U.S. troops began to take the place of the Spanish in control of the country after the end of the war , resulting in the Philippine -- American War . On August 14 , 1899 , the Schurman Commission recommended that the U.S. retain control of the Philippines , possibly granting independence in the future . Guam ( edit ) Main article : Capture of Guam On June 20 , a U.S. fleet commanded by Captain Henry Glass , consisting of the protected cruiser USS Charleston and three transports carrying troops to the Philippines , entered Guam 's Apra Harbor , Captain Glass having opened sealed orders instructing him to proceed to Guam and capture it . Charleston fired a few cannon rounds at Fort Santa Cruz without receiving return fire . Two local officials , not knowing that war had been declared and believing the firing had been a salute , came out to Charleston to apologize for their inability to return the salute as they were out of gunpowder . Glass informed them that the U.S. and Spain were at war . The following day , Glass sent Lt. William Braunersruehter to meet the Spanish Governor to arrange the surrender of the island and the Spanish garrison there . Some 54 Spanish infantry were captured and transported to the Philippines as prisoners of war . No U.S. forces were left on Guam , but the only U.S. citizen on the island , Frank Portusach , told Captain Glass that he would look after things until U.S. forces returned . Caribbean theater ( edit ) Cuba ( edit ) See also : San Juan Hill order of battle and El Caney order of battle The Spanish armored cruiser Cristóbal Colón , which was destroyed during the Battle of Santiago on July 3 , 1898 Detail from Charge of the 24th and 25th Colored Infantry and Rescue of Rough Riders at San Juan Hill , July 2 , 1898 depicting the Battle of San Juan Hill Theodore Roosevelt advocated intervention in Cuba , both for the Cuban people and to promote the Monroe Doctrine . While Assistant Secretary of the Navy , he placed the Navy on a war - time footing and prepared Dewey 's Asiatic Squadron for battle . He also worked with Leonard Wood in convincing the Army to raise an all - volunteer regiment , the 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry . Wood was given command of the regiment that quickly became known as the `` Rough Riders '' . The Americans planned to capture the city of Santiago de Cuba to destroy Linares ' army and Cervera 's fleet . To reach Santiago they had to pass through concentrated Spanish defenses in the San Juan Hills and a small town in El Caney . The American forces were aided in Cuba by the pro-independence rebels led by General Calixto García . Cuban sentiment ( edit ) For quite some time the Cuban public believed the United States government to possibly hold the key to its independence , and even annexation was considered for a time , which historian Louis Pérez explored in his book Cuba and the United States : Ties of Singular Intimacy . The Cubans harbored a great deal of discontent towards the Spanish Government , due to years of manipulation on the part of the Spanish . The prospect of getting the United States involved in the fight was considered by many Cubans as a step in the right direction . While the Cubans were wary of the United States ' intentions , the overwhelming support from the American public provided the Cubans with some peace of mind , because they believed that the United States was committed to helping them achieve their independence . However , with the imposition of the Platt Amendment of 1903 after the war , as well as economic and military manipulation on the part of the United States , Cuban sentiment towards the United States became polarized , with many Cubans disappointed with continuing American interference . Land campaign ( edit ) From June 22 to 24 , the Fifth Army Corps under General William R. Shafter landed at Daiquirí and Siboney , east of Santiago , and established an American base of operations . A contingent of Spanish troops , having fought a skirmish with the Americans near Siboney on June 23 , had retired to their lightly entrenched positions at Las Guasimas . An advance guard of U.S. forces under former Confederate General Joseph Wheeler ignored Cuban scouting parties and orders to proceed with caution . They caught up with and engaged the Spanish rearguard of about 2,000 soldiers led by General Antero Rubín who effectively ambushed them , in the Battle of Las Guasimas on June 24 . The battle ended indecisively in favor of Spain and the Spanish left Las Guasimas on their planned retreat to Santiago . The U.S. Army employed Civil War - era skirmishers at the head of the advancing columns . Three of four of the U.S. soldiers who had volunteered to act as skirmishers walking point at the head of the American column were killed , including Hamilton Fish II ( grandson of Hamilton Fish , the Secretary of State under Ulysses S. Grant ) , and Captain Allyn K. Capron , Jr. , whom Theodore Roosevelt would describe as one of the finest natural leaders and soldiers he ever met . Only Oklahoma Territory Pawnee Indian , Tom Isbell , wounded seven times , survived . The Battle of Las Guasimas showed the U.S. that quick - thinking American soldiers would not stick to the linear tactics which did not work effectively against Spanish troops who had learned the art of cover and concealment from their own struggle with Cuban insurgents , and never made the error of revealing their positions while on the defense . Americans advanced by rushes and stayed in the weeds so that they , too , were largely invisible to the Spaniards who used un-targeted volley fire to try to mass fires against the advancing Americans . While some troops were hit , this technique was mostly a waste of bullets as the Americans learned to duck as soon as they heard the Spanish word Fire , `` Fuego '' yelled by the Spanish officers . Spanish troops were equipped with smokeless powder arms that also helped them to hide their positions while firing . Receiving the news of the surrender of Santiago Regular Spanish troops were mostly armed with modern charger - loaded 1893 7mm Spanish Mauser rifles and using smokeless powder . The high - speed 7 × 57mm Mauser round was termed the `` Spanish Hornet '' by the Americans because of the supersonic crack as it passed overhead . Other irregular troops were armed with Remington Rolling Block rifles in . 43 Spanish using smokeless powder and brass - jacketed bullets . US regular infantry were armed with the . 30 -- 40 Krag -- Jørgensen , a bolt - action rifle with a complex rotating magazine . Both the US regular cavalry and the volunteer cavalry used smokeless ammunition . In later battles , state volunteers used the . 45 -- 70 Springfield a single - shot black powder rifle . On July 1 , a combined force of about 15,000 American troops in regular infantry and cavalry regiments , including all four of the army 's `` Colored '' regiments , and volunteer regiments , among them Roosevelt and his `` Rough Riders '' , the 71st New York , the 2nd Massachusetts Infantry , and 1st North Carolina , and rebel Cuban forces attacked 1,270 entrenched Spaniards in dangerous Civil War - style frontal assaults at the Battle of El Caney and Battle of San Juan Hill outside of Santiago . More than 200 U.S. soldiers were killed and close to 1,200 wounded in the fighting , thanks to the high rate of fire the Spanish were able to put down range at the Americans . Supporting fire by Gatling guns was critical to the success of the assault . Cervera decided to escape Santiago two days later . First Lieutenant John J. Pershing , nicknamed `` Black Jack , '' oversaw the 10th Cavalry Unit during the war . Pershing and his unit fought in the Battle of San Juan Hill . Pershing was cited for his gallantry during the battle . The Spanish forces at Guantánamo were so isolated by Marines and Cuban forces that they did not know that Santiago was under siege , and their forces in the northern part of the province could not break through Cuban lines . This was not true of the Escario relief column from Manzanillo , which fought its way past determined Cuban resistance but arrived too late to participate in the siege . After the battles of San Juan Hill and El Caney , the American advance halted . Spanish troops successfully defended Fort Canosa , allowing them to stabilize their line and bar the entry to Santiago . The Americans and Cubans forcibly began a bloody , strangling siege of the city . During the nights , Cuban troops dug successive series of `` trenches '' ( raised parapets ) , toward the Spanish positions . Once completed , these parapets were occupied by U.S. soldiers and a new set of excavations went forward . American troops , while suffering daily losses from Spanish fire , suffered far more casualties from heat exhaustion and mosquito - borne disease . At the western approaches to the city , Cuban general Calixto Garcia began to encroach on the city , causing much panic and fear of reprisals among the Spanish forces . Naval operations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Santiago Campaign ( 1898 ) Crewmen pose under the gun turrets of Iowa in 1898 The major port of Santiago de Cuba was the main target of naval operations during the war . The U.S. fleet attacking Santiago needed shelter from the summer hurricane season ; Guantánamo Bay , with its excellent harbor , was chosen . The 1898 invasion of Guantánamo Bay happened between June 6 and 10 , with the first U.S. naval attack and subsequent successful landing of U.S. Marines with naval support . The Battle of Santiago de Cuba on July 3 , was the largest naval engagement of the Spanish -- American War and resulted in the destruction of the Spanish Caribbean Squadron ( also known as the Flota de Ultramar ) . In May , the fleet of Spanish Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete had been spotted by American forces in Santiago harbor , where they had taken shelter for protection from sea attack . A two - month stand - off between Spanish and American naval forces followed . When the Spanish squadron finally attempted to leave the harbor on July 3 , the American forces destroyed or grounded five of the six ships . Only one Spanish vessel , the new armored cruiser Cristóbal Colón , survived , but her captain hauled down her flag and scuttled her when the Americans finally caught up with her . The 1,612 Spanish sailors who were captured , including Admiral Cervera , were sent to Seavey 's Island at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery , Maine , where they were confined at Camp Long as prisoners of war from July 11 until mid-September . During the stand - off , U.S. Assistant Naval Constructor , Lieutenant Richmond Pearson Hobson had been ordered by Rear Admiral William T. Sampson to sink the collier USS Merrimac in the harbor to bottle up the Spanish fleet . The mission was a failure , and Hobson and his crew were captured . They were exchanged on July 6 , and Hobson became a national hero ; he received the Medal of Honor in 1933 , retired as a Rear Admiral and became a Congressman . U.S. withdrawal ( edit ) Yellow fever had quickly spread amongst the American occupation force , crippling it . A group of concerned officers of the American army chose Theodore Roosevelt to draft a request to Washington that it withdraw the Army , a request that paralleled a similar one from General Shafter , who described his force as an `` army of convalescents '' . By the time of his letter , 75 % of the force in Cuba was unfit for service . On August 7 , the American invasion force started to leave Cuba . The evacuation was not total . The U.S. Army kept the black Ninth US Cavalry Regiment in Cuba to support the occupation . The logic was that their race and the fact that many black volunteers came from southern states would protect them from disease ; this logic led to these soldiers being nicknamed `` Immunes '' . Still , when the Ninth left , 73 of its 984 soldiers had contracted the disease . Puerto Rico ( edit ) Main article : Puerto Rican Campaign Spanish troops prior to their departure to engage the American forces at Hormigueros , Porto Rico In May 1898 , Lt. Henry H. Whitney of the United States Fourth Artillery was sent to Puerto Rico on a reconnaissance mission , sponsored by the Army 's Bureau of Military Intelligence . He provided maps and information on the Spanish military forces to the U.S. government prior to the invasion . The American offensive began on May 12 , 1898 , when a squadron of 12 U.S. ships commanded by Rear Adm. William T. Sampson of the United States Navy attacked the archipelago 's capital , San Juan . Though the damage inflicted on the city was minimal , the Americans were able to establish a blockade in the city 's harbor , San Juan Bay . On June 22 , the cruiser Isabel II and the destroyer Terror delivered a Spanish counterattack , but were unable to break the blockade and the Terror was damaged . The land offensive began on July 25 , when 1,300 infantry soldiers led by Nelson A. Miles disembarked off the coast of Guánica . The first organized armed opposition occurred in Yauco in what became known as the Battle of Yauco . This encounter was followed by the Battle of Fajardo . The United States was able to seize control of Fajardo on August 1 , but were forced to withdraw on August 5 after a group of 200 Puerto Rican - Spanish soldiers led by Pedro del Pino gained control of the city , while most civilian inhabitants fled to a nearby lighthouse . The Americans encountered larger opposition during the Battle of Guayama and as they advanced towards the main island 's interior . They engaged in crossfire at Guamaní River Bridge , Coamo and Silva Heights and finally at the Battle of Asomante . The battles were inconclusive as the allied soldiers retreated . A battle in San Germán concluded in a similar fashion with the Spanish retreating to Lares . On August 9 , 1898 , American troops that were pursuing units retreating from Coamo encountered heavy resistance in Aibonito in a mountain known as Cerro Gervasio del Asomante and retreated after six of their soldiers were injured . They returned three days later , reinforced with artillery units and attempted a surprise attack . In the subsequent crossfire , confused soldiers reported seeing Spanish reinforcements nearby and five American officers were gravely injured , which prompted a retreat order . All military actions in Puerto Rico were suspended on August 13 , after U.S. President William McKinley and French Ambassador Jules Cambon , acting on behalf of the Spanish Government , signed an armistice whereby Spain relinquished its sovereignty over Puerto Rico . Making peace ( edit ) Jules Cambon , the French Ambassador in the U.S. , signing the memorandum of ratification on behalf of Spain With defeats in Cuba and the Philippines , and both of its fleets destroyed , Spain sued for peace and negotiations were opened between the two parties . After the sickness and death of British consul Edward Henry Rawson - Walker , American admiral George Dewey requested the Belgian consul to Manila , Édouard André , to take Rawson - Walker 's place as intermediary with the Spanish Government . Hostilities were halted on August 12 , 1898 , with the signing in Washington of a Protocol of Peace between the United States and Spain . After over two months of difficult negotiations , the formal peace treaty , the Treaty of Paris , was signed in Paris on December 10 , 1898 , and was ratified by the United States Senate on February 6 , 1899 . The United States gained all of Spain 's colonies outside of Africa in the treaty , including the Philippines , Guam and Puerto Rico with the exception of Cuba , which became a U.S. protectorate . The treaty came into force in Cuba April 11 , 1899 , with Cubans participating only as observers . Having been occupied since July 17 , 1898 , and thus under the jurisdiction of the United States Military Government ( USMG ) , Cuba formed its own civil government and gained independence on May 20 , 1902 , with the announced end of USMG jurisdiction over the island . However , the U.S. imposed various restrictions on the new government , including prohibiting alliances with other countries , and reserved the right to intervene . The U.S. also established a perpetual lease of Guantánamo Bay . Aftermath ( edit ) With the end of the war , Colonel Theodore Roosevelt musters out of the U.S. Army after the required 30 - day quarantine period at Montauk , Long Island , in 1898 . The war lasted ten weeks . John Hay ( the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom ) , writing from London to his friend Theodore Roosevelt , declared that it had been `` a splendid little war '' . The press showed Northerners and Southerners , blacks and whites fighting against a common foe , helping to ease the scars left from the American Civil War . Exemplary of this was the fact that four former Confederate States Army generals had served in the war , now in the US Army and all of them again carrying similar ranks . These officers included Matthew Butler , Fitzhugh Lee , Thomas L. Rosser and Joseph Wheeler , though only the latter had seen action . Still , in an exciting moment during the Battle of Las Guasimas , Wheeler apparently forgot for a moment which war he was fighting , having supposedly called out `` Let 's go , boys ! We 've got the damn Yankees on the run again ! '' The war marked American entry into world affairs . Since then , the U.S. has had a significant hand in various conflicts around the world , and entered many treaties and agreements . The Panic of 1893 was over by this point , and the U.S. entered a long and prosperous period of economic and population growth , and technological innovation that lasted through the 1920s . The war redefined national identity , served as a solution of sorts to the social divisions plaguing the American mind , and provided a model for all future news reporting . The idea of American imperialism changed in the public 's mind after the short and successful Spanish -- American War . Due to the United States ' powerful influence diplomatically and militarily , Cuba 's status after the war relied heavily upon American actions . Two major developments emerged from the Spanish -- American War : one , it greatly enforced the United States ' vision of itself as a `` defender of democracy '' and as a major world power , and two , it had severe implications for Cuban -- American relations in the future . As historian Louis Pérez argued in his book Cuba in the American Imagination : Metaphor and the Imperial Ethos , the Spanish -- American War of 1898 `` fixed permanently how Americans came to think of themselves : a righteous people given to the service of righteous purpose '' . The war greatly reduced the Spanish Empire . Spain had been declining as an imperial power since the early 19th century as a result of Napoleon 's invasion . The loss of Cuba caused a national trauma because of the affinity of peninsular Spaniards with Cuba , which was seen as another province of Spain rather than as a colony . Spain retained only a handful of overseas holdings : Spanish West Africa ( Spanish Sahara ) , Spanish Guinea , Spanish Morocco , and the Canary Islands . The Spanish soldier Julio Cervera Baviera , who served in the Puerto Rican Campaign , published a pamphlet in which he blamed the natives of that colony for its occupation by the Americans , saying , `` I have never seen such a servile , ungrateful country ( i.e. , Puerto Rico ) ... In twenty - four hours , the people of Puerto Rico went from being fervently Spanish to enthusiastically American ... They humiliated themselves , giving in to the invader as the slave bows to the powerful lord . '' He was challenged to a duel by a group of young Puerto Ricans for writing this pamphlet . A cartoon of Uncle Sam seated in restaurant looking at the bill of fare containing `` Cuba steak '' , `` Porto Rico pig '' , the `` Philippine Islands '' and the `` Sandwich Islands '' ( Hawaii ) . Culturally , a new wave called the Generation of ' 98 originated as a response to this trauma , marking a renaissance in Spanish culture . Economically , the war benefited Spain , because after the war large sums of capital held by Spaniards in Cuba and the United States were returned to the peninsula and invested in Spain . This massive flow of capital ( equivalent to 25 % of the gross domestic product of one year ) helped to develop the large modern firms in Spain in the steel , chemical , financial , mechanical , textile , shipyard , and electrical power industries . However , the political consequences were serious . The defeat in the war began the weakening of the fragile political stability that had been established earlier by the rule of Alfonso XII . The Teller Amendment , which was enacted on April 20 , 1898 , was a promise from the United States to the Cuban people that it was not declaring war to annex Cuba , but to help it gain its independence from Spain . The Platt Amendment was a move by the United States ' government to shape Cuban affairs without violating the Teller Amendment . The cover of Puck from April 6 , 1901 . Caricatures an Easter bonnet made out of a warship that alludes to the gains of the Spanish -- American War . The U.S. Congress had passed the Teller Amendment prior to the war , promising Cuban independence . However , the Senate passed the Platt Amendment as a rider to an Army appropriations bill , forcing a peace treaty on Cuba which prohibited it from signing treaties with other nations or contracting a public debt . The Platt Amendment was pushed by imperialists who wanted to project U.S. power abroad ( in contrast to the Teller Amendment which was pushed by anti-imperialists who called for a restraint on U.S. rule ) . The amendment granted the United States the right to stabilize Cuba militarily as needed . In addition , the Platt Amendment permitted the United States to deploy Marines to Cuba if its freedom and independence was ever threatened or jeopardized by an external or internal force . The Platt Amendment also provided for a permanent American naval base in Cuba . Guantánamo Bay was established after the signing of the Cuban -- American Treaty of Relations in 1903 . Thus , despite that Cuba technically gained its independence after the war ended , the United States government ensured that it had some form of power and control over Cuban affairs . The U.S. annexed the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico , the Philippines and Guam . The notion of the United States as an imperial power , with colonies , was hotly debated domestically with President McKinley and the Pro-Imperialists winning their way over vocal opposition led by Democrat William Jennings Bryan , who had supported the war . The American public largely supported the possession of colonies , but there were many outspoken critics such as Mark Twain , who wrote The War Prayer in protest . Roosevelt returned to the United States a war hero , and he was soon elected governor of New York and then became the vice president . At the age of 42 he became the youngest man to become President after the assassination of President William McKinley . 1900 Campaign poster The war served to further repair relations between the American North and South . The war gave both sides a common enemy for the first time since the end of the Civil War in 1865 , and many friendships were formed between soldiers of northern and southern states during their tours of duty . This was an important development , since many soldiers in this war were the children of Civil War veterans on both sides . Segregation in the U.S. military , 1898 The African - American community strongly supported the rebels in Cuba , supported entry into the war , and gained prestige from their wartime performance in the Army . Spokesmen noted that 33 African - American seamen had died in the Maine explosion . The most influential Black leader , Booker T. Washington , argued that his race was ready to fight . War offered them a chance `` to render service to our country that no other race can '' , because , unlike Whites , they were `` accustomed '' to the `` peculiar and dangerous climate '' of Cuba . One of the Black units that served in the war was the 9th Cavalry Regiment . In March 1898 , Washington promised the Secretary of the Navy that war would be answered by `` at least ten thousand loyal , brave , strong black men in the south who crave an opportunity to show their loyalty to our land , and would gladly take this method of showing their gratitude for the lives laid down , and the sacrifices made , that Blacks might have their freedom and rights . '' In 1904 , the United Spanish War Veterans was created from smaller groups of the veterans of the Spanish American War . Today , that organization is defunct , but it left an heir in the Sons of Spanish -- American War Veterans , created in 1937 at the 39th National Encampment of the United Spanish War Veterans . According to data from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs , the last surviving U.S. veteran of the conflict , Nathan E. Cook , died on September 10 , 1992 , at age 106 . ( If the data is to be believed , Cook , born October 10 , 1885 , would have been only 12 years old when he served in the war . ) The Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States ( VFW ) was formed in 1914 from the merger of two prior veterans organizations which both arose in 1899 : the American Veterans of Foreign Service and the National Society of the Army of the Philippines . The former was formed for veterans of the Spanish -- American War , while the latter was formed for veterans of the Philippine -- American War . Both organizations were formed in response to the general neglect veterans returning from the war experienced at the hands of the government . To pay the costs of the war , Congress passed an excise tax on long - distance phone service . At the time , it affected only wealthy Americans who owned telephones . However , the Congress neglected to repeal the tax after the war ended four months later , and the tax remained in place for over 100 years until , on August 1 , 2006 , it was announced that the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the IRS would no longer collect the tax . Postwar American Investment in Puerto Rico ( edit ) The change in sovereignty of Puerto Rico , like the occupation of Cuba , brought about major changes in both the insular and U.S. economies . Prior to 1898 the sugar industry in Puerto Rico was in decline for nearly half a century . In the second half of the nineteenth century , technological advances increased the capital requirements to remain competitive in the sugar industry . Agriculture began to shift toward coffee production , which required less capital and land accumulation . However , these trends were reversed with U.S. hegemony . Early U.S. monetary and legal policies made it both harder for local farmers to continue operations and easier for American businesses to accumulate land . This , along with the large capital reserves of American businesses , led to a resurgence in the Puerto Rican sugar industry in the form of large American owned agro-industrial complexes . At the same time , the inclusion of Puerto Rico into the U.S. tariff system as a customs area , effectively treating Puerto Rico as a state with respect to internal or external trade , increased the codependence of the insular and mainland economies and benefitted sugar exports with tariff protection . In 1897 the United States purchased 19.6 percent of Puerto Rico 's exports while supplying 18.5 percent of its imports . By 1905 these figures jumped to 84 percent and 85 percent , respectively . However , coffee was not protected , as it was not a product of the mainland . At the same time , Cuba and Spain , traditionally the largest importers of Puerto Rican coffee , now subjected Puerto Rico to previously nonexistent import tariffs . These two effects led to a decline in the coffee industry . From 1897 to 1901 coffee went from 65.8 percent of exports to 19.6 percent while sugar went from 21.6 percent to 55 percent . The tariff system also provided a protected market place for Puerto Rican tobacco exports . The tobacco industry went from nearly nonexistent in Puerto Rico to a major part of the country 's agricultural sector . In film and television ( edit ) The Spanish -- American War was the first U.S. war in which the motion picture camera played a role . The Library of Congress archives contain many films and film clips from the war . In addition , a few feature films have been made about the war . These include The Rough Riders , a 1927 silent film A Message to Garcia , 1936 Rough Riders , a 1997 television miniseries directed by John Milius , and featuring Tom Berenger ( Theodore Roosevelt ) , Gary Busey ( Joseph Wheeler ) , Sam Elliott ( Buckey O'Neill ) , Dale Dye ( Leonard Wood ) , Brian Keith ( William McKinley ) , George Hamilton ( William Randolph Hearst ) , and R. Lee Ermey ( John Hay ) The Spanish -- American War : First Intervention , a 2007 docudrama from The History Channel Baler , a 2008 film about the Siege of Baler Los últimos de Filipinas ( `` The Last Ones of the Philippines '' ) , a 1945 Spanish biographical film directed by Antonio Román Amigo , 2010 1898 , Our Last Men in the Philippines , a well - acclaimed 2016 film about the Siege of Baler Military decorations ( edit ) U.S. Army `` War with Spain '' campaign streamer United States ( edit ) The United States awards and decorations of the Spanish -- American War were as follows : Wartime service and honors Medal of Honor Specially Meritorious Service Medal Spanish Campaign Medal -- upgradeable to include the Silver Citation Star to recognize those U.S. Army members who had performed individual acts of heroism . West Indies Campaign Medal Sampson Medal , West Indies service under Admiral William T. Sampson Dewey Medal , service during the Battle of Manila Bay under Admiral George Dewey Spanish War Service Medal , U.S. Army homeland service Postwar occupation service Army of Puerto Rican Occupation Medal Army of Cuban Occupation Medal Other countries ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2017 ) The governments of Spain and Cuba also issued a wide variety of military awards to honor Spanish , Cuban , and Philippine soldiers who had served in the conflict . See also ( edit ) Spain portal United States portal War portal Battles of the Spanish -- American War Bolton Hall ( activist ) , opposed the war Commonwealth of the Philippines Ostend Manifesto Panama Canal Zone Spain -- United States relations Timeline of the Spanish -- American War Imperial German plans for the invasion of the United States List of weapons of the Spanish -- American War 1st Separate Brigade ( Philippine Expedition ) Notes ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Unrecognized as participants by the primary belligerents . Jump up ^ The U.S. declared war on Spain on April 25 , 1898 , but dated the beginning of the war retroactively to April 21 Jump up ^ Number is the total for all Cuban rebels active from 1895 to 1898 . Jump up ^ 196,000 in Cuba and 10,000 in Puerto Rico . Source citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clodfelter 2017 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter 2017 , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1990 , p. 115 Jump up ^ Clodfelter 2017 , pp. 254 - 255 . ^ Jump up to : Keenan 2001 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter 2017 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Wars : Factsheet . '' U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs . Office of Public Affairs . Washington DC . Published April 2017 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Alan . `` POWs in American History : A Synoposis . '' National Park Service . 1998 . Jump up ^ See : USS Merrimac ( 1894 ) . Jump up ^ Tucker 2009 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter describes the Americans capturing 30,000 prisoners ( plus 100 cannons , 19 machine guns , 25,114 rifles , and various other equipment ) in the Oriente province and around Santiago . He also states that the 10,000 - strong Puerto Rican garrison capitulated to the Americans after only minor fighting . Jump up ^ Some recent historians prefer a broader title to encompass the fighting in Cuba and the Philippine Islands . examples : Louis A. Pérez ( 1998 ) , The war of 1898 : the United States and Cuba in history and historiography , UNC Press Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4742 - 8 Benjamin R. Beede ( 1994 ) , The War of 1898 , and U.S. interventions , 1898 -- 1934 : an encyclopedia , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5624 - 7 Thomas David Schoonover ; Walter LaFeber ( 2005 ) , Uncle Sam 's War of 1898 and the Origins of Globalization , University Press of Kentucky , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 9122 - 5 Virginia Marie Bouvier ( 2001 ) , Whose America ? : the war of 1898 and the battles to define the nation , Praeger , ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96794 - 9 Jump up ^ Mark Barnes ( 2010 ) . The Spanish -- American War and Philippine Insurrection , 1898 -- 1902 . Routledge . p. 67 . Jump up ^ W. Joseph Campbell , Yellow journalism : Puncturing the myths , defining the legacies ( 2001 ) . ^ Jump up to : Resolution 24 , 33 Stat. 738 ^ Jump up to : Trask 1996 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Beede 1994 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Beede 1994 , p. 120 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Paul ( 2010 ) . War and Empire . New York : Pluto Press . pp. 98 -- 102 . ISBN 978 0 7453 2764 8 . Jump up ^ Pérez 1998 , p. 89 states : `` In the larger view , the Cuban insurrection had already brought the Spanish army to the brink of defeat . During three years of relentless war , the Cubans had destroyed railroad lines , bridges , and roads and paralyzed telegraph communications , making it all but impossible for the Spanish army to move across the island and between provinces . ( The ) Cubans had , moreover , inflicted countless thousands of casualties on Spanish soldiers and effectively driven Spanish units into beleaguered defensive concentrations in the cities , there to suffer the further debilitating effects of illness and hunger . '' Jump up ^ `` Military Book Reviews '' . StrategyPage.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dyal , Carpenter & Thomas 1996 , pp. 108 -- 109 . Jump up ^ Benjamin R. Beede ( 2013 ) . The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions , 1898T1934 : An Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . p. 289 . Jump up ^ George C. Herring , From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign relations since 1777 ( 2008 ) ch. 8 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Official Declarations of War by Congress '' . senate.gov . June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baycroft & Hewitson 2006 , pp. 225 -- 226 Jump up ^ Antonio Cánovas del Castillo ( November 1882 ) . `` Discurso sobre la nación '' ( in Spanish ) . cervantesvirtual.com . Baycroft & Hewitson 2006 , pp. 225 -- 226 Jump up ^ Schmidt - Nowara , Christopher ( 2008 ) . The Conquest of History : Spanish Colonialism and National Histories in the Nineteenth Century . Pitt Latin American series . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press . pp. 34 -- 42 . ISBN 9780822971092 . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Perez , Jose , Jr , Cuba : Between Reform and Revolution . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1995 . p149 Jump up ^ Perez , Jose , Jr , Cuba : Between Reform and Revolution . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1995 . p138 Jump up ^ Gary R. Mormino , `` Cuba Libre , Florida , and the Spanish American War , '' Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal ( 2010 ) Vol. 31 Issue 1 / 2 , pp. 43 -- 54 Jump up ^ G. Wayne King , `` Conservative Attitudes in the United States toward Cuba ( 1895 -- 1898 ) , '' Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical Association , ( 1973 ) pp. 94 -- 104 Jump up ^ George C. Herring , From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Edward P. Crapol , `` Coming to Terms with Empire : The Historiography of Late - Nineteenth - Century . American Foreign Relations , '' Diplomatic History 16 ( Fall 1992 ) : 573 -- 97 ; Hugh DeSantis , `` The Imperialist Impulse and American Innocence , 1865 -- 1900 , '' in Gerald K. Haines and J. Samuel Walker , eds. , American Foreign Relations : A Historiographical Review ( 1981 ) , pp. 65 -- 90 ; James A. Field , Jr. , `` American Imperialism : The Worst Chapter in Almost Any Book , '' American Historical Review 83 ( June 1978 ) : 644 -- 68 ^ Jump up to : Trask 1996 , pp. 2 -- 3 ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Krohn , `` Review of Tone , John Lawrence , War and Genocide in Cuba 1895 -- 1898 . `` H - War , H - Net Reviews . '' May 2008 . online Jump up ^ Trask 1996 , pp. 8 -- 10 ; Carr 1982 , pp. 379 -- 388 . Jump up ^ `` William McKinley : First Annual Message '' . The American Presidency Project . December 6 , 1897 . Jump up ^ James Ford Rhodes ( 2007 ) , The McKinley and Roosevelt Administrations 1897 -- 1909 , READ BOOKS , pp. 44 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 3464 - 5 , citing an annual message delivered December 6 , 1897 , from French Ensor Chadwick ( 1968 ) , The relations of the United States and Spain : diplomacy , Russell & Russell Jump up ^ Quoted in Trask 1996 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Angiolillo Died Bravely , August 22 , 1897 , The New York Times . Jump up ^ Octavio Ruiz , `` Spain on the Threshold of a New Century : Society and Politics before and after the Disaster of 1898 , '' Mediterranean Historical Review ( June 1998 ) , Vol. 13 Issue 1 / 2 , pp 7 -- 27 Jump up ^ Scott Wright , `` The Northwestern Chronicle and the Spanish -- American War : American Catholic Attitudes Regarding the ' Splendid Little War , ' '' American Catholic Studies 116 # 4 ( 2005 ) : 55 -- 68 . Jump up ^ However , three Catholic newspapers were critical of the war after it began . Benjamin Wetzel , `` A Church Divided : Roman Catholicism , Americanization , and the Spanish -- American War . '' Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 14 # 3 ( 2015 ) : 348 -- 366 . Jump up ^ Trade with Cuba had dropped by more than two thirds from a high of US $100 million . Offner 2004 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ David M. Pletcher , The Diplomacy of Trade and Investment : American Economic Expansion in the Hemisphere , 1865 -- 1900 ( Columbia : University of Missouri Press , 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Louis A. Pérez Jr. ( 2000 ) . The War of 1898 : The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Russell , Timothy Dale ( 2013 ) . African Americans and the Spanish - American War and Philliipine Insurrection . Military Participation , Recognition and Memory 1898 - 1904 ( First . Published dissertation ed . ) . California , U.S.A : University of California , Riverside . p. 8 . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Faulkner , Harold ( 1963 ) . Politics , reform , and expansion , 1890 -- 1900 . New York : Harper . p. 231 . ^ Jump up to : Tone , John ( 2006 ) . War and Genocide in Cuba , 1895 -- 1898 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . p. 239 . Jump up ^ Pérez , Louis ( 1998 ) . The war of 1898 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Offner 1992 , pp. 54 -- 69 Jump up ^ Offner 1992 , pp. 86 -- 110 Jump up ^ Offner 2004 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Evan ( 2010 ) . The War Lovers : Roosevelt , Lodge , Hearst , and the Rush to Empire , 1898 . Little , Brown and Co. p. 48 . Jump up ^ Keenan , Jerry ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of the Spanish -- American & Philippine -- American Wars . ABC - CLIO . p. `` european + powers '' 372 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 093 - 2 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2009 , p. 614 . Jump up ^ Offner 2004 , p. 57 . For a minority view that downplays the role of public opinion and asserts that McKinley feared the Cubans would win their insurgency before the U.S. could intervene , see Louis A. Pérez , `` The Meaning of the Maine : Causation and the Historiography of the Spanish -- American War , '' The Pacific Historical Review , Vol. 58 , No. 3 ( Aug. 1989 ) , pp. 293 -- 322 . Jump up ^ For a summary of all the studies see Louis Fisher , `` Destruction of the Maine ( 1898 ) '' ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Evan Thomas , The war lovers : Roosevelt , Lodge , Hearst , and the rush to empire , 1898 ( Little , Brown , 2010 ) pp 4 -- 5 , 209 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Vicki L. 2006 . `` Nuestra América : Latino History as United States History . '' Journal of American History P. 655 Jump up ^ Campbell , W. Joseph ( August 2000 ) . `` Not likely sent : the Remington - Hearst `` telegrams '' `` . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Smythe 2003 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Pratt 1934 , pp. 163 -- 201 . quotes on page 168 . Page 173 states : `` an overwhelming preponderance of the local business interests of the country strongly desired peace . '' Jump up ^ DyalCarpenter & Thomas 1996 Jump up ^ Pratt 1934 , pp. 173 -- 174 . Jump up ^ Offner 1992 , pp. 131 -- 35 ; Michelle Bray Davis and Rollin W. Quimby , `` Senator Proctor 's Cuban Speech : Speculations on a Cause of the Spanish -- American War , '' Quarterly Journal of Speech 1969 55 ( 2 ) : 131 -- 141 . Jump up ^ Paul T. McCartney , `` Religion , the Spanish -- American War , and the Idea of American Mission '' , Journal of Church and State 54 ( Spring 2012 ) , 257 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Graham A. Cosmas , An Army for Empire : The United States Army and the Spanish -- American War ( 1971 ) ch. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Thomas , Evan ( 2016 ) . `` Evan Thomas : War Lovers and American Power '' . Military History , September 2010 , 14 World History Collection -- via JSTOR . Jump up ^ Department of State , United States of America , Office of the Historian . `` The Philippine - American War , 1899 -- 1902 '' . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Twain , Mark ( Samuel Clemens ) ( 1901 ) . `` To the Person Sitting in Darkness '' . The World of 1898 : The Spanish - American War . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1913 ) . `` Theodore Roosevelt : An Autobiography '' . Project Gutenberg . Jump up ^ Battle of Manila Bay , May 1 , 1898 , Department of the Navy -- Naval Historical Center . Retrieved on October 10 , 2007 Jump up ^ The Battle of Manila Bay by Admiral George Dewey , The War Times Journal . Retrieved on October 10 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : James A. Field , Jr . ( June 1978 ) , `` American Imperialism : the Worst Chapter in Almost Any Book '' , The American Historical Review , American Historical Association , 83 ( 3 ) : 659 , doi : 10.2307 / 1861842 , JSTOR 1861842 Jump up ^ Wionzek 2000 , p. x . Jump up ^ Dewey characterized the German interests as a single import firm ; Admiral Otto von Diederichs responded with a list of eleven . ^ Jump up to : Seekins , Donald M. ( 1991 ) , `` Historical Setting -- Outbreak of War , 1898 '' , in Dolan , Ronald E. , Philippines : A Country Study , Washington : Library of Congress , retrieved April 28 , 2013 ( LOC call Number DS655. P598 1993 ) Jump up ^ Susan K. Harris ( June 1 , 2011 ) . God 's Arbiters : Americans and the Philippines , 1898 -- 1902 . Oxford University Press , US . p. 133 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 978107 - 2 . Benjamin R. Beede ; Vernon L. Williams ; Wolfgang Drechsler ( 1994 ) . The War of 1898 , and U.S. Interventions , 1898 -- 1934 : An Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . pp. 201 -- 202 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5624 - 7 . David F. Trask ( 1981 ) . The War with Spain in 1898 . U of Nebraska Press . p. 284 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 9429 - 8 . Jump up ^ Augusto V. de Viana ( September 21 , 2006 ) , What ifs in Philippine history , Manila Times , archived from the original on October 30 , 2007 , retrieved October 19 , 2007 ^ What ifs in Philippine history , Conclusion , Manila Times , September 22 , 2006 , archived from the original on October 30 , 2007 , retrieved October 19 , 2007 Jump up ^ Wionzek 2000 , p. xvi , citing Hubatsch , Walther , Auslandsflotte und Reichspolitik , Mărwissenschaftliche Rundschau ( August 1944 ) , pp. 130 -- 153 . ^ Jump up to : The World of 1898 : the Spanish -- American War , U.S. Library of Congress , retrieved October 10 , 2007 Jump up ^ Guevara , Sulpicio , ed. ( 2005 ) , `` Philippine Declaration of Independence '' , The laws of the first Philippine Republic ( the laws of Malolos ) 1898 -- 1899 , Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Library ( published 1972 ) , retrieved January 2 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Philippine History '' . DLSU - Manila . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2006 . Retrieved August 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Our flag is now waving over Manila '' , San Francisco Chronicle , retrieved December 20 , 2008 Jump up ^ Lacsamana 2006 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Brune & Burns 2003 , p. 290 ^ Jump up to : Beede 1994 , pp. 208 -- 209 ; Rogers 1995 , pp. 110 -- 112 Jump up ^ Roosevelt 1899 Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton ; et al. ( 2014 ) . A People and a Nation , Volume II : Since 1865 . Cengage Learning . p. 582 . Jump up ^ The Spanish -- American War in Cuba : Battle of Las Guasimas . ^ Jump up to : Roosevelt , Theodore , The Rough Riders , Scribner 's Magazine , Vol. 25 ( January -- June ) , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , p. 572 Jump up ^ The Battles at El Caney and San Juan Hills at HomeOfHeroes.com . Jump up ^ The Crowded Hour : The Charge at El Caney & San Juan Hills at HomeOfHeroes.com . Jump up ^ Parker 2003 Jump up ^ History of the Gatling Gun Detachment , John Henry Parker at Project Gutenberg . Jump up ^ Escario 's Column , Francisco Jose Diaz Diaz . Jump up ^ Daley 2000 , pp. 161 -- 71 Jump up ^ McCook 1899 ^ Jump up to : Vincent J. Cirillo. 2004 . Bullets and Bacilli : The Spanish -- American War and Military Medicine . ( Rutgers University Press ) . ^ Jump up to : The American Army Moves on Puerto - Rico , Retrieved August 2 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Edgardo Pratts ( 2006 ) , De Coamo a la Trinchera del Asomante ( in Spanish ) ( First ed . ) , Puerto Rico : Fundación Educativa Idelfonso Pratts , ISBN 0 - 9762185 - 6 - 9 Jump up ^ Wolff 1961 , p. 175 , `` When the British consul died , intermediation was taken over by the Belgian consul , M. Edouard Andre ; and , as US troops poured in , everything began to fall into place . Jaudenes promised that he would not use his artillery if the ... '' Jump up ^ Cooling 2007 , p. 99 , `` Fearful of what the Filipinos might do , the American and Spanish authorities anxiously negotiated a way out of the thorny issue of Manila City . Aided by Belgian consul Edouard Andre , Dewey , Merritt , and Augustin '' Jump up ^ DyalCarpenter & Thomas 1996 , p. 175 , `` After Rawson - Walker 's sickness and death , Belgian consul Edouard André carried on the diplomatic exchanges between Dewey , General Wesley Merritt , * and Jaudenes . Through these diplomatic exchanges , early in August Jaudenes began to ... '' Jump up ^ Protocol of Peace Embodying the Terms of a Basis for the Establishment of Peace Between the Two Countries , Washington , D.C. , U.S.A. , August 12 , 1898 , retrieved October 17 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` Treaty of Paris , 1898 '' . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brands Breen Williams Gross , American Stories `` A History of the United States '' , Pearson , p. 536 , ISBN 9780205243617 Jump up ^ Bethell , John ( November -- December 1998 ) , `` A Splendid Little War '' ; Harvard and the commencement of a new world order , Harvard magazine , retrieved December 11 , 2007 Jump up ^ Millis 1979 , p. 340 This source provides a more complete quote : It has been a splendid little war ; begun with the highest motives , carried on with magnificent intelligence and spirit , favored by the fortune which loves the brave . It is now to be concluded , I hope , with that firm good nature which is after all the distinguishing trait of our American character . Jump up ^ Montoya 2011 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Dupuy , Johnson & Bongard 1992 , p. 794 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1961 , p. 657 Jump up ^ Kaplan , Richard L. 2003 . `` American Journalism Goes to War , 1898 -- 2001 : a manifesto on media and empire '' , p. 211 Jump up ^ Pérez 2008 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Negrón - Muntaner 2004 , p. 11 , citing Julio Cervera Baviera ( 1898 ) , La defensa militar de Puerto Rico , Puerto Rico , pp. 79 -- 80 Jump up ^ Protagonistas de la Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico Parte II -- Comandante Julio Cervera Baviera , 1898 La Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico , retrieved February 6 , 2008 ( an excerpt from Carreras & Tafunell 2004 ) Jump up ^ Albert Carreras & Xavier Tafunell : Historia Económica de la España contemporánea , p. 200 -- 208 , ISBN 84 - 8432 - 502 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` MILESTONES : 1899 -- 1913 : The United States , Cuba , and the Platt Amendment , 1901 '' . Milestones . Office of the Historian , U.S. Department of State . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Confederate & Federal Veterans of ' 98 : Civil War Veterans who served in the Spanish -- American War , Philippine Insurrection , and China Relief Expedition by Micah J. Jenkins . Retrieved on October 13 , 2007 Jump up ^ Gatewood 1975 , pp. 23 -- 29 ; there were some opponents , ibid . p. 30 -- 32 . Jump up ^ `` VFW at a Glance '' ( PDF ) . VFW . September 2 , 2004 . Retrieved November 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Reardon , Marguerite ( June 30 , 2005 ) . `` Senators want to nix 1898 telecom tax '' . CNET Networks . Retrieved February 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reardon , Marguerite ( August 1 , 2006 ) . `` Telecom tax imposed in 1898 finally ends '' . CNET Networks . Retrieved February 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bergad 1978 , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Bergad 1978 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Bergad 1978 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ The Spanish American War in Motion Picture , U.S. Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Early Motion Pictures , 1897 -- 1920 , U.S. Library of Congress References ( edit ) American Peace Society ( 1898 ) , The Advocate of Peace , American Peace Society , retrieved January 22 , 2008 . Bailey , Thomas Andrew ( 1961 ) , The American Pageant : A History of the Republic , Heath . Baycroft , Timothy ; Hewitson , Mark ( 2006 ) , What is a nation ? : Europe 1789 -- 1914 , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 929575 - 3 . Beede , Benjamin R. , ed. ( 1994 ) , The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions , 1898 -- 1934 , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5624 - 7 . An encyclopedia . Bergad , Laird W. ( 1978 ) . `` Agrarian History of Puerto Rico , 1870 -- 1930 '' . Latin American Research Review . 13 ( 3 ) : 63 -- 94 ... Botero , Rodrigo ( 2001 ) , `` Ambivalent embrace : America 's troubled relations with Spain from the Revolutionary War to the Cold War '' , Contributions to the study of world history , Greenwood Publishing Group , 78 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31570 - 1 . Brune , Lester H. ; Burns , Richard Dean ( 2003 ) , `` Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations : 1607 -- 1932 '' , Volume 1 of Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations , Richard Dean Burns , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93914 - 0 ( 2 ed . ) , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93915 - 7 . Campbell , W. Joseph ( 2001 ) , Yellow Journalism : Puncturing the Myths , Defining the Legacies , Greenwood Publishing Group , ISBN 0 - 275 - 96686 - 0 . Carr , Raymond ( 1982 ) , Spain , 1808 -- 1975 , Clarendon Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 822128 - 2 . Carreras , Albert ; Tafunell , Xavier ( 2004 ) , Historia económica de la España Contemporánea , Crítica , ISBN 978 - 84 - 8432 - 502 - 4 . Clodfelter , M. ( 2017 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 - 2015 ( 4th ed . ) . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0786474707 . Cooling , Benjamin Franklin ( 2007 ) , USS Olympia : Herald of Empire , Naval Institute Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 126 - 6 . Dupuy , Trevor Nevitt ; Johnson , Curt ; Bongard , David L. ( 1992 ) , The Harper encyclopedia of military biography Dyal , Donald H ; Carpenter , Brian B. ; Thomas , Mark A. ( 1996 ) , Historical Dictionary of the Spanish American War , Greenwood Press , ISBN 0 - 313 - 28852 - 6 . Gatewood , Willard B. ( 1975 ) , Black Americans and the White Man 's Burden , 1898 -- 1903 , University of Illinois Press , ISBN 0 - 252 - 00475 - 2 Gaudreault , André ( 2009 ) , American cinema , 1890 -- 1909 : themes and variations , Rutgers University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4443 - 4 . Hendrickson , Kenneth E. , Jr. ( 2003 ) , The Spanish -- American War , Greenwood , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31662 - 3 . short summary Karnow , Stanley ( 1990 ) , In Our Image , Century , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7126 - 3732 - 9 Keenan , Jerry ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of the Spanish - American & Philippine - American Wars . ABC - CLIO . Lacsamana , Leodivico Cruz ( 2006 ) , Philippine history and government , Phoenix Pub . House , ISBN 978 - 971 - 06 - 1894 - 1 . Levy , Jack S. ; Thompson , William R. ( 2010 ) , Causes of War , John Wiley and Sons , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 7559 - 3 Millis , Walter ( 1979 ) , The martial spirit , Ayer Publishing , ISBN 978 - 0 - 405 - 11866 - 1 Montoya , Arthur ( 2011 ) , America 's Original Sin : Absolution & Penance , Xlibris Corporation , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4628 - 4434 - 0 Negrón - Muntaner , Frances ( 2004 ) , Boricua Pop : Puerto Ricans and the Latinization of American Culture , NYU Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 5818 - 2 . Offner , John L. ( 1992 ) , An Unwanted War : the Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba , 1895 -- 1898 . Offner , John L. ( 2004 ) , `` McKinley and the Spanish -- American War '' , Presidential Studies Quarterly , 34 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 61 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2004. 00034. x , ISSN 0360 - 4918 . Parker , John H. ( 2003 ) , The Gatlings at Santiago , Indypublish.com , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4043 - 8137 - 7 Pérez , Louis A. Cuba and the United States : Ties of Singular Intimacy . Athens : University of Georgia Press , 2003 . Print . Pérez , Louis A. ( 2008 ) , Cuba in the American Imagination : Metaphor and the Imperial Ethos , UNC Press Books . Pérez , Louis A. ( 1998 ) , The war of 1898 : the United States and Cuba in history and historiography , UNC Press Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4742 - 8 Rogers , Robert F. ( 1995 ) , Destiny 's Landfall : A History of Guam ( illustrated ed . ) , University of Hawaii Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 1678 - 0 . Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1899 ) , `` I. RAISING THE REGIMENT '' , The Rough Riders , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . Smithsonian Institution ( 2005 ) , The Price of Freedom : Americans at War -- Spanish American War , National Museum of American History ( U.S. ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9744202 - 3 - 3 . Santamarina , Juan C. `` The Cuba Company and the Expansion of American Business in Cuba , 1898 -- 1915 '' . The Business History Review 74.01 ( Spring 2000 ) : 41 -- 83 . Print Smith , Mark . `` The Political Economy of Sugar Production and the Environment of Eastern Cuba , 1898 -- 1923 '' . Environmental History Review 19.04 ( Winter 1995 ) : 31 -- 48 . Print Smythe , Ted Curtis ( 2003 ) , The Gilded Age press , 1865 -- 1900 , Praeger , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30080 - 6 . Tone , John Lawrence . War and Genocide in Cuba 1895 -- 1898 ( 2006 ) online review Trask , David F. ( 1996 ) , The war with Spain in 1898 , U of Nebraska Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 9429 - 5 . Tucker , Spencer ( 2009 ) , The Encyclopedia of the Spanish - American and Philippine - American Wars : A Political , Social , and Military History , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 951 - 1 Wionzek , Karl - Heinz ( 2000 ) , Germany , the Philippines , and the Spanish -- American War : four accounts by officers of the Imperial German Navy , National Historical Institute . Wolff , Leon ( 1961 ) , Little Brown Brother : How the United States Purchased and Pacified the Philippine Islands at the Century 's Turn , Wolff Productions , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58288 - 209 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) Library resources about Spanish -- American War Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Barnes , Mar . The Spanish -- American War and Philippine Insurrection , 1898 -- 1902 : An Annotated Bibliography ( Routledge Research Guides to American Military Studies ) ( 2010 ) Berner , Brad K . The Spanish - American War : A Historical Dictionary ( Scarecrow Press , 1998 ) . Berner , Brad K. , ed . The Spanish - American War : A Documentary History with Commentaries ( 2016 ) , 289pp ; includes primary sources Bradford , James C. ed. , Crucible of Empire : The Spanish -- American War and Its Aftermath ( 1993 ) , essays on diplomacy , naval and military operations , and historiography . Cirillo , Vincent J. Bullets and Bacilli : The Spanish -- American War and Military Medicine ( 2004 ) Corbitt , Duvon C. `` Cuban Revisionist Interpretations of Cuba 's Struggle for Independence , '' Hispanic American Historical Review 32 ( August 1963 ) : 395 -- 404 . in JSTOR Cosmas , Graham A. An Army for Empire : The United States Army and the Spanish -- American War ( 1971 ) , organizational issues Crapol , Edward P. `` Coming to Terms with Empire : The Historiography of Late - Nineteenth - Century American Foreign Relations , '' Diplomatic History 16 ( Fall 1992 ) : 573 -- 97 ; Cull , N.J. , Culbert , D. , Welch , D. Propaganda and Mass Persuasion : A Historical Encyclopedia , 1500 to the Present . `` Spanish -- American War '' . ( 2003 ) . 378 -- 379 . Daley , L. ( 2000 ) , `` Canosa in the Cuba of 1898 '' , in Aguirre , B.E. ; Espina , E. , Los últimos días del comienzo : Ensayos sobre la guerra , Santiago de Chile : RiL Editores , ISBN 956 - 284 - 115 - 4 DeSantis , Hugh . `` The Imperialist Impulse and American Innocence , 1865 -- 1900 , '' in Gerald K. Haines and J. Samuel Walker , eds. , American Foreign Relations : A Historiographical Review ( 1981 ) , pp. 65 -- 90 Dirks , Tim . `` War and Anti-War Films '' . The Greatest Films . Retrieved November 9 , 2005 . Dobson , John M. Reticent Expansionism : The Foreign Policy of William McKinley . ( 1988 ) . Feuer , A.B. The Spanish -- American War at Sea : Naval Action in the Atlantic ( 1995 ) online edition Field , Jr. , James A. `` American Imperialism : The Worst Chapter in Almost Any Book , '' American Historical Review 83 ( June 1978 ) : 644 -- 68 , past of the `` AHR Forum , '' with responses in JSTOR Freidel , Frank . The Splendid Little War ( 1958 ) , well illustrated narrative by scholar ISBN 0 - 7394 - 2342 - 8 Fry , Joseph A. `` From Open Door to World Systems : Economic Interpretations of Late - Nineteenth - Century American Foreign Relations , '' Pacific Historical Review 65 ( May 1996 ) : 277 -- 303 Fry , Joseph A. `` William McKinley and the Coming of the Spanish -- American War : A Study of the Besmirching and Redemption of an Historical Image , '' Diplomatic History 3 ( Winter 1979 ) : 77 -- 97 Funston , Frederick . Memoirs of Two Wars , Cuba and Philippine Experiences . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1911 online edition Gould , Lewis . The Spanish -- American War and President McKinley ( 1980 ) excerpt and text search Foner , Philip , The Spanish -- Cuban -- American War and the Birth of American Imperialism , 1895 -- 1902 ( 1972 ) Hamilton , Richard . President McKinley , War , and Empire ( 2006 ) . Harrington , Peter , and Frederic A. Sharf . `` A Splendid Little War . '' The Spanish -- American War , 1898 . The Artists ' Perspective . London : Greenhill , 1998 . Harrington , Fred H. `` The Anti-Imperialist Movement in the United States , 1898 -- 1900 , '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review , Vol. 22 , No. 2 ( Sep. 1935 ) , pp. 211 -- 230 in JSTOR Herring , George C. From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 ( 2008 ) , the latest survey Hoganson , Kristin . Fighting For American Manhood : How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish -- American and Philippine -- American Wars ( 1998 ) Holbo , Paul S. ( 1967 ) , `` Presidential Leadership in Foreign Affairs : William McKinley and the Turpie - Foraker Amendment '' , The American Historical Review , 72 ( 4 ) : 1321 -- 1335 , doi : 10.2307 / 1847795 , JSTOR 1847795 . Keller , Allan . The Spanish -- American War : A Compact History ( 1969 ) Killblane , Richard E. , `` Assault on San Juan Hill , '' Military History , June 1998 , Vol. 15 , Issue 2 . LaFeber , Walter , The New Empire : An Interpretation of American Expansion , 1865 -- 1898 ( 1963 ) Leeke , Jim . Manila and Santiago : The New Steel Navy in the Spanish -- American War ( 2009 ) Linderman , Gerald F. The Mirror of War : American Society and the Spanish -- American War ( 1974 ) , domestic aspects Maass , Matthias . `` When Communication Fails : Spanish -- American Crisis Diplomacy 1898 , '' Amerikastudien , 2007 , Vol. 52 Issue 4 , pp 481 -- 493 May , Ernest . Imperial Democracy : The Emergence of America as a Great Power ( 1961 ) McCartney , Paul T. American National Identity , the War of 1898 , and the Rise of American Imperialism ( 2006 ) McCook , Henry Christopher ( 1899 ) , The Martial Graves of Our Fallen Heroes in Santiago de Cuba , G.W. Jacobs & Co . Mellander , Gustavo A. ( 1971 ) The United States in Panamanian Politics : The Intriguing Formative Years . Daville , Ill. : Interstate Publishers . OCLC 138568 . Mellander , Gustavo A. ; Nelly Maldonado Mellander ( 1999 ) . Charles Edward Magoon : The Panama Years . Río Piedras , Puerto Rico : Editorial Plaza Mayor . ISBN 1 - 56328 - 155 - 4 . OCLC 42970390 . Miles , Nelson Appleton ( 2012 ) . Harper 's Pictorial History of the War with Spain ; . HardPress . ISBN 978 - 1 - 290 - 02902 - 5 . Miller , Richard H. ed. , American Imperialism in 1898 : The Quest for National Fulfillment ( 1970 ) Millis , Walter . The Martial Spirit : A Study of Our War with Spain ( 1931 ) Morgan , H. Wayne. , America 's Road to Empire : The War with Spain and Overseas Expansion ( 1965 ) Muller y Tejeiro , Jose . Combates y Capitulacion de Santiago de Cuba . Marques , Madrid : 1898 . 208 p . English translation by U.S. Navy Dept . O'Toole , G.J.A. The Spanish War : An American Epic -- 1898 ( 1984 ) Paterson , Thomas G. `` United States Intervention in Cuba , 1898 : Interpretations of the Spanish -- American -- Cuban -- Filipino War , '' The History Teacher , Vol. 29 , No. 3 ( May 1996 ) , pp. 341 -- 361 in JSTOR Pérez , Jr . Louis A. ( 1989 ) , `` The Meaning of the Maine : Causation and the Historiography of the Spanish -- American War '' , The Pacific Historical Review , 58 ( 3 ) : 293 -- 322 , doi : 10.2307 / 3640268 , JSTOR 3640268 . Pérez Jr . Louis A . The War of 1898 : The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography University of North Carolina Press , 1998 Smith , Ephraim K. `` William McKinley 's Enduring Legacy : The Historiographical Debate on the Taking of the Philippine Islands , '' in James C. Bradford , ed. , Crucible of Empire : The Spanish -- American War and Its Aftermath ( 1993 ) , pp. 205 -- 49 Pratt , Julius W. ( May 1934 ) . `` American Business and the Spanish - American War '' . The Hispanic American Historical Review . Duke University Press . 14 ( 2 ) : 163 . doi : 10.2307 / 2506353 . Pratt , Julius W . The Expansionists of 1898 ( 1936 ) Schoonover , Thomas . Uncle Sam 's War of 1898 and the Origins of Globalization. ( 2003 ) Smith , Joseph . The Spanish -- American War : Conflict in the Caribbean and the Pacific ( 1994 ) Stewart , Richard W. `` Emergence to World Power 1898 -- 1902 '' Ch. 15 , in `` American Military History , Volume I : The United States Army and the Forging of a Nation , 1775 -- 1917 '' , Center of Military History , United States Army . ( 2004 ) , official U.S. Army textbook Tone , John Lawrence . War and Genocide in Cuba , 1895 -- 1898 ( 2006 ) U.S. War Dept . Military Notes on Cuba . 2 vols . Washington , DC : GPO , 1898 . online edition US Army Center for Military History , Adjutant General 's Office Statistical Exhibit of Strength of Volunteer Forces Called Into Service During the War With Spain ; with Losses From All Causes . US Army Center for Military History , Washington : Government Printing Office , 1899 . Wheeler , Joseph . The Santiago Campaign , 1898 . ( 1898 ) . online edition Zakaria , Fareed , From Wealth to Power : The Unusual Origins of America 's World Role ( 1998 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spanish -- American War . The Spanish American War lesson from EDSITEment America 's Black Patriots -- Spanish American War Spanish -- American War Centennial Points of Confusion over the Cuba Question and Cuba Sovereignty Individual state 's contributions to the Spanish -- American War : Illinois , Pennsylvania Sons of Spanish American War Veterans From ' Dagoes ' to ' Nervy Spaniards , ' American Soldiers ' Views of their Opponents , 1898 by Albert Nofi Excerpts from The National Museum of American history . Reenactment of Spanish -- American War ( video ) on YouTube Spanish -- American War reenactment groups The American Peril -- An Examination of the Spanish American War and the Philippine Insurrection by Dan Carlin Media ( edit ) William Glackens prints at the Library of Congress Images of Florida and the War for Cuban Independence , 1898 at the Wayback Machine ( archived May 1 , 2010 ) from the state archives of Florida ( archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 01 ) Pictures of the Army Nurse Corps in the war Art and images from the War with Spain at the United States Army Center of Military History Spanish -- American War photographic collections , via Calisphere , California Digital Library The Spanish -- American War in Motion Pictures -- U.S. Library of Congress Wehman Collection of Spanish -- American War Photographs at the University of South Florida Ensminger Brothers Spanish -- American War Photographs at the University of South Florida Reference materials ( edit ) United States Department of State , Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States , with the annual message of the president transmitted to Congress December 5 , 1898 especially pp. 558 -- 1085 . Joint Resolution Resolution of Congress April 19 , 1898 , point 4 is the Teller amendment Operations of the U.S. Signal Corps Cutting and Diverting Undersea Telegraph Cables from Cuba Library of Congress Guide to the Spanish -- American War Emergence to World Power , 1898 -- 1902 ( an extract from Matloff 's American Military History a publication of the United States Army Center of Military History ) Buffalo Soldiers at San Juan Hill Impact on the Spanish Army by Charles Hendricks Black Jack in Cuba -- General John J. Pershing 's service in the Spanish -- American War , by Kevin Hymel The World of 1898 : The Spanish -- American War -- Library of Congress Hispanic Division Centennial of the Spanish -- American War 1898 -- 1998 by Lincoln Cushing History of Negro soldiers in the Spanish -- American War , and other items of interest , by Edward Augustus Johnston , published 1899 , hosted by the Portal to Texas History . The War of 98 ( The Spanish -- American War ) The Spanish -- American War from a Spanish perspective ( in English ) . Name Index to New York in the Spanish -- American War 1898 1898 : El Ocaso de un Imperio Article in Spanish about naval operations during the Spanish -- American war . Spanish -- American War Service Summary Cards from the Georgia Archives . Spanish -- American War Veterans Surveys A finding aid listing photographs , diaries , personal papers held at the US Army Heritage and Education Center , Carlisle , Pennsylvania Newspapers ( edit ) Spain to Use Privateers ; An Official Decree Declares that She is Determined to Reserve This Right ( Headline , NY Times , April 24 , 1898 ) Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces listed chronologically Domestic Shays ' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries 's Rebellion Mormon War Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Civil War Indian Wars Brooks -- Baxter War Range War Lincoln County War Johnson County War Coal Creek War Homestead Strike Battle of Blair Mountain Bonus Army Battle of Athens Foreign Revolutionary War Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran expedition Second Sumatran expedition Ivory Coast Expedition Mexican -- American War First Fiji Expedition Second Opium War Second Fiji Expedition Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Vietnam War Invasion of the Dominican Republic Invasion of Grenada Lebanese Civil War Invasion of Panama Gulf War Somali Civil War Bosnian War Kosovo War Afghanistan War Iraq War War in North - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which event led to the spanish american war | [
"The Spanish–American War (Spanish: Guerra hispano-americana or Guerra hispano-estadounidense; Filipino: Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano) was fought between the United States and Spain in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba leading to United States intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. American acquisition of Spain's Pacific possessions led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine–American War.[12]"
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"the aftermath of the internal explosion of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba leading to United States intervention in the Cuban War of Independence"
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6329812575877013487 | Social Security number | Social Security number - wikipedia Social Security number Jump to : navigation , search A Social Security card issued by the Railroad Retirement Board in 1943 to a now deceased person . In the United States , a Social Security number ( SSN ) is a nine - digit number issued to U.S. citizens , permanent residents , and temporary ( working ) residents under section 205 ( c ) ( 2 ) of the Social Security Act , codified as 42 U.S.C. § 405 ( c ) ( 2 ) . The number is issued to an individual by the Social Security Administration , an independent agency of the United States government . Although its primary purpose is to track individuals for Social Security purposes , the Social Security number has become a de facto national identification number for taxation and other purposes . A Social Security number may be obtained by applying on Form SS - 5 , Application for A Social Security Number Card . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Purpose and use 2.1 Non-universal status 2.2 Use required for federal tax purposes 3 Types of Social Security cards 4 Identity theft 5 Replacement numbers 6 Structure 7 Historical structure 7.1 Exhaustion and re-use 7.2 Valid SSNs 8 SSNs used in advertising 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Social Security numbers were first issued by the Social Security Administration in November 1935 as part of the New Deal Social Security program . Within three months , 25 million numbers were issued . On November 24 , 1936 , 1,074 of the nation 's 45,000 post offices were designated `` typing centers '' to type up Social Security cards that were then sent to Washington , D.C. On December 1 , 1936 , as part of the publicity campaign for the new program , Joseph L. Fay of the Social Security Administration selected a record from the top of the first stack of 1,000 records and announced that the first Social Security number in history was assigned to John David Sweeney , Jr. , of New Rochelle , New York . Before 1986 , people often did not obtain a Social Security number until the age of about 14 , since the numbers were used for income tracking purposes , and those under that age seldom had substantial income . The Tax Reform Act of 1986 required parents to list Social Security numbers for each dependent over the age of 5 for whom the parent wanted to claim a tax deduction . Before this act , parents claiming tax deductions were simply trusted not to lie about the number of children they supported . During the first year of the Tax Reform Act , this anti-fraud change resulted in seven million fewer minor dependents being claimed . The disappearance of these dependents is believed to have involved either children who never existed or tax deductions improperly claimed by non-custodial parents . In 1988 , the threshold was lowered to 2 years old , and in 1990 , the threshold was lowered yet again to 1 year old . Today , an SSN is required regardless of the child 's age to receive an exemption . Since then , parents have often applied for Social Security numbers for their children soon after birth ; today , it can be done on the application for a birth certificate . Purpose and use ( edit ) The original purpose of this number was to track individuals ' accounts within the Social Security program . It has since come to be used as an identifier for individuals within the United States , although rare errors occur where duplicates do exist . As numbers are now assigned by the central issuing office of the SSA , it is unlikely that duplication will ever occur again . A few duplications did occur when prenumbered cards were sent out to regional SSA offices and ( originally ) Post Offices . Employee , patient , student , and credit records are sometimes indexed by Social Security number . The U.S. Armed Forces has used the Social Security number as an identification number for Army and Air Force personnel since July 1 , 1969 , the Navy and Marine Corps for their personnel since January 1 , 1972 , and the Coast Guard for their personnel since October 1 , 1974 . Previously , the United States military used a much more complicated system of service numbers that varied by service . Beginning in June 2011 , DOD began removing the Social Security number from military identification cards . It is replaced by a unique DOD identification number , formerly known as the EDIPI . Non-universal status ( edit ) An old Social Security card with the `` not for identification '' message Social Security was originally a universal tax , but when Medicare was passed in 1965 , objecting religious groups in existence prior to 1951 were allowed to opt out of the system . Because of this , not every American is part of the Social Security program , and not everyone has a number . However , a social security number is required for parents to claim their children as dependents for federal income tax purposes , and the Internal Revenue Service requires all corporations to obtain SSNs ( or alternative identifying numbers ) from their employees , as described below . The Old Order Amish have fought to prevent universal Social Security by overturning rules such as a requirement to provide a Social Security number for a hunting license . Social Security cards printed from January 1946 until January 1972 expressly stated that people should not use the number and card for identification . Since nearly everyone in the United States now has an SSN , it became convenient to use it anyway and the message was removed . Since then , Social Security numbers have become de facto national identification numbers . Although some people do not have an SSN assigned to them , it is becoming increasingly difficult to engage in legitimate financial activities such as applying for a loan or a bank account without one . While the government can not require an individual to disclose their SSN without a legal basis , companies may refuse to provide service to an individual who does not provide an SSN . The card on which an SSN is issued is still not suitable for primary identification as it has no photograph , no physical description and no birth date . All it does is confirm that a particular number has been issued to a particular name . Instead , a driver 's license or state ID card is used as an identification for adults . Use required for federal tax purposes ( edit ) Internal Revenue Code section 6109 ( d ) provides : `` The social security account number issued to an individual for purposes of section 205 ( c ) ( 2 ) ( A ) of the Social Security Act ( codified as 42 U.S.C. § 405 ( c ) ( 2 ) ( A ) ) shall , except as shall otherwise be specified under regulations of the Secretary ( of the Treasury or his delegate ) , be used as the identifying number for such individual for purposes of this title ( the Internal Revenue Code , title 26 of the United States Code ) . '' The Internal Revenue Code also provides , when required by regulations prescribed by the Secretary ( of the Treasury or his delegate ) : Inclusion in returns : Any person required under the authority of this title to make a return , statement , or other document shall include in such return , statement , or other document such identifying number as may be prescribed for securing proper identification of such person . Furnishing number to other persons : Any person with respect to whom a return , statement , or other document is required under the authority of this title to be made by another person or whose identifying number is required to be shown on a return of another person shall furnish to such other person such identifying number as may be prescribed for securing his proper identification . According to U.S. Treasury regulations , any person who , after October 31 , 1962 , works as an employee for wages subject to Social Security taxes , Medicare taxes , or U.S. federal income tax withholdings is required to apply for `` an account number '' using `` Form SS - 5 . '' A taxpayer who is not eligible to have a Social Security number must obtain an alternative Taxpayer Identification Number . Types of Social Security cards ( edit ) Three different types of Social Security cards are issued . The most common type contains the cardholder 's name and number . Such cards are issued to U.S. citizens and U.S. permanent residents . There are also two restricted types of Social Security cards : One reads `` not valid for employment . '' Such cards can not be used as proof of work authorization , and are not acceptable as a List C document on the I - 9 form . The other reads `` valid for work only with DHS authorization '' , or the older , `` valid for work only with INS authorization . '' These cards are issued to people who have temporary work authorization in the U.S. They can satisfy the I - 9 requirement , if they are accompanied by a work authorization card . In 2004 Congress passed The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act ; parts of which mandated that the Social Security Administration redesign the Social Security Number ( SSN ) Card to prevent forgery . From April 2006 through August 2007 , Social Security Administration ( SSA ) and Government Printing Office ( GPO ) employees were assigned to redesign the Social Security Number Card to the specifications of the Interagency Task Force created by the Commissioner of Social Security in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security . The new SSN card design utilizes both covert and overt security features created by the SSA and GPO design teams . Identity theft ( edit ) Dog tag from World War II ( possibly Army - Air Corps ) , labeled `` P '' for Protestant . Many citizens and privacy advocates are concerned about the disclosure and processing of Social Security numbers . Furthermore , researchers at Carnegie Mellon University have demonstrated an algorithm that uses publicly available personal information to reconstruct a given SSN . The SSN is frequently used by those involved in identity theft , since it is interconnected with many other forms of identification , and because people asking for it treat it as an authenticator . Financial institutions generally require an SSN to set up bank accounts , credit cards , and loans -- partly because they assume that no one except the person it was issued to knows it . Exacerbating the problem of using the social security number as an identifier is the fact that the social security card contains no biometric identifiers of any sort , making it essentially impossible to tell whether a person using a certain SSN truly belongs to someone without relying on other documentation ( which may itself have been falsely procured through use of the fraudulent SSN ) . Congress has proposed federal laws that restrict the use of SSNs for identification and bans their use for a number of commercial purposes -- e.g. , rental applications . The Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) offers alternatives to SSNs in some places where providing untrusted parties with identification numbers is essential . Tax return preparers must obtain and use a Preparer Tax Identification Number ( PTIN ) to include on their client 's tax returns ( as part of signature requirements ) . Day care services have tax benefits , and even a sole proprietor should give parents an EIN ( employer identification number ) to use on their tax return . The Social Security Administration has suggested that , if asked to provide his or her Social Security number , a citizen should ask which law requires its use . In accordance with § 7213 of the 9 / 11 Commission Implementation Act of 2004 and 20 C.F.R. 422.103 ( e ) ( 2 ) , the number of replacement Social Security cards per person is generally limited to three per calendar year and ten in a lifetime . Identity confusion has also occurred because of the use of local Social Security numbers by the Federated States of Micronesia , the Republic of the Marshall Islands , and the Republic of Palau , whose numbers overlap with those of residents of New Hampshire and Maine . Replacement numbers ( edit ) A person can request a new Social Security number , but only under certain conditions ; Where sequential numbers assigned to members of the same family are causing problems . In the event of duplicates having been issued . In cases where the person has been a victim of domestic violence or harassment , and there is a clear need to change their number for their personal safety . When a person has been a victim of identity theft , and their Social Security number continues to be problematic . Where a person has a demonstrable religious objection to a number ( such as certain Christians being averse to the number 666 ) . For all of these conditions , credible third - party evidence such as a restraining order or police report , is required . Structure ( edit ) The Social Security number is a nine - digit number in the format `` AAA - GG - SSSS '' . The number is divided into three parts . On June 25 , 2011 , the SSA changed the SSN assignment process to `` SSN randomization '' . SSN randomization affects the SSN assignment process in the following ways : It eliminates the geographical significance of the first three digits of the SSN , previously referred to as the Area Number , by no longer allocating the Area Numbers for assignment to individuals in specific states . It eliminates the significance of the highest group number and , as a result , the High Group List is frozen in time and can be used for validation of only those SSNs issued prior to the randomization implementation date ( see section `` Valid SSNs '' ) . Previously unassigned area numbers have been introduced for assignment excluding area numbers 000 , 666 and 900 -- 999 . Note : Individual Taxpayer Identification Numbers ( ITINs ) are issued by the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) , so they are not affected by this SSA change . Historical structure ( edit ) Prior to 2011 , the first three digits known as the area number were assigned by geographical region . Prior to 1973 , cards were issued in local Social Security offices around the country and the area number represented the office code where the card was issued . This did not necessarily have to be in the area where the applicant lived , since a person could apply for their card in any Social Security office . Since 1973 , when the SSA began assigning SSNs and issuing cards centrally from Baltimore , the area number assigned has been based on the ZIP code in the mailing address provided on the application for the original Social Security card . The applicant 's mailing address does not have to be the same as their place of residence . Thus , the area number does not necessarily represent the state of residence of the applicant regardless of whether the card was issued prior to , or after , 1973 . Wikipedia has a list of Social Security Area Numbers for each state . Generally , numbers were assigned beginning in the northeast and moving south and westward , so that people on the east coast had the lowest numbers and those on the west coast had the highest numbers . As the areas assigned to a locality are exhausted , new areas from the pool are assigned , so some states have noncontiguous groups of numbers . The middle two digits are the group number . The group numbers range from 01 to 99 . However , they are not assigned in consecutive order . For administrative reasons , group numbers are issued in the following order : odd numbers from 01 through 09 . even numbers from 10 through 98 . even numbers from 02 through 08 . odd numbers from 11 through 99 . As an example , group number 98 is issued before 11 . The last four digits are serial numbers . They represent a straight numerical sequence of digits from 0001 to 9999 within the group . Exhaustion and reuse ( edit ) The Social Security Administration does not reuse Social Security numbers . It has issued over 450 million since the start of the program , and at a use rate of about 5.5 million per year it says it has enough to last several generations without reuse or changing the number of digits . However , there have been instances where multiple individuals have been inadvertently assigned the same Social Security number . Valid SSNs ( edit ) Prior to June 25 , 2011 , a valid SSN could not have an area number between 734 and 749 , or above 772 , the highest area number the Social Security Administration has allocated . Effective June 25 , 2011 , the SSA assigns SSNs randomly and allows for the assignment of area numbers between 734 and 749 and above 772 through the 800s . This should not be confused with Tax Identification Numbers ( TINs ) , which include additional area numbers . Some special numbers are never allocated : Numbers with all zeros in any digit group ( 000 - # # - # # # # , # # # - 00 - # # # # , # # # - # # - 0000 ) . Numbers with 666 or 900 - 999 ( Individual Taxpayer Identification Number ) in the first digit group . Until 2011 , the SSA published the last group number used for each area number . Since group numbers were allocated in a regular pattern , it was possible to identify an unissued SSN that contained an invalid group number . Now numbers are assigned randomly , and fraudulent SSNs are not easily detectable with publicly available information . Many online services , however , provide SSN validation . Unlike many similar numbers , no check digit is included . SSNs used in advertising ( edit ) The promotional Social Security card as distributed by the F.W. Woolworth Company Some SSNs used in advertising have rendered those numbers invalid . One famous instance of this occurred in 1938 when the E.H. Ferree Company in Lockport , New York , decided to promote its product by showing how a Social Security card would fit into its wallets . A sample card , used for display purposes , was placed in each wallet , which was sold by Woolworth and other department stores across the country ; the wallet manufacturer 's vice president and treasurer Douglas Patterson used the actual SSN of his secretary , Hilda Schrader Whitcher . Even though the card was printed in red ( the real card is printed in blue ) and had `` Specimen '' printed across the front , many people used Whitcher 's SSN as their own . The Social Security Administration 's account of the incident also claims that the fake card was half the size of a real card , despite a miniature card 's being useless for its purpose and despite Whitcher 's holding two cards of apparently identical size in the accompanying photograph . Over time , the number that appeared ( 078 - 05 - 1120 ) has been claimed by a total of over 40,000 people as their own . The SSA initiated an advertising campaign stating that it was incorrect to use the number . ( Hilda Whitcher was issued a new SSN . ) However , the number was found to be in use by 12 individuals as late as 1977 . More recently , Todd Davis distributed his SSN in advertisements for his company 's LifeLock identity theft protection service , which allowed his identity to be stolen over a dozen times . See also ( edit ) Cadastro de Pessoas Físicas Death Master File Feature creep INSEE code Italian fiscal code card Kennitala National Insurance number National Registration Identity Card NHI Number NIE Number Permanent account number Personally identifiable information PESEL PPS number Social Insurance Number Tax file number Uniform civil number Unique Population Registry Code References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Story of the Social Security Number '' . Ssa.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Kouri , Jim ( March 9 , 2005 ) . `` Social Security Cards : De Facto National Identification '' . American Chronicle . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 20 C.F.R. 422.103 ( b ) Jump up ^ `` Social Security Online '' . Ssa.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The First Social Security Number and the Lowest Number '' . Social Security History . United States Social Security Administration . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Applicant on Pension List '' . Ogden Standard Examiner . Ogden , Utah . December 2 , 1936 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Long , Wayne S. ( Spring 1993 ) . `` Social Security Numbers Issued : A 20 - Year Review '' ( PDF ) . Social Security Journal . 56 ( 1 ) : 82 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Jack ( 1993 ) . `` A strategy for assembling samples of adult twin pairs in the United States '' . Statistics in Medicine . 12 : 1693 -- 1702 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tax Reform Act of 1986 '' . Social Security History . United States Social Security Administration . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . ( `` Unlike the PIN the SSN is not universally assigned , nor is it issued at birth . In the U.S. , assignment of the SSN occurs traditionally when an individual joins the workforce , usually as a teenager . The age at SSN issuance , however , has been declining for decades `` and recent changes in the tax law now require that all infants claimed as dependants must have an SSN by one year of age . '' ) Jump up ^ Jeffrey B. Liebman ( December 2000 ) . `` Who Are the Ineligible EITC Recipients ? '' . National Tax Journal . 53 : 1165 -- 1186 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security Number Chronology '' . Social Security Administration . ^ Jump up to : `` Social Security Numbers For Children '' . Social Security Administration . Jump up ^ `` National Personnel Records Center '' . National Archives . Jump up ^ `` DOD removes SSAN from ID cards '' . Jump up ^ `` The Amish & Social Security '' . Amishnews.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Amish reject giving Social Security numbers to get licenses '' . The Chippewa Herald . August 30 , 1999 . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Version History '' . Social Security History . United States Social Security Administration . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pear , Robert ( July 26 , 1998 ) . `` The Nation ; Not for Identification Purposes ( Just Kidding ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security Number Not Required '' . Scribd.com. 2008 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Charles H. Mullen , Associate Commissioner ( March 18 , 1998 ) , Letter to Mr. Scott McDonald ( PDF ) , Office of Public Enquiries , Social Security Administration , retrieved July 27 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Can I refuse to give my Social Security number to a private business ? '' . Frequently Asked Questions . United States Social Security Administration . May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 6109 ( d ) . Jump up ^ See 26 U.S.C. § 6109 ( a ) . Jump up ^ See 26 C.F.R. sec . 31.6011 ( b ) - 2 ( a ) ( 1 ) ( ii ) . Jump up ^ `` New algorithm guesses SSNs using date and place of birth '' . Ars Technica . July 2009 . Jump up ^ Broache , Anne . `` Congress may slap restrictions on SSN use - CNET News '' . News.cnet.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Your Social Security Number And Card , `` How can I protect my Social Security number ? '' `` . Social Security Administration . Jump up ^ Meyer , Bill ( August 2009 ) . `` How many Americans ' Social Security numbers were officially duplicated for Pacific islanders ? '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security : Frequently Asked Questions - Can I change my Social Security number ? '' . Social Security Administration . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Numbers for Domestic Violence Victims '' ( PDF ) . Social Security Administration . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Social Security Administration . `` The SSN Numbering Scheme '' . Retrieved December 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security Number Randomization '' . Socialsecurity.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The SSN Numbering Scheme '' . Socialsecurity.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Q20 : Are Social Security numbers reused after a person dies ? '' . Frequently Asked Questions . United States Social Security Administration . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A tale of two women : same birthday , same Social Security number , same big - data mess '' . PC World . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` List of valid area numbers '' . Social Security Administration . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taxpayer Identification Numbers ( TIN ) '' . Internal Revenue Service . ^ Jump up to : `` Which Social Security numbers are invalid ? '' . Social Security Administration . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RM 10201.035 Invalid Social Security Numbers ( SSNs ) '' . Program Operations Manual System ( POMS ) . United States Social Security Administration . June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` List currently allocated group numbers for each area number '' . Social Security Administration . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The story of the most misused number of all time ... '' Social Security Administration . Jump up ^ Kim Zetter , CEO 's Identity Stolen 13 Times , Wired ( May 18 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Jaikumar Vijayan , LifeLock CEO said to be victim of identity theft 13 times , ComputerWorld ( May 19 , 2010 ) ) External links ( edit ) Social Security Administration Social Security Death Index Database listing over 85 million SSNs , all of which entered the public domain upon the death of their owners The Woolworth Card : The SSN 078 - 05 - 1120 has been claimed by thousands of people since the late 1930s Social Security Cards Issued by Woolworth : `` The story of the most misused number of all time '' Complete list of area number groups from the Social Security Administration Social Security Administration 's FAQ for Social Security Numbers Social Security card application Hearing on Removing Social Security Numbers from Medicare Cards : Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Social Security and Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Ways and Means , U.S. House of Representatives , One Hundred Twelfth Congress , Second Session , August 1 , 2012 Look up public information about Social Security Numbers derived from the SSN enumeration pattern prior to 2011 Social Security ( United States ) Key articles History of Social Security Social Security Administration Social Security number Assistance programs Disability Determination Services Retirement Insurance Benefits Social Security Disability Insurance Supplemental Security Income Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Ticket to Work Unemployment benefits Health care Medicaid Medicare SCHIP Law Disability fraud FICA Revenue Act of 1942 Social Security Act Social Security Amendments of 1965 Social Security Death Index Social Security Trust Fund Windfall Elimination Provision Other Legacy debt Numident Office of the Chief Actuary Primary Insurance Amount Social Security debate ( United States ) Social Security Wage Base Years of coverage National identification numbers by country Australia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil ( RG CPF CNPJ ) Bulgaria Canada China Croatia Denmark France Ghana Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Italy Macedonia Malaysia Mexico Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Poland Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Singapore Slovenia South Korea Spain ( DNI NIE ) Sri Lanka Sweden Taiwan Turkey United Kingdom United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_Security_number&oldid=815562458 '' Categories : National identification numbers Social Security ( United States ) Taxation in the United States Unique identifiers Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Română Русский ᏣᎳᎩ 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 16 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did they start issuing social security numbers | [
"Social Security numbers were first issued by the Social Security Administration in November 1935 as part of the New Deal Social Security program. Within three months, 25 million numbers were issued.[4]"
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"November 1935"
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-7349590091707602391 | Moon over Parador | Moon over Parador - wikipedia Moon over Parador Jump to : navigation , search Moon Over Parador Theatrical release poster Directed by Paul Mazursky Produced by Paul Mazursky Screenplay by Leon Capetanos Paul Mazursky Based on `` Caviar for His Excellency '' by Charles G. Booth Starring Richard Dreyfuss Raúl Juliá Sônia Braga Jonathan Winters Fernando Rey Music by Maurice Jarre Cinematography Donald McAlpine Edited by Stuart H. Pappé Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date September 9 , 1988 ( 1988 - 09 - 09 ) Running time 103 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $11,444,204 Moon over Parador is a 1988 romantic comedy film , starring Richard Dreyfuss , Raúl Juliá and Sonia Braga . It is a remake of the 1939 film The Magnificent Fraud , based on the unpublished short story entitled `` Caviar for His Excellency '' by Charles G. Booth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Locations 5 Reception 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The film follows the exploits of film actor Jack Noah ( Dreyfuss ) , who is filming in the small , fictional South American country of Parador when Paradorian President Alfonse Simms , a Pinochet - style dictator , suddenly dies of a heart attack . Not wanting to lose his position in power , the president 's right - hand man , Roberto Strausmann ( Juliá ) forces Jack to take the ' role of a lifetime ' - that of the dead president , as the two men look so much alike . Jack accepts , eventually winning over the people and even the dead president 's mistress , Madonna ( Braga ) . However , when Paradise proves to be too boring , Jack needs to find a way to get out while keeping Roberto out of the loop . Cast ( edit ) Richard Dreyfuss - Jack Noah / President Alphonse Simms Lorin Dreyfuss - the real Alphonse Simms Raúl Juliá - Roberto Strausmann Sonia Braga - Madonna Mendez Dana Delany - Jenny Jonathan Winters - Ralph Fernando Rey - Alejandro Michael Greene - Clint Polly Holliday - Midge Milton Gonçalves - Carlo Charo - Madame Lupe Marianne Sägebrecht - Magda Feldmarck Sammy Davis , Jr . - Himself Ike Pappas - Himself Edward Asner - Himself Reinhard Kolldehoff - Gunther Feldmarck Production ( edit ) In the beginning , while both the President and Jack are in the scene , the President is played by Dreyfuss ' older brother Lorin . During a scene where Jack has to address the crowd as the Paradorian President , he ad - libs his lines and uses the text for the song `` The Impossible Dream '' from Man of La Mancha . Sammy Davis Jr. 's rendition of Parador 's national anthem is sung against the music for `` Bésame Mucho '' . The previous Paradorian National Anthem ( `` O Parador '' ) is sung to the tune of `` O Christmas Tree '' . Director Paul Mazursky appears uncredited in drag , playing Simms ' mother . Mazursky 's wife Betsy appears at a buffet table and asks , `` Por favor , is it safe to eat this lettuce here ? '' His daughter , Jill , plays the assistant director of the second film crew to shoot in Parador . Locations ( edit ) New York City , New York , USA Ouro Preto , Minas Gerais , Brazil Rio de Janeiro City , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Salvador , Bahia , Brazil Reception ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews and has a 42 % rating from Rotten Tomatoes . Despite opening at # 1 in the box office , the film was unable to cover its production costs , making it a flop . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Golden Globe Award Nominated , `` Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture '' - Raúl Juliá Nominated , `` Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture '' - Sônia Braga References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Moon Over Parador ( 1988 ) '' . Box Office Mojo. 1988 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Moon over Parador on IMDb Moon over Parador at Rotten Tomatoes Moon over Parador at AllMovie ( hide ) Films directed by Paul Mazursky Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice ( 1969 ) Alex in Wonderland ( 1970 ) Blume in Love ( 1973 ) Harry and Tonto ( 1974 ) Next Stop , Greenwich Village ( 1976 ) An Unmarried Woman ( 1978 ) Willie & Phil ( 1980 ) Tempest ( 1982 ) Moscow on the Hudson ( 1984 ) Down and Out in Beverly Hills ( 1986 ) Moon over Parador ( 1988 ) Enemies , A Love Story ( 1989 ) Scenes from a Mall ( 1991 ) The Pickle ( 1993 ) Faithful ( 1996 ) Winchell ( 1998 ) Coast to Coast ( 2003 ) Yippee ( 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moon_over_Parador&oldid=782912200 '' Categories : English - language films 1988 films Films directed by Paul Mazursky 1980s romantic comedy films American romantic comedy films American films Films about actors Films about Latin American military dictatorships American film remakes Films shot in Rio de Janeiro ( city ) Films shot in Salvador , Bahia Films shot in Ouro Preto Films shot in New York City Films set in a fictional South American country Universal Pictures films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2017 , at 00 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the movie moon over parador filmed | [
"\nNew York City, New York, USA\nOuro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil\nRio de Janeiro City, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil\nSalvador, Bahia, Brazil\n",
"\nNew York City, New York, USA\nOuro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil\nRio de Janeiro City, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil\nSalvador, Bahia, Brazil\n",
"\nNew York City, New York, USA\nOuro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil\nRio de Janeiro City, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil\nSalvador, Bahia, Brazil\n",
"\nNew York City, New York, USA\nOuro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil\nRio de Janeiro City, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil\nSalvador, Bahia, Brazil\n"
] | [
"New York City, New York, USA",
"Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil",
"Rio de Janeiro City, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil",
"Salvador, Bahia, Brazil"
] |
6951686118540866488 | Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament | Ice Hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- men 's tournament - wikipedia Ice Hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- men 's tournament Jump to : navigation , search 2018 Winter Olympics Tournament details Host country South Korea Dates 14 -- 25 February Teams 12 Venue ( s ) 2 ( in 1 host city ) Final positions Champions Olympic Athletes from Russia ( 1st title ) Runner - up Germany Third place Canada Fourth place Czech Republic Tournament statistics Matches played 30 Goals scored 154 ( 5.13 per match ) Attendance 138,327 ( 4,611 per match ) Scoring leader ( s ) Nikita Gusev ( 12 points ) MVP Ilya Kovalchuk ← 2014 2022 → Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics Qualification men women Tournament men women Rosters men women The men 's tournament in ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held in Gangneung , South Korea between 14 and 25 February 2018 . Twelve countries qualified for the tournament ; eight of them did so automatically by virtue of their ranking by the International Ice Hockey Federation , one , South Korea , automatically qualified as hosts , while the three others took part in a qualification tournament . After five consecutive Olympic tournaments in which the National Hockey League ( the world 's premier professional league ) allowed its players to participate in the Olympics and adjusted its schedule to accommodate the tournament , the NHL announced in 2017 that it would prohibit any player under NHL contract , including those not actually playing for an NHL team , from participating in the Olympics . The NHL secured the cooperation of the International Ice Hockey Federation and the IOC ensuring that nations would not be allowed to ask NHL players to participate . Unlike the NHL , a vast majority of European leagues accommodated an Olympic break , headlined by Russia - based KHL 's 33 - day break , Sweden - based Swedish Hockey League 's 14 - day break , Switzerland - based National League 's 25 - day break , German - based Eishockey Liga 's 26 - day break , Czech Republic - based Extraliga 's 18 - day break and Slovakia - based Tipsport liga 's 14 - day break . Conversely , Finland - based SM - liiga accommodated a 10 - day - break . However , Liiga allowed its top players to leave their clubs and participate in the Olympics . The Russian national team , competing under the name of the Olympic athletes from Russia ( OAR ) , won the gold medal for the first time in 26 years , defeating the German national team with a score of 4 : 3 in overtime in the finals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualification 1.1 Qualified teams 2 Rosters 3 Match officials 4 Preliminary round 4.1 Tiebreak criteria 4.2 Group A 4.3 Group B 4.4 Group C 4.5 Ranking after preliminary round 5 Playoff round 5.1 Bracket 5.2 Qualification playoffs 5.3 Quarterfinals 5.4 Semifinals 5.5 Bronze medal game 5.6 Gold medal game 6 Final ranking 7 Statistics 7.1 Scoring leaders 7.2 Leading goaltenders 8 Awards 9 References 10 External links Qualification ( edit ) Main article : Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Men 's qualification Canada , Russia , Sweden , Finland , United States , Czech Republic , Switzerland , and Slovakia qualified as the top eight teams in the IIHF World Ranking in 2015 . South Korea qualified as host team . To field a competitive team , the South Korean government agreed to grant one American and six Canadian hockey players that were playing in Korean leagues dual citizenship to make them eligible for the national team . The remaining three teams qualified from qualification tournaments . Qualified teams ( edit ) Event Date Location Vacancies Qualified Hosts 19 September 2014 Tenerife South Korea 2015 IIHF World Ranking 2 April 2012 -- 17 May 2015 Prague and Ostrava 8 Sweden Finland Canada Russia United States Czech Republic Switzerland Slovakia Final qualification tournament 1 -- 4 September 2016 Minsk Slovenia Final qualification tournament 1 -- 4 September 2016 Riga Germany Final qualification tournament 1 -- 4 September 2016 Oslo Norway Total 12 Notes 2015 IIHF World Ranking were comprising the following events : 2012 World Championship , 2013 World Championship , 2014 Winter Olympic Games , 2014 World Championship and 2015 World Championship Prague and Ostrava were the sites for 2015 IIHF World Championship ; at the conclusion of the tournament the ranking were finalized with regards to the qualification slots . In December 2017 , the IOC suspended Russia from competing at the Winter Olympics as part of its sanctions following state - sponsored doping allegations . Some of Russian athletes with no history of doping violations , including the men 's ice hockey squad , were permitted to compete as neutrals under the name `` Olympic Athletes from Russia '' Rosters ( edit ) Main article : Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Men 's team rosters Match officials ( edit ) 14 referees and 14 linesmen were selected for the tournament . Referees Oliver Gouin Brett Iverson Jan Hribik Antonín Jeřábek Aleksi Rantala Anssi Salonen Roman Gofman Konstantin Olenin Daniel Stricker Tobias Wehrli Jozef Kubuš Linus Öhlund Mark Lemelin Timothy Mayer Linesmen Nathan Vanoosten Vít Lederer Miroslav Lhotský Hannu Sormunen Sakari Suominen Lukas Kohlmüller Gleb Lazarev Alexander Otmakhov Nicolas Fluri Roman Kaderli Jimmy Dahmen Henrik Pihlblad Fraser McIntyre Judson Ritter Preliminary round ( edit ) All times are local ( UTC + 9 ) . Tiebreak criteria ( edit ) In each group , teams will be ranked according to the following criteria : Number of points ( three points for a regulation - time win , two points for an overtime or shootout win , one point for an overtime or shootout defeat , no points for a regulation - time defeat ) ; In case two teams are tied on points , the result of their head - to - head match will determine the ranking ; In case three or four teams are tied on points , the following criteria will apply ( if , after applying a criterion , only two teams remain tied , the result of their head - to - head match will determine their ranking ) : Points obtained in head - to - head matches between the teams concerned ; Goal differential in head - to - head matches between the teams concerned ; Number of goals scored in head - to - head matches between the teams concerned ; If three teams remain tied , result of head - to - head matches between each of the teams concerned and the remaining team in the group ( points , goal difference , goals scored ) ; Place in 2017 IIHF World Ranking . Group A ( edit ) Pos Team Pld OTW OTL GF GA GD Pts Qualification Czech Republic 0 0 9 + 5 8 Quarterfinals Canada 0 0 11 + 7 7 Switzerland 0 0 10 9 + 1 Qualification playoffs South Korea ( H ) 0 0 0 14 − 13 0 Source : IIHF ( H ) Host . 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Czech Republic 2 -- 1 ( 2 -- 1 , 0 -- 0 , 0 -- 0 ) South Korea Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 6,025 ( show ) Game reference Pavel Francouz Goalies Matt Dalton Referees : Mark Lemelin Linus Öhlund Linesmen : Henrik Pihlblad Sakari Suominen 0 -- 1 07 : 34 -- Cho M. ( Radunske , Swift ) Kovář ( Řepík , Sekáč ) ( PP ) -- 11 : 59 1 -- 1 Řepík ( Birner , Francouz ) ( SH ) -- 16 : 18 2 -- 1 8 min Penalties 6 min 40 Shots 18 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Switzerland 1 -- 5 ( 0 -- 2 , 0 -- 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Canada Kwandong Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 2,802 ( show ) Game reference Leonardo Genoni Jonas Hiller Goalies Ben Scrivens Referees : Antonín Jeřábek Konstantin Olenin Linesmen : Jimmy Dahmen Alexander Otmakhov 0 -- 1 02 : 57 -- Bourque ( Lee , Roy ) 0 -- 2 07 : 30 -- Noreau ( Lee , Roy ) ( PP ) 0 -- 3 25 : 00 -- Bourque ( Roy ) ( PP ) 0 -- 4 25 : 52 -- Wolski ( Noreau ) Moser ( Rüfenacht , Ambühl ) ( PP , EA ) -- 47 : 33 1 -- 4 1 -- 5 54 : 53 -- Wolski ( Kelly , Ebbett ) ( ENG ) 6 min Penalties 6 min 29 Shots 28 000000002018 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 2018 v 12 : 10 Canada 2 -- 3 GWS ( 2 -- 1 , 0 -- 1 , 0 -- 0 ) ( OT : 0 -- 0 ) ( SO : 0 -- 1 ) Czech Republic Gangneung Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 6,731 ( show ) Game reference Ben Scrivens Goalies Pavel Francouz Referees : Roman Gofman Anssi Salonen Linesmen : Gleb Lazarov Judson Ritter Raymond ( Vey , Gragnani ) ( PP ) -- 01 : 13 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 06 : 52 -- Kubalík Bourque ( Noreau , Brulé ) ( PP ) -- 13 : 30 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 20 : 25 -- Jordán ( Birner , Horák ) Lapierre Wolski Roy Bourque Noreau Shootout Růžička Koukal Kovář Červenka 6 min Penalties 10 min 33 Shots 21 000000002018 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 2018 v 16 : 40 South Korea 0 -- 8 ( 0 -- 1 , 0 -- 2 , 0 -- 5 ) Switzerland Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 6,568 ( show ) Game reference Matt Dalton Park Sung - je Goalies Jonas Hiller Referees : Jan Hribik Aleksi Rantala Linesmen : Miroslav Lhotský Fraser McIntyre 0 -- 1 10 : 23 -- Hollenstein ( Haas , Loeffel ) 0 -- 2 27 : 36 -- Du Bois 0 -- 3 35 : 55 -- Suter ( Herzog ) 0 -- 4 43 : 50 -- Rüfenacht ( Untersander , Almond ) 0 -- 5 45 : 17 -- Suter ( Ambühl , Moser ) 0 -- 6 46 : 45 -- Schäppi ( Almond , Geering ) 0 -- 7 51 : 24 -- Suter ( Geering , Ambühl ) 0 -- 8 55 : 10 -- Corvi ( Hofmann , Du Bois ) 8 min Penalties 10 min 25 Shots 34 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 18 February 2018 v 16 : 40 Czech Republic 4 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 , 0 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 ) Switzerland Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 6,137 ( show ) Game reference Pavel Francouz Goalies Jonas Hiller Referees : Brett Iverson Konstantin Olenin Linesmen : Judson Ritter Nathan Vanoosten Řepík ( Erat , Horák ) ( PP ) -- 07 : 09 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 14 : 47 -- Rüfenacht ( Ambühl , Suter ) Kubalík ( Kovář , Kolář ) -- 43 : 02 2 -- 1 Červenka ( Kolář ) ( ENG ) -- 58 : 40 3 -- 1 Řepík ( Birner , Nakládal ) ( ENG ) -- 59 : 11 4 -- 1 10 min Penalties 2 min 28 Shots 29 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 18 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Canada 4 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 ) South Korea Gangneung Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 6,038 ( show ) Game reference Kevin Poulin Goalies Matt Dalton Referees : Jozef Kubuš Daniel Stricker Linesmen : Nicolas Fluri Vít Lederer Thomas ( Genoway , Wolski ) -- 07 : 36 1 -- 0 O'Dell ( Gragnani , Klinkhammer ) -- 34 : 22 2 -- 0 Lapierre ( Roy ) -- 45 : 43 3 -- 0 Brulé ( Lee , Roy ) ( PP ) -- 58 : 02 4 -- 0 8 min Penalties 8 min 49 Shots 19 Group b ( edit ) Pos Team Pld OTW OTL GF GA GD Pts Qualification Olympic Athletes from Russia 0 0 14 5 + 9 6 Quarterfinals Slovenia 0 0 8 12 − 4 Qualification playoffs United States 0 8 − 4 Slovakia 0 6 7 − 1 Source : IIHF Notes : ^ Jump up to : Slovenia 4 Pts ; USA 4 Pts ; Slovakia 1 Pts . Slovenia defeated USA 3 -- 2 in overtime . 000000002018 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Slovakia 3 -- 2 ( 2 -- 2 , 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 ) Olympic Athletes from Russia Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 4,025 ( show ) Game reference Branislav Konrád Goalies Vasily Koshechkin Referees : Brett Iverson Aleksi Rantala Linesmen : Vít Lederer Nathan Vanoosten 0 -- 1 02 : 54 -- Gavrikov ( Voinov , Shirokov ) 0 -- 2 04 : 08 -- Kaprizov ( Gusev , Gavrikov ) Ölvecký ( Graňák ) -- 16 : 05 1 -- 2 Bakoš -- 17 : 55 2 -- 2 Čerešňák ( Haščák , Bakoš ) ( PP ) -- 48 : 30 3 -- 2 12 min Penalties 10 min 19 Shots 22 000000002018 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 2018 v 21 : 10 United States 2 -- 3 OT ( 1 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 , 0 -- 2 ) ( OT 0 -- 1 ) Slovenia Kwandong Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 3,348 ( show ) Game reference Ryan Zapolski Goalies Gašper Krošelj Referees : Jan Hribik Anssi Salonen Linesmen : Roman Kaderli Lukas Kohlmüller O'Neill ( Roe , Donato ) -- 17 : 44 1 -- 0 Greenway ( O'Neill , Sanguinetti ) -- 32 : 57 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 45 : 49 -- Urbas ( Gregorc , Vidmar ) 2 -- 2 58 : 23 -- Muršak ( Gregorc , Verlič ) 2 -- 3 60 : 38 -- Muršak ( Tičar , Urbas ) 6 min Penalties 6 min 36 Shots 25 000000002018 - 02 - 16 - 0000 16 February 2018 v 12 : 10 United States 2 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 , 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 ) Slovakia Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 5,652 ( show ) Game reference Ryan Zapolski Goalies Ján Laco Referees : Olivier Gouin Tobias Wehrli Linesmen : Nicolas Fluri Alexander Otmakhov Donato ( Terry , Bourque ) ( PP ) -- 07 : 10 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 07 : 35 -- Kudrna ( Surový , Čajkovský ) Donato ( Arcobello , Bourque ) ( PP ) -- 42 : 51 2 -- 1 4 min Penalties 10 min 31 Shots 22 000000002018 - 02 - 16 - 0000 16 February 2018 v 16 : 40 Olympic Athletes from Russia 8 -- 2 ( 2 -- 0 , 4 -- 1 , 2 -- 1 ) Slovenia Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 6,018 ( show ) Game reference Vasily Koshechkin Ilya Sorokin Goalies Luka Gračnar Referees : Mark Lemelin Daniel Stricker Linesmen : Lukas Kohlmüller Hannu Sormunen Mozyakin ( Datsyuk , Gusev ) ( PP ) -- 18 : 23 1 -- 0 Kovalchuk ( Yakovlev , Andronov ) -- 18 : 45 2 -- 0 Barabanov ( Grigorenko , Kalinin ) ( PP ) -- 26 : 00 3 -- 0 Kablukov ( Kovalchuk , Zub ) -- 28 : 48 4 -- 0 Kaprizov ( Gusev , Kiselevich ) -- 30 : 02 5 -- 0 5 -- 1 33 : 31 -- Muršak ( Verlič , Kuralt ) Kovalchuk ( Kalinin , Andronov ) -- 37 : 16 6 -- 1 Kaprizov ( Datsyuk , Kiselevich ) -- 41 : 15 7 -- 1 Kaprizov ( Zub , Gusev ) -- 47 : 12 8 -- 1 8 -- 2 59 : 27 -- Pance 8 min Penalties 6 min 34 Shots 15 000000002018 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Olympic Athletes from Russia 4 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 ) United States Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 6,473 ( show ) Game reference Vasily Koshechkin Goalies Ryan Zapolski Referees : Jozef Kubuš Linus Öhlund Linesmen : Vít Lederer Nicolas Fluri Prokhorkin ( Mozyakin , Barabanov ) -- 07 : 21 1 -- 0 Prokhorkin ( Shirokov , Mozyakin ) -- 22 : 14 2 -- 0 Kovalchuk ( Andronov ) -- 39 : 59 3 -- 0 Kovalchuk ( Voynov , Andronov ) -- 40 : 28 4 -- 0 10 min Penalties 10 min 26 Shots 29 000000002018 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Slovenia 3 -- 2 GWS ( 0 -- 0 , 2 -- 1 , 0 -- 1 ) ( OT : 0 -- 0 ) ( SO : 1 -- 0 ) Slovakia Kwandong Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 4,085 ( show ) Game reference Branislav Konrád Goalies Gašper Krošelj Referees : Antonín Jeřábek Timothy Mayer Linesmen : Hannu Sormunen Sakari Suominen Gregorc ( Muršak , Kuralt ) ( PP ) -- 21 : 00 1 -- 0 Kuralt ( Muršak , Gregorc ) ( PP ) -- 24 : 16 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 35 : 43 -- Bubela ( Čerešňák , Graňák ) ( PP ) 2 -- 2 45 : 56 -- Haščák ( Graňák , Čerešňák ) Tičar Urbas Muršak Sabolič Jeglič Shootout Kudrna Ölvecký Bakoš Nagy Haščák 4 min Penalties 8 min 30 Shots 25 Group C ( edit ) Pos Team Pld OTW OTL GF GA GD Pts Qualification Sweden 0 0 0 8 + 7 9 Quarterfinals Finland 0 0 11 6 + 5 6 Qualification playoffs Germany 0 0 7 − 3 Norway 0 0 11 − 9 Source : IIHF 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 2018 v 12 : 10 Finland 5 -- 2 ( 2 -- 1 , 2 -- 0 , 1 -- 1 ) Germany Gangneung Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 3,695 ( show ) Game reference Mikko Koskinen Goalies Danny aus den Birken Referees : Oliver Gouin Jozef Kubuš Linesmen : Nicolas Fluri Miroslav Lhotský Lepistö ( Kontiola , Tolvanen ) ( PP ) -- 03 : 13 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 08 : 44 -- Macek ( Ehrhoff , Wolf ) ( PP ) Pyörälä ( Lajunen , Manninen ) -- 15 : 30 2 -- 1 Tolvanen ( Hartikainen , Kemppainen ) ( PP ) -- 37 : 22 3 -- 1 Kukkonen ( Kontiola , Tolvanen ) -- 38 : 43 4 -- 1 4 -- 2 41 : 51 -- Hördler Kemppainen ( Tolvanen , Lepistö ) ( PP ) -- 52 : 48 5 -- 2 10 min Penalties 10 min 20 Shots 24 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 2018 v 16 : 40 Norway 0 -- 4 ( 0 -- 2 , 0 -- 0 , 0 -- 2 ) Sweden Gangneung Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 3,961 ( show ) Game reference Lars Haugen Goalies Viktor Fasth Referees : Roman Gofman Tobias Wehrli Linesmen : Gleb Lazarev Judson Ritter 0 -- 1 05 : 29 -- Lindholm ( Omark , Möller ) 0 -- 2 16 : 46 -- Lander ( Bertilsson ) 0 -- 3 48 : 42 -- Everberg ( Omark , Fransson ) 0 -- 4 49 : 04 -- Wikstrand ( Omark , Everberg ) 14 min Penalties 12 min 17 Shots 27 000000002018 - 02 - 16 - 0000 16 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Finland 5 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 , 1 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 ) Norway Gangneung Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 4,180 ( show ) Game reference Mikko Koskinen Goalies Lars Haugen Referees : Jan Hribik Brett Iverson Linesmen : Jimmy Dahmen Fraser McIntyre 0 -- 1 06 : 29 -- P. Thoresen ( Kristiansen , K.A. Olimb ) ( PP ) Tolvanen ( Lepistö ) ( PP ) -- 16 : 36 1 -- 1 Tolvanen ( Peltola ) -- 25 : 32 2 -- 1 Savinainen ( Koskiranta ) -- 42 : 59 3 -- 1 Lepistö ( Kontiola ) ( PP ) -- 47 : 54 4 -- 1 Manninen ( Kontiola ) -- 56 : 48 5 -- 1 8 min Penalties 12 min 30 Shots 22 000000002018 - 02 - 16 - 0000 16 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Sweden 1 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 , 0 -- 0 , 0 -- 0 ) Germany Kwandong Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 3,077 ( show ) Game reference Jhonas Enroth Goalies Timo Pielmeier Referees : Timothy Mayer Konstantin Olenin Linesmen : Roman Kaderli Nathan Vanoosten Stålberg ( Zackrisson , Bergström ) -- 02 : 00 1 -- 0 10 min Penalties 6 min 26 Shots 28 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 18 February 2018 v 12 : 10 Germany 2 -- 1 GWS ( 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 , 0 -- 1 ) ( OT : 0 -- 0 ) ( SO : 1 -- 0 ) Norway Gangneung Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 5,534 ( show ) Game reference Danny aus den Birken Goalies Lars Haugen Referees : Mark Lemelin Anssi Salonen Linesmen : Jimmy Dahmen Alexander Otmakhov Hager ( Kahun , Macek ) ( PP ) -- 32 : 53 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 45 : 19 -- Reichenberg ( Holøs , Bastiansen ) Hager Plachta Kahun Shootout Bastiansen Reichenberg M. Olimb 10 min Penalties 55 min 38 Shots 29 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 18 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Sweden 3 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 , 0 -- 1 , 2 -- 0 ) Finland Kwandong Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 3,861 ( show ) Game reference Viktor Fasth Goalies Mikko Koskinen Referees : Oliver Gouin Antonín Jeřábek Linesmen : Roman Kaderli Lukas Kohlmüller Lander ( Omark , Fasth ) -- 14 : 53 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 21 : 32 -- Kemppainen ( Koivisto , Junttila ) Zackrisson ( Fransson ) -- 48 : 53 2 -- 1 Möller ( Omark ) ( PP , ENG ) -- 59 : 55 3 -- 1 10 min Penalties 14 min 23 Shots 19 Ranking after preliminary round ( edit ) Following the completion of the preliminary round , all teams will be ranked 1D through 12D . To determine this ranking , the following criteria will be used in the order presented : higher position in the group higher number of points better goal difference higher number of goals scored for better 2017 IIHF World Ranking . Team advanced to Quarterfinals Team play in Qualification playoffs Rank Team Group Pos GP Pts GD GF IIHF Rank 01 ! 1D Sweden 9 + 7 8 02 ! 2D Czech Republic 8 + 5 9 6 03 ! 3D Olympic Athletes from Russia 6 + 9 14 04 ! 4D Canada 7 + 7 11 05 ! 5D Finland 6 + 5 11 06 ! 6D Slovenia − 4 8 15 07 ! 7D United States − 4 5 08 ! 8D Switzerland + 1 10 7 09 ! 9D Germany − 3 8 10 ! 10D Slovakia − 1 6 11 11 ! 11D Norway − 9 9 12 ! 12D South Korea 0 − 13 21 Playoff round ( edit ) Bracket ( edit ) Playoffs Quarterfinals Semifinals Gold medal game 21 February Czech Republic ( GWS ) 20 February United States United States 5 23 February Slovakia Czech Republic 0 Olympic Athletes from Russia 21 February Olympic Athletes from Russia 6 20 February Norway Slovenia 25 February Norway ( OT ) Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OT ) Germany 21 February Canada 20 February Finland 0 Finland 5 23 February South Korea Canada Germany Bronze medal game 21 February 24 February Sweden Czech Republic 20 February Germany ( OT ) Canada 6 Switzerland Germany ( OT ) Qualification playoffs ( edit ) The four highest - ranked teams ( 1D -- 4D ) received byes and were deemed the home team in the quarterfinals as they were seeded to advance , with the remaining eight teams ( 5D -- 12D ) playing qualification playoff games as follows . The losers of the qualification playoff games received a final ranking of 9 through 12 based on their preliminary round ranking . 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 20 February 2018 v 12 : 10 United States 5 -- 1 ( 0 -- 0 , 3 -- 1 , 2 -- 0 ) Slovakia Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 6,391 ( show ) Game reference Ryan Zapolski Goalies Ján Laco Referees : Aleksi Rantala Anssi Salonen Linesmen : Henrik Pihlblad Sakari Suominen Donato ( Gilroy , Terry ) -- 21 : 36 1 -- 0 Wisniewski ( Terry ) ( PP2 ) -- 22 : 20 2 -- 0 Arcobello ( Terry ) -- 33 : 30 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 36 : 54 -- Čerešňák ( Graňák , Nagy ) Roe ( Little , O'Neill ) -- 49 : 52 4 -- 1 Donato ( Wisniewski ) ( PP ) -- 56 : 46 5 -- 1 8 min Penalties 33 min 33 Shots 23 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 20 February 2018 v 16 : 40 Slovenia 1 -- 2 OT ( 1 -- 0 , 0 -- 0 , 0 -- 1 ) ( OT : 0 -- 1 ) Norway Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 6,312 ( show ) Game reference Gašper Krošelj Goalies Lars Haugen Referees : Daniel Stricker Tobias Wehrli Linesmen : Vít Lederer Miroslav Lhotský Urbas ( Muršak ) ( PP ) -- 06 : 38 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 43 : 06 -- Kristiansen ( Røymark , Bastiansen ) 1 -- 2 63 : 06 -- Bonsaksen ( Rosseli Olsen , P. Thoresen ) 4 min Penalties 12 min 34 Shots 26 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 20 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Finland 5 -- 2 ( 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 2 , 2 -- 0 ) South Korea Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 5,409 ( show ) Game reference Mikko Koskinen Goalies Matt Dalton Referees : Roman Gofman Timothy Mayer Linesmen : Nicolas Fluri Gleb Lazarev Kontiola ( Tolvanen , Kemppainen ) ( PP ) -- 04 : 42 1 -- 0 Kontiola ( Lepistö , Tolvanen ) ( PP ) -- 23 : 44 2 -- 0 Heiskanen ( Tolvanen ) -- 26 : 23 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 30 : 06 -- Radunske ( Regan , Kim S . ) 3 -- 2 32 : 09 -- Ahn ( Shin S-h ) Hietanen ( Osala , Savinainen ) ( PP ) -- 47 : 20 4 -- 2 Manninen ( Hietanen , Koskiranta ) ( ENG ) -- 59 : 53 5 -- 2 2 min Penalties 8 min 36 Shots 19 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 20 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Switzerland 1 -- 2 OT ( 0 -- 1 , 1 -- 0 , 0 -- 0 ) ( OT : 0 -- 1 ) Germany Kwandong Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 2,878 ( show ) Game reference Jonas Hiller Goalies Danny aus den Birken Referees : Jan Hribik Linus Öhlund Linesmen : Fraser McIntyre Hannu Sormunen 0 -- 1 01 : 19 -- Pföderl ( Hördler , Hager ) ( PP ) Moser ( Ambühl , Suter ) -- 23 : 40 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 60 : 26 -- Seidenberg ( Kahun , Mauer ) 29 min Penalties 12 min 21 Shots 25 Quarterfinals ( edit ) Following the quarterfinal games , the winning teams were re-ranked F1 through F4 , with the winner of 1D vs. E4 re-ranked as F1 , the winner of 2D vs. E3 re-ranked as F2 , the winner of 3D vs. E2 re-ranked as F3 , and the winner of 4D vs. E1 re-ranked as F4 . The losers of the quarterfinal round games received a final ranking of 5 through 8 based on their preliminary round ranking . 000000002018 - 02 - 21 - 0000 21 February 2018 v 12 : 10 Czech Republic 3 -- 2 GWS ( 1 -- 1 , 1 -- 1 , 0 -- 0 ) ( OT : 0 -- 0 ) ( SO : 1 -- 0 ) United States Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 2,948 ( show ) Game reference Pavel Francouz Goalies Ryan Zapolski Referees : Oliver Gouin Linus Öhlund Linesmen : Roman Kaderli Hannu Sormunen 0 -- 1 06 : 20 -- Donato ( Terry ) Kolář ( Kovář ) -- 15 : 12 1 -- 1 Kundrátek ( Růžička , Mozík ) -- 28 : 14 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 30 : 23 -- Slater ( O'Neill ) ( SH ) Růžička Koukal Kovář Kubalík Kundrátek Shootout Bourque Donato Arcobello Terry Butler 10 min Penalties 8 min 29 Shots 20 000000002018 - 02 - 21 - 0000 21 February 2018 v 16 : 40 Olympic Athletes from Russia 6 -- 1 ( 3 -- 0 , 2 -- 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Norway Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 3,553 ( show ) Game reference Vasily Koshechkin Goalies Lars Haugen Henrik Haukeland Referees : Jan Hribik Timothy Mayer Linesmen : Lukas Kohlmüller Judson Ritter Grigorenko ( Kablukov , Telegin ) -- 08 : 54 1 -- 0 Gusev ( Mozyakin , Datsyuk ) ( PP ) -- 13 : 25 2 -- 0 Voynov ( Gusev , Kaprizov ) -- 19 : 20 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 27 : 21 -- Bonsaksen ( M. Olimb , K.A. Olimb ) Kalinin ( Kovalchuk , Voinov ) ( PP ) -- 28 : 35 4 -- 1 Nesterov ( Gusev , Datsyuk ) ( PP ) -- 33 : 06 5 -- 1 Telegin ( Grigorenko , Kablukov ) -- 53 : 15 6 -- 1 10 min Penalties 10 min 32 Shots 14 000000002018 - 02 - 21 - 0000 21 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Canada 1 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 , 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 ) Finland Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 2,265 ( show ) Game reference Ben Scrivens Kevin Poulin Goalies Mikko Koskinen Referees : Antonín Jeřábek Konstantin Olenin Linesmen : Gleb Lazarev Henrik Pihlblad Noreau ( O'Dell ) -- 40 : 55 1 -- 0 6 min Penalties 4 min 30 Shots 21 000000002018 - 02 - 21 - 0000 21 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Sweden 3 -- 4 OT ( 0 -- 2 , 0 -- 0 , 3 -- 1 ) ( OT 0 -- 1 ) Germany Kwandong Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 2,092 ( show ) Game reference Viktor Fasth Goalies Danny aus den Birken Referees : Mark Lemelin Aleksi Rantala Linesmen : Miroslav Lhotský Nathan Vanoosten 0 -- 1 13 : 48 -- Ehrhoff ( Hager , Schütz ) ( PP ) 0 -- 2 14 : 17 -- Noebels ( Kink ) Lander ( Dahlin , Omark ) -- 46 : 25 1 -- 2 1 -- 3 48 : 28 -- Kahun ( Mauer ) Hersley ( Omark , Wikstrand ) ( PP ) -- 49 : 35 2 -- 3 Wikstrand ( Zackrisson ) -- 51 : 37 3 -- 3 3 -- 4 61 : 30 -- Reimer ( Ehliz , Boyle ) 4 min Penalties 6 min 34 Shots 25 Semifinals ( edit ) 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 23 February 2018 v 16 : 40 Czech Republic 0 -- 3 ( 0 -- 0 , 0 -- 2 , 0 -- 1 ) Olympic Athletes from Russia Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 4,330 ( show ) Game reference Pavel Francouz Goalies Vasily Koshechkin Referees : Brett Iverson Mark Lemelin Linesmen : Jimmy Dahmen Sakari Suominen 0 -- 1 27 : 47 -- Gusev ( Datsyuk ) 0 -- 2 28 : 14 -- Gavrikov ( Telegin , Grigorenko ) 0 -- 3 59 : 39 -- Kovalchuk ( Zub , Zubarev ) ( ENG ) 6 min Penalties 10 min 31 Shots 22 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 23 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Canada 3 -- 4 ( 0 -- 1 , 1 -- 3 , 2 -- 0 ) Germany Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 4,057 ( show ) Game reference Kevin Poulin Goalies Danny aus den Birken Referees : Jozef Kubuš Timothy Mayer Linesmen : Fraser McIntyre Alexander Otmakhov 0 -- 1 14 : 43 -- Macek ( Kahun ) ( PP2 ) 0 -- 2 23 : 21 -- Plachta ( Hager ) 0 -- 3 26 : 49 -- Mauer ( Goc , Wolf ) Brulé ( Lee , Noreau ) ( PP ) -- 28 : 17 1 -- 3 1 -- 4 32 : 31 -- Hager ( Plachta , Schütz ) ( PP ) Robinson ( Thomas , Raymond ) -- 42 : 42 2 -- 4 Roy ( Lee , Noreau ) ( PP ) -- 49 : 42 3 -- 4 35 min Penalties 16 min 31 Shots 15 Bronze medal game ( edit ) 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 24 February 2018 v 21 : 10 Czech Republic 4 -- 6 ( 1 -- 3 , 0 -- 0 , 3 -- 3 ) Canada 03 ! Gangneung Hockey Centre , Pyeongchang Attendance : 4,807 ( show ) Game reference Pavel Francouz Goalies Kevin Poulin Referees : Timothy Mayer Konstantin Olenin Linesmen : Fraser McIntyre Alexander Otmakhov 0 -- 1 08 : 57 -- Ebbett ( Robinson , Gragnani ) ( PP ) Růžička ( Červenka ) -- 09 : 13 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 09 : 28 -- Kelly ( Goloubef , Klinkhammer ) 1 -- 3 15 : 57 -- Roy ( Kozun , Bourque ) 1 -- 4 45 : 50 -- Ebbett ( Kozun , Goloubef ) Kovář ( Horák , Řepík ) ( EA ) -- 46 : 36 2 -- 4 2 -- 5 49 : 37 -- Kelly ( Klinkhammer ) 2 -- 6 55 : 23 -- Wolski ( Howden ) Červenka ( Nakládal , Mertl ) -- 56 : 26 3 -- 6 Červenka ( Horák , Mozík ) ( PP , EA ) -- 57 : 55 4 -- 6 4 min Penalties 6 min 34 Shots 26 Gold medal game ( edit ) 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 25 February 2018 v 13 : 10 01 ! Olympic Athletes from Russia 4 -- 3 OT ( 1 -- 0 , 0 -- 1 , 2 -- 2 ) ( OT 1 -- 0 ) Germany 02 ! Gangneung Hockey Centre , Gangneung Attendance : 5,075 ( show ) Game reference Vasily Koshechkin Goalies Danny aus den Birken Referees : Mark Lemelin Aleksi Rantala Linesmen : Jimmy Dahmen Sakari Suominen Voynov ( Gusev , Kaprizov ) -- 19 : 59 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 29 : 32 -- Schütz ( Macek , Hager ) Gusev ( Kaprizov , Datsyuk ) -- 53 : 21 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 53 : 31 -- Kahun ( Mauer , Ehliz ) 2 -- 3 56 : 44 -- J. Müller ( Ehliz , Hördler ) Gusev ( Zub , Kaprizov ) ( SH , EA ) -- 59 : 04 3 -- 3 Kaprizov ( Gusev , Voynov ) ( PP ) -- 69 : 40 4 -- 3 4 min Penalties 6 min 30 Shots 25 Final ranking ( edit ) Pos Grp Team Pld OTW OTL GF GA GD Pts Final result Olympic Athletes from Russia 6 0 27 9 + 18 14 Champions Germany 7 17 18 − 1 10 Runners - up Canada 6 0 21 12 + 9 13 Third place Czech Republic 6 0 16 15 + 1 10 Fourth place 5 Sweden 0 0 11 5 + 6 10 Eliminated in Quarter - finals 6 Finland 5 0 0 16 9 + 7 9 7 United States 5 0 11 12 − 1 8 8 Norway 5 0 5 18 − 13 9 Slovenia 0 9 14 − 5 5 Eliminated in Qualification playoffs 10 Switzerland 0 11 11 0 11 Slovakia 0 7 12 − 5 12 South Korea ( H ) 0 0 0 19 − 16 0 Source : IIHF.com ( H ) Host . Statistics ( edit ) Scoring leaders ( edit ) List shows the top ten skaters sorted by points , then goals . Player GP Pts + / − PIM POS Nikita Gusev 6 8 12 + 7 Kirill Kaprizov 6 5 9 + 7 Eeli Tolvanen 5 6 9 + 1 Ilya Kovalchuk 6 5 7 + 5 Patrick Hager 7 7 -- 3 Maxim Noreau 6 5 7 + 3 0 Derek Roy 6 5 7 -- 2 8 Linus Omark 0 7 7 + 6 0 Ryan Donato 5 5 6 -- 1 Jan Muršak 6 -- 1 0 GP = Games played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; + / − = Plus / Minus ; PIM = Penalties in Minutes ; POS = Position Source : IIHF.com Leading goaltenders ( edit ) Only the top five goaltenders , based on save percentage , who have played at least 40 % of their team 's minutes , are included in this list . Player TOI GA GAA SA Sv % SO Jonas Hiller 211 : 19 1.14 91 95.60 Vasily Koshechkin 348 : 08 8 1.38 126 93.65 Mikko Koskinen 296 : 38 8 1.62 117 93.16 0 Gašper Krošelj 188 : 44 6 1.91 87 93.10 0 Ben Scrivens 149 : 17 1.61 56 92.86 0 TOI = Time on Ice ( minutes : seconds ) ; SA = Shots Against ; GA = Goals Against ; GAA = Goals Against Average ; Sv % = Save Percentage ; SO = Shutouts Source : IIHF.com Awards ( edit ) Media All - Stars Goaltender : Vasily Koshechkin Defencemen : Maxim Noreau , Vyacheslav Voynov Forwards : Ilya Kovalchuk , Pavel Datsyuk , Eeli Tolvanen Most Valuable Player : Ilya Kovalchuk Best players selected by the directorate : Best Goaltender : Danny aus den Birken Best Defenceman : Vyacheslav Voynov Best Forward : Nikita Gusev Source : IIHF.com References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 Russia 🇷 🇺 schedule '' . Pyeongchang2018.com . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canada tops World Ranking '' . iihfworlds2015.com. 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NHL will not participate in 2018 Pyeongchang Olympic Games '' . Sportsnet.ca . Rogers Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Whyno , Stephen ( 15 September 2017 ) . `` Capitals ' Ovechkin says Olympic decision out of his hands '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KHL 2017 / 2018 Scores - Hockey Russia Live '' . www.icehockey24.com . Jump up ^ `` Ice Hockey 24 : SHL 2017 / 2018 Fixtures '' . www.icehockey24.com . Jump up ^ `` National League 2017 / 2018 Scores - Hockey Switzerland Live '' . www.icehockey24.com . Jump up ^ `` DEL 2017 / 2018 Scores - Hockey Live '' . www.icehockey24.com . Jump up ^ `` Ice Hockey 24 : Tipsport Liga 2017 / 2018 Fixtures '' . www.icehockey24.com . Jump up ^ `` Ice Hockey 24 : Liiga 2017 / 2018 Fixtures '' . www.icehockey24.com . Jump up ^ Kwak , Donnie ( 7 February 2018 ) . `` The American Immigrant : What is Colorado - born Mike Testwuide doing playing for South Korea 's hockey team in Pyeongchang ? '' The Ringer . Jump up ^ Steiss , Adam ( 19 September 2014 ) . `` Korea headed to the Olympics '' . IIHF.com . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Olympic Winter Games '' . IIHF.com . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IOC suspends Russian NOC and creates a path for clean individual athletes to compete in Pyeongchang 2018 under the Olympic Flag '' ( Press release ) . International Olympic Committee . 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Information '' . IIHF . Jump up ^ `` Tournament Format '' . IIHF.com . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kovalchuk MVP '' . IIHF. 25 February 2018 . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official IIHF website Olympic champions in ice hockey -- men 's tournament 1920 : Canada ( CAN ) 1924 : Canada ( CAN ) 1928 : Canada ( CAN ) 1932 : Canada ( CAN ) 1936 : Great Britain ( GBR ) 1948 : Canada ( CAN ) 1952 : Canada ( CAN ) 1956 : Soviet Union ( URS ) 1960 : United States ( USA ) 1964 : Soviet Union ( URS ) 1968 : Soviet Union ( URS ) 1972 : Soviet Union ( URS ) 1976 : Soviet Union ( URS ) 1980 : United States ( USA ) 1984 : Soviet Union ( URS ) 1988 : Soviet Union ( URS ) 1992 : Unified Team ( EUN ) 1994 : Sweden ( SWE ) 1998 : Czech Republic ( CZE ) 2002 : Canada ( CAN ) 2006 : Sweden ( SWE ) 2010 : Canada ( CAN ) 2014 : Canada ( CAN ) 2018 : Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) Ice hockey at the Winter Olympics Summary by year 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Men 's events 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Women 's events 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 List of medalists List of venues Triple Gold Club Events at the 2018 Winter Olympics ( Pyeongchang ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling men women mixed doubles Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey men women Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Chronological summary Medal table List of medalists 2017 -- 18 in men 's ice hockey International Olympics Rosters World Championships Championship Rosters Group A Group B Playoff round Final Division I Division II Division III Under - 20 Division I Division II Division III Under - 18 Division I Division II Division III Leagues International National Hockey League AHL ECHL Kontinental Hockey League Champions Hockey League Continental Cup Austria League Asia League MOL Liga Domestic Australia ' 17 ' 18 Belarus Czech Republic 2nd tier Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany 2nd tier Norway 2nd tier Poland Slovakia Sweden 2nd tier Switzerland 2nd tier Ukraine United Kingdom Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice_hockey_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_ -- _Men % 27s_tournament&oldid = 835236895 '' Categories : Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Men 's tournament Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Interlingue Italiano Лезги Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 12 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won men's ice hockey in the olympics | [
"\n2018 Winter Olympics\n\n\n\n\nTournament details\n\n\nHost country\n South Korea\n\n\nDates\n14–25 February\n\n\nTeams\n12\n\n\nVenue(s)\n2 (in 1 host city)\n\n\nFinal positions\n\n\nChampions \n Olympic Athletes from Russia (1st title)\n\n\nRunner-up \n Germany\n\n\nThird place \n Canada\n\n\nFourth place\n Czech Republic\n\n\nTournament statistics\n\n\nMatches played\n30\n\n\nGoals scored\n154 (5.13 per match)\n\n\nAttendance\n138,327 (4,611 per match)\n\n\nScoring leader(s)\n Nikita Gusev\n(12 points)\n\n\nMVP\n Ilya Kovalchuk\n\n\n\n← 2014\n2022 →\n\n\n"
] | [
"Olympic Athletes from Russia"
] |
-1111151142999754412 | Bring It on Home to Me | Bring it on Home to Me - wikipedia Bring it on Home to Me Jump to : navigation , search `` Bring It on Home to Me '' Single by Sam Cooke from the album The Best of Sam Cooke A-side `` Having a Party '' Released May 8 , 1962 Format 7 '' Recorded April 26 , 1962 RCA Studio 1 ( Hollywood , California ) Genre Rhythm and blues , soul Length 2 : 37 Label RCA Victor Songwriter ( s ) Sam Cooke Producer ( s ) Hugo & Luigi Sam Cooke singles chronology `` Twistin ' in the Kitchen with Dinah '' ( 1962 ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' ( 1962 ) `` Somebody Have Mercy '' ( 1962 ) `` Twistin ' in the Kitchen with Dinah '' ( 1962 ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' ( 1962 ) `` Somebody Have Mercy '' ( 1962 ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' is a song by American soul singer Sam Cooke , released on May 8 , 1962 by RCA Victor . Produced by Hugo & Luigi and arranged and conducted by René Hall , the song was the B - side to `` Having a Party '' . The song peaked at number two on Billboard 's Hot R&B Sides chart , and also charted at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song has become a pop standard , covered by numerous artists of different genres . It is one of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Personnel 3 Cover versions 4 Charts and certifications 4.1 Original version 4.2 The Animals version 4.3 Eddie Floyd version 4.4 Lou Rawls version 4.5 Mickey Gilley version 5 Cultural references 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' , like its A-side , `` Having a Party '' , was written while Cooke was on tour for Henry Wynn . The song was initially offered to fellow singer Dee Clark , who turned it down . While in Atlanta , Cooke called co-producer Luigi Creatore and pitched both numbers ; he was sold and booked an immediate recording session in Los Angeles scheduled for two weeks later . The session 's mood `` matched the title '' of the song , according to biographer Peter Guralnick , as many friends had been invited . `` It was a very happy session , '' recalled engineer Al Schmitt . `` Everybody was just having a ball . We were getting people out there ( on the floor ) , and some of the outtakes were hilarious , there was so much ad lib that went on . '' René Hall assembled an eighteen - piece backing group , `` composed of six violins , two violas , two cellos , and a sax , plus a seven - piece rhythm section that included two percussionists , two bassists , two guitars , and a piano . '' The song is a significant reworking of Charles Brown 's 1959 single `` I Want to Go Home '' , and it retains the gospel flavor and call - and - response format ; the song differs significantly in that its refrain ( `` Bring it to me , bring your sweet lovin ' , bring it on home to me '' ) is overtly secular . The song was the first serious nod to his gospel roots ( `` ( He ) felt that he needed more weight , that that light shit would n't sustain him , '' said J.W. Alexander ) . The song was aiming for a sound similar to Cooke 's former group , the Soul Stirrers . The original , unreleased first take includes vocals from Lou Rawls , J.W. Alexander , Fred Smith ( former assistant A&R rep at Keen Records ) , and `` probably '' the Sims Twins . A second , final take leaves Lou Rawls as the only echoing voice . Personnel ( edit ) `` Bring It On Home to Me '' was recorded on April 26 , 1962 , at RCA Studio 1 in Hollywood , California . The engineer present was Al Schmitt , and the session was conducted and arranged by René Hall . The musicians also recorded `` Having a Party '' the same day . Credits adapted from the liner notes to the 2003 compilation Portrait of a Legend : 1951 -- 1964 . Sam Cooke -- vocals Lou Rawls -- backing vocals Clifton White -- guitar Tommy Tedesco -- guitar René Hall -- guitar Adolphus Asbrook -- bass guitar Ray Pohlman -- bass guitar Ernie Freeman -- piano Frank Capp -- drums , percussion William Green -- saxophone Cecil Figelski -- cello Armand Kaproff -- cello Wilbert Nuttycombe -- viola Irving Weinper -- viola Myron Sandler -- violin Joseph Saxon -- violin Ralph Schaeffer -- violin Marshall Sosson -- violin Elliot Fisher -- violin Marvin Limonick -- violin Cover versions ( edit ) `` Bring It On Home to Me '' Single by The Animals from the album Animal Tracks ( American album ) B - side `` For Miss Caulker '' Released March 1965 Format 7 '' single Recorded March 1965 Genre Rock , blues , pop , soul Length 2 : 43 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Sam Cooke Producer ( s ) Mickie Most The Animals singles chronology `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' ( 1965 ) `` Bring It On Home to Me '' ( 1965 ) `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' ( 1965 ) `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' ( 1965 ) `` Bring It On Home To Me '' ( 1965 ) `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' ( 1965 ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' Single by Mickey Gilley B - side `` How 's My Ex Treating You '' Released June 1976 Format 7 '' Recorded May 1976 Genre Country Length 2 : 23 Label Playboy 6075 Songwriter ( s ) Sam Cooke Producer ( s ) Eddie Kilroy Mickey Gilley singles chronology `` Do n't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time '' ( 1976 ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' ( 1976 ) `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time '' ( 1976 ) `` Bring It on Home to Me '' ( 1976 ) `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' ( 1976 ) The most significant cover versions of the song include versions by : The Animals ( their last single to include original organist Alan Price ) . Mickey Gilley hit number one on the country chart in 1976 with his cover . Eddie Floyd hit # 4 on the R&B charts and # 17 on the Hot 100 in 1968 . Rod Stewart released this song as part of a medley with `` You Send Me '' and charted it on the UK Singles Chart at # 7 as a double A-side with `` Farewell '' . Rita MacNeil covered the song on her 1992 album Thinking of You . It was released as the album 's first single and charted on the RPM pop and country charts . Otis Redding and Carla Thomas Dave Mason American country singer Martina McBride covered this song as a duet with Gavin DeGraw on her 2014 studio album Everlasting , which features covers of famous soul , pop , and R&B songs . Van Morrison included a cover version of the song on his 1974 live album , It 's Too Late to Stop Now , and again on his 2017 album , Roll with the Punches . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Original version ( edit ) Chart ( 1962 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 13 US Hot R&B Sides ( Billboard ) The Animals version ( edit ) Year Chart Position 1965 Pop Singles Chart # 32 1965 UK Singles Chart # 7 1965 Canada # 7 1965 Netherlands # 3 1965 Sweden # 1 Eddie Floyd version ( edit ) Year Chart Position 1968 Black Singles Chart # 4 1968 Pop Singles Chart # 17 1968 Canada # 24 Lou Rawls version ( edit ) Year Chart Position 1970 Black Singles Chart # 45 1970 Pop Singles Chart # 96 Mickey Gilley version ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) Canadian RPM Country Tracks Cultural references ( edit ) The song was featured in the 2017 film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , and was further included on the film 's soundtrack album . Preceded by `` Say It Again '' by Don Williams Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single August 21 , 1976 Succeeded by `` ( I 'm A ) Stand by My Woman Man '' by Ronnie Milsap Preceded by `` Rocky Mountain Music '' by Eddie Rabbitt RPM Country Tracks number - one single September 11 , 1976 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Portrait of a Legend : 1951 -- 1964 ( liner notes ) . Sam Cooke . US : ABKCO Records . 2003 . 92642 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick , Peter ( 2014 ) . Dream Boogie : The Triumph of Sam Cooke. Little , Brown . pp. 404 -- 406 . ISBN 9780316210973 . Jump up ^ Guralnick , Peter ( 14 December 2008 ) . `` Dream Boogie : The Triumph of Sam Cooke '' . Little , Brown -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Anatomy of a Classic : Bring It On Home To Me - The Adios Lounge '' . www.adioslounge.com . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 136 . ISBN 9780823074990 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sam Cooke -- Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Gilley -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Mickey Gilley . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Gilley -- Chart history '' Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 for Mickey Gilley . Jump up ^ Shepard , Jack ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Tracklist for Guardians of the Galaxy 's Awesome Mixtape Vol. 2 revealed '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Sam Cooke Studio albums Keen Songs by Sam Cooke Encore Tribute to the Lady The Wonderful World of Sam Cooke RCA Victor Cooke 's Tour Hits of the 50 's Swing Low My Kind of Blues Twistin ' the Night Away Mr. Soul Night Beat Ai n't That Good News Posthumous releases Shake Try a Little Love Live albums Sam Cooke at the Copa Live at the Harlem Square Club , 1963 Collaboration albums 3 Great Guys Compilations Hit Kit I Thank God The Best of Sam Cooke The Man and His Music Portrait of a Legend : 1951 -- 1964 Singles `` You Send Me '' / `` Summertime '' `` I 'll Come Running Back to You '' `` ( I Love You ) For Sentimental Reasons '' `` You Were Made for Me '' / `` Lonely Island '' `` Everybody Loves to Cha Cha Cha '' `` Only Sixteen '' `` There ! I 've Said It Again '' `` Wonderful World '' `` Chain Gang '' `` Sad Mood '' `` That 's It , I Quit , I 'm Movin ' On '' `` Cupid '' `` Twistin ' the Night Away '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' / `` Having a Party '' `` Somebody Have Mercy '' / `` Nothing Can Change This Love '' `` Send Me Some Lovin ' '' `` Another Saturday Night '' `` Frankie and Johnny '' `` Little Red Rooster '' `` ( Ai n't That ) Good News '' `` Good Times '' / `` Tennessee Waltz '' `` That 's Where It 's At '' `` Shake '' / `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Related articles Discography The Soul Stirrers René Hall Linda Womack We Remember Sam Cooke IAMSAM Book : Sam Cooke Category : Sam Cooke Portal : R&B and Soul Music Wikiquote : Sam Cooke Lou Rawls Albums Stormy Monday All Things in Time Unmistakably Lou When You Hear Lou , You 've Heard It All Let Me Be Good to You Sit Down and Talk to Me Singles `` Love Is a Hurtin ' Thing '' `` Your Good Thing ( Is About to End ) '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' `` You 'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine '' `` Lady Love '' Mickey Gilley Albums Too Good to Stop Now Invitation Only Notable singles `` Room Full of Roses '' `` I Overlooked an Orchid '' `` City Lights '' `` Window Up Above '' `` Bouquet of Roses '' `` Overnight Sensation '' `` Do n't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` She 's Pulling Me Back Again '' `` Honky Tonk Memories '' `` Chains of Song '' `` The Power of Positive Drinkin ' '' `` Here Comes the Hurt Again '' `` The Song We Made Love To '' `` Just Long Enough to Say Goodbye '' `` My Silver Lining '' `` True Love Ways '' `` Stand by Me '' `` That 's All That Matters '' `` A Headache Tomorrow ( Or a Heartache Tonight ) '' `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Lonely Nights '' `` Tears of the Lonely '' `` Put Your Dreams Away '' `` Talk to Me '' `` Fool for Your Love '' `` Your Love Shines Through '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` Too Good to Stop Now '' `` I 'm the One Mama Warned You About '' `` You 've Got Something on Your Mind '' `` Your Memory Ai n't What It Used to Be '' `` Doo - Wah Days '' `` Full Grown Fool '' `` She Reminded Me of You '' `` There I 've Said It Again '' Guest singles `` Paradise Tonight '' ( with Charly McClain ) Related articles Discography Playboy Records Epic Records Jerry Lee Lewis Jimmy Swaggart Barbi Benton Ray Charles Gilley 's Club Carla Thomas Albums King & Queen Singles `` Night Time Is the Right Time '' `` Tramp '' `` Knock on Wood '' `` Lovey Dovey '' Songs `` Tell It Like It Is '' `` When Something Is Wrong with My Baby '' `` It Takes Two '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' Related articles Rufus and Carla Rufus Thomas Marvell Thomas Otis Redding Stax Records Book : Carla Thomas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bring_It_on_Home_to_Me&oldid=801917197 '' Categories : 1962 singles Sam Cooke songs Rhythm and blues songs Lou Rawls songs Mickey Gilley songs Songs written by Sam Cooke 1962 songs Song recordings produced by Hugo & Luigi Song recordings produced by Eddie Kilroy Soul ballads Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles RCA Victor singles Columbia Graphophone Company singles Playboy Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 19 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings with sam cooke on bring it on home to me | [
"The song is a significant reworking of Charles Brown's 1959 single \"I Want to Go Home\",[3][4] and it retains the gospel flavor and call-and-response format; the song differs significantly in that its refrain (\"Bring it to me, bring your sweet lovin', bring it on home to me\") is overtly secular.[2] The song was the first serious nod to his gospel roots (\"[He] felt that he needed more weight, that that light shit wouldn't sustain him,\" said J.W. Alexander).[1] The song was aiming for a sound similar to Cooke’s former group, the Soul Stirrers.[2] The original, unreleased first take includes vocals from Lou Rawls, J.W. Alexander, Fred Smith (former assistant A&R rep at Keen Records), and \"probably\" the Sims Twins. A second, final take leaves Lou Rawls as the only echoing voice.[2]"
] | [
"Lou Rawls"
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7646491616690425439 | House of Cards (U.S. TV series) | House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) - Wikipedia House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the 1990 UK series of the same name , see House of Cards ( UK TV series ) . House of Cards Genre Political drama Created by Beau Willimon Based on House of Cards by Michael Dobbs House of Cards by Andrew Davies Starring Kevin Spacey Robin Wright Kate Mara Corey Stoll Michael Kelly Kristen Connolly Sakina Jaffrey Sandrine Holt Constance Zimmer Michel Gill Sebastian Arcelus Mahershala Ali Boris McGiver Nathan Darrow Rachel Brosnahan Molly Parker Gerald McRaney Jayne Atkinson Jimmi Simpson Mozhan Marno Elizabeth Marvel Derek Cecil Paul Sparks Kim Dickens Lars Mikkelsen Neve Campbell Joel Kinnaman Campbell Scott Patricia Clarkson Dominique McElligott Korey Jackson Damian Young James Martinez Music by Jeff Beal Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 65 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Fincher Kevin Spacey Eric Roth Joshua Donen Dana Brunetti Andrew Davies Michael Dobbs John Melfi Beau Willimon David Manson John David Coles Robin Wright Location ( s ) Baltimore , Maryland Joppa , Maryland ( sound stage ) Cinematography Eigil Bryld Tim Ives Igor Martinovic Running time 43 -- 59 minutes Production company ( s ) Media Rights Capital Trigger Street Productions Wade / Thomas Productions Knight Takes King Productions Sony Pictures Television ( home releases ) Distributor Netflix ( digital ) Sony Pictures Television ( home releases ) Release Original network Netflix Picture format 1080p ( 2 : 1 HDTV ) ( 2013 ) 4K ( 2 : 1 UHDTV ) ( 2014 -- present ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) -- present Chronology Related shows House of Cards External links Website www.netflix.com/houseofcards House of Cards is an American political drama web television series created by Beau Willimon . It is an adaptation of the BBC 's miniseries of the same name and is based on the novel by Michael Dobbs . The thirteen - episode first season premiered on February 1 , 2013 , on the streaming service Netflix . Thirteen - episode seasons followed on February 14 , 2014 ; February 27 , 2015 ; March 4 , 2016 ; and May 30 , 2017 . Willimon has stated that plans for the show 's future are decided after each season . Set in 2010s Washington , D.C. , House of Cards is the story of Congressman Frank Underwood ( Kevin Spacey ) , a Democrat from South Carolina 's 5th congressional district and House Majority Whip . After being passed over for appointment as Secretary of State , he initiates an elaborate plan to get himself into a position of greater power , aided by his wife , Claire Underwood ( Robin Wright ) . The series deals primarily with themes of ruthless pragmatism , manipulation , and power . House of Cards has received positive reviews and several award nominations . To date , it has received 33 Primetime Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , Outstanding Lead Actor for Spacey , and Outstanding Lead Actress for Wright , for each of its first four seasons . It is the first original online - only web television series to receive major Emmy nominations . The show also earned eight Golden Globe Award nominations , with Wright winning for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama in 2014 and Spacey winning for Best Actor -- Television Series Drama in 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 1.2 Season 2 ( 2014 ) 1.3 Season 3 ( 2015 ) 1.4 Season 4 ( 2016 ) 1.5 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 3.1 Conception 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.3. 1 Locations 3.3. 2 Tax credits 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.1. 1 Season 1 5.1. 2 Season 2 5.1. 3 Season 3 5.1. 4 Season 4 5.1. 5 Season 5 5.2 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) See also : List of House of Cards episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) 13 February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) 13 February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) 13 March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) 5 13 May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 1 ) Francis `` Frank '' Underwood , a power - hungry Democratic congressman from South Carolina and House majority whip , celebrates the election of President Garrett Walker , whose campaign he assisted to get himself appointed Secretary of State . However , Underwood soon learns that he is no longer being considered for the position . Chief of Staff Linda Vasquez tells Underwood that the president wants him to promote his agenda in Congress and will not honor their agreement . Inwardly seething , Underwood quickly gains control of his anger and hides his disappointment to present himself as a helpful lieutenant to Walker and his agenda . In reality , Underwood begins an elaborate plan behind the president 's back , with the ultimate goal of gaining power for himself . Frank 's wife Claire runs an NGO , the Clean Water Initiative , which she uses to cultivate her own power and influence , yet its ultimate purpose remains unknown . Despite the success of the operation , Claire seeks to expand its scope to the international stage , often utilizing Frank 's connections to push the organization to new heights . It is clear from the outset that Claire shares both her husband 's cold - hearted , ruthless pragmatism and lust for power , and they frequently scheme together to ensure the success of each other 's ventures . They both work with Remy Danton , a corporate lobbyist and former Underwood staffer , to secure funds for their operations and expand their influence . Underwood begins a highly intricate plan to obtain a cabinet position , acquiring pawns he can manipulate in his power play . Underwood begins a symbiotic , and ultimately sexual , relationship with Zoe Barnes , an ambitious young political reporter , secretly feeding her damaging stories about his political rivals to sway public opinion as needed . Meanwhile , he manipulates Peter Russo , a troubled alcoholic and congressman from Pennsylvania , into helping him undermine Walker 's pick for Secretary of State , Senator Michael Kern . Underwood eventually has Kern replaced with his own choice , Senator Catherine Durant . Underwood also uses Russo in a plot to end a teachers ' strike and pass an education bill , which improves Underwood 's standing with Walker . Because the new vice president is the former governor of Pennsylvania , a special election is to be held for his successor . Underwood helps Russo get clean and props up his candidacy , but later uses call girl Rachel Posner to break his sobriety and trigger his public downfall shortly before the election . Distraught , Russo decides to make amends for his failure by coming clean to the press about his role in Underwood 's schemes . In response , Frank kills Russo by leaving him passed out in a closed garage with Russo 's car running , causing him to die of carbon monoxide poisoning . With the special election in chaos , Underwood convinces the vice president to step down and run for his old position of governor -- leaving the vice presidency open to Underwood , as was his plan all along . Walker appears to have other plans , however . Underwood ends up vetting a surprising choice for vice president : Missouri billionaire Raymond Tusk . He later finds out that Tusk has been secretly appraising Underwood for vice president and is a longtime advisor and friend of Walker ; it was Tusk who convinced Walker to break his original agreement to appoint Underwood . Tusk explains he will influence Walker to nominate Underwood if he agrees to perform one unspecified favor for him that will benefit Tusk 's financial interests . Underwood , after some thought , counter-proposes to Tusk that they work together to fulfil both their interests , which Tusk accepts . Meanwhile , after Underwood ends their affair , Zoe begins piecing together clues about Underwood 's various plots . The season ends when Underwood is offered the nomination for vice president , which he accepts . Season 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 2 ) With Frank on the verge of being sworn in as vice president , Zoe and two colleagues , Lucas Goodwin and Janine Skorsky , continue to look into his schemes , and ultimately locate Rachel . As a protective measure , Frank 's aide Doug Stamper brings Rachel to a safe house while Frank lures Zoe to a Metro station and , unseen by witnesses or security cameras , pushes her in front of an oncoming train . Zoe 's death compels Janine to abandon the investigation , but galvanizes Lucas to continue the search alone . Lucas solicits the help of a hacker to retrieve Frank 's text history . However , the hacker , Gavin Orsay , actually works for Doug and frames Lucas for cyberterrorism . Later , Gavin uses Rachel to extort Doug . Fearing potential harm and Doug 's growing obsession with her , Rachel hits Doug with a brick and leaves him for dead . After Frank begins his vice presidential duties , Claire becomes close with the First Lady , and they support a bill to reform the military 's prosecution of sexual assault , after Claire reveals in an interview that she had an abortion after being raped in college by a man who has just been commissioned as a general . ( Claire lies by conflating two events ; a sexual assault by the college classmate and an abortion she had several years later ) . She learns Walker 's marriage is strained and offers the First Lady the aid of a spiritual advisor and marriage counselor . Though Tusk wields major influence over Walker , Frank aims to drive a wedge between them . He meets Xander Feng , a Chinese businessman and ally of Tusk 's , to engage in back - channel negotiations which Frank intentionally scuttles at the expense of Tusk 's credibility . This leads to a trade war with China and a spike in U.S. energy prices . Tusk openly opposes Walker 's efforts to deal with the crisis and begins having a tribal casino funnel money into Republican PACs in retaliation . When Frank discovers that Feng is the source of the funneled money , he gets Feng to end his partnership with Tusk in exchange for a lucrative bridge contract . The Justice Department discovers that Doug was videotaped at the casino and investigates the White House 's ties to Feng and Tusk . Seeking to establish trust with the special prosecutor , Frank manipulates Walker into volunteering his travel records , which reveal his visits to a marriage counselor and raise questions about whether the illicit donations were discussed . Wishing to avoid public disclosure of his personal issues , Walker has the White House Counsel coach the counselor , which the special prosecutor interprets as witness tampering . As the House Judiciary Committee begins drafting articles of impeachment , both Walker and Frank offer Tusk a presidential pardon in exchange for implicating each other . Tusk sides with Walker at first , leaving Frank no other option than to regain the president 's trust as a friend . Walker calls off his deal with Tusk as a sign of friendship to Frank , leading Tusk to testify that Walker knew about the deal with China . With Walker forced to resign , Frank is sworn in as president . Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 3 ) Six months into his presidency , Frank begins by pushing for a new jobs program called America Works . Because funding for America Works requires cutting into social programs , Frank faces immense opposition from his own party . Determined to leave a legacy and not be a `` placeholder '' president , Underwood makes ambitious moves to run in the 2016 presidential election , where he faces off against Heather Dunbar in the Democratic primaries . This decision is a reversal of his previous pledge not to run for the presidency . Meanwhile , Doug recovers from his injuries , but Frank refuses to reinstate him as his chief of staff . Doug appears to switch sides and begins working for Dunbar 's campaign . Gavin helps Doug track down Rachel in exchange for lifting the ban on his passport ; the findings he delivers are of a body reported as a Jane Doe but with fingerprints matching Rachel 's . Distraught by the news , Doug suffers a relapse , which Frank blames on Dunbar . When Gavin reveals that Rachel is really alive , Doug brutalizes him into divulging her location . Doug finds Rachel living under a false identity in New Mexico , drives her into the desert , and eventually kills her too . He returns to work as Frank 's Chief of Staff after Remy resigns . Meanwhile , Claire is named the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and faces a crisis in the Jordan Valley , which pits Frank against Russian president Viktor Petrov . When Petrov has an American gay rights activist arrested in Russia , the Underwoods persuade him to secure a release . However , Petrov demands that the activist apologize on Russian television , leading the activist to kill himself while being visited by Claire . Later , after Russian troops are killed in the Jordan Valley , Petrov convinces Frank to remove Claire as ambassador in exchange for a peaceful resolution . Claire resigns , giving the reason that she wants to be more active in Frank 's campaign . Throughout the season , a writer named Thomas Yates follows the Underwoods . He is hired by Frank to write a biography that Frank plans to use to promote America Works . Yates , a fiction writer with a dark past of his own , decides to put a different spin on the book and writes less about Frank and more about his marriage with Claire . Yates reads Frank a prologue that Frank does not understand at first , but agrees is a decent beginning . By the end of the season , Yates has the first chapter written and Frank , not liking the direction the book is taking , fires Yates . By the season finale , tensions between the Underwoods reach a point where Claire states her intent to leave Frank . Season 4 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 4 ) Claire relocates to Dallas and runs for Congress in her home district . The incumbent , Doris Jones , plans to retire and endorse her daughter Celia as her successor . Claire offers them federal funding for a key Planned Parenthood clinic in exchange for stepping down , but they refuse the offer . Frank desperately seeks to get Claire back by his side as he loses ground in key primary states . He succeeds after promising not to sabotage her campaign in Texas , but he later blocks her congressional bid by publicly endorsing Celia Jones in his State of the Union address . Frank and Claire travel to South Carolina for the primary , but a series of scandals casts Frank in a bad light and causes him to narrowly lose the state to Dunbar . Frank discovers that Claire had been leaking information to Dunbar , and she threatens to continue unless he names her as his running mate . Frank refuses . Lucas is released from prison and seeks revenge against Frank . He approaches Dunbar and explains his story , but she turns him away . Desperate , he attempts to assassinate Frank , wounding the president in the abdomen and killing bodyguard Edward Meechum , but not before Meechum kills Lucas . While Frank remains comatose , Donald Blythe is sworn in as acting president . Blythe is indecisive during a critical military situation involving Russia , and turns to Claire for guidance on foreign policy . Claire goes against Frank 's wishes by convincing Blythe to involve China in the ensuing dispute and secure a meeting with Petrov , where she brokers an ambitious peace deal single - handedly . While Frank remains incapacitated , Doug decides to go after Dunbar by leaking information about her secret meeting with Lucas prior to the assassination attempt . Dunbar denounces the allegations as a smear campaign , in a move that is widely panned and leads to her suspending her presidential bid . Frank recovers and resumes his position as president , agreeing to put Claire on the ticket for the upcoming election . Tom Hammerschmidt , Zoe and Lucas 's former editor , digs deeper into the latter 's claims of Frank 's misdeeds . He approaches Remy and , with his help , starts to piece together Frank 's corruption . Tom also meets with Walker , convincing him to help by appealing to his anger for being forced to resign . Danton and Jackie Sharp also decide to go on the record against Frank to lend credibility to the story . An American family is kidnapped in Tennessee by two supporters of a radical Islamist group called the Islamic Caliphate Organization ( ICO ) , who agree to negotiate only with the ambitious Republican nominee , Governor Will Conway . Frank invites Conway to the White House to assist in the negotiations as a publicity stunt , and Conway helps buy critical time in locating the suspects . However , tensions between the Conways and Underwoods lead to the governor ending his role in the crisis . Frank and Claire allow the kidnappers to speak to the deposed leader of ICO , Yusuf al Ahmadi , after successfully obtaining the release of two of the hostages . Instead of defusing the situation as he agreed , al Ahmadi urges the kidnappers to kill the remaining hostage and broadcast the killing to the public . Meanwhile , Hammerschmidt publishes his story and threatens to end Frank 's campaign weeks before the election . Claire urges Frank to use a heavier hand in the situation , and they decide to fight back by creating chaos . Frank addresses the public declaring that the nation is at total war , ordering the full force of the military be used to combat global terrorism regardless the cost . The season ends with Frank and Claire watching the live execution of the hostage together , and Claire breaking the fourth wall for the first time by looking into the camera along with Frank . Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 5 ) In the weeks before the 2016 election , Frank uses ICO as a pretext to enacting martial law in urban areas and consolidating polling places in key states . Done mainly through back channels with Democratic governors , this is officially done in the name of safety , but is actually done to disenfranchise rural Republican voters . To keep the strategy of fear going , Doug blackmails hacker Aidan Macallan into launching a massive cyberattack on the NSA , slowing down internet traffic and wiping out hundreds of thousands of files . The Underwood Administration pins the attack on ICO . On Election Day , the result hinges on Pennsylvania , Tennessee , and Ohio . Contrary to the Underwoods ' desired plans , the early returns seem to favor Conway . Underwood 's political machine stages a terrorist attack in Knoxville , which is pinned on a local suspected ICO sympathizer . With Pennsylvania secured by Conway and Ohio seeming to swing his way , Frank unofficially calls Conway directly to concede . However , this is merely a tactic to put Conway off guard , as the Underwoods contact Ohio 's governor and convince him to close the polls early on the pretense of a terrorist threat . Ohio and Tennessee refuse to certify the election , and neither candidate reaches the requisite number of electoral votes . Nine weeks after the unresolved election , the Twelfth Amendment is invoked , with the vote being put up to members of Congress . During a meeting with the Congressional Black Caucus , cracks begin to appear in Conway 's facade as he loses his cool . In spite of this , Frank 's own baggage and 12 % approval rating only allows him a tie with Conway in the House , while Claire manages to secure the Senate vote , becoming acting president . In light of the tie , Claire orders a special election for Ohio and Tennessee . Meanwhile , Jane Davis , a low - ranking Commerce Department official who has a wide - ranging network of connections and influence , begins working closely with the Underwoods . As a private citizen for the time being , Frank attends a meeting of powerful men at a secret society known as Elysian Fields , in an effort to secure their influence for votes in the upcoming special election . Meanwhile , Conway has a mental breakdown on his private plane due to feeling that the election was stolen from him . Eventually , this and other leaks from his campaign are slowly dripped to the media in a manner that seems unconnected to the Underwoods . Seeing that his candidate is losing , Conway 's campaign manager , Mark Usher , switches sides to the Underwoods . The Underwood ticket wins both Ohio and Tennessee , and Frank is sworn in as president and Claire as vice president . Meanwhile , Hammerschmidt continues to investigate Zoe 's death , and is given information by an unknown leaker within the White House . Major document dumps are made available to Hammerschmidt , which , among other charges , prompts an impeachment hearing against Frank . In response , the Underwoods set up extensive surveillance on all White House personnel . Eventually , the leaker makes a voice - modulated call to Hammerschmidt , implicating Doug in Zoe 's murder . The Underwoods convince Doug to take the fall for killing Zoe , and the leaker is revealed to be Frank himself . The leaks are revealed to be part of Frank 's master plan to resign the presidency to Claire , believing his thirst for power can be better achieved in the private sector , working alongside his wife 's presidency . Frank , concerned about Durant 's intention to testify at the impeachment hearing , pushes her down a short flight of stairs upon accepting her resignation , hospitalizing her . Claire poisons Yates with an overdose of Gelsemium provided to her by Jane , concerned that he knows too much . Finally , contractors working for the Underwoods eliminate LeAnn by ramming her car off the road into a guard rail . Frank resigns , and the two await the proper moment for Claire to pardon him . This comes in the form of a military special operations unit finding and taking out the leader of ICO , which moves media focus away from Frank . Standing in the Oval Office , Claire appears to reconsider pardoning Frank , and ignores multiple concerned calls from him regarding the matter . The season ends with Claire ignoring Frank 's call , then breaking the fourth wall to tell the viewers , `` My turn . '' Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of House of Cards characters Kevin Spacey portrays Francis `` Frank '' Underwood . Kevin Spacey as Francis J. `` Frank '' Underwood , Democrat from South Carolina 's 5th congressional district who is House Majority Whip in season one , Vice President of the United States in season two , and the 46th President of the United States in seasons three to five . Robin Wright as Claire Underwood , Frank 's wife who runs the Clean Water Initiative , a non-governmental organization , in season one before giving it up to become Second Lady of the United States in season two . She then becomes United States Ambassador to the United Nations in season three and First Lady of the United States in seasons three to five , Acting President of the United States briefly in season five before becoming Vice President of the United States and then permanently 47th President of the United States at the end of the season . Kate Mara as Zoe Barnes , a reporter for The Washington Herald ( and later Slugline ) . She forms an intimate relationship with Frank Underwood , her political informant , who in turn uses her as a mouthpiece to leak stories to the press and irk his political rivals . Corey Stoll as Peter Russo , a Democratic congressman from Pennsylvania 's 1st congressional district and recovering addict . Michael Kelly as Douglas `` Doug '' Stamper , Underwood 's unwaveringly loyal chief of staff and confidant . He is temporarily replaced by Remy Danton as Chief of Staff after his injury for most of season 3 but returns as his new chief of staff at the end of the season . Kristen Connolly as Christina Gallagher , a congressional staffer and personal assistant to President Walker , and lover to Peter Russo . Sakina Jaffrey as Linda Vasquez , President Walker 's White House Chief of Staff . Sandrine Holt as Gillian Cole , the leader of a grass - roots organization called World Well that provides clean water to developing countries . Constance Zimmer as Janine Skorsky , a reporter for The Washington Herald . Michel Gill as Garrett Walker , 45th President of the United States , former Governor of Colorado . He trusts Underwood as a close adviser and lieutenant , but remains blind to his machinations . Sebastian Arcelus as Lucas Goodwin , an editor at The Washington Herald and later Zoe 's boyfriend . Mahershala Ali as Remy Danton , a lawyer for Glendon Hill and lobbyist who works for natural gas company SanCorp in season one and Raymond Tusk in season two . He worked in Underwood 's congressional office as Communications Director prior to the series , and after severing ties with Tusk , serves as Underwood 's chief of staff for most of season 3 until quitting at the end of the season . Boris McGiver as Tom Hammerschmidt , editor - in - chief of The Washington Herald . He opens an investigation into the secret dealings of Frank and his inner circle in Season 4 . Nathan Darrow as Edward Meechum , a member of the U.S. Capitol Police and the Underwoods ' bodyguard and driver . Rachel Brosnahan as Rachel Posner , a prostitute trying to make a better life for herself using Stamper . Molly Parker as Jacqueline `` Jackie '' Sharp , a Democratic congresswoman from California who succeeded Frank as Majority Whip . She also briefly ran for the Democratic nomination for President in season 3 . Gerald McRaney as Raymond Tusk , a billionaire businessman with a wide network of influence , although he prefers to live modestly . Jayne Atkinson as Catherine `` Cathy '' Durant , a Democratic Senator from Louisiana and Secretary of State . Jimmi Simpson as Gavin Orsay , a computer hacker turned reluctant FBI informant , who works secretly with Doug Stamper in exchange for help escaping the country . Mozhan Marnò as Wall Street Telegraph reporter Ayla Sayyad . She is assigned to the White House and does freelance investigative reporting . Elizabeth Marvel as Heather Dunbar , a lawyer and Solicitor General of the US in the Walker Administration . She runs against Underwood for the Democratic nomination . Derek Cecil as Seth Grayson , a political operative who becomes Press Secretary for Vice President Underwood through blackmail . Paul Sparks as Thomas Yates , a successful author whom Frank asks to write a book about the America Works jobs program . He stays on as a speech writer and Claire 's lover . Joel Kinnaman as Will Conway , Republican Governor of New York and Nominee for President of the United States running against Frank . Kim Dickens as Kate Baldwin , chief political reporter of the Wall Street Telegraph . She replaces Sayyad at the White House after Seth Grayson dismisses Sayyad for protocol violations . Lars Mikkelsen as Viktor Petrov , the President of Russia . Neve Campbell as LeAnn Harvey , a Texas - based political consultant Claire hires to run her Congressional campaign . She later becomes the Campaign Manager for the Underwoods for the 2016 Election . Campbell Scott as Mark Usher , Conway 's Campaign Manager . He later joins the Underwood 's inner circle as a `` Special Adviser '' . Patricia Clarkson as Jane Davis , Deputy Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade . She is very well connected and able to successfully negotiate back channel dealings for the Underwoods . Dominique McElligott as Hannah Conway , wife of New York Governor and Republican presidential nominee Will Conway . Korey Jackson as Sean Jeffries , a young reporter at the Washington Herald working under Hammerschmidt . Damian Young as Aidan Macallan , a data scientist and NSA contractor who is friends with LeAnn Harvey . James Martinez as Alex Romero , a Democratic Congressman who leads the House Intelligence Committee 's investigation into Frank 's alleged abuse of power . Production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) The world of 7 : 30 on Tuesday nights , that 's dead . A stake has been driven through its heart , its head has been cut off , and its mouth has been stuffed with garlic . The captive audience is gone . If you give people this opportunity to mainline all in one day , there 's reason to believe they will do it . `` '' -- David Fincher Independent studio Media Rights Capital , founded by Mordecai Wiczyk and Asif Satchu , producer of films such as Babel , purchased the rights to House of Cards with the intention to create a series . While finishing production on his 2008 film The Curious Case of Benjamin Button , David Fincher 's agent showed him House of Cards , a BBC miniseries starring Ian Richardson . Fincher was interested in producing a potential series with Eric Roth . Fincher said that he was interested in doing television because of its long - form nature , adding that working in film does not allow for complex characterizations the way that television allows . `` I felt for the past ten years that the best writing that was happening for actors was happening in television . And so I had been looking to do something that was longer form , '' Fincher stated . MRC approached different networks about the series , including HBO , Showtime and AMC , but Netflix , hoping to launch its own original programming , outbid the other networks . Ted Sarandos , Netflix 's Chief Content Officer , looked at the data of Netflix users ' streaming habits and concluded that there was an audience for Fincher and Spacey . `` It looked incredibly promising , '' he said , `` kind of the perfect storm of material and talent . '' In finding a writer to adapt the series , Fincher stated that they needed someone who could faithfully translate parliamentary politics to Washington . '' Beau Willimon , who has served as an aide to Charles Schumer , Howard Dean and Hillary Clinton , was hired and completed the pilot script in early 2011 . Willimon saw the opportunity to create an entirely new series from the original and deepen its overall story . This is the future , streaming is the future . TV will not be TV in five years from now ... everyone will be streaming . `` '' -- Beau Willimon The project was first announced in March 2011 , with Kevin Spacey attached to star and serve as an executive producer . Fincher was announced as director for the first two episodes , from scripts by Willimon . Netflix ordered 26 episodes to air over two seasons . Spacey called Netflix 's model of publishing all episodes at once a `` new perspective . '' He added that Netflix 's commitment to two full seasons gave the series greater continuity . `` We know exactly where we are going , '' he said . In a speech at the Edinburgh International Television Festival , he also noted that while other networks were interested in the show , they all wanted a pilot , whereas Netflix -- relying solely on their statistics -- ordered the series directly . In January 2016 , show creator , executive producer and showrunner Beau Willimon 's departure following season 4 was announced . Casting ( edit ) I was lucky to get into film at a time that was very interesting for drama . But if you look now , the focus is not on the same kind of films that were made in the 90s . When I look now , the most interesting plots , the most interesting characters , they are on TV . `` '' -- Kevin Spacey Fincher stated that every main cast member was their first choice . In the first read through , he said `` I want everybody here to know that you represent our first choice -- each actor here represents our first choice for these characters . So do not fuck this up . '' Spacey , whose last regular television role was in the series Wiseguy , which ran from 1987 until 1990 , responded positively to the script . He then played Richard III at The Old Vic , which Fincher said was `` great training . '' Spacey supported the decision to release all of the episodes at once , believing that this type of release pattern will be increasingly common with television shows . He said , `` When I ask my friends what they did with their weekend , they say , ' Oh , I stayed in and watched three seasons of Breaking Bad or it 's two seasons of Game of Thrones . '' He was officially cast on March 18 , 2011 . Robin Wright was approached by Fincher to star in the series when they worked together in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo . She was cast as Claire Underwood in June 2011 . Kate Mara was cast as Zoe Barnes in early February 2012 . Mara 's sister , Rooney , worked with Fincher in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , and when Kate Mara read the part of Zoe , she `` fell in love with the character '' and asked her sister to `` put in a word for me with Fincher . '' The next month , she got a call for an audition . Filming ( edit ) Locations ( edit ) Principal photography for the first season began in January 2012 in Harford County , Maryland , on the Eastern seaboard of the United States . Filming of exterior scenes in 2013 centered primarily in and around the city of Baltimore , Maryland , which is about 40 miles northeast of Washington , D.C. Among the numerous exteriors filmed in Baltimore , but set in Washington , D.C. , are : Francis and Claire Underwood 's residence , Zoe Barnes ' apartment , Freddy 's BBQ Rib Joint , The Clean Water Initiative building where Claire works , The Washington Herald offices , the Washington Opera House , the Secretary of State 's building , Hotel Cotesworth , The Georgetown Hotel , Werner 's Bar , Tio Pepe 's , the DuPont Circle Bar , as well as scenes set in other locations , including Peter Russo 's campaign rally in Pennsylvania and The Sentinel ( military academy ) 's Francis J. Underwood Library and Waldron Hall in South Carolina . Most of the interior scenes in House of Cards are filmed in a large industrial warehouse , which is located in Joppa , Maryland , also in Harford County , which is about 17 miles north east of Baltimore . The warehouse is used for the filming of some of the most iconic scenes of the series , such as the full - scale reconstruction of most of the West Wing of the White House , including the Oval Office , the Congressional offices and corridors , the large ' Slugline ' open - plan office interior , and domestic interiors such as the large townhouse rooms of the Underwood residence and a large loft apartment . Extensive filming for season 5 was also done at the Maryland Historical Society in Mount Vernon , Baltimore . The series uses green screen to augment the live action , inserting views of outdoor scenes in windows and broadcast images on TV monitors , often in post-production . The Production Designer , Steve Arnold , also describes in detail the use of a three - sided green screen to insert street scenes outside car windows , with synchronized LED screens above the car ( and out of camera shot ) , that emit the appropriate light onto the actors and parts of the car , such as window frames : `` All the driving in the show , anything inside the vehicle is done on stage , in a room that is a big three - sided green screen space . The car does not move , the actors are in the car , and the cameras are set up around them . We have very long strips of LED monitors hung above the car . We had a camera crew go to Washington , D.C. to drive around and shoot plates for what you see outside when you 're driving . And that is fed into the LED screens above the car . So as the scene is progressing , the LED screens are synched up to emit interactive light to match the light conditions you see in the scenery you 're driving past ( that will be added in post ) . All the reflections on the car windows , the window frames and door jambs is being shot while we 're shooting the actors in the car . Then in post the green screens are replaced with the synced up driving plates , and it works really well . It gives you the sense of light passing over the actors ' faces , matching the lighting that is in the image of the plate '' . In June 2014 , filming of three episodes in the UN Security Council chamber was vetoed by Russia at the last minute . However the show was able to film in other parts of the UN Building . In August 2014 , the show filmed a `` mock - motorcade scene '' in Washington , D.C. In December 2014 , the show filmed in Espanola , Santa Fe , and Las Vegas , New Mexico . Tax credits ( edit ) According to the Maryland Film Office , the state provided millions in tax credits to subsidize the production costs . For season 1 , the company received a final tax credit of $11.6 million . Production costs were $63 million , more than 1,800 Maryland businesses were involved , and nearly 2,200 Marylanders were hired with a $138 million economic impact . For season 2 , the company was reported to expect to get a tax credit of about $15 million because filming costs were more than $55 million . There were nearly 2,000 Maryland businesses benefitting from the production and more than 3,700 Marylanders were hired with a $120 million estimated economic impact . For season 3 , the company filed a letter of intent to film , and estimated costs and economic impact similar to season 2 . Under the 2014 formula , `` the show would qualify for up to $15 million in tax credits . '' Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) In Australia , where Netflix was not available prior to 2015 , the series was broadcast on Showcase , premiering May 7 , 2013 . Australian subscription TV provider Foxtel , and owner of Showcase , offered the entire first season to Showcase subscribers via their On Demand feature on Foxtel set top boxes connected to the internet , as well as through their Xbox 360 , Internet TV , and mobile ( Foxtel Go ) services . Although the entire season was made available , it maintained its weekly timeslot on Showcase . Season two returned to Showcase on February 15 , 2014 . As with season one , the entire season was made available on demand to Showcase subscribers while also retaining a weekly timeslot . The series has also been made available to non Foxtel subscribers through Apple 's Apple TV service . Prior to Netflix 's Australian launch on March 28 , 2015 , Netflix renounced Showcase 's rights to House of Cards , with season 3 premiering on Netfix at launch . In New Zealand , where Netflix was unavailable prior to 2015 , season 1 premiered on TV3 in early 2014 followed immediately by season 2 . Netflix launched in New Zealand on March 24 , 2015 , and unlike Australia ( which had Netflix launch on the same day ) where House of Cards season 3 was available at launch , the series was unavailable and the premiere date and network of season 3 is unknown . In India , where Netflix was unavailable prior to January 2016 , House of Cards premiered on February 20 , 2014 , on Zee Café . Seasons 1 and 2 were aired back -- to -- back . The channel aired all 13 episodes of season 3 on March 28 and 29 , 2015 . This marked the first time that an English - language general entertainment channel in India aired all episodes of the latest season of a series together . The move was intended to satisfy viewers ' urge to binge watch the season . Although Netflix launched in India in January 2016 , House of Cards was not available on the service until March 4 , 2016 . All episodes of season 4 had their television premiere on Zee Café on March 12 and 13 , 2016 . House of Cards was acquired by Canadian superstation CHCH for broadcast beginning September 13 , 2017 , making the program available throughout Canada on cable and free - to - air in CHCH 's broadcast region , which includes portions of the United States . Home media ( edit ) Season 1 was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment in region 1 on June 11 , 2013 , season 2 was released on June 17 , 2014 , season 3 was released on July 7 , 2015 , and season 4 was released on July 5 , 2016 . Season Volume / Chapters DVD Releases Blu - ray Releases Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region A Region B The Complete First Season Volume One Chapters 1 -- 13 June 11 , 2013 June 10 , 2013 June 27 , 2013 June 11 , 2013 June 10 , 2013 The Complete Second Season Volume Two Chapters 14 -- 26 June 17 , 2014 June 16 , 2014 June 19 , 2014 June 17 , 2014 June 16 , 2014 The Complete Third Season Volume Three Chapters 27 -- 39 July 7 , 2015 June 29 , 2015 August 6 , 2015 July 7 , 2015 June 29 , 2015 The Complete Fourth Season Volume Four Chapters 40 -- 52 July 5 , 2016 July 4 , 2016 July 7 , 2016 July 5 , 2016 July 4 , 2016 Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 85 % ( 34 reviews ) 76 ( 25 reviews ) 88 % ( 40 reviews ) 80 ( 25 reviews ) 77 % ( 48 reviews ) 76 ( 24 reviews ) 87 % ( 30 reviews ) 76 ( 17 reviews ) 5 72 % ( 25 reviews ) 60 ( 11 reviews ) Season 1 ( edit ) The first season received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the first season holds a rating of 85 % , based on 34 reviews , with an average rating of 8.3 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` Bolstered by strong performances -- especially from Kevin Spacey -- and surehanded direction , House of Cards is a slick , engrossing drama that may redefine how television is produced . '' On Metacritic , the first season has a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 25 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . USA Today critic Robert Bianco praised the series , particularly Spacey 's and Wright 's lead performances , stating `` If you think network executives are nervous , imagine the actors who have to go up against that pair in the Emmys . '' Tom Gilatto of People Weekly lauded the first two episodes , calling them `` cinematically rich , full of sleek , oily pools of darkness . '' In The Denver Post , critic Joanne Ostrow said the series is `` Deeply cynical about human beings as well as politics and almost gleeful in its portrayal of limitless ambition . '' She added : `` House of Cards is a wonderfully sour take on power and corruption . '' Writing in The New York Times , critic Alessandra Stanley noted that the writing in the series sometimes fails to match the high quality of its acting : `` Unfortunately Mr. Spacey 's lines do n't always live up to the subtle power of his performance ; the writing is n't Shakespeare , or even Aaron Sorkin , and at times , it turns strangely trite . '' Nevertheless , she lauded House of Cards as an entertainment that `` revels in the familiar but always entertaining underbelly of government . '' Andrew Davies , the writer of the original UK TV series , stated that Spacey 's character lacks the `` charm '' of Ian Richardson 's , while The Independent praised Spacey 's portrayal as a more `` menacing '' character , `` hiding his rage behind Southern charm and old - fashioned courtesy . '' Randy Shaw , writing for The Huffington Post , criticized House of Cards for glorifying `` union bashing and entitlement slashing within a political landscape whose absence of activist groups or anyone remotely progressive resembles a Republican fantasy world '' . Critics such as Time television critic James Poniewozik and Hank Stuever of The Washington Post compare the series to Boss . Like the UK show and novel of the same name many critics have noted that it is heavily influenced by both Macbeth and Richard III , In addition , some critics find elements of Othello , such as Iago 's bitter ire . Season 2 ( edit ) The second season received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the season has a rating of 88 % , based on 40 reviews , with an average rating of 8.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` House of Cards proves just as bingeworthy in its second season , with more of the strong performances , writing , and visual design that made the first season so addictive '' . On Metacritic the season has a score of 80 out of 100 , based on 25 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . But as the season progressed , reviews became more mixed . Jen Chaney of Vulture wrote that the second season `` felt kind of empty '' and that `` the closest it came to feeling emotionally rich was when it focused on Claire . '' At the end of the second season , Alan Sepinwall of HitFix wrote that show is a `` A ridiculous political potboiler that takes itself too seriously '' ; he gave the overall season a C - . Season 3 ( edit ) The third season received mostly positive reviews , although many critics noted it felt repetitive . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has a rating of 77 % , based on 48 reviews , with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` Season three introduces intriguing new political and personal elements to Frank Underwood 's character , even if it feels like more of the same for some . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 24 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Negative reviews came from Nick Gillespie of The Daily Beast who accused the writers of `` descending into prosaic moralism '' in season 3 and asserts that it deviates from the show 's original intent , and Michael Wolff of USA Today plainly asserts that `` the third season of House of Cards is no good ... not just no good , but incompetent , a shambles , lost . '' IndieWire named the season one of the most disappointing shows of 2015 . Season 4 ( edit ) The fourth season received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has a rating of 87 % , based on 30 reviews , with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` House of Cards retains its binge - worthiness by ratcheting up the drama , and deepening Robin Wright 's role even further . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 17 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Ben Travers of IndieWire had a positive response to season four , calling it an upgrade from what he perceived as a `` messy and unsatisfying melodramatic '' third season , writing that `` House of Cards is aiming at authenticity , and -- for what feels like the first time -- consistently finding it . '' Todd Van DerWerff of Vox had a mixed review to season four , criticizing the repetitive and predictable nature of the series , writing : `` There 's no such mystery with House of Cards , where you know exactly what will happen as surely as you do on NCIS . Obstacles will present themselves , but Frank ( the hammy Kevin Spacey ) and Claire ( the almost perfect Robin Wright ) Underwood will overcome . What you see is what you get . '' The choice to have Frank and Claire run as running mates was highly criticized by some reviewers . Jonathan Holmes of Radio Times wrote that `` there are limits to the stupidity viewers are willing to accept , and with season four ( House of Cards ) may have stepped over the line . Claire demanding her selection as Frank 's running mate is stupid . Moronic . It turns a canny political operator into a ham - brained fish - eyed jar - opener . '' Spencer Kornhaber of The Atlantic wrote that `` in moments like this it 's good to remember that Cards really , fundamentally is a stupid TV show instead of a particularly cunning comment on political reality . '' Season 5 ( edit ) The fifth season received mixed to positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has an approval rating of 72 % based on 25 reviews , with an average rating of 7.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` House of Cards enjoys a confident return to form this season , though its outlandish edge is tempered slightly by the current political climate . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 60 out of 100 , based on 11 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by House of Cards Beau Willimon with cast and crew at the 73rd Annual Peabody Awards For its first season , House of Cards received nine nominations for the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2013 , to become the first original online - only web television series to receive major nominations . Among House of Cards ' nine nominations , `` Chapter 1 '' received four nominations for the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards and 65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards becoming the first webisode ( online - only episode ) of a television series to receive a major Primetime Emmy Award nomination : Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for David Fincher . This episode also received several Creative Arts Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series , Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series , and Outstanding Music Composition for a Series ( Original Dramatic ) . Although Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series is not a category that formally recognizes an episode , Spacey submitted `` Chapter 1 '' for consideration to earn his nomination . At the Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Award presentation , `` Chapter 1 '' and Eigil Bryld earned the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series , making `` Chapter 1 '' the first Emmy - awarded webisode . At the Primetime Emmy Awards ceremony , Fincher won for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for directing the pilot episode `` Chapter 1 '' in addition to the pair of Creative Arts Emmy Awards , making `` Chapter 1 '' the first Primetime Emmy - awarded webisode . None of the Emmy awards were considered to be in major categories . For the 71st Golden Globe Awards , House of Cards received four nominations . Among those nominations was Wright for Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama for her portrayal of Claire Underwood , which she won . In so doing she became the first actress to win a Golden Globe Award for an online - only web television series . For its second season , House of Cards received 13 Primetime Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , Kevin Spacey for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series , Robin Wright for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series , Kate Mara for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series , and Reg E. Cathey for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series . At the 72nd Golden Globe Awards , the series was nominated for Best Drama Series and Wright was nominated for Best Drama Actress , while Spacey won for Best Drama Actor . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anderson , David ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` House of Cards ' keeps busy Harford shooting schedule , prompting a rare complaint '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` House of Cards Creator Beau Willimon on the D.C. Thriller 's Second Season '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graves , Lucia ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Frank Underwood and a Brief History of Ruthless Pragmatism '' . National Journal . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cronk , Jordan ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' Doing bad for the greater good ' : Kevin Spacey , Beau Willimon and Co . Look Back at ' House of Cards ' Season One '' . Indiewire . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards '' . Television Academy . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Does Well in 2013 Primetime Emmy Nominations '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards '' . Golden Globes . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dolgov , Anna ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Putin vs Petrov -- Fact and Fiction in House of Cards '' . The Moscow Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abele , Robert . `` Playing With a New Deck '' . Director 's Guild of America . 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Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Roxborough , Scott ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` MIPCOM 2012 : Kevin Spacey , Robin Wright : Why Netflix 's ' House of Cards ' Is the Future of TV '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Kevin Spacey Set To Star in David Fincher 's Drama Series For MRC ' House of Cards ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 15 , 2011 ) . `` Netflix To Enter Original Programming With Mega Deal For David Fincher - Kevin Spacey Series ' House of Cards ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Spacey urges TV channels to give control to viewers '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' House Of Cards ' Renewed For Season 5 By Netflix , Creator Beau Willimon Departs '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Gomez , Adrian ( December 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' films season - three finale in NM '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Da , Royale ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Episode of ' House of Cards ' filmed in Santa Fe : Film insiders dish on popular Netflix show '' . KOAT . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Jenna ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` How did ' House of Cards ' get millions in Maryland tax credits ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Foxtel to offer full series of House of Cards online TV Tonight '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Returning : House of Cards '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix launches in Australia '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( November 16 , 2014 ) . `` Foxtel loses House of Cards '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` House of Cards shifts from Foxtel to Netflix streaming '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Blacklist , Rake , House of Cards and more coming to TV3 '' . TV3 . July 26 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schulz , Chris ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix launches in New Zealand today , in direct competition with Spark 's Lightbox and Sky TV 's Neon . Should you join ? Chris Schulz weighs up the pros and cons ... '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zee Café brings home the biggest show of 2014 ; House Of Cards '' . IndianTelevision.com . January 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Naidu , Vinaya ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` Zee Café Launches Innovative Campaign To Promote House Of Cards TV Premiere '' . Lighthouse Insights . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zee Café to air the entire Season 3 of House of Cards in Two Days ! '' . The Times of India . March 9 , 2015 . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arora , Akhil . `` Netflix India Finally Gets ' House of Cards ' '' . NDTV . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zee Café to premiere ' House of Cards ' season 4 on 12 -- 13 March '' . IndianTelevision.com . February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards '' . CHCH . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` House of Cards -- Packaging and Official Press Release for ' The Complete 1st Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : The Complete Second Season Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` House of Cards -- Press Release from Sony for ' The Complete 3rd Season ' on DVD , Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` House of Cards -- Official Sony Press Release for ' The Complete 4th Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : Season 1 ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` House of Cards ( 2013 ) : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stone , Jeff ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix 's ' House of Cards ' Earns Rave Reviews , CEO Reed Hastings Promises Hollywood Takeover '' . International Business Times . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' is all aces '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ostrow , Joanne ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Ostrow : Kevin Spacey shines in `` House of Cards '' political drama on Netflix `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( February 2 , 2013 ) . `` Political Animals That Slither '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lacob , Jace ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` David Fincher , Beau Willimon & Kate Mara On Netflix 's ' House of Cards ' '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Sarah ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' Urquhart is deliciously diabolical ' : Kevin Spacey is back in a remake of House of Cards '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Randy ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` House of Cards Is a Republican Fantasy World '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Review : House of Cards Sinks Its Sharp Teeth into Washington '' . Time . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' : Power corrupts ( plus other non-breaking news ) '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Youngs , Ian ( February 9 , 2007 ) . `` Richardson 's rule in House of Cards '' . BBC News . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 9 Things ' House Of Cards ' Took From Shakespeare '' . The Huffington Post . February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Addario , Daniel ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Yes , `` House of Cards '' is our Shakespeare : Comparing the show to Shakespeare is n't pretentious ; it 's appropriate `` . Salon . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blank , Paula C. ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` To figure out House of Cards , read a lot of Shakespeare '' . The Star . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : Season 2 ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards ( 2013 ) : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grant , Drew ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` The Anhedonia of Antiheroes : Why House of Cards ' Second Season Is n't as Fun as It Should Be '' . The New York Observer . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` House of Cards Season 2 Finale Recap : The Wicked Wing of the West '' . Vulture . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' season 2 in review : It gets weaker the more you watch '' . HitFix . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : Season 3 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards ( 2013 ) : Season 3 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Nick ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` That 's It , House of Cards . You Lost Me . '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wolff , Michael ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wolff : ' House of Cards ' shows Netflix weakness '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shannon Miller , Liz ; Travers , Ben ( 2015 ) . `` The Most Disappointing TV Shows of 2015 '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : Season 4 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards ( 2013 ) : Season 4 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' House of Cards ' Season 4 Might Be the Best Season Yet , But It Wo n't Be Your Favorite '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van DerWerff , Todd ( March 6 , 2016 ) . `` House of Cards season 4 review : The Netflix drama 's latest season is a ridiculous mess -- but better than you 'd expect '' . Vox . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Jonathan ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Has House of Cards outstayed its welcome ? '' . Radio Times . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kornhaber , Spencer ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` House of Cards Season 4 , Episode 3 : The Live - Binge Review '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : Season 5 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : Season 5 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stelter , Brian ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Does Well in 2013 Primetime Emmy Nominations '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Riley , Jenelle ( August 26 , 2013 ) . `` Emmy Episode Submissions : Lead Actor in a Drama '' . Backstage . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Makes History With Two Primetime Creative Arts Emmy ® Awards '' . The Star - Ledger . PR Newswire . September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` @ HouseofCards status update '' . Twitter . September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Amol ; Alexandra Cheney ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Makes Some History With Showing at Emmys '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Wins Three Emmys , ' House of Cards ' Shut Out of Major Categories '' . The Huffington Post . September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Farley , Christopher John ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Golden Globes Nominations 2014 : ' 12 Years a Slave , ' ' American Hustle ' Lead Field '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zurawik , David ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' star Robin Wright earns series ' sole Golden Globes win '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hyman , Vicki ( January 12 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 Golden Globes : Robin Wright wins best actress for online - only ' House of Cards ' '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( January 12 , 2014 ) . `` Golden Globes : ' Brooklyn Nine Nine ' Nabs Upset TV Comedy Wins '' . Variety . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( July 10 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 Emmy Awards : ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Fargo ' Lead Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) . 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"Set in 2010s Washington, D.C., House of Cards is the story of Congressman Frank Underwood (Kevin Spacey), a Democrat from South Carolina's 5th congressional district and House Majority Whip. After being passed over for appointment as Secretary of State, he initiates an elaborate plan to get himself into a position of greater power, aided by his wife, Claire Underwood (Robin Wright). The series deals primarily with themes of ruthless pragmatism,[3] manipulation, and power.[4]"
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"Congressman"
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-1316968604100257433 | All in the Family | All in the Family - wikipedia All in the Family For other uses , see All in the Family ( disambiguation ) . All in the Family Genre Sitcom Based on Till Death Us Do Part created by Johnny Speight Developed by Norman Lear Starring Carroll O'Connor Jean Stapleton Sally Struthers Rob Reiner Danielle Brisebois Theme music composer Lee Adams ( lyrics ) , Charles Strouse ( music ) , Roger Kellaway ( ending theme ) Opening theme `` Those Were the Days '' Performed by Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton Ending theme `` Remembering You '' by Roger Kellaway , ( music ) and Carroll O'Connor ( additional lyrics added in 1971 ; instrumental version ) Country of origin United States No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 205 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 25 -- 26 minutes Production company ( s ) Tandem Productions Distributor Viacom Enterprises ( 1979 -- 1991 ) Columbia Pictures Television ( 1991 -- 1995 ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 1995 -- 2002 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Release Original network CBS Picture format Color Original release January 12 , 1971 ( 1971 - 01 - 12 ) -- April 8 , 1979 ( 1979 - 04 - 08 ) Chronology Followed by Archie Bunker 's Place 704 Hauser Related shows Maude The Jeffersons Gloria Good Times Checking In All in the Family is an American sitcom TV - series that was originally broadcast on the CBS television network for nine seasons , from January 1971 to April 1979 . The following September , it was continued with the spin - off series Archie Bunker 's Place , which picked up where All in the Family had ended and ran for four more seasons . All in the Family was produced by Norman Lear and Bud Yorkin . It starred Carroll O'Connor , Jean Stapleton , Sally Struthers , and Rob Reiner . The show revolves around the life of a working - class bigot and his family . The show broke ground in its depiction of issues previously considered unsuitable for a U.S. network television comedy , such as racism , antisemitism , infidelity , homosexuality , women 's liberation , rape , religion , miscarriages , abortion , breast cancer , the Vietnam War , menopause , and impotence . Through depicting these controversial issues , the series became arguably one of television 's most influential comedic programs , as it injected the sitcom format with more dramatic moments and realistic , topical conflicts . Based on the BBC1 sitcom Till Death Us Do Part ( with Archie Bunker modeled after Alf Garnett ) , All in the Family is often regarded in the United States as one of the greatest television series of all time . Following a lackluster first season , the show soon became the most watched show in the United States during summer reruns and afterwards ranked number one in the yearly Nielsen ratings from 1971 to 1976 . It became the first television series to reach the milestone of having topped the Nielsen ratings for five consecutive years . The episode `` Sammy 's Visit '' was ranked number 13 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time . TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time ranked All in the Family as number four . Bravo also named the show 's protagonist , Archie Bunker , TV 's greatest character of all time . In 2013 , the Writers Guild of America ranked All in the Family the fourth - best written TV series ever , and TV Guide ranked it as the fourth - greatest show of all time . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main characters 2.2 Supporting characters 2.3 Recurring characters 3 History and production 3.1 Theme song 3.2 Setting and location 4 Episodes 4.1 Syndication 5 Ratings 6 Spin - offs 7 Specials 8 Home media 9 Cultural impact 10 Awards and nominations 10.1 Primetime Emmy awards and nominations 10.2 Golden Globe Awards and Nominations 10.3 TCA Heritage Award 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Premise ( edit ) All in the Family is about a typical white working - class family living in Queens , New York . Its patriarch is Archie Bunker ( O'Connor ) , an outspoken , narrow - minded man , seemingly prejudiced against everyone who is not like him or his idea of how people should be . Archie 's wife Edith ( Jean Stapleton ) is sweet and understanding , though somewhat naïve and uneducated ; her husband sometimes disparagingly calls her `` dingbat '' . Their one child , Gloria ( Sally Struthers ) , is generally kind and good - natured like her mother , but displays traces of her father 's stubbornness ; unlike them , however , she is a feminist . Gloria is married to college student Michael Stivic ( Reiner ) -- referred to as `` Meathead '' by Archie -- whose values are likewise influenced and shaped by the counterculture of the 1960s . The two couples represent the real - life clash of values between the Greatest Generation and Baby Boomers . For much of the series , the Stivics live in the Bunkers ' home to save money , providing abundant opportunity for them to irritate each other . The show is set in the Astoria section of Queens , with the vast majority of scenes taking place in the Bunkers ' home at 704 Hauser Street . Occasional scenes take place in other locations , especially during later seasons , such as Kelsey 's Bar , a neighborhood tavern where Archie spends a good deal of time and which he eventually buys , and the Stivics ' home after Mike and Gloria move to the house next door . The house seen in the opening is at 89 - 70 Cooper Avenue near the junction of the Glendale , Middle Village , and Rego Park sections of Queens . Supporting characters represent the demographics of the neighborhood , especially the African American Jeffersons , who live in the house next door in the early seasons . Cast ( edit ) Main characters ( edit ) The Bunkers and the Stivics : standing , Gloria ( Sally Struthers ) and Michael ( Rob Reiner ) ; seated , Archie ( Carroll O'Connor ) and Edith ( Jean Stapleton ) with baby Joey Carroll O'Connor as Archie Bunker : Frequently called a `` lovable bigot '' , Archie was an assertively prejudiced blue - collar worker . A World War II veteran , Archie longs for better times when people sharing his viewpoint were in charge , as evidenced by the nostalgic theme song `` Those Were the Days '' ( also the show 's original title ) . Despite his bigotry , he is portrayed as loving and decent , as well as a man who is simply struggling to adapt to the changes in the world , rather than someone motivated by hateful racism or prejudice . His ignorance and stubbornness seem to cause his malapropism - filled arguments to self - destruct . He often rejects uncomfortable truths by blowing a raspberry . Former child actor Mickey Rooney was Lear 's first choice to play Archie , but Rooney declined the offer because of the strong potential for controversy , and in Rooney 's opinion , a poor chance for success . Scott Brady , formerly of the Western series Shotgun Slade , also declined the role of Archie Bunker , but appeared four times on the series in 1976 in the role of Joe Foley . O'Connor appears in all but seven episodes of the series ' run . Jean Stapleton as Edith Bunker , née Baines : Edith is Archie 's ditzy but kind - hearted wife . Archie often tells her to `` stifle '' herself and calls her a `` dingbat '' , and although Edith generally defers to her husband 's authority and endures his insults , on the rare occasions when Edith takes a stand , she proves to have a simple but profound wisdom . Despite their different personalities , they love each other deeply . Stapleton developed Edith 's distinctive voice . Stapleton remained with the show through the original series run , but decided to leave at that time . During the first season of Archie Bunker 's Place , Edith was seen in five of the first 14 episodes in guest appearances . After that point , Edith was written out as having suffered a stroke and died off - camera , leaving Archie to deal with the death of his beloved `` dingbat '' . Stapleton appeared in all but four episodes of All in the Family . In the series ' first episode , Edith is portrayed as being less of a dingbat and even sarcastically refers to her husband as `` Mr. Religion , here ... '' after they come home from church , something her character would not be expected to say later . Sally Struthers as Gloria Stivic , née Bunker : The Bunkers ' college - aged daughter who is married to Michael Stivic . She has the generally kind nature of her mother , but the stubbornness of her father , which early in the series manifests as childishness , later as a more mature feminism . Gloria frequently attempts to mediate between her father and husband , generally siding with the latter . The roles of the Bunkers ' daughter and son - in - law ( then named `` Dickie '' ) initially went to Candice Azzara and Chip Oliver . However , after seeing the show 's pilot , ABC requested a second pilot expressing dissatisfaction with both actors . Lear later recast the roles of Gloria and Dickie with Struthers and Reiner . Penny Marshall ( Reiner 's wife , whom he married in April 1971 , shortly after the program began ) was also considered for the role of Gloria . During the earlier seasons of the show , Struthers was known to be discontented with how static her part was and , in 1974 , sued to get out of her contract . But the character became more developed , satisfying her . Struthers appeared in 157 of the 202 episodes during the first eight seasons -- from January 12 , 1971 to March 19 , 1978 . She later reprised the role in the spin - off series Gloria , which lasted for a single season in 1982 -- 1983 . Rob Reiner as Michael `` the Meathead '' Stivic : Gloria 's Polish - American hippie husband is part of the counterculture of the 1960s . While good - hearted and well - meaning , he constantly spars with Archie , and is equally stubborn , although his moral views are generally presented as being more ethical and his logic somewhat sounder . He is the most - educated person in the household , a fact which gives him a self - assured arrogance , and despite his intellectual belief in progressive social values , he tends to expect Gloria to defer to him as her husband . As discussed in All in the Family retrospectives , Richard Dreyfuss sought the part , but Norman Lear was convinced to cast Reiner . Harrison Ford turned down the role , citing Archie Bunker 's bigotry . Reiner appeared in 174 of the 202 episodes of the series during the first eight seasons -- from January 12 , 1971 to March 19 , 1978 . Reiner is also credited with writing three of the series ' episodes . Danielle Brisebois as the cute nine - year - old daughter of one of Edith 's cousins , Stephanie Mills , who is a regular throughout the ninth season . Despite being cute and having a sweet side , she is smart , clever , and does give her own few remarks at Archie from time to time . The Bunkers take her in after the child 's father , Floyd Mills , abandons her on their doorstep in 1978 ( he later extorts money from them to let them keep her ) . She remained with the show through its transition to Archie Bunker 's Place , and appeared in all four seasons of the latter show . Supporting characters ( edit ) When Archie visits a local blood bank to make a donation , he meets his neighbor , Lionel Jefferson , who is there to do the same thing . Sherman Hemsley as George Jefferson , Isabel Sanford as his wife Louise , and Mike Evans as their son Lionel , Archie 's black neighbors : George is Archie 's combative black counterpart , while Louise is a smarter , more assertive version of Edith . Lionel first appeared in the series ' premiere episode `` Meet the Bunkers '' , with Louise appearing later in the first season . Although George had been mentioned many times , he was not seen until 1973 . Hemsley , who was Norman Lear 's first choice to play George , was performing in the Broadway musical Purlie and did not want to break his commitment to that show . However , Lear kept the role waiting for him until he had finished with the musical . Plots frequently find Archie and George at odds with one another , while Edith and Louise attempt to join forces to bring about a resolution . They later moved to an apartment in Manhattan in their own show , The Jeffersons . Mel Stewart , as George 's brother Henry Jefferson : The two appeared together only once , in the 1973 episode in which the Bunkers host Henry 's going - away party , marking Stewart 's final episode and Hemsley 's first . After the Jeffersons were spun off into their own show in 1975 , Stewart 's character was rarely referred to again and was never seen . In the closing credits of `` The First and Last Supper '' episode , Mel Stewart is incorrectly credited as playing George Jefferson . Stewart was actually playing George 's brother , Henry Jefferson , who was pretending to be George for most of the episode . ( Season 1 - 4 , 8 episodes ) Bea Arthur as Edith 's cousin Maude : Maude was white - collared and ultra-liberal , the perfect foil to Archie , and one of his main antagonists . She appeared in only two episodes , `` Cousin Maude 's Visit '' , where she took care of the Bunker household when all four were sick , and `` Maude '' from the show 's second season , which was basically a backdoor pilot . Her spin - off series , Maude , began in fall 1972 . ( Season 2 , 2 episodes ) Betty Garrett and Vincent Gardenia as the liberal and Roman Catholic next - door neighbors Irene and Frank Lorenzo : Both first appeared as a married couple as Irene was trying to use the Bunker 's phone . During an argument earlier in the episode , Archie and Mike had broken the phone wire . Irene being a ' handyman ' of sorts with her own tools , which she carried in her purse , fixed it . Irene fixed many things at the Bunker house during her time on the show . She also had a sister who was a nun and appeared in one episode . `` Edith 's Christmas Story '' reveals that Irene has had a mastectomy . Archie got her a job as a forklift operator at the plant where he worked . Irene was a strong - willed woman of Irish heritage , and Frank was a jovial Italian househusband who loved cooking and singing . He also was a salesman , but what he sold was never said . Gardenia , who also appeared as Jim Bowman in episode eight of season one ( as the man who sold his house to the Jeffersons ) and as Curtis Rempley in episode seven of season three ( as a swinger opposite Rue McClanahan ) , became a semiregular along with Garrett in 1973 . Gardenia only stayed for one season as Frank Lorenzo , but Garrett remained until her character was phased out in late 1975 . ( Season 4 - 6 ) Allan Melvin as Archie 's neighbor and good friend Barney Hefner : Barney started appearing in 1972 as a recurring character . Over time , he appeared progressively more often until he became a regular . He appeared as a regular in all four seasons of Archie Bunker 's Place . He also appeared in the first season as a desk sergeant at a police precinct . Recurring characters ( edit ) James Cromwell as Jerome `` Stretch '' Cunningham ( 1973 -- 1976 ) `` The Funniest Man in The World '' , Archie 's friend and co-worker from the loading dock ( Archie claims that he is known as the `` Bob Hope '' of the loading platform ) : What Archie did not know was that Stretch was Jewish , evident only after Stretch died and Archie went to the funeral . Archie 's eulogy ( or `` urology '' as he called it ) for his friend is often referred to as a rare occasion when he was capable of showing the humanity he tried so earnestly to hide . In the episode titled `` Archie in the Cellar '' , Billy Sands is referred to as Stretch Cunningham , the voice on the tape recorder telling jokes . Sands also appeared as other characters on the show during its run , in Kelsey 's Bar as a patron . ( Season 5 , 3 episodes ) Liz Torres as Theresa Betancourt ( 1976 -- 1977 ) : A Puerto Rican nursing student who meets Archie when he is admitted to the hospital for surgery . She later rents Mike and Gloria 's former room at the Bunker house . She called Archie `` Papi '' . Torres had just completed the first season of the CBS sitcom Phyllis in the spring of 1976 before being dropped from the cast . ( She had replaced the late actress Barbara Colby in the role of Julie Erskine . ) Torres joined All in the Family in the fall of 1976 , but her character was not popular with viewers , and the role was phased out before the end of the season . ( Season 7 , 7 episodes ) Billy Halop as Mr. Munson ( 1971 -- 74 ) , the cab driver who lets Archie use his cab to make extra money . ( Season 1 - 3 & 5 - 6 , 10 episodes ) Bob Hastings as Kelcy or Tommy Kelsey , who owns the bar Archie frequents and later buys : Kelcy was also played by Frank Maxwell in the episode `` Archie Gets The Business '' . The name of the establishment is Kelcy 's Bar ( as seen in the bar window in various episodes ) . However , due to a continuity error , the end credits of episodes involving the bar owner spell the name `` Kelcy '' for the first two seasons and `` Kelsey '' thereafter , although the end credits show `` Kelcy '' in the `` Archie Gets the Business '' episode . Jason Wingreen as Harry Snowden , a bartender at Kelcy 's Bar who continues to work there after Archie purchases it as his business partner : Harry had tried to buy the bar from Kelcy , but Archie was able to come up with the money first , by taking a mortgage out on his house , which the Bunkers owned outright . Gloria LeRoy as Mildred `` Boom - Boom '' Turner , a buxom , middle - aged secretary at the plant where Archie works : Her first appearance was when Archie is lost on his way to a convention and Mike and Gloria suspect he and she could be having an affair . Archie gave her that moniker as she was walking by the loading dock . He said when she walked , `` Boom - Boom '' . She is not fond of Archie because he and Stretch leer at her and because of their sexist behavior , but later becomes friendly with him , occasionally working as a barmaid at Archie 's Place . Gloria LeRoy also appeared in a third - season episode as `` Bobbi Jo '' Loomis , the wife of Archie 's old war buddy `` Duke '' . Barnard Hughes as Father Majeskie , a local Catholic priest who was suspected by Archie one time of trying to convert Edith : He appeared in multiple episodes . The first time was when Edith accidentally hit Majeskie 's car near the local supermarket with a can of cling peaches in heavy syrup . ( Season 2 , 3 & 4 , 3 episodes ) Eugene Roche appeared as practical jokester friend and fellow lodge member `` Pinky Peterson '' , one of Archie Bunker 's buddies , in three episodes , first in the episode `` Beverly Rides Again '' , then the memorable Christmas Day episode called `` The Draft Dodger '' ( episode 146 , 1976 ) , and finally the episode `` Archie 's Other Wife '' . ( Season 7 & 9 , 3 episodes ) Sorrell Booke as Lyle Sanders , personnel manager at Archie Bunker 's workplace , Prendergast Tool and Die Company : He had appeared on the series as Lyle Bennett , the manager of a local television station , in the episode `` Archie and the Editorial '' in season three . Lori Shannon played Beverly La Salle , a transvestite entertainer , who appeared in three episodes : `` Archie the Hero '' , `` Beverly Rides Again '' , and `` Edith 's Crisis of Faith '' . In that third episode , Mike and Beverly are attacked , and he dies in a hospital from injuries suffered during the fight . Estelle Parsons as Blanche Hefner ( 1977 -- 1979 ) , Barney 's second wife : Blanche and Archie are not fond of one another , though Edith likes her very much . The character is mentioned throughout much of the series after Barney 's first wife , Mabel , had died , though she only appeared in a handful of episodes during the last few seasons . Estelle Parsons also appeared in the season - seven episode `` Archie 's Secret Passion '' as Dolores Fencel . ( Season 7 & 9 ) Bill Quinn as Mr. Edgar van Ranseleer ( Mr. van R ) , a blind patron and regular at the bar : He was almost never referred to by his first name . In a running joke , Archie usually waves his hand in front of Mr. van R 's face when he speaks to him . His role was later expanded on Archie Bunker 's Place , where he appeared in all four seasons . Burt Mustin as Justin Quigley , a feisty octogenarian / nonagenarian : Mr. Quigley first appeared in the episode : `` Edith Finds an Old Man '' ( season four , episode three , Sept 23 , 1973 ) where he runs away from an old age home . He temporarily moves in with the Bunkers but quickly leaves to share an apartment with his friend Josephine `` Jo '' Nelson , played by Ruth McDevitt . He appeared in several other episodes , including `` Archie 's Weighty Problem '' . Mr. Mustin previously appeared in a first - season episode as Harry Feeney , the night watchman at Archie 's workplace . ( 1 , 4 - 6 , 5 episodes ) Nedra Volz as Aunt Iola : Edith 's aunt , she was mentioned several times in the eighth season and stayed with the Bunkers for two weeks . Edith wanted her to move in , but Archie would not allow it , though when he thought Iola did not have any place to go , he told her privately that she could always stay with them . Francine Beers and Jane Connell as Sybil Gooley , who worked at Ferguson 's Market : Frequently mentioned , usually by Edith , Sybil predicted that Gloria and Mike were having a baby boy by performing a ring on a string `` swing test '' over Gloria 's abdomen . Sybil also appeared in the episode `` Edith 's 50th Birthday '' and spilled the beans on her surprise party because she had not been invited . Archie and she did not get along , and he referred to her as a `` Big Mouth '' . Rae Allen and Elizabeth Wilson as Cousin Amelia : Archie detested Amelia and her husband , Russ , who were both wealthy . Once , she sent Edith a mink and Archie wanted to send it back , until he found out how much it was worth . In another episode , Amelia and her husband visit the Bunkers to bring them gifts from a recent trip to Hawaii , but in a private moment , Amelia shares with Edith that , despite appearances , she and Russ are considering a divorce . The character was played by two different actresses in three episodes of the show . Richard Dysart and George S. Irving as Russ DeKuyper , Amelia 's husband . He is a plumbing contractor who continued the business started by Amelia 's father and uncles . He constantly flaunts his monetary wealth in front of Archie and looks askance at the way Archie lives , forgetting that he walked into a profitable plumbing business . He appeared in two of the episodes that featured Amelia Clyde Kusatsu as Reverend Chong appeared in three episodes . He refused to baptize little Joey in season six , and then remarried Archie and Edith , and Mike and Gloria in season eight , and gave counsel to Stephanie in season nine as it was learned that she was Jewish . ( Season 6 , 8 & 9 , 3 episodes ) Ruth McDevitt as Josephine `` Jo '' Nelson : She played the girlfriend of Justin Quigley , the older man Edith found walking around the supermarket . She appeared in three episodes from seasons four through six . Gloria and Mike adopted them as their godgrandparents . Of most of the characters , Archie took a liking to Justin and Jo. She died following the end of the sixth season . ( Season 4 & 5 , 3 episodes ) William Benedict as Jimmy McNabb : The Bunkers ' neighbor , he appeared in two episodes during the first and second seasons , and was referred to many times during the first few seasons . Jack Grimes as Mr. Whitehead : A member of Archie 's lodge , he was the local funeral director . The death of Archie 's cousin Oscar in a season - two episode of All in the Family brings the very short , white - haired , and silver - tongued Whitehead with his catalog of caskets . ( Season 2 & 4 , 2 episodes ) History and production ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The show came about when Norman Lear read an article in Variety magazine on Till Death Us Do Part and its success in the United Kingdom . He immediately knew it portrayed a relationship just like the one between his father and him . Lear bought the rights to the show and incorporated his own family experiences with his father into the show . Lear 's father would tell Lear 's mother to `` stifle herself '' and she would tell Lear 's father `` you are the laziest white man I ever saw '' ( two `` Archieisms '' that found their way onto the show ) . The original pilot was titled Justice for All and was developed for ABC . Tom Bosley , Jack Warden , and Jackie Gleason were all considered for the role of Archie Bunker . In fact , CBS wanted to buy the rights to the original show and retool it specifically for Gleason , who was under contract to them , but producer Lear beat out CBS for the rights and offered the show to ABC . In the pilot , Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton played Archie and Edith Justice . Kelly Jean Peters played Gloria and Tim McIntire played her husband , Richard . It was taped in October 1968 in New York City . After screening the first pilot , ABC gave the producers more money to shoot a second pilot , titled Those Were the Days , which was taped in February 1969 in Hollywood . Candice Azzara played Gloria and Chip Oliver played Richard . D'Urville Martin played Lionel Jefferson in both pilots . After stations ' and viewers ' complaints caused ABC to cancel Turn - On after only one episode in February 1969 , the network became uneasy about airing a show with a `` foul - mouthed , bigoted lead '' character , and rejected the series at about the time Richard Dreyfuss sought the role of Michael . Rival network CBS was eager to update its image and was looking to replace much of its then popular `` rural '' programming ( Mayberry R.F.D. , The Beverly Hillbillies , Petticoat Junction , and Green Acres ) with more `` urban '' , contemporary series and was interested in Lear 's project . CBS bought the rights from ABC and retitled the show All in the Family . The pilot episode CBS developed had the final cast and was the series ' first episode . Lear wanted to shoot in black and white as Till Death Us Do Part had been . While CBS insisted on color , Lear had the set furnished in neutral tones , keeping everything relatively devoid of color . As costume designer Rita Riggs described in her 2001 Archive of American Television interview , Lear 's idea was to create the feeling of sepia tones , in an attempt to make viewers feel as if they were looking at an old family album . All in the Family was the first major American series to be videotaped in front of a live studio audience . In the 1960s , most sitcoms had been filmed in the single - camera format without audiences , with a laugh track simulating an audience response . Lear employed the multiple - camera format of shooting in front of an audience , but used tape , whereas previous multiple - camera shows like Mary Tyler Moore had used film . Due to the success of All in the Family , videotaping sitcoms in front of an audience became a common format for the genre during the 1970s , ' 80s , and ' 90s . The use of videotape also gave All in the Family the look and feel of early live television , including the original live broadcasts of The Honeymooners , to which All in the Family is sometimes compared . For the show 's final season , the practice of being taped before a live audience changed to playing the already taped and edited show to an audience and recording their laughter to add to the original sound track . Thus , the voice - over during the end credits was changed from Rob Reiner 's `` All in the Family was recorded on tape before a live audience '' to Carroll O'Connor's `` All in the Family was played to a studio audience for live responses '' . ( Typically , the audience was gathered for a taping of One Day at a Time , and got to see All In the Family as a bonus . ) Throughout its run , Norman Lear took pride in the fact that canned laughter was never used ( mentioning this on many occasions ) ; the laughter heard in the episodes was genuine . Theme song ( edit ) The series ' opening theme song `` Those Were The Days '' , was written by Lee Adams ( lyrics ) and Charles Strouse ( music ) . It was presented in a way that was unique for a 1970s series : Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton were seated at a console or spinet piano ( played by Stapleton ) and sang the tune together on - camera at the start of every episode , concluding with live - audience applause . ( The song dates back to the first Justice For All pilot , although on that occasion O'Connor and Stapleton performed the song off - camera and at a faster tempo than the series version . ) Six different performances were recorded over the run of the series , including one version that includes additional lyrics . The song is a simple , pentatonic melody ( that can be played exclusively with black keys on a piano ) in which Archie and Edith wax nostalgic for the simpler days of yesteryear . A longer version of the song was released as a single on Atlantic Records , reaching number 43 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and number 30 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart in early 1972 ; the additional lyrics in this longer version lend the song a greater sense of sadness , and make poignant reference to social changes taking place in the 1960s and early 1970s . Those Were The Days Boy , the way Glenn Miller played Songs that made the hit parade Guys like us , we had it made Those were the days ! And you knew where you were then Girls were girls , and men were men Mister , we could use a man like Herbert Hoover again Did n't need no welfare state Everybody pulled his weight Gee , our old LaSalle ran great Those were the days ! In the original 1968 pilot episode an additional verse was sung : Had my twelve - tube radio Loved The Eddie Cantor Show Oh where did all that beauty go ? Those were the days ! A few perceptible drifts can be observed when listening to each version chronologically . In the original version , the lyric `` Those Were The Days '' was sung over the tonic ( root chord of the song 's key ) , and the piano strikes a dominant 7th passing chord in transition to the next part , which is absent from subsequent versions . Jean Stapleton 's screeching high note on the line `` And you knew who you WEEERRE then '' became louder , longer , and more comical , although only in the original version did the line draw a laugh from the audience . Carroll O'Connor's pronunciation of `` welfare state '' gained more of Archie 's trademark whining enunciation , and the closing lyrics ( especially `` Gee , our old LaSalle ran great '' ) were sung with increasingly deliberate articulation , as viewers had complained that they could not understand the words . Also in the original version , the camera angle was shot slightly from the right side of the talent as opposed to the straight on angle of the next version . Jean Stapleton performed the theme song without glasses beginning in season 6 . In addition to O'Connor and Stapleton singing , footage is also shown beginning with aerial shots of Manhattan , and continuing to Queens , progressively zooming in , culminating with a still shot of a lower middle - class semidetached home , presumably representing the Bunkers ' house in Astoria . The house shown in the opening credits , however , is actually located at 89 -- 70 Cooper Avenue in the Glendale section of Queens , New York . A notable difference exists , however , between the Cooper Avenue house and the All in the Family set : the Cooper Avenue house has no porch , while the Bunkers ' home featured a front porch . The footage for the opening had been shot back in 1968 for the series ' first pilot , thus the establishing shot of the Manhattan skyline was completely devoid of the World Trade Center towers , which had not yet been built . When the series aired two years later , the Trade Center towers , although under construction , had still not yet risen high enough to become a prominent feature on the Manhattan skyline ( this did not happen until the end of 1971 ) . Despite this change in the Manhattan skyline , the original 1968 footage continued to be used for the series opening until the series transitioned into Archie Bunker 's Place in 1979 . At that time , a new opening with current shots of the Manhattan skyline was used with the Trade Center towers being seen in the closing credits . This opening format -- showing actual footage of the cities and neighborhoods in which the show was set -- became the standard for most of Norman Lear 's sitcoms , including Maude , Good Times , and The Jeffersons . At the end of the opening , the camera then returns to a few final seconds of O'Connor and Stapleton , as they finish the song . At the end of the original version , Edith smiles at Archie and Archie smiles off at a slight distance . In the longest running version ( from season 2 to season 5 ) , Edith smiles blissfully at Archie , and Archie puts a cigar in his mouth and returns a rather cynical , sheepish look to Edith . From season 6 through the season 8 , Edith smiles and rests her chin on Archie 's shoulder . In the final season , Edith hugs Archie at the conclusion . Additionally , in the first three versions of the opening , Archie is seen wearing his classic trademark white shirt . In the last version of the opening for the series ' ninth season , Archie is seen wearing a grey sweater - jacket over his white shirt . In all versions of the opening , the song 's conclusion is accompanied by applause from the studio audience . In interviews , Norman Lear stated that the idea for the piano song introduction was a cost - cutting measure . After completion of the pilot episode , the budget would not allow an elaborate scene to serve as the sequence played during the show 's opening credits . Lear decided to have a simple scene of Archie and Edith singing at the piano . The closing theme ( an instrumental ) was `` Remembering You '' played by Roger Kellaway with lyrics co-written by Carroll O'Connor . It was played over footage of the same row of houses in Queens as in the opening ( but moving in the opposite direction down the street ) , and eventually moving back to aerial shots of Manhattan , suggesting the visit to the Bunkers ' home has concluded . O'Connor recorded a vocal version of `` Remembering You '' for a record album , but though he performed it several times on TV appearances , the lyrics ( about the end of a romance ) were never heard in the actual series . Except for some brief instances in the first season , no background or transitional music was used . Setting and location ( edit ) The house featured in the opening credits sequence , as it appeared in late 2013 Lear and his writers set the series in the Queens neighborhood of Astoria . The location of the Bunkers ' house at 704 Hauser Street is fictitious ( no Hauser Street exists in Queens ) . The address is not presented the way addresses are given in Queens : most address numbers are hyphenated , containing the number of the nearest cross street . Nevertheless , many episodes reveal that the Bunkers live near the major thoroughfare Northern Boulevard , which was the location of Kelsey 's Bar and later Archie Bunker 's Place . The façade of the house shown at the show opening is a home located at 89 - 70 Cooper Avenue , Glendale , Queens , New York , across from St. John Cemetery ( 40 ° 42 ′ 45 '' N 73 ° 51 ′ 39 '' W / 40.712492 ° N 73.860784 ° W / 40.712492 ; - 73.860784 ) . Many real Queens institutions are mentioned throughout the series . Carroll O'Connor , a Queens native from Forest Hills , said in an interview with the Archive of American Television that he suggested to the writers many of the locations to give the series authenticity . For example , Archie is revealed to have attended Flushing High School , a real high school located in Flushing , Queens ( although in the `` Man Of The Year '' episode of Archie Bunker 's Place , Archie attended Bryant High School in nearby Long Island City , graduating in 1940 ) . As another example , the 1976 episode `` The Baby Contest '' deals with Archie entering baby Joey in a cutest baby contest sponsored by the Long Island Daily Press , a then - operating local newspaper in Queens and Long Island . The writers of All in the Family continued throughout the series to have the Bunkers and other characters use telephone exchange names when giving a telephone number ( most other series at the time , such as The Mary Tyler Moore Show , were using the standard fake 555 telephone number ) at a time when AT&T was trying to discontinue them . At different times throughout the series , the telephone exchanges Ravenswood and Bayside were used for the Bunkers ' telephone number . Both exchanges were and still are applicable names for phone numbers in the neighborhoods of Astoria and Bayside . This may have had to do with the fact that at the time many major cities in the United States , such as New York , were resisting the dropping of telephone exchange names in favor of all - number calling , and were still printing their telephone books with exchange names . Actual residents of the Bunkers ' age continued using exchange names into the early 1980s . This fact is referred to in the 1979 episode `` The Appendectomy '' , when Edith , while dialing a telephone number , uses the Parkview exchange name only to correct herself by saying that she keeps forgetting that it is all - number dialing now . However , she comes to the conclusion that the number is exactly the same either way . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of All in the Family episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating Pilots 1968 1969 N / A N / A 13 January 12 , 1971 ( 1971 - 01 - 12 ) April 6 , 1971 ( 1971 - 04 - 06 ) N / A N / A 24 September 18 , 1971 ( 1971 - 09 - 18 ) March 11 , 1972 ( 1972 - 03 - 11 ) 34.0 24 September 16 , 1972 ( 1972 - 09 - 16 ) March 24 , 1973 ( 1973 - 03 - 24 ) 33.3 24 September 15 , 1973 ( 1973 - 09 - 15 ) March 16 , 1974 ( 1974 - 03 - 16 ) 31.2 5 23 September 14 , 1974 ( 1974 - 09 - 14 ) March 8 , 1975 ( 1975 - 03 - 08 ) 30.2 6 24 September 8 , 1975 ( 1975 - 09 - 08 ) March 8 , 1976 ( 1976 - 03 - 08 ) 30.1 7 25 September 22 , 1976 ( 1976 - 09 - 22 ) March 12 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 12 ) 12 22.9 8 24 October 2 , 1977 ( 1977 - 10 - 02 ) March 19 , 1978 ( 1978 - 03 - 19 ) 24.4 9 24 September 24 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 24 ) April 8 , 1979 ( 1979 - 04 - 08 ) 9 24.9 Jump up ^ Tied with 60 Minutes and Charlie 's Angels Jump up ^ Tied with Taxi `` Sammy 's Visit , '' first broadcast in February 1972 , is a particularly notable episode , whose famous episode - ending scene produced the longest sustained audience laughter in the history of the show . Guest star Sammy Davis , Jr. plays himself in the episode . Davis leaves a briefcase behind in Archie 's taxi ( Archie is moonlighting as a cab driver ) and goes to the Bunker home to pick it up . After hearing Archie 's racist remarks , Davis asks for a photograph with him . At the moment the picture is taken , Davis suddenly kisses a stunned Archie on the cheek . The ensuing laughter went on for so long that it had to be severely edited for network broadcast , as Carroll O'Connor still had one line ( `` Well , what the hell -- he said it was in his contract ! '' ) to deliver after the kiss . ( The line is usually cut in syndication . ) Syndication ( edit ) During the show 's sixth season , starting on December 1 , 1975 , CBS began showing reruns on weekdays at 3 pm ( EST ) , replacing long - running soap opera The Edge of Night , which had been purchased by ABC . It would later move to 3 : 30 pm and in September 1978 , 10 am . This lasted until September 1979 , when the reruns entered off - network syndication by Viacom . The show was picked up in most television markets as such . In 1991 , the show began to be syndicated by Columbia Pictures Television and has been by their heirs since then . Since the late 1980s , All in the Family has been rerun on various cable and satellite networks including TBS ( although they had the rights locally in Atlanta , as well ) , TV Land , and Nick at Nite . From January 3 , 2011 to December 31 , 2017 , the show aired on Antenna TV . As of January 1 , 2018 , the show now airs on GetTV . The cast settled their residual rights for a cash payout early in the production run . Ratings ( edit ) All in the Family is one of three television shows ( The Cosby Show and American Idol being the others ) that have been number one in the Nielsen ratings for five consecutive TV seasons . The show remained in the top 10 for seven of its nine seasons . Season Time Nielsen Ratings Rank Rating 1 ( 1970 -- 71 ) Tuesday at 9 : 30 - 10 : 00 pm on CBS # 34 18.9 2 ( 1971 -- 72 ) Saturday at 8 : 00 - 8 : 30 pm on CBS # 1 34.0 3 ( 1972 -- 73 ) 33.3 4 ( 1973 -- 74 ) 31.2 5 ( 1974 -- 75 ) 30.2 6 ( 1975 -- 76 ) Monday at 9 : 00 - 9 : 30 pm on CBS 30.1 7 ( 1976 -- 77 ) Wednesday at 9 : 00 - 9 : 30 pm on CBS ( September 22 -- October 27 , 1976 ) Saturday at 9 : 00 - 9 : 30 pm on CBS ( November 6 , 1976 -- March 12 , 1977 ) # 12 22.9 8 ( 1977 -- 78 ) Sunday at 9 : 00 - 9 : 30 pm on CBS # 4 24.4 ( Tied with 60 Minutes and Charlie 's Angels ) 9 ( 1978 -- 79 ) Sunday at 9 : 00 - 9 : 30 pm on CBS ( September 24 -- October 1 , 1978 ) Sunday at 8 : 00 - 8 : 30 pm on CBS ( October 8 , 1978 -- April 8 , 1979 ) # 9 24.9 ( Tied with Taxi ) The series finale was seen by 40.2 million viewers . Spin - offs ( edit ) According to The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 -- Present , All in the Family has the most spin - offs for a prime - time television series , spawning five other shows , three of which were very successful and two of which are spin - offs from spin - offs . The first spin - off was Maude , which debuted in September 1972 . It features Edith 's acerbic cousin Maude Findlay ( Bea Arthur ) , who first appeared on All in the Family in the December 1971 episode `` Cousin Maude 's Visit '' , visiting to take care of the influenza - suffering Bunkers . In March 1972 , at the end of the series ' second season , the character was again featured in the episode `` Maude '' . In this episode , a `` back door pilot '' for a new series , Archie and Edith visit her home in Westchester County to attend the wedding of her daughter Carol . Bill Macy played Maude 's husband Walter and Marcia Rodd played Carol ; Rodd was replaced by Adrienne Barbeau for the series . The show lasted for six seasons and 141 episodes , airing its final episode in April 1978 . Good Times is considered by some to be a spin off of Maude , as the show 's focus was Florida Evans , a character first appearing on Maude during its initial seasons as the Findlays maid . But the character 's history and situation were changed for the new show . According to producer Allan Manings , `` It was n't really a spin - off . '' The show features no reference to Maude , changes the name of Florida 's husband from Henry to James , and sets the show in a Chicago housing project . It ran for six seasons from February 1974 to August 1979 . The second and longest - lasting spin - off of All in the Family was The Jeffersons . Debuting on CBS in January 1975 , The Jeffersons lasted 11 seasons and 253 episodes ( more than All in the Family 's nine seasons and 208 episodes ) . The main characters were the Bunkers ' former next - door neighbors George and Louise Jefferson ( Sherman Hemsley and Isabel Sanford ) . George was the owner of seven successful dry - cleaning stores , and the series featured their life after moving from the Bunkers ' working - class neighborhood to a luxury high - rise apartment building in Manhattan 's Upper East Side . Checking In was spun off from The Jeffersons , focusing on the Jeffersons ' maid Florence Johnston , working as an executive housekeeper at the St. Frederick Hotel in Manhattan . It only lasted four weeks in April 1981 , and the character returned to her old job as the Jeffersons ' maid . Gloria was the third spin - off of All in the Family , focusing on now - divorced Gloria , starting a new life as an assistant trainee to a couple of veterinarians in Foxridge , New York . It premiered in September 1982 , and ran for one season . Archie Bunker 's Place was technically a spin - off , but was essentially a renamed continuation of the series , beginning in September 1979 following the final season of the original . It was primarily set in the titular neighborhood tavern which Archie Bunker purchased in the eighth - season of All in the Family . It aired for four seasons , until April 1983 . 704 Hauser features the Bunkers ' house with a new family . It was an inversion of the formula of the original , featuring a liberal African - American couple with a conservative son , who is dating a white Jewish woman . Gloria and Mike 's son Joey Stivic , now in his twenties , makes a brief appearance in the first episode . Five episodes aired in April and May 1994 . Specials ( edit ) At the height of the show 's popularity , Henry Fonda hosted a special one - hour retrospective of All in the Family and its impact on American television . Included were clips from the show 's most memorable episodes up to that time . It was titled The Best of `` All in the Family '' , and aired on December 21 , 1974 . A 90 - minute retrospective , All in the Family 20th Anniversary Special , was produced to commemorate the show 's 20th anniversary and aired on CBS on February 16 , 1991 . It was hosted by Norman Lear , and featured a compilation of clips from the show 's best moments , and interviews with the four main cast members . The special was so well received by the viewing audience CBS aired reruns of All in the Family during their summer schedule in 1991 , garnering higher ratings than the new series scheduled next to it , Norman Lear 's sitcom Sunday Dinner . The latter was Lear 's return to TV series producing after a seven - year absence , and was cancelled after the six - week tryout run . Home media ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment ( formerly Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment ) released the first six seasons of All in the Family on DVD in Region 1 between 2002 and 2007 . No further seasons were released , because the sales figures did not match Sony 's expectations . On June 23 , 2010 , Shout ! Factory announced that it had acquired the rights to the series , and has since released the remaining three seasons . On October 30 , 2012 , Shout ! Factory released All in the Family - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 . The 28 - disc boxed set features all 208 episodes of the series , as well as bonus features . On February 6 , 2018 , Sony released All in the Family - Seasons 1 - 5 on DVD in Region 1 . The 15 - disc set features all episodes from the first five seasons . Vincent Gardenia ( before becoming a regular cast member as Frank Lorenzo ) and Rue McClanahan played a `` wife - swapping '' couple who meet the unsuspecting Bunkers in a 1972 episode . L-R : McClanahan , Carroll O'Connor , Jean Stapleton , and Gardenia . DVD Name Ep # Release Date The Complete First Season 13 March 26 , 2002 The Complete Second Season 24 February 4 , 2003 The Complete Third Season 24 July 20 , 2004 The Complete Fourth Season 24 April 12 , 2005 The Complete Fifth Season 25 January 3 , 2006 The Complete Sixth Season 24 February 13 , 2007 The Complete Seventh Season 25 October 5 , 2010 The Complete Eighth Season 24 January 11 , 2011 The Complete Ninth Season 24 May 17 , 2011 The Complete Series 208 October 30 , 2012 Cultural impact ( edit ) Archie and Edith Bunker 's chairs on display in the Smithsonian National Museum of American History As one of US television 's most acclaimed and groundbreaking programs , All in the Family has been referenced or parodied in countless other forms of media . References on other sitcoms include That ' 70s Show and The Simpsons . The animated series Family Guy pays homage to All in the Family in the opening sequence which features Peter and Lois Griffin playing the piano and singing a lament on the loss of traditional values , and also paid tribute to the show 's closing credits sequence at the end of the season 5 episode `` Stewie Loves Lois '' . Popular T - shirts , buttons , and bumper stickers showing O'Connor's image and farcically promoting `` Archie Bunker for President '' appeared around the time of the 1972 presidential election . In 1998 , All in the Family was honored on a 33 - cent stamp by the USPS . Archie and Edith Bunker 's chairs are on display in the Smithsonian National Museum of American History . The originals had been purchased by the show 's set designer for a few dollars at a local Goodwill thrift store , and were given to the Smithsonian ( for an exhibit on American television history ) in 1978 . It cost producers thousands of dollars to create replicas to replace the originals . Then - US President Richard Nixon can be heard discussing the show ( specifically the 1971 episodes `` Writing the President '' and `` Judging Books by Covers '' ) on one of the infamous Watergate tapes . Rapper Redman has made references to Archie Bunker in a few of his songs , specifically his smoking of large cigars . Awards and nominations ( edit ) All in the Family is the first of four sitcoms in which all the lead actors ( O'Connor , Stapleton , Struthers , and Reiner ) won Primetime Emmy Awards . The other three are The Golden Girls , The Simpsons , and Will and Grace . Primetime Emmy Awards and nominations ( edit ) 1971 Outstanding New Series ( Won ) Outstanding Series - Comedy ( Won ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Won ) Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy : John Rich for `` Gloria 's Pregnant '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Writing Achievement in Comedy : Norman Lear for `` Meet the Bunkers '' ( Nominated ) Stanley Ralph Ross for `` Oh , My Aching Back '' ( Nominated ) 1972 Outstanding Series - Comedy ( Won ) Outstanding Single Program - Drama or Comedy for `` Sammy 's Visit '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Achievement in Live or Tape Sound Mixing : Norman Dewes for `` The Elevator Story '' ( Won ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Won ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Won ) Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Comedy Series : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Comedy Series : Sally Struthers ( Won ) Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy : John Rich for `` Sammy 's Visit '' ( Won ) Outstanding Writing Achievement in Comedy : Burt Styler for `` Edith 's Problem '' ( Won ) Alan J. Levitt and Philip Mishkin for `` Mike 's Problem '' ( Nominated ) Norman Lear and Burt Styler for `` The Saga of Cousin Oscar '' ( Nominated ) 1973 Outstanding Comedy Series ( Won ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Comedy Series : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Comedy Series : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy : Bob LaHendro and John Rich for `` The Bunkers and the Swingers '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Writing Achievement in Comedy : Lee Kalcheim & Michael Ross & Bernie West for `` The Bunkers and the Swingers '' ( Won ) Outstanding Comedy Series ( Nominated ) Best Lead Actor in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best Lead Actress in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series : Rob Reiner ( Won ) Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) Outstanding Comedy Series ( Nominated ) Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Outstanding Continuing Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) 1976 Outstanding Comedy Series ( Nominated ) 1977 Outstanding Comedy Series ( Nominated ) Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Won ) Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series : Paul Bogart for `` The Draft Dodger '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Art Direction or Scenic Design for a Comedy Series : Don Roberts for `` The Unemployment Story '' ( Nominated ) 1978 Outstanding Comedy Series ( Won ) Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Won ) Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Won ) Outstanding Continuing Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series : Rob Reiner ( Won ) Outstanding Continuing Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series : Paul Bogart for `` Edith 's 50th Birthday '' ( Won ) Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series : Bob Schiller and Bob Weiskopf for `` Edith 's 50th Birthday '' ( Nominated ) Larry Rhine & Erik Tarloff & Mel Tolkin for `` Edith 's Crisis of Faith '' ( Nominated ) Harve Brosten & Barry Harman & Bob Schiller & Bob Weiskopf for `` Cousin Liz '' ( Won ) 1979 Outstanding Comedy Series ( Nominated ) Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Won ) Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy , Comedy - Variety , or Music Series : Sally Struthers ( Won ) Outstanding Directing for a Comedy , Comedy - Variety , or Music Series : Paul Bogart for `` California , Here We Are '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Writing for a Comedy , Comedy - Variety , or Music Series : Milt Josefsberg & Bob Schiller & Phil Sharp & Bob Weiskopf for `` California , Here We Are '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Video Tape Editing for a Series : Harvey W. Berger and Hal Collins for `` The 200th Episode Celebration of ' All in the Family ' '' ( Nominated ) Golden Globe Awards and Nominations ( edit ) 1972 Best TV Show - Musical / Comedy ( Won ) Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Won ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actor - Television : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actress - Television : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) 1973 Best TV Show - Musical / Comedy ( Won ) Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Won ) Best Supporting Actor - Television : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actress - Television : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) Best TV Show - Musical / Comedy ( Won ) Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Won ) Best Supporting Actor - Television : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actress - Television : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) Best TV Show - Musical / Comedy ( Nominated ) Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actress - Television : Betty Garrett ( Won ) 1976 Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actor - Television : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) 1977 Best Supporting Actor - Television : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actress - Television : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) 1978 Best TV Series - Musical / Comedy ( Won ) Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) 1979 Best TV Series - Musical / Comedy ( Nominated ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) 1980 Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) TCA Heritage Award ( edit ) In 2013 , the Television Critics Association honored All in the Family with its Heritage Award for its cultural and social impact on society . See also ( edit ) All in a Family List of American television shows based on foreign shows List of All in the Family writers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ All in the Family TV Show - Videos , Actors , Photos and Episodes from the Classic Television Show Archived November 10 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` All - TIME 100 TV Shows '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Cowan , Geoffrey ( 28 March 1980 ) . `` See No Evil '' . Simon and Schuster -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Leonard , David J. ; Guerrero , Lisa ( 23 April 2013 ) . `` African Americans on Television : Race - ing for Ratings '' . ABC - CLIO -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Special Collector 's Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 -- July 4 ) . 1997 . Jump up ^ The 100 Greatest TV Characters at Bravo.com Archived January 10 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 101 Best Written TV Series List '' . wga.org . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ; Roush , Matt . `` The Greatest Shows on Earth '' . TV Guide Magazine . 61 ( 3194 - 3195 ) : 16 -- 19 . Jump up ^ `` USPS.com ® - ZIP Code Lookup '' . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ This is an allusion to an early 20th - century comic strip , The Dingbat Family , by cartoonist George Herriman . Jump up ^ Lear , Norman ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` Norman Lear Pens New Personal Tribute to Jean Stapleton '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Gloria Bunker - Stivic '' . ShareTV.org . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Reiner '' . TV.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Revealed in `` Stretch Cunningham , Goodbye '' episode . Jump up ^ Source : The end credits of season three episodes , and onward , mention Tommy Kelsey as the character playing the bar owner . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family 08 13 Edith 's Crisis of Faith 1 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Emily ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` The Great Divide : Norman Lear , Archie Bunker , and the Rise of the Bad Fan '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norman Lear credits the British TV sitcom Till Death Do Us Part as being the inspiration for All in the Family '' . Jump up ^ Justice for All ( unaired pilot # 1 ) on YouTube Jump up ^ Those Were the Days ( unaired pilot # 2 ) on YouTube Jump up ^ Neuwirth , Allan ( 2006 ) . They 'll never put that on the air : an oral history of taboo - breaking TV comedy . Allworth Communications , Inc . pp. 132 -- 133 . ISBN 1 - 58115 - 417 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gitlin , Todd ( 2000 ) . Inside Prime Time . University of California Press . p. 212 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21785 - 3 . Jump up ^ Wikiquote : All in the Family # Theme song ^ Jump up to : Yee , Vivian ( June 2 , 2013 ) . `` Stifled by Time 's Passage , Fewer Fans Visit the Bunkers ' TV Home '' . New York Times . p . A16 . Jump up ^ 89 - 70 Cooper Ave ( 1970 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Location of the target house as per Google Maps '' . Maps.google.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . pp. 1686 -- 1688 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Classic TV Sales - All in the Family '' . Atari Fun . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2012 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' All in the Family ' star Jean Stapleton dead at 90 '' . EW.com . Jump up ^ http://www.revealshot.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/ALL-IN-THE-FAMILY-RATINGS-1970-79-2.pdf Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1971 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1972 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1973 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1974 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1975 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1976 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Ratings archives 1977 ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Ratings archives 1978 ( 3 ) ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Quotenmeter.de - Das Online - Fernsehmagazin ( 2005 - 05 - 23 ) . `` Die erfolgreichsten Serien - Finale '' . Quotenmeter.de . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows : 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . pp. 1707 -- 1709 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Ebony '' . Jump up ^ Du Brow , Rick ( 1991 - 07 - 20 ) . `` Will Someone Please Fix the Emmy Awards ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family DVD news : DVD Plans for All in the Family '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family DVD news : Announcement for All in the Family - The Complete 7th Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family DVD news : Announcement for All in the Family - The Complete 8th Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2007 - 05 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family DVD news : Announcement for All in the Family - The Complete 9th Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family DVD news : Announcement for All in the Family - The Complete Series - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Archived from the original on 27 April 2015 . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Sony to Release a ' Seasons 1 - 5 ' DVD Set Jump up ^ All in the Family , episode `` The Bunkers and the Swingers '' ( 1972 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ All in the Family stamp at National Postal Museum , Smithsonian Institution Arago.si.edu Jump up ^ `` NMAH , The Bunker 's Chairs '' . Americanhistory.si.edu . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ CNN ( 24 July 2013 ) . `` Richard Nixon discusses homosexuality '' . Retrieved 15 May 2017 -- via YouTube . In a clip from the 1970s , Richard Nixon is heard complaining that the sitcom `` All in the Family '' glorifies homosexuality . Jump up ^ James Warren ( 1999 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Nixon on Tape Expounds on Welfare and Homosexuality '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Redman - How To Roll A Blunt Lyrics - MetroLyrics '' . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : All in the Family - Awards & Nominations at IMDb Jump up ^ `` The Television Critics Association Announces 2013 TCA Awards Winners '' . Television Critics Association . August 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Adler , Richard P. , ed. ( 1979 ) . All in the Family : A Critical Appraisal . New York : Praeger . ISBN 0275903265 . OCLC 5853047 . Garner , Joe ( 2002 ) . Stay Tuned : Television 's Unforgettable Moments . Kansas City , Mo. : Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7407 - 2693 - 5 . OCLC 60671579 . McCrohan , Donna ( 1988 ) . Archie & Edith , Mike & Gloria : The Tumultuous History of All in the Family . New York : Workman Publishing . ISBN 0 - 89480 - 527 - 4 . OCLC 759882713 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : All in the Family Wikimedia Commons has media related to All in the Family . Encyclopedia of Television entry on All in the Family All in the Family on IMDb All in the Family on emmys.com All in the Family on TVLand.com All in the Family on TV.Com All in the Family sit.com website All in the Family at The Interviews : An Oral History of Television Preceded by The Wonderful World of Disney 1977 All in the Family Super Bowl lead - out program 1978 Succeeded by Brothers and Sisters 1979 All in the Family Main characters Archie Bunker Edith Bunker Gloria Stivic Michael Stivic Stephanie Mills Recurring characters Joey Stivic George Jefferson Louise Jefferson Lionel Jefferson Henry Jefferson Episodes `` Maude '' `` Cousin Liz '' `` Edith 's 50th Birthday '' `` Edith 's Crisis of Faith '' `` The 200th Episode Celebration of All in the Family '' Related series Based on Till Death Us Do Part Spin - offs Maude ( 1972 -- 1978 ) ( episodes ) Good Times ( 1974 -- 1979 ) ( episodes ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 1985 ) ( episodes ) Checking In ( 1981 ) Gloria ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Sequels Archie Bunker 's Place ( 1979 -- 1983 ) ( episodes ) 704 Hauser ( 1994 ) Till Death Us Do Part Characters Alf Garnett Episodes List of episodes Films Till Death Us Do Part The Alf Garnett Saga Sequels Till Death ... In Sickness and in Health Adaptations Ein Herz und eine Seele All in the Family Norman Lear Created The Deputy ( 1959 -- 61 ) All in the Family ( 1971 -- 79 ) Maude ( 1972 -- 78 ) The Nancy Walker Show ( 1976 ) All That Glitters ( 1977 ) Fernwood 2 Night ( 1977 ) America 2 - Night ( 1978 ) In the Beginning ( 1978 ) Apple Pie ( 1978 ) Hanging In ( 1979 ) Palmerstown , U.S.A. ( 1980 -- 81 ) a.k.a. Pablo ( 1984 ) Sunday Dinner ( 1991 ) 704 Hauser ( 1994 ) Guess Who Died ( 2018 ) Developed Good Times ( 1974 -- 79 ) Sanford and Son ( 1972 -- 78 ) Mary Hartman , Mary Hartman ( 1976 -- 78 ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 85 ) One Day at a Time ( 1975 -- 84 ) The Dumplings ( 1976 ) All 's Fair ( 1976 -- 77 ) Sanford Arms ( 1977 ) The Baxters ( 1979 -- 81 ) Film Come Blow Your Horn ( screenwriter ; 1963 ) Divorce American Style ( screenwriter ; 1967 ) The Night They Raided Minsky 's ( screenwriter ; 1968 ) Cold Turkey ( director ; 1971 ) The Princess Bride ( producer ; 1987 ) Pete Seeger : The Power of Song ( producer ; 2007 ) Related articles Tandem Productions ELP Communications Act III Communications People for the American Way Business Enterprise Trust Works by Johnny Speight TV Sykes and a ... ( 1960 ) Till Death Us Do Part ( 1966 -- 75 ) Justice For All ( US , 1968 ) Curry and Chips ( 1969 ) Those Were The Days ( US , 1969 ) All in the Family ( US , 1971 -- 79 ) Ein Herz und eine Seele ( Germany , 1973 -- 76 ) For Richer ... For Poorer ( 1975 ) Spooner 's Patch ( 1979 - 1982 ) ( With Ray Galton ) Till Death ... ( 1981 ) The Lady Is a Tramp ( 1983 - 84 ) In Sickness and in Health ( 1985 -- 92 ) Films Privilege ( 1967 ) Till Death Us Do Part ( film ) ( 1969 ) The Alf Garnett Saga ( 1972 ) Awards for All in the Family Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series The Red Skelton Show ( 1952 ) I Love Lucy ( 1953 ) I Love Lucy ( 1954 ) Make Room for Daddy ( 1955 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1956 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1957 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1958 ) The Jack Benny Program ( 1959 ) The Art Carney Special ( 1960 ) The Jack Benny Program ( 1961 ) The Bob Newhart Show ( 1962 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1963 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1964 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1965 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1966 ) The Monkees ( 1967 ) Get Smart ( 1968 ) Get Smart ( 1969 ) My World and Welcome to It ( 1970 ) All in the Family ( 1971 ) All in the Family ( 1972 ) All in the Family ( 1973 ) M * A * S * H ( 1974 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1975 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1976 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1977 ) All in the Family ( 1978 ) Taxi ( 1979 ) Taxi ( 1980 ) Taxi ( 1981 ) Barney Miller ( 1982 ) Cheers ( 1983 ) Cheers ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years ( 1988 ) Cheers ( 1989 ) Murphy Brown ( 1990 ) Cheers ( 1991 ) Murphy Brown ( 1992 ) Seinfeld ( 1993 ) Frasier ( 1994 ) Frasier ( 1995 ) Frasier ( 1996 ) Frasier ( 1997 ) Frasier ( 1998 ) Ally McBeal ( 1999 ) Will & Grace ( 2000 ) Sex and the City ( 2001 ) Friends ( 2002 ) Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2003 ) Arrested Development ( 2004 ) Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2005 ) The Office ( 2006 ) 30 Rock ( 2007 ) 30 Rock ( 2008 ) 30 Rock ( 2009 ) Modern Family ( 2010 ) Modern Family ( 2011 ) Modern Family ( 2012 ) Modern Family ( 2013 ) Modern Family ( 2014 ) Veep ( 2015 ) Veep ( 2016 ) Veep ( 2017 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding New Series Make Room for Daddy / The United States Steel Hour ( 1954 ) Playhouse 90 ( 1957 ) The Seven Lively Arts ( 1958 ) Room 222 ( 1970 ) All in the Family ( 1971 ) Elizabeth R ( 1972 ) America : A Personal History of the United States ( 1973 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy The Governor & J.J. ( 1969 ) The Carol Burnett Show ( 1970 ) All in the Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 1971 ) All in the Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 1972 ) All in the Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 1973 ) Rhoda , season 1 ( 1974 ) Barney Miller , season 1 / season 2 ( 1975 ) Barney Miller , season 2 / season 3 ( 1976 ) All in the Family , season 7 / season 8 ( 1977 ) Taxi , season 1 ( 1978 ) Alice / Taxi , season 1 / season 2 ( 1979 ) Taxi , season 2 / season 3 ( 1980 ) M * A * S * H , season 9 / season 10 ( 1981 ) Fame ( 1982 ) Fame ( 1983 ) The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1984 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 / season 2 ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls , season 2 / season 3 ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years , season 1 / season 2 ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown ( 1989 ) Cheers , season 8 / season 9 ( 1990 ) Brooklyn Bridge ( 1991 ) Roseanne , season 4 / season 5 ( 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 / season 5 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 / season 2 & Mad About You ( 1994 ) Cybill ( 1995 ) 3rd Rock from the Sun , season 1 / season 2 ( 1996 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 ( 1997 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 / season 2 ( 1998 ) Sex and the City , season 2 ( 1999 ) Sex and the City , season 3 ( 2000 ) Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) Curb Your Enthusiasm ( 2002 ) The Office ( UK ) ( 2003 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) Ugly Betty , season 1 ( 2006 ) Extras ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) Glee , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) Girls , season 1 ( 2012 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine , season 1 ( 2013 ) Transparent , season 1 ( 2014 ) Mozart in the Jungle , season 1 ( 2015 ) Atlanta , season 1 ( 2016 ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel , season 1 ( 2017 ) TCA Heritage Award The Simpsons ( 2002 ) Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 2003 ) 60 Minutes ( 2004 ) Nightline ( 2005 ) The West Wing ( 2006 ) The Sopranos ( 2007 ) The Wire ( 2008 ) ER ( 2009 ) M * A * S * H ( 2010 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 2011 ) Cheers ( 2012 ) All in the Family ( 2013 ) Saturday Night Live ( 2014 ) Late Show / Late Night with David Letterman ( 2015 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 2016 ) Seinfeld ( 2017 ) Friends ( 2018 ) Nielsen Media Research top - rated United States network television show 1950s 50 -- 51 : Texaco Star Theater 51 -- 52 : Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts 52 -- 53 , 53 -- 54 , 54 -- 55 : I Love Lucy 55 -- 56 : The $64,000 Question 56 -- 57 : I Love Lucy 57 -- 58 , 58 -- 59 , 59 -- 60 : Gunsmoke 1960s 60 -- 61 : Gunsmoke 61 -- 62 : Wagon Train 62 -- 63 , 63 -- 64 : The Beverly Hillbillies ( S1 , S2 ) 64 -- 65 , 65 -- 66 , 66 -- 67 : Bonanza 67 -- 68 : The Andy Griffith Show ( S8 ) 68 -- 69 , 69 -- 70 : Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In 1970s 70 -- 71 : Marcus Welby , M.D. 71 -- 72 , 72 -- 73 , 73 -- 74 , 74 -- 75 , 75 -- 76 : All in the Family ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 , S6 ) 76 -- 77 : Happy Days ( S4 ) 77 -- 78 , 78 -- 79 : Laverne & Shirley ( S3 , S4 ) 79 -- 80 : 60 Minutes 1980s 80 -- 81 , 81 -- 82 : Dallas ( S4 , S5 ) 82 -- 83 : 60 Minutes 83 -- 84 : Dallas ( S7 ) 84 -- 85 : Dynasty 85 -- 86 , 86 -- 87 , 87 -- 88 , 88 -- 89 : The Cosby Show ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 ) 89 -- 90 : Roseanne ( S2 ) / The Cosby Show ( S6 ) 1990s 90 -- 91 : Cheers ( S9 ) 91 -- 92 , 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 : 60 Minutes 94 -- 95 : Seinfeld ( S6 ) 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 : ER ( S2 , S3 ) 97 -- 98 : Seinfeld ( S9 ) 98 -- 99 : ER ( S5 ) 99 -- 2000 : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 2000s 00 -- 01 : Survivor ( S2 - AO ) 01 -- 02 : Friends ( S8 ) 02 -- 03 , 03 -- 04 , 04 -- 05 , : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( S3 , S4 , S5 ) 05 -- 06 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 09 -- 10 : American Idol ( S5 , S6 , S7 , S8 , S9 ) 2010s 10 -- 11 : American Idol ( S10 ) 11 -- 12 : NBC Sunday Night Football 12 -- 13 : NCIS ( S10 ) 13 -- 14 , 14 -- 15 , 15 -- 16 , 16 -- 17 : NBC Sunday Night Football 17 -- 18 : The Big Bang Theory ( S11 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_in_the_Family&oldid=855184320 '' Categories : All in the Family characters 1970s American sitcoms 1971 American television series debuts 1979 American television series endings American television series based on British television series Best Musical or Comedy Series Golden Globe winners CBS network shows English - language television programs Media portrayals of the working class Nielsen ratings winners Peabody Award - winning television programs Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series winners Social realism Super Bowl lead - out programs Television series created by Norman Lear Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television series about dysfunctional families Television shows set in New York City Till Death Us Do Part ( British TV series ) Queens , New York in fiction Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles using Template : The Interviews title Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 14 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many seasons are there of all in the family | [
"All in the Family is an American sitcom TV-series that was originally broadcast on the CBS television network for nine seasons, from January 1971 to April 1979. The following September, it was continued with the spin-off series Archie Bunker's Place, which picked up where All in the Family had ended and ran for four more seasons.\n"
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"nine"
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-1915279037061163818 | Post-glacial rebound | Postglacial rebound - wikipedia Postglacial rebound Jump to : navigation , search This layered beach at Bathurst Inlet , Nunavut is an example of post-glacial rebound after the last Ice Age . Little to no tide helped to form its layer - cake look . Isostatic rebound is still underway here . A model of present - day mass change due to post-glacial rebound and the reloading of the ocean basins with seawater . Blue and purple areas indicate rising due to the removal of the ice sheets . Yellow and red areas indicate falling as mantle material moved away from these areas in order to supply the rising areas , and because of the collapse of the forebulges around the ice sheets . Post-glacial rebound ( also called either isostatic rebound or crustal rebound ) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period , through a process known as isostatic depression . Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are different parts of a process known as either glacial isostasy , glacial isostatic adjustment , or glacioisostasy . Glacioisostasy is the solid Earth deformation associated with changes in ice mass distribution . The most obvious and direct effects of post-glacial rebound are readily apparent in parts of Northern Eurasia , Northern America , Patagonia , and Antarctica . However , through processes known as ocean siphoning and continental levering , the effects of post-glacial rebound on sea level are felt globally far from the locations of current and former ice sheets . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Effects 2.1 Vertical crustal motion 2.2 Global sea levels 2.3 Horizontal crustal motion 2.4 Tilt 2.5 Gravity field 2.6 Vertical datum 2.7 State of stress , intraplate earthquakes and volcanism 2.8 Recent global warming 3 Applications 4 Discovery 5 Legal implications 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Overview ( edit ) Changes in the elevation of Lake Superior due to glaciation and post-glacial rebound During the last glacial period , much of northern Europe , Asia , North America , Greenland and Antarctica was covered by ice sheets . The ice was as thick as three kilometres during the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago . The enormous weight of this ice caused the surface of the Earth 's crust to deform and warp downward , forcing the viscoelastic mantle material to flow away from the loaded region . At the end of each glacial period when the glaciers retreated , the removal of the weight from the depressed land led to slow ( and still ongoing ) uplift or rebound of the land and the return flow of mantle material back under the deglaciated area . Due to the extreme viscosity of the mantle , it will take many thousands of years for the land to reach an equilibrium level . The uplift has taken place in two distinct stages . The initial uplift following deglaciation was almost immediate due to the elastic response of the crust as the ice load was removed . After this elastic phase , uplift proceeded by slow viscous flow so the rate of uplift decreased exponentially after that . Today , typical uplift rates are of the order of 1 cm / year or less . In northern Europe , this is clearly shown by the GPS data obtained by the BIFROST GPS network . Studies suggest that rebound will continue for about at least another 10,000 years . The total uplift from the end of deglaciation depends on the local ice load and could be several hundred metres near the centre of rebound . Recently , the term post-glacial rebound is gradually being replaced by the term glacial isostatic adjustment . This is in recognition that the response of the Earth to glacial loading and unloading is not limited to the upward rebound movement , but also involves downward land movement , horizontal crustal motion , changes in global sea levels and the Earth 's gravity field , induced earthquakes , and changes in the rotational motion . An alternate term that is sometimes used is glacial isostasy , because the uplift near the centre of rebound is due to the tendency towards the restoration of isostatic equilibrium ( as in the case of isostasy of mountains ) . Unfortunately , that term gives the wrong impression that isostatic equilibrium is somehow reached , so by appending `` adjustment '' at the end , the motion of restoration is emphasized . Effects ( edit ) Post-glacial rebound produces measurable effects on vertical crustal motion , global sea levels , horizontal crustal motion , gravity field , Earth 's rotational motion and state of stress and earthquakes . Studies of glacial rebound give us information about the flow law of mantle rocks and also past ice sheet history . The former is important to the study of mantle convection , plate tectonics and the thermal evolution of the Earth . The latter is important to glaciology , paleoclimate and changes in global sea level . Understanding postglacial rebound is also important to our ability to monitor recent global change . Vertical crustal motion ( edit ) Much of modern Finland is former seabed or archipelago : illustrated are sea levels immediately after the last ice age . Erratic boulders , U-shaped valleys , drumlins , eskers , kettle lakes , bedrock striations are among the common signatures of the Ice Age . In addition , post-glacial rebound has caused numerous significant changes to coastlines and landscapes over the last several thousand years , and the effects continue to be significant . In Sweden , Lake Mälaren was formerly an arm of the Baltic Sea , but uplift eventually cut it off and led to its becoming a freshwater lake in about the 12th century , at the time when Stockholm was founded at its outlet . Marine seashells found in Lake Ontario sediments imply a similar event in prehistoric times . Other pronounced effects can be seen on the island of Öland , Sweden , which has little topographic relief due to the presence of the very level Stora Alvaret . The rising land has caused the Iron Age settlement area to recede from the Baltic Sea , making the present day villages on the west coast set back unexpectedly far from the shore . These effects are quite dramatic at the village of Alby , for example , where the Iron Age inhabitants were known to subsist on substantial coastal fishing . As a result of post-glacial rebound , the Gulf of Bothnia is predicted to eventually close up at Kvarken . The Kvarken is a UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site , selected as a `` type area '' illustrating the effects of post-glacial rebound and the holocene glacial retreat . In several other Nordic ports , like Tornio and Pori ( formerly at Ulvila ) , the harbour has had to be relocated several times . Place names in the coastal regions also illustrate the rising land : there are inland places named ' island ' , ' skerry ' , ' rock ' , ' point ' and ' sound ' . For example , Oulunsalo `` island of Oulujoki '' is a peninsula , with inland names such as Koivukari `` Birch Rock '' , Santaniemi `` Sandy Cape '' , and Salmioja `` the brook of the Sound '' . ( Compare ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) . ) Map of Post Glacial Rebound effects upon the land - level on the British Isles . In Great Britain , glaciation affected Scotland but not southern England , and the post-glacial rebound of northern Great Britain ( up to 10 cm per century ) is causing a corresponding downward movement of the southern half of the island ( up to 5 cm per century ) . This will eventually lead to an increased risk of floods in southern England and south - western Ireland . Since the glacial isostatic adjustment process causes the land to move relative to the sea , ancient shorelines are found to lie above present day sea level in areas that were once glaciated . On the other hand , places in the peripheral bulge area which was uplifted during glaciation now begins to subside . Therefore , ancient beaches are found below present day sea level in the bulge area . The `` relative sea level data '' , which consists of height and age measurements of the ancient beaches around the world , tells us that glacial isostatic adjustment proceeded at a higher rate near the end of deglaciation than today . The present - day uplift motion in northern Europe is also monitored by a GPS network called BIFROST . Results of GPS data show a peak rate of about 11 mm / year in the north part of the Gulf of Bothnia , but this uplift rate decreases away and becomes negative outside the former ice margin . In the near field outside the former ice margin , the land sinks relative to the sea . This is the case along the east coast of the United States , where ancient beaches are found submerged below present day sea level and Florida is expected to be submerged in the future . GPS data in North America also confirms that land uplift becomes subsidence outside the former ice margin . Global sea levels ( edit ) To form the ice sheets of the last Ice Age , water from the oceans evaporated , condensed as snow and was deposited as ice in high latitudes . Thus global sea level fell during glaciation . The ice sheets at the last glacial maximum were so massive that global sea level fell by about 120 metres . Thus continental shelves were exposed and many islands became connected with the continents through dry land . This was the case between the British Isles and Europe ( Doggerland ) , or between Taiwan , the Indonesian islands and Asia ( Sundaland ) . A sub-continent also existed between Siberia and Alaska that allowed the migration of people and animals during the last glacial maximum . The fall in sea level also affects the circulation of ocean currents and thus has important impact on climate during the glacial maximum . During deglaciation , the melted ice water returns to the oceans , thus sea level in the ocean increases again . However , geological records of sea level changes show that the redistribution of the melted ice water is not the same everywhere in the oceans . In other words , depending upon the location , the rise in sea level at a certain site may be more than that at another site . This is due to the gravitational attraction between the mass of the melted water and the other masses , such as remaining ice sheets , glaciers , water masses and mantle rocks and the changes in centrifugal potential due to Earth 's variable rotation . Horizontal crustal motion ( edit ) Accompanying vertical motion is the horizontal motion of the crust . The BIFROST GPS network shows that the motion diverges from the centre of rebound . However , the largest horizontal velocity is found near the former ice margin . The situation in North America is less certain ; this is due to the sparse distribution of GPS stations in northern Canada , which is rather inaccessible . Tilt ( edit ) The combination of horizontal and vertical motion changes the tilt of the surface . That is , locations farther north rise faster , an effect that becomes apparent in lakes . The bottoms of the lakes gradually tilt away from the direction of the former ice maximum , such that lake shores on the side of the maximum ( typically north ) recede and the opposite ( southern ) shores sink . This causes the formation of new rapids and rivers . For example , Lake Pielinen , which is large ( 90 x 30 km ) and oriented perpendicularly to the former ice margin , originally drained through an outlet in the middle of the lake near Nunnanlahti to Lake Höytiäinen . The change of tilt caused Pielinen to burst through the Uimaharju esker at the southwestern end of the lake , creating a new river ( Pielisjoki ) that runs to the sea via Lake Pyhäselkä to Lake Saimaa . The effects are similar to that concerning seashores , but occur above sea level . Tilting of land will also affect the flow of water in lakes and rivers in the future , and thus important for water resource management planning . Gravity field ( edit ) Ice , water and mantle rocks have mass , and as they move around , they exert a gravitational pull on other masses towards them . Thus , the gravity field , which is sensitive to all mass on the surface and within the Earth , is affected by the redistribution of ice / melted water on the surface of the Earth and the flow of mantle rocks within . Today , more than 6000 years after the last deglaciation terminated , the flow of mantle material back to the glaciated area causes the overall shape of the Earth to become less oblate . This change in the topography of Earth 's surface affects the long - wavelength components of the gravity field . The changing gravity field can be detected by repeated land measurements with absolute gravimeters and recently by the GRACE satellite mission . The change in long - wavelength components of Earth 's gravity field also perturbs the orbital motion of satellites and has been detected by LAGEOS satellite motion . Vertical datum ( edit ) The vertical datum is a theoretical reference surface for altitude measurement and plays vital roles in many human activities , including land surveying and construction of buildings and bridges . Since postglacial rebound continuously deforms the crustal surface and the gravitational field , the vertical datum needs to be redefined repeatedly through time . State of stress , intraplate earthquakes and volcanism ( edit ) According to the theory of plate tectonics , plate - plate interaction results in earthquakes near plate boundaries . However , large earthquakes are found in intraplate environment like eastern Canada ( up to M7 ) and northern Europe ( up to M5 ) which are far away from present - day plate boundaries . An important intraplate earthquake was the magnitude 8 New Madrid earthquake that occurred in mid-continental US in the year 1811 . Glacial loads provided more than 30 MPa of vertical stress in northern Canada and more than 20 MPa in northern Europe during glacial maximum . This vertical stress is supported by the mantle and the flexure of the lithosphere . Since the mantle and the lithosphere continuously respond to the changing ice and water loads , the state of stress at any location continuously changes in time . The changes in the orientation of the state of stress is recorded in the postglacial faults in southeastern Canada . When the postglacial faults formed at the end of deglaciation 9000 years ago , the horizontal principal stress orientation was almost perpendicular to the former ice margin , but today the orientation is in the northeast - southwest , along the direction of seafloor spreading at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge . This shows that the stress due to postglacial rebound had played an important role at deglacial time , but has gradually relaxed so that tectonic stress has become more dominant today . According to the Mohr -- Coulomb theory of rock failure , large glacial loads generally suppress earthquakes , but rapid deglaciation promotes earthquakes . According to Wu & Hasagawa , the rebound stress that is available to trigger earthquakes today is of the order of 1 MPa . This stress level is not large enough to rupture intact rocks but is large enough to reactivate pre-existing faults that are close to failure . Thus , both postglacial rebound and past tectonics play important roles in today 's intraplate earthquakes in eastern Canada and southeast US . Generally postglacial rebound stress could have triggered the intraplate earthquakes in eastern Canada and may have played some role in triggering earthquakes in the eastern US including the New Madrid earthquakes of 1811 . The situation in northern Europe today is complicated by the current tectonic activities nearby and by coastal loading and weakening . Increasing pressure due to the weight of the ice during glaciation may have suppressed melt generation and volcanic activities below Iceland and Greenland . On the other hand , decreasing pressure due to deglaciation can increase the melt production and volcanic activities by 20 - 30 times . Recent global warming ( edit ) Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise . Therefore , monitoring sea level rise and the mass balance of ice sheets and glaciers allows people to understand more about global warming . Recent rise in sea levels has been monitored by tide gauges and satellite altimetry ( e.g. TOPEX / Poseidon ) . As well as the addition of melted ice water from glaciers and ice sheets , recent sea level changes are affected by the thermal expansion of sea water due to global warming , sea level change due to deglaciation of the last glacial maximum ( postglacial sea level change ) , deformation of the land and ocean floor and other factors . Thus , to understand global warming from sea level change , one must be able to separate all these factors , especially postglacial rebound , since it is one of the leading factors . Mass changes of ice sheets can be monitored by measuring changes in the ice surface height , the deformation of the ground below and the changes in the gravity field over the ice sheet . Thus ICESat , GPS and GRACE satellite mission are useful for such purpose . However , glacial isostatic adjustment of the ice sheets affect ground deformation and the gravity field today . Thus understanding glacial isostatic adjustment is important in monitoring recent global warming . One of the possible impacts of global warming - triggered rebound may be more volcanic activity in previously ice - capped areas such as Iceland and Greenland . It may also trigger intraplate earthquakes near the ice margins of Greenland and Antarctica . Applications ( edit ) The speed and amount of postglacial rebound is determined by two factors : the viscosity or rheology ( i.e. , the flow ) of the mantle , and the ice loading and unloading histories on the surface of Earth . The viscosity of the mantle is important in understanding mantle convection , plate tectonics , dynamical processes in Earth , the thermal state and thermal evolution of Earth . However viscosity is difficult to observe because creep experiments of mantle rocks take thousands of years to observe and the ambient temperature and pressure conditions are not easy to attain for a long enough time . Thus , the observations of postglacial rebound provide a natural experiment to measure mantle rheology . Modelling of glacial isostatic adjustment addresses the question of how viscosity changes in the radial and lateral directions and whether the flow law is linear , nonlinear , or composite rheology . Ice thickness histories are useful in the study of paleoclimatology , glaciology and paleo - oceanography . Ice thickness histories are traditionally deduced from the three types of information : First , the sea level data at stable sites far away from the centers of deglaciation give an eastimate of how much water entered the oceans or equivalently how much ice was locked up at glacial maximum . Secondly , the location and dates of terminal moraines tell us the areal extent and retreat of past ice sheets . Physics of glaciers gives us the theoretical profile of ice sheets at equilibrium , it also says that the thickness and horizontal extent of equilibrium ice sheets are closely related to the basal condition of the ice sheets . Thus the volume of ice locked up is proportional to their instantaneous area . Finally , the heights of ancient beaches in the sea level data and observed land uplift rates ( e.g. from GPS or VLBI ) can be used to constrain local ice thickness . A popular ice model deduced this way is the ICE5G model . Because the response of the Earth to changes in ice height is slow , it can not record rapid fluctuation or surges of ice sheets , thus the ice sheet profiles deduced this way only gives the `` average height '' over a thousand years or so . Glacial isostatic adjustment also plays an important role in understanding recent global warming and climate change . Discovery ( edit ) Before the eighteenth century , it was thought , in Sweden , that sea levels were falling . On the initiative of Anders Celsius a number of marks were made in rock on different locations along the Swedish coast . In 1765 it was possible to conclude that it was not a lowering of sea levels but an uneven rise of land . In 1865 Thomas Jamieson came up with a theory that the rise of land was connected with the ice age that had been first discovered in 1837 . The theory was accepted after investigations by Gerard De Geer of old shorelines in Scandinavia published in 1890 . Legal implications ( edit ) In areas where the rising of land is seen , it is necessary to define the exact limits of property . In Finland , the `` new land '' is legally the property of the owner of the water area , not any land owners on the shore . Therefore , if the owner of the land wishes to build a pier over the `` new land '' , they need the permission of the owner of the ( former ) water area . The landowner of the shore may redeem the new land at market price . Usually the owner of the water area is the partition unit of the landowners of the shores , a collective holding corporation . See also ( edit ) Holocene glacial retreat Marine terrace Physical impacts of climate change Stress ( mechanics ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Milne , G. ; Shennan , I. ( 2013 ) . `` Isostasy : Glaciation - Induced Sea - Level Change '' . In Elias , Scott A. ; Mock , Cary J. Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science . 3 ( 2nd ed . ) . Elsevier . pp. 452 -- 459 . doi : 10.1016 / B978 - 0 - 444 - 53643 - 3.00135 - 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 53643 - 3 . Jump up ^ Milne , G.A. , and J.X. Mitrovica ( 2008 ) Searching for eustasy in deglacial sea - level histories . Quaternary Science Reviews . 27 : 2292 -- 2302 . ^ Jump up to : Johansson , J.M. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Continuous GPS measurements of postglacial adjustment in Fennoscandia. 1 . Geodetic results '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 107 : 2157 . Bibcode : 2002JGRB ... 107.2157 J . doi : 10.1029 / 2001JB000400 . ^ Jump up to : Sella , G.F. ; Stein , S. ; Dixon , T.H. ; Craymer , M. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Observation of glacial isostatic adjustment in `` stable '' North America with GPS `` . Geophysical Research Letters. 34 ( 2 ) : L02306 . Bibcode : 2007GeoRL ... 3402306S . doi : 10.1029 / 2006GL027081 . ^ Jump up to : Peltier , W.R. ( 1998 ) . `` Postglacial variations in the level of the sea : implications for climate dynamics and solid - earth geophysics '' . Reviews of Geophysics. 36 ( 4 ) : 603 -- 689 . Bibcode : 1998RvGeo ... 36 ... 603P . doi : 10.1029 / 98RG02638 . Jump up ^ Mitrovica , J.X. ; W.R. Peltier ( 1993 ) . `` Present - day secular variations in zonal harmonics of the Earth 's geopotential '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 98 : 4509 -- 4526 . Bibcode : 1993JGR ... 98.4509 M . doi : 10.1029 / 92JB02700 . ^ Jump up to : Wu , P. ; P. Johnston ( 2000 ) . `` Can deglaciation trigger earthquakes in N. America ? '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 27 ( 9 ) : 1323 -- 1326 . Bibcode : 2000GeoRL ... 27.1323 W . doi : 10.1029 / 1999GL011070 . Jump up ^ Wu , P. ; W.R. Peltier ( 1984 ) . `` Pleistocene deglaciation and the earth 's rotation : a new analysis '' . Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society . 76 : 753 -- 792 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246X. 1984. tb01920. x . Jump up ^ `` Oulunsalon kirkon seudun paikannimistö '' ( in Finnish ) . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Gray , Louise ( 7 October 2009 ) . `` England is sinking while Scotland rises above sea levels , according to new study '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Observed Radial Rates from GPS '' . BIFROST Associated GPS Networks . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` BIFROST '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Mitrovica , J.X. ; G.A. Milne & J.L. Davis ( 2001 ) . `` Glacial isostatic adjustment on a rotating earth '' . Geophysical Journal International . 147 ( 3 ) : 562 -- 578 . Bibcode : 2001GeoJI. 147 ... 562M . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 246x. 2001.01550. x . Jump up ^ Seppä , H. ; M. Tikkanen & J. - P. Mäkiaho ( 2012 ) . `` Tilting of Lake Pielinen , eastern Finland -- an example of extreme transgressions and regressions caused by differential post-glacial isostatic uplift '' . Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences . 61 ( 3 ) : 149 -- 161 . doi : 10.3176 / earth. 2012.3. 02 . Jump up ^ http://www.joensuu.fi/jaakausi-paattyy-pielinen-syntyy Jump up ^ Ice sheet in peril ? Gravity to the rescue Jump up ^ `` GFZ Potsdam , Department 1 : The GRACE Mission '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Yoder , C.F. ; et al. ( 1983 ) . `` J2 - dot from Lageos and the non-tidal acceleration of earth rotation '' . Nature . 303 ( 5920 ) : 757 -- 762 . Bibcode : 1983Natur. 303 ... 757Y . doi : 10.1038 / 303757a0 . Jump up ^ Wu , P. ( 1996 ) . `` Changes in orientation of near - surface stress field as constraints to mantle viscosity and horizontal stress differences in Eastern Canada '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 23 ( 17 ) : 2263 -- 2266 . Bibcode : 1996GeoRL ... 23.2263 W . doi : 10.1029 / 96GL02149 . Jump up ^ Wu , P. ; H.S. Hasegawa ( 1996 ) . `` Induced stresses and fault potential in Eastern Canada due to a realistic load : a preliminary analysis '' . Geophysical Journal International . 127 : 215 -- 229 . Bibcode : 1996GeoJI. 127 ... 215W . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246X. 1996. tb01546. x . Jump up ^ Jull , M. ; D. McKenzie ( 1996 ) . `` The effect of deglaciation on mantle melting beneath Iceland '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 101 : 21,815 -- 21,828 . Bibcode : 1996JGR ... 10121815J . doi : 10.1029 / 96jb01308 . Jump up ^ https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/warming-seas-and-melting-ice-sheets Jump up ^ https://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg1/411.htm Jump up ^ Wahr , J. ; D. Wingham & C. Bentley ( 2000 ) . `` A method of combining ICESat and GRACE satellite data to constrain Antarctic mass balance '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 105 ( B7 ) : 16279 -- 16294 . Bibcode : 2000JGR ... 10516279W . doi : 10.1029 / 2000JB900113 . Jump up ^ Global warming may trigger more volcanoes Jump up ^ Vermeersen , L.L.A. ; et al. ( 1998 ) . `` Mantle viscosity inferences from joint inversion of Pleistocene deglaciation - induced changes in geopotential with a new SLR analysis and Polar Wander '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 25 ( 23 ) : 4261 -- 4264 . Bibcode : 1998GeoRL ... 25.4261 V . doi : 10.1029 / 1998GL900150 . Jump up ^ Kaufmann , G. ; K. Lambeck ( 2002 ) . `` Glacial isostatic adjustment and the radial viscosity profile from inverse modeling '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 107 ( B11 ) : 2280 . Bibcode : 2002JGRB ... 107.2280 K . doi : 10.1029 / 2001JB000941 . Jump up ^ Wang , H.S. ; P. Wu ( 2006 ) . `` Effects of lateral variations in lithospheric thickness and mantle viscosity on glacially induced relative sea levels and long wavelength gravity field in a spherical , self - gravitating Maxwell Earth '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 249 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 368 -- 383 . Bibcode : 2006E&PSL. 249 ... 368W . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2006.07. 011 . Jump up ^ Karato , S. , S ; P. Wu ( 1993 ) . `` Rheology of the upper mantle : a synthesis '' . Science . 260 ( 5109 ) : 771 -- 778 . Bibcode : 1993Sci ... 260 ... 771K . doi : 10.1126 / science. 260.5109. 771 . PMID 17746109 . Jump up ^ van der Wal , W. ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Sea levels and uplift rate from composite rheology in glacial isostatic adjustment modeling '' . Journal of Geodynamics. 50 : 38 -- 48 . Bibcode : 2010JGeo ... 50 ... 38V . doi : 10.1016 / j. jog. 2010.01. 006 . Jump up ^ Peltier , W.R. ( 2004 ) . `` Global glacial isostasy and the surface of the ice age earth : the ICE - 5G ( VM2 ) Model and GRACE '' . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences . 32 : 111 -- 149 . Bibcode : 2004AREPS ... 32 ... 111P . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. earth. 32.082503. 144359 . Jump up ^ Hughes , T. ( 1998 ) . `` Tutorial on Strategies for using isostatic adjustments in models that reconstruct ice sheets during the last deglaciation '' . In Wu , P. Dynamics of the Ice Age Earth : A Modern Perspective . Switzerland : Trans Tech Publ . pp. 271 -- 322 . Jump up ^ `` Alluvion comes as a surprise '' . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Lambeck , K. ; C. Smither ; P. Johnston ( July 1998 ) . `` Sea - level change , glacial rebound and mantle viscosity for northern Europe '' . Geophysical Journal International . 134 ( 1 ) : 102 -- 144 . Bibcode : 1998GeoJI. 134 ... 102L . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 246x. 1998.00541. x . Garai , J. ( 2003 ) . `` Post glacial rebounds measure the viscosity of the lithosphere '' . arXiv : physics / 0308002 . King Huber , N. ( 1973 ) . `` Glacial and Postglacial Geologic History of Isle Royale National Park , Michigan '' . Geological Survey Professional Paper 754 - A. National Park Service . The Coordinating Committee On Great Lakes Basic Hydraulic and Hydrologic Data ( November 2001 ) . `` Apparent Vertical Movement Over the Great Lakes -- Revisited '' ( PDF ) . Geodetic Survey Division of Natural Resources Canada . Further reading ( edit ) As Alaska Glaciers Melt , It 's Land That 's Rising May 17 , 2009 New York Times External links ( edit ) Glacial Rebound NASA BIFROST GPS System GRACE Gravity Mission from GPZ , Potsdam BIFROST GPS results from Harvard University Continental glaciations General Canadian Shield Glacial history of Minnesota Lake Agassiz Lake Chicago Lake Tight Last Glacial Maximum Laurentide Ice Sheet List of prehistoric lakes Post-glacial rebound Proglacial lake Teays River Timeline of glaciation Landforms Erosional Fjord Glacial striae Ribbon lake Roche moutonnée Tunnel valley U-shaped valley Depositional Drumlin Drumlin field Erratic block Moraine Pulju moraine Rogen moraine Terminal moraine Till plain Veiki moraine Glacifluvial Diluvium Esker Giant current ripples Kame Kame delta Kettle hole Outwash fan Sandur North American places Canada Arrowhead Provincial Park , Ontario Big Rock ( glacial erratic ) , Alberta Cypress Hills ( Canada ) , Saskatchewan Eramosa River , Ontario Eskers Provincial Park , British Columbia Foothills Erratics Train , Alberta Lion 's Head Provincial Park , Ontario Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine , Ontario Ovayok Territorial Park , Nunavut United States Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area , Wisconsin Coteau des Prairies , South Dakota Devil 's Lake State Park , Wisconsin Glacial Lake Wisconsin , Wisconsin Glacial Lakes State Park , Minnesota Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area , Wisconsin Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail , Idaho , Oregon & Washington Ice Age National Scientific Reserve , Wisconsin Ice Age Trail , Wisconsin Interstate State Park , Minnesota & Wisconsin Kelleys Island , Ohio Kettle Moraine State Forest , Wisconsin Lake Bonneville , Utah Lake Lahontan , Nevada Lake Missoula , Montana Mill Bluff State Park , Wisconsin Oneida Lake , New York Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area , Wisconsin Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field , Washington Yosemite National Park , California Eurasian and Antarctic places Antarctica Hardangerfjord Killary Harbour Lambert Glacier Monte Rosa Ross Ice Shelf Svalbard Time periods Illinoian Stage Interglacial Interstadial Last glacial period Little Ice Age Older Dryas Pleistocene Pre-Illinoian Stage Quaternary glaciation Sangamonian Stage Wisconsin glaciation Younger Dryas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Post-glacial_rebound&oldid=798923424 '' Categories : Glaciology Geomorphology Geodynamics Geological history of Earth Hidden categories : CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ქართული Latina Lietuvių Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 16 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | if an area experiences glacial rebound it means that | [
"Post-glacial rebound (also called either isostatic rebound or crustal rebound) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, through a process known as isostatic depression. Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are different parts of a process known as either glacial isostasy, glacial isostatic adjustment, or glacioisostasy. Glacioisostasy is the solid Earth deformation associated with changes in ice mass distribution.[1] The most obvious and direct effects of post-glacial rebound are readily apparent in parts of Northern Eurasia, Northern America, Patagonia, and Antarctica. However, through processes known as ocean siphoning and continental levering, the effects of post-glacial rebound on sea level are felt globally far from the locations of current and former ice sheets.[2]"
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"Post-glacial rebound (also called either isostatic rebound or crustal rebound) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period"
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5117169926458730502 | Tyronn Lue | Tyronn Lue - wikipedia Tyronn Lue Tyronn Lue Lue with the Cavaliers in 2016 Cleveland Cavaliers Position Head coach League NBA ( 1977 - 05 - 03 ) May 3 , 1977 ( age 41 ) Mexico , Missouri Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) Listed weight 175 lb ( 79 kg ) Career information High school Raytown ( Raytown , Missouri ) College Nebraska ( 1995 -- 1998 ) NBA draft 1998 / Round : 1 / Pick : 23rd overall Selected by the Denver Nuggets Playing career 1998 -- 2009 Position Point guard Number 10 Coaching career 2009 -- present Career history As player : 1998 -- 2001 Los Angeles Lakers 2001 -- 2003 Washington Wizards 2003 -- 2004 Orlando Magic Houston Rockets 2004 -- 2008 Atlanta Hawks 2008 Dallas Mavericks 2008 -- 2009 Milwaukee Bucks 2009 Orlando Magic As coach : 2011 -- 2013 Boston Celtics ( assistant ) 2013 -- 2014 Los Angeles Clippers ( assistant ) 2014 -- 2016 Cleveland Cavaliers ( associate HC ) 2016 -- present Cleveland Cavaliers Career highlights and awards As player : 2 × NBA champion ( 2000 , 2001 ) First - team All - Big 12 ( 1998 ) Second - team All - Big 12 ( 1997 ) No. 10 retired by the University of Nebraska As coach : NBA champion ( 2016 ) All - Star Game head coach ( 2016 ) Career NBA statistics Points 4,710 ( 8.5 ppg ) Rebounds 943 ( 1.7 rpg ) Assists 1,727 ( 3.1 apg ) Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Tyronn Jamar Lue ( / tɪˈrɒn ˈljuː / , born May 3 , 1977 ) is an American professional basketball coach and former player . He is the current head coach of the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) , 175 lb ( 79 kg ) point guard was selected out of the University of Nebraska by the Denver Nuggets with the 23rd overall pick in the 1998 NBA draft and was traded shortly thereafter to the Los Angeles Lakers , where he won two NBA Championships in his first three seasons . After his playing career ended in 2009 , Lue became Director of Basketball Development for the Boston Celtics . In 2014 , he was hired by the Cavaliers as associate head coach and was promoted to head coach midseason in 2015 -- 16 , replacing the fired David Blatt . That same season , Lue led the Cavaliers to their first NBA championship and became one of the few rookie coaches in the NBA to ever lead his team to a title . Contents 1 Playing career 1.1 High school and college career 1.2 NBA career 2 NBA career statistics 2.1 Regular season 2.2 Playoffs 3 Coaching career 4 Coaching record 5 Awards and honors 6 References 7 External links Playing career ( edit ) High School and college career ( edit ) Lue attended Raytown Senior High School in Raytown , Missouri . He later went to University of Nebraska . He played basketball and studied sociology . He was a key member of the 1995 - 96 team that won the NIT , defeating St. Joseph 's in the finals . He finished his Nebraska career ranked third all - time in assists ( 432 ) , fourth in three - pointers made ( 145 ) and attempted ( 407 ) , fifth in steals ( 154 ) and seventh in scoring ( 1,577 ) . Declaring for the NBA draft after his junior season , he led the Cornhuskers in assists in each of his three seasons and finished his career tied with Dave Hoppen for most games with 30 or more points ( 7 ) . NBA career ( edit ) Lue opted for early entry into the 1998 NBA draft . He was selected 23rd overall by the Denver Nuggets but was traded on draft night to the Los Angeles Lakers with Tony Battie in exchange for Nick Van Exel . His first three years with the Lakers were disappointing . His playing time was limited and he suffered from injuries in 2000 . But Lue excelled in the 2001 playoffs . Due to his quickness , he was specifically used to guard Allen Iverson during Game 1 of the Finals . The Lakers lost Game 1 , but swept the next four games , giving them the second of three consecutive titles . In the off - season of 2001 , Lue signed with the Washington Wizards , where he got considerably more playing time and subsequently became a better point guard . He played with the Orlando Magic in 2003 -- 04 and had a lot of minutes alongside Tracy McGrady , but the team had the worst record in the NBA that season : 21 -- 61 . After the season Lue , Juwan Howard and McGrady were traded to the Houston Rockets for Steve Francis , Cuttino Mobley and Kelvin Cato . In Houston , Lue did not get much playing time because of the number of point guards the Rockets had on their roster . He was traded mid-season to the Atlanta Hawks for Jon Barry . Lue starred in Atlanta , although again his team had the worst record in the NBA and their worst record in franchise history : 13 -- 69 . On February 16 , 2008 , Lue was acquired by the Sacramento Kings in a trade with the Hawks . He was waived by the Kings on February 28 , 2008 . After clearing waivers , Lue signed a contract with the Dallas Mavericks on March 4 . On July 17 , 2008 , Lue was signed by the Milwaukee Bucks . On February 5 , 2009 , Lue was traded back to the Magic in exchange for Keith Bogans and cash considerations . NBA career statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high Regular season ( edit ) † Denotes seasons in which Lue won an NBA championship Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1998 -- 99 L.A. Lakers 15 0 12.5 . 431 . 438 . 571 . 4 1.7 . 3 . 0 5.0 1999 -- 00 † L.A. Lakers 8 0 18.3 . 487 . 500 . 750 1.5 2.1 . 4 . 0 6.0 2000 -- 01 † L.A. Lakers 38 12.3 . 427 . 324 . 792 . 8 1.2 . 5 . 0 3.4 2001 -- 02 Washington 71 0 20.5 . 427 . 447 . 762 1.7 3.5 . 7 . 0 7.8 2002 -- 03 Washington 75 24 26.5 . 433 . 341 . 875 2.0 3.5 . 6 . 0 8.6 2003 -- 04 Orlando 76 69 30.7 . 433 . 383 . 771 2.5 4.2 . 8 . 1 10.5 2004 -- 05 Houston 21 22.8 . 393 . 333 . 778 1.9 2.8 . 4 . 0 6.0 2004 -- 05 Atlanta 49 46 31.2 . 464 . 364 . 871 2.2 5.4 . 5 . 0 13.5 2005 -- 06 Atlanta 51 10 24.2 . 459 . 457 . 855 1.6 3.1 . 5 . 1 11.0 2006 -- 07 Atlanta 56 17 26.6 . 416 . 348 . 883 1.9 3.6 . 4 . 0 11.4 2007 -- 08 Atlanta 33 17.1 . 439 . 435 . 857 1.2 1.8 . 3 . 0 6.8 2007 -- 08 Dallas 17 0 10.1 . 474 . 529 . 250 . 8 . 9 . 0 . 1 3.8 2008 -- 09 Milwaukee 30 0 13.1 . 454 . 467 . 750 1.2 1.5 . 2 . 0 4.7 2008 -- 09 Orlando 14 0 9.2 . 395 . 353 . 667 . 8 1.0 . 1 . 0 3.0 Career 554 173 22.7 . 437 . 391 . 829 1.7 3.1 . 5 . 0 8.5 Playoffs ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1999 L.A. Lakers 0 11.0 . 412 . 000 . 000 . 7 2.0 . 7 . 0 4.7 2001 † L.A. Lakers 15 0 8.7 . 345 . 385 . 800 . 7 . 7 . 8 . 1 1.9 2008 Dallas 0 1.0 . 000 . 000 . 000 . 5 . 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 2009 Orlando 0 4.0 1.000 1.000 . 000 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 5.0 Career 21 0 8.1 . 388 . 375 . 800 . 6 . 8 . 7 . 0 2.3 Coaching career ( edit ) On October 23 , 2009 , Boston named Lue director of basketball development . In July 2013 , he joined the Los Angeles Clippers ' coaching staff . On June 23 , 2014 , Lue joined the Cleveland Cavaliers as associate head coach , making him the highest - paid assistant coach in the NBA in the process . Lue had been a top candidate for the Cavs ' head coaching job , which eventually went to David Blatt . On January 22 , 2016 , Lue was named head coach of the Cavaliers immediately following the mid-season firing of Blatt . The contract was for three years . On May 19 , 2016 , the Cavaliers defeated the Toronto Raptors in Game 2 of the Eastern Conference Finals , continuing their unbeaten streak in the 2016 playoffs and making Lue the first coach in NBA history to win his first 10 postseason games . Eight days later , Lue led the Cavaliers to the NBA Finals in his first year of coaching , becoming one of the few coaches to make it to the Finals after replacing a head coach during the regular season . On June 19 , 2016 , the Cavaliers won their first NBA Championship , with Lue becoming the second rookie coach in consecutive seasons to win it all , the third person to become champion as a mid-season replacement coach ( after Paul Westhead in 1979 -- 80 , and Pat Riley in 1981 -- 82 , also his rookie coaching season ) , and the 14th person to win an NBA championship as a head coach and player . In the 2016 -- 17 NBA season , Lue coached the Cavaliers to a 51 -- 31 record . In the playoffs , the Cavaliers went 12 -- 1 heading into the 2017 NBA Finals before losing to the Golden State Warriors in five games . On March 19 , 2018 , Lue announced that he would take a leave of absence from coaching the Cavaliers , citing chest pain as one of the recurring problems . Lue returned to coach before the regular season ended and helped the Cavaliers reach the 2018 NBA Finals where they lost to the Warriors in four games . Lue 's coaching style relies on flexibility and James 's consistency while shuffling players around him to adjust to matchups . In the 2015 Finals as an assistant to David Blatt , the Cavaliers used a large front court and a slow pace to win surprise victories in games 2 and 3 . In 2016 , his finals team followed the Warriors ' own blueprint to beat them . His style has been described as undisciplined and unprepared in the regular season , but in the playoffs he has been praised for his ability to `` think several moves ahead and create matchup advantages . '' At the 2016 ESPY Awards , Lue was named Best Coach / Manager , and the Cavs were named Best Team . In honor of his achievements , a portion of Walnut Street in Lue 's hometown of Mexico , Missouri , was renamed Tyronn Lue Boulevard . Coaching record ( edit ) Legend Regular season Games coached Games won Games lost W -- L % Win -- loss % Post season PG Playoff games PW Playoff wins PL Playoff losses PW -- L % Playoff win -- loss % hide Team Year W -- L % Finish PG PW PL PW -- L % Result Cleveland 2015 -- 16 41 27 14 . 659 1st in Central 21 16 5 . 762 Won NBA Championship Cleveland 2016 -- 17 82 51 31 . 622 1st in Central 18 13 5 . 722 Lost in NBA Finals Cleveland 2017 -- 18 82 50 32 . 610 1st in Central 22 12 10 . 545 Lost in NBA Finals Career 205 128 77 . 624 61 41 20 . 672 Awards and honors ( edit ) As player : 2 × NBA champion ( 2000 , 2001 ) First - team All - Big 12 ( 1998 ) Number 10 retired by the Nebraska Cornhuskers Street named `` Tyronn Lue Boulevard '' in his hometown of Mexico , MO . As coach : NBA champion ( 2016 ) All - Star Game head coach ( 2016 ) 2016 ESPY Award Best Coach / Manager 2016 ESPY Award for Best Team ( as coach of the Cavaliers ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Celtics Name Tyronn Lue Director of Basketball Development ^ Jump up to : `` David Blatt fired as Cavaliers coach ; Tyronn Lue to take over team '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.huskers.com/SportSelect.dbml?SPSID=22&SPID=24&DB_OEM_ID=100&Q_SEASON=1995 Jump up ^ Mavs sign free agent Lue to be backup point guard Jump up ^ Bucks sign Tyronn Lue and Malik Allen Jump up ^ ORLANDO ACQUIRES TYRONN LUE FROM MILWAUKEE Jump up ^ CLIPPERS NAME ALVIN GENTRY ASSOCIATE HEAD COACH AND ADD ARMOND HILL , KEVIN EASTMAN AND TYRONN LUE AS ASSISTANT COACHES Jump up ^ Cavs hire Lue -- 92.3 The Fan.com Jump up ^ Fedor , Chris ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` David Blatt fired by Cleveland Cavaliers ; Tyronn Lue elevated to head coach '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthey , James ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` LeBron James and co racked up some crazy stats in their game two win over the Raptors '' . news.com.au . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Brandon ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Hot Reads : Tryonn '' . Hail Varsity . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthey , James ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Cavaliers defeat Warriors 93 - 89 , clinch first NBA title '' . MEREDITHAZ . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Cavaliers ' Tyronn Lue takes leave of absence with just 13 games left , citing health issues '' . Washington Post . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tjarks , Jonathan . Tyronn Lue Is Running Circles Around Dwane Casey , The Ringer , May 4 , 2018 Jump up ^ Tyronn Lue Blvd . - Mexico Ledger.com External links ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal Career statistics and player information from Basketball-Reference.com Cleveland Cavaliers current roster 0 Love 1 Hood 2 Sexton 3 Hill 5 Smith 8 Clarkson 9 Frye 10 Holland ( TW ) 13 Thompson 15 Dekker 16 Osman 20 Preston ( TW ) 22 Nance 26 Korver 41 Žižić Head coach : Lue Assistant coaches : Drew Geriot Jones Longabardi Posey Current head coaches of the National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Brad Stevens ( Boston Celtics ) Kenny Atkinson ( Brooklyn Nets ) David Fizdale ( New York Knicks ) Brett Brown ( Philadelphia 76ers ) Nick Nurse ( Toronto Raptors ) Central Fred Hoiberg ( Chicago Bulls ) Tyronn Lue ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) Dwane Casey ( Detroit Pistons ) Nate McMillan ( Indiana Pacers ) Mike Budenholzer ( Milwaukee Bucks ) Southeast Lloyd Pierce ( Atlanta Hawks ) James Borrego ( Charlotte Hornets ) Erik Spoelstra ( Miami Heat ) Steve Clifford ( Orlando Magic ) Scott Brooks ( Washington Wizards ) Western Conference Northwest Michael Malone ( Denver Nuggets ) Tom Thibodeau ( Minnesota Timberwolves ) Billy Donovan ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) Terry Stotts ( Portland Trail Blazers ) Quin Snyder ( Utah Jazz ) Pacific Steve Kerr ( Golden State Warriors ) Doc Rivers ( Los Angeles Clippers ) Luke Walton ( Los Angeles Lakers ) Igor Kokoškov ( Phoenix Suns ) Dave Joerger ( Sacramento Kings ) Southwest Rick Carlisle ( Dallas Mavericks ) Mike D'Antoni ( Houston Rockets ) J.B. Bickerstaff ( Memphis Grizzlies ) Alvin Gentry ( New Orleans Pelicans ) Gregg Popovich ( San Antonio Spurs ) Links to related articles Cleveland Cavaliers head coaches Bill Fitch ( 1970 -- 1979 ) Stan Albeck ( 1979 -- 1980 ) Bill Musselman ( 1980 -- 1981 ) Don Delaney # ( 1981 ) Bob Kloppenburg # ( 1981 ) Chuck Daly ( 1981 -- 1982 ) Bill Musselman ( 1982 ) Tom Nissalke ( 1982 -- 1984 ) George Karl ( 1984 -- 1986 ) Gene Littles # ( 1986 ) Lenny Wilkens ( 1986 -- 1993 ) Mike Fratello ( 1993 -- 1999 ) Randy Wittman ( 1999 -- 2001 ) John Lucas II ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Keith Smart # ( 2003 ) Paul Silas ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Brendan Malone # ( 2005 ) Mike Brown ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Byron Scott ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Mike Brown ( 2013 -- 2014 ) David Blatt ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Tyronn Lue ( 2016 -- ) ( # ) denotes interim head coach . Los Angeles Lakers 1999 -- 2000 NBA champions 2 Fisher 3 George 4 Harper 5 Horry 8 Bryant 10 Lue 11 Celestand 16 Salley 17 Fox 20 Shaw 34 O'Neal ( Finals MVP ) 40 Knight 41 Rice 45 Green Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Hamblen Cleamons Bertka Regular season Playoffs Los Angeles Lakers 2000 -- 01 NBA champions 2 Fisher 3 George 4 Harper 5 Horry 7 Rider 8 Bryant 10 Lue 12 Penberthy 14 Medvedenko 17 Fox 20 Shaw 34 O'Neal ( Finals MVP ) 35 Madsen 40 Foster 54 Grant Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Hamblen Cleamons Regular season Playoffs Cleveland Cavaliers 2015 -- 16 NBA champions 0 Love 1 J. Jones 2 Irving 4 Shumpert 5 Smith 8 Dellavedova 9 Frye 12 McRae 13 Thompson 14 Kaun 20 Mozgov 23 James ( Finals MVP ) 24 Jefferson 30 Dah . Jones 52 Williams Head coach Lue Assistant coaches Brielmaier Boylan Drew Handy Longabardi Dam . Jones Posey Potapenko Regular season Playoffs 1998 NBA draft First round Michael Olowokandi Mike Bibby Raef LaFrentz Antawn Jamison Vince Carter Robert Traylor Jason Williams Larry Hughes Dirk Nowitzki Paul Pierce Bonzi Wells Michael Doleac Keon Clark Michael Dickerson Matt Harpring Bryce Drew Radoslav Nesterović Mirsad Türkcan Pat Garrity Roshown McLeod Ricky Davis Brian Skinner Tyronn Lue Felipe López Al Harrington Sam Jacobson Vladimir Stepania Corey Benjamin Nazr Mohammed Second round Ansu Sesay Ruben Patterson Rashard Lewis Jelani McCoy Shammond Williams Bruno Šundov Jerome James Casey Shaw DeMarco Johnson Rafer Alston Korleone Young Cuttino Mobley Miles Simon Jahidi White Sean Marks Toby Bailey Andrae Patterson Tyson Wheeler Ryan Stack Cory Carr Andrew Betts Corey Brewer Derrick Dial Greg Buckner Tremaine Fowlkes Ryan Bowen J.R. Henderson Torraye Braggs Maceo Baston Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyronn_Lue&oldid=851338150 '' Categories : 1977 births Living people African - American basketball coaches African - American basketball players American men 's basketball coaches Atlanta Hawks players Basketball coaches from Missouri Basketball players from Missouri Boston Celtics assistant coaches Cleveland Cavaliers assistant coaches Cleveland Cavaliers head coaches Dallas Mavericks players Denver Nuggets draft picks Houston Rockets players Los Angeles Clippers assistant coaches Los Angeles Lakers players Milwaukee Bucks players Nebraska Cornhuskers men 's basketball players Orlando Magic players People from Mexico , Missouri People from Raytown , Missouri Point guards Washington Wizards players National Basketball Association championship - winning head coaches Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Монгол 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 16 : 17 ( UTC ) . 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"Tyronn Jamar Lue (/tɪˈrɒn ˈljuː/, born May 3, 1977) is an American professional basketball coach and former player. He is the current head coach of the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA).\n"
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"Tyronn Jamar Lue"
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-9072344466453860338 | Air Jordan | Air Jordan - wikipedia Air Jordan Jump to : navigation , search For the basketball player , see Michael Jordan . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The silhouette of Michael Jordan served as inspiration to create the `` Jumpman '' logo . Product type Footwear , clothing Country United States Introduced November 17 , 1984 ; 32 years ago ( 1984 - 11 - 17 ) Markets Worldwide Website Air Jordan at Nike Air Jordan is a brand of basketball footwear and athletic clothing produced by Nike . It was created for former professional basketball player , Michael Jordan . The original Air Jordan I sneaker , produced for Jordan in 1984 , were released to the public in 1985 . The shoes were designed for Nike by Peter Moore , Tinker Hatfield , and Bruce Kilgore . Contents ( hide ) 1 Product history 2 Other shoes from the Air Jordan line 2.1 The Jordan Packages 2.1. 1 `` Spizike '' 2.1. 2 `` Defining Moments III '' 2.1. 3 `` Defining Moments IV '' 2.1. 4 Retro 6 Infrared Pack 2.1. 5 `` Old Love New Love '' 2.2 `` Air Jordan Sixty Plus '' 2.3 `` Jordan Son of Mars edition '' 2.4 `` Air Jordan Collezione / Countdown packages '' 2.4. 1 `` Air Jordan X / XIII '' 2.4. 2 `` Air Jordan IX / XIV '' 2.4. 3 `` Air Jordan XXI / II '' 2.4. 4 `` Air Jordan XVII / VI '' 2.4. 5 `` Air Jordan XII / XI '' 2.5 Jordan Fusions 2.5. 1 Air Jordan XII Air Force One Fusion 2.5. 2 Air Jordan III Air Force One Fusion 2.5. 3 Air Jordan V Air Force One Fusion 2.5. 4 Air Jordan VI Air Force One 2.5. 5 Air Jordan XX Air Force One Fusion 2.5. 6 Air Jordan IV Air Force One Fusion 2.5. 7 Air Jordan VIII Air Force One Fusion 2.5. 8 Air Jordan IX Air Force One Fusion 2.5. 9 Air Jordan X Air Force One Fusion 2.5. 10 Air Jordan XIII Air Force One Fusion 2.6 Jordan `` 6 Rings '' shoe 3 Controversy 3.1 Manufacturing 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Product History ( edit ) Since its introduction into the sports shoe market , the Air Jordan evolved from the original basketball shoes to models for different uses , including I - XXXII . The Jordan brand sponsors 21 active NBA players , including Jimmy Butler ( basketball ) , Chris Paul , Blake Griffin , Kawhi Leonard , Russell Westbrook and Carmelo Anthony . They also endorse Nike Air Jordan products . Also they sponsor other leagues such as the MLB , NFL , NASCAR and the WNBA . AJ I : Air Jordan I , ( Royal Blue Colorway ) The Air Jordan 1 was first produced for Michael Jordan in 1984 . It was designed by Peter C. Moore . The red and black colorway of the Nike Air Ship , the prototype for the Jordan 1 , was later outlawed by NBA Commissioner David Stern for having very little white on them . It is a common misconception that the Jordan 1 was banned however , it was indeed the Nike Air Ship . After the Nike Air Ship was banned , Michael Jordan and Nike introduced the Jordan 1 in color ways with more white such as the `` Chicago '' color way and the `` Black Toe '' color way . They used the Nike Air Ship 's banning as a promotional tool in advertisements hinting that the shoes gave an unfair competitive advantage for the Jordan 1 and that whoever wore them had a certain edginess associated with outlaw activities . The Air Jordan I was originally released on the market from 1985 to 1986 . Then retro - ed in 1994 , 2001 -- 2004 , and 2007 -- 2017 . AJ II : Nike Air Jordan II , ( White / Red Colorway ) The success of the Air Jordan 1 encouraged Nike to release the New Air Jordan in 1986 for the new basketball season . Designed by Peter Moore and Bruce Kilgore , the original Air Jordan II was unique in that it was made in Italy giving the shoe a luxury feel . The Air Jordan 2 also retailed with a full length encapsulated Nike air bubble for maximum comfort . The Air Jordan 2 was the first Jordan not to have the Nike swoosh on the upper . The Air Jordan II was originally retailed at $100 . The Air Jordan was originally released from 1986 to 1987 . The model was revived from obscurity when Air Jordan collaborated with Just Don to create the Just Don x Air Jordan 2 . The shoe featured premium blue quilted leather inspired by a Chanel handbag and released in very limited numbers on January 31 , 2015 for $275 . The shoe was released again in a Beach colourway bundled with a premium snapback and gold pin for $650 on January 30 , 2016 . Then retro - ed in 1994 , 2004 -- 2005 , 2008 , 2010 , 2014 -- 2017 . AJ III : Nike Air Jordan III , ( White Cement Colorway ) The Air Jordan III was designed by Tinker Hatfield who works for Nike as a designer for stores and offices . By that time Michael Jordan was ready to leave Nike , but the Jordan III changed his mind . It was the first Air Jordan to feature a visible air unit on the heel , the new Jumpman logo , an elephant print trim and tumble leather to give it a luxury look . The Air Jordan III was also famous for the humorous ads depicting Spike Lee as Mars Blackmon , the character he played in his film ' She 's Gotta Have It ' . This campaign was known as the `` Mars and Mike '' ad campaign , which was one of Nike 's most successful advertisement campaigns . These were the first Jordan 's to feature the `` NIKE AIR '' logo on the back , but later replaced by the Jumpman logo , with the words `` AIR '' underneath it , similar to the Air Jordan VI . These were said to be Michael Jordan 's favorite shoes , he wore them during the 1988 Dunk Championship and many other events in his basketball career . The Air Jordan III 's had poor sales when first reintroduced in 1994 . On their second reintroduction in 2001 , they sold well . The `` Fire Red '' Air Jordan III was released in March 2007 , and late again in 2013 . In 2007 , Jordan Brand collaborated with director Spike Lee to release a limited pair of Air Jordan III 's the Do The Right Thing movie poster . The same year also saw the reintroduced versions of the Air Jordan III 's in two monotone colorways , all black and all white , nicknamed the `` Black Cats '' and the `` Pure Moneys '' respectively . 2007 also had the `` Flips '' which moved the elephant print from the trim to the entire shoe and replacing it with white leather , indeed `` Flipping '' the original design of white leather with elephant print trim . In 2009 , the Jordan Brand reintroduced the highly sought after Air Jordan III in the True Blue colorway . It was an international - only release , meaning they were not sold in the US . In 2011 , the brand released a Black History Month ( BHM ) Air Jordan III colorway in commemoration of the 35th anniversary of Black History Month . The sneaker is black with gold trim and stitching as well as laser print around the toe and heel . The BHM III was a very limited release and there was said to have been no more than 3,000 pairs made . Also , the same year saw the release of the `` True Blue '' III on June 4 . The Stealth colorway of the III was released in September and the Black Cements were released in November . The `` Black Flips '' were released on December 3 , 2011 . In 2013 , Jordan released a special edition of the Jordan III this shoe was deemed the Air Jordan III `` Retro ' 88 '' White Cement and were released in February . The Air Jordan III was originally released in 1988 . The multiple retros and new colorways have been released in 1994 , 2001 , 2007 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 and 2016 . AJ IV : Nike Air Jordan IV , ( White Cement Colorway ) In 1989 , Nike released the Air Jordan IV to the public . Designed by Tinker Hatfield , it was the first Air Jordan released on the global market . It had four colorways : White / Black - Cement Grey , Black / Cement Grey , White / Fire Red - Black , and Off White / Military Blue . Nike featured director and actor Spike Lee in ads for AJ IV . Lee had featured the shoe in his movie Do The Right Thing . The Air Jordan Bordeaux `` Spiz'ike IV '' was made to commemorate Lee 's friendship with Michael Jordan . The Air Jordan IV was on Jordan 's feet when he made `` The Shot , '' a series winner in Game 5 of the 1989 NBA First Round between the Chicago Bulls and the Cleveland Cavaliers . In 2012 a Cavalier colorway dubbed the `` Cavs '' was released to honor `` The Shot . '' The Air Jordan IV was re-released in 1999 and retroed in 2000 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2010 -- 2013 and 2015 -- 2017 . Recent retroed colorways are the Retro 4 `` Legend Blue '' , `` Oreo '' in early 2015 , and the Retro 4 OG `` Cement '' that released on February 13 , 2016 . AJ V : Nike Air Jordan V , ( Fire Red Colorway ) The Air Jordan V was released in February 1990 , designed by Tinker Hatfield again . Some elements were carried over from the Air Jordan IV , but overall they were a completely new look . Some of its new features were a reflective tongue , translucent rubber soles and lace locks . The soles gave them a new look , but it yellowed over time when exposed to moisture and were the source of many complaints early on due to the slippery nature of the soles when collecting dust . Hatfield is believed to have drawn inspiration for the Air Jordan V from World War II fighter planes , which was most notably visible in the shark teeth shapes on the midsole . The Air Jordan V was reintroduced in 2000 , including a new color way featuring Michael Jordan 's high school ( Laney High ) colors . In 2006 several V 's were reintroduced , including the LS `` Grape '' V 's , the LS `` burgundy '' V 's , the `` Fire - Red '' V 's , the `` Green Bean '' V 's , and `` Stealth Blue V 's . Along with the latter , a very limited laser design and the black / metallic / fire red colorways were released in early 2007 . In the month of May 2009 , Air Jordan confirmed the release of an `` DMP II '' consisting of two Air Jordan V 's . The second color way features a 3M material base with black laces and midsole . The retail price was $310 . The Air Jordan V was originally released in 1990 . It was retroed in 2000 , 2006 -- 2009 , 2011 and 2013 -- 2017 . The Air Jordan V saw a lot of use in popular sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air . During many episodes you can see Will Smith wearing the ' metallic silver ' , ' grape ' , and ' fire red ' colorway . To pay tribute to his character , Jordan released the Air Jordan 5 Bel Air in 2013 . AJ VI : Air Jordan VI - 2010 Retro ( Black / Varsity Red Colorway ) The Air Jordan VI had a new design by Tinker Hatfield and released in 1991 . The Original 5 colorways were : Black / Infrared , White / Infrared , White / Carmine - Black , White / Sport Blue , and Off White / Maroon . The Air Jordan VI introduced a reinforcement around the toe , It had two holes in the tongue , and a molded heel tab on the back of the sneaker ( demanded by Jordan so it would n't hit his Achilles tendon ) . Like the Air Jordan V this sneaker also had Clear rubber / `` Icy '' Soles . The Air Jordan VI was the last Air Jordan to feature the Nike Air logo on it . Later that year the Bulls defeated the Lakers in the 1991 NBA Finals , with Jordan ( wearing the Black / Infrared ) named as the most valuable player . That was also the first NBA Championship won by Jordan and the Bulls . The Jordan VI was also seen in the film White Men Ca n't Jump , which was produced in 1991 and released one year later . The Air Jordan VI has been retro - ed many times since its original release in 1991 , Notable releases were in 2000 , 2002 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 , 2012 and 2014 with the Black Infrared Colorway . In addition to a Porsche - inspired rear pull tab and visible air the Air Jordan VI was the first Jordan with an inner bootie . The Air Jordan VI was originally released in 1991 . It was retro - ed in 2000 , 2002 , 2006 , 2008 -- 2010 , 2012 and 2014 -- 2017 . The Air Jordan VI saw much of screen time in 2015 's Creed . Adonis Johnson ( Michael B. Jordan ) can be seen sporting the black / infrared and the white / varsity red - black colorway through most of the movie , most notably during the training montage before the big fight that Rocky films are known for . The VI was the first shoe used by the protagonist of Slam Dunk , Hanamichi Sakuragi . Nike released special versions of both the VI and the Jordan Super. Fly 3 featuring artwork from the series in 2014 . The VI also had Sakuragi 's number 10 embroidered on the side of the heels . Various other models in the Air Jordan line are featured in the series , including the original ( which Sakuragi eventually switched to ) , the V , and the XII ( both worn by Sakuragi 's rival , Kaede Rukawa ) . AJ VII Air Jordan VII sneakers specially released for 1992 Barcelona Olympics . The Air Jordan VII was released in 1992 with a new design by Tinker Hatfield . This shoe introduced the huarache technology which allowed the shoes to better conform to the user 's foot . A few things were no longer featured on the new model , such as the visible air sole , the Nike Air logo , and the translucent soles . This was the first Air - Jordan in the line that did not have any distinctive `` Nike Air '' on the outer portions of the shoe . The `` Nike Air '' branding was still on the in - soles , which Air Jordans VIII - XI also had . The VIIs were also known for a successful ad campaign in which Bugs Bunny appeared alongside Michael Jordan to market the shoes . When Jordan went to compete at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics to play for the US Men 's Basketball Team ( also known as the `` Dream Team '' ) , Nike released a special Olympic color combo of the Air Jordan VII model which had Jordan 's Olympic jersey number 9 , instead of the usual `` 23 '' found on other colorways . Various models of the Air Jordan VII were re-released in 2002 , again in 2004 , and again with different colors in 2006 . Also in 2008 Nike released a black and blue pair owned only by Cheikh Mbacké , ordered for $600 . In 2011 the Air Jordan VII saw releases in the `` Orion '' and `` Bordeaux '' colorways . Other colorways are confirmed for a 2011 release as well , such as the `` Cardinals '' which is a re-release and `` Year of the Rabbits '' . The `` Olympic '' and `` Charcoal '' ( commonly referred to as Raptors ) were re-released in 2012 . The Air Jordan VII was originally released in 1992 . It was retro - ed in 2002 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 -- 2012 and 2015 -- 2017 . AJ VIII : Nike Air Jordan VIII , ( Playoffs Colorway ) The Air Jordan VIII was released to coincide with the 1992 -- 1993 NBA season . The eighth model of the Air Jordan was noticeably heavier than its predecessors . This shoe had a lot more detail than most of the earlier Air Jordan 's such as two crossover straps on each shoe and a Jumpman . Thus the Air Jordan VIII model became known as the `` Punisher '' because of the advanced basketball ankle support and enhanced traction . This shoe contains a full length air sole , polyurethane midsole , polycarbonate shank plate , and two crossover straps ( for added support and more custom fit ) . The Air Jordan VIII was originally released in 1993 . It was retro - ed in 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2013 and 2015 -- 2017 . AJ IX : Nike Air Jordan IX , ( Bulls Colorway ) Originally released in November 1993 , the Air Jordan IX model was the first model released after Michael Jordan 's retirement . Jordan never played an NBA season wearing these shoes . This model was inspired by baseball cleats that Jordan wore when playing minor - league baseball . Like the VII and VIII models , the Air Jordan IX featured an inner sock sleeve and nubuck accents . The sole featured different symbols and languages of different countries . The Air Jordan IX has been the shoe chosen to adorn Jordan 's feet for his statue outside of the United Center in Chicago . In popular culture , in the children 's movie The Little Rascals one of the bullies , Butch is wearing a pair of these shoes . American rap icon Tupac Shakur also wore Air Jordans in a popular `` Thug Life '' photo set in 1993 . The Air Jordan IX was originally released from 1993 to 1994 . It was retro - ed in 2002 , 2008 , 2010 , 2012 , 2014 -- 2017 . AJ X : Nike Air Jordan X , ( Steel Colorway ) This was released in 1995 in 8 different colors , Black / grey , varsity - black , off - white / black / varsity red * , Powder Blue ( worn by UNC 's Men 's and Women 's basketball teams ) , Orlando Magic * , New York Knicks * , Seattle SuperSonics * , and Sacramento Kings * . It was the first Air Jordan to feature a lightweight phylon midsole . The shoe also featured all of Michael Jordan 's accomplishments on the outsole of the shoe . In 2012 , the Air Jordan X was re-released . They are dubbed the `` Chicago Bulls '' , as they are part of a regional pack ( City Pack ) , representing five teams . The lacing and tongue are completely black , and the red inner lining contrasts with the red inserts on the outsole . The outsole 's design features a striped ( wavy ) design , which list many of Jordan 's accomplishments . They retailed at $160 . The Air Jordan X was released again in an OVO collaboration in 2015 and 2016 , releasing in white and black colorways respectively with stingray detailing . The Air Jordan X was originally released from 1994 to 1995 . It was retro - ed in 2005 , 2008 and 2012 -- 2016 . AJ XI : Nike Air Jordan XI , ( Bred Colorway ) This model was designed by Tinker Hatfield . When the shoe launched , Michael Jordan ( retired from basketball by then ) was trying in minor baseball leagues . Hatfield designed the sneaker waiting for Jordan to come back and hoping he would play in them . The ballistic mesh upper of the sneaker was meant to make the Air Jordan XI lighter and more durable than the past sneakers . Further changes came with the use of a carbon fiber spring plate in the clear out sole , giving the shoe better torque when turning on the court . The highlight and arguably most well - known aspect of the shoe is the patent leather mudguard . Patent leather was lightweight , when compared to genuine leather , and also tended not to stretch as much -- a property to help keep the foot within the bounds of the shoe bed during direction changes on the court . The patent leather gave the XI a `` formal '' look . When this shoe released , some wore this model with business suits instead of dress shoes . The sneakers were only samples in 1995 when Jordan decided to come back in the NBA . Hatfield and Nike discouraged Michael Jordan playing in them , but when produced he wore them . Also noteworthy , Jordan violated league dress code by wearing the shoes , as his teammates wore all black shoe . He was fined $5,000 for not following the Bulls colorway policy . After the fining , Nike made him a pair of the shoes in a black / white / concord colorway for the series against Orlando . A similar black / white / royal blue colorway was released to the public at the end of 2000 . The colorway was changed for the public release because the concord purple had looked like royal blue on TV . Jordan wore the Air Jordan XI model to help the Chicago Bulls claim the 1995 -- 96 NBA Championship , he also wore the Air Jordan XI white Columbia colorway in the 1996 NBA All - Star Game and was selected MVP of the game . The shoes received more media exposure when Michael Jordan wore the Air Jordan XI model in the 1996 animated movie Space Jam . These shoes were eventually released in 2000 and re-released in 2009 with the nickname Space Jams . The concord purple was changed to royal blue for the released versions of the shoe . The Air Jordan XI was originally released from 1995 to 1996 . It was retro - ed in 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , and 2006 -- 2017 . The Air Jordan XI is the most popular Air Jordan 's in the series , and has released almost ritualistically every December since 2008 and sells out within minutes , also it is Tinker Hatfield 's favorite . With the Air Jordan XI being the most popular Jordan , supply used to be very limited and would cause fans to line up outside of store fronts before releases . AJ XII : Main article : Air Jordan Retro XII Nike Air Jordan XII , ( Playoffs Colorway ) The Air Jordan XII was inspired by Nisshoki ( the Japanese flag ) , and a 19th - century women dress boot . However , featuring gold - plated steel lace loops , embossed lizard skin pattern and a full length zoom air unit with a carbon fiber shank plate , this model set a new direction in style and technology in shoe design . Though not as light weight as previous models , the construction and firmness of the shoe is widely considered to be the most durable and sturdy shoes from the Air Jordan line . The first model released after the creation of subsidiary Jordan Brand , the Air Jordan XII has no Nike branding on it of any kind , while all the models before it have Nike Air or other Nike branding outwardly ( Air Jordans I - VI ) or just simply on the insoles ( Air Jordans VII - XI ) . This shoe came in 5 colorways and was released on March 13 . The shoe was re-released on December 25 , 2008 with the Eleven as the final countdown pack . In addition , the Twelve was combined with the Thirteen numbered Jordan to produce the 12.5 . As of today , the 11 / 12 countdown package ( retro ) retails for US $ 750 -- US $800 , well above the starting price of US $310 . The Air Jordan 12 has been subject to many highly limited colorways recently such as the Air Jordan 12 x PSNY collaboration , the Wings colorway that was limited to 12,000 pairs , and the OVO collaboration . The Air Jordan XII was originally released from 1996 to 1997 . It was retro - ed in 2003 , 2004 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 -- 2013 , and 2015 -- 2017 . AJ XIII : Nike Air Jordan XIII , ( White / black - varsity red Colorway ) In 1997 , Air Jordan XIII 's were released to the public . This model was known for its cushioning along the feet , designed by Hatfield . The Black Panther was the inspiration for the Air Jordan XIII , the sole resembles the pads on a panther 's paw . But also the panther is the hologram on the back of the shoe which imitates a panther 's eyes in the dark when light is shined at them . They were re-released in 2005 , which coincided with the release of the Air Jordan 8s shoe . In the movie He Got Game , the Air Jordan XIII was worn by Jake Shuttlesworth ( Denzel Washington ) . Ray Allen , who played Jake 's son Jesus in the film , wore them when he broke Reggie Miller 's all - time record for made three - point shots during a game against the Lakers in Boston during the 2011 season . The Jordan Brand re-released the Air Jordan XIII at the end of 2010 , which included the French Blue / Flint Grey , White / Red - Black , `` Playoff '' color way and the Black / Altitude Green color way . In 2017 , Jordan Brand released the `` History of Flight '' colorway . This colorway is from the 2009 World Basketball Festival , where the `` History of Flight '' collection was revealed to celebrate Jordan 's 25th anniversary . The Air Jordan XIII was originally released from 1997 to 1998 . It was retro - ed in 2004 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 -- 2017 . AJ XIV : Nike Air Jordan XIV , ( Black Toe Colorway ) Inspired by the Ferrari 550 M which Michael Jordan owned , the Air Jordan XIV was originally released from 1997 to 1999 . It was re-released in 2005 , 2006 , 2008 , 2011 , 2012 and 2014 -- 2017 . The Air Jordan XIV co-styled by the famous Tinker Hatfield and Mark Smith was made race ready and equipped with the Jordan Jumpman insignia on a Ferrari shaped badge . In addition , these shoes include breathable air ducts on the outer sole . The color scheme of predominant black accentuated with red was nicknamed `` The Last Shot '' because Michael Jordan wore them as he hit the game winning shot over Bryon Russell , of the Utah Jazz , in his final game with the Chicago Bulls in the 1998 NBA Finals . There are 14 Jumpman logos on Air Jordan XIV 's -- 7 on each shoe -- corresponding the shoes ' number in the series . They can be found in the following places : Near the toebox x 1 Shield Logo near the achilles heel x 1 Above the number `` 23 '' at the heel x 1 At the bottom sole ( middle part ) x 1 Steel Lacetips x 2 Insoles x 1 AJ XV : Nike Air Jordan XV , ( Stealth Colorway ) The Air Jordan XVs were released in 1999 -- 2000 . Reggie Miller wore it during the 2000 NBA Finals . This was the first shoe after Jordan 's retirement . The design of the XV 's originated from the aircraft prototype X-15 , which was developed by NASA during the 1950s . The sides of the XV were made from woven kevlar fibre . The Jordan XV 's were the first Air Jordan 's to be negatively received in a while ( the last being the Air Jordan 2 's ) , because the quality on the Jordan shoes was bad . The Air Jordan XV was originally released from 1999 to 2000 . It was retro - ed in 2007 , 2008 and 2017 . AJ XVI : Nike Air Jordan XVI , ( Bulls Colorway ) Air Jordan XVIs , designed by Nike 's Senior Footwear Designer Wilson Smith , were released in 2001 . This meaning it was the first design since the II 's that Tinker Hatfield was not behind . Smith decided to bring in a few design elements / fabrics from earlier releases . The shoe featured the return of the clear rubber sole ( V , VI , XI ) and patent leather ( XI ) . Unique to the Air Jordan XVI was a gaiter / shroud that covered the shoe and could be removed to give the shoe a new look . Not only was this for fashion purposes , it also had a thermal functionality . The shoe was said to be stiff and that the shroud / gaiter could easily fall off when playing basketball . The black / red and white / midnight navy versions of the shoe both featured patent leather which very easily creased and cracked . The Air Jordan XVI was originally released in 2001 . It was retro - ed in 2008 , 2014 and 2016 . AJ XVII : Nike Air Jordan XVII , ( Wizards Colorway ) This pair of Jordan 's come equipped with Keefer , which held the shoes and a compact disc containing the Air Jordan XVII song . The retail price of the shoe was US $200 . The defining functional design element of the Air Jordan XVII model , which was later replicated on the Air Jordan XXIII model , was the reinforced mid-sole which provided a sturdy and stable chassis for the shoe . They were made in four mid top colors and three low - top colors . The Air Jordan XVII was originally released in 2002 . It was retro - ed in 2008 and 2016 . AJ XVIII : Nike Air Jordan XVIII , ( Wizards Away Colorway ) The Air Jordan XVIII shoe was released in 2003 , and was the shoe for Jordan 's last season , in which he played for the Washington Wizards . The shoe was designed by Air Jordan Senior Footwear Designer , Tate Kuerbis , a person that had been part of the Jordan footwear design team since 1999 and with Nike since 1995 . The inspiration for the design came from a number of things ; sleek racing lines of the auto world , carbon fibre - based monocoque of F1 race cars , race car driving shoes ( rubber heel wrap ) and Fine Italian dress shoes ( bold stitching on the soles ) . The Air Jordan XVIII was originally released from 2003 to 2004 . It was retro - ed in 2008 . AJ XIX : Nike Air Jordan XIX , ( Black Mamba Colorway ) Released in 2004 , this is the first Jordan release after his third , and final , retirement which came after the 2002 -- 03 NBA season . The design was inspired by the Black Mamba snake , and two original colorways where released : white / flint grey and black / red . Three regional colorways and three special edition colorways were released . They consisted of the East , West , and Midwest edition for regular and West , East , and Olympic for the SE ( special edition ) . The Air Jordan XIX used innovative materials . The upper section of shoe was developed in collaboration with the global materials consultancy Material ConneXion , who sourced Nike a sleeving normally used in architectural applications for protecting PVC pipes from bursting . In theory , this allowed for a shoe without laces , because the sleeving does not stretch . Nonetheless , the Air Jordan XIX model did include a set of laces behind the sleeve to better secure the shoe . They are the lightest Air Jordans ever made . The Air Jordan XIX was originally released in 2004 . It was retro - ed in 2008 . AJ XX : Nike Air Jordan XX , ( Bulls Colorway ) The Air Jordan XX was also inspired by bicycling shoes . The strap was placed in the center of the shoe over the laces . It also helped to create a tighter fit and increased support . The Air Jordan XX was originally released in 2005 . It was retro - ed in 2008 and 2015 . AJ XXI : Nike Air Jordan XX1 , ( Bulls Colorway ) The Air Jordan XXI model of shoes was designed by D'Wayne Edwards and inspired by sport touring vehicles . The shoe features lower - foot air grilles , double - overlasted Phylon midsole , a carbon fibre shank plate and a seamless diamond - quilted booty . It also has a tenable I.P.S. suspension system that lets the wearer choose between Zoom and Encapsulated air . The Air Jordan XXI was introduced on television by the `` Second Generation '' advertisement . The Air Jordan XXI was originally released in 2006 . It was retro - ed in 2008 . AJ XX2 : Nike Air Jordan XX2 , ( Bulls Colorway ) The Air Jordan XX2 / XXII shoe model , designed by D'Wayne Edwards , was released on March 24 , 2007 . The original retail price of the model was US $175 . The aggressive and sharp design was inspired by the F - 22 Raptor fighter jet . Some technical features of the shoe include an updated visible and interchangeable I.P.S. suspension system , a new metallic mesh for ventilation , the Air Jordan camouflage pattern printed in reflective 3M material , and an updated traction system , based on an army general 's stripes . Two special editions of the Air Jordan XX2 model were released . The first edition was released for Jordan 's birthday on February 17 . This edition featured authentic Jordan Brand basketball leather . The second edition was the Omega model , part of the Alpha - Omega package . This model featured a laser - etched image of Jordan after he won his sixth NBA championship in 1998 . An entirely new line of Air Jordan XX2 / XXII shoes called the released , with these shoes worn by NBA players from the Atlanta Hawks , Denver Nuggets , Detroit Pistons , and Dallas Mavericks . This Air Jordan model featured a new strap around the heel and ankle . The promo commercial for the XX2 was directed by Mark Romanek . The Air Jordan XX2 was originally released in 2007 . It was retro - ed in 2008 . AJ XX3 : Nike Air Jordan XX3 , ( Wizards Colorway ) The Air Jordan XX3 was designed by Tinker Hatfield . It was a unique model , being the first basketball shoe to be included in the `` Nike Considered '' category , for using materials from not more than 200 miles from a Nike Factory . It features a hand - stitched exterior , full - length bootie , carbon fiber shank plate , the last to feature interchangeable IPS pillars , and an articulated chassis . The shoe was released on January 25 , 2008 , and was the last Air Jordan until the XX8 to have Roman numeral identification . The Air Jordan XX3 was originally released in 2008 . It was retro - ed in 2015 -- 2016 . AJ 2009 : Air Jordan 2009 The Air Jordan 2009 was designed by Jason Mayden and was the first Air Jordan model named after the year of its release rather than its numbered system . Inspired by Jordan 's defensive focus , the shoe incorporates Articulated Propulsion Technology used by Paralympian runners . It also features a durable pleated silk upper , protective TPU chassis , carbon fiber arch plate and Zoom Air structure . The shoe was released on January 31 , 2009 . The Air Jordan 2009 was originally released in 2009 . It has not been retro - ed . AJ 2010 : Air Jordan 2010 , `` Welcome Home '' Colorway This is the 25th anniversary of the Air Jordan brand , and although commonly called the Jordan 2010s , is also referred to as Air Jordan XX5 / XXV . This model of shoe was announced on November 12 , 2009 , for a release date of February 13 , 2010 , retailing for US $170 . Dwyane Wade is endorsing the AJ 2010 . The base of the each mid-sole has stylized text that when combined reads : `` I 've failed over and over and over again in my life . And that is why I succeed . '' This quote was originally attributed to Michael Jordan , and is a reference to an advertising campaign that aired in 1997 with Jordan detailing his failures that led to his success in his career . The Air Jordan 2010 was originally released in 2010 . It has not been retro - ed . AJ 2011 : Air Jordan 2011 , year of the rabbit colorway . The Air Jordan 2011 was endorsed by Dwyane Wade in 2011 , Jordan Brand decided to keep the fans happy with the release of the Air Jordan 2011 . The shoe has inter-changeable insoles - The Red , `` Explosive '' one is claimed to symbolize power , and a Blue , `` Quick '' one , supposedly for quickness . Four colorways of the shoe were released on February 19 , 2011 in correspondence with the 2011 All Star Game . The first colorway was White / Black . There were also White / Red and White / Blue colorways that coincided with the East / West Jersey Colors . The `` Year of the Rabbit '' colorway was a limited release that celebrated of Michael Jordan 's Chinese zodiac sign , coinciding with the current zodiac sign , the Year of the Rabbit . The 2011 has a unique design along both sides of the shoe . It is a star - constellation pattern that also serves as breathing holes for the shoe to keep it well ventilated . It uses patent leather wrapped around the shoe . The shoes are hand burnished and crafted . A dress shoe that feels similar to the XI was reported to be the goal . o The Air Jordan 2011 was originally released in 2011 . It has not been retro - ed . AJ 2012 : Air Jordan 2012 offers six customization configurations . Two interchangeable sleeves and three insoles adapt to different playing styles . The Deluxe model was launched on February 8 , while the customization Flight models were released on February 25 , 2012 . It was the final Air Jordan model to be named after the year it was released as the numbered system returned in 2013 with the Air Jordan XX8 . The Air Jordan 2012 was originally released in 2012 . It has not been retro - ed . AJ XX8 : The Air Jordan XX8 , designed by Tinker Hatfield , was released on February 16 , 2013 . This premiere model featuring a mostly black upper and volt Dynamic Fit bootie . A heel and forefoot Nike Zoom unit in combination with the new Jordan Flight Plate , Dynamic Fit straps for increased support , a carbon fiber heel counter for additional support , and its most notable feature , the mesh upper for flexibility and ventilation . Jordan Brand has decided for 2013 to returning to the Air Jordan numbered order after having stopped at XX3 . The Air Jordan 2012 featured different technology which including interchangeable insoles for various styles of play , a concept introduced with the Kobe System . The exterior shroud gives the shoe a sleeker look than any other and is 8 inches high on the ankle but unzips and folds down revealing the bright volt green interior . AJ XX9 : The Air Jordan XX9 , also designed by Hatfield , released in September 2014 in both an elephant print and a knit edition . The shoe has already been debuted in the NBA by Russell Westbrook and Kawhi Leonard . The shoe has Flight Web for superior lockdown , a performance woven upper for comfort , support , strength , and protection , and a re-engineered Flight Plate . The XX9 also released in a pack alongside the iconic Air Jordan XI on December 23 , 2014 called the `` Ultimate Gift of Flight '' pack . AJ XXX : The Air Jordan XXX ( 30 ) debuted on January 14 , 2016 at an exclusive media event in Chicago . It was again designed by Tinker Hatfield . The first colorway of the shoe released on February 16 . The shoe consists of an upper and outsole very similar to that of the XX9 of the previous year . The upper is a combination of performance woven and flyknit that is new for the brand in 2016 , and also has a flyknit - constructed ankle collar that extends slightly past where the collar of the shoe would normally be . Jordan brand has also brought back functional Dynamic Fit in the lacing system . The outsole / midsole is almost identical to the XX9 , with very minor technical tweaks . The outsole boasts a more noticeable change , with a different traction pattern unique to this shoe , while the midsole remains almost entirely the same . The only difference in the midlsole cushioning setup from the Jordan XX9 is a material change in the FlightPlate setup , which is now named FlightSpeed and is constructed of a plastic rather than carbon fiber for more flexibility while remaining structural integrity . AJ XXXI The Air Jordan XXXI ( 31 ) was unveiled on July 20 , 2016 . The sneaker is heavily influenced by the Air Jordan 1 's having a leather upper and both a Nike swoosh and a Jumpman plus a Jordan `` Wings '' logo . Its first retail debut was on September 3 , 2016 in the `` banned '' colorway for $185 alongside its air Jordan 1 counterpart . Notable appearances of the AJ 31 include the `` USA '' colorway worn during the 2016 Olympic basketball tournament by members of team USA. Basketball at the 2016 Summer Olympics -- Men 's team rosters . Other shoes from the Air Jordan line ( edit ) The Jordan packages ( edit ) `` Spizike '' ( edit ) Michael Jordan and Spike Lee released the Jordan Spiz'ike shoes on October 21 , 2006 , as a tribute to their historic relationship . The relationship began when Mars Blackmon ( a character from Spike Lee 's film , She 's Gotta Have It ) became the primary pitchman in Nike commercials for Air Jordans . The Spiz'ike is a mash - up of the Jordan III , IV , V , VI , Air Jordan IX and XX shoes . Only 4,567 pairs were made of the original release , with all of the proceeds going to Morehouse College . The number 40 represents Spike Lee 's film company , 40 Acres & A Mule Filmworks , and the number 23 represents Michael Jordan 's jersey number . Each future release of the shoes varied the colors used . `` Defining Moments '' Released in 2006 retailing at $295 containing the sneakers Michael Jordan wore during his first championship of his two three - peats . The retro 11 concord contains a gold Jumpman on the side , but originally was meant to also have gold eyelets spelling out Jordan was changed because of color bleeding . The retro 6 black infrared replaces its infrared for gold as well . Both shoes contained dog tags to reference the title won and a booklet showcasing a slam dunk highlight of the game and concept art of the shoe . Some of the original DMP retro 11 concords have surfaced and are considered some of the rarest air Jordan 's . `` Defining Moments II '' The `` raging bull pack '' retailed for $310 and drew inspiration from the running of the bull that takes place every year in Spain . The pack contains two air Jordan 5s the toro bravo and the 3m . The toro bravo is a red suede sneaker one of the first of its kind , it takes inspiration from the red bandanas worn by the runners . The second pair is the 3m named after its reflective coating . Both shoes come in a wood gate exterior graphic box with double sided slide out , originally released in 2009 . `` Defining Moments III '' ( edit ) The Jordan Brand released a third `` Defining Moments '' package on July 11 , 2009 . The 60 + Air Jordan Retro 1 Package is inspired by Jordan scoring 63 points on the Celtics in a double overtime playoff game during his second year . The Air Jordan Retro 1 60 + Package features a re-release of the sneakers that Jordan wore during that game , and a Retro Air Jordan 1 inspired by the Celtics colors and the parquet floors from the old Boston Garden . `` Defining Moments IV '' ( edit ) The Jordan Brand released a fourth `` Defining Moments '' package on August 15 , 2009 . This package , also known as the Orlando 60 + pack , consists of the Jordan 7 black and red . Also included is a second pair of Air Jordan ' s . The `` Orlando '' pair features a white leather upper with black and blue accents . The blue accents featured a cracked print . The black tongue had black pinstripes which represented the black pinstriped Orlando jersey of the 1990s . Retro 6 Infrared Pack ( edit ) The Jordan 6 white / infrared and black / infrared was released February 14 , 2013 , at a retail price of US $170 . This is the second of the same colorway retro in Jordan Brand history . The first time retro on both colorways were in 2000 , they were retro separately . This time , the retro distinguished with the previous release . The heel logo are using Jumpman logo instead of Nike Air logo , this is the most significant difference between these two re-releases . Jordan Brand started using Jumpman logo `` Old Love new Love '' ( edit ) The Jordan Brand released their second two - pair package named the `` Old Love New Love '' ( OLNL ) , which consisted of the Air Jordan I Retro model in Mid White / Black - Varsity Red ( Black Toes ) and Black / Varsity - Maize / White . It was released on April 21 , 2007 . The Old Love New Love package was sold for $200.00 . The pack represented Jordan 's passions , the old love being basketball the new love being motorcycle racing . Air Jordan Brand released 5 new colorways including one that is themed after another Spike Lee 's `` Do The Right Thing . '' There will be more colors of the Air Jordan Spizikes released than of the recent Air Jordan 3 retro re-release . The Air Jordan `` Spiz'ikes '' take pieces from the following Air Jordans : Air Jordan 3 -- sole , midsole , and `` Spike '' / elephant print Air Jordan 4 -- `` wings '' on the sides of the shoes that hold lace loops to place `` Air Jordan Sixty Plus '' ( edit ) The first Jordan Sixty Plus was released in August 2009 . The Jordan 6ixty Plus ( 60 + ) is a hybrid sneaker from Jordan Brand that combines the various sneakers Michael Jordan wore when he scored 60 or more points in an NBA Game . In these games , MJ was wearing the Jordan I , II , V and VII . Inspiration came from the Air Jordan 5 because he was wearing those when he scored his career high of 69 points . Air Jordan 1 -- Toebox shape and perforations Air Jordan 2 -- Snakeskin accents , rear TPU , lower Eyelets , Jordan `` Wings '' logo on tongue Air Jordan 5 -- Midsole / Outsole , shape of tongue , Lacelock , mold of upper near ankle , higher eyelets , `` Air Jordan '' tag inside of tongue Air Jordan 7 -- Perforations on side panel , `` gap '' between ankle area and body of shoe , graphics on tongue , heel tab , 23 on rear TPU `` Jordan Son of Mars edition '' ( edit ) The `` Jordan Son of Mars '' is an Air Jordan hybrid shoe , that released in the Summer of 2012 . It borrows prominent design elements from the Air Jordan III , IV , V , VI , and XX . It also retains a strap across the shoe laces , that is a custom modification with a design that seems to be elephant print but is instead a series of relevant icons , etc . The Jordan Son Of Mars was birthed from the Spizike , which was originally inspired by all the Jordan shoes made in collaboration with famous urban director Spike Lee . Son of Mars is a sneaker directly influenced by Spike Lee 's longtime involvement with the brand , as the shoe pieces together models in which Spike ( or Mars Blackmon rather ) had a hand in launching . The shoe breakdown begins with elements from the first Tinker Hatfield years , Mars Blackmon ; Lee 's loudmouthed character first appeared alongside Michael Jordan for the release of the Air Jordan III , a sneaker whose immediately recognizable elephant print bookends the Jordan Son of Mars , with sectioning on the back end and towards the toe . Next the Air Jordan IV , which is pretty conspicuous in this hybrid release , shows up only in the form of the netting running below the laces . The sole gottem ion is all Air Jordan V , as the coveted icy treatment splashes across the bottom and the angular ' teeth ' of the midsole rear up towards the toe . The V actually extends its reach to the top end too , with the textured Jumpman tongue bursting out from the familiar see - through lacelocks . Building up the ankle area is the higher - hitting support of the Air Jordan VI , complete with the attached loop on back and the perforated paneling reaching up the side of the shoe . The midsection which completes the sneaker is a major fast - forward , leaping ahead to the Air Jordan XX in the form of the lasered strap . The Jordan Son of Mars takes on one of the favorite color schemes in the Jordan Brand line . `` Air Jordan collezione / Countdown packages '' ( edit ) This package consisted of two variations of Retro Air Jordan , in which each model number equaled 23 . So the Retro I was released in a package with the Retro XXII , the Retro II with the Retro XXI , etc . `` Air Jordan x / XIII `` ( edit ) The first Countdown package consisted of the reintroduced Air Jordan XIII model in white / black - true red . The package also included a pair of the shadow grey Air Jordan X model with the number 23 stitched on the side of the shoes . The package cost US $400.00 and was released January 19 , 2008 . `` Air Jordan IX / XIV '' ( edit ) The second Countdown package consisted of the Air Jordan Retro XIV model in Black / Varsity Red which was similar to the Air Jordan `` Last Shot '' XIV model though it consisted of a white stitching on the sides , a different color outer arch , and a different colored Jumpman logo on the side . The other Air Jordan was the Air Jordan Retro IX model in a White / Black / True Red colorway . The package retailed for US $310.00 and was released March 15 , 2008 . `` Air Jordan XXI / II '' ( edit ) The third Countdown package consisted of the Air Jordan Retro II model in White / Varsity Red . The other Air Jordan in this package was the Air Jordan Retro XXI model in Black / Varsity Red . The package retailed US $310.00 and was released April 26 , 2009 . `` Air Jordan XVII / VI '' ( edit ) The fourth Countdown package consisted of the Air Jordan Retro VI model in White / Carmine . The other Air Jordan in this package would be Air Jordan Retro XVII model in Black / Metallic Silver . The package cost US $310.00 and was released May 24 , 2008 . `` Air Jordan XII / XI '' ( edit ) The final Countdown package consisted of the Air Jordan Retro XI model in Varsity Red / Black . The other Air Jordan in this package was the Air Jordan Retro XII model in Black / White . The package retailed for US $310.00 . Jordan fusions ( edit ) This line of sneakers consist of a fusion of several Air Jordan and Air Force One Models . Air Jordan XII Air Force One fusion ( edit ) A fusion between the Air Jordan XII model and the Midtop Air Force One model . Air Jordan III Air Force One fusion ( edit ) A fusion between the Air Jordan III model and the Air Force One model . Air Jordan V Air Force One fusion ( edit ) This package is the only original colorway of the Air Jordan V model that was not released in the last round of re-releases . Like the Air Jordan V model , the outsole is a mix of black and clear rubber ; there is no visible air sole unit in these shoes . The shoe a rubber loop in the back , middle upright cotton jumpman , rubber tongue , and the lace lock first was brought in an infrared colorway . It is said Michael Jordan wears these shoes in his practice games . Air Jordan VI Air Force One ( edit ) A fusion between the Air Jordan VI and the Air Force One model . Air Jordan XX Air Force One fusion ( edit ) A fusion between the Air Jordan XX and the Air Force One model . These feature the same laser upper as the original XX but replace the ankle strap and sole with that of the Air Force One . Has the numbers one through till six on the heel to represent Jordan 's 6 championships ever . Air Jordan IV Air Force One fusion ( edit ) A fusion between the Air Jordan IV and the Air Force One model . Air Jordan VIII Air Force One fusion ( edit ) A fusion between the Air Jordan VIII and the Midtop Air Force One model . Air Jordan IX Air Force One fusion ( edit ) A fusion between the Air Jordan IX and the Air Force One model . Air Jordan x Air Force One fusion ( edit ) A fusion between the Air Jordan X and the Midtop Air Force One model . Air Jordan XIII Air Force One fusion ( edit ) A fusion between the Air Jordan XIII and the Midtop Air Force One model . Jordan `` 6 Rings '' shoe ( edit ) Air Jordan `` 6 rings '' in two colorways The Jordan 6 Rings ( aka Jordan Six Rings ) is a combination of the seven Air Jordan shoes that Michael Jordan wore during his 6 Championship seasons . That includes the Air Jordan 6 , 7 , 8 , 11 , 12 , 13 and 14 . The Jordan Brand company released the `` 6 Rings '' shoes starting in September 2008 . The Jordan Brand released colorways representative of each team that the Chicago Bulls defeated in each of their six championship seasons during the 1990s . The colorways include colors borrowed from the following teams : the L.A. Lakers , Portland Trail Blazers , Phoenix Suns , the former Seattle SuperSonics , and Utah Jazz , each shoe of which includes laser - etched graphics detailing specific aspects about that particular championship series , the city of the competing team and so forth . Many other colorways exist and Jordan Brand continues to release additional colors that pay tribute to different Jordan and Nike shoes along with new colorways specific to 6 Rings shoes . There even exists a `` winterized 6 rings '' which are a modified 6 Rings shoe turned into a durable boot designed for the outdoors which changes some of the design and placement of the inspired pieces and parts from the Air Jordans the shoe pays tribute . Of particular note , there is an Olympic colorway , a Nelly version apparently inspired by the rap artist Nelly and a shoe that combines the colors of all the teams that the Bulls defeated in the NBA Finals , acting as the ' sixth shoe ' since only five separate teams were defeated for the Bulls to win six championships ; the Utah Jazz was defeated twice , in 1997 and 1998 . Air Jordan 6 : Heel tab `` spoiler '' , Jumpman on heel from retro 6 models , and lace locks Air Jordan 7 : Nike Huarache style inner sock and perforated air holes in the mudguard of the upper Air Jordan 8 : Chenille carpet - style sections on the tongue surrounding the Jumpman logo , dual velcro straps , the shape of the `` 23 '' printed on the lace locks and the colors on the midfoot arch plate on the sole Air Jordan 11 : Silhouette of upper , lace eyestays on certain models and patent leather mudguard Air Jordan 12 : TWO 3 embroidered on the tongue and metal lace loops at top of the ankle Air Jordan 13 : Midsole `` pods '' and panther paw - shaped outsole Air Jordan 14 : Small Jumpman logo embroidered at the top Controversy ( edit ) The Air Jordan line has been associated with many riots , assaults , robberies , and murders , such as the murder of a 15 - year - old high school student named Michael Eugene Thomas who was choked to death by one of his peers for a pair of Air Jordan sneakers in 1989 . In 1988 , the then - principal of Mumford High School mentioned that clothing - related violence had reached a point where he felt it was necessary to ban certain items of clothing , including the Air Jordan sneaker , from the school grounds . This ban was the first of many dress codes implemented in schools after the wave of robberies , beatings , and shootings over possession of Air Jordan sneakers and other items of clothing . Manufacturing ( edit ) Nike owns none of the factories where Air Jordans are produced and contracts the work to various factory owners . Company officials say that they only advertise and market the shoes . However , Nike dictates production terms and standards to the contractor , often without questioning labor or safety practices . In April 1997 , 10,000 Indonesian workers went on strike over wage violations at an Air Jordan factory . The same month in Vietnam 1,300 workers went on strike demanding a 1 - cent - per - hour raise , and a year later in 1998 , 3,000 workers in China went on strike to protest hazardous working conditions and low wages cause . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The date the `` Air Jordan I '' was released . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NIKE , Inc. -- Inspiration and Innovation for Every Athlete in the World '' . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Sneaker Designers You Should Know '' . Retrieved 3 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The True Story Behind the Banned Air Jordan '' . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.sneakerfiles.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/air-jordan-3-black-cement-retro.jpg Jump up ^ `` Release dates -- Sneaker News '' . Sneaker News . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Raging Bull Air Jordan V ( 5 ) -- Red Suede -- Release Date May 2009 '' . Sneaker Files. 2009 - 03 - 14 . Archived from the original on 26 March 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Air Jordan 5 Bel Air KicksOnFire.com '' . KicksOnFire.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Sneaker Theater : Creed -- The Drop Champs Sports '' . 2016 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Floss Cov ( 2016 - 02 - 19 ) , Creed 2015 Training Montage 720 HD , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22 Jump up ^ http://jansbasketball.blogspot.com/2012/07/air-jordan-shoes-that-used-in-slam-dunk.html Jump up ^ http://www.complex.com/sneakers/2014/10/jordan-brand-slam-dunk-collection-official-images Jump up ^ http://www.complex.com/sneakers/2014/10/best-sneakers-slam-dunk-manga-anime-series/ Jump up ^ `` Ray Allen Stats , Bio and Game Logs '' . NBA.com. 1975 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Nike Store . Mens Jordan Shoes , Clothing and Gear '' . Air-jordans.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Nike Store . Men 's Jordan Shoes , Clothing and Gear '' . Air-jordans.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Brand Marketing Campaign Comes Through in the Clutch '' . Oregon : Prnewswire.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Air Jordan 29 Basketball Shoe -- Tailored for Flight '' . Nike.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Air Jordan 30 Bugs Bunny Teaser SneakerNews.com '' . Sneaker News . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jordan Brand Officially Unveils The Air Jordan 31 '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ JustFreshKicks ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) . `` Air Jordan XXX1 `` USA '' 31 Olympic 2016 - JustFreshKicks `` . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` October 17 , 2009 Archives '' . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` In Context : Air Jordan Defining ' Moments Pack ' '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Air Jordan V ( 5 ) 2009 DMP Retro - Toro Bravo - Raging Bull - SneakerNews.com '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Air Jordan 1 - Beginning Moments / Old Love New Love Pack - 2007 - SneakerNews.com '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan to Blame for Riots Over Shoes : What Isiah Thomas Said and 5 Things He Could Do With Nike Profits '' . Rollingout.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Shapiro , Marc ( 2012 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Air Jordans Stolen from Teens in Mall Robbery -- Owings Mills - Reisterstown , MD Patch '' . Owingsmills.patch.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Police use pepper spray to end fights over Air Jordans '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com. 2011 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Joe ( 2012 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Air Jordan Heist : House Robbed for $10,000 Worth of Sneakers '' . Theroot.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Two suspects charged with capital murder in Air Jordans robbery khou.com Houston '' . Khou.com. 2012 - 12 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Rick Telander ( 1990 - 05 - 14 ) . `` In America 's cities , kids are killing kids over sneakers -- 05.14. 90 -- SI Vault '' . Sportsillustrated.cnn.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Brito , Chris ( 12 February 2016 ) . `` Brooklyn teen tries to steal Air Jordans , loses arm in Craigslist robbery gone wrong : police '' . Pix 11 . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Tom Hundley ( 1988 - 04 - 03 ) . `` School Puts ` In ` Clothes On Notice '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Cultural meaning and hip - hop fashion in the African - American male youth subculture of New Orleans '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2012 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Nike FAQs - Global Exchange '' . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) `` History of the Air Jordan franchise '' at SneakerNews.com `` Every Jordan Ever Made '' at Nike External links ( edit ) `` Jumpman '' official site Basketball ( outline ) General topics History of basketball James Naismith Variations of basketball Leagues Statistics Glossary of terms Index of articles Rules Bonus Jump ball Officials Turnover Violation 3 seconds Offense Defense 5 seconds Basket interference Carrying Double dribble Goaltending Shot clock Traveling Foul Flagrant Personal Technical Game play Air ball Alley - oop Assist Backboard shattering Ball hog Block Buzzer beater Cherry picking Dribble Crossover Dunk Euro step Fadeaway Fast break Fly Flop Jump shot Layup Finger roll Field goal Four - point play Free throw Hook shot Moves Pick and roll Positions Posterized Playbook Rebound Point Screen Back screen Slashing Steal Three - pointer Three - point play Uncontested shot Strategy General Sixth man Offense Continuity offense Flex Shuffle UCLA High Post Wheel Dribble drive motion Four corners Motion Princeton Run and gun Grinnell System Nellie Ball Small ball Triangle Defense 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 1 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 3 zone Amoeba Box - and - one Double team Full - court press Hack - a-Shaq Jordan Rules Line Man - to - man Match - up zone Triangle - and - two Zone Equipment Backboard Ball Breakaway rim Court Half court Key Net Possession arrow Whistle Clothing Basketball sleeve Finger sleeve Air Jordan Chuck Taylor All - Stars Miscellaneous 100 - point scorers 50 -- 40 -- 90 club AAU All - Americans AAU champions Mikan Drill Player tracking Shootaround Tip drill Winning streaks Links to related articles Nike , Inc . Corporate directors Jill Ker Conway Tim Cook Phil Knight Travis Knight Mark Parker Orin C. Smith John Thompson Phyllis Wise Subsidiaries Converse Hurley Former : Cole Haan Umbro Bauer Hockey Assets and products Air Jordan Air Melo Line Air Max Nike Considered Nike CTR360 Maestri Nike Flywire Nike Free Nike Mercurial Vapor Nike Shox Nike+ Nike Blazers Nike SB Swoosh Air Force 1 Nike Tiempo Nike Total 90 Nike Multi-Turf Nike Air Yeezy Nike Ordem Miscellaneous List of Nike sponsorships Nike Academy Nike Sport Research Lab Nike Oregon Project Nike ONE Michael Jordan Main Career achievements The Shot Game 6 of the 1998 NBA Finals 1982 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Game Air Jordan ( Jumpman ) Jordan Rules Family James R. Jordan Sr. ( father ) Jeffrey Jordan ( son ) Marcus Jordan ( son ) Films Space Jam Michael Jordan : An American Hero Michael Jordan to the Max Like Mike Video games Jordan vs. Bird : One on One Michael Jordan in Flight Michael Jordan : Chaos in the Windy City Space Jam NBA 2K11 NBA 2K12 Other Michael Jordan statue The Jordan Rules `` Jam '' Michael Jordan 's Restaurant Michael Jordan 's Steakhouse Crying Jordan Be Like Mike ProStars When Nothing Else Matters Chicago Bulls Founded in 1966 Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise Franchise Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Records Broadcasters Head coaches Current season Arenas International Amphitheatre Chicago Stadium United Center Personnel Owner : Jerry Reinsdorf Vice president of basketball operations : John Paxson General manager : Gar Forman Head coach : Fred Hoiberg Culture and lore Phantom Buzzer Game The Shot Air Jordan Jumpman Tommy Edwards Benny the Bull `` Sirius '' Ray Clay 72 -- 10 Michael Jordan 's last shot Jordan Rules Triangle offense Ashland Green / Pink Line Station Tex Winter The Spirit ( Michael Jordan statue ) Rivals Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Miami Heat New York Knicks Retired numbers 10 23 33 Coach General Manager G League affiliate Windy City Bulls NBA Championships ( 6 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 Eastern Conference Championships ( 6 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 Division titles ( 9 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 2011 2012 Hall of Famers George Gervin Artis Gilmore Phil Jackson Michael Jordan Robert Parish Scottie Pippen Dennis Rodman Jerry Sloan Nate Thurmond Tex Winter Jerry Reinsdorf Media TV WGN9 ( through WGN Sports ) WGN America Chicago 's CW 50 NBC Sports Chicago CN100 Radio 89 WLS Announcers Neil Funk Stacey King Chuck Swirsky Bill Wennington Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_Jordan&oldid=808737601 '' Categories : Sportswear brands Nike brands Michael Jordan Products introduced in 1984 1980s fashion 1990s fashion 2000s fashion 2010s fashion 1980s fads and trends Basketball culture Eponymous clothing Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 21 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the air jordan retro 4 come out | [
"The Air Jordan IV was re-released in 1999 and retroed in 2000, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010–2013 and 2015–2017. Recent retroed colorways are the Retro 4 \"Legend Blue\", \"Oreo\" in early 2015, and the Retro 4 OG \"Cement\" that released on February 13, 2016.[5]",
"The Air Jordan IV was re-released in 1999 and retroed in 2000, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010–2013 and 2015–2017. Recent retroed colorways are the Retro 4 \"Legend Blue\", \"Oreo\" in early 2015, and the Retro 4 OG \"Cement\" that released on February 13, 2016.[5]",
"The Air Jordan IV was re-released in 1999 and retroed in 2000, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010–2013 and 2015–2017. Recent retroed colorways are the Retro 4 \"Legend Blue\", \"Oreo\" in early 2015, and the Retro 4 OG \"Cement\" that released on February 13, 2016.[5]",
"The Air Jordan IV was re-released in 1999 and retroed in 2000, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010–2013 and 2015–2017. Recent retroed colorways are the Retro 4 \"Legend Blue\", \"Oreo\" in early 2015, and the Retro 4 OG \"Cement\" that released on February 13, 2016.[5]",
"The Air Jordan IV was re-released in 1999 and retroed in 2000, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010–2013 and 2015–2017. Recent retroed colorways are the Retro 4 \"Legend Blue\", \"Oreo\" in early 2015, and the Retro 4 OG \"Cement\" that released on February 13, 2016.[5]",
"The Air Jordan IV was re-released in 1999 and retroed in 2000, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010–2013 and 2015–2017. Recent retroed colorways are the Retro 4 \"Legend Blue\", \"Oreo\" in early 2015, and the Retro 4 OG \"Cement\" that released on February 13, 2016.[5]",
"The Air Jordan IV was re-released in 1999 and retroed in 2000, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010–2013 and 2015–2017. Recent retroed colorways are the Retro 4 \"Legend Blue\", \"Oreo\" in early 2015, and the Retro 4 OG \"Cement\" that released on February 13, 2016.[5]"
] | [
"Air",
"2000",
"2004",
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"2008",
"2010–2013",
"2015–2017"
] |
-2065587664416740378 | List of North Melbourne Football Club premiership results | List of North Melbourne Football Club premiership results - wikipedia List of North Melbourne Football Club premiership results Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of North Melbourne Football Club premiership results since the club 's inception in 1869 . Contents ( hide ) 1 VFA premierships 2 Under 19 premierships 3 Reserve premierships 4 Night and pre-season premierships 5 VFL / AFL premierships 6 Champions of Australia 7 References Vfa premierships ( edit ) 1903 VFA premiership side . 1903 VFA Challenge Final Total North Melbourne 7 6 48 Richmond 9 27 Venue : East Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : 20,000 1904 VFA Challenge Final Total North Melbourne - - Forfeit Richmond - - - Venue : None Crowd : 0 1910 VFA Challenge Final Total North Melbourne 9 14 68 Brunswick 5 9 39 Venue : Arden St Oval Crowd : 28,000 1914 VFA Final Total North Melbourne 12 14 86 Footscray 7 9 51 Venue : East Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : 12,000 1915 VFA Final Total North Melbourne 11 10 76 Brunswick 10 28 Venue : Arden St Oval Crowd : 8,000 1918 VFA Final Total North Melbourne 18 13 121 Prahran 10 28 Venue : Arden St Oval Crowd : 7,000 The Challenge Final was scratched and North Melbourne were awarded the premiership after Richmond objected to the umpire chosen for the match and refused to play . Under 19 premierships ( edit ) 1946 VFL Under - 19s Grand Final Total North Melbourne 11 9 75 Carlton 5 12 42 Venue : Warringal Park Crowd : ? 1976 VFL Under - 19s Grand Final Total North Melbourne 16 13 109 Richmond 15 16 106 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : ? 1984 VFL Under - 19s Grand Final Total North Melbourne 17 19 121 Richmond 7 11 53 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : ? 1987 VFL Under - 19s Grand Final Total North Melbourne 13 16 94 Richmond 13 11 89 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : ? 1988 VFL Under - 19s Grand Final Total North Melbourne 18 16 124 Essendon 6 5 41 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : ? 1990 AFL Under - 19s Grand Final Total North Melbourne 16 12 108 Melbourne 5 14 44 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : ? 1991 AFL Under - 19s Grand Final Total North Melbourne 14 15 99 Collingwood 8 13 61 Venue : VFL Park Crowd : ? Note : Prior to the establishment of the U-19s comp in 1946 , North Melbourne fielded a successful Colts side in a local fixture which was responsible for developing junior stars like Dally O'Brien , Les Foote , Don Condon , Kevin Dynon and Keith McKenzie Reserve premierships ( edit ) 1947 VFL Reserves Grand Final Total North Melbourne 16 13 109 Richmond 14 10 94 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : ? 1957 VFL Reserves Grand Final Total North Melbourne 14 13 97 Fitzroy 13 15 93 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : ? 1967 VFL Reserves Grand Final Total North Melbourne 15 13 103 Richmond 10 19 79 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : ? 1978 VFL Reserves Grand Final Total North Melbourne 17 29 131 Hawthorn 11 13 79 Venue : ? Crowd : ? 1979 VFL Reserves Grand Final Total North Melbourne 13 14 92 Collingwood 9 13 67 Venue : VFL Park Crowd : 6047 1995 AFL Reserves Grand Final Total North Melbourne 13 16 94 Sydney 11 14 80 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : ? 1996 AFL Reserves Grand Final Total North Melbourne 23 18 156 Essendon 7 10 52 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : ? Night and pre-season premierships ( edit ) 1965 VFL Night Series Grand Final Total North Melbourne 14 13 97 Carlton 9 57 Venue : Lake Oval Crowd : 37,750 1966 VFL Night Series Grand Final Total North Melbourne 20 12 132 Hawthorn 12 7 79 Venue : Lake Oval Crowd : 22,800 1980 VFL Night Series Grand Final Total North Melbourne 8 9 57 Collingwood 7 12 54 Venue : Waverley Park Crowd : 50,478 1995 AFL Pre-season Grand Final Total North Melbourne 14 9 93 Adelaide 8 15 63 Venue : Waverley Park Crowd : 39,393 1998 AFL Pre-season Grand Final Total North Melbourne 14 13 97 St Kilda 12 11 83 Venue : Waverley Park Crowd : 49,874 VFL / AFL premierships ( edit ) 1975 VFL Grand Final Total North Melbourne 19 8 122 Hawthorn 9 13 67 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : 110,551 1977 VFL Grand Final Replay Total North Melbourne 21 25 151 Collingwood 19 10 124 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : 98,366 1996 AFL Grand Final Total North Melbourne 19 17 131 Sydney 13 10 88 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : 93,102 1999 AFL Grand Final Total North Melbourne 19 10 124 Carlton 12 17 89 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : 94,228 Champions of Australia ( edit ) 1975 Championship of Australia Total North Melbourne 17 15 117 Norwood 5 11 41 Venue : Football Park Crowd : 17,576 Note : The Champions of Australia series was discontinued after 1975 . As a result , North Melbourne retains both the Winfield Cup as a permanent memento of the victory , and retains the perpetual Australia Cup . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.fullpointsfooty.net/kangaroos.htm ^ Jump up to : http://www.fullpointsfooty.net/night_series_grand_finals.htm Jump up ^ http://afltables.com/afl/seas/1975.html#fin Jump up ^ http://afltables.com/afl/seas/1977.html#fin Jump up ^ http://afltables.com/afl/seas/1996.html#fin Jump up ^ http://afltables.com/afl/seas/1999.html#fin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_North_Melbourne_Football_Club_premiership_results&oldid=794472518 '' Categories : North Melbourne Football Club Melbourne sport - related lists Australian rules football - related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 August 2017 , at 07 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did north melbourne last win a premiership | [
"\n\n\n\n\n1999 AFL Grand Final\nG\nB\nTotal\n\n\nNorth Melbourne\n19\n10\n124\n\n\nCarlton\n12\n17\n89\n\n\nVenue: Melbourne Cricket Ground\nCrowd: 94,228[6]\n\n"
] | [
"1999"
] |
4503890803067191908 | History of the United States | History of the United States - wikipedia History of the United States `` American history '' redirects here . For the history of the continents , see History of the Americas . See also : Economic history of the United States and Timeline of the United States history This article is part of a series on the Culture of the United States of America Society History Language People Race and ethnicity Religion Arts and literature Architecture Art Dance Fashion Literature Comics Poetry Music Sculpture Theater Other Cuisine Festivals Folklore Media Newspapers Radio Cinema TV Internet Pornography Mythology Sport Symbols Flag Great Seal Monuments Motto Anthem Bird World Heritage Sites United States portal The history of the United States began with the settlement of Indigenous people before 15,000 BC . Numerous cultures formed . The arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492 started the European colonization of the Americas . Most colonies formed after 1600 . By the 1770s , thirteen British colonies contained 2.5 million people along the Atlantic coast east of the Appalachian Mountains . After defeating France , the British government imposed a series of new taxes after 1765 , rejecting the colonists ' argument that new taxes needed their approval ( see Stamp Act 1765 ) . Tax resistance , especially the Boston Tea Party ( 1773 ) , led to punitive laws by Parliament designed to end self - government in Massachusetts . Armed conflict began in 1775 . In 1776 , the Second Continental Congress declared the independence of the colonies as the United States of America . Led by General George Washington , it won the Revolutionary War with large support from France . The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River ( except Canada and Florida ) . The Articles of Confederation established a central government , but it was ineffectual at providing stability , as it could not collect taxes and had no executive officer . A convention in 1787 wrote a new Constitution that was adopted in 1789 . In 1791 , a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee inalienable rights . With Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief adviser , a strong central government was created . Purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 doubled the size of the United States . A second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812 , which solidified national pride . Encouraged by the notion of manifest destiny , U.S. territory expanded all the way to the Pacific coast . While the United States was large in terms of area , its population in 1790 was only 4 million . However , it grew rapidly , reaching 7.2 million in 1810 , 32 million in 1860 , 76 million in 1900 , 132 million in 1940 , and 321 million in 2015 . Economic growth in terms of overall GDP was even greater . However compared to European powers , the nation 's military strength was relatively limited in peacetime before 1940 . The expansion was driven by a quest for inexpensive land for yeoman farmers and slave owners . The expansion of slavery was increasingly controversial and fueled political and constitutional battles , which were resolved by compromises . Slavery was abolished in all states north of the Mason -- Dixon line by 1804 , but the South continued to profit off of the institution , mostly from production of cotton . Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860 on a platform of halting the expansion of slavery . Seven Southern slave states rebelled and created the foundation of the Confederacy . Its attack of Fort Sumter against the Union forces started the Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) . Confederate defeat led to the impoverishment of the South and the abolition of slavery . In the Reconstruction Era ( 1863 -- 1877 ) , legal and voting rights were extended to freed slaves . The national government emerged much stronger , and because of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 , it gained the explicit duty to protect individual rights . However , when white Democrats regained their power in the South in 1877 , often by paramilitary suppression of voting , they passed Jim Crow laws to maintain white supremacy , and new disfranchising constitutions that prevented most African Americans and many poor whites from voting . This continued until gains of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s and passage of federal legislation to enforce constitutional rights were made . The United States became the world 's leading industrial power at the turn of the 20th century due to an outburst of entrepreneurship in the Northeast and Midwest and the arrival of millions of immigrant workers and farmers from Europe . The national railroad network was completed and large - scale mining and factories industrialized the Northeast and Midwest . Mass dissatisfaction with corruption , inefficiency and traditional politics stimulated the Progressive movement , from the 1890s to 1920s , which led to many reforms including the 16th to 19th constitutional amendments , which brought the federal income tax , direct election of Senators , prohibition , and women 's suffrage . Initially neutral during World War I , the United States declared war on Germany in 1917 and funded the Allied victory the following year . Women obtained the right to vote in 1920 , with Native Americans obtaining citizenship and the right to vote in 1924 . After a prosperous decade in the 1920s , the Wall Street Crash of 1929 marked the onset of the decade - long worldwide Great Depression . Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt ended the Republican dominance of the White House and implemented his New Deal programs , which included relief for the unemployed , support for farmers , Social Security and a minimum wage . The New Deal defined modern American liberalism . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 , the United States entered World War II and financed the Allied war effort and helped defeat Nazi Germany in the European theater . Its involvement culminated in using newly invented nuclear weapons on two Japanese cities to defeat Imperial Japan in the Pacific theater . The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as rival superpowers in the aftermath of World War II . During the Cold War , the two countries confronted each other indirectly in the arms race , the Space Race , proxy wars , and propaganda campaigns . The purpose of this was to stop the spread of communism . In the 1960s , in large part due to the strength of the Civil Rights Movement , another wave of social reforms was enacted by enforcing the constitutional rights of voting and freedom of movement to African - Americans and other racial minorities . The Cold War ended when the Soviet Union was officially dissolved in 1991 , leaving the United States as the world 's only superpower . After the Cold War , the United States began focusing on modern conflicts in the Middle East and nuclear programs in North Korea . The beginning of the 21st century saw the September 11 attacks by Al - Qaeda in 2001 , followed by wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . In 2008 , the United States had its worst economic crisis since the Great Depression , which was followed by slower - than - usual rates of economic growth during the 2010s . Part of a series on the History of the United States Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present By ethnicity ( show ) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Native Americans Polish American By topic ( show ) Antisemitism Civil rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women This Is America , Charlie Brown United States portal Contents 1 Pre-Columbian Era 1.1 Native development prior to European contact 1.1. 1 Major cultures 1.2 Native development in Hawaii 2 Colonial period 2.1 Spanish , Dutch , and French colonization 2.2 British colonization 3 18th century 3.1 Political integration and autonomy 4 American Revolution 5 Early years of the republic 5.1 Confederation and Constitution 5.2 President George Washington 5.3 Slavery 6 19th century 6.1 Jeffersonian Republican Era 6.2 War of 1812 6.3 Era of Good Feelings 6.4 Indian removal 6.5 Second Party System 6.6 Second Great Awakening 6.7 Abolitionism 6.8 Westward expansion and Manifest Destiny 6.9 Divisions between North and South 6.10 Civil War 6.11 Emancipation 6.12 Reconstruction Era 6.13 The West and the Gilded Age 7 20th century 7.1 Progressive Era 7.2 Imperialism 7.3 World War I 7.4 Women 's suffrage 7.5 Roaring Twenties 7.6 Great Depression and New Deal 7.7 World War II 7.8 The Cold War , counterculture , and civil rights 7.8. 1 Climax of liberalism 7.8. 2 Civil Rights Movement 7.8. 3 The Women 's Movement 7.8. 4 The Counterculture Revolution and Cold War Détente 7.9 Close of the 20th century 8 21st century 8.1 9 / 11 and the War on Terror 8.2 The Great Recession 8.3 Recent events 9 See also 10 References 11 Notes 12 Textbooks 13 Further reading 13.1 Primary sources 14 External links Pre-Columbian Era ( edit ) Main articles : Prehistory of the United States , History of Native Americans in the United States , and Pre-Columbian era See also : Native Americans in the United States This map shows the approximate location of the ice - free corridor and specific Paleoindian sites ( Clovis theory ) . It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and the present - day United States . The prevailing theory proposes that people migrated from Eurasia across Beringia , a land bridge that connected Siberia to present - day Alaska during the Ice Age , and then spread southward throughout the Americas . This migration may have begun as early as 30,000 years ago and continued through to about 10,000 + years ago , when the land bridge became submerged by the rising sea level caused by the ending of the last glacial period . These early inhabitants , called Paleoamericans , soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes . The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents , spanning the time of the original settlement in the Upper Paleolithic period to European colonization during the early modern period . While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus ' voyages of 1492 to 1504 , in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until they were conquered or significantly influenced by Europeans , even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus ' initial landing . Native development prior to European contact ( edit ) Main article : History of Native Americans in the United States The Cultural areas of pre-Columbian North America , according to Alfred Kroeber . Native American cultures are not normally included in characterizations of advanced stone age cultures as `` Neolithic , '' which is a category that more often includes only the cultures in Eurasia , Africa , and other regions . The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips ' 1958 book Method and Theory in American Archaeology . They divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases ; see Archaeology of the Americas . The Clovis culture , a megafauna hunting culture , is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points . Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis , New Mexico . The Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America . The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point , a flaked flint spear - point with a notched flute , by which it was inserted into a shaft . Dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods . Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon - dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B.P. ( roughly 9100 to 8850 BCE ) . Numerous Paleoindian cultures occupied North America , with some arrayed around the Great Plains and Great Lakes of the modern United States of America and Canada , as well as adjacent areas to the West and Southwest . According to the oral histories of many of the indigenous peoples of the Americas , they have been living on this continent since their genesis , described by a wide range of traditional creation stories . Other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river , believed to be the Mississippi River . Genetic and linguistic data connect the indigenous people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians . Archeological and linguistic data has enabled scholars to discover some of the migrations within the Americas . A Folsom point for a spear . The Folsom Tradition was characterized by use of Folsom points as projectile tips , and activities known from kill sites , where slaughter and butchering of bison took place . Folsom tools were left behind between 9000 BCE and 8000 BCE . Na - Dené - speaking peoples entered North America starting around 8000 BCE , reaching the Pacific Northwest by 5000 BCE , and from there migrating along the Pacific Coast and into the interior . Linguists , anthropologists and archeologists believe their ancestors comprised a separate migration into North America , later than the first Paleo - Indians . They migrated into Alaska and northern Canada , south along the Pacific Coast , into the interior of Canada , and south to the Great Plains and the American Southwest . They were the earliest ancestors of the Athabascan - speaking peoples , including the present - day and historical Navajo and Apache . They constructed large multi-family dwellings in their villages , which were used seasonally . People did not live there year - round , but for the summer to hunt and fish , and to gather food supplies for the winter . The Oshara Tradition people lived from 5500 BCE to 600 CE . They were part of the Southwestern Archaic Tradition centered in north - central New Mexico , the San Juan Basin , the Rio Grande Valley , southern Colorado , and southeastern Utah . Since the 1990s , archeologists have explored and dated eleven Middle Archaic sites in present - day Louisiana and Florida at which early cultures built complexes with multiple earthwork mounds ; they were societies of hunter - gatherers rather than the settled agriculturalists believed necessary according to the theory of Neolithic Revolution to sustain such large villages over long periods . The prime example is Watson Brake in northern Louisiana , whose 11 - mound complex is dated to 3500 BCE , making it the oldest , dated site in the Americas for such complex construction . It is nearly 2,000 years older than the Poverty Point site . Construction of the mounds went on for 500 years until was abandoned about 2800 BCE , probably due to changing environmental conditions . Poverty Point culture is a Late Archaic archaeological culture that inhabited the area of the lower Mississippi Valley and surrounding Gulf Coast . The culture thrived from 2200 BCE to 700 BCE , during the Late Archaic period . Evidence of this culture has been found at more than 100 sites , from the major complex at Poverty Point ( a UNESCO World Heritage Site ) across a 100 - mile ( 160 km ) range to the Jaketown Site near Belzoni , Mississippi . The K'alyaan Totem Pole of the Tlingit Kiks. ádi Clan , erected at Sitka National Historical Park to commemorate the lives lost in the 1804 Battle of Sitka . Poverty Point is a 1 square mile ( 2.6 km ) complex of six major earthwork concentric rings , with additional platform mounds at the site . Artifacts show the people traded with other Native Americans located from Georgia to the Great Lakes region . This is one among numerous mound sites of complex indigenous cultures throughout the Mississippi and Ohio valleys . They were one of several succeeding cultures often referred to as mound builders . The Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures refers to the time period from roughly 1000 BCE to 1,000 CE in the eastern part of North America . The term `` Woodland '' was coined in the 1930s and refers to prehistoric sites dated between the Archaic period and the Mississippian cultures . The Hopewell tradition is the term for the common aspects of the Native American culture that flourished along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern United States from 200 BCE to 500 CE . The Hopewell tradition was not a single culture or society , but a widely dispersed set of related populations , who were connected by a common network of trade routes , known as the Hopewell Exchange System . At its greatest extent , the Hopewell exchange system ran from the Southeastern United States into the southeastern Canadian shores of Lake Ontario . Within this area , societies participated in a high degree of exchange ; most activity was conducted along the waterways that served as their major transportation routes . The Hopewell exchange system traded materials from all over the United States . The indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast were of many nations and tribal affiliations , each with distinctive cultural and political identities , but they shared certain beliefs , traditions and practices , such as the centrality of salmon as a resource and spiritual symbol . Their gift - giving feast , potlatch , is a highly complex event where people gather in order to commemorate special events such as the raising of a Totem pole or the appointment or election of a new chief . The most famous artistic feature of the culture is the Totem pole , with carvings of animals and other characters to commemorate cultural beliefs , legends , and notable events . Major cultures ( edit ) Grave Creek Mound , located in Moundsville , West Virginia , is one of the largest conical mounds in the United States . It was built by the Adena culture . Adena culture : The Adena culture was a Native American culture that existed from 1000 BC to 200 BC , in a time known as the Early Woodland period . The Adena culture refers to what were probably a number of related Native American societies sharing a burial complex and ceremonial system . A map showing the extent of the Coles Creek cultural period and some important sites . Coles Creek culture : The Coles Creek culture is an indigenous development of the Lower Mississippi Valley that took place between the terminal Woodland period and the later Plaquemine culture period . The period is marked by the increased use of flat - topped platform mounds arranged around central plazas , more complex political institutions , and a subsistence strategy still grounded in the Eastern Agricultural Complex and hunting rather than on the maize plant as would happen in the succeeding Plaquemine Mississippian period . The culture was originally defined by the unique decoration on grog - tempered ceramic ware by James A. Ford after his investigations at the Mazique Archeological Site . He had studied both the Mazique and Coles Creek Sites , and almost went with the Mazique culture , but decided on the less historically involved sites name . It is ancestral to the Plaquemine culture . The Great House at the Casa Grande Ruins National Monument . Hohokam culture : The Hohokam was a culture centered along American Southwest . The early Hohokam founded a series of small villages along the middle Gila River . They raised corn , squash and beans . The communities were located near good arable land , with dry farming common in the earlier years of this period . They were known for their pottery , using the paddle - and - anvil technique . The Classical period of the culture saw the rise in architecture and ceramics . Buildings were grouped into walled compounds , as well as earthen platform mounds . Platform mounds were built along river as well as irrigation canal systems , suggesting these sites were administrative centers allocating water and coordinating canal labor . Polychrome pottery appeared , and inhumation burial replaced cremation . Trade included that of shells and other exotics . Social and climatic factors led to a decline and abandonment of the area after 1400 A.D. Ancestral Puebloan archeological sites The Great Kiva of Chetro Ketl at the Chaco Culture National Historical Park , UNESCO World Heritage Site . Cliff Palace , Mesa Verde National Park , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Taos Pueblo , a UNESCO World Heritage site , is an Ancient Pueblo belonging to a Native American tribe of Pueblo people , marking the cultural development in the region during the Pre-Columbian era . White House Ruins , Canyon de Chelly National Monument Ancestral Puebloan culture : The Ancestral Puebloan culture covered present - day Four Corners region of the United States , comprising southern Utah , northern Arizona , northwestern New Mexico , and southwestern Colorado . It is believed that the Ancestral Puebloans developed , at least in part , from the Oshara Tradition , who developed from the Picosa culture . They lived in a range of structures that included small family pit houses , larger clan type structures , grand pueblos , and cliff sited dwellings . The Ancestral Puebloans possessed a complex network that stretched across the Colorado Plateau linking hundreds of communities and population centers . The culture is perhaps best known for the stone and earth dwellings built along cliff walls , particularly during the Pueblo II and Pueblo III eras . Three UNESCO World Heritage Sites located in the United States are credited to the Pueblos : Mesa Verde National Park , Chaco Culture National Historical Park and Taos Pueblo . The best - preserved examples of the stone dwellings are in National Parks , examples being , Navajo National Monument , Chaco Culture National Historical Park , Mesa Verde National Park , Canyons of the Ancients National Monument , Aztec Ruins National Monument , Bandelier National Monument , Hovenweep National Monument , and Canyon de Chelly National Monument . Mississippian culture Monks Mound of Cahokia ( UNESCO World Heritage Site ) in summer . The concrete staircase follows the approximate course of the ancient wooden stairs . An artistic recreation of The Kincaid Site from the prehistoric Mississippian culture as it may have looked at its peak 1050 -- 1400 CE . Engraved stone palette from Moundville , illustrating two horned rattlesnakes , perhaps referring to The Great Serpent of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex . A human head effigy pot from the Nodena Site . Mississippian culture : The Mississippian culture which extended throughout the Ohio and Mississippi valleys and built sites throughout the Southeast , created the largest earthworks in North America north of Mexico , most notably at Cahokia , on a tributary of the Mississippi River in present - day Illinois . The ten - story Monks Mound at Cahokia has a larger circumference than the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan or the Great Pyramid of Egypt . The 6 square miles ( 16 km ) city complex was based on the culture 's cosmology ; it included more than 100 mounds , positioned to support their sophisticated knowledge of astronomy , and built with knowledge of varying soil types . The society began building at this site about 950 CE , and reached its peak population in 1,250 CE of 20,000 -- 30,000 people , which was not equalled by any city in the present - day United States until after 1800 . Cahokia was a major regional chiefdom , with trade and tributary chiefdoms located in a range of areas from bordering the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico . Kincaid c. 1050 -- 1400 AD , is one of the largest settlements of the Mississippian culture , it was located at the southern tip of present - day U.S. state of Illinois . Kincaid Mounds has been notable for both its significant role in native North American prehistory and for the central role the site has played in the development of modern archaeological techniques . The site had at least 11 substructure platform mounds ( ranking fifth for mound - culture pyramids ) . Artifacts from the settlement link its major habitation and the construction of the mounds to the Mississippian period , but it was also occupied earlier during the Woodland period . The Mississippian culture developed the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex , the name which archeologists have given to the regional stylistic similarity of artifacts , iconography , ceremonies and mythology . The rise of the complex culture was based on the people 's adoption of maize agriculture , development of greater population densities , and chiefdom - level complex social organization from 1200 CE to 1650 CE . The Mississippian pottery are some of the finest and most widely spread ceramics north of Mexico . Cahokian pottery was especially fine , with smooth surfaces , very thin walls and distinctive tempering , slips and coloring . Map of the Five Nations of the Iroquois ( from the Darlington Collection ) . Iroquois Culture : The Iroquois League of Nations or `` People of the Long House '' , based in present - day upstate and western New York , had a confederacy model from the mid-15th century . It has been suggested that their culture contributed to political thinking during the development of the later United States government . Their system of affiliation was a kind of federation , different from the strong , centralized European monarchies . Leadership was restricted to a group of 50 sachem chiefs , each representing one clan within a tribe . The Oneida and Mohawk people had nine seats each ; the Onondagas held fourteen ; the Cayuga had ten seats ; and the Seneca had eight . Representation was not based on population numbers , as the Seneca tribe greatly outnumbered the others . When a sachem chief died , his successor was chosen by the senior woman of his tribe in consultation with other female members of the clan ; property and hereditary leadership were passed matrilineally . Decisions were not made through voting but through consensus decision making , with each sachem chief holding theoretical veto power . The Onondaga were the `` firekeepers '' , responsible for raising topics to be discussed . They occupied one side of a three - sided fire ( the Mohawk and Seneca sat on one side of the fire , the Oneida and Cayuga sat on the third side . ) Elizabeth Tooker , an anthropologist , has said that it was unlikely the U.S. founding fathers were inspired by the confederacy , as it bears little resemblance to the system of governance adopted in the United States . For example , it is based on inherited rather than elected leadership , selected by female members of the tribes , consensus decision - making regardless of population size of the tribes , and a single group capable of bringing matters before the legislative body . Long - distance trading did not prevent warfare and displacement among the indigenous peoples , and their oral histories tell of numerous migrations to the historic territories where Europeans encountered them . The Iroquois invaded and attacked tribes in the Ohio River area of present - day Kentucky and claimed the hunting grounds . Historians have placed these events as occurring as early as the 13th century , or in the 17th - century Beaver Wars . Through warfare , the Iroquois drove several tribes to migrate west to what became known as their historically traditional lands west of the Mississippi River . Tribes originating in the Ohio Valley who moved west included the Osage , Kaw , Ponca and Omaha people . By the mid-17th century , they had resettled in their historical lands in present - day Kansas , Nebraska , Arkansas and Oklahoma . The Osage warred with Caddo - speaking Native Americans , displacing them in turn by the mid-18th century and dominating their new historical territories . Native development in Hawaii ( edit ) Kamehameha I , founder of the Kingdom of Hawaii . Main article : History of Hawaii Native development in Hawaii begins with the settlement of Polynesians between the 1st and 10th centuries . Around 1200 AD Tahitian explorers found and began settling the area as well . This became the rise of the Hawaiian civilization and would be separated from the rest of the world for another 500 years until the arrival of the British . Europeans under the British explorer Captain James Cook arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in 1778 . Within five years of contact , European military technology would help Kamehameha I conquer most of the people , and eventually unify the islands for the first time ; establishing the Kingdom of Hawaii . Colonial period ( edit ) Main article : Colonial history of the United States European territorial claims in North America , c. 1750 France Great Britain Spain After a period of exploration sponsored by major European nations , the first successful English settlement was established in 1607 . Europeans brought horses , cattle , and hogs to the Americas and , in turn , took back to Europe maize , turkeys , potatoes , tobacco , beans , and squash . Many explorers and early settlers died after being exposed to new diseases in the Americas . The effects of new Eurasian diseases carried by the colonists , especially smallpox and measles , were much worse for the Native Americans , as they had no immunity to them . They suffered epidemics and died in very large numbers , usually before large - scale European settlement began . Their societies were disrupted and hollowed out by the scale of deaths . Spanish , Dutch , and French colonization ( edit ) Main articles : Spanish colonization of the Americas , Dutch colonization of the Americas , and French colonization of the Americas Spanish explorers were the first Europeans with Christopher Columbus ' second expedition , to reach Puerto Rico on November 19 , 1493 ; others reached Florida in 1513 . Spanish expeditions quickly reached the Appalachian Mountains , the Mississippi River , the Grand Canyon and the Great Plains . In 1540 , Hernando de Soto undertook an extensive exploration of the Southeast . The Letter of Christopher Columbus on the Discovery of America to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain In 1540 , Francisco Vásquez de Coronado explored from Arizona to central Kansas . Small Spanish settlements eventually grew to become important cities , such as San Antonio , Texas ; Albuquerque , New Mexico ; Tucson , Arizona ; Los Angeles , California ; and San Francisco , California . New Netherland was a 17th - century Dutch colony centered on present - day New York City and the Hudson River Valley ; the Dutch traded furs with the Native Americans to the north . The colony served as a barrier to expansion from New England . Despite being Calvinists and building the Reformed Church in America , the Dutch were tolerant of other religions and cultures . The colony , which was taken over by Britain in 1664 , left an enduring legacy on American cultural and political life . This includes secular broad - mindedness and mercantile pragmatism in the city as well as rural traditionalism in the countryside ( typified by the story of Rip Van Winkle ) . Notable Americans of Dutch descent include Martin Van Buren , Theodore Roosevelt , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Eleanor Roosevelt and the Frelinghuysens . New France was the area colonized by France from 1534 to 1763 . There were few permanent settlers outside Quebec and Acadia , but the French had far - reaching trading relationships with Native Americans throughout the Great Lakes and Midwest . French villages along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers were based in farming communities that served as a granary for Gulf Coast settlements . The French established plantations in Louisiana along with settling New Orleans , Mobile and Biloxi . The Wabanaki Confederacy were military allies of New France through the four French and Indian Wars while the British colonies were allied with the Iroquois Confederacy . During the French and Indian War -- the North American theater of the Seven Years ' War -- New England fought successfully against French Acadia . The British removed Acadians from Acadia ( Nova Scotia ) and replaced them with New England Planters . Eventually , some Acadians resettled in Louisiana , where they developed a distinctive rural Cajun culture that still exists . They became American citizens in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase . Other French villages along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers were absorbed when the Americans started arriving after 1770 , or settlers moved west to escape them . French influence and language in New Orleans , Louisiana and the Gulf Coast was more enduring ; New Orleans was notable for its large population of free people of color before the Civil War . British colonization ( edit ) Further information : British colonization of the Americas Excerpt of a Description of New England by English explorer John Smith , published in 1616 . The Mayflower , which transported Pilgrims to the New World . During the first winter at Plymouth , about half of the Pilgrims died . The strip of land along the eastern seacoast was settled primarily by English colonists in the 17th century along with much smaller numbers of Dutch and Swedes . Colonial America was defined by a severe labor shortage that employed forms of unfree labor such as slavery and indentured servitude and by a British policy of benign neglect ( salutary neglect ) . Over half of all European immigrants to Colonial America arrived as indentured servants . Salutary neglect permitted the development of an American spirit distinct from that of its European founders . Squanto known for having been an early liaison between the native populations in Southern New England and the Mayflower settlers , who made their settlement at the site of Squanto 's former summer village . The first successful English colony , Jamestown , was established in 1607 on the James River in Virginia . Jamestown languished for decades until a new wave of settlers arrived in the late 17th century and established commercial agriculture based on tobacco . Between the late 1610s and the Revolution , the British shipped an estimated 50,000 to 120,000 convicts to their American colonies . A severe instance of conflict was the 1622 Powhatan uprising in Virginia in which Native Americans killed hundreds of English settlers . The largest conflicts between Native Americans and English settlers in the 17th century were King Philip 's War in New England and the Yamasee War in South Carolina . Jennie Augusta Brownscombe , The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth , 1914 , Pilgrim Hall Museum , Plymouth , Massachusetts New England was initially settled primarily by Puritans . The Pilgrims established a settlement in 1620 at Plymouth Colony , which was followed by the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 . The Middle Colonies , consisting of the present - day states of New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , and Delaware , were characterized by a large degree of diversity . The first attempted English settlement south of Virginia was the Province of Carolina , with Georgia Colony -- the last of the Thirteen Colonies -- established in 1733 . The Indian massacre of Jamestown settlers in 1622 . Soon the colonists in the South feared all natives as enemies . The colonies were characterized by people primarily of the Judeo - Christian faiths , with many Congregationalists in New England , German and Dutch Reformed in the Middle Colonies , Catholics in Maryland , and Scots - Irish Presbyterians on the frontier . Sephardic Jews were among early settlers in cities of New England and the South . Many immigrants arrived as religious refugees : French Huguenots settled in New York , Virginia and the Carolinas . Many royal officials and merchants were Anglicans . Religiosity expanded greatly after the First Great Awakening , a religious revival in the 1740s led by preachers such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield . American Evangelicals affected by the Awakening added a new emphasis on divine outpourings of the Holy Spirit and conversions that implanted within new believers an intense love for God . Revivals encapsulated those hallmarks and carried the newly created evangelicalism into the early republic , setting the stage for the Second Great Awakening beginning in the late 1790s . In the early stages , evangelicals in the South such as Methodists and Baptists preached for religious freedom and abolition of slavery ; they converted many slaves and recognized some as preachers . John Gadsby Chapman , The Baptism of Pocahontas ( 1840 ) . A copy is on display in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol . Each of the 13 American colonies had a slightly different governmental structure . Typically , a colony was ruled by a governor appointed from London who controlled the executive administration and relied upon a locally elected legislature to vote taxes and make laws . By the 18th century , the American colonies were growing very rapidly as a result of low death rates along with ample supplies of land and food . The colonies were richer than most parts of Britain , and attracted a steady flow of immigrants , especially teenagers who arrived as indentured servants . The tobacco and rice plantations imported African slaves for labor from the British colonies in the West Indies , and by the 1770s African slaves comprised a fifth of the American population . The question of independence from Britain did not arise as long as the colonies needed British military support against the French and Spanish powers . Those threats were gone by 1765 . London regarded the American colonies as existing for the benefit of the mother country . This policy is known as mercantilism . 18th century ( edit ) Map of the British and French settlements in North America in 1750 , before the French and Indian War An upper - class , with wealth based on large plantations operated by slave labor , and holding significant political power and even control over the churches , emerged in South Carolina and Virginia . A unique class system operated in upstate New York , where Dutch tenant farmers rented land from very wealthy Dutch proprietors , such as the Rensselaer family . The other colonies were more equalitarian , with Pennsylvania being representative . By the mid-18th century Pennsylvania was basically a middle - class colony with limited deference to its small upper - class . A writer in the Pennsylvania Journal in 1756 summed it up : The People of this Province are generally of the middling Sort , and at present pretty much upon a Level . They are chiefly industrious Farmers , Artificers or Men in Trade ; they enjoy in are fond of Freedom , and the meanest among them thinks he has a right to Civility from the greatest . Political integration and autonomy ( edit ) Join , or Die : This 1756 political cartoon by Benjamin Franklin urged the colonies to join together during the French and Indian War . The French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 63 ) was a watershed event in the political development of the colonies . It was also part of the larger Seven Years ' War . The influence of the main rivals of the British Crown in the colonies and Canada , the French and North American Indians , was significantly reduced with the territory of the Thirteen Colonies expanding into New France both in Canada and the Louisiana Territory . Moreover , the war effort resulted in greater political integration of the colonies , as reflected in the Albany Congress and symbolized by Benjamin Franklin 's call for the colonies to `` Join or Die '' . Franklin was a man of many inventions -- one of which was the concept of a United States of America , which emerged after 1765 and was realized in July 1776 . Following Britain 's acquisition of French territory in North America , King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 with the goal of organizing the new North American empire and protecting the native Indians from colonial expansion into western lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains . In ensuing years , strains developed in the relations between the colonists and the Crown . The British Parliament passed the Stamp Act of 1765 , imposing a tax on the colonies without going through the colonial legislatures . The issue was drawn : did Parliament have this right to tax Americans who were not represented in it ? Crying `` No taxation without representation '' , the colonists refused to pay the taxes as tensions escalated in the late 1760s and early 1770s . An 1846 painting of the 1773 Boston Tea Party . The population density in the American Colonies in 1775 . The Boston Tea Party in 1773 was a direct action by activists in the town of Boston to protest against the new tax on tea . Parliament quickly responded the next year with the Coercive Acts , stripping Massachusetts of its historic right of self - government and putting it under army rule , which sparked outrage and resistance in all thirteen colonies . Patriot leaders from all 13 colonies convened the First Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance to the Coercive Acts . The Congress called for a boycott of British trade , published a list of rights and grievances , and petitioned the king for redress of those grievances . The appeal to the Crown had no effect , and so the Second Continental Congress was convened in 1775 to organize the defense of the colonies against the British Army . Ordinary folk became insurgents against the British even though they were unfamiliar with the ideological rationales being offered . They held very strongly a sense of `` rights '' that they felt the British were deliberately violating -- rights that stressed local autonomy , fair dealing , and government by consent . They were highly sensitive to the issue of tyranny , which they saw manifested in the arrival in Boston of the British Army to punish the Bostonians . This heightened their sense of violated rights , leading to rage and demands for revenge . They had faith that God was on their side . The American Revolutionary War began at Concord and Lexington in April 1775 when the British tried to seize ammunition supplies and arrest the Patriot leaders . In terms of political values , the Americans were largely united on a concept called Republicanism , that rejected aristocracy and emphasized civic duty and a fear of corruption . For the Founding Fathers , according to one team of historians , `` republicanism represented more than a particular form of government . It was a way of life , a core ideology , an uncompromising commitment to liberty , and a total rejection of aristocracy . '' American Revolution ( edit ) Main articles : American Revolution and History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) See also : Commemoration of the American Revolution Reading of The Declaration of Independence originally written by Thomas Jefferson , presented on July 4th 1776 . Washington 's surprise crossing of the Delaware River in December 1776 was a major comeback after the loss of New York City ; his army defeated the British in two battles and recaptured New Jersey . The Thirteen Colonies began a rebellion against British rule in 1775 and proclaimed their independence in 1776 as the United States of America . In the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 83 ) the Americans captured the British invasion army at Saratoga in 1777 , secured the Northeast and encouraged the French to make a military alliance with the United States . France brought in Spain and the Netherlands , thus balancing the military and naval forces on each side as Britain had no allies . General George Washington ( 1732 -- 99 ) proved an excellent organizer and administrator who worked successfully with Congress and the state governors , selecting and mentoring his senior officers , supporting and training his troops , and maintaining an idealistic Republican Army . His biggest challenge was logistics , since neither Congress nor the states had the funding to provide adequately for the equipment , munitions , clothing , paychecks , or even the food supply of the soldiers . As a battlefield tactician , Washington was often outmaneuvered by his British counterparts . As a strategist , however , he had a better idea of how to win the war than they did . The British sent four invasion armies . Washington 's strategy forced the first army out of Boston in 1776 , and was responsible for the surrender of the second and third armies at Saratoga ( 1777 ) and Yorktown ( 1781 ) . He limited the British control to New York City and a few places while keeping Patriot control of the great majority of the population . John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence The Loyalists , whom the British counted upon too heavily , comprised about 20 % of the population but never were well organized . As the war ended , Washington watched proudly as the final British army quietly sailed out of New York City in November 1783 , taking the Loyalist leadership with them . Washington astonished the world when , instead of seizing power for himself , he retired quietly to his farm in Virginia . Political scientist Seymour Martin Lipset observes , `` The United States was the first major colony successfully to revolt against colonial rule . In this sense , it was the first ' new nation ' . '' On July 2 , 1776 , the Second Continental Congress , meeting in Philadelphia , declared the independence of the colonies by adopting the resolution from Richard Henry Lee , that stated : That these United Colonies are , and of right out to be , free and independent States , that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is , and ought to be , totally dissolved ; that measures should be immediately taken for procuring the assistance of foreign powers , and a Confederation be formed to bind the colonies more closely together . On July 4 , 1776 they adopted the Declaration of Independence and this date is celebrated as the nation 's birthday . Historian George Billias says : Independence amounted to a new status of interdependence : the United States was now a sovereign nation entitled to the privileges and responsibilities that came with that status . America thus became a member of the international community , which meant becoming a maker of treaties and alliances , a military ally in diplomacy , and a partner in foreign trade on a more equal basis . On September 9 , 1776 , Congress officially changed the nation 's name to the United States of America . Until this point , the nation was known as the `` United Colonies of America '' The new nation was founded on Enlightenment ideals of liberalism in what Thomas Jefferson called the unalienable rights to `` life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness '' , and dedicated strongly to republican principles . Republicanism emphasized the people are sovereign ( not hereditary kings ) , demanded civic duty , feared corruption , and rejected any aristocracy . Early years of the Republic ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) See also : First Party System and Second Party System Confederation and Constitution ( edit ) Reading of the United States Constitution of 1787 Further information : Articles of Confederation and History of the United States Constitution Economic growth in America per capita income . Index with 1700 set as 100 . In the 1780s the national government was able to settle the issue of the western territories , which were ceded by the states to Congress and became territories . With the migration of settlers to the Northwest , soon they became states . Nationalists worried that the new nation was too fragile to withstand an international war , or even internal revolts such as the Shays ' Rebellion of 1786 in Massachusetts . Nationalists -- most of them war veterans -- organized in every state and convinced Congress to call the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 . The delegates from every state wrote a new Constitution that created a much more powerful and efficient central government , one with a strong president , and powers of taxation . The new government reflected the prevailing republican ideals of guarantees of individual liberty and of constraining the power of government through a system of separation of powers . The Congress was given authority to ban the international slave trade after 20 years ( which it did in 1807 ) . A compromise gave the South Congressional apportionment out of proportion to its free population by allowing it to include three - fifths of the number of slaves in each state 's total population . This provision increased the political power of southern representatives in Congress , especially as slavery was extended into the Deep South through removal of Native Americans and transportation of slaves by an extensive domestic trade . To assuage the Anti-Federalists who feared a too - powerful national government , the nation adopted the United States Bill of Rights in 1791 . Comprising the first ten amendments of the Constitution , it guaranteed individual liberties such as freedom of speech and religious practice , jury trials , and stated that citizens and states had reserved rights ( which were not specified ) . President George Washington ( edit ) George Washington legacy remains among the two or three greatest in American history , as Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army , hero of the Revolution , and the first President of the United States . Reading of the Farewell address of President George Washington , 1796 George Washington -- a renowned hero of the American Revolutionary War , commander - in - chief of the Continental Army , and president of the Constitutional Convention -- became the first President of the United States under the new Constitution in 1789 . The national capital moved from New York to Philadelphia in 1790 and finally settled in Washington DC in 1800 . The major accomplishments of the Washington Administration were creating a strong national government that was recognized without question by all Americans . His government , following the vigorous leadership of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton , assumed the debts of the states ( the debt holders received federal bonds ) , created the Bank of the United States to stabilize the financial system , and set up a uniform system of tariffs ( taxes on imports ) and other taxes to pay off the debt and provide a financial infrastructure . To support his programs Hamilton created a new political party -- the first in the world based on voters -- the Federalist Party . Thomas Jefferson and James Madison formed an opposition Republican Party ( usually called the Democratic - Republican Party by political scientists ) . Hamilton and Washington presented the country in 1794 with the Jay Treaty that reestablished good relations with Britain . The Jeffersonians vehemently protested , and the voters aligned behind one party or the other , thus setting up the First Party System . Depiction of election - day activities in Philadelphia by John Lewis Krimmel , 1815 Federalists promoted business , financial and commercial interests and wanted more trade with Britain . Republicans accused the Federalists of plans to establish a monarchy , turn the rich into a ruling class , and making the United States a pawn of the British . The treaty passed , but politics became intensely heated . The Whiskey Rebellion in 1794 , when western settlers protested against a federal tax on liquor , was the first serious test of the federal government . Washington called out the state militia and personally led an army , as the insurgents melted away and the power of the national government was firmly established . Washington refused to serve more than two terms -- setting a precedent -- and in his famous farewell address , he extolled the benefits of federal government and importance of ethics and morality while warning against foreign alliances and the formation of political parties . John Adams , a Federalist , defeated Jefferson in the 1796 election . War loomed with France and the Federalists used the opportunity to try to silence the Republicans with the Alien and Sedition Acts , build up a large army with Hamilton at the head , and prepare for a French invasion . However , the Federalists became divided after Adams sent a successful peace mission to France that ended the Quasi-War of 1798 . Slavery ( edit ) Main article : Slavery in the United States Slaves Waiting for Sale : Richmond , Virginia . Painted upon the sketch of 1853 During the first two decades after the Revolutionary War , there were dramatic changes in the status of slavery among the states and an increase in the number of freed blacks . Inspired by revolutionary ideals of the equality of men and influenced by their lesser economic reliance on slavery , northern states abolished slavery . States of the Upper South made manumission easier , resulting in an increase in the proportion of free blacks in the Upper South ( as a percentage of the total non-white population ) from less than one percent in 1792 to more than 10 percent by 1810 . By that date , a total of 13.5 percent of all blacks in the United States were free . After that date , with the demand for slaves on the rise because of the Deep South 's expanding cotton cultivation , the number of manumissions declined sharply ; and an internal U.S. slave trade became an important source of wealth for many planters and traders . In 1809 , president James Madison severed the US 's involvement with the Atlantic slave trade . 19th century ( edit ) Jeffersonian Republican Era ( edit ) Jefferson saw himself as a man of the frontier and a scientist ; he was keenly interested in expanding and exploring the West . Jefferson 's major achievement as president was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 , which provided U.S. settlers with vast potential for expansion west of the Mississippi River . Jefferson , a scientist himself , supported expeditions to explore and map the new domain , most notably the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Jefferson believed deeply in republicanism and argued it should be based on the independent yeoman farmer and planter ; he distrusted cities , factories and banks . He also distrusted the federal government and judges , and tried to weaken the judiciary . However he met his match in John Marshall , a Federalist from Virginia . Although the Constitution specified a Supreme Court , its functions were vague until Marshall , the Chief Justice ( 1801 -- 35 ) , defined them , especially the power to overturn acts of Congress or states that violated the Constitution , first enunciated in 1803 in Marbury v. Madison . War of 1812 ( edit ) Main article : War of 1812 Territorial expansion ; Louisiana Purchase in white . Thomas Jefferson defeated Adams for the presidency in the 1800 election . Americans were increasingly angry at the British violation of American ships ' neutral rights in order to hurt France , the impressment ( seizure ) of 10,000 American sailors needed by the Royal Navy to fight Napoleon , and British support for hostile Indians attacking American settlers in the Midwest . They may also have desired to annex all or part of British North America . Despite strong opposition from the Northeast , especially from Federalists who did not want to disrupt trade with Britain , Congress declared war on June 18 , 1812 . Oliver Hazard Perry 's message to William Henry Harrison after the Battle of Lake Erie began with what would become one of the most famous sentences in American military history : `` We have met the enemy and they are ours '' . This 1865 painting by William H. Powell shows Perry transferring to a different ship during the battle . The war was frustrating for both sides . Both sides tried to invade the other and were repulsed . The American high command remained incompetent until the last year . The American militia proved ineffective because the soldiers were reluctant to leave home and efforts to invade Canada repeatedly failed . The British blockade ruined American commerce , bankrupted the Treasury , and further angered New Englanders , who smuggled supplies to Britain . The Americans under General William Henry Harrison finally gained naval control of Lake Erie and defeated the Indians under Tecumseh in Canada , while Andrew Jackson ended the Indian threat in the Southeast . The Indian threat to expansion into the Midwest was permanently ended . The British invaded and occupied much of Maine . The British raided and burned Washington , but were repelled at Baltimore in 1814 -- where the `` Star Spangled Banner '' was written to celebrate the American success . In upstate New York a major British invasion of New York State was turned back . Finally in early 1815 Andrew Jackson decisively defeated a major British invasion at the Battle of New Orleans , making him the most famous war hero . With Napoleon ( apparently ) gone , the causes of the war had evaporated and both sides agreed to a peace that left the prewar boundaries intact . Americans claimed victory on February 18 , 1815 as news came almost simultaneously of Jackson 's victory of New Orleans and the peace treaty that left the prewar boundaries in place . Americans swelled with pride at success in the `` second war of independence '' ; the naysayers of the antiwar Federalist Party were put to shame and the party never recovered . The Indians were the big losers ; they never gained the independent nationhood Britain had promised and no longer posed a serious threat as settlers poured into the Midwest . Era of good feelings ( edit ) Main article : Era of Good Feelings Era of Good Feelings As strong opponents of the war , the Federalists held the Hartford Convention in 1814 that hinted at disunion . National euphoria after the victory at New Orleans ruined the prestige of the Federalists and they no longer played a significant role as a political party . President Madison and most Republicans realized they were foolish to let the Bank of the United States close down , for its absence greatly hindered the financing of the war . So , with the assistance of foreign bankers , they chartered the Second Bank of the United States in 1816 . Settlers crossing the Plains of Nebraska . The Republicans also imposed tariffs designed to protect the infant industries that had been created when Britain was blockading the U.S. With the collapse of the Federalists as a party , the adoption of many Federalist principles by the Republicans , and the systematic policy of President James Monroe in his two terms ( 1817 -- 25 ) to downplay partisanship , the nation entered an Era of Good Feelings , with far less partisanship than before ( or after ) , and closed out the First Party System . The Monroe Doctrine , expressed in 1823 , proclaimed the United States ' opinion that European powers should no longer colonize or interfere in the Americas . This was a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States . The Monroe Doctrine was adopted in response to American and British fears over Russian and French expansion into the Western Hemisphere . In 1832 , President Andrew Jackson , 7th President of the United States , ran for a second term under the slogan `` Jackson and no bank '' and did not renew the charter of the Second Bank of the United States of America , ending the Bank in 1836 . Jackson was convinced that central banking was used by the elite to take advantage of the average American , and instead implemented state banks , popularly known as `` pet banks . '' Indian removal ( edit ) Main article : Indian removal The Indian Removal Act resulted in the transplantation of several Native American tribes and the Trail of Tears . In 1830 , Congress passed the Indian Removal Act , which authorized the president to negotiate treaties that exchanged Native American tribal lands in the eastern states for lands west of the Mississippi River . Its goal was primarily to remove Native Americans , including the Five Civilized Tribes , from the American Southeast ; they occupied land that settlers wanted . Jacksonian Democrats demanded the forcible removal of native populations who refused to acknowledge state laws to reservations in the West ; Whigs and religious leaders opposed the move as inhumane . Thousands of deaths resulted from the relocations , as seen in the Cherokee Trail of Tears . The Trail of Tears resulted in approximately 2,000 -- 8,000 of the 16,543 relocated Cherokee perished along the way . Many of the Seminole Indians in Florida refused to move west ; they fought the Army for years in the Seminole Wars . Second Party system ( edit ) Main articles : Second Party System and Presidency of Andrew Jackson Henry Clay After the First Party System of Federalists and Republicans withered away in the 1820s , the stage was set for the emergence of a new party system based on well organized local parties that appealed for the votes of ( almost ) all adult white men . The former Jeffersonian ( Democratic - Republican ) party split into factions . They split over the choice of a successor to President James Monroe , and the party faction that supported many of the old Jeffersonian principles , led by Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren , became the Democratic Party . As Norton explains the transformation in 1828 : Jacksonians believed the people 's will had finally prevailed . Through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties , political leaders , and newspaper editors , a popular movement had elected the president . The Democrats became the nation 's first well - organized national party ... and tight party organization became the hallmark of nineteenth - century American politics . Opposing factions led by Henry Clay helped form the Whig Party . The Democratic Party had a small but decisive advantage over the Whigs until the 1850s , when the Whigs fell apart over the issue of slavery . Behind the platforms issued by state and national parties stood a widely shared political outlook that characterized the Democrats : Horace Greeley 's New York Tribune -- the leading Whig paper -- endorsed Clay for President and Fillmore for Governor , 1844 . The Democrats represented a wide range of views but shared a fundamental commitment to the Jeffersonian concept of an agrarian society . They viewed the central government as the enemy of individual liberty . The 1824 `` corrupt bargain '' had strengthened their suspicion of Washington politics ... Jacksonians feared the concentration of economic and political power . They believed that government intervention in the economy benefited special - interest groups and created corporate monopolies that favored the rich . They sought to restore the independence of the individual ( the `` common man , '' i.e. the artisan and the ordinary farmer ) by ending federal support of banks and corporations and restricting the use of paper currency , which they distrusted . Their definition of the proper role of government tended to be negative , and Jackson 's political power was largely expressed in negative acts . He exercised the veto more than all previous presidents combined . Jackson and his supporters also opposed reform as a movement . Reformers eager to turn their programs into legislation called for a more active government . But Democrats tended to oppose programs like educational reform mid the establishment of a public education system . They believed , for instance , that public schools restricted individual liberty by interfering with parental responsibility and undermined freedom of religion by replacing church schools . Nor did Jackson share reformers ' humanitarian concerns . He had no sympathy for American Indians , initiating the removal of the Cherokees along the Trail of Tears . Second Great Awakening ( edit ) Main article : Second Great Awakening A drawing of a Protestant camp meeting , 1829 . The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant revival movement that affected the entire nation during the early 19th century and led to rapid church growth . The movement began around 1790 , gained momentum by 1800 , and , after 1820 membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations , whose preachers led the movement . It was past its peak by the 1840s . It enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations and led to the formation of new denominations . Many converts believed that the Awakening heralded a new millennial age . The Second Great Awakening stimulated the establishment of many reform movements -- including abolitionism and temperance designed to remove the evils of society before the anticipated Second Coming of Jesus Christ . Abolitionism ( edit ) Main article : Abolitionism in the United States Officers and men of the Irish - Catholic 69th New York Volunteer Regiment attend Catholic services in 1861 . Recording of Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass , an American Slave by Frederick Douglass , Chapter 7 After 1840 the abolitionist movement redefined itself as a crusade against the sin of slave ownership . It mobilized support ( especially among religious women in the Northeast affected by the Second Great Awakening ) . William Lloyd Garrison , a radical abolitionist , published the most influential of the many anti-slavery newspapers , The Liberator , while Frederick Douglass , an ex-slave , began writing for that newspaper around 1840 and started his own abolitionist newspaper North Star in 1847 . The great majority of anti-slavery activists , such as Abraham Lincoln , rejected Garrison 's theology and held that slavery was an unfortunate social evil , not a sin . Westward expansion and manifest Destiny ( edit ) Main article : American frontier The American colonies and the new nation grew rapidly in population and area , as pioneers pushed the frontier of settlement west . The process finally ended around 1890 -- 1912 as the last major farmlands and ranch lands were settled . Native American tribes in some places resisted militarily , but they were overwhelmed by settlers and the army and after 1830 were relocated to reservations in the west . The highly influential `` Frontier Thesis '' of Wisconsin historian Frederick Jackson Turner argues that the frontier shaped the national character , with its boldness , violence , innovation , individualism , and democracy . The California Gold Rush news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad . Recent historians have emphasized the multicultural nature of the frontier . Enormous popular attention in the media focuses on the `` Wild West '' of the second half of the 19th century . As defined by Hine and Faragher , `` frontier history tells the story of the creation and defense of communities , the use of the land , the development of markets , and the formation of states '' . They explain , `` It is a tale of conquest , but also one of survival , persistence , and the merging of peoples and cultures that gave birth and continuing life to America . '' The first settlers in the west were the Spanish in New Mexico ; they became U.S. citizens in 1848 . The Hispanics in California ( `` Californios '' ) were overwhelmed by over 100,000 gold rush miners . California grew explosively . San Francisco by 1880 had become the economic hub of the entire Pacific Coast with a diverse population of a quarter million . From the early 1830s to 1869 , the Oregon Trail and its many offshoots were used by over 300,000 settlers . ' 49ers ( in the California Gold Rush ) , ranchers , farmers , and entrepreneurs and their families headed to California , Oregon , and other points in the far west . Wagon - trains took five or six months on foot ; after 1869 , the trip took 6 days by rail . Manifest Destiny was the belief that American settlers were destined to expand across the continent . This concept was born out of `` A sense of mission to redeem the Old World by high example ... generated by the potentialities of a new earth for building a new heaven . '' Manifest Destiny was rejected by modernizers , especially the Whigs like Henry Clay and Abraham Lincoln who wanted to build cities and factories -- not more farms . Democrats strongly favored expansion , and won the key election of 1844 . After a bitter debate in Congress the Republic of Texas was annexed in 1845 , leading to war with Mexico , who considered Texas to be a part of Mexico due to the large numbers of Mexican settlers . The American occupation of Mexico City in 1848 The Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 48 ) broke out with the Whigs opposed to the war , and the Democrats supporting the war . The U.S. army , using regulars and large numbers of volunteers , defeated the Mexican armies , invaded at several points , captured Mexico City and won decisively . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war in 1848 . Many Democrats wanted to annex all of Mexico , but that idea was rejected by southerners who argued that by incorporating millions of Mexican people , mainly of mixed race , would undermine the United States as an exclusively white republic . Instead the U.S. took Texas and the lightly settled northern parts ( California and New Mexico ) . The Hispanic residents were given full citizenship and the Mexican Indians became American Indians . Simultaneously , gold was discovered in California in 1849 , attracting over 100,000 men to northern California in a matter of months in the California Gold Rush . A peaceful compromise with Britain gave the U.S. ownership of the Oregon Country , which was renamed the Oregon Territory . Divisions between North and South ( edit ) Main articles : Origins of the American Civil War and History of the United States ( 1849 -- 65 ) United States map , 1863 Union states Union territories not permitting slavery Border Union states , permitting slavery Confederate states Union territories permitting slavery ( claimed by Confederacy ) The central issue after 1848 was the expansion of slavery , pitting the anti-slavery elements in the North , against the pro-slavery elements that dominated the South . A small number of active Northerners were abolitionists who declared that ownership of slaves was a sin ( in terms of Protestant theology ) and demanded its immediate abolition . Much larger numbers in the North were against the expansion of slavery , seeking to put it on the path to extinction so that America would be committed to free land ( as in low - cost farms owned and cultivated by a family ) , free labor , and free speech ( as opposed to censorship of abolitionist material in the South ) . Southern whites insisted that slavery was of economic , social , and cultural benefit to all whites ( and even to the slaves themselves ) , and denounced all anti-slavery spokesmen as `` abolitionists . '' Justifications of slavery included economics , history , religion , legality , social good , and even humanitarianism , to further their arguments . Defenders of slavery argued that the sudden end to the slave economy would have had a profound and killing economic impact in the South where reliance on slave labor was the foundation of their economy . They also argued that if all the slaves were freed , there would be widespread unemployment and chaos . Religious activists split on slavery , with the Methodists and Baptists dividing into northern and southern denominations . In the North , the Methodists , Congregationalists , and Quakers included many abolitionists , especially among women activists . ( The Catholic , Episcopal and Lutheran denominations largely ignored the slavery issue . ) The issue of slavery in the new territories was seemingly settled by the Compromise of 1850 , brokered by Whig Henry Clay and Democrat Stephen Douglas ; the Compromise included the admission of California as a free state in exchange for no federal restrictions on slavery placed on Utah or New Mexico . The point of contention was the Fugitive Slave Act , which increased federal enforcement and required even free states to cooperate in turning over fugitive slaves to their owners . Abolitionists pounced on the Act to attack slavery , as in the best - selling anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom 's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe . The Compromise of 1820 was repealed in 1854 with the Kansas -- Nebraska Act , promoted by Senator Douglas in the name of `` popular sovereignty '' and democracy . It permitted voters to decide on the legality slavery in each territory , and allowed Douglas to adopt neutrality on the issue of slavery . Anti-slavery forces rose in anger and alarm , forming the new Republican Party . Pro - and anti - contingents rushed to Kansas to vote slavery up or down , resulting in a miniature civil war called Bleeding Kansas . By the late 1850s , the young Republican Party dominated nearly all northern states and thus the electoral college . It insisted that slavery would never be allowed to expand ( and thus would slowly die out ) . The Southern slavery - based societies had become wealthy based on their cotton and other agricultural commodity production , and some particularly profited from the internal slave trade . Northern cities such as Boston and New York , and regional industries , were tied economically to slavery by banking , shipping , and manufacturing , including textile mills . By 1860 , there were four million slaves in the South , nearly eight times as many as there were nationwide in 1790 . The plantations were highly profitable , due to the heavy European demand for raw cotton . Most of the profits were invested in new lands and in purchasing more slaves ( largely drawn from the declining tobacco regions ) . The United States , immediately before the Civil War . All of the lands east of , or bordering , the Mississippi River were organized as states in the Union , but the West was still largely unsettled . For 50 of the nation 's first 72 years , a slaveholder served as President of the United States and , during that period , only slaveholding presidents were re-elected to second terms . In addition , southern states benefited by their increased apportionment in Congress due to the partial counting of slaves in their populations . Slave rebellions , by Gabriel Prosser ( 1800 ) , Denmark Vesey ( 1822 ) , Nat Turner ( 1831 ) , and most famously by John Brown ( 1859 ) , caused fear in the white South , which imposed stricter oversight of slaves and reduced the rights of free blacks . The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 required the states to cooperate with slave owners when attempting to recover escaped slaves , which outraged Northerners . Formerly , an escaped slave that reached a non-slave state was presumed to have attained sanctuary and freedom under the Missouri Compromise . The Supreme Court 's 1857 decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford ruled that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional ; angry Republicans said this decision threatened to make slavery a national institution . After Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 election , seven Southern states seceded from the union and set up a new nation , the Confederate States of America ( Confederacy ) , on February 8 , 1861 . It attacked Fort Sumter , a U.S. Army fort in South Carolina , thus igniting the war . When Lincoln called for troops to suppress the Confederacy in April 1861 , four more states seceded and joined the Confederacy . A few of the ( northernmost ) `` slave states '' did not secede and became known as the border states ; these were Delaware , Maryland , Kentucky , and Missouri . During the war , the northwestern portion of Virginia seceded from the Confederacy . and became the new Union state of West Virginia . West Virginia is usually associated with the border states . Civil War ( edit ) Main article : American Civil War The Union had large advantages in men and resources at the start of the war . The ratio grew steadily in favor of the Union . The Civil War began on April 12 , 1861 , when elements of 100,000 Confederate forces attacked a U.S. military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina . In response to the attack , on April 15 , Lincoln called on the states to send detachments totaling 75,000 troops to recapture forts , protect the capital , and `` preserve the Union '' , which in his view still existed intact despite the actions of the seceding states . The two armies had their first major clash at the First Battle of Bull Run ( Battle of Manassas ) , ending in a Union defeat , but , more importantly , proved to both the Union and Confederacy that the war would be much longer and bloodier than originally anticipated . Lincoln with Allan Pinkerton and Major General John Alexander McClernand at the Battle of Antietam . The war soon divided into two theaters : Eastern and Western . In the western theater , the Union was relatively successful , with major battles , such as Perryville and Shiloh along with Union gunboat dominance of navigable rivers producing strategic Union victories and destroying major Confederate operations . Warfare in the Eastern theater began poorly for the Union as the Confederates won at Manassas Junction ( Bull Run ) , just outside Washington . Major General George B. McClellan was put in charge of the Union armies . After reorganizing the new Army of the Potomac , McClellan failed to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia in his Peninsula Campaign and retreated after attacks from newly appointed Confederate General Robert E. Lee . Meanwhile , both sides concentrated in 1861 -- 62 on raising and training new armies . The main action was Union success in controlling the border states , with Confederates largely driven out of Maryland , West Virginia ( a new state ) , Kentucky and Missouri . The autumn 1862 Confederate campaign into Maryland was designed to hurt Union morale and win European support . It ended with Confederate retreat at the Battle of Antietam , and Lincoln 's warning he would issue an Emancipation Proclamation in January 1863 if the states did not return . Making slavery a central war goal Energized Republicans in the North , as well as their enemies , the anti-war Copperhead Democrats . It ended the risk of British and French intervention . Lee 's smaller army won at the Battle of Fredericksburg late in 1862 , causing yet another change in commanders . Lee won again at the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863 , while losing his top aide , Stonewall Jackson . But Lee pushed too hard and ignored the Union threat in the west . Lee invaded Pennsylvania in search of supplies and to cause war - weariness in the North . In perhaps the turning point of the war , Lee 's army was badly beaten at the Battle of Gettysburg , July 1 -- 3 , 1863 , and barely made it back to Virginia . On the homefront , industrial expansion in the North expanded dramatically , using its extensive railroad service , and moving industrial workers into munitions factories . Foreign trade increased , with the United States providing both food and cotton to Britain , And Britain sending in manufactured products and thousands of volunteers for the Union Army ( plus a few to the Confederates ) . The British operated blockade runners bringing in food , luxury items and munitions to the Confederacy , bringing out tobacco and cotton . The Union blockade increasingly shut down Confederate ports , and by late 1864 the blockade runners Were usually captured before they could make more than handful of runs . Modern recording of Gettysburg Address originally spoken by U.S President Abraham Lincoln The Battle of Franklin , November 30 , 1864 . In the West , on July 4 , 1863 , Union forces under the command of General Ulysses S. Grant gained control of the Mississippi River at the Battle of Vicksburg , thereby splitting the Confederacy . Lincoln made General Grant commander of all Union armies . Grant put General William Tecumseh Sherman in charge of the Western armies . In 1864 , Sherman marched south from Chattanooga to capture Atlanta , a decisive victory that ended war jitters among Republicans in the North who feared they might fail to reelect Lincoln in 1864 . Lincoln won a landslide . The last two years of the war were bloody for both sides , With Sherman marching almost unopposed through central and eastern Georgia , then moving up through South Carolina and North Carolina , burning cities , destroying plantations , ruining railroads and bridges , but avoiding civilian casualties . Sherman demonstrated that the South line the long - term ability to resist a northern invasion . Much of the heartland of the Confederacy was physically destroyed , and could no longer provide desperately needed food , horses , mules , wagons , boots or munitions to its combat armies . In spring 1864 Grant , realizing that Lee was unable to replenishes casualties , while Lincoln would provide replacements for Union losses , launched a war of attrition against Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia . This war of attrition was divided into three main campaigns . The first of these , the Overland Campaign forced Lee to retreat into the city of Petersburg where Grant launched his second major offensive , the Richmond - Petersburg Campaign in which he besieged Petersburg . After a near ten - month siege , Petersburg surrendered . However , the defense of Fort Gregg allowed Lee to move his army out of Petersburg . Grant pursued and launched the final , Appomattox Campaign which resulted in Lee surrendering his Army of Northern Virginia numbering 28,000 on April 9 , 1865 , at Appomattox Court House . Other Confederate armies followed suit and the war ended with no postwar insurgency . The American Civil War was the world 's earliest industrial war . Railroads , the telegraph , steamships , and mass - produced weapons were employed extensively . The mobilization of civilian factories , mines , shipyards , banks , transportation and food supplies all foreshadowed the impact of industrialization in World War I. It remains the deadliest war in American history , resulting in the deaths of about 750,000 soldiers and an undetermined number of civilian casualties . About ten percent of all Northern males 20 -- 45 years old , and 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18 -- 40 died . Its legacy includes ending slavery in the United States , restoring the Union , and strengthening the role of the federal government . According to historian Allan Nevins the Civil War had a major long - term impact on the United States in terms of developing its leadership potential and moving the entire nation beyond the adolescent stage : The fighting and its attendant demands upon industry , finance , medicine , and law also helped train a host of leaders who during the next 35 years , to 1900 , made their influence powerfully felt on most of the social , economic , and cultural fronts . It broke down barriers of parochialism ; it ended distrust of large - scale effort ; it hardened and matured the whole people emotionally . The adolescent land of the 1850s ... rose under the blows of battle to adult estate . The nation of the post-Appomattox generation , though sadly hurt ( especially in the South ) by war losses , and deeply scarred psychologically ( especially in the North ) by war hatreds and greeds , had at last the power , resolution , and self - trust of manhood . Emancipation ( edit ) See also : Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War and Emancipation Proclamation First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln by Francis Bicknell Carpenter ( People in the image are clickable . ) Modern reading of President Abraham Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 giving freedom to all African Americans who resided within the Confederacy but not those within the Union . The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1 , 1863 . In a single stroke it changed the legal status , as recognized by the U.S. government , of 3 million slaves in designated areas of the Confederacy from `` slave '' to `` free . '' It had the practical effect that as soon as a slave escaped the control of the Confederate government , by running away or through advances of federal troops , the slave became legally and actually free . The owners were never compensated . Plantation owners , realizing that emancipation would destroy their economic system , sometimes moved their slaves as far as possible out of reach of the Union army . By June 1865 , the Union Army controlled all of the Confederacy and liberated all of the designated slaves . Large numbers moved into camps run by the Freedmen 's Bureau , where they were given food , shelter , medical care , and arrangements for their employment were made . The severe dislocations of war and Reconstruction had a large negative impact on the black population , with a large amount of sickness and death . Reconstruction Era ( edit ) Main article : Reconstruction Era See also : History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Freedmen voting in New Orleans , 1867 . Reconstruction lasted from Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation of January 1 , 1863 to the Compromise of 1877 . The major issues faced by Lincoln were the status of the ex-slaves ( called `` Freedmen '' ) , the loyalty and civil rights of ex-rebels , the status of the 11 ex-Confederate states , the powers of the federal government needed to prevent a future civil war , and the question of whether Congress or the President would make the major decisions . The severe threats of starvation and displacement of the unemployed Freedmen were met by the first major federal relief agency , the Freedmen 's Bureau , operated by the Army . Three `` Reconstruction Amendments '' were passed to expand civil rights for black Americans : the Thirteenth Amendment outlawed slavery ; the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed equal rights for all and citizenship for blacks ; the Fifteenth Amendment prevented race from being used to disfranchise men . Ex-Confederates remained in control of most Southern states for over two years , but changed when the Radical Republicans gained control of Congress in the 1866 elections . President Andrew Johnson , who sought easy terms for reunions with ex-rebels , was virtually powerless in the face of the Radical Republican Congress ; he was impeached , but the Senate 's attempt to remove him from office failed by one vote . Congress enfranchised black men and temporarily stripped many ex-Confederate leaders of the right to hold office . New Republican governments came to power based on a coalition of Freedmen made up of Carpetbaggers ( new arrivals from the North ) , and Scalawags ( native white Southerners ) . They were backed by the U.S. Army . Opponents said they were corrupt and violated the rights of whites . Atlanta 's railyard and roundhouse in ruins shortly after the end of the Civil War State by state they lost power to a conservative - Democratic coalition , which gained control of the entire South by 1877 . In response to Radical Reconstruction , the Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) emerged in 1867 as a white - supremacist organization opposed to black civil rights and Republican rule . President Ulysses Grant 's vigorous enforcement of the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1870 shut down the Klan , and it disbanded . Paramilitary groups , such as the White League and Red Shirts emerged about 1874 that worked openly to use intimidation and violence to suppress black voting to regain white political power in states across the South during the 1870s . Rable described them as the military arm of the Democratic Party . Reconstruction ended after the disputed 1876 election . The Compromise of 1877 gave Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes the White House in exchange for removing all remaining federal troops in the South . The federal government withdrew its troops from the South , and Southern Democrats took control of every Southern state . From 1890 to 1908 , southern states effectively disfranchised most black voters and many poor whites by making voter registration more difficult through poll taxes , literacy tests , and other arbitrary devices . They passed segregation laws and imposed second - class status on blacks in a system known as Jim Crow that lasted until the Civil Rights Movement . The West and the Gilded Age ( edit ) Main articles : Gilded Age and American Indian Wars § West of the Mississippi ( 1811 -- 1924 ) The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad ( 1869 ) at First Transcontinental Railroad , by Andrew J. Russell . The latter half of the nineteenth century was marked by the rapid development and settlement of the far West , first by wagon trains and riverboats and then aided by the completion of the transcontinental railroad . Large numbers of European immigrants ( especially from Germany and Scandinavia ) took up low - cost or free farms in the Prairie States . Mining for silver and copper opened up the Mountain West . The United States Army fought frequent small - scale wars with Native Americans as settlers encroached on their traditional lands . Gradually the U.S. purchased the Native American tribal lands and extinguished their claims , forcing most tribes onto subsidized reservations . According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census ( 1894 ) , from 1789 to 1894 : The Indian wars under the government of the United States have been more than 40 in number . They have cost the lives of about 19,000 white men , women and children , including those killed in individual combats , and the lives of about 30,000 Indians . The actual number of killed and wounded Indians must be very much higher than the given ... Fifty percent additional would be a safe estimate ... Scottish immigrant Andrew Carnegie led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry . The `` Gilded Age '' was a term that Mark Twain used to describe the period of the late 19th century with a dramatic expansion of American wealth and prosperity , underscored by the mass corruption in the government . Reforms of the Age included the Civil Service Act , which mandated a competitive examination for applicants for government jobs . Other important legislation included the Interstate Commerce Act , which ended railroads ' discrimination against small shippers , and the Sherman Antitrust Act , which outlawed monopolies in business . Twain believed that this age was corrupted by such elements as land speculators , scandalous politics , and unethical business practices . Since the days of Charles A. Beard and Matthew Josephson , some historians have argued that the United States was effectively plutocratic for at least part of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era . As financiers and industrialists such as J.P. Morgan and John D. Rockefeller began to amass vast fortunes , many U.S. observers were concerned that the nation was losing its pioneering egalitarian spirit . By 1890 American industrial production and per capita income exceeded those of all other world nations . In response to heavy debts and decreasing farm prices , wheat and cotton farmers joined the Populist Party . An unprecedented wave of immigration from Europe served to both provide the labor for American industry and create diverse communities in previously undeveloped areas . From 1880 to 1914 , peak years of immigration , more than 22 million people migrated to the United States . Most were unskilled workers who quickly found jobs in mines , mills , factories . Many immigrants were craftsmen ( especially from Britain and Germany ) bringing human skills , and others were farmers ( especially from Germany and Scandinavia ) who purchased inexpensive land on the Prairies from railroads who sent agents to Europe . Poverty , growing inequality and dangerous working conditions , along with socialist and anarchist ideas diffusing from European immigrants , led to the rise of the labor movement , which often included violent strikes . Skilled workers banded together to control their crafts and raise wages by forming labor unions in industrial areas of the Northeast . Before the 1930s few factory workers joined the unions in the labor movement . Samuel Gompers led the American Federation of Labor ( 1886 -- 1924 ) , coordinating multiple unions . Industrial growth was rapid , led by John D. Rockefeller in oil and Andrew Carnegie in steel ; both became leaders of philanthropy ( Gospel of Wealth ) , giving away their fortunes to create the modern system of hospitals , universities , libraries , and foundations . Mulberry Street , along which Manhattan 's Little Italy is centered . Lower East Side , circa 1900 . Almost 97 % of residents of the 10 largest American cities of 1900 were non-Hispanic whites . The Panic of 1893 broke out and was a severe nationwide depression impacting farmers , workers , and businessmen who saw prices , wages , and profits fall . Many railroads went bankrupt . The resultant political reaction fell on the Democratic Party , whose leader President Grover Cleveland shouldered much of the blame . Labor unrest involved numerous strikes , most notably the violent Pullman Strike of 1894 , which was shut down by federal troops under Cleveland 's orders . The Populist Party gained strength among cotton and wheat farmers , as well as coal miners , but was overtaken by the even more popular Free Silver movement , which demanded using silver to enlarge the money supply , leading to inflation that the silverites promised would end the depression . The financial , railroad , and business communities fought back hard , arguing that only the gold standard would save the economy . In the most intense election in the nation 's history , conservative Republican William McKinley defeated silverite William Jennings Bryan , who ran on the Democratic , Populist , and Silver Republican tickets . Bryan swept the South and West , but McKinley ran up landslides among the middle class , industrial workers , cities , and among upscale farmers in the Midwest . Prosperity returned under McKinley , the gold standard was enacted , and the tariff was raised . By 1900 the U.S. had the strongest economy on the globe . Apart from two short recessions ( in 1907 and 1920 ) the overall economy remained prosperous and growing until 1929 . Republicans , citing McKinley 's policies , took the credit . 20th century ( edit ) Progressive Era ( edit ) Main article : Progressive Era American children of many ethnic backgrounds celebrate noisily in a 1902 Puck cartoon . Dissatisfaction on the part of the growing middle class with the corruption and inefficiency of politics as usual , and the failure to deal with increasingly important urban and industrial problems , led to the dynamic Progressive Movement starting in the 1890s . In every major city and state , and at the national level as well , and in education , medicine , and industry , the progressives called for the modernization and reform of decrepit institutions , the elimination of corruption in politics , and the introduction of efficiency as a criterion for change . Leading politicians from both parties , most notably Theodore Roosevelt , Charles Evans Hughes , and Robert La Follette on the Republican side , and William Jennings Bryan and Woodrow Wilson on the Democratic side , took up the cause of progressive reform . Women became especially involved in demands for woman suffrage , prohibition , and better schools ; their most prominent leader was Jane Addams of Chicago , who created settlement houses . `` Muckraking '' journalists such as Upton Sinclair , Lincoln Steffens and Jacob Riis exposed corruption in business and government along with rampant inner city poverty . Progressives implemented anti-trust laws and regulated such industries of meat - packing , drugs , and railroads . Four new constitutional amendments -- the Sixteenth through Nineteenth -- resulted from progressive activism , bringing the federal income tax , direct election of Senators , prohibition , and woman suffrage . The Progressive Movement lasted through the 1920s ; the most active period was 1900 -- 18 . Imperialism ( edit ) Further information : American imperialism This cartoon reflects the view of Judge magazine regarding America 's imperial ambitions following a quick victory in the Spanish -- American War of 1898 . The American flag flies from the Philippines and Hawaii in the Pacific to Cuba and Puerto Rico in the Caribbean . The United States emerged as a world economic and military power after 1890 . The main episode was the Spanish -- American War , which began when Spain refused American demands to reform its oppressive policies in Cuba . The `` splendid little war '' , as one official called it , involved a series of quick American victories on land and at sea . At the Treaty of Paris peace conference the United States acquired the Philippines , Puerto Rico , and Guam . Cuba became an independent country , under close American tutelage . Although the war itself was widely popular , the peace terms proved controversial . William Jennings Bryan led his Democratic Party in opposition to control of the Philippines , which he denounced as imperialism unbecoming to American democracy . President William McKinley defended the acquisition and was riding high as the nation had returned to prosperity and felt triumphant in the war . McKinley easily defeated Bryan in a rematch in the 1900 presidential election . After defeating an insurrection by Filipino nationalists , the United States engaged in a large - scale program to modernize the economy of the Philippines and dramatically upgrade the public health facilities . By 1908 , however , Americans lost interest in an empire and turned their international attention to the Caribbean , especially the building of the Panama Canal . In 1912 when Arizona became the final mainland state , the American Frontier came to an end . The canal opened in 1914 and increased trade with Japan and the rest of the Far East . A key innovation was the Open Door Policy , whereby the imperial powers were given equal access to Chinese business , with not one of them allowed to take control of China . World War I ( edit ) Main articles : American entry into World War I and United States home front during World War I American Cemetery at Romagne - sous - Montfaucon As World War I raged in Europe from 1914 , President Woodrow Wilson took full control of foreign policy , declaring neutrality but warning Germany that resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare against American ships supplying goods to Allied nations would mean war . Germany decided to take the risk and try to win by cutting off supplies to Britain through the sinking of ships such as the RMS Lusitania ; the U.S. declared war in April 1917 mainly from the threat of the Zimmermann telegram . American money , food , and munitions arrived quickly , but troops had to be drafted and trained ; by summer 1918 American soldiers under General John J. Pershing arrived at the rate of 10,000 a day , while Germany was unable to replace its losses . The result was Allied victory in November 1918 . President Wilson demanded Germany depose the Kaiser and accept his terms in the famed Fourteen Points speech . Wilson dominated the 1919 Paris Peace Conference but Germany was treated harshly by the Allies in the Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) as Wilson put all his hopes in the new League of Nations . Wilson refused to compromise with Senate Republicans over the issue of Congressional power to declare war , and the Senate rejected the Treaty and the League . Women 's suffrage ( edit ) Further information : Women 's suffrage in the United States Women suffragists demonstrating for the right to vote in 1913 . The women 's suffrage movement began with the June 1848 National Convention of the Liberty Party . Presidential candidate Gerrit Smith argued for and established women 's suffrage as a party plank . One month later , his cousin Elizabeth Cady Stanton joined with Lucretia Mott and other women to organize the Seneca Falls Convention , featuring the Declaration of Sentiments demanding equal rights for women , and the right to vote . Many of these activists became politically aware during the abolitionist movement . The women 's rights campaign during `` first - wave feminism '' was led by Stanton , Lucy Stone and Susan B. Anthony , among many others . Stone and Paulina Wright Davis organized the prominent and influential National Women 's Rights Convention in 1850 . The movement reorganized after the Civil War , gaining experienced campaigners , many of whom had worked for prohibition in the Women 's Christian Temperance Union . By the end of the 19th century a few western states had granted women full voting rights , though women had made significant legal victories , gaining rights in areas such as property and child custody . Women 's suffragists parade in New York City in 1917 , carrying placards with signatures of more than a million women . Around 1912 the feminist movement began to reawaken , putting an emphasis on its demands for equality and arguing that the corruption of American politics demanded purification by women because men could not do that job . Protests became increasingly common as suffragette Alice Paul led parades through the capital and major cities . Paul split from the large National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) , which favored a more moderate approach and supported the Democratic Party and Woodrow Wilson , led by Carrie Chapman Catt , and formed the more militant National Woman 's Party . Suffragists were arrested during their `` Silent Sentinels '' pickets at the White House , the first time such a tactic was used , and were taken as political prisoners . Women surrounded by posters in English and Yiddish supporting Franklin D. Roosevelt , Herbert H. Lehman , and the American Labor Party teach other women how to vote , 1936 . The old anti-suffragist argument that only men could fight a war , and therefore only men deserve the right to vote , was refuted by the enthusiastic participation of tens of thousands of American women on the home front in World War I. Across the world , grateful nations gave women the right to vote . Furthermore , most of the Western states had already given the women the right to vote in state and national elections , and the representatives from those states , including the first woman Jeannette Rankin of Montana , demonstrated that woman suffrage was a success . The main resistance came from the south , where white leaders were worried about the threat of black women voting . Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment in 1919 , and women could vote in 1920 . NAWSA became the League of Women Voters , and the National Woman 's Party began lobbying for full equality and the Equal Rights Amendment , which would pass Congress during the second wave of the women 's movement in 1972 . Politicians responded to the new electorate by emphasizing issues of special interest to women , especially prohibition , child health , and world peace . The main surge of women voting came in 1928 , when the big - city machines realized they needed the support of women to elect Al Smith , a Catholic from New York City . Meanwhile , Protestants mobilized women to support Prohibition and vote for Republican Herbert Hoover . Roaring Twenties ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Further information : Roaring 20s and Causes of the Great Depression Prohibition agents destroying barrels of alcohol in Chicago , 1921 . In the 1920s the U.S. grew steadily in stature as an economic and military world power . The United States Senate did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles imposed by its Allies on the defeated Central Powers ; instead , the United States chose to pursue unilateralism . The aftershock of Russia 's October Revolution resulted in real fears of Communism in the United States , leading to a Red Scare and the deportation of aliens considered subversive . Money supply decreased a lot between Black Tuesday and the Bank Holiday in March 1933 when there were massive bank runs across the United States . While public health facilities grew rapidly in the Progressive Era , and hospitals and medical schools were modernized , the nation in 1918 lost 675,000 lives to the Spanish flu pandemic . In 1920 , the manufacture , sale , import and export of alcohol were prohibited by the Eighteenth Amendment , Prohibition . The result was that in cities illegal alcohol became a big business , largely controlled by racketeers . The second Ku Klux Klan grew rapidly in 1922 -- 25 , then collapsed . Immigration laws were passed to strictly limit the number of new entries . The 1920s were called the Roaring Twenties due to the great economic prosperity during this period . Jazz became popular among the younger generation , and thus the decade was also called the Jazz Age . Dorothea Lange 's Migrant Mother depicts destitute pea pickers in California , centering on Florence Owens Thompson , a mother of seven , age 32 , in Nipomo , California , March 1936 . The Great Depression ( 1929 -- 39 ) and the New Deal ( 1933 -- 36 ) were decisive moments in American political , economic , and social history that reshaped the nation . Great Depression and New Deal ( edit ) Main articles : Great Depression in the United States and New Deal During the 1920s , the nation enjoyed widespread prosperity , albeit with a weakness in agriculture . A financial bubble was fueled by an inflated stock market , which later led to the Stock Market Crash on October 29 , 1929 . This , along with many other economic factors , triggered a worldwide depression known as the Great Depression . During this time , the United States experienced deflation as prices fell , unemployment soared from 3 % in 1929 to 25 % in 1933 , farm prices fell by half , and manufacturing output plunged by one - third . President Franklin Roosevelt engaged in radio Fireside chats as means with regularly communicating with the public , this was innovative for the time . Outgoing president Herbert Hoover and Roosevelt on Inauguration Day , 1933 In 1932 , Democratic presidential nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt promised `` a New Deal for the American people '' , coining the enduring label for his domestic policies . The result was a series of permanent reform programs including Relief for the unemployed , assistance for the elderly , jobs for young men , social security , unemployment insurance , public housing , bankruptcy insurance , farm subsidies , and regulation of financial securities . State governments added new programs as well , and introduced the sales tax to pay for them . Ideologically the revolution established modern liberalism in the United States and kept the Democrats in power in Washington almost continuously for Three decades thanks to the New Deal Coalition of ethnic Whites , Blacks , blue - collar workers , labor unions , and white Southerners . It provided relief to the long - term unemployed through numerous programs , such as the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) and for young men , the Civilian Conservation Corps . Large scale spending projects designed to provide private sector construction jobs and rebuild the infrastructure were under the purview of the Public Works Administration . The Second New Deal was a turn to the left in 1935 -- 36 , building up labor unions through the Wagner Act . Unions became a powerful element of the merging New Deal Coalition , which won reelection for Roosevelt in 1936 , 1940 , and 1944 by mobilizing union members , blue collar workers , relief recipients , big city machines , ethnic , and religious groups ( especially Catholics and Jews ) and the white South , along with blacks in the North ( where they could vote ) . Roosevelt seriously weakened his second term by a failed effort to pack the Supreme Court , which had been a center of conservative resistance to his programs . Most of the relief programs were dropped after 1938 in the 1940s when the conservatives regained power in Congress through the Conservative Coalition . Of special importance is the Social Security program , begun in 1935 . The economy basically recovered by 1936 , but had a sharp , short recession in 1937 - 38 ; long - term unemployment , however , remained a problem until it was solved by wartime spending . World War II ( edit ) Further information : World War II , Military history of the United States during World War II , and United States home front during World War II The Japanese crippled American naval power with the attack on Pearl Harbor , destroying many battleships . In the Depression years , the United States remained focused on domestic concerns while democracy declined across the world and many countries fell under the control of dictators . Imperial Japan asserted dominance in East Asia and in the Pacific . Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy militarized and threatened conquests , while Britain and France attempted appeasement to avert another war in Europe . U.S. legislation in the Neutrality Acts sought to avoid foreign conflicts ; however , policy clashed with increasing anti-Nazi feelings following the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 that started World War II . Roosevelt positioned the U.S. as the `` Arsenal of Democracy '' , pledging full - scale financial and munitions support for the Allies -- but no military personnel . This was carried out through the Lend - Lease agreements . Japan tried to neutralize America 's power in the Pacific by attacking Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , which catalyzed American support to enter the war . The main contributions of the U.S. to the Allied war effort comprised money , industrial output , food , petroleum , technological innovation , and ( especially 1944 -- 45 ) , military personnel . Much of the focus in Washington was maximizing the economic output of the nation . The overall result was a dramatic increase in GDP , the export of vast quantities of supplies to the Allies and to American forces overseas , the end of unemployment , and a rise in civilian consumption even as 40 % of the GDP went to the war effort . This was achieved by tens of millions of workers moving from low - productivity occupations to high efficiency jobs , improvements in productivity through better technology and management , and the move into the active labor force of students , retired people , housewives , and the unemployed , and an increase in hours worked . President Roosevelt 's Infamy Speech in aftermath of Pearl Harbor Attack . Congress consequently declared war on the Empire of Japan . Into the Jaws of Death : The Normandy landings began the Allied march toward Germany from the west . It was exhausting ; leisure activities declined sharply . People tolerated the extra work because of patriotism , the pay , and the confidence that it was only `` for the duration '' , and life would return to normal as soon as the war was won . Most durable goods became unavailable , and meat , clothing , and gasoline were tightly rationed . In industrial areas housing was in short supply as people doubled up and lived in cramped quarters . Prices and wages were controlled , and Americans saved a high portion of their incomes , which led to renewed growth after the war instead of a return to depression . American corpses sprawled on the beach of Tarawa , November 1943 . The Allies -- the United States , Britain , and the Soviet Union , China , as well as Poland , Canada and other countries -- fought the Axis powers of Germany , Italy , and Japan . The Allies saw Germany as the main threat and gave highest priority to Europe . The U.S. dominated the war against Japan and stopped Japanese expansion in the Pacific in 1942 . After losing Pearl Harbor and in the Philippines to the Japanese , and drawing the Battle of the Coral Sea ( May 1942 ) , the American Navy inflicted a decisive blow at Midway ( June 1942 ) . American ground forces assisted in the North African Campaign that eventually concluded with the collapse of Mussolini 's fascist government in 1943 , as Italy switched to the Allied side . A more significant European front was opened on D - Day , June 6 , 1944 , in which American and Allied forces invaded Nazi - occupied France from Britain . On the home front , mobilization of the U.S. economy was managed by Roosevelt 's War Production Board . The wartime production boom led to full employment , wiping out this vestige of the Great Depression . Indeed , labor shortages encouraged industry to look for new sources of workers , finding new roles for women and blacks . A Japanese American unfurled this banner the day after the Pearl Harbor attack . This Dorothea Lange photograph was taken in March 1942 , just prior to the man 's internment . However , the fervor also inspired anti-Japanese sentiment , leading to internment of Japanese Americans . This was taken under the directive of President Roosevelt , who signed Executive Order 9066 . The terms of this executive order resulted in some 120,000 people of Japanese descent living in the US removed from their homes and placed in internment camps . Two - thirds of those interned were American citizens and half of them were children . Those who were as little as 1 / 16 Japanese and orphaned infants with `` one drop of Japanese blood '' were placed in internment camps . The US Supreme Court held the Japanese American internment camps to be constitutional in a 6 -- 3 decision in Korematsu v. United States Supreme Court case . The Trinity test of the Manhattan Project was the first detonation of a nuclear weapon , which lead Oppenheimer to recall verses from the Hindu scripture Bhagavad Gita , notably being : `` I am become Death , the destroyer of worlds '' . Research and development took flight as well , best seen in the Manhattan Project , a secret effort to harness nuclear fission to produce highly destructive atomic bombs . From 1942 to 1946 , the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Nuclear physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer was the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory that designed the actual bombs . The first nuclear device ever detonated was an implosion - type bomb at the Trinity test , conducted at New Mexico 's Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range on 16 July 1945 . The Allies pushed the Germans out of France but faced an unexpected counterattack at the Battle of the Bulge in December . The final German effort failed , and , as Allied armies in East and West were converging on Berlin , the Nazis hurriedly tried to kill the last remaining Jews . The western front stopped short , leaving Berlin to the Soviets as the Nazi regime formally capitulated in May 1945 , ending the war in Europe . Over in the Pacific , the U.S. implemented an island hopping strategy toward Tokyo , establishing airfields for bombing runs against mainland Japan from the Mariana Islands and achieving hard - fought victories at Iwo Jima and Okinawa in 1945 . Bloodied at Okinawa , the U.S. prepared to invade Japan 's home islands when B - 29s dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , forcing the empire 's surrender in a matter of days and thus ending World War II . The U.S. occupied Japan ( and part of Germany ) , sending Douglas MacArthur to restructure the Japanese economy and political system along American lines . During the war , Roosevelt coined the term `` Four Powers '' to refer four major Allies of World War II , the United States , the United Kingdom , the Soviet Union and China , which later became the foundation of the United Nations Security Council . Excerpt of U.S President Harry Truman 's speech regarding the nuclear attack on Hiroshima , Japan. Captions provided Though the nation lost more than 400,000 military personnel , the mainland prospered untouched by the devastation of war that inflicted a heavy toll on Europe and Asia . Participation in postwar foreign affairs marked the end of predominant American isolationism . The awesome threat of nuclear weapons inspired both optimism and fear . Nuclear weapons were never used after 1945 , as both sides drew back from the brink and a `` long peace '' characterized the Cold War years , starting with the Truman Doctrine on May 22 , 1947 . There were , however , regional wars in Korea and Vietnam . The Cold War , Counterculture , and Civil rights ( edit ) Main articles : History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) , History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) , and United States in the 1950s Cuban Missile Crisis a meeting with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna in 1961 . President John F Kennedy Address on the Cuban Missile Crisis Following World War II , the United States emerged as one of the two dominant superpowers , the USSR being the other . The U.S. Senate on a bipartisan vote approved U.S. participation in the United Nations ( UN ) , which marked a turn away from the traditional isolationism of the U.S. and toward increased international involvement . The primary American goal of 1945 -- 48 was to rescue Europe from the devastation of World War II and to contain the expansion of Communism , represented by the Soviet Union . U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War was built around the support of Western Europe and Japan along with the policy of containment , stopping the spread of communism . The U.S. joined the wars in Korea and Vietnam and toppled left - wing governments in the third world to try to stop its spread . The Truman Doctrine of 1947 provided military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey to counteract the threat of Communist expansion in the Balkans . In 1948 , the United States replaced piecemeal financial aid programs with a comprehensive Marshall Plan , which pumped money into the economy of Western Europe , and removed trade barriers , while modernizing the managerial practices of businesses and governments . President Kennedy 's Civil Rights Address , June 11 , 1963 . The Plan 's $13 billion budget was in the context of a U.S. GDP of $258 billion in 1948 and was in addition to the $12 billion in American aid given to Europe between the end of the war and the start of the Marshall Plan . Soviet head of state Joseph Stalin prevented his satellite states from participating , and from that point on , Eastern Europe , with inefficient centralized economies , fell further and further behind Western Europe in terms of economic development and prosperity . In 1949 , the United States , rejecting the long - standing policy of no military alliances in peacetime , formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) alliance , which continues into the 21st century . In response the Soviets formed the Warsaw Pact of communist states , leading to the `` iron curtain '' . Sound of Apollo 11 and its landing on the Moon Apollo 11 In August 1949 the Soviets tested their first nuclear weapon , thereby escalating the risk of warfare . The threat of mutually assured destruction however , prevented both powers from nuclear war , and resulted in proxy wars , especially in Korea and Vietnam , in which the two sides did not directly confront each other . Within the United States , the Cold War prompted concerns about Communist influence . The unexpected leapfrogging of American technology by the Soviets in 1957 with Sputnik , the first Earth satellite , began the Space Race , won by the Americans as Apollo 11 landed astronauts on the moon in 1969 . The angst about the weaknesses of American education led to large - scale federal support for science education and research . In the decades after World War II , the United States became a global influence in economic , political , military , cultural , and technological affairs . Beginning in the 1950s , middle - class culture became obsessed with consumer goods . White Americans made up nearly 90 % of the population in 1950 . In 1960 , the charismatic politician John F. Kennedy was elected as the first and -- thus far -- only Roman Catholic President of the United States . The Kennedy family brought a new life and vigor to the atmosphere of the White House . His time in office was marked by such notable events as the acceleration of the United States ' role in the Space Race , escalation of the American role in the Vietnam War , the Cuban missile crisis , the Bay of Pigs Invasion , the jailing of Martin Luther King , Jr. during the Birmingham campaign , and the appointment of his brother Robert F. Kennedy to his Cabinet as Attorney General . Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas , Texas , on November 22 , 1963 , leaving the nation in profound shock . Climax of liberalism ( edit ) American soldiers during the Vietnam War , 1967 The climax of liberalism came in the mid-1960s with the success of President Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 69 ) in securing congressional passage of his Great Society programs . They included civil rights , the end of segregation , Medicare , extension of welfare , federal aid to education at all levels , subsidies for the arts and humanities , environmental activism , and a series of programs designed to wipe out poverty . As recent historians have explained : Gradually , liberal intellectuals crafted a new vision for achieving economic and social justice . The liberalism of the early 1960s contained no hint of radicalism , little disposition to revive new deal era crusades against concentrated economic power , and no intention to redistribute wealth or restructure existing institutions . Internationally it was strongly anti-Communist . It aimed to defend the free world , to encourage economic growth at home , and to ensure that the resulting plenty was fairly distributed . Their agenda - much influenced by Keynesian economic theory - envisioned massive public expenditure that would speed economic growth , thus providing the public resources to fund larger welfare , housing , health , and educational programs . Johnson was rewarded with an electoral landslide in 1964 against conservative Barry Goldwater , which broke the decades - long control of Congress by the Conservative coalition . However , the Republicans bounced back in 1966 and elected Richard Nixon in 1968 . Nixon largely continued the New Deal and Great Society programs he inherited ; conservative reaction would come with the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980 . Meanwhile , the American people completed a great migration from farms into the cities and experienced a period of sustained economic expansion . Civil rights movement ( edit ) Main article : Civil Rights Movement Civil Rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. ( right ) , with President Lyndon B. Johnson in the background ( left ) Starting in the late 1950s , institutionalized racism across the United States , but especially in the South , was increasingly challenged by the growing Civil Rights Movement . The activism of African - American leaders Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King , Jr. led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott , which launched the movement . For years African Americans would struggle with violence against them but would achieve great steps toward equality with Supreme Court decisions , including Brown v. Board of Education and Loving v. Virginia , the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , and the Fair Housing Act of 1968 , which ended the Jim Crow laws that legalized racial segregation between whites and blacks . President Lyndon Johnson 's speech on the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Duncan West speaking with Cesar Chavez . The Delano UFW rally . Duncan represented the Teamsters who were supporting the UFW and condemning their IBT leadership for working as thugs against a fellow union . Duncan and his wife Mary were the branch organizers of the LA IS . Martin Luther King , Jr. , who had won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to achieve equality of the races , was assassinated in 1968 . Following his death others led the movement , most notably King 's widow , Coretta Scott King , who was also active , like her husband , in the Opposition to the Vietnam War , and in the Women 's Liberation Movement . There were 164 riots in 128 American cities in the first nine months of 1967 . Frustrations with the seemingly slow progress of the integration movement led to the emergence of more radical discourses during the early 1960s , which , in turn , gave rise to the Black Power movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s . The decade would ultimately bring about positive strides toward integration , especially in government service , sports , and entertainment . Native Americans turned to the federal courts to fight for their land rights . They held protests highlighting the federal government 's failure to honor treaties . One of the most outspoken Native American groups was the American Indian Movement ( AIM ) . In the 1960s , Cesar Chavez began organizing poorly paid Mexican - American farm workers in California . He led a five - year - long strike by grape pickers . Then Chávez formed the nation 's first successful union of farm workers . His United Farm Workers of America ( UFW ) faltered after a few years but after Chavez died in 1993 he became an iconic `` folk saint '' in the pantheon of Mexican Americans . The women 's movement ( edit ) Further information : Second - wave feminism Anti-Vietnam War demonstration , 1967 A new consciousness of the inequality of American women began sweeping the nation , starting with the 1963 publication of Betty Friedan 's best - seller , The Feminine Mystique , which explained how many housewives felt trapped and unfulfilled , assaulted American culture for its creation of the notion that women could only find fulfillment through their roles as wives , mothers , and keepers of the home , and argued that women were just as able as men to do every type of job . In 1966 Friedan and others established the National Organization for Women , or NOW , to act for women as the NAACP did for African Americans . Two hippies at Woodstock Protests began , and the new Women 's Liberation Movement grew in size and power , gained much media attention , and , by 1968 , had replaced the Civil Rights Movement as the U.S 's main social revolution . Marches , parades , rallies , boycotts , and pickets brought out thousands , sometimes millions . There were striking gains for women in medicine , law , and business , while only a few were elected to office . The Movement was split into factions by political ideology early on , however ( with NOW on the left , the Women 's Equity Action League ( WEAL ) on the right , the National Women 's Political Caucus ( NWPC ) in the center , and more radical groups formed by younger women on the far left ) . The proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution , passed by Congress in 1972 was defeated by a conservative coalition mobilized by Phyllis Schlafly . They argued that it degraded the position of the housewife and made young women susceptible to the military draft . However , many federal laws ( i.e. , those equalizing pay , employment , education , employment opportunities , and credit ; ending pregnancy discrimination ; and requiring NASA , the Military Academies , and other organizations to admit women ) , state laws ( i.e. , those ending spousal abuse and marital rape ) , Supreme Court rulings ( i.e. ruling that the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment applied to women ) , and state ERAs established women 's equal status under the law , and social custom and consciousness began to change , accepting women 's equality . The controversial issue of abortion , deemed by the Supreme Court as a fundamental right in Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) , is still a point of debate today . The Counterculture Revolution and Cold War détente ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) United States Navy F - 4 Phantom II shadows a Soviet Tu - 95 Bear D aircraft in the early 1970s U.S. Senator Edmund Muskie speaking at Fairmount Park , Philadelphia on Earth Day , 1970 Amid the Cold War , the United States entered the Vietnam War , whose growing unpopularity fed already existing social movements , including those among women , minorities , and young people . President Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society social programs and numerous rulings by the Warren Court added to the wide range of social reform during the 1960s and 1970s . Feminism and the environmental movement became political forces , and progress continued toward civil rights for all Americans . The Counterculture Revolution swept through the nation and much of the western world in the late sixties and early seventies , further dividing Americans in a `` culture war '' but also bringing forth more liberated social views . Johnson was succeeded in 1969 by Republican Richard Nixon , who attempted to gradually turn the war over to the South Vietnamese forces . He negotiated the peace treaty in 1973 which secured the release of POWs and led to the withdrawal of U.S. troops . The war had cost the lives of 58,000 American troops . Nixon manipulated the fierce distrust between the Soviet Union and China to the advantage of the United States , achieving détente ( relaxation ; ease of tension ) with both parties . Nixon departs The Watergate scandal , involving Nixon 's cover - up of his operatives ' break - in into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex destroyed his political base , sent many aides to prison , and forced Nixon 's resignation on August 9 , 1974 . He was succeeded by Vice President Gerald Ford . The Fall of Saigon ended the Vietnam War and resulted in North and South Vietnam being reunited . Communist victories in neighboring Cambodia and Laos occurred in the same year . The OPEC oil embargo marked a long - term economic transition since , for the first time , energy prices skyrocketed , and American factories faced serious competition from foreign automobiles , clothing , electronics , and consumer goods . By the late 1970s the economy suffered an energy crisis , slow economic growth , high unemployment , and very high inflation coupled with high interest rates ( the term stagflation was coined ) . Since economists agreed on the wisdom of deregulation , many of the New Deal era regulations were ended , such as in transportation , banking , and telecommunications . Jimmy Carter , running as someone who was not a part of the Washington political establishment , was elected president in 1976 . On the world stage , Carter brokered the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt . In 1979 , Iranian students stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took 66 Americans hostage , resulting in the Iran hostage crisis . With the hostage crisis and continuing stagflation , Carter lost the 1980 election to the Republican Ronald Reagan . On January 20 , 1981 , minutes after Carter 's term in office ended , the remaining U.S. captives held at the U.S. embassy in Iran were released , ending the 444 - day hostage crisis . Close of the 20th century ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1980 -- 91 ) Ronald Reagan at the Brandenburg Gate challenges Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall in 1987 , shortly before the end of the Cold War . President Regan 's Bradenburg Gate speech , famous for the phrase ' Tear down this wall ' Ronald Reagan produced a major realignment with his 1980 and 1984 landslide elections . Reagan 's economic policies ( dubbed `` Reaganomics '' ) and the implementation of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 lowered the top marginal tax rate from 70 % to 28 % over the course of seven years . Reagan continued to downsize government taxation and regulation . The U.S. experienced a recession in 1982 , but the negative indicators reversed , with the inflation rate decreasing from 11 % to 2 % , the unemployment rate decreasing from 10.8 % in December 1982 to 7.5 % in November 1984 , and the economic growth rate increasing from 4.5 % to 7.2 % . Reagan ordered a buildup of the U.S. military , incurring additional budget deficits . Reagan introduced a complicated missile defense system known as the Strategic Defense Initiative ( SDI ) ( dubbed `` Star Wars '' by opponents ) in which , theoretically , the U.S. could shoot down missiles with laser systems in space . The Soviets reacted harshly because they thought it violated the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty , and would upset the balance of power by giving the U.S. a major military advantage . For years Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev argued vehemently against SDI . However , by the late 1980s he decided the system would never work and should not be used to block disarmament deals with the U.S. Historians argue how great an impact the SDI threat had on the Soviets -- whether it was enough to force Gorbachev to initiate radical reforms , or whether the deterioration of the Soviet economy alone forced the reforms . There is agreement that the Soviets realized they were well behind the Americans in military technology , that to try to catch up would be very expensive , and that the military expenses were already a very heavy burden slowing down their economy . Reagan 's Invasion of Grenada and bombing of Libya were popular in the U.S , though his backing of the Contras rebels was mired in the controversy over the Iran -- Contra affair that revealed Reagan 's poor management style . Supreme Court Justice - nominee Sandra Day O'Connor talks with President Ronald Reagan outside the White House , July 15 , 1981 . Serving from her appointment in 1981 by Ronald Reagan until her retirement in 2006 . She was the first woman to serve as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . Reagan met four times with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev , who ascended to power in 1985 , and their summit conferences led to the signing of the Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty . Gorbachev tried to save Communism in the Soviet Union first by ending the expensive arms race with America , then by shedding the East European empire in 1989 . The Soviet Union collapsed on Christmas Day 1991 , ending the U.S -- Soviet Cold War . Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty The United States emerged as the world 's sole remaining superpower and continued to intervene in international affairs during the 1990s , including the 1991 Gulf War against Iraq . Following his election in 1992 , President Bill Clinton oversaw one of the longest periods of economic expansion and unprecedented gains in securities values , a side effect of the digital revolution and new business opportunities created by the Internet . He also worked with the Republican Congress to pass the first balanced federal budget in 30 years . In 1998 , Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives on charges of lying about a sexual relationship with White House intern Monica Lewinsky . He was acquitted by the Senate . The failure of impeachment and the Democratic gains in the 1998 election forced House Speaker Newt Gingrich , a Republican , to resign from Congress . Clinton , Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat during the Oslo Accords on September 13 , 1993 . The Republican Party expanded its base throughout the South after 1968 ( excepting 1976 ) , largely due to its strength among socially conservative white Evangelical Protestants and traditionalist Roman Catholics , added to its traditional strength in the business community and suburbs . As white Democrats in the South lost dominance of the Democratic Party in the 1990s , the region took on the two - party apparatus which characterized most of the nation . The Republican Party 's central leader by 1980 was Ronald Reagan , whose conservative policies called for reduced government spending and regulation , lower taxes , and a strong anti-Soviet foreign policy . His iconic status in the party persists into the 21st century , as practically all Republican Party leaders acknowledge his stature . Social scientists Theodore Caplow et al. argue , `` The Republican party , nationally , moved from right - center toward the center in 1940s and 1950s , then moved right again in the 1970s and 1980s . '' They add : `` The Democratic party , nationally , moved from left - center toward the center in the 1940s and 1950s , then moved further toward the right - center in the 1970s and 1980s . '' The presidential election in 2000 between George W. Bush and Al Gore was one of the closest in U.S. history and helped lay the seeds for political polarization to come . The vote in the decisive state of Florida was extremely close and produced a dramatic dispute over the counting of votes . The U.S. Supreme Court in Bush v. Gore ended the recount with a 5 -- 4 vote . That meant Bush , then in the lead , carried Florida and the election . Including 2000 , the Democrats outpolled the Republicans in the national vote in every election from 1992 to 2016 , except for 2004 . 21st century ( edit ) 9 / 11 and the War on Terror ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1991 -- 2008 ) Further information : September 11 attacks and War on Terror The NASDAQ Composite index swelled with the dot - com bubble in the optimistic `` New Economy '' . The bubble burst in 2000 . On September 11 , 2001 ( `` 9 / 11 '' ) , the United States was struck by a terrorist attack when 19 al - Qaeda hijackers commandeered four airliners to be used in suicide attacks and intentionally crashed two into both twin towers of the World Trade Center and the third into the Pentagon , killing 2,937 victims -- 206 aboard the three airliners , 2,606 who were in the World Trade Center and on the ground , and 125 who were in the Pentagon . The fourth plane was re-taken by the passengers and crew of the aircraft . While they were not able to land the plane safely , they were able to re-take control of the aircraft and crash it into an empty field in Pennsylvania , killing all 44 people including the four terrorists on board , thereby saving whatever target the terrorists were aiming for . Within two hours , both Twin Towers of the World Trade Center completely collapsed causing massive damage to the surrounding area and blanketing Lower Manhattan in toxic dust clouds . All in all , a total of 2,977 victims perished in the attacks . In response , President George W. Bush on September 20 announced a `` War on Terror '' . On October 7 , 2001 , the United States and NATO then invaded Afghanistan to oust the Taliban regime , which had provided safe haven to al - Qaeda and its leader Osama bin Laden . President Bush 's address in reaction to the 9 / 11 attacks The former World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan during September 11 attacks in 2001 One World Trade Center , built in its place The federal government established new domestic efforts to prevent future attacks . The controversial USA PATRIOT Act increased the government 's power to monitor communications and removed legal restrictions on information sharing between federal law enforcement and intelligence services . A cabinet - level agency called the Department of Homeland Security was created to lead and coordinate federal counter-terrorism activities . Some of these anti-terrorism efforts , particularly the U.S. government 's handling of detainees at the prison at Guantanamo Bay , led to allegations against the U.S. government of human rights violations . George W. Bush addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations on September 12 , 2002 to outline the complaints of the United States government against the Iraqi government . In 2003 , from March 19 to May 1 , the United States launched an invasion of Iraq , which led to the collapse of the Iraq government and the eventual capture of Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein , with whom the U.S. had long - standing tense relations . The reasons for the invasion cited by the Bush administration included the spreading of democracy , the elimination of weapons of mass destruction ( a key demand of the UN as well , though later investigations found parts of the intelligence reports to be inaccurate ) , and the liberation of the Iraqi people . Despite some initial successes early in the invasion , the continued Iraq War fueled international protests and gradually saw domestic support decline as many people began to question whether or not the invasion was worth the cost . In 2007 , after years of violence by the Iraqi insurgency , President Bush deployed more troops in a strategy dubbed `` the surge '' . While the death toll decreased , the political stability of Iraq remained in doubt . Headquarters of the Lehman Brothers , who filed for bankruptcy in September 2008 at the height of the U.S. financial crisis . In 2008 , the unpopularity of President Bush and the Iraq war , along with the 2008 financial crisis , led to the election of Barack Obama , the first African - American President of the United States . After his election , Obama reluctantly continued the war effort in Iraq until August 31 , 2010 , when he declared that combat operations had ended . However , 50,000 American soldiers and military personnel were kept in Iraq to assist Iraqi forces , help protect withdrawing forces , and work on counter-terrorism until December 15 , 2011 , when the war was declared formally over and the last troops left the country . At the same time , Obama increased American involvement in Afghanistan , starting a surge strategy using an additional 30,000 troops , while proposing to begin withdrawing troops sometime in December 2014 . With regards to Guantanamo Bay , President Obama forbade torture but in general retained Bush 's policy regarding the Guantanamo detainees , while also proposing that the prison eventually be closed . In May 2011 , after nearly a decade in hiding , the founder and leader of Al Qaeda , Osama bin Laden , was killed in Pakistan in a raid conducted by U.S. naval special forces acting under President Obama 's direct orders . While Al Qaeda was near collapse in Afghanistan , affiliated organizations continued to operate in Yemen and other remote areas as the CIA used drones to hunt down and remove its leadership . The Boston Marathon Bombing was a bombing incident , followed by subsequent related shootings , that occurred when two pressure cooker bombs exploded during the Boston Marathon on April 15 , 2013 . The bombs exploded about 12 seconds and 210 yards ( 190 m ) apart at 2 : 49 pm EDT , near the marathon 's finish line on Boylston Street . They killed 3 people and injured an estimated 264 others . The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant -- formerly known as Al - Qaeda in Iraq -- rose to prominence in September 2014 . In addition to taking control of much of Western Iraq and Eastern Syria , ISIS also beheaded three journalists , two American and one British . These events lead to a major military offensive by the United States and its allies in the region . On December 28 , 2014 , President Obama officially ended the combat mission in Afghanistan and promised a withdrawal of all remaining U.S. troops at the end of 2016 with the exception of the embassy guards . The Great recession ( edit ) Main article : Great Recession Congressional leadership meeting with then - President Obama in 2011 . In September 2008 , the United States , and most of Europe , entered the longest post -- World War II recession , often called the `` Great Recession . '' Multiple overlapping crises were involved , especially the housing market crisis , a subprime mortgage crisis , soaring oil prices , an automotive industry crisis , rising unemployment , and the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression . The financial crisis threatened the stability of the entire economy in September 2008 when Lehman Brothers failed and other giant banks were in grave danger . Starting in October the federal government lent $245 billion to financial institutions through the Troubled Asset Relief Program which was passed by bipartisan majorities and signed by Bush . Following his election victory by a wide electoral margin in November 2008 , Bush 's successor -- Barack Obama -- signed into law the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 , which was a $787 billion economic stimulus aimed at helping the economy recover from the deepening recession . Obama , like Bush , took steps to rescue the auto industry and prevent future economic meltdowns . These included a bailout of General Motors and Chrysler , putting ownership temporarily in the hands of the government , and the `` cash for clunkers '' program which temporarily boosted new car sales . First African American President Barack Obama 's inauguration speech , January 2009 The recession officially ended in June 2009 , and the economy slowly began to expand once again . The unemployment rate peaked at 10.1 % in October 2009 after surging from 4.7 % in November 2007 , and returned to 5.0 % as of October 2015 . However , overall economic growth has remained weaker in the 2010s compared to expansions in previous decades . Recent events ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 2008 -- present ) Tea Party protesters walk towards the United States Capitol during the Taxpayer March on Washington , September 12 , 2009 . From 2009 to 2010 , the 111th Congress passed major legislation such as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , informally known as Obamacare , the Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Repeal Act , which were signed into law by President Obama . Following the 2010 midterm elections , which resulted in a Republican - controlled House of Representatives and a Democratic - controlled Senate , Congress presided over a period of elevated gridlock and heated debates over whether or not to raise the debt ceiling , extend tax cuts for citizens making over $250,000 annually , and many other key issues . These ongoing debates led to President Obama signing the Budget Control Act of 2011 . In the Fall of 2012 , Mitt Romney challenged Barack Obama for the Presidency . Following Obama 's reelection in November 2012 , Congress passed the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 -- which resulted in an increase in taxes primarily on those earning the most money . Congressional gridlock continued as Congressional Republicans ' call for the repeal of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act -- popularly known as `` Obamacare '' -- along with other various demands , resulted in the first government shutdown since the Clinton administration and almost led to the first default on U.S. debt since the 19th century . As a result of growing public frustration with both parties in Congress since the beginning of the decade , Congressional approval ratings fell to record lows , with only 11 % of Americans approving as of October 2013 . Other major events that have occurred during the 2010s include the rise of new political movements , such as the conservative Tea Party movement and the liberal Occupy movement . There was also unusually severe weather during the early part of the decade . In 2012 , over half the country experienced record drought and Hurricane Sandy caused massive damage to coastal areas of New York and New Jersey . On the morning of June 26 , 2015 outside the Supreme Court , the crowd reacts to the Court 's decision on Obergefell v. Hodges The ongoing debate over the issue of rights for the LGBT community , most notably that of same - sex marriage , began to shift in favor of same - sex couples , and has been reflected in dozens of polls released in the early part of the decade . In 2012 , President Obama became the first president to openly support same - sex marriage , and the 2013 Supreme Court decision in the case of United States v. Windsor provided for federal recognition of same - sex unions . In June 2015 , the Supreme Court legalized gay marriage nationally in the case of Obergefell v. Hodges . Political debate has continued over issues such as tax reform , immigration reform , income inequality and U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East , particularly with regards to global terrorism , the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and an accompanying climate of Islamophobia . Trump signing Executive Order 13769 at the Pentagon as the Vice President Mike Pence and Secretary of Defense James Mattis look on , January 27 , 2017 On November 8 , 2016 , Republican Party presidential nominee Donald Trump defeated Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton to become the President - elect of the United States . Trump 's election became mired in controversy after U.S. intelligence agencies concluded that associates of the Russian government interfered in the election `` to undermine public faith in the U.S. democratic process . '' This , along with questions about potential collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian officials , led to the launch of investigations into the matter by the FBI , and the Senate and the House Intelligence Committees . Historical graph of political party control of the Senate and House of Representatives as well as the Presidency . See also ( edit ) American urban history Colonial history of the United States Economic history of the United States History of agriculture in the United States History of education in the United States History of United States foreign policy History of immigration to the United States History of religion in the United States History of the Southern United States History of women in the United States List of historians by area of study # History of the United States List of history journals # United States and Canada List of Presidents of the United States Military history of the United States Outline of United States history Politics of the United States Territorial evolution of the United States Territories of the United States Gullah portal African American portal United States portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Ideas About Human Migration From Asia To Americas '' . ScienceDaily . October 29 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . 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Cornell University Press ; 2009 ) online Jump up ^ Brebner , John Bartlet . New England 's Outpost : Acadia before the Conquest of Canada . Archon Books Hamden , Conn. 1927 Jump up ^ Dean Jobb , The Cajuns : A People 's Story of Exile and Triumph ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Allan Greer , `` National , Transnational , and Hypernational Historiographies : New France Meets Early American History , '' Canadian Historical Review ( 2010 ) 91 # 4 pp 695 -- 724 Jump up ^ Mintz , Steven . `` Death in Early America '' . Digital History . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2010 . Retrieved February 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barker , Deanna . `` Indentured Servitude in Colonial America '' . National Association for Interpretation , Cultural Interpretation and Living History Section . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Henretta , James A. ( 2007 ) . `` History of Colonial America '' . Encarta Online Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2009 . 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ISBN 9781419107078 . Jump up ^ Clinton Rossiter , Seedtime of the Republic : the origin of the American tradition of political liberty ( 1953 ) p 106 . Jump up ^ H.W. Brands ( 2010 ) . The First American : The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin . Random House Digital , Inc . pp. 232 -- 40 , 510 -- 12 . ISBN 9780307754943 . Jump up ^ Edmund S. Morgan ( 2012 ) ( 1956 ) . The Birth of the Republic , 1763 -- 89 ( 4th ed . ) . U. of Chicago Press . pp. 14 -- 27 . ISBN 9780226923420 . Jump up ^ Robert Allison ( 2007 ) . The Boston Tea Party . Applewood Books . pp. 47 -- 63 . ISBN 9781933212111 . Jump up ^ Mark Edward Lender , review of American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) by T.H. Breen , in The Journal of Military History ( 2012 ) 76 # 1 p. 233 - 4 Jump up ^ Robert A. Divine , T.H. Breen , et al . The American Story ( 3rd ed. 2007 ) p 147 Jump up ^ John E. Ferling , Independence : The Struggle to Set America Free ( 2011 ) ^ Jump up to : Lesson Plan on `` What Made George Washington a Good Military Leader ? '' NEH EDSITEMENT Jump up ^ Lipset , The First New Nation ( 1979 ) p. 2 Jump up ^ George Billias American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 -- 1989 ( 2011 ) p 17 . Jump up ^ https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/congress-renames-the-nation-united-states-of-america Jump up ^ Gordon S. Wood , The American Revolution : A History ( 2003 ) ^ Jump up to : Jack P. Greene , and J.R. Pole , eds . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Richard Labunski , James Madison and the Struggle for the Bill of Rights ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Forrest McDonald , The Presidency of George Washington ( 1974 ) ^ Jump up to : Marshall Smelser , `` The Jacobin Phrenzy : The Menace of Monarchy , Plutocracy , and Anglophilia , 1789 -- 1798 , '' Review of Politics ( 1959 ) 21 # 1 pp 239 -- 258 in JSTOR Jump up ^ John C. Miller , The Federalist Era : 1789 -- 1801 ( 1960 ) Jump up ^ Lesson Plan on `` Washington and the Whiskey Rebellion '' NEH EDSITEMENT Jump up ^ `` George Washington 's Farewell Address '' . Archiving Early America . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ David McCullough , John Adams ( 2008 ) ch 10 Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery , 1619 -- 1877 , New York : Hill and Wang , 1993 , pp. 79 -- 81 Jump up ^ Gordon S. Wood , Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 ( 2009 ) pp 368 -- 74 Jump up ^ Stephen E. Ambrose , Undaunted Courage : Meriwether Lewis , Thomas Jefferson , and the Opening of the American West ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Jean Edward Smith , John Marshall : Definer of a Nation ( 1998 ) pp 309 -- 26 Jump up ^ Stagg 1983 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Carlisle & Golson 2007 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Julius W. ( 1925b . ) Expansionists of 1812 Jump up ^ David Heidler , Jeanne T. Heidler , The War of 1812 , p. 4 Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 , Spencer Tucker , p. 236 Jump up ^ Wood , Empire of Liberty ( 2009 ) ch 18 Jump up ^ https://www.nps.gov/articles/met-the-enemy-4.htm Jump up ^ Marshall Smelser , `` Tecumseh , Harrison , and the War of 1812 , '' Indiana Magazine of History ( March 1969 ) 65 # 1 pp 25 -- 44 online ^ Jump up to : J.C.A. Stagg , The War of 1812 : Conflict for a Continent ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ James Banner , To the Hartford Convention : the Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts , 1789 -- 1815 ( 1969 ) ^ Jump up to : George Dangerfield , The Era of Good Feelings : America Comes of Age in the Period of Monroe and Adams Between the War of 1812 , and the Ascendancy of Jackson ( 1963 ) ^ Jump up to : Paul Goodman , `` The First American Party System '' in William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham , eds . The American Party Systems : Stages of Political Development ( 1967 ) , 56 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Mark T. Gilderhus , `` The Monroe Doctrine : Meanings and Implications , '' Presidential Studies Quarterly March 2006 , Vol. 36 # 1 pp 5 -- 16 ^ Jump up to : Andrew Jackson Archived January 27 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , North Carolina History Project Jump up ^ David Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler , Indian Removal ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Robert Vincent Remini , Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Stannard 1993 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Russell ( 1991 ) . `` The Demography of the Trail of Tears Period : A New Estimate of Cherokee Population Losses '' . In William L. Anderson . Cherokee Removal : Before and After . pp. 75 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton et al. , A People and a Nation , Volume I : to 1877 ( Houghton Mifflin , 2007 ) p 287 Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton et al. , A People and a Nation , Volume I : to 1877 ( 2007 ) pp 287 -- 88 Jump up ^ Robert Allen Rutland , The Democrats : From Jefferson to Clinton ( U. of Missouri Press , 1995 ) ch 1 -- 4 Jump up ^ Sydney Ahlstrom , A Religious History of the American People ( 1972 ) pp 415 -- 71 Jump up ^ Timothy L. Smith , Revivalism and Social Reform : American Protestantism on the Eve of the Civil War ( 1957 ) Jump up ^ John Stauffer , Giants : The Parallel Lives of Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ James Oakes ( 2008 ) . The Radical and the Republican : Frederick Douglass , Abraham Lincoln , and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics . W.W. Norton . p. 57 . ISBN 9780393078725 . Jump up ^ Molly Oshatz ( 2011 ) . Slavery and Sin : The Fight Against Slavery and the Rise of Liberal Protestantism . Oxford U.P. p. 12 . ISBN 9780199751686 . Jump up ^ For a recent overview see Robert V. Hine and John Mack Faragher , Frontiers : A Short History of the American West ( 2008 ) ; for elaborate detail see Howard R. Lamar , ed . The New Encyclopedia of the American West ( 1998 ) ^ Jump up to : Robert V. Hine and John Mack Faragher , The American West : A New Interpretive History ( Yale University Press , 2000 ) p. 10 Jump up ^ John David Unruh , The Plains Across : The Overland Emigrants and the Trans - Mississippi West , 1840 -- 1860 ( 1993 ) p 120 Jump up ^ Merk 1963 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Howe argues that , `` American imperialism did not represent an American consensus ; it provoked bitter dissent within the national polity . '' Daniel Walker Howe , What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 ( 2007 ) pp 705 -- 06 ^ Jump up to : Hine and Faragher , The American West ( 2000 ) ch 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Daniel Walker Howe ( 2007 ) . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 . p. 798 . ISBN 9780199726578 . Jump up ^ Jeff Forret , Slavery in the United States ( Facts on File , 2012 ) Jump up ^ ushistory.org . `` The Southern Argument for Slavery ( ushistory.org ) '' . www.ushistory.org . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jon Sensbach . Review of McKivigan , John R. ; Snay , Mitchell , eds. , Religion and the Antebellum Debate Over Slavery H - SHEAR , H - Net Reviews . January 2000 . online Jump up ^ ushistory.org . `` The Compromise of 1850 ( ushistory.org ) '' . www.ushistory.org . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fergus M. Bordewich , America 's Great Debate : Henry Clay , Stephen A. Douglas , and the Compromise That Preserved the Union ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Nicole Etcheson , Bleeding Kansas : Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Interview : James Oliver Horton : Exhibit Reveals History of Slavery in New York City '' Archived December 23 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , PBS Newshour , January 25 , 2007 , Retrieved February 11 , 2012 Jump up ^ Kenneth Stampp , The Causes of the Civil War ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo , Fateful Lightning : A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2012 ) ch 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Stephen E. Woodworth , Decision in the Heartland : The Civil War in the West ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Bruce Catton , The Army of the Potomac : Mr. Lincoln 's Army ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ On Lee 's strategy in 1863 see James M. McPherson , `` To Conquer a Peace ? '' Civil War Times ( March / April 2007 ) 46 # 2 pp 26 -- 33 , online at EBSCO Jump up ^ A new way of calculating casualties by looking at the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm through analysis of census data found that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 people , but most likely 761,000 people , died through the war . J. David Hacker , `` Recounting the Dead , '' New York Times Sept 20 , 2011 . For more details see J. David Hacker , `` A census - based count of the Civil War dead . '' Civil War History 57.4 ( 2011 ) : 307 -- 348 . Jump up ^ John Huddleston , Killing Ground : The Civil War and the Changing American Landscape ( 2002 ) p 3 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , `` Introduction '' in Paul Gates , Agriculture and the Civil War ( 1965 ) p.v. Jump up ^ `` Art & History : First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation by President Lincoln '' . U.S. Senate . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Lincoln met with his cabinet on July 22 , 1862 , for the first reading of a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation . Sight measurement . Height : 108 inches ( 274.32 cm ) Width : 180 inches ( 457.2 cm ) Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo , Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation : The End of Slavery in America ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Jim Downs , Sick from Freedom : African - American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo , Fateful Lightning : A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2012 ) pp 445 -- 513 is a brief treatment ; see also Eric Foner , A Short History of Reconstruction ( 1990 ) ; and Mark Wahlgren Summers , The Ordeal of the Reunion : A New History of Reconstruction ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Paul A , Cimbala , The Freedmen 's Bureau : Reconstructing the American South after the Civil War ( 2005 ) includes a brief history and primary documents ^ Jump up to : George C. Rable , But There Was No Peace : The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Edward L. Ayers , The Promise of the New South : Life After Reconstruction ( 1992 ) pp 3 -- 54 Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , The Strange Career of Jim Crow ( 3rd ed. 1974 ) Jump up ^ Howard Sitkoff , The Struggle for Black Equality ( 3rd ed. 2008 ) ch 7 Jump up ^ Bureau of the Census ( 1894 ) . Report on Indians taxed and Indians not taxed in the United States ( except Alaska ) . p. 637 . ISBN 9780883544624 . Jump up ^ Alan Trachtenberg , The Incorporation of America : Culture and Society in the Gilded Age ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Charles , A. Beard and Mary R. Beard , The rise of American civilization ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ Matthew Josephson , The robber barons : The great American capitalists , 1861 -- 1901 ( 1934 ) Jump up ^ Pettigrew , Richard Franklin ( 2010 ) . Triumphant Plutocracy : The Story of American Public Life from 1870 to 1920 . Nabu Press . ISBN 1146542747 . Jump up ^ Ryan , foreword by Vincent P. De Santis ; edited by Leonard Schlup , James G. ( 2003 ) . Historical dictionary of the Gilded Age . Armonk , N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe . p. 145 . ISBN 0765603314 . Jump up ^ John Calvin Reed , The New Plutocracy ( 1903 ) . Jump up ^ Piketty , Thomas ( 2014 ) . Capital in the Twenty - First Century . Belknap Press . ISBN 067443000X pp. 348 -- 349 Jump up ^ Mintz , Steven ( June 5 , 2008 ) . `` Learn About the Gilded Age '' . Digital History . University of Houston . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Growth of U.S. Population '' . TheUSAonline.com . Jump up ^ Bacon , Katie ( June 12 , 2007 ) . The Dark Side of the Gilded Age . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 083865 - 5 pp. 264 -- 282 . Jump up ^ `` '' The First Measured Century : An Illustrated Guide to Trends in America , 1900 -- 2000 `` '' . Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) . Jump up ^ Charles Hoffmann , `` The Depression of the Nineties , '' Journal of Economic History ( 1956 ) 16 # 2 pp 137 -- 164 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Worth Robert Miller , `` A Centennial Historiography of American Populism , '' Kansas History ( 1993 ) 16 # 1 pp 54 -- 69 . online edition Archived July 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ William D. Harpine ( 2006 ) . From the Front Porch to the Front Page : McKinley and Bryan in the 1896 Presidential Campaign . Texas A&M University Press . pp. 176 -- 86 . ISBN 9781585445592 . Jump up ^ H. Wayne Morgan , `` William McKinley as a Political Leader , '' Review of Politics ( 1966 ) 28 # 4 pp. 417 -- 432 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Mintz , Steven ( 2006 ) . `` Learn About the Progressive Era '' . Digital History . University of Houston . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved February 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ George Mowry , The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America , 1900 -- 1912 ( Harpers , 1954 ) Jump up ^ `` A Thing Well Begun Is Half Done '' . Persuasive Maps : PJ Mode Collection . Cornell University . Jump up ^ Thomas G. Paterson . `` United States Intervention in Cuba , 1898 : Interpretations of the Spanish -- American -- Cuban -- Filipino War , '' The History Teacher ( 1996 ) 29 # 3 pp. 341 -- 61 in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : Fred H. Harrington , `` The Anti-Imperialist Movement in the United States , 1898 -- 1900 , '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1935 ) 22 # 2 pp. 211 -- 30 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Thomas A. Bailey , `` Was the Presidential Election of 1900 a Mandate on Imperialism ? '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1937 ) 24 # 1 pp 43 -- 52 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Peter W. Stanley , A Nation in the Making : The Philippines and the United States , 1899 -- 1921 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Richard J. Jensen , Jon Thares Davidann , and Yoneyuki Sugital , eds . Trans - Pacific relations : America , Europe , and Asia in the twentieth century ( Greenwood , 2003 ) Jump up ^ McNabb , James B. ( 2005 ) . `` Germany 's Decision for Unrestricted Submarine Warfare and Its Impact on the U.S. Declaration of War '' . In Roberts , Priscilla Mary and Spencer Tucker . World War I : Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 482 -- 83 . ISBN 9781851094202 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Edward M. Coffman , The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Breaking the Heart of the World : Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ The Seneca Falls Convention was preceded by the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women in 1837 held in New York City , at which women 's rights issues were debated , especially African - American women 's rights . Gordon , Ann D. ; Collier - Thomas , Bettye ( 1997 ) . `` Introduction '' . African American women and the vote , 1837 -- 1965 . University of Massachusetts Press . pp. 2 -- 9 . ISBN 1 - 55849 - 059 - 0 . Jump up ^ Rebecca J. Mead , How the Vote Was Won : Woman Suffrage in the Western United States , 1868 -- 1914 ( 2006 ) ^ Jump up to : Glenda Riley , Inventing the American Woman : An Inclusive History ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ `` Suffragists Parade Down Fifth Avenue -- 1917 '' . New York Times . 1917 . Jump up ^ Aileen S. Kraditor , The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement : 1890 -- 1920 ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ Katherine H. Adams and Michael L. Keene , Alice Paul and the American Suffrage Campaign ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Elizabeth Frost - Knappman and Kathryn Cullen - Dupont , Women 's Suffrage in America ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Lynn Dumenil , The Modern Temper : American Culture and Society in the 1920s ( 1995 ) pp 98 -- 144 Jump up ^ Kristi Andersen , After Suffrage : Women in Partisan and Electoral Politics before the New Deal ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Allan J. Lichtman ( 2000 ) ( 1979 ) . Prejudice and the Old Politics : The Presidential Election of 1928 . Lexington Books . p. 163 . ISBN 9780739101261 . Jump up ^ `` Feature : World War I and isolationism , 1913 -- 33 '' . U.S. Department of State . April 29 , 1991 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rodney P. Carlisle ( 2009 ) . Handbook to Life in America . Infobase Publishing . p. 245ff . ISBN 9781438119014 . Jump up ^ `` Pandemics and Pandemic Scares in the 20th Century '' . U.S. Department of Health & Human Services . Jump up ^ For a comprehensive history by a leading scholar see David M. Kennedy , Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Shlaes 2008 , pp. 85 , 90 Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy , `` What the New Deal Did , '' Political Science Quarterly , ( Summer 2009 ) 124 # 2 pp 251 -- 68 Jump up ^ Conrad Black , Roosevelt : Champion of Freedom ( 2003 ) pp 648 -- 82 Jump up ^ Gordon W. Prange , Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon , At Dawn We Slept : The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ Harold G. Vatter , The U.S. Economy in World War II ( 1988 ) pp 27 -- 31 Jump up ^ David Kennedy , Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 ( 2001 ) pp 615 -- 68 Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy , Freedom from Fear ( 1999 ) pp 615 -- 68 Jump up ^ Roger Daniels , Prisoners Without Trial : Japanese Americans in World War II ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` Short History of Amache Japanese Internment Camp '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Ogawa , Dennis M. and Fox , Jr. , Evarts C. Japanese Americans , from Relocation to Redress. 1991 , page 135 . Jump up ^ Richey , Warren ( December 5 , 2007 ) . `` Key Guantánamo cases hit Supreme Court '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Jump up ^ Richard Rhodes , The Making of the Atomic Bomb ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ `` Ralph Smith 's eyewitness account of the Trinity trip to watch blast '' . White Sands Missile Range , Public Affairs Office . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stephen Ambrose , Eisenhower and Berlin , 1945 : The Decision to Halt at the Elbe ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Ronald H. Spector , Eagle Against the Sun ( 1985 ) ch 12 -- 18 Jump up ^ D.M. Giangreco , Hell to Pay : Operation DOWNFALL and the Invasion of Japan , 1945 -- 1947 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Richard B. Finn , Winners in Peace : MacArthur , Yoshida , and Postwar Japan ( 1992 ) pp 43 -- 103 Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1972 ) . The United States and the Origins of the Cold War , 1941 -- 1947 . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12239 - 9 . Jump up ^ Leland , Anne ; Oboroceanu , Mari -- Jana ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` American War and Military Operations Casualties : Lists and Statistics '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : John Lewis Gaddis , The Long Peace : Inquiries Into the History of the Cold War ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Blakeley , Ruth ( 2009 ) . State Terrorism and Neoliberalism : The North in the South . Routledge . p. 92 . ISBN 0415686172 . ^ Jump up to : John Lewis Gaddis , The Cold War : A New History ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ James T. Patterson , Grand Expectations : The United States , 1945 -- 1974 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ `` Table 1 . United States -- Race and Hispanic Origin : 1790 to 1990 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael O'Brien , John F. Kennedy : A Biography ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Eric Alterman and Kevin Mattson , The Cause : The Fight for American Liberalism from Franklin Roosevelt to Barack Obama ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Robert Dallek , Lyndon B. Johnson : Portrait of a President ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Irving Bernstein , Guns or Butter : The Presidency of Lyndon Johnson ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ David Edwin Harrell , Jr. , Edwin S. Gaustad , John B. Boles , Sally Foreman Griffith , Randall M. Miller , Randall B. Woods , Unto a Good Land : A History of the American People ( 2005 ) pp 1052 -- 53 Jump up ^ Gregory Schneider , The Conservative Century : From Reaction to Revolution ( Rowman & Littlefield. 2009 ) ch 5 Jump up ^ Bruce J. Dierenfield , The Civil Rights Movement ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Lindsey Lupo ( 2010 ) . Flak - Catchers : One Hundred Years of Riot Commission Politics in America . Lexington Books . pp. 123 -- 24 . ISBN 9780739138120 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Peniel E. ( 2001 ) . `` '' Black Liberation without Apology : Reconceptualizing the Black Power Movement. `` '' . The Black Scholar. 31 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 2 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Jacobs ( 2006 ) . Mexican American Literature : The Politics of Identity . Routledge . p. 13 . ISBN 9781134218233 . Jump up ^ Angela Howard Zophy , ed . Handbook of American Women 's History ( 2nd ed. 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Donald T. Critchlow , Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism : A Woman 's Crusade ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Jane J. Mansbridge , Why We Lost the ERA ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ Donald T. Critchlow , Intended Consequences : Birth Control , Abortion , and the Federal Government in Modern America ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Roger Chapman , Culture Wars : An Encyclopedia of Issues , Voices , and Viewpoints ( 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : John Robert Greene , The Presidency of Gerald R. Ford ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Martha Derthick , The Politics of Deregulation ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ `` People & Events : The Election of 1976 '' . American Experience . PBS . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Urofsky , Melvin I. ( 2000 ) . The American Presidents . Taylor & Francis . p. 545 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 2184 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Jan 20 , 1981 : Iran Hostage Crisis ends '' . This Day in History . History.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Effective Federal Tax Rates : 1979 -- 2001 '' . Bureau of Economic Analysis . July 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , pp. 140 -- 41 Jump up ^ `` The United States Unemployment Rate '' . Miseryindex.us . November 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2008 . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , p. 170 Jump up ^ Julian E. Zelizer ( 2010 ) . Arsenal of Democracy : The Politics of National Security -- From World War II to the War on Terrorism . Basic Books . p. 350 . ISBN 9780465015078 . Jump up ^ Ruud van Dijk ; et al. ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of the Cold War . Routledge . pp. 863 -- 64 . ISBN 1 - 135 - 92311 - 6 . Jump up ^ John Ehrman ; Michael W. Flamm ( 2009 ) . Debating the Reagan Presidency . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 101 -- 82 . ISBN 9780742570573 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Steven R. ( July 7 , 1981 ) . `` Reagan Nominating Woman , an Arizona Appeals Judge , to Serve on Supreme Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , pp. 243 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Wilentz 2008 , p. 400 Jump up ^ Theodore Caplow ; Howard M. Bahr ; Bruce A. Chadwick ; John Modell ( 1994 ) . Recent Social Trends in the United States , 1960 -- 1990 . McGill - Queen 's Press . p. 337 . ISBN 9780773512122 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , pp. 420 -- 27 Jump up ^ National Commission on Terrorist Attacks , The 9 / 11 Commission Report ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ David E. Sanger , Confront and Conceal : Obama 's Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power ( 2012 ) ch 1 , 5 Jump up ^ Julian E. Zelizer , ed . The Presidency of George W. Bush : A First Historical Assessment ( 2010 ) pp 59 -- 87 Jump up ^ `` Report Details Alleged Abuse of Guantanamo Bay , Abu Ghraib Detainees '' . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guantanamo an ideal recruitment tool for terrorists -- UN human rights chief '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zelizer , ed . The Presidency of George W. Bush : A First Historical Assessment ( 2010 ) pp 88 -- 113 Jump up ^ `` CIA 's final report : No WMD found in Iraq '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . April 25 , 2005 . Retrieved April 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Clifton , Eli ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` Poll : 62 Percent Say Iraq War Was n't Worth Fighting '' . ThinkProgress . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Milbank , Dana ; Deane , Claudia ( June 8 , 2005 ) . `` Poll Finds Dimmer View of Iraq War '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , p. 453 Jump up ^ William Crotty , `` Policy and Politics : The Bush Administration and the 2008 Presidential Election , '' Polity ( 2009 ) 41 # 3 pp 282 -- 311 doi : 10.1057 / pol. 2009.3 Jump up ^ NBC News , `` ' The war is over ' : Last US soldiers leave Iraq , '' MSNBC Dec. 18 , 2011 Archived March 1 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Glenn Greenwald , `` Obama 's new executive order on Guantanamo : The president again bolsters the Bush detention regime he long railed against , '' Salon March 8 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Obama Lays Out Strategy for ' New Phase ' in Terror Fight '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ; Cooper , Helene ; Mazzetti , Mark ( May 1 , 2011 ) . `` Bin Laden Is Dead , Obama Says '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Peter L. Bergen , Manhunt : The Ten - Year Search for Bin Laden -- from 9 / 11 to Abbottabad ( 2012 ) pp 250 -- 61 Jump up ^ `` Statement by the President on the End of the Combat Mission in Afghanistan '' . whitehouse.gov . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas Payne , The Great Recession : What Happened ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ * Rosenberg , Jerry M. ( 2012 ) . The Concise Encyclopedia of The Great Recession 2007 -- 2012 . Scarecrow Press 2nd edition 708pp . ISBN 9780810883406 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Kolb ( 2011 ) . The Financial Crisis of Our Time . Oxford University Press . p. 96ff . ISBN 9780199792788 . Jump up ^ Riley , Charles ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Treasury close to profit on TARP bank loans '' . CNN Money . Jump up ^ `` ' I 'd Approve TARP Again ' : George W. Bush '' . November 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steven Rattner , Overhaul : An Insider 's Account of the Obama Administration 's Emergency Rescue of the Auto Industry ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Kaiser , Emily ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Recession ended in June 2009 : NBER '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ CNBC . `` US economy may be stuck in slow lane for long run '' . CNBC . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Local news from Bellingham , Whatcom County , WA - BellinghamHerald.com '' . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mejeur , Jeanne . `` NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT MONTHLY UPDATE '' . National Conference of State Legislatures . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bruce S. Jansson ( 2011 ) . The Reluctant Welfare State : Engaging History to Advance Social Work Practice in Contemporary Society . Cengage Learning . p. 466 . ISBN 0840034407 . Jump up ^ Robert P. Watson ; et al. ( 2012 ) . The Obama Presidency : A Preliminary Assessment . SUNY Press . ISBN 9781438443287 . Jump up ^ Paul R. Abramson et al. Change and Continuity in the 2008 and 2010 Elections ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Congress Ends 2011 Mired in Gridlock '' . InvestorPlace . December 22 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gallup , Inc . `` Congress ' Job Approval Falls to 11 % Amid Gov 't Shutdown '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tottoli , Roberto ( 2014 ) . Routledge Handbook of Islam in the West . p. 230 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Trump promises ' I will not let you down '' . Associated Press . November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Greg ; Entous , Adam . `` Declassified report says Putin ' ordered ' effort to undermine faith in U.S. election and help Trump '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Fleitz , Fred ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` Was Friday 's declassified report claiming Russian hacking of the 2016 election rigged ? '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ `` Party In Power -- Congress and Presidency -- A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress , 1945 -- 2008 '' . Uspolitics.about.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart of Presidents of the United States '' . Filibustercartoons.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Composition of Congress by Party 1855 -- 2013 '' . Infoplease.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Notes ( edit ) Textbooks ( edit ) Alexander , Ruth M. and Mary Beth Norton , Major Problems in American Women 's History ( 4th ed. 2006 ) Beard , Charles A. and Mary Beard , The Rise of American civilization ( 2 vol. 1927 ) , Complete edition online , highly influential in 1920s -- 1940s Carnes , Mark C. , and John A. Garraty , The American Nation : A History of the United States ( 14th ed. 2015 ) ; university and AP textbook Hamby , Alonzo L. ( 2010 ) . Outline of U.S. History . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2013 . Divine , Robert A. et al. America Past and Present ( 10th ed. 2012 ) , university textbook Foner , Eric . Give Me Liberty ! An American History ( 4th ed. 2013 ) , university textbook Gilbert , Martin . The Routledge Atlas of American History ( 2010 ) Kennedy , David M. ; Cohen , Lizabeth ( 2016 ) . The American Pageant : A History of the Republic ( 16th ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . , university textbook 12th edition 2002 online Schweikart , Larry , and Dave Dougherty . A Patriot 's History of the Modern World , Vol . I : From America 's Exceptional Ascent to the Atomic Bomb : 1898 -- 1945 ; Vol. II : From the Cold War to the Age of Entitlement , 1945 -- 2012 ( 2 vol. 2013 ) , a view from the right Tindall , George B. , and David E. Shi . America : A Narrative History ( 9th ed. 2012 ) , university textbook Zinn , Howard ( 2003 ) . A People 's History of the United States . HarperPerennial Modern Classics . ISBN 9780060528423 . , a view from the left Further reading ( edit ) Agnew , Jean - Christophe , and Roy Rosenzweig , eds . A Companion to Post-1945 America ( 2006 ) Alden , John R. A history of the American Revolution ( 1966 ) 644pp online Boehm , Lisa Krissoff , and Steven Hunt Corey . America 's Urban History ( 2014 ) ; University textbook ; see website Boyer , Paul , ed . The Oxford companion to United States history ( 2001 ) online The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations ( 4 vol 2013 ) online Chambers , John Whiteclay , ed . The Oxford Companion to American Military History ( 2000 ) online Diner , Hasia , ed . Encyclopedia of American Women 's History ( 2010 ) Evans , Sara M. Born for Liberty : A History of Women in America ( 1997 ) excerpt and text search Fiege , Mark . The Republic of Nature : An Environmental History of the United States ( 2012 ) 584 pages Gerber , David A. American Immigration : A Very Short Introduction ( 2011 ) Goldfield , David . ed . Encyclopedia of American Urban History ( 2 vol 2006 ) ; 1056pp ; Gray , Edward G. ed . The Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution ( 2012 ) Horton , James Oliver and Lois E. Horton . Hard Road to Freedom : The Story of African America ( 2 vol. 2002 ) Howe , Daniel Walker . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2009 ) , Pulitzer Prize Hopkins , A.G. American Empire : A Global History ( 2018 ) excerpt Hornsby Jr. , Alton . A Companion to African American History ( 2008 ) Johnson , Thomas H. , ed . The Oxford companion to American history ( 1966 ) online Kammen , Michael G , ed . The Past before us : Contemporary historical writing in the United States ( 1980 ) , wide - ranging survey of historiography ; online free Kazin , Michael , et al. eds . The Concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History ( 2011 ) Kennedy , David M. Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2001 ) , Pulitzer Prize online Kirkendall , Richard S. A Global Power : America Since the Age of Roosevelt ( 2nd ed. 1980 ) university textbook 1945 -- 80 online Kirkland , Edward C. A History Of American Economic Life ( 3rd ed. 1960 ) online Kurian , George T. ed . Encyclopedia of American Studies ( 4 vol. 2001 ) . Lancaster , Bruce , Bruce Catton , and Thomas Fleming . The American Heritage History of the American Revolution ( 2004 ) , very well illustrated Leuchtenburg , William E. The American President : From Teddy Roosevelt to Bill Clinton ( 2015 ) , popular narrative by a leading scholar ; 904 pp McPherson , James M. Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2003 ) , Pulitzer Prize ; comprehensive coverage of 1848 -- 1865 Middleton , Richard , and Anne Lombard . Colonial America : A History to 1763 ( 4th ed. 2011 ) Milner , Clyde A. , Carol A. O'Connor , and Martha A. Sandweiss , eds . The Oxford History of the American West ( 1996 ) Morris , Charles R. A Rabble of Dead Money : The Great Crash and the Global Depression : 1929 -- 1939 ( PublicAffairs , 2017 ) , 389 pp. online review Nugent , Walter . Progressivism : A Very Short Introduction ( 2009 ) Patterson , James T. Grand Expectations : The United States , 1945 -- 1974 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 1997 ) Patterson , James T. Restless Giant : The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2007 ) Paxson , Frederic Logan . History of the American frontier , 1763 -- 1893 ( 1924 ) online , old survey by leading authority ; Pulitzer Prize Perry , Elisabeth Israels , and Karen Manners Smith , eds . The Gilded Age & Progressive Era : A Student Companion ( 2006 ) Pole , Jack P. and J.R. Pole . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2003 ) Resch , John , ed . Americans at War : Society , Culture , and the Homefront ( 4 vol 2004 ) , essays by experts on a wide range of homefront topics . Schlesinger , Arthur . Jr. , ed . History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 2008 ( 2011 ) 3 vol and 11 vol editions ; detailed analysis of each election , with primary documents ; online v. 1 . 1789 -- 1824 -- v. 2 . 1824 -- 1844 -- v. 3 . 1848 -- 1868 -- v. 4 . 1872 -- 1888 -- v. 5 . 1892 -- 1908 -- v. 6 . 1912 -- 1924 -- v. 7 . 1928 -- 1940 -- v. 8 . 1944 -- 1956 -- v. 9 . 1960 -- 1968 -- v. 10 . 1972 -- 1984 -- v. 11 . 1988 -- 2001 Sheehan - Dean , ed. , Aaron ( 2014 ) . A Companion to the U.S. Civil War . New York : Wiley Blackwell . ISBN 1 - 44 - 435131 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) , 2 vol . 1232pp ; 64 topical chapters by experts ; emphasis on historiography . Slotten , Hugh Richard , ed. , The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science , Medicine , and Technology ( 2014 ) , 1456 pp Taylor , Alan . Colonial America : A Very Short Introduction ( 2012 ) 168pp Taylor , Alan . American Colonies ( 2002 ) , 526 pages ; by a leading scholar Taylor , Alan . American Revolutions : A Continental History , 1750 -- 1804 ( 2016 ) 704pp ; recent survey by leading scholar Thernstrom , Stephan , ed . Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups ( 1980 ) online Schlesinger , Arthur . Jr. , ed . History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 2008 ( 2011 ) 3 vol and 11 vol editions ; detailed analysis of each election , with primary documents ; online v. 1 . 1789 -- 1824 -- v. 2 . 1824 -- 1844 -- v. 3 . 1848 -- 1868 -- v. 4 . 1872 -- 1888 -- v. 5 . 1892 -- 1908 -- v. 6 . 1912 -- 1924 -- v. 7 . 1928 -- 1940 -- v. 8 . 1944 -- 1956 -- v. 9 . 1960 -- 1968 -- v. 10 . 1972 -- 1984 -- v. 11 . 1988 -- 2001 Vickers , Daniel , ed . A Companion to Colonial America ( 2006 ) Wilentz , Sean ( 2008 ) . The Age of Reagan : A History , 1974 -- 2008 . Wood , Gordon S. Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2009 ) Zophy , Angela Howard , ed . Handbook of American Women 's History . ( 2nd ed. 2000 ) . 763 pp. articles by experts online Primary sources ( edit ) Commager , Henry Steele and Milton Cantor . Documents of American History Since 1898 ( 8th ed. 2 vol 1988 ) Engel , Jeffrey A. et al. eds . America in the World : A History in Documents from the War with Spain to the War on Terror ( 2014 ) 416pp with 200 primary sources , 1890s -- 2013 Troy , Gil , and Arthur Schlesinger , Jr. , eds . History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 2008 ( 2011 ) 3 vol ; detailed analysis of each election , with primary documents External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHistory of the United Statesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Encyclopedia of American Studies , sophisticated short articles on a wide range of topics . US History map animation Animated map of the US , showing territorial expansion and statehood by year ( Quick Maps , Theodora.com ) . US History map animation Animated map of the US , showing territorial expansion and statehood by year ( Houston Institute for Culture ) . 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lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Patois Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 60 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 15 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the united states government system begin | [
"Armed conflict began in 1775. In 1776, the Second Continental Congress declared the independence of the colonies as the United States of America. Led by General George Washington, it won the Revolutionary War with large support from France. The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River (except Canada and Florida). The Articles of Confederation established a central government, but it was ineffectual at providing stability, as it could not collect taxes and had no executive officer. A convention in 1787 wrote a new Constitution that was adopted in 1789. In 1791, a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee inalienable rights. With Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief adviser, a strong central government was created. Purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 doubled the size of the United States. A second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812, which solidified national pride.\n"
] | [
"1789"
] |
-8930495507564724181 | Maltase | Maltase - wikipedia Maltase Not to be confused with Maltese . Alpha - glucosidase Identifiers EC number 3.2. 1.20 CAS number 9001 - 42 - 7 Databases IntEnz IntEnz view BRENDA BRENDA entry ExPASy NiceZyme view KEGG KEGG entry MetaCyc metabolic pathway PRIAM profile PDB structures RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum show Search PMC articles PubMed articles NCBI proteins Maltose Maltase ( EC 3.2. 1.20 , alpha - glucosidase , glucoinvertase , glucosidosucrase , maltase - glucoamylase , alpha - glucopyranosidase , glucosidoinvertase , alpha - D - glucosidase , alpha - glucoside hydrolase , alpha - 1 , 4 - glucosidase , alpha - D - glucoside glucohydrolase ) is an enzyme located in on the brush border of the small intestine that breaks down the disaccharide maltose . Maltase catalyzes the hydrolysis of maltose to the simple sugar glucose . This enzyme is found in plants , bacteria , and yeast . Acid maltase deficiency is categorized into three separate types based on the age of onset of symptoms in the affected individual . In most cases , it is equivalent to alpha - glucosidase , but the term `` maltase '' emphasizes the disaccharide nature of the substrate from which glucose is cleaved , and `` alpha - glucosidase '' emphasizes the bond , whether the substrate is a disaccharide or polysaccharide . Vampire bats are the only vertebrates known to not exhibit intestinal maltase activity . See also ( edit ) Maltase - glucoamylase Sucrase - isomaltase References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Maltase -- Definition from the Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary '' . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bruni CB , Sica V , Auricchio F , Covelli I ( September 1970 ) . `` Further kinetic and structural characterization of the lysosomal alpha - D - glucoside glucohydrolase from cattle liver '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 212 ( 3 ) : 470 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / 0005 - 2744 ( 70 ) 90253 - 6 . PMID 5466143 . Jump up ^ Flanagan PR , Forstner GG ( August 1978 ) . `` Purification of rat intestinal maltase / glucoamylase and its anomalous dissociation either by heat or by low pH '' . The Biochemical Journal . 173 ( 2 ) : 553 -- 63 . doi : 10.1042 / bj1730553 . PMC 1185809 . PMID 29602 . Jump up ^ Larner , J. ( 1960 ) . `` Other glucosidases '' . In Boyer , P.D. ; Lardy , H. ; Myrbäck , K . The Enzymes . 4 ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Academic Press . pp. 369 -- 378 . Jump up ^ Sivakami S , Radhakrishnan AN ( December 1973 ) . `` Purification of rabbit intestinal glucoamylase by affinity chromatography on Sephadex G - 200 '' . Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics. 10 ( 4 ) : 283 -- 4 . PMID 4792946 . Jump up ^ Sørensen SH , Norén O , Sjöström H , Danielsen EM ( September 1982 ) . `` Amphiphilic pig intestinal microvillus maltase / glucoamylase . Structure and specificity '' . European Journal of Biochemistry . 126 ( 3 ) : 559 -- 68 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1432 - 1033.1982. tb06817. x . PMID 6814909 . Jump up ^ Schondube JE , Herrera - M LG , Martínez del Rio C ( 2001 ) . `` Diet and the evolution of digestion and renal function in phyllostomid bats '' ( PDF ) . Zoology. 104 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 73 . doi : 10.1078 / 0944 - 2006 - 00007 . PMID 16351819 . External links ( edit ) Maltases at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Structure and evolution of the mammalian maltase - glucoamylase and sucrase - isomaltase Hydrolase : sugar hydrolases ( EC 3.2 ) 3.2. 1 : Glycoside hydrolases Disaccharidase Sucrase / Sucrase - isomaltase / Invertase Maltase Trehalase Lactase Glucosidases Cellulase Alpha - glucosidase Acid Neutral AB Neutral C Beta - glucosidase cytosolic Debranching enzyme Other Amylase Alpha - amylase Chitinase Lysozyme Neuraminidase NEU1 NEU2 NEU3 NEU4 Bacterial neuraminidase Viral neuraminidase Galactosidases Alpha Beta alpha - Mannosidase Glucuronidase Klotho Hyaluronidase Pullulanase Glucosylceramidase lysosomal non-lysosomal Galactosylceramidase Alpha - N - acetylgalactosaminidase NAGA Alpha - N - acetylglucosaminidase Fucosidase Hexosaminidase HEXA HEXB Iduronidase Maltase - glucoamylase Heparanase HPSE2 3.2. 2 : Hydrolysing N - Glycosyl compounds DNA glycosylases : Oxoguanine glycosylase Enzymes Activity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Catalytically perfect enzyme Coenzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie -- Hofstee diagram Hanes -- Woolf plot Lineweaver -- Burk plot Michaelis -- Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases ( list ) EC2 Transferases ( list ) EC3 Hydrolases ( list ) EC4 Lyases ( list ) EC5 Isomerases ( list ) EC6 Ligases ( list ) Molecular and Cellular Biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maltase&oldid=828588732 '' Categories : EC 3.2. 1 Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Talk Search About Wikipedia Беларуская Bosanski Català Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Limburgs Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 March 2018 , at 14 : 38 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | where is maltase found in the digestive system | [
"Maltase (EC 3.2.1.20, alpha-glucosidase, glucoinvertase, glucosidosucrase, maltase-glucoamylase, alpha-glucopyranosidase, glucosidoinvertase, alpha-D-glucosidase, alpha-glucoside hydrolase, alpha-1,4-glucosidase, alpha-D-glucoside glucohydrolase) is an enzyme located in on the brush border of the small intestine that breaks down the disaccharide maltose.[1][2][3][4][5][6] Maltase catalyzes the hydrolysis of maltose to the simple sugar glucose. This enzyme is found in plants, bacteria, and yeast. Acid maltase deficiency is categorized into three separate types based on the age of onset of symptoms in the affected individual.\n"
] | [
"on the brush border of the small intestine"
] |
-1751057887867767392 | This Is Me (Keala Settle song) | This Is Me ( Keala Settle song ) - wikipedia This Is Me ( Keala Settle song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` This Is Me '' Single by Keala Settle from the album The Greatest Showman : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Released October 26 , 2017 Format Digital download Recorded 2017 Genre Pop Length 3 : 54 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Producer ( s ) Greg Wells , Benj Pasek , Justin Paul `` This Is Me '' is a song performed by Keala Settle for the film The Greatest Showman . It was released on October 26 , 2017 , by Atlantic Records as a promotional single from The Greatest Showman : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack . It won the 2017 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and has been nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards . A second version , performed by American singer Kesha , was released on December 22 , 2017 . Following the film 's global release , the song became a top five hit in the United Kingdom , a top ten hit in Australia , Malaysia , and South Korea and a top twenty hit in Ireland , Belgium ( Flanders ) and New Zealand . Contents ( hide ) 1 Live performances 2 Charts 3 Certifications 4 Accolades 5 Kesha version 5.1 Chart performance 6 References 7 External links Live performances ( edit ) Settle performed the song live on The Graham Norton Show on February 9 , 2018 . Later she performed on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on February 21 , 2018 . She is also to perform the song at the 90th Academy Awards ceremony on March 4 , 2018 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 10 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 31 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 42 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 74 France ( SNEP ) 52 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 55 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 28 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 39 Ireland ( IRMA ) 11 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 92 Malaysia Streaming ( RIM ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 13 Portugal ( AFP ) 61 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) South Korea International Chart ( Gaon ) 9 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 18 Sweden Heatseeker ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 60 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 58 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 21 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Result Ref . Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Original Song Pending Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Song Nominated Georgia Film Critics Association January 12 , 2018 Best Original Song Nominated Golden Globe Awards January 7 , 2018 Best Original Song -- Motion Picture Won Kesha version ( edit ) `` This Is Me '' Single by Kesha Released December 22 , 2017 Genre Pop Length 3 : 50 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Pasek and Paul Kesha singles chronology `` Learn to Let Go '' ( 2017 ) `` This Is Me '' ( 2017 ) `` Woman '' ( 2018 ) `` Learn to Let Go '' ( 2017 ) `` This Is Me '' ( 2017 ) `` Woman '' ( 2018 ) Kesha 's version of the song was released on December 22 , 2017 . It has charted in Australia at number 71 . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 71 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oscars : ' Shape of Water ' Leads With 13 Noms '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Reed , Ryan ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` Hear Kesha 's Roaring Cover of ' The Greatest Showman ' Song ' This Is Me ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Amy ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Who is on The Graham Norton Show tonight -- guests include Saoirse Ronan , Will & Grace stars and Rob Beckett '' . Metro . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Braca , Nina ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Greatest Showman ' Star Keala Settle Sings ' This Is Me ' on ' Ellen ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Keala Settle & The Greatest Showman Ensemble -- This Is Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Keala Settle & The Greatest Showman Ensemble -- This Is Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Keala Settle & The Greatest Showman Ensemble -- This Is Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 : February 3 , 2018 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Keala Settle & The Greatest Showman Ensemble -- This Is Me '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Keala Settle & The Greatest Showman Ensemble -- This Is Me '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Keala Settle & The Greatest Showman Ensemble -- This Is Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Keala Settle & The Greatest Showman Ensemble -- This Is Me '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Download Chart -- Issue date : 2017.12. 24 -- 2017.12. 30 '' . Gaon Chart . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Keala Settle & The Greatest Showman Ensemble -- This Is Me '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Veckolista Heatseeker -- Vecka 4 , 26 januar 2018 '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Keala Settle & The Greatest Showman Ensemble -- This Is Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 : January 27 , 2018 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dance Songs : March 3 , 2018 '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Keala Settle -- Hello '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Enter Hello in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' The Shape of Water ' Leads With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Awards '' . Georgia Film Critics Association . January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Respers , Lisa . `` Golden Globe nominations 2018 : The list '' . cnn.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Gavin ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` Australian Charts : Drake ' God 's Plan ' Stays At No 1 '' . Noise11 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song ( 2010s ) `` You Have n't Seen the Last of Me '' Music & Lyrics by Diane Warren ( 2010 ) `` Masterpiece '' Music & Lyrics by Madonna , Julie Frost and Jimmy Harry ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' by Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Ordinary Love '' by U2 and Danger Mouse ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' by Common and John Legend ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' by Sam Smith and Jimmy Napes ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' by Justin Hurwitz , Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` This Is Me '' by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2017 ) Complete List ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Is_Me_(Keala_Settle_song)&oldid=827914869 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2017 songs Songs written by Justin Paul ( songwriter ) Songs written by Benj Pasek Best Original Song Golden Globe winning songs Atlantic Records singles Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Français 日本 語 Norsk Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 14 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | this is me song writer the greatest showman | [
"\n\n\"This Is Me\"\n\n\nSingle by Keala Settle\n\n\nfrom the album The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack\n\n\nReleased\nOctober 26, 2017\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2017\n\n\nGenre\nPop\n\n\nLength\n3:54\n\n\nLabel\nAtlantic\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nBenj Pasek and Justin Paul\n\n\nProducer(s)\nGreg Wells, Benj Pasek, Justin Paul\n\n",
"\n\n\"This Is Me\"\n\n\nSingle by Keala Settle\n\n\nfrom the album The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack\n\n\nReleased\nOctober 26, 2017\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2017\n\n\nGenre\nPop\n\n\nLength\n3:54\n\n\nLabel\nAtlantic\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nBenj Pasek and Justin Paul\n\n\nProducer(s)\nGreg Wells, Benj Pasek, Justin Paul\n\n"
] | [
"Benj Pasek",
"Justin Paul"
] |
-7488832083225095470 | List of lakes by volume | List of lakes by volume - wikipedia List of lakes by volume Jump to : navigation , search This article lists lakes with a water volume of more than 100 km3 , ranked by volume . The volume of a lake is a difficult quantity to measure . Generally , the volume must be inferred from bathymetric data by integration . Lake volumes can also change dramatically over time and during the year , especially for salt lakes in arid climates . For these reasons , and because of changing research , information on lake volumes can vary considerably from source to source . The base data for this article are from The Water Encyclopedia ( 1990 ) . Where volume data from more recent surveys or other authoritative sources has been used , it is referenced in each entry . Contents ( hide ) 1 The list 2 By continent 3 See also 4 Notes and references The list ( edit ) The volume of the lakes below varies little by season . This list does not include reservoirs ; if it did , six reservoirs would appear on the list : Lake Kariba at 26th , Bratsk Reservoir , Lake Volta , Lake Nasser , Manicouagan Reservoir , and Lake Guri . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Continent color key Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Antarctica Oceanic lakes Two bodies of water at times considered to be lakes are hydrologically ocean ( Maracaibo ) or geologically ocean ( the Caspian Sea ) . Name Country Region Surface area Water volume Salinity Caspian Sea Azerbaijan , Russia , Kazakhstan , Turkmenistan , Iran 371,000 km ( 143,000 sq mi ) 78,200 km ( 18,800 cu mi ) 1.2 % Maracaibo Venezuela Trujillo , Zulia 13,210 km ( 5,100 sq mi ) 280 km ( 67 cu mi ) 3.5 % ( variable ) Continental lakes The following are geological as well as geographical lakes . Name Country Region Surface area Water volume Salinity Baikal Russia Siberia 31,722 km ( 12,248 sq mi ) 23,600 km ( 5,700 cu mi ) Fresh Tanganyika Tanzania , DR Congo , Burundi , Zambia African Great Lakes 32,900 km ( 12,700 sq mi ) 18,900 km ( 4,500 cu mi ) Fresh Superior United States , Canada Michigan , Minnesota , Ontario , Wisconsin 82,100 km ( 31,700 sq mi ) 11,600 km ( 2,800 cu mi ) Fresh Michigan -- Huron United States , Canada Wisconsin , Michigan , Illinois , Indiana , Ontario 117,400 km ( 45,300 sq mi ) 8,443 km ( 2,026 cu mi ) Fresh Malawi Malawi , Mozambique , Tanzania African Great Lakes 29,600 km ( 11,400 sq mi ) 7,725 km ( 1,853 cu mi ) Fresh Vostok Antarctica Under the East Antarctic Ice Sheet 15,690 km ( 6,060 sq mi ) 5,400 ± 1,600 km3 ( ~ 1,300 cu mi ) Fresh Michigan United States Michigan , Illinois , Wisconsin , Indiana . 58,000 km ( 22,000 sq mi ) 4,920 km ( 1,180 cu mi ) Fresh Huron United States , Canada Michigan , Ontario 59,600 km ( 23,000 sq mi ) 3,540 km ( 850 cu mi ) Fresh Victoria Tanzania , Uganda , Kenya African Great Lakes 68,800 km ( 26,600 sq mi ) 2,700 km ( 650 cu mi ) Fresh Great Bear Lake Canada Northwest Territories 31,153 km ( 12,028 sq mi ) 2,236 km ( 536 cu mi ) Fresh Issyk - Kul Kyrgyzstan Issyk - Kul Region 6,236 km ( 2,408 sq mi ) 1,730 km ( 420 cu mi ) 0.6 % Ontario Canada , United States New York , Ontario 18,960 km ( 7,320 sq mi ) 1,710 km ( 410 cu mi ) Fresh Great Slave Lake Canada Northwest Territories 27,200 km ( 10,500 sq mi ) 1,580 km ( 380 cu mi ) Fresh Ladoga Russia Leningrad Oblast , Republic of Karelia 17,700 km ( 6,800 sq mi ) 908 km ( 218 cu mi ) Fresh Titicaca Bolivia , Peru La Paz Department , Puno Region 8,372 km ( 3,232 sq mi ) 893 km ( 214 cu mi ) Fresh Van Turkey Southeast Anatolia 3,755 km ( 1,450 sq mi ) 607 km ( 146 cu mi ) 2.3 % Kivu Rwanda , DR Congo African Great Lakes 2,700 km ( 1,000 sq mi ) 569 km ( 137 cu mi ) Fresh Erie United States , Canada Michigan , Ohio , Ontario , Pennsylvania , New York 25,667 km ( 9,910 sq mi ) 480 km ( 120 cu mi ) Fresh Khövsgöl Mongolia Khövsgöl Province 2,760 km ( 1,070 sq mi ) 480 km ( 120 cu mi ) Fresh Onega Russia Leningrad Oblast , Republic of Karelia , Vologda Oblast 9,700 km ( 3,700 sq mi ) 295 km ( 71 cu mi ) Fresh Winnipeg Canada Manitoba 24,514 km ( 9,465 sq mi ) 284 km ( 68 cu mi ) Fresh Nipigon Canada Ontario 4,848 km ( 1,872 sq mi ) 248 km ( 59 cu mi ) Fresh Toba Indonesia Sumatra 1,130 km ( 440 sq mi ) 240 km ( 58 cu mi ) Fresh Argentino Argentina Santa Cruz Province 1,466 km ( 566 sq mi ) 219.9 km ( 52.8 cu mi ) Fresh Turkana Kenya African Great Lakes 6,405 km ( 2,473 sq mi ) 204 km ( 49 cu mi ) 0.24 % Vänern Sweden Västergötland , Dalsland , Värmland 5,650 km ( 2,180 sq mi ) 153 km ( 37 cu mi ) Fresh Tahoe United States California , Nevada 496 km ( 192 sq mi ) 151 km ( 36 cu mi ) Fresh Dead Sea Jordan , Israel , West Bank Judea and Samaria Area , Southern District , West Bank , Balqa Governorate , Madaba Governorate , Karak Governorate 810 km ( 310 sq mi ) 147 km ( 35 cu mi ) 34 % Albert Uganda , DR Congo African Great Lakes 5,300 km ( 2,000 sq mi ) 132 km ( 32 cu mi ) Fresh Iliamna United States Alaska 2,622 km ( 1,012 sq mi ) 115 km ( 28 cu mi ) Fresh Nettilling Canada Nunavut ( Baffin Island ) 5,066 km ( 1,956 sq mi ) 114 km ( 27 cu mi ) Fresh Balkhash Kazakhstan Karaganda Region , Jambyl Region , Almaty Region 16,400 km ( 6,300 sq mi ) 112 km ( 27 cu mi ) 0.3 % ( variable ) Athabasca Canada Alberta , Saskatchewan 7,850 km ( 3,030 sq mi ) 110 km ( 26 cu mi ) Fresh Nicaragua Nicaragua Rivas Department , Granada Department , Río San Juan Department 8,264 km ( 3,191 sq mi ) 108 km ( 26 cu mi ) Fresh In 1960 , the Aral Sea was the world 's twelfth - largest known lake by volume , at 1,100 km ( 260 cu mi ) . However , by 2007 it had shrunk to 10 % of its original volume and was divided into three lakes ; none of them is large enough to appear on this list . By continent ( edit ) Africa : Lake Tanganyika Antarctica : Lake Vostok Asia : Lake Baikal ( Caspian Sea ) Oceania : Lake Eyre Europe : Lake Ladoga North America : Lake Superior South America : Lake Titicaca See also ( edit ) List of lakes by depth List of lakes by area List of largest lakes of Europe Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : Although Lake Michigan and Lake Huron are usually considered distinct , they are sometimes regarded as a single lake . Lake Michigan -- Huron is the fourth - largest freshwater lake by volume . References Jump up ^ van der Leeden ; Troise ; Todd ( 1990 ) , The Water Encyclopedia ( 2nd ed . ) , Chelsea , MI : Lewis Publishers , p. 198 -- 200 Jump up ^ The Caspian Sea is generally regarded by geographers , biologists and limnologists as a huge inland salt lake . It is endorheic ( having no outlet ) , and can be compared to other large ( but still much smaller ) endorheic salt lakes , such as the Aral Sea , Great Salt Lake and Lake Van . However , the Caspian 's large size means that for some purposes it is better modeled as a sea . Geologically , the Caspian , Black , and Mediterranean seas are remnants of the ancient Tethys Ocean . Politically , the distinction between a sea and a lake may affect how the Caspian is treated by international law . Jump up ^ Lake Maracaibo is generally regarded as a lake , but is seen by geologists as an inlet of the Caribbean Sea . It lies approximately at sea level , is somewhat salty and is connected to the Caribbean via a channel at its northern end . Jump up ^ Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world and the largest freshwater lake by volume . Jump up ^ Which Lake is the World 's Largest ? Jump up ^ `` Lakes Michigan and Huron are considered to be one lake hydraulically because of their connection through the deep Straits of Mackinac . '' Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory , part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . `` Great Lakes Sensitivity to Climatic Forcing : Hydrological Models Archived 2010 - 08 - 08 at the Wayback Machine ... '' NOAA , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Lakes Michigan and Huron are considered to be one lake , as they rise and fall together due to their union at the Straits of Mackinac . '' U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , `` Hydrological Components '' Record Low Water Levels Expected on Lake Superior Archived 2008 - 10 - 15 at the Wayback Machine ... August 2007 . p. 6 Jump up ^ `` Great Lakes Map '' . Michigan Department of Environmental Quality . Retrieved 20 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Largest Lake in the World '' . geology.com . Retrieved 28 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Hebert , Paul ( 2007 ) , `` Great Bear Lake , Northwest Territories '' , Encyclopedia of Earth , Washington , DC : Environmental Information Coalition , National Council for Science and the Environment , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 07 Jump up ^ http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/153100/ Jump up ^ Degens , E.T. ; Wong , H.K. ; Kempe , S. ; Kurtman , F. ( June 1984 ) , `` A geological study of Lake Van , eastern Turkey '' , International Journal of Earth Sciences , Springer , 73 ( 2 ) : 701 -- 734 , doi : 10.1007 / BF01824978 Jump up ^ `` Lake Nipigon '' . World Lake Database . International Lake Environment Committee Foundation ( ILEC ) . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Although some parts of Indonesia are often regarded as belonging to Oceania , Sumatra and Lake Toba are generally placed in Asia . Jump up ^ Philip Micklin ; Nikolay V. Aladin ( March 2008 ) . `` Reclaiming the Aral Sea '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_by_volume&oldid=817869526 '' Categories : Lists of lakes Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Incomplete lists from August 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Esperanto فارسی Français Latviešu Magyar Português Română Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 01 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the world largest freshwater lake by volume | [
"\n\nName\nCountry\nRegion\nSurface area\nWater volume\nSalinity\n\n\nBaikal[4]\n Russia\nSiberia\n31,722 km2 (12,248 sq mi)\n23,600 km3 (5,700 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nTanganyika\n Tanzania, DR Congo, Burundi, Zambia\nAfrican Great Lakes\n32,900 km2 (12,700 sq mi)\n18,900 km3 (4,500 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nSuperior\n United States, Canada\nMichigan, Minnesota, Ontario, Wisconsin\n82,100 km2 (31,700 sq mi)\n11,600 km3 (2,800 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nMichigan–Huron[n 1]\n United States, Canada\nWisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ontario\n117,400 km2 (45,300 sq mi)\n8,443 km3 (2,026 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nMalawi\n Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania\nAfrican Great Lakes\n29,600 km2 (11,400 sq mi)\n7,725 km3 (1,853 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nVostok\n Antarctica\nUnder the East Antarctic Ice Sheet\n15,690 km2 (6,060 sq mi)\n5,400±1,600 km³ (~1,300 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nMichigan[n 1]\n United States\nMichigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, Indiana.\n58,000 km2 (22,000 sq mi)\n4,920 km3 (1,180 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nHuron[n 1]\n United States, Canada\nMichigan, Ontario\n59,600 km2 (23,000 sq mi)\n3,540 km3 (850 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nVictoria\n Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya\nAfrican Great Lakes\n68,800 km2 (26,600 sq mi)\n2,700 km3 (650 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nGreat Bear Lake[10]\n Canada\nNorthwest Territories\n31,153 km2 (12,028 sq mi)\n2,236 km3 (536 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nIssyk-Kul\n Kyrgyzstan\nIssyk-Kul Region\n6,236 km2 (2,408 sq mi)\n1,730 km3 (420 cu mi)\n0.6%\n\n\nOntario\n Canada, United States\nNew York, Ontario\n18,960 km2 (7,320 sq mi)\n1,710 km3 (410 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nGreat Slave Lake[11]\n Canada\nNorthwest Territories\n27,200 km2 (10,500 sq mi)\n1,580 km3 (380 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nLadoga\n Russia\nLeningrad Oblast, Republic of Karelia\n17,700 km2 (6,800 sq mi)\n908 km3 (218 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nTiticaca\n Bolivia, Peru\nLa Paz Department, Puno Region\n8,372 km2 (3,232 sq mi)\n893 km3 (214 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nVan[12]\n Turkey\nSoutheast Anatolia\n3,755 km2 (1,450 sq mi)\n607 km3 (146 cu mi)\n2.3%\n\n\nKivu\n Rwanda, DR Congo\nAfrican Great Lakes\n2,700 km2 (1,000 sq mi)\n569 km3 (137 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nErie\n United States, Canada\nMichigan, Ohio, Ontario, Pennsylvania, New York\n25,667 km2 (9,910 sq mi)\n480 km3 (120 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nKhövsgöl\n Mongolia\nKhövsgöl Province\n2,760 km2 (1,070 sq mi)\n480 km3 (120 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nOnega\n Russia\nLeningrad Oblast, Republic of Karelia, Vologda Oblast\n9,700 km2 (3,700 sq mi)\n295 km3 (71 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nWinnipeg\n Canada\nManitoba\n24,514 km2 (9,465 sq mi)\n284 km3 (68 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nNipigon[13]\n Canada\nOntario\n4,848 km2 (1,872 sq mi)\n248 km3 (59 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nToba[14]\n Indonesia\nSumatra\n1,130 km2 (440 sq mi)\n240 km3 (58 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nArgentino\n Argentina\nSanta Cruz Province\n1,466 km2 (566 sq mi)\n219.9 km3 (52.8 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nTurkana\n Kenya\nAfrican Great Lakes\n6,405 km2 (2,473 sq mi)\n204 km3 (49 cu mi)\n0.24%\n\n\nVänern\n Sweden\nVästergötland, Dalsland, Värmland\n5,650 km2 (2,180 sq mi)\n153 km3 (37 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nTahoe\n United States\nCalifornia, Nevada\n496 km2 (192 sq mi)\n151 km3 (36 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nDead Sea\n Jordan, Israel, West Bank\nJudea and Samaria Area, Southern District, West Bank, Balqa Governorate, Madaba Governorate, Karak Governorate\n810 km2 (310 sq mi)\n147 km3 (35 cu mi)\n34%\n\n\nAlbert\n Uganda, DR Congo\nAfrican Great Lakes\n5,300 km2 (2,000 sq mi)\n132 km3 (32 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nIliamna\n United States\nAlaska\n2,622 km2 (1,012 sq mi)\n115 km3 (28 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nNettilling\n Canada\nNunavut (Baffin Island)\n5,066 km2 (1,956 sq mi)\n114 km3 (27 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nBalkhash\n Kazakhstan\nKaraganda Region, Jambyl Region, Almaty Region\n16,400 km2 (6,300 sq mi)\n112 km3 (27 cu mi)\n0.3% (variable)\n\n\nAthabasca\n Canada\nAlberta, Saskatchewan\n7,850 km2 (3,030 sq mi)\n110 km3 (26 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n\nNicaragua\n Nicaragua\nRivas Department, Granada Department, Río San Juan Department\n8,264 km2 (3,191 sq mi)\n108 km3 (26 cu mi)\nFresh\n\n"
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6331948255841269975 | Rice production in India | Rice production in India - Wikipedia Rice production in India Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( November 2014 ) Major cropping areas in India . Rice shaded in light jade green indicates the most important and extensive growing areas in the east of the country Working in a rice paddy Rice production in India is an important part of the national economy Dry productive Paddy Fields in South India India is one of the world 's largest producers of rice and brown rice , accounting for 20 % of all world rice production . Rice is India 's pre-eminent crop , and is the staple food of the people of the eastern and southern parts of the country . Production increased from 53.6 million tons in FY 1980 to 74.6 million tons in year 1990 , a 39 percent increase over the decade . By year 1992 , rice production had reached 181.9 kg , second in the world only to China with its 182 kg . Since 1950 the increase has been more than 350 percent . Most of this increase was the result of an increase in yields ; the number of hectares increased only 0 percent during this period . Yields increased from 1,336 kilograms per hectare in FY 1980 to 1,751 kilograms per hectare in FY 1990 . The per - hectare yield increased more than 262 percent between 1950 and 1992 . The country 's rice production had declined to 89.14 million tonnes in 2009 - 10 crop year ( July -- June ) from record 99.18 million tonnes in the previous year due to severe drought that affected almost half of the country . India could achieve a record rice production of 100 million tonnes in 2010 - 11 crop year on the back of better monsoon this year . The India 's rice production reached to a record high of 104.32 million tonnes in 2011 - 2012 crop year ( July -- June ) . no rice no life so play freerice Rice is one of the chief grains of India . Moreover , this country has the largest area under rice cultivation , as it is one of the principal food crops . It is in fact the dominant crop of the country . India is one of the leading producers of this crop . Rice is the basic food crop and being a tropical plant , it flourishes comfortably in hot and humid climate . Rice is mainly grown in rain fed areas that receive heavy annual rainfall . That is why it is fundamentally a kharif crop in India . It demands temperature of around 25 degree Celsius and above and rainfall of more than 100 cm . Rice is also grown through irrigation in those areas that receives comparatively less rainfall . Rice is the staple food of eastern and southern parts of India . In 2009 - 10 , total rice production in India amounted to 89.13 million tonnes , which was much less than production of previous year , 99.18 million tonnes . Rice can be cultivated by different methods based on the type of region . But in India , the traditional methods are still in use for harvesting rice . The fields are initially ploughed and then fertiliser is applied which typically consists of cow dung and then the field is smoothed . The seeds are transplanted by hand and then through proper irrigation , the seeds are cultivated . Rice grows on a variety of soils like silts , loams and gravels . It can also tolerate alkaline as well as acid soils . However , clayey loam is well suited to the raising of this crop . Actually the clayey soil can be easily converted into mud in which rice seedlings can be transplanted easily . Proper care has to be taken as this crop thrives if the soil remains wet and is under water during its growing years . Rice fields should be level and should have low mud walls for retaining water . In the plain areas , excess rainwater is allowed to inundate the rice fields and flow slowly . Rice raised in the well watered lowland areas is known as lowland or wet rice . In the hilly areas , slopes are cut into terraces for the cultivation of rice . Thus , the rice grown in the hilly areas is known as dry or upland rice . Interestingly , per hectare yield of upland rice is comparatively less than that of the wet rice . The regions cultivating this crop in India is distinguished as the western coastal strip , the eastern coastal strip , covering all the primary deltas , Assam plains and surrounding low hills , foothills and Terai region - along the Himalayas and states like West Bengal , Bihar , eastern Uttar Pradesh , eastern Madhya Pradesh , northern Andhra Pradesh and Odisha . India , being a land of eternal growing season , and the deltas of Kaveri River , Krishna River , Godavari River , Indravati River and Mahanadi River with a thick set - up of canal irrigation like Hirakud Dam and Indravati Dam , permits farmers to raise two , and in some pockets , even three crops a year . Irrigation has made even three crops a year possible . Irrigation has made it feasible even for Punjab and Haryana , known for their baked climate , to grow rice . They even export their excess to other states . Punjab and Haryana grow prized rice for export purposes . The hilly terraced fields from Kashmir to Assam are idyllically suited for rice farming , with age - old hill irrigational conveniences . High yielding kinds , enhanced planting methods , promised irrigation water supply and mounting use of fertilizers have together led to beneficial and quick results . It is the rain fed area that cuts down average yields per hectare . In some of the states like West Bengal , Assam and Orissa two crops of rice are raised in a year . Winter season in the north western India are extremely cold for rice . Rice is considered as the master crop of coastal India and in some regions of the eastern India where during the summer monsoon rainy season both high temperature and heavy rainfall provide ideal conditions for the cultivation of rice . Almost all parts of India are suitable for raising rice during the summer season provided that the water is available . Thus , rice is also raised even in those parts of western Uttar Pradesh , Punjab and Haryana where low level areas are waterlogged during the summer monsoon rainy season . Winter rice crop is a long duration crop and summer rice crop is a short duration crop . At some places in the eastern and southern parts of India , rice crop of short duration is followed by the rice crop of long duration . Winter rice crop is raised preferably in low - lying areas that remain flooded mainly during the rainy season . Autumn rice is raised in Uttar Pradesh , Maharashtra , Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh , Punjab and Himachal Pradesh . Summer , autumn and winter rice crops are raised in West Bengal , Andhra Pradesh , Assam and Orissa . Summer rice crop is raised on a small scale and on a small area . However , winter rice crop is actually the leading rice crop accounting for a major portion of the total Hectare under rice in all seasons in the country . Moreover , in the last few years , several steps in order to augment yield per hectare were taken up very seriously at all levels . India ranks fourth in the production of wheat in the world . Favorable Geographical Condition for Wheat Cultivation : In India , wheat is a winter crop . Wheat requires a moderate cool climate with moderate rain . In India , it is grown in winter . It needs temperature 10 degree C to 15 degree C for its cultivation . It thrives well in an average temperature of 16 - degree C. Warm and sunny weather is essential at the time of ripening . Wheat requires a rainfall of 50 cm to 100 cm during the growing season . Too much rain is injurious to the plant . On irrigated lands , a rainfall of 40 cm to 50 cm is sufficient . Light rainfall and cloudiness before the grain ripens increase the productivity . Alluvial level plains are ideal for wheat cultivation . Slightly rolling plains are also suitable . Plains should be well drained so that water can not stand there . Wheat requires fertile alluvial soil . Clay loamy soils or even black cotton soils are suitable . Soil should retain moisture . A certain amount of lime in the soil is beneficial . Labor factors are not as important in the wheat cultivation as in the case of rice . However , labor is essential for the cultivation . The other requirements of wheat cultivation include ( i ) irrigation , ( ii ) high yielding varieties of seeds and ( iii ) the same way Rice Production by State ( edit ) Rice Production by States India Rice Production by States ( Million Tonnes ) States Rank ( 2014 - 15 ) Actual Production ( 2014 - 15 ) % of Country Total ( 2014 - 15 ) Cumulative % of Country Total ( 2014 - 15 ) Average Production ( 2010 - 11 to 2014 - 15 ) Estimate ( 2015 - 16 ) India - 103.73 100.0 % 100 % 105.48 103.61 West Bengal 14.68 13.9 % 14 % 14.54 16.10 Uttar Pradesh 12.17 11.5 % 25 % 13.45 12.51 Punjab 11.11 10.5 % 36 % 11.03 11.64 Odisha 8.30 7.9 % 44 % 7.17 5.80 Andhra Pradesh 7.23 6.9 % 51 % 7.34 6.94 Bihar 6 6.36 6.0 % 57 % 5.93 6.11 Chhattisgarh 7 6.32 6.0 % 63 % 6.37 6.29 Tamil Nadu 8 5.73 5.4 % 68 % 5.68 5.72 Assam 9 5.22 4.9 % 73 % 4.91 5.12 Telangana 10 4.44 4.2 % 77 % 5.31 4.19 Haryana 11 4.01 3.8 % 81 % 3.84 4.18 Madhya Pradesh 12 3.63 3.4 % 85 % 2.65 3.49 Maharashtra 15 2.95 2.8 % 94 % 2.93 2.61 Gujarat 16 1.83 1.7 % 96 % 1.66 1.56 Uttarakhand 17 0.60 0.6 % 96 % 0.58 0.63 Kerala 18 0.56 0.5 % 97 % 0.53 0.70 Jammu & Kashmir 19 0.52 0.5 % 97 % 0.60 0.42 Rajasthan 20 0.37 0.4 % 98 % 0.28 0.35 Himachal Pradesh 21 0.13 0.1 % 98 % 0.13 0.10 Others - 2.44 2.3 % 100 % 2.37 2.31 References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paddy fields in India . This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ . ^ Jump up to : `` India : A Country Study : Crop Output '' . Library of Congress , Washington D.C. September 1995 . Retrieved March 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ https://data.gov.in/resources/state-wise-production-rice-2010-11-2014-15-ministry-agriculture-and-farmers-welfare World rice production Bangladesh Bhutan China Guyana Haiti India Indonesia Iran Japan Laos Nepal Pakistan Philippines Romania South Korea Sri Lanka Thailand United States Vietnam Agriculture in India Industries Areca nut Coconut ( in Kerala ) Coffee Fenugreek Rice Law and politics Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers ' Rights Act , 2001 Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana Biological Diversity Act , 2002 History Farming systems Green Revolution History in ancient Tamil countries History of tea Women in agriculture Companies Bayer CropScience Limited Mahyco Pantnagar Seeds Reuters Market Light Suminter India Organics Others Tractors in India Central Institute for Cotton Research Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rice_production_in_India&oldid=842260111 '' Categories : Rice production in India Rice production by country Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 08 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the dominant grain crop of eastern india is | [
"In some of the states like West Bengal, Assam and Orissa two crops of rice are raised in a year. Winter season in the north western India are extremely cold for rice. Rice is considered as the master crop of coastal India and in some regions of the eastern India where during the summer monsoon rainy season both high temperature and heavy rainfall provide ideal conditions for the cultivation of rice. Almost all parts of India are suitable for raising rice during the summer season provided that the water is available. Thus, rice is also raised even in those parts of western Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana where low level areas are waterlogged during the summer monsoon rainy season."
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-3762196364292697486 | America's Next Top Model (cycle 22) | America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 22 ) - wikipedia America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 22 ) Jump to : navigation , search America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 22 ) Cycle 22 cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 16 Release Original network The CW Original release August 5 ( 2015 - 08 - 05 ) -- December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) Additional information Judges Tyra Banks Kelly Cutrone J. Alexander No. of contestants 14 Winner Nyle DiMarco Cycle chronology ← Previous Cycle 21 Next → Cycle 23 Season summary The twenty - second cycle of America 's Next Top Model ( subtitled as America 's Next Top Model : Guys & Girls ) premiered on August 5 , 2015 and is the sixteenth and final season to air on The CW . The network announced in mid-October that they were cancelling the show and the finale episode aired on December 4 , 2015 . Like the two previous seasons , cycle 22 featured both male and female contestants . However , for the first time since cycle 13 , the height restriction was removed and the competition was opened to contestants at any height . Tyra Banks , Kelly Cutrone and J. Alexander returned to the judging panel , with photographer Yu Tsai remaining as creative director . Unlike the last three cycles , social media was no longer included on the show . The scoring system remained in place , but only the combined challenge and judges ' scores were added into the final tally to determine who would be eliminated . While there was no international destination for this cycle , the models traveled to Las Vegas for two episodes . This is the second cycle in the series not to feature an international destination , after Cycle 13 . The winner of the competition was 25 - year - old Nyle DiMarco from Washington , D.C. DiMarco is noted for being the very first deaf contestant in the history of America 's Next Top Model . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cycle summary 1.1 Prizes 1.2 Special guests 2 Contestants 3 Episode summaries 3.1 The Guys and Girls Make It to Hollywood 3.2 The Girl Who Walks Away 3.3 The Guy Who Gets Shipped Out 3.4 The Girl Who Has a Close Shave 3.5 The Guy Who Gets a Hickey 3.6 The Girl Who Gets Possessed 3.7 The Guy Who Acts a Fool 3.8 The Girl Who Got All Dolled Up 3.9 The Guy or Girl Who Came Back 3.10 The Girl Who Became Bootyful 3.11 And Then That Happened 3.12 The Guy Who Closed the Deal in Vegas 3.13 The Girl Who Took a Shot in the Dark 3.14 The Guy Who Was a Momma 's Boy 3.15 Finale Part 1 : The Girl Who Made a Splash 3.16 Finale Part 2 : America 's Next Top Model is ... 4 Summaries 4.1 Call - out order 4.2 Scoring chart 4.3 Photo shoot guide 4.4 Makeovers 5 Ratings 6 References Cycle summary Prizes Returning prizes included a modeling contract with NEXT Model Management and a spread in Nylon magazine . Zappos became a new prize for the series , and the winner was chosen for a US $100,000 contract to become the face of the Zappos Couture 's 2016 re-launch . Special guests This cycle featured guest judges including interior designers Jonathan and Drew Scott , model Chrissy Teigen , fashion editor Joe Zee and cycle 10 winner Whitney Thompson . Contestants ( ages stated are at start of contest ) Contestant Age Height Hometown Outcome Place Dischert , Delanie ! Delanie Dischert 21 1.79 m ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) Wilmington , Delaware Episode 3 14 Churchill , Stefano ! Stefano Churchill 23 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) Virginia Beach , Virginia Episode 4 13 Capra , Ava ! Ava Capra 19 1.65 m ( 5 ft 5 in ) Los Angeles , California Episode 6 12 Molina , Ashley ! Ashley Molina 21 1.70 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) Brooklyn , New York Episode 7 11 DuPerow , Courtney ! Courtney DuPerow 21 1.60 m ( 5 ft 3 in ) Avon Lake , Ohio Episode 8 10 Sánchez , Bello ! Bello Sánchez 26 1.75 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) Los Angeles , California 9 Kim , Justin ! Justin Kim 23 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) Springfield , Virginia Episode 9 8 McNeer , Dustin ! Dustin McNeer 18 1.83 m ( 6 ft 0 in ) Kernersville , North Carolina Episode 10 7 Richardson , Hadassah ! Hadassah Richardson 23 1.68 m ( 5 ft 6 in ) Houston , Texas Episode 12 6 Clark , Devin ! Devin Clark 21 1.88 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) San Francisco , California Episode 13 5 Heverly , Mikey ! Michael Heverly 25 1.88 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) Hollywood , Florida Episode 16 4 -- 3 Rogers , Lacey ! Lacey Rogers 18 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) El Dorado , Arkansas Adjei , Mamé ! Mamé Adjei 23 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) Silver Spring , Maryland DiMarco , Nyle ! Nyle DiMarco 25 1.88 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) Washington , D.C. Episode summaries The Guys and Girls make it to Hollywood Original Airdate : August 5 , 2015 The all new contestants of America 's Next Top Model are thrown to castings where they introduced themselves at the judges and photographed by Erik Asla . The first cuts were made and will move on to the next part of the competition . Featured photographer : Massimo Campana The Girl Who Walks Away Original Airdate : August 12 , 2015 The remaining contestants moved in their model house , they took their casting photo shoot and the judges made their decision to choose the cast . Featured photographers : Massimo Campana , Erik Asla Special guests : Drew Scott and Jonathan Scott ( Property Brothers ) , Patrick Tumey , Alexis Borges The Guy Who Gets Shipped out Original Airdate : August 19 , 2015 After the runway over the crane the final contestants were chosen . They did a photo shoot with Erik Asla being bonded in pairs . Delanie was the first person to be eliminated . ( show ) Scores No Model Tyra Kelly Miss J Chal . Total Devin 10 10 9 7 36.0 Justin 9 9 8.5 9 35.5 Lacey 8.7 9 8 9 34.7 Mikey 8 9.5 8 9 34.5 5 Ava 8.3 9 8 8 33.3 6 Mamé 8 7 8 10 33.0 7 Bello 8.9 8.5 7.9 7 32.3 8 Ashley 8 8.2 7 9 32.2 9 Courtney 7.9 7.8 8 7 30.7 10 Hadassah 8 7.3 6.8 8 30.1 11 Nyle 8 7 7 8 30.0 12 Dustin 7.3 6.4 6.8 9 29.5 13 Stefano 7.1 5.2 6 8 26.3 14 Delanie 7 5 6 8 26.0 Featured photographer : Erik Asla Special guests : Alexis Borges , Erik Rosete The Girl Who has a Close Shave Original Airdate : August 26 , 2015 The remaining contestants received their makeovers . They did a photo shoot with veteran amputee soldiers . After the deliberation , Stefano was eliminated . ( show ) Scores No Model Tyra Kelly Miss J Total Ava 10 9.2 9.3 28.5 Mikey 9.5 9.8 9 28.3 Bello 9.5 9 9.1 27.6 Devin 9.3 8.7 8.9 26.9 5 Courtney 9.1 8.8 8.8 26.7 6 Justin 9 8.3 8.7 26.0 7 Nyle 8.8 8.8 8.4 26.0 8 Lacey 8.3 8.4 8.9 25.6 9 Mamé 9 8.1 7.9 25.0 10 Dustin 7.7 8 7.9 23.6 11 Ashley 7.9 7.1 7.5 22.5 12 Hadassah 7.8 7.2 7.4 22.4 13 Stefano 7.9 7.2 7.2 22.3 Featured photographer : Erik Asla Special guests : Alex Minsky , Melissa Stockwell , Joe Zee , Cristophe , Romina , Sharle , Dr. Julie Kim , Dr. Edgardo Falcon Jr . The Guy Who Gets a Hickey Original Airdate : September 2 , 2015 The remaining contestants did a challenge with un retouch photographs of compcards . They did a photo shoot where they will posed as gymnasts and the photographs are un retouched . After the deliberation , Dustin was eliminated . ( show ) Scores No Model Tyra Kelly Miss J Chal . Total Lacey 9.8 9.8 8.6 9 37.2 Mamé 10 9.9 9.2 7 36.1 Devin 10 9.1 9.3 7 35.4 Mikey 8.5 8.3 7.9 10 34.7 5 Ashley 9.3 9.1 7.4 8 33.8 6 Bello 9.9 8.8 7.8 7 33.5 7 Nyle 8.3 8.8 6.8 8 31.9 8 Ava 7.9 7.9 6.7 9 31.5 9 Courtney 8.9 7.9 7.6 7 31.4 10 Justin 7.9 7.9 7.6 8 31.4 11 Hadassah 6.8 7.4 7.3 9 30.5 12 Dustin 7.3 7.2 6.9 7 28.4 Featured photographers : Massimo Campana ( challenge ) , Erik Asla ( photo shoot ) Special guests : Anthony De La Rosa The Girl Who Gets Possessed Original Airdate : September 9 , 2015 The remaining contestants did a challenge with Whitney Thompson . They participate in an exorcism photo shoot . After the deliberations , Ava was sent home . ( show ) Scores No Model Tyra Kelly Miss J Chal . Total Nyle 10 9.7 10 10 39.7 Lacey 8.8 9.2 9 8 35.0 Mamé 8.8 8.2 8.5 9 34.5 Hadassah 8.9 8.7 7.8 8 33.4 5 Justin 8 8.2 7.7 9 32.9 6 Devin 8.5 8 8.2 8 32.7 7 Ashley 8.7 8.4 8.1 7 32.2 8 Mikey 7.8 7.9 7.4 9 32.1 9 Bello 7.7 6.6 8.3 9 31.6 10 Courtney 7.5 8.8 8 7 31.3 11 Ava 7.7 7.5 7.2 7 29.4 Featured photographer : Erik Asla Special guests : Whitney Thompson The Guy Who Acts a Fool Original Airdate : September 16 , 2015 The contestants participate in an acting challenge for CW . They did a commercial for a make - believe deodorant . After the deliberation , Ashley was eliminated . ( show ) Scores No Model Tyra Kelly Miss J Chal . Total Lacey 9.5 9.1 8.5 10 37.1 Mamé 9.5 9.2 8.3 8 35.0 Nyle 8.9 9.1 7.7 9 34.7 Bello 10 8.7 8 7 33.7 5 Mikey 8.9 9.2 8 7 33.1 6 Justin 8.5 7.9 7.9 7 31.3 7 Hadassah 7.8 8.1 7.2 7 30.1 8 Courtney 7.6 7.2 7.7 7 29.5 9 Devin 7.4 7 8 6 28.4 10 Ashley 6.9 7 7.3 6 27.2 Featured director : Erik Asla Special guests : Lori Openden , Dana Theodoratos , Justin Rosenblatt , Brittany Williams ( Nyle 's friend ) The Girl Who Got all Dolled up Original Airdate : September 23 , 2015 The remaining contestants did a PSA vine challenge . They did a photo shoot as life sized dolls . After the deliberation , Courtney and Bello were eliminated . ( show ) Scores No Model Tyra Kelly Miss J Chal . Total Lacey 10 10 9.5 9 38.5 Nyle 10 9.2 9 9 37.2 Justin 9 9.3 8.5 9 35.8 Mikey 8.5 9.3 7.9 10 35.7 5 Hadassah 8.2 8.5 7.5 10 34.2 6 Mamé 7.6 6.5 7.5 10 31.6 7 Devin 8.1 8.3 7.1 8 31.5 8 Bello 7.8 8.1 7.1 8 31.0 9 Courtney 6.9 6 6.9 8 27.8 Featured photographer : Erik Asla Special guests : Robert Behar , Brittany Furlan The Guy or Girl Who Came Back Original Airdate : October 2 , 2015 The remaining contestants were joined by the eliminated contestants for a go - see challenge . They did a photo shoot with different dogs . After the deliberation , Dustin re-entered the competition and the episode ended with Devin and Justin in the bottom two . ( show ) Scores No Model Tyra Kelly Miss J Chal . Total 7 Ashley 6.5 7.1 6.5 7 27.1 6 Delanie 7 8.5 7 8 30.5 5 Bello 9.3 8.3 7 6 30.6 Courtney 9.3 9.3 7.9 6 32.5 Ava 9.7 9.2 8.1 7 34.0 Stefano 9.3 9.8 7.9 8 35.0 Dustin 10 9.1 8 8 35.1 ( show ) Scores No Model Tyra Kelly Miss J Chal . Total Nyle 10 10 10 9 39.0 Hadassah 9.9 9.7 8 9 36.6 Lacey 9.8 9.6 9 8 36.4 Mamé 9 7.8 8.1 8 32.9 5 Mikey 8 7.9 7.5 9 32.4 6 Devin Justin Unknown 7 Featured photographer : Yu Tsai Special guests : Alexis Borges Jump up ^ The final scores were revealed the following episode The Girl Who became Bootyful Original Airdate : October 9 , 2015 Justin was eliminated . The remaining models traveled to Las Vegas . The contestants did a music video for Tyra 's new makeup line . After the deliberations Dustin was eliminated again . Eliminated : Justin Kim ( show ) Scores No Model Tyra Kelly Miss J Chal . Total 6 Devin 9 8 7.3 7 31.3 7 Justin 7.5 7.5 6.9 8 29.9 ( show ) Scores No Model Tyra Kelly Miss J Chal . Total Mikey 10 9.4 8.1 8 35.5 Devin 9.7 9.2 8.7 7 34.6 Lacey 8.9 9 8.4 8 34.3 Mamé 8.3 7.8 7.9 10 34.0 5 Nyle 9.1 9.1 8.5 7 33.7 6 Hadassah 8.7 8.3 7.8 8 32.8 7 Dustin 7 7.3 7.2 9 30.5 Featured photographer : Massimo Campana ( challenge ) Featured director : Tyra Banks Special guests : Don Benjamin And Then That Happened Original Airdate : October 23 , 2015 The Guy Who Closed the Deal in Vegas Original Airdate : October 30 , 2015 The contestants did a runway show for a challenge . They did a photo shoot called fierce a grams . After the deliberations Hadassah was eliminated . ( show ) Scores No Model Tyra Kelly Miss J Chal . Total Mamé 9 8.7 7.9 10 35.6 Mikey 10 9.2 8 8 35.2 Devin 7.9 8.7 9 9 34.6 Nyle 8.3 8.3 8.3 9 33.9 5 Lacey 8 7.9 8.1 7 31.0 6 Hadassah 7.8 8 7.4 7 30.2 Featured photographer : Erik Asla Special guests : Melissa Costa , Eileen Tetreault The Girl Who took a Shot in the dark Original Airdate : November 6 , 2015 The remaining contestants presented business ideas for a challenge . They did a photo shoot in the dark . After the deliberations , Devin was eliminated . ( show ) Scores No Model Tyra Kelly Miss J Chal . Total Mikey 9.8 9.2 8.5 10 37.5 Mamé 9.3 8.7 9 7 34.0 Lacey 8.8 8.2 7.9 9 33.9 Nyle 9 8.1 7.9 8 33.0 5 Devin 8.9 6.7 7.5 6 29.1 Featured photographer : Erik Asla Special guests : Alli Webb , Marie - Pier St - Hilaire , Francis Libiran The Guy Who was a Momma 's Boy Original Airdate : November 13 , 2015 The remaining contestants did a Nylon challenge . They posed with their mothers for their photo shoot . After the deliberation , Lacey and Mikey were in the bottom two but no one was eliminated . ( show ) Scores No Model Tyra Kelly Miss J Chal . Total Mamé 10 9.5 9.6 8 37.1 Nyle 9.4 8.8 8.8 10 37.0 Lacey 9 8.7 8.5 9 35.2 Mikey 9 8.7 8.5 9 35.2 Featured photographer : Carolyn London Special guests : Chrissy Teigen , Michelle Lee , J. Errico Finale Part 1 : the Girl Who made a Splash Original Airdate : November 20 , 2015 The remaining contestants battle it out for the spot in the finale . They did a Nylon shoot and Zappos Couture shoot . Featured photographers : Mark `` The Cobra Snake '' Hunter ( Nylon magazine ) , Erik Asla ( Zappos Couture ) Special guests : J. Errico , Melissa Costa , Kevin Bailey , Keith Carlos Finale Part 2 : America 's Next Top Model is ... Original Airdate : December 4 , 2015 The final four presented their business presentation where in Nyle and Mame were chosen as the finalists . The final two battle it out for Rocky Gathercole . After the deliveration , Nyle was chosen as the 22nd winner of America 's Next Top Model . Summaries Call - out order Order Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 16 Dustin Devin Ava Lacey Nyle Lacey Lacey Nyle Mikey Mamé Mikey Mamé Nyle Mamé Nyle Lacey Justin Mikey Mamé Lacey Mamé Nyle Hadassah Devin Mikey Mamé Nyle Mamé Mamé Lacey Bello Devin Mamé Nyle Justin Lacey Lacey Devin Lacey Lacey Mikey Lacey Mikey Justin Mikey Devin Mikey Hadassah Bello Mikey Mamé Mamé Nyle Nyle 5 Nyle Ava Courtney Ashley Justin Mikey Hadassah Mikey Nyle Lacey Devin 6 Stefano Mamé Justin Bello Devin Justin Mamé Devin Hadassah Hadassah 7 Ashley Bello Nyle Nyle Ashley Hadassah Devin Justin Dustin 8 Hadassah Ashley Lacey Ava Mikey Courtney Bello 9 Delanie Courtney Mamé Courtney Bello Devin Courtney 10 Bello Hadassah Dustin Justin Courtney Ashley 11 Ava Nyle Ashley Hadassah Ava 12 Mikey Dustin Hadassah Dustin 13 Courtney Stefano Stefano 14 Devin Delanie The contestant was eliminated from the competition The contestant was a part of a non-elimination bottom two The contestant won the competition In episode 1 , the pool of 31 semi-finalists was reduced to the top 22 who moved on to the next round of casting . Episode 2 ended in a cliffhanger , and the elimination was postponed until the following week . In the beginning of episode 3 , the remaining pool of 21 semi-finalists ( minus one dropout from the week before ) was reduced to the final fourteen contestants . The first official elimination happened at the end of the episode . In episode 8 , there was a double elimination . Bello , Courtney and Devin were called forward as the bottom three . The scores were shown in reverse order , from lowest to highest , until Devin was revealed to be safe . In episode 9 , all fourteen contestants were present at panel . The seven eliminated models up to that point received a complete set of scores for participating in the challenge and shoot , with the highest score winning the opportunity to return to the competition . They were revealed from lowest to highest as being Ashley , Delanie , Bello , Courtney , Ava and Stefano until Dustin was revealed as the contestant to return . The safe contestants were called out separately , with Devin and Justin landing in the bottom two . The episode ended in a cliffhanger , with the elimination resuming at the beginning of the next episode . In the beginning of episode 10 , Justin was eliminated from the competition . Episode 11 was the recap episode . In episode 14 , Lacey and Mikey had a tied score while in the bottom two . As a result , neither of them was eliminated from the competition . Tyra announced that since no one had been sent home , one guy and one girl would be eliminated the following week . In episode 15 , no one was eliminated . The episode ended in a cliffhanger , and the elimination was postponed until the following episode . In episode 16 , only one contestant of each gender was put through to the finale . Nyle was chosen as the last remaining male , eliminating Mikey . Mamé was chosen as the last remaining female and second finalist , eliminating Lacey . Scoring chart Place Model Episodes Total score Average 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 16 Nyle 30 26.0 31.9 39.7 34.7 37.2 39.0 33.7 33.9 33.0 37.0 IN WIN 376.1 34.1 Mamé 33.0 25.0 36.1 34.5 35.0 31.6 32.9 34.0 35.6 34.0 37.1 IN OUT 368.8 33.5 3 - 4 Lacey 34.7 25.6 37.2 35.0 37.1 38.5 36.4 34.3 31.0 33.9 35.2 OUT 378.9 34.5 Mikey 34.5 28.3 34.7 32.1 33.1 35.7 32.4 35.5 35.2 37.5 35.2 OUT 374.2 34.0 5 Devin 36.0 26.9 35.4 32.7 28.4 31.5 31.3 34.6 34.6 29.1 320.5 32.0 6 Hadassah 30.1 22.4 30.5 33.4 30.1 34.2 36.6 32.8 30.2 280.3 31.1 7 Dustin 29.5 23.6 28.4 35.1 30.5 147.1 29.4 8 Justin 35.5 26.0 31.4 32.9 31.3 35.8 29.9 222.8 31.8 9 Bello 32.3 27.6 33.5 31.6 33.7 31.0 30.6 220.3 31.4 10 Courtney 30.7 26.7 31.4 31.3 29.5 27.8 32.5 209.9 29.9 11 Ashley 32.2 22.5 33.0 32.2 27.2 27.1 174.2 29.0 12 Ava 33.3 28.5 31.5 29.4 34.0 156.7 31.3 13 Stefano 26.3 22.3 35.0 83.6 27.8 14 Delanie 26.0 30.5 56.5 28.2 Indicates the contestant had the highest score that week . Indicates the contestant was eliminated that week . Indicates the contestant was in the bottom two that week . Indicates the contestant won the competition . Jump up ^ In episode 9 , all fourteen contestants were present at panel . The seven eliminated models up to that point received a complete set of scores for participating in the challenge and shoot , with the highest score winning the opportunity to return to the competition . They were revealed from lowest to highest as being Ashley , Delanie , Bello , Courtney , Ava and Stefano until Dustin was revealed as the contestant to return . Jump up ^ In episode 14 , Lacey and Mikey had a tied score of 35.2 while in the bottom two . As a result , neither of them was eliminated from the competition . Jump up ^ The contestants received scores for every single elimination round in the finals until the final four and the announcement of the winner . The eliminations in episode 16 happened without scoring . Lacey and Mikey were both were tied for third place . Photo shoot guide Episode 1 photo shoot : Swimsuits on a double - decker bus ( casting ) Episode 2 photo shoot : Semi-nude holding up hashtags ( casting ) Episode 3 photo shoot : Nude and bound together in pairs Episode 4 photo shoot : Extreme posing with war veterans Episode 5 photo shoot : Unretouched geometrical sportswear Episode 6 photo shoot : Possessed and suspended in mid air Episode 7 commercial : Boom Boom Boom deodorant in pairs Episode 8 photo shoot : Living Life - Size dolls Episode 9 photo shoot : Look - alike editorial with dogs Episode 10 music video : `` BOOTYful '' -- Tyra Beauty theme song Episode 12 photo shoot : Cropped and uncropped Fierce - a-gram photos Episode 13 photo shoot : Night creatures in the dark Episode 14 photo shoot : Posing with mothers Episode 15 photo shoots : Nylon magazine spread ; Zappos couture campaign Makeovers Ashley - Tyra Banks inspired pixie cut and contacts Ava - Model mullet Bello - Long hair extensions Courtney - Layered gray ombre with a side fringe and teeth whitened Devin - Shaved near bald and dyed black Dustin - Sun kissed blonde Hadassah - Hair shaved on one side Justin - Faux hawk fade Lacey - Chic bowl cut Mamé - Curly voluminous weave Mikey - Trimmed and lightened Nyle - Trimmed and cleaned up Stefano - Blonde extension highlights Ratings No. in Series No. in Cycle Episode Air Date Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rating / Share Ref 274 `` The Guys and Girls Make It to Hollywood '' August 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 05 ) 1.15 0.4 / 2 275 `` The Girl Who Walks Away '' August 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 12 ) 1.21 0.4 / 2 276 `` The Guy Who Gets Shipped Out '' August 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 19 ) 1.20 0.4 / 2 277 `` The Girl Who Gets a Close Shave '' August 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 26 ) 1.34 0.5 / 2 278 5 `` The Guy Who Gets a Hickey '' September 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 02 ) 1.20 0.4 / 2 279 6 `` The Girl Who Gets Possessed '' September 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 09 ) 1.40 0.6 / 2 280 7 `` The Guy Who Acts a Fool '' September 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 16 ) 1.52 0.4 / 1 281 8 `` The Girl Who Got All Dolled Up '' September 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) 1.36 0.4 / 2 282 9 `` The Guy or Girl Who Came Back '' October 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 02 ) 1.07 0.4 / 1 283 10 `` The Girl Who Became Bootyful '' October 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 09 ) 1.00 0.3 / 1 284 11 `` And Then That Happened '' October 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 23 ) 0.73 0.2 / 1 285 12 `` The Guy Who Closed the Deal in Vegas '' October 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 30 ) 0.94 0.2 / 1 286 13 `` The Girl Who Took a Shot in the Dark '' November 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 06 ) 0.95 0.3 / 1 287 14 `` The Guy Who Was a Momma 's Boy '' November 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 13 ) 1.03 0.3 / 1 288 15 `` Finale Part 1 : The Girl Who Made a Splash '' November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) 0.95 0.3 / 1 289 16 `` Finale Part 2 : America 's Next Top Model is ... '' December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) 1.16 0.3 / 1 References ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Next Top Model returns August 5 ; features new cycle of models '' . Springfield , Massachusetts : WWLP . June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' To End After 22 Seasons '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Encinias , Shahrazad ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` UD junior to compete in ' America 's Next Top Model ' '' . The News Journal . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Houp , William ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Former Salem High School student to appear on `` America 's Next Top Model '' `` . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kwiatkowsk , Elizabeth ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' narrows field to 10 finalists , the dream ends for Ava Capra '' . RealityTVWorld.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Rachel ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Meet the Contestants of ANTM : Ashley '' . KWBQ - TV . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wroten , Bryan ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` Avon Lake resident competing on ' America 's Next Top Model ' '' . Ohio : 2 Press Papers . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Olya , Gabrielle ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Bello Sanchez : I Went from Skid Row to America 's Next Top Model '' . People . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Michael D. ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Kim Goes From Small Town , USA to ' America 's Next Top Model ' '' . NBC News . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , Tom ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Kernersville teen to be on ' Top Model ' '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Guerra , Joey ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Do n't mess with Texan on ' America 's Next Top Model ' '' . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2015 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kwiatkowsk , Elizabeth ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' cuts Justin Kim and comeback contestant Dustin Mcneer again '' . RealityTVWorld.com . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2015 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Briana ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` Hollywood model fierce enough for ' America 's Next Top Model ' '' . Sun Sentinel . South Florida . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2015 . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spivey , Stacey ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` El Dorado native competes to be America 's Next Top Model '' . Little Rock , Arkansas : KATV - TV . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' returns '' . The Baltimore Sun . n.d. Archived from the original on November 8 , 2015 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Caroline ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Q&A with DC Native Nyle DiMarco , America 's Next Top Model 's First Deaf Contestant '' . Washingtonian . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 1 : The Guys and Girls Make It to Hollywood '' . TV Guide . TV Guide . July 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Episode 2 : The Girl Who Walks Away '' . TV Guide . TV Guide . July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 3 : The Guy Who Gets Shipped Out '' . TV Guide . TV Guide . August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Guy Who Gets Shipped Out '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Girl Who Has a Close Shave '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Guy Who Gets a Hickey '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Girl Who Gets Possessed '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Guy Who Acts a Fool '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Girl Who Got All Dolled Up '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Guy or Girl Who Came Back '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Girl Who Became Bootyful '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` And Than That Happened '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Guy Who Closed the Deal in Vegas '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Girl Who Took a Shot in the Dark '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Guy Who Was a Momma ' Boy '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` Finale Part 1 : The Girl Who Made a Splash '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` Finale Part 2 : America 's Next Top Model is ... '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother ' , ' MasterChef ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' Last Comic Standing ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . August 6 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up ; ' America 's Next Top Model ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . August 13 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' MasterChef ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . August 20 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up ; ' Celebrity Wife Swap ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother ' , ' Last Comic Standing ' & ' Celebrity Wife Swap ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Carmichael Show ' & ' Extant ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . September 3 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Extant ' , ' The Carmichael Show ' or ' America 's Next Top Model ' '' . TV by the Numbers . September 10 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Next Top Model ' & ' A Wicked Offer ' Adjusted Down , ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . September 17 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Wednesday ( Updated ) : ' Empire ' Still Huge , ' Rosewood ' has Solid Debut + ' The Goldbergs ' & ' The Middle ' Return Flat '' . TV by the Numbers . September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friday final ratings : ' Dr. Ken ' and ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusted up '' . TV by the Numbers . October 5 , 2015 . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friday final ratings : ' Blue Bloods ' adjusted up ; ' Reign , ' ' Undateable ' and other originals hold '' . TV by the Numbers . October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Friday : ' Shark Tank ' and ' Blue Bloods ' rise , ' Truth Be Told ' and ' Reign ' falter '' . TV by the Numbers . October 24 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Friday : ' Grimm ' returns lower , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' ticks up vs. World Series '' . TV by the Numbers . October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friday final ratings : ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts up , everything else holds '' . TV by the Numbers . November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friday final ratings : ' Reign ' keeps season high , ' World 's Funniest ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friday final ratings : No adjustments on a quiet night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friday final ratings : ' Top Model ' finale and everything else holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . 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"The winner of the competition was 25-year-old Nyle DiMarco from Washington, D.C. DiMarco is noted for being the very first deaf contestant in the history of America's Next Top Model."
] | [
"Nyle DiMarco"
] |
-2482784990749487711 | List of Modern Family episodes | List of Modern Family episodes - wikipedia List of Modern Family episodes Jump to : navigation , search Modern Family is an American family mockumentary comedy series that airs on ABC . It was created by Christopher Lloyd and Steven Levitan . The show follows the family lives of Jay Pritchett ( Ed O'Neill ) , his daughter Claire Dunphy ( Julie Bowen ) , and his son Mitchell Pritchett ( Jesse Tyler Ferguson ) , who all live in Los Angeles . Claire is married to Phil Dunphy ( Ty Burrell ) . They have three children : Haley ( Sarah Hyland ) , Alex ( Ariel Winter ) and Luke ( Nolan Gould ) . Jay is married to a much younger Colombian woman , Gloria ( Sofía Vergara ) , and is helping her raise her teenage son , Manny ( Rico Rodriguez ) along with their new baby Fulgencio `` Joe '' Pritchett ( Jeremy Maguire ) . Mitchell and his husband Cameron Tucker ( Eric Stonestreet ) have an adopted Vietnamese child , Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( Aubrey Anderson - Emmons ) . The series premiered on September 23 , 2009 . The series has been renewed for two additional seasons , with 22 episodes each , bringing the total amount of episodes up to 232 . As of November 1 , 2017 , 194 episodes of Modern Family have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2010 -- 11 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2011 -- 12 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.7 Season 7 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.8 Season 8 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.9 Season 9 ( 2017 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Viewers ( in millions ) 24 September 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) May 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 19 ) 36 9.49 24 September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) May 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 25 ) 24 11.89 24 September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) May 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 23 ) 15 12.93 24 September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) 18 12.31 5 24 September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) May 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 21 ) 19 11.79 6 24 September 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 24 ) May 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 20 ) 24 11.91 7 22 September 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) May 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) 36 9.83 8 22 September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) 34 8.79 9 22 September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) TBA TBA TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Jason Winer Steven Levitan & Christopher Lloyd September 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) 1ARG79 12.60 `` The Bicycle Thief '' Jason Winer Bill Wrubel September 30 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 30 ) 1ARG02 9.99 `` Come Fly with Me '' Reginald Hudlin Dan O'Shannon October 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 07 ) 1ARG04 8.82 `` The Incident '' Jason Winer Steven Levitan October 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 14 ) 1ARG05 9.35 5 5 `` Coal Digger '' Jason Winer Christopher Lloyd October 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 21 ) 1ARG03 8.66 6 6 `` Run for Your Wife '' Jason Winer Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh October 28 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 28 ) 1ARG01 9.32 7 7 `` En Garde '' Randall Einhorn Danny Zuker November 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 04 ) 1ARG06 8.77 8 8 `` Great Expectations '' Jason Winer Joe Lawson November 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 18 ) 1ARG07 9.16 9 9 `` Fizbo '' Jason Winer Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh November 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 25 ) 1ARG09 7.12 10 10 `` Undeck the Halls '' Randall Einhorn Dan O'Shannon December 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 09 ) 1ARG11 9.67 11 11 `` Up All Night '' Michael Spiller Christopher Lloyd January 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 06 ) 1ARG10 10.22 12 12 `` Not in My House '' Chris Koch Caroline Williams January 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 13 ) 1ARG08 7.83 13 13 `` Fifteen Percent '' Jason Winer Steven Levitan January 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 20 ) 1ARG12 9.83 14 14 `` Moon Landing '' Jason Winer Bill Wrubel February 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 03 ) 1ARG13 9.19 15 15 `` My Funky Valentine '' Michael Spiller Jerry Collins February 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 10 ) 1ARG16 9.84 16 16 `` Fears '' Reginald Hudlin Steven Levitan March 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 03 ) 1ARG18 8.01 17 17 `` Truth Be Told '' Jason Winer Joe Lawson March 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 10 ) 1ARG17 8.95 18 18 `` Starry Night '' Jason Winer Danny Zuker March 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 24 ) 1ARG15 9.18 19 19 `` Game Changer '' Kevin Sullivan Story by : Vanessa McCarthy & Joe Lawson Teleplay by : Joe Lawson & Alex Herschlag March 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 31 ) 1ARG21 9.51 20 20 `` Benched '' Chris Koch Danny Zuker April 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 14 ) 1ARG20 8.88 21 21 `` Travels with Scout '' Seth Gordon Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh April 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 28 ) 1ARG14 10.01 22 22 `` Airport 2010 '' Jason Winer Dan O'Shannon & Bill Wrubel May 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 05 ) 1ARG19 9.48 23 23 `` Hawaii '' Steven Levitan Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh May 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 12 ) 1ARG23 10.34 24 24 `` Family Portrait '' Jason Winer Ilana Wernick May 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 19 ) 1ARG22 10.14 Season 2 ( 2010 -- 11 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 25 `` The Old Wagon '' Michael Spiller Bill Wrubel September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) 2ARG05 12.67 26 `` The Kiss '' Scott Ellis Abraham Higginbotham September 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 29 ) 2ARG04 11.92 27 `` Earthquake '' Michael Spiller Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh October 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 06 ) 2ARG01 11.44 28 `` Strangers on a Treadmill '' Scott Ellis Danny Zuker October 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 13 ) 2ARG02 11.45 29 5 `` Unplugged '' Michael Spiller Steven Levitan October 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 20 ) 2ARG06 11.97 30 6 `` Halloween '' Michael Spiller Jeffrey Richman October 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 27 ) 2ARG09 13.14 31 7 `` Chirp '' Michael Spiller Dan O'Shannon November 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 03 ) 2ARG03 12.24 32 8 `` Manny Get Your Gun '' Michael Spiller Story by : Christopher Lloyd Teleplay by : Danny Zuker November 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 17 ) 2ARG11 12.09 33 9 `` Mother Tucker '' Michael Spiller Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh November 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 24 ) 2ARG07 10.57 34 10 `` Dance Dance Revelation '' Gail Mancuso Ilana Wernick December 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 08 ) 2ARG08 11.07 35 11 `` Slow Down Your Neighbors '' Gail Mancuso Ilana Wernick January 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 05 ) 2ARG12 11.83 36 12 `` Our Children , Ourselves '' Adam Shankman Dan O'Shannon & Bill Wrubel January 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 12 ) 2ARG10 11.12 37 13 `` Caught in the Act '' Michael Spiller Steven Levitan & Jeffrey Richman January 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 19 ) 2ARG13 10.94 38 14 `` Bixby 's Back '' Chris Koch Danny Zuker February 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 09 ) 2ARG16 13.16 39 15 `` Princess Party '' Michael Spiller Elaine Ko February 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 16 ) 2ARG17 10.57 40 16 `` Regrets Only '' Dean Parisot Abraham Higginbotham February 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 23 ) 2ARG14 10.17 41 17 `` Two Monkeys and a Panda '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Carol Leifer March 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 02 ) 2ARG15 10.11 42 18 `` Boys ' Night '' Chris Koch Steven Levitan & Jeffrey Richman March 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 23 ) 2ARG20 10.90 43 19 `` The Musical Man '' Michael Spiller Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh April 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 13 ) 2ARG19 9.61 44 20 `` Someone to Watch Over Lily '' Michael Spiller Bill Wrubel April 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 20 ) 2ARG18 9.95 45 21 `` Mother 's Day '' Michael Spiller Dan O'Shannon & Ilana Wernick May 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 04 ) 2ARG21 9.90 46 22 `` Good Cop Bad Dog '' Fred Savage Story by : Abraham Higginbotham Teleplay by : Abraham Higginbotham & Jeffrey Richman May 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 11 ) 2ARG22 10.15 47 23 `` See You Next Fall '' Steven Levitan Danny Zuker May 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 18 ) 2ARG24 10.30 48 24 `` The One That Got Away '' Jim Bagdonas Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh & Dan O'Shannon May 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 25 ) 2ARG23 10.31 Season 3 ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 49 `` Dude Ranch '' Jason Winer Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh & Dan O'Shannon September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) 3ARG03 14.52 50 `` When Good Kids Go Bad '' Michael Spiller Jeffrey Richman September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) 3ARG02 14.54 51 `` Phil on Wire '' Jason Winer Story by : Bianca Douglas & Danny Zuker Teleplay by : Danny Zuker September 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 28 ) 3ARG01 13.45 52 `` Door to Door '' Chris Koch Bill Wrubel October 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 05 ) 3ARG04 13.24 53 5 `` Hit and Run '' Jason Winer Elaine Ko October 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 12 ) 3ARG06 13.65 54 6 `` Go Bullfrogs ! '' Scott Ellis Abraham Higginbotham October 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 19 ) 3ARG07 13.04 55 7 `` Treehouse '' Jason Winer Steven Levitan November 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 02 ) 3ARG08 13.37 56 8 `` After the Fire '' Fred Savage Danny Zuker November 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 16 ) 3ARG09 12.91 57 9 `` Punkin Chunkin '' Michael Spiller Ben Karlin November 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 23 ) 3ARG05 12.72 58 10 `` Express Christmas '' Michael Spiller Cindy Chupack December 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 07 ) 3ARG10 12.20 59 11 `` Lifetime Supply '' Chris Koch Jeffrey Richman & Bill Wrubel January 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 04 ) 3ARG11 14.03 60 12 `` Egg Drop '' Jason Winer Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh January 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) 3ARG12 12.12 61 13 `` Little Bo Bleep '' Chris Koch Cindy Chupack January 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 18 ) 3ARG14 11.89 62 14 `` Me ? Jealous ? '' Michael Spiller Ben Karlin February 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 08 ) 3ARG13 12.90 63 15 `` Aunt Mommy '' Michael Spiller Abraham Higginbotham & Dan O'Shannon February 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 15 ) 3ARG15 11.23 64 16 `` Virgin Territory '' Jason Winer Elaine Ko February 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 22 ) 3ARG17 11.54 65 17 `` Leap Day '' Gail Mancuso Danny Zuker February 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 29 ) 3ARG19 11.63 66 18 `` Send Out the Clowns '' Steven Levitan Steven Levitan & Jeffrey Richman & Bill Wrubel March 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 14 ) 3ARG16 10.60 67 19 `` Election Day '' Bryan Cranston Ben Karlin April 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 11 ) 3ARG20 10.35 68 20 `` The Last Walt '' Michael Spiller Dan O'Shannon & Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh April 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 18 ) 3ARG21 10.21 69 21 `` Planes , Trains and Cars '' Michael Spiller Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh May 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 02 ) 3ARG18 10.06 70 22 `` Disneyland '' James Bagdonas Cindy Chupack May 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 09 ) 3ARG22 10.58 71 23 `` Tableau Vivant '' Gail Mancuso Elaine Ko & Jeffrey Richman & Bill Wrubel May 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 16 ) 3ARG23 9.36 72 24 `` Baby on Board '' Steven Levitan Abraham Higginbotham May 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 23 ) 3ARG24 10.07 Season 4 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 73 `` Bringing Up Baby '' Steven Levitan Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) 4ARG01 14.44 74 `` Schooled '' Jeff Melman Steven Levitan & Dan O'Shannon October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) 4ARG03 12.08 75 `` Snip '' Gail Mancuso Danny Zuker October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) 4ARG02 12.31 76 `` The Butler 's Escape '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Bill Wrubel October 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) 4ARG04 12.28 77 5 `` Open House of Horrors '' Jim Bagdonas Elaine Ko October 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 24 ) 4ARG06 12.52 78 6 `` Yard Sale '' Gail Mancuso Abraham Higginbotham October 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 31 ) 4ARG05 10.62 79 7 `` Arrested '' Gail Mancuso Becky Mann & Audra Sielaff November 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 07 ) 4ARG07 12.43 80 8 `` Mistery Date '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Jeffrey Richman November 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 14 ) 4ARG08 11.89 81 9 `` When a Tree Falls '' Steven Levitan Ben Karlin November 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 28 ) 4ARG09 12.01 82 10 `` Diamond in the Rough '' Gail Mancuso Dan O'Shannon & Becky Mann & Audra Sielaff December 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 12 ) 4ARG11 10.94 83 11 `` New Year 's Eve '' Fred Goss Abraham Higginbotham & Jeffrey Richman January 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 09 ) 4ARG13 12.04 84 12 `` Party Crasher '' Fred Savage Danny Zuker & Christopher Lloyd January 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 16 ) 4ARG10 11.01 85 13 `` Fulgencio '' Lev L. Spiro Bill Wrubel January 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 23 ) 4ARG12 10.83 86 14 `` A Slight at the Opera '' Jim Bagdonas Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh February 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 06 ) 4ARG14 9.83 87 15 `` Heart Broken '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Danny Zuker February 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 13 ) 4ARG18 10.05 88 16 `` Bad Hair Day '' Gail Mancuso Elaine Ko February 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 20 ) 4ARG16 10.62 89 17 `` Best Men '' Steven Levitan Story by : Dan O'Shannon & Abraham Higginbotham & Bianca Douglas Teleplay by : Dan O'Shannon & Abraham Higginbotham February 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 27 ) 4ARG15 10.53 90 18 `` The Wow Factor '' Steven Levitan Ben Karlin March 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) 4ARG17 9.09 91 19 `` The Future Dunphys '' Ryan Case Elaine Ko April 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 03 ) 4ARG20 10.88 92 20 `` Flip Flop '' Gail Mancuso Jeffrey Richman & Bill Wrubel April 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 10 ) 4ARG19 10.38 93 21 `` Career Day '' Jim Hensz Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh May 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) 4ARG21 9.64 94 22 `` My Hero '' Gail Mancuso Abraham Higginbotham May 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 08 ) 4ARG22 9.02 95 23 `` Games People Play '' Alisa Statman Story by : Danny Zuker Teleplay by : Ben Karlin May 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) 4ARG24 10.03 96 24 `` Goodnight Gracie '' Steven Levitan Steven Levitan & Jeffrey Richman May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) 4ARG23 10.01 Season 5 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 97 `` Suddenly , Last Summer '' James Bagdonas Jeffrey Richman September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) 5ARG01 11.71 98 `` First Days '' Steven Levitan Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) 5ARG02 11.65 99 `` Larry 's Wife '' Jeffrey Walker Bill Wrubel October 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 02 ) 5ARG05 11.12 100 `` Farm Strong '' Alisa Statman Elaine Ko October 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 09 ) 5ARG04 10.64 101 5 `` The Late Show '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Abraham Higginbotham October 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 16 ) 5ARG06 10.94 102 6 `` The Help '' Jim Hensz Danny Zuker October 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 23 ) 5ARG07 10.32 103 7 `` A Fair to Remember '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Emily Spivey November 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 13 ) 5ARG09 10.75 104 8 `` ClosetCon ' 13 '' Fred Savage Ben Karlin November 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) 5ARG08 10.19 105 9 `` The Big Game '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Megan Ganz December 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 04 ) 5ARG03 9.47 106 10 `` The Old Man & the Tree '' Bryan Cranston Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh December 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 11 ) 5ARG10 10.61 107 11 `` And One to Grow On '' Gail Mancuso Jeffrey Richman January 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 08 ) 5ARG12 9.51 108 12 `` Under Pressure '' James Bagdonas Elaine Ko January 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) 5ARG11 9.14 109 13 `` Three Dinners '' Steven Levitan Abraham Higginbotham , Steven Levitan & Jeffrey Richman January 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 22 ) 5ARG15 9.59 110 14 `` iSpy '' Gail Mancuso Abraham Higginbotham February 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 05 ) 5ARG13 9.87 111 15 `` The Feud '' Ryan Case Story by : Christopher Lloyd Teleplay by : Dan O'Shannon February 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 26 ) 5ARG14 8.52 112 16 `` Spring - a-Ding - Fling '' Gail Mancuso Ben Karlin March 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) 5ARG16 9.22 113 17 `` Other People 's Children '' Jim Hensz Megan Ganz March 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 12 ) 5ARG17 9.39 114 18 `` Las Vegas '' Gail Mancuso Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh & Bill Wrubel March 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) 5ARG18 10.09 115 19 `` A Hard Jay 's Night '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Megan Ganz & Ben Karlin April 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) 5ARG20 9.00 116 20 `` Australia '' Steven Levitan Elaine Ko & Danny Zuker April 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) 5ARG21 9.59 117 21 `` Sleeper '' Ryan Case Paul Corrigan , Brad Walsh & Bill Wrubel April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) 5ARG22 8.39 118 22 `` Message Received '' Jeffrey Walker Steven Levitan May 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) 5ARG19 8.55 119 23 `` The Wedding ( Part 1 ) '' Steven Levitan Abraham Higginbotham , Ben Karlin & Jeffrey Richman May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 5ARG23 9.08 120 24 `` The Wedding ( Part 2 ) '' Alisa Statman Megan Ganz , Christopher Lloyd & Dan O'Shannon May 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 21 ) 5ARG24 10.45 Season 6 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 6 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 121 `` The Long Honeymoon '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Danny Zuker September 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 24 ) 6ARG01 11.38 122 `` Do Not Push '' Gail Mancuso Megan Ganz October 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 01 ) 6ARG02 10.56 123 `` The Cold '' Jim Hensz Rick Wiener & Kenny Schwartz October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) 6ARG03 10.30 124 `` Marco Polo '' Fred Savage Elaine Ko October 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 15 ) 6ARG05 9.71 125 5 `` Wo n't You Be Our Neighbor '' Gail Mancuso Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) 6ARG04 10.16 126 6 `` Halloween 3 : AwesomeLand '' Gail Mancuso Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh & Abraham Higginbotham October 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 29 ) 6ARG06 9.92 127 7 `` Queer Eyes , Full Hearts '' Jason Winer Stephen Lloyd November 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 12 ) 6ARG08 9.83 128 8 `` Three Turkeys '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Jeffrey Richman November 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 19 ) 6ARG09 10.88 129 9 `` Strangers in the Night '' Fred Savage Chuck Tatham December 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 03 ) 6ARG07 9.02 130 10 `` Haley 's 21st Birthday '' Alisa Statman Abraham Higginbotham December 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) 6ARG10 9.69 131 11 `` The Day We Almost Died '' James Bagdonas Danny Zuker January 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 07 ) 6ARG13 9.29 132 12 `` The Big Guns '' Jeffrey Walker Vali Chandrasekaran January 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 14 ) 6ARG14 9.44 133 13 `` Rash Decisions '' Jim Hensz Story by : Anthony Lombardo & Clint McCray Teleplay by : Daisy Gardner February 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) 6ARG16 9.87 134 14 `` Valentine 's Day 4 : Twisted Sister '' Fred Savage Jeffrey Richman February 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) 6ARG15 9.77 135 15 `` Fight or Flight '' Steven Levitan Abraham Higginbotham February 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 6ARG18 8.80 136 16 `` Connection Lost '' Steven Levitan Steven Levitan & Megan Ganz February 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 6ARG12 9.32 137 17 `` Closet ? You 'll Love It ! '' Ryan Case Elaine Ko March 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) 6ARG11 9.61 138 18 `` Spring Break '' Gail Mancuso Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh March 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 25 ) 6ARG17 8.71 139 19 `` Grill , Interrupted '' James Bagdonas Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh & Jeffrey Richman April 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 01 ) 6ARG21 9.43 140 20 `` Knock ' Em Down '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Rick Wiener & Kenny Schwartz April 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 22 ) 6ARG20 8.85 141 21 `` Integrity '' Chris Koch Stephen Lloyd & Chuck Tatham April 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 29 ) 6ARG19 8.00 142 22 `` Patriot Games '' Alisa Statman Vali Chandrasekaran May 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) 6ARG22 8.57 143 23 `` Crying Out Loud '' Ryan Case Megan Ganz & Stephen Lloyd & Chuck Tatham May 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) 6ARG23 8.13 144 24 `` American Skyper '' Steven Levitan Elaine Ko May 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 20 ) 6ARG24 7.20 Season 7 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 7 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 145 `` Summer Lovin ' '' Jim Hensz Abraham Higginbotham September 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) 7ARG01 9.46 146 `` The Day Alex Left for College '' Jeffrey Walker Danny Zuker September 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) 7ARG02 8.72 147 `` The Closet Case '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) 7ARG03 7.99 148 `` She Crazy '' Gail Mancuso Elaine Ko October 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 14 ) 7ARG04 7.88 149 5 `` The Verdict '' Alisa Statman Chuck Tatham October 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 21 ) 7ARG05 7.80 150 6 `` The More You Ignore Me '' Gail Mancuso Vali Chandrasekaran November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) 7ARG06 8.15 151 7 `` Phil 's Sexy , Sexy House '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Stephen Lloyd November 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 18 ) 7ARG08 8.38 152 8 `` Clean Out Your Junk Drawer '' Steven Levitan Steven Levitan December 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 02 ) 7ARG07 7.35 153 9 `` White Christmas '' Gail Mancuso Andy Gordon & Jon Pollack December 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 09 ) 7ARG11 8.20 154 10 `` Playdates '' Claire Scanlon Jeffrey Richman January 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) 7ARG09 8.35 155 11 `` Spread Your Wings '' James Bagdonas Vanessa McCarthy & Ryan Walls January 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 13 ) 7ARG10 8.17 156 12 `` Clean for a Day '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh February 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) 7ARG13 7.80 157 13 `` Thunk in the Trunk '' Phil Traill Elaine Ko February 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 7ARG12 7.48 158 14 `` The Storm '' James Bagdonas Danny Zuker February 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) 7ARG16 8.10 159 15 `` I Do n't Know How She Does It '' Ryan Case Jeffrey Richman March 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 02 ) 7ARG14 8.22 160 16 `` The Cover - Up '' Jim Hensz Chuck Tatham March 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 16 ) 7ARG15 8.14 161 17 `` Express Yourself '' Alisa Statman Abraham Higginbotham March 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 23 ) 7ARG18 7.69 162 18 `` The Party '' Steven Levitan Vali Chandrasekaran April 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 06 ) 7ARG17 7.51 163 19 `` Man Should n't Lie '' Gail Mancuso Andy Gordon April 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 13 ) 7ARG19 7.44 164 20 `` Promposal '' Ken Whittingham Stephen Lloyd May 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) 7ARG20 7.42 165 21 `` Crazy Train '' Jim Hensz Jon Pollack & Ryan Walls May 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 11 ) 7ARG21 7.16 166 22 `` Double Click '' James Bagdonas Elaine Ko May 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) 7ARG22 6.79 Season 8 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 8 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 167 `` A Tale of Three Cities '' Chris Koch Elaine Ko September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) 8ARG01 8.24 168 `` A Stereotypical Day '' Ryan Case Vali Chandrasekaran September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) 8ARG03 7.41 169 `` Blindsided '' Jim Hensz Christy Stratton & Danny Zuker October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) 8ARG02 6.97 170 `` Weathering Heights '' Gail Mancuso Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) 8ARG04 7.50 171 5 `` Halloween IV : Revenge of Rod Skyhook '' Chris Koch Stephen Lloyd October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) 8ARG06 7.38 172 6 `` Grab It '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Jeffrey Richman November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) 8ARG05 7.23 173 7 `` Thanksgiving Jamboree '' Steven Levitan Jon Pollack & Chuck Tatham November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) 8ARG08 7.33 174 8 `` The Alliance '' James Bagdonas Andy Gordon & Ryan Walls November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) 8ARG09 6.81 175 9 `` Snow Ball '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Christy Stratton & Stephen Lloyd December 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 14 ) 8ARG10 6.81 176 10 `` Ringmaster Keifth '' Jim Hensz Vali Chandrasekaran January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) 8ARG11 7.57 177 11 `` Sarge & Pea '' James Bagdonas Abraham Higginbotham January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) 8ARG07 7.59 178 12 `` Do You Believe in Magic '' Gail Mancuso Jon Pollack February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 8ARG15 7.34 179 13 `` Do It Yourself '' Jeffrey Walker Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 8ARG12 6.92 180 14 `` Heavy is the Head '' Ken Whittingham Danny Zuker February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 8ARG14 6.65 181 15 `` Finding Fizbo '' James Bagdonas Abraham Higginbotham & Chuck Tatham March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) 8ARG16 6.41 182 16 `` Basketball '' Jim Hensz Elaine Ko March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) 8ARG13 6.49 183 17 `` Pig Moon Rising '' Chris Koch Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 8ARG17 6.12 184 18 `` Five Minutes '' Gail Mancuso Elaine Ko March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) 8ARG18 6.79 185 19 `` Frank 's Wedding '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Andy Gordon April 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 05 ) 8ARG19 6.25 186 20 `` All Things Being Equal '' Michelle MacLaren Christy Stratton & Ryan Walls May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) 8ARG20 5.65 187 21 `` Alone Time '' Jim Hensz Abraham Higginbotham , Stephen Lloyd & Danny Zuker May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) 8ARG21 5.71 188 22 `` The Graduates '' Steven Levitan Jon Pollack , Jeffrey Richman & Chuck Tatham May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) 8ARG22 6.20 Season 9 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Modern Family ( season 9 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 189 `` Lake Life '' James Bagdonas Elaine Ko September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 9ARG03 7.01 190 `` The Long Goodbye '' Jim Hensz Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 9ARG02 6.36 191 `` Catch of the Day '' Fred Savage Jeffrey Richman October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 9ARG01 6.27 192 `` Sex , Lies and Kickball '' John Riggi Abraham Higginbotham October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 9ARG05 6.22 193 5 `` It 's the Great Pumpkin , Phil Dunphy '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Jon Pollack October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 9ARG04 5.96 194 6 `` Ten Years Later '' Fred Savage Danny Zuker November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 9ARG08 5.51 195 7 `` Winner Winner Turkey Dinner '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Bill Wrubel November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 9ARG06 TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Renewed for Seasons 9 and 10 as Cast Inks Rich New Deals to Return '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . ( May 27 , 2010 ) Full Series Rankings For The 2009 - 10 Broadcast Season -- . Deadline.com . Retrieved on July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` 2010 - 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show Viewership Averages -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2011 - 2012 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2012 - 13 TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed by ' NCIS ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 2009 - 09 - 24 ) . `` Wednesday broadcast finals : Modern Family down a tenth , Cougar Town up a tenth with adults 18 - 49 '' . TV by the numbers . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2009 - 10 - 01 ) . `` TV Ratings , Glee rises to a 3.3 , Criminal Minds to a 3.8 ; Eastwick drops to a 2.3 in finals '' . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2009 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Wednesday Broadcast finals : Modern Family , Cougar Town , Glee , Criminal Minds tick up in finals ; Old Christine down a tick '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 2009 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Wednesday broadcast finals : Glee , The Middle , Jay Leno tick up , CBS comedies , Mercy , L&O : SVU tick down '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2009 - 10 - 22 ) . `` TV Ratings , Broadcast finals : Glee , Modern Family , Cougar Town , Criminal Minds tick up ; Mercy , Old Christine , SVU , Eastwick tick down '' . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2009 - 10 - 29 ) . `` TV Ratings , Wednesday Broadcast finals : Law & Order : SVU , Criminal Minds repeat were up a tick '' . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2009 - 11 - 05 ) . `` TV Ratings , Wednesday Broadcast finals : Law & Order : SVU , Criminal Minds repeat were up a tick '' . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2009 - 11 - 19 ) . `` TV Ratings , Wednesday broadcast & cable finals : Glee , America 's Next Top Model tick up '' . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 2009 - 11 - 26 ) . `` TV Ratings : Overnight Nielsen Ratings Wednesday , November 25 , 2009 : The Biggest Loser : Where Are They Now ratings , Modern Family ratings , Cougar Town ratings , The Middle ratings , Glee ratings , So You Think You Can Dance ratings , The New Adventures of Old Christine ratings , Gary Unmarried ratings , Criminal Minds ratings , CSI : NY ratings , and The Jay Leno Show ratings '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast Finals : Glee rises to season high ; Criminal Minds up ; The Middle , Gary Unmarried down a tick '' . TVbythenumbers . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2010 - 01 - 07 ) . `` TV Ratings , Sunday Night Football , Big Bang Theory , Biggest Loser and CSI top weekly broadcast charts '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2010 - 01 - 14 ) . `` TV Ratings : American Idol Second Night Down ; Ugly Betty 's Ratings ' Pants Are On The Ground '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Broadcast Finals : Idol , Modern Family Up ; Gary , Criminal Minds , CSI : NY Down '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Bill Gorman ( 2010 - 02 - 04 ) . `` TV Ratings : Wednesday Broadcast Final Ratings ; Idol Ticks Up , Ugly Betty Ticks Down '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2010 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Broadcast Finals : ABC 's Entire Lineup Drops By 1 / 10th with Adults 18 - 49 ; Criminal Minds , CSI : NY Drop '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman . `` TV Ratings : Nielsen Overnight TV Show Ratings , TV Ratings : American Idol Dominates ; The Middle , Modern Family and Oprah Take a Dive '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( 2010 - 03 - 11 ) . `` TV Ratings : American Idol Down , But Still Dominates ; Modern Family Rebounds '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Broadcast Finals : The Middle , Modern Family , Idol , Survivor , ANTM Rise Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` '' The Middle , '' `` Modern Family , '' and `` American Idol '' Rise In Wednesday Broadcast Finals `` . TVByTheNumbers.com . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Broadcast Finals : The Middle , Modern Family , Cougar Town Adjusted Up ; Ugly Betty Down '' . TVByTheNumbers.com . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Broadcast Finals : Modern Family , American Idol , Top Model Adjusted Up ; High Society Down '' . TVByTheNumbers.com . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 6 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : `` American Idol , '' `` The Middle , '' `` Modern Family , '' `` Cougar Town '' and `` CSI : NY '' Adjusted Up `` . TVByTheNumbers.com . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario T. ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , May 19 , 2010 '' . YourEntertainmentNow.com . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Wednesday : Good Guys Off To Bad Start ; Idol Down '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . May 20 , 2010 . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : ' The Middle , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Cougar Town , ' ' Undercovers ' All See Small Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : Better With You , The Middle , Modern Family , Survivor , Law & Order : SVU , Law & Order : LA Adjusted Up ; Cougar Town , Whole Truth Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 30 , 2010 . ' Jump up to : ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : Survivor , ' The Middle , ' Modern Family , ' SVU , ' The Defenders Up ; Cougar Town , ' The Whole Truth Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : Survivor , Middle , Modern Family , L&O : SVU , Top Model Adjusted Up ; 20 / 20 , Undercovers Down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : Survivor , Buster Posey ( NLCS ) , Criminal Minds The Defenders , Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up ; The Whole Truth Down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 28 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : Survivor : Nicaragua , The Middle Adjusted Up ; The Whole Truth Down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : Criminal Minds , Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 18 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 29 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle , Hell 's Kitchen Adjusted Up ; Cougar Town Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 9 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family , ' ' The Sing Off ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Cougar Town ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 13 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down ; ' Off The Map ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle , ' ' Better With You , ' ' Cougar Town ' Adjusted Down ; ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up '' . Tv by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Blue Bloods , ' ' Human Target ' Adjusted Down , ' Modern Family , ' ' Better with You ' Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 24 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Mr. Sunshine , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' CM : Suspect Behavior ' All Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Better With You ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor , ' ' ANTM ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mr. Sunshine ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Happy Endings , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Suspect Behavior ' Adjusted Up ; ' Breaking In , ' ' Minute , ' ' Shedding ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 21 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' American Idol , ' ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Cougar Town ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 5 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Breaking In ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' The Middle ' ' Better With You , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Breaking In , ' ' Cougar Town ' Adj . Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adj . Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Law & Order : LA , ' ' Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Updated Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' Supernatural ' Tops % Gains In Season 's Premiere Week '' . TV by the Numbers . October 10 , 2011 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' X Factor , ' ' Survivor , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' CSI , ' ' L&O : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 6 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Up All Night ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revenge , ' ' Happy Endings , ' ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Up All Night , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Suburgatory , ' ' Modern Family ' ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Harry 's Law , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' & ' ANTM ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 2 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up to Series High ; ' X Factor , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Suburgatory ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family , ' ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings , ' ' Mobbed ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 8 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor , ' ' Up All Night , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Next Top Model ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle , ' ' Whitney , ' ' Harry 's Law ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Are You There , Chelsea ? , ' ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings , ' ' CSI , ' ' SVU , ' Among Many Downward Adjustments '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' One Tree Hill , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Whitney , ' ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up , ' The Middle , ' ' CSI , ' ' Rock Center , ' & ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family , ' ' CSI , ' ' One Tree Hill ' Adjusted Up , ' The Middle , ' ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory , ' ' America 's Next Top Model ' & ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor : One World ' , ' CSI ' , ' One Tree Hill ' , ' Are You There , Chelsea ? ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjust Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' CSI ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' Up ; ' Rock Center ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' SVU ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Off Their Rockers , ' Best Friends Forever ' , ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' SVU ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' , & ' ANTM ' Adjusted Up , ' Do n't Trust the B ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Idol ' , ' SVU ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Survivor ' , & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' Off Their Rockers ' , ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , ' Off Their Rockers ' Adjusted Up ; ' Do n't Trust the B ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' , & ' SVU ' Adjusted Up , ' Apt 23 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor , ' ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' Adjusted Up , ' The Neighbors ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments for ' Arrow ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Animal Practice ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down Plus Unscrambled FOX Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , & ' Law and Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up + World Series Game 1 Final Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' CSI ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' 30 Rock ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Modern Family ' , & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' , & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' and ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' and ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' People 's Choice Awards ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' I Get That AQ Lot ' Adjusted Down ( Updated ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' The Neighbors ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' The Neighbors ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Modern Family ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' CSI ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' , ' American Idol ' , & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' Whitney ' and ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 11 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' , Modern Family ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , ' CSI ' Adjusted Up ; ' How To Live With Your Parents ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Family Tools ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' MasterChef ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' How To Live With Your Parents ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Updated Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase & Total Viewership Gains ; ' Sleepy Hollow ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Premiere Week '' . TV by the Numbers . October 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 3 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Revolution ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , & ' Back In The Game ' Adjusted Up ; ' Ironside ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Back in the Game ' , ' Modern Family ' and ' The Tomorrow People ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Toy Story of TERROR ! ' & ' Back In The Game ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' & ' Ironside ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' The Tomorrow People ' Adjusted Up ; ' Super Fun Night ' Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Revolution ' , ' Arrow ' , ' The Middle ' & ' Survivor Adjusted Up ; ' Super Fun Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Survivor ' & ' The Middle ' Adjusted Up ; ' Super Fun Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Tomorrow People ' & ' Super Fun Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' People 's Choice Awards ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' & ' Super Fun Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Law and Order : SVU ' , ' The Tomorrow People ' & ' Super Fun Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' & ' The Middle ' Adjusted Up ; ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Super Fun NIght ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Mixology ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Mixology ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mixology ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Arrow ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Revolution ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Suburgatory ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Law and Order : SVU ' , & ' Red Band Society ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Black - ish ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Wednesday , October 8 Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' Encore Adjusted Up ; ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Red Band Society ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' black - ish ' Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Stalker ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Stalker ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' , ' Red Band Society ' or ' Nashville ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Arrow ' , ' Modern Family ' or ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments Beyond Previously Released Increases for ' Empire ' & ' American Idol ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' & ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Mysteries of Laura ' and ' black - ish ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Arrow ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' , ' The 100 ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Arrow ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' & ' Stalker ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Suvivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' & Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Mysteries of Laura ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Nashville ' , & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' ' Supernatural ' & ' Blacki - ish ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Law & Order : SVU ' , ' Survivor , ' The Middle ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Survivor : Reunion ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Law and Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Rosewood ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' & ' Code Black ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' SVU ' and others adjusted up , ' Arrow ' holds , ' Nashville ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family ' and ' Arrow ' adjusted up , ' Nashville ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Rosewood ' adjusted up , ' Empire ' and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Blackish ' and ' Code Black ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow , ' ' Rosewood , ' ' Survivor ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow , ' ' Empire ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Modern Family ' and all other originals hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' American Idol ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Modern Family ' adjusts up , ' Code Black ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Goldbergs ' and ' SVU ' adjust up ' Survivor , ' ' Code Black ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' The Goldbergs ' and ' SVU ' reruns adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Criminal Minds ' and ' Chicago PD ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' and ' Nashville ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Wednesday final ratings : ' Chicago PD ' and ' Heartbeat ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' Nashville ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Goldbergs , ' & ' SVU ' adjust up , ' Arrow ' & ' Supernatural ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' SVU ' & ' Blindspot ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' SVU , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' SVU , ' ABC comedies adjust up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black - ish ' adjusts down , others hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor ' finale adjusts down , ' SNL Christmas ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Modern Family ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up , ' SVU ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Star ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' and ' Chicago PD ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ABC comedies , ' SVU , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Shots Fired ' all adjust up ; ' Beyond Borders ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds ' finale , ' Chicago PD ' & ' Speechless ' all adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Blindspot ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' SEAL Team , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' SEAL Team ' adjust up , ' Criminal Minds ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` World Series ends big , ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist , ' ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 906 ) `` Winner Winner Turkey Dinner '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Episode guide at ABC.com List of Modern Family episodes on IMDb List of Modern Family episodes at TV.com Episode Guide at Guidebox.com ( hide ) Modern Family Awards and nominations Characters Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Bicycle Thief '' `` Come Fly with Me '' `` The Incident '' `` Coal Digger '' `` Run for Your Wife '' `` En Garde '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Fizbo '' `` Undeck the Halls '' `` Up All Night '' `` Not in My House '' `` Fifteen Percent '' `` Moon Landing '' `` My Funky Valentine '' `` Fears '' `` Truth Be Told '' `` Starry Night '' `` Game Changer '' `` Benched '' `` Travels with Scout '' `` Airport 2010 '' `` Hawaii '' `` Family Portrait '' Season 2 `` The Old Wagon '' `` The Kiss '' `` Earthquake '' `` Strangers on a Treadmill '' `` Unplugged '' `` Halloween '' `` Chirp '' `` Manny Get Your Gun '' `` Mother Tucker '' `` Dance Dance Revelation '' `` Slow Down Your Neighbors '' `` Our Children , Ourselves '' `` Caught in the Act '' `` Bixby 's Back '' `` Princess Party '' `` Regrets Only '' `` Two Monkeys and a Panda '' `` Boys ' Night '' `` The Musical Man '' `` Someone to Watch Over Lily '' `` Mother 's Day '' `` Good Cop Bad Dog '' `` See You Next Fall '' `` The One That Got Away '' Season 3 `` Dude Ranch '' `` When Good Kids Go Bad '' `` Phil on Wire '' `` Door to Door '' `` Hit and Run '' `` Go Bullfrogs ! '' `` Treehouse '' `` After the Fire '' `` Punkin Chunkin '' `` Express Christmas '' `` Lifetime Supply '' `` Egg Drop '' `` Little Bo Bleep '' `` Me ? Jealous ? '' `` Aunt Mommy '' `` Virgin Territory '' `` Leap Day '' `` Send Out the Clowns '' `` Election Day '' `` The Last Walt '' `` Planes , Trains and Cars '' `` Disneyland '' `` Tableau Vivant '' `` Baby on Board '' Season 4 `` Bringing Up Baby '' `` Schooled '' `` Snip '' `` The Butler 's Escape '' `` Open House of Horrors '' `` Yard Sale '' `` Arrested '' `` Mistery Date '' `` When a Tree Falls '' `` Diamond in the Rough '' `` New Year 's Eve '' `` Party Crasher '' `` Fulgencio '' `` A Slight at the Opera '' `` Heart Broken '' `` Bad Hair Day '' `` Best Men '' `` The Wow Factor '' `` The Future Dunphys '' `` Flip Flop '' `` Career Day '' `` My Hero '' `` Games People Play '' `` Goodnight Gracie '' Season 5 `` Suddenly , Last Summer '' `` First Days '' `` Larry 's Wife '' `` Farm Strong '' `` The Late Show '' `` The Help '' `` A Fair to Remember '' `` ClosetCon ' 13 '' `` The Big Game '' `` The Old Man & the Tree '' `` And One to Grow On '' `` Under Pressure '' `` Three Dinners '' `` iSpy '' `` The Feud '' `` Spring - a-Ding - Fling '' `` Other People 's Children '' `` Las Vegas '' `` A Hard Jay 's Night '' `` Australia '' `` Sleeper '' `` Message Received '' `` The Wedding ( Part 1 ) '' `` The Wedding ( Part 2 ) '' Season 6 `` The Long Honeymoon '' `` Do Not Push '' `` The Cold '' `` Marco Polo '' `` Wo n't You Be Our Neighbor '' `` Halloween 3 : AwesomeLand '' `` Queer Eyes , Full Hearts '' `` Three Turkeys '' `` Strangers in the Night '' `` Haley 's 21st Birthday '' `` The Day We Almost Died '' `` The Big Guns '' `` Rash Decisions '' `` Valentine 's Day 4 : Twisted Sister '' `` Fight or Flight '' `` Connection Lost '' `` Closet ? You 'll Love It ! '' `` Spring Break '' `` Grill , Interrupted '' `` Knock ' Em Down '' `` Integrity '' `` Patriot Games '' `` Crying Out Loud '' `` American Skyper '' Season 7 `` Summer Lovin ' '' `` The Day Alex Left for College '' `` The Closet Case '' `` The Verdict '' `` Playdates '' `` Spread Your Wings '' `` Clean for a Day '' Season 8 `` A Tale of Three Cities '' `` A Stereotypical Day '' `` Blindsided '' `` Weathering Heights '' `` Halloween IV : Revenge of Rod Skyhook '' `` Grab It '' `` Thanksgiving Jamboree '' `` The Alliance '' `` Do You Believe in Magic '' Adaptations Familia moderna Haft Sang Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Modern_Family_episodes&oldid=808327011 '' Categories : Modern Family episodes Lists of American sitcom television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Français Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 05 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does new modern family come on 2017 | [
"\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\nNielsen ratings\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\nRank\nViewers\n(in millions)\n\n\n\n1\n24\nSeptember 23, 2009 (2009-09-23)\nMay 19, 2010 (2010-05-19)\n36\n9.49[2]\n\n\n\n2\n24\nSeptember 22, 2010 (2010-09-22)\nMay 25, 2011 (2011-05-25)\n24\n11.89[3]\n\n\n\n3\n24\nSeptember 21, 2011 (2011-09-21)\nMay 23, 2012 (2012-05-23)\n15\n12.93[4]\n\n\n\n4\n24\nSeptember 26, 2012 (2012-09-26)\nMay 22, 2013 (2013-05-22)\n18\n12.31[5]\n\n\n\n5\n24\nSeptember 25, 2013 (2013-09-25)\nMay 21, 2014 (2014-05-21)\n19\n11.79[6]\n\n\n\n6\n24\nSeptember 24, 2014 (2014-09-24)\nMay 20, 2015 (2015-05-20)\n24\n11.91[7]\n\n\n\n7\n22\nSeptember 23, 2015 (2015-09-23)\nMay 18, 2016 (2016-05-18)\n36\n9.83[8]\n\n\n\n8\n22\nSeptember 21, 2016 (2016-09-21)\nMay 17, 2017 (2017-05-17)\n34\n8.79[9]\n\n\n\n9\n22\nSeptember 27, 2017 (2017-09-27)\nTBA\nTBA\nTBA\n\n"
] | [
"September 27, 2017"
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-734541364368447818 | Baby's Day Out | Baby 's Day Out - wikipedia Baby 's Day Out This article is missing information about production for the film . Please expand the article to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( January 2015 ) Baby 's Day Out Theatrical release poster Directed by Patrick Read Johnson Produced by John Hughes Richard Vane Written by John Hughes Starring Joe Mantegna Lara Flynn Boyle Joe Pantoliano Brian Haley Music by Bruce Broughton Cinematography Thomas E. Ackerman Edited by David Rawlins Production company Hughes Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date July 1 , 1994 ( 1994 - 07 - 01 ) Running time 99 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $48 million Box office $16.7 million Baby 's Day Out is a 1994 American family comedy adventure film , written by John Hughes , produced by Richard Vane and John Hughes , and directed by Patrick Read Johnson . The film stars Joe Mantegna , Lara Flynn Boyle , Joe Pantoliano and Brian Haley . The plot centers on a wealthy baby 's abduction by three kidnappers , his subsequent escape and adventure through Chicago while being pursued by the kidnappers . Baby 's Day Out was released on July 1 , 1994 in the United States and was a critical and financial failure , grossing only $16.7 million against a $48 million budget . However , it enjoyed tremendous popularity in India and other South Asian markets . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Box office 3.3 Popularity in South Asia and remakes 4 Video game 5 Home media 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Bennington Austin `` Bink '' Cotwell IV ( Adam Robert and Jacob Joseph Worton ) has adoring parents Laraine ( Lara Flynn Boyle ) and Bennington ( Matthew Glave ) , lives in a huge mansion in a suburb of Chicago , and is just about to appear in the social pages of the newspaper . Three klutzy would - be kidnappers -- Edgar `` Eddie '' Mauser ( Joe Mantegna ) , Norbert `` Norby '' LeBlaw ( Joe Pantoliano ) and Victor `` Veeko '' Riley ( Brian Haley ) -- , the main antagonists , disguise themselves as the photographers from the paper and kidnap him . After the kidnapping , they have difficulty controlling him . Norby attempts to put Bink to sleep by reading Bink 's favorite book , `` Baby 's Day Out '' , only to fall asleep himself and leaving Bink unattended . Looking through the book , Bink notices a bird on the page and then by the window . He follows it out and successfully gets away from his kidnappers , with Eddie falling off the building and into a garbage bin . The FBI arrives at the mansion , headed by Dale Grissom ( Fred Dalton Thompson ) , where they try to piece together clues along with Bink 's parents and his loving nanny Gilbertine ( Cynthia Nixon ) . Meanwhile , Bink , now outside on the ground and crawling about , finds another part of his book -- the blue bus , which he then boards . The kidnappers realize he is missing and start chasing the bus in their van , but their efforts are in vain . Meanwhile , on the bus , Bink crawls into the bag of an obese lady ( Robin Baber ) , who gets off at her stop shortly afterwards . By the time the trio catches the bus , they realize Bink is not on board and follow the lady . An altercation ensues after they insult her ( when she insults them ) , and while they attempt their escape , Bink crawls up to a revolving door at the entrance to a department store and is forced inwards by its momentum . Crawling through the Marshall Fields department store , Bink is stopped by a worker ( Dawn Maxey ) who works for the store 's day care center , believing he is another baby who escaped from there . He later escapes the store and eventually crawls into traffic after a ride on a taxi cab . The kidnappers attempt to follow him but keep getting injured in the process as he makes his way to the city zoo . They are shocked to find him in the primate house with a gorilla , which shows a maternal side and does not injure him . The kidnappers try to retrieve him , but the gorilla notices and hits Veeko 's hand , throws Norby into the air using a mop as a catapult , and hurls Eddie against the bars of the opposite cage . The kidnappers eventually corner and catch Bink in the zoo 's park , but are confronted by two friendly police officers , who have noticed that their van 's engine is still running . During the conversation , Eddie hides Bink under his coat in his lap , but he reaches Eddie 's cigarette lighter , sets his crotch on fire , and sneaks off as soon as the officers are gone . Veeko extinguishes the fire by stomping repeatedly on Eddie 's groin . They follow Bink to a construction yard , but are still unable to catch him , with Veeko getting thrown off the building and into the back of a garbage truck , Norby falling into a vat of wet cement , and Eddie getting stranded on a crane after being drenched in glue . The sun sets as Bink leaves the construction yard . The kidnappers manage to escape , but decide to give up and go home . Bink 's parents are notified of various sightings of him in the city and Gilbertine deduces that he has been following his favorite book ( or `` Boo - Boo '' , as Bink calls it ) , and will most likely head for the Old Soldiers ' Home next . Sure enough , they find him there , but on the way home , he begins to call out `` Boo - Boo '' toward the kidnappers ' flat . The FBI move in and arrest the kidnappers , who return Bink 's book . Back home , Bink is put to bed by his parents . As they discuss having his picture taken by a normal photographer in the morning , he wakes up and gets ready to read another book , Baby 's Trip to China . Cast ( edit ) Joe Mantegna as Edgar `` Eddie '' Mauser Brian Haley as Victor `` Veeko '' Riley Joe Pantoliano as Norbert `` Norby '' LeBlaw Lara Flynn Boyle as Laraine Cotwell Matthew Glave as Bennington Austin `` Bing '' Cotwell III Cynthia Nixon as Gilbertine Fred Dalton Thompson as Dale Grissom John Neville as Mr. Andrews Robin Baber as Ursula Trevor Dalton as Norm Eddie Bracken as Old Soldier Dawn Maxey as Teenage Employee Anna Thomson as Mrs. McCray Adam Robert and Jacob Joseph Worton as Bennington Austin `` Baby Bink '' Cotwell IV Verne Troyer as Bink 's stunt double Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2015 ) Baby 's Day Out was panned by critics , and holds a 21 % `` rotten '' approval rating at the review website Rotten Tomatoes , with 3 positive reviews from 14 . On the Siskel & Ebert show , critic Roger Ebert wrote that `` Baby 's Day Out contains gags that might have worked in a Baby Herman cartoon , but in live action , with real people , taxis , buses , streets , and a real baby , they 're just not funny . The Worton twins are adorable as Baby Bink , however ; the audience produced an audible coo the first time they saw him on the screen . '' He gave the film 1 1 / 2 stars . His partner , Gene Siskel , however , liked the film because he thought that young children would love it for the humor . Hal Hinson , writing for the Washington Post , wrote : `` The pace is quick and efficient but never frantic ... almost everything in the picture is just right , including the two - bit crooks who abduct the superhero toddler and end up bruised and begging hilariously for mercy . Best of all , though , is the Binkman himself , whose tiny face is so expressive that he brings new meaning to the phrase ' conquering with a smile . ' '' Box Office ( edit ) The film opened with takings of $4,044,662 at the start of July 1994 . The film finally grossed $16,827,402 at the domestic box office , a disappointing return considering the $48 million production budget for the film . It ranked at # 83 for the best performing films of 1994 . It was also the 26th best performing PG - rated family film of the year in 1994 . Popularity in South Asia and remakes ( edit ) Baby 's Day Out was tremendously popular in South Asia , including India , Pakistan , Sri Lanka and Bangladesh . In India , the movie was played at the largest theater in Calcutta for over a year . Recalling a trip to Calcutta , Roger Ebert says , `` I asked if Star Wars had been their most successful American film . No , I was told , it was Baby 's Day Out ... '' It was remade twice , first in Telugu in 1995 under the title Sisindri and then in Malayalam in 1999 under the title James Bond . Video Game ( edit ) A video game version of the film was planned , completed , and slated to be released on Super Nintendo Entertainment System , Sega Genesis and Game Boy in October 1994 , but was cancelled at the last minute . Two prototypes of the Genesis port can be found for download on several ROM sites . One is a near completed version while the other is a very early beta . Instead of playing as Bink , the player controls what appears to be Bink 's guardian angel to guide Bink to safety in the vein of Pac - Man 2 : The New Adventures . Home media ( edit ) 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the film on VHS on April 4 , 1995 . The film was released on DVD on January 29 , 2001 . It includes Patrick Read Johnson 's commentary , a featurette , and a trailer for the film . The film was re-released on DVD on October 11 , 2011 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Baby 's Day Out ( 1994 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Baby 's Day Out at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 1 , 1994 ) . `` Baby 's Day Out review '' . rogerebert.com . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hinson , Hal ( July 1 , 1994 ) . `` ' Baby 's Day Out ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for July 1 -- 4 , 1994 '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fourth of July Weekend Box Office '' . The Los Angeles Times . July 7 , 1994 . Retrieved January 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baby 's Day Out -- Box Office Data '' . thenumbers.com . The Numbers . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( August 6 , 2009 ) . `` John Hughes : In Memory '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Joshua ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Legacy of Baby 's Day Out , the Only Comedy Movie I 've Ever Walked Out On '' . Vulture . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ videoreviewchris ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Baby 's Day Out - Video Game Trailer '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ProReview : Baby 's Day Out '' . GamePro ( 64 ) . IDG . November 1994 . p. 104 . External links ( edit ) United States portal Film portal 1990s portal Baby 's Day Out on IMDb Baby 's Day Out at Rotten Tomatoes Baby 's Day Out at AllMovie Films directed by Patrick Read Johnson Spaced Invaders ( 1990 ) Baby 's Day Out ( 1994 ) Angus ( 1995 ) When Good Ghouls Go Bad ( 2001 ) The Genesis Code ( 2010 ) 5 - 25 - 77 ( 2017 ) John Hughes Director and writer Sixteen Candles ( 1984 ) The Breakfast Club ( 1985 ) Weird Science ( 1985 ) Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ( 1986 ) Planes , Trains and Automobiles ( 1987 ) She 's Having a Baby ( 1988 ) Uncle Buck ( 1989 ) Curly Sue ( 1991 ) Writer only National Lampoon 's Class Reunion ( 1982 ) Mr. Mom ( 1983 ) National Lampoon 's Vacation ( 1983 ) Nate and Hayes ( 1983 ) National Lampoon 's European Vacation ( 1985 ) Pretty in Pink ( 1986 ) Some Kind of Wonderful ( 1987 ) The Great Outdoors ( 1988 ) National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation ( 1989 ) Home Alone ( 1990 ) Career Opportunities ( 1991 ) Dutch ( 1991 ) Beethoven ( 1992 ) Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) Dennis the Menace ( 1993 ) Baby 's Day Out ( 1994 ) Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 ) 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) Flubber ( 1997 ) Home Alone 3 ( 1997 ) Reach the Rock ( 1998 ) Just Visiting ( 2001 ) Maid in Manhattan ( 2002 , story ) Drillbit Taylor ( 2008 , original character ) Related Do n't You Forget About Me ( 2009 documentary ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baby%27s_Day_Out&oldid=865614235 '' Categories : 1994 films English - language films 1990s adventure films 1990s criminal comedy films 20th Century Fox films American adventure comedy films American children 's adventure films American children 's comedy films American criminal comedy films American films Child superheroes Films about abduction Films about babies Films about dysfunctional families Films directed by Patrick Read Johnson Films produced by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) Films set in amusement parks Films set in Chicago Films set in zoos Films shot in Chicago Screenplays by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) Slapstick films Films scored by Bruce Broughton Cancelled Game Boy games Cancelled Super Nintendo Entertainment System games Cancelled Sega Genesis games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2018 Articles to be expanded from January 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Deutsch Español Estremeñu فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Runa Simi Русский Sicilianu Svenska Türkçe 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 01 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the baby in babys day out | [
"Bennington Austin \"Bink\" Cotwell IV (Adam Robert and Jacob Joseph Worton) has adoring parents Laraine (Lara Flynn Boyle) and Bennington (Matthew Glave), lives in a huge mansion in a suburb of Chicago, and is just about to appear in the social pages of the newspaper. Three klutzy would-be kidnappers – Edgar \"Eddie\" Mauser (Joe Mantegna), Norbert \"Norby\" LeBlaw (Joe Pantoliano) and Victor \"Veeko\" Riley (Brian Haley) –, the main antagonists, disguise themselves as the photographers from the paper and kidnap him. After the kidnapping, they have difficulty controlling him. Norby attempts to put Bink to sleep by reading Bink's favorite book,\"Baby's Day Out\", only to fall asleep himself and leaving Bink unattended. Looking through the book, Bink notices a bird on the page and then by the window. He follows it out and successfully gets away from his kidnappers, with Eddie falling off the building and into a garbage bin.\n",
"Bennington Austin \"Bink\" Cotwell IV (Adam Robert and Jacob Joseph Worton) has adoring parents Laraine (Lara Flynn Boyle) and Bennington (Matthew Glave), lives in a huge mansion in a suburb of Chicago, and is just about to appear in the social pages of the newspaper. Three klutzy would-be kidnappers – Edgar \"Eddie\" Mauser (Joe Mantegna), Norbert \"Norby\" LeBlaw (Joe Pantoliano) and Victor \"Veeko\" Riley (Brian Haley) –, the main antagonists, disguise themselves as the photographers from the paper and kidnap him. After the kidnapping, they have difficulty controlling him. Norby attempts to put Bink to sleep by reading Bink's favorite book,\"Baby's Day Out\", only to fall asleep himself and leaving Bink unattended. Looking through the book, Bink notices a bird on the page and then by the window. He follows it out and successfully gets away from his kidnappers, with Eddie falling off the building and into a garbage bin.\n"
] | [
"Adam Robert",
"Jacob Joseph Worton"
] |
-7618038942699592781 | Economic planning | Economic planning - wikipedia Economic planning Jump to : navigation , search An automated process has detected links on this page on the local or global blacklist . If the links are appropriate you may request whitelisting by following these instructions ; otherwise consider removing or replacing them with more appropriate links . ( To hide this tag , set the `` invisible '' field to `` true '' ) List of blacklisted links : ( show ) http://www.econlib.org/library/Essays/hykKnw1.html Triggered by \ beconlib \. org \ b on the local blacklist Part of a series on Economic systems By ideology ( show ) Anarchist Capitalist Corporate Dirigist Laissez - faire Mercantilist Neo-mercantilist Protectionist Social market State capitalist Democratic Fascist Feminist Georgist Green Religious Christian Islamic Socialist Communist Market socialist Mutualist Participatory Socialist market Syndicalist Traditionalist Communalist Corporatist Distributist Feudalism By coordination ( show ) Closed ( autarky ) Decentralized Digital Dual Gift Informal Market Mixed Natural Open Planned Robinson Crusoe Subsistence Underground Vertical archipelago Virtual By regional model ( show ) Asian East Asian Chinese Singaporean European Anglo - Saxon German Nordic Rhenish Soviet Sectors ( show ) Common property Private Public Voluntary Property types ( show ) Collective ownership Commons Private ownership Public ownership Social ownership Transition ( show ) Collectivization Communization Corporatization Demutualization Deregulation Expropriation Financialization Liberalization Marketization Municipalization Mutualization Nationalization Privatization Socialization Coordination ( show ) Barter Market Free Open Regulated Planned In kind Cybernetic Indicative Material balancing Price Self - managed Peer - to - peer Shared Open access Other types ( show ) Expeditionary Hunter - gatherer Inclusive Democracy Information Islamic economics Manorialism Newly industrialized Palace Plantation Plutonomy Post-capitalist Post-industrial Post-scarcity Resource - based Token Traditional Transition World Business and economics portal Economic planning is a resource allocation mechanism that is contrasted with the market mechanism . As a coordinating mechanism for socialist economics , economic planning substitutes factor markets and is defined as a direct allocation of resources . This is contrasted with the indirect allocation mechanism of a market economy . There are various types that economic planning procedures and forms planning can take . The level of centralization in decision - making in planning depends on the specific type of planning mechanism employed . As such , one can distinguish between centralized planning and decentralized planning . An economy primarily based on central planning is referred to as a planned economy . In a centrally planned economy the allocation of resources is determined by a comprehensive plan of production which specifies output requirements . Planning may also take the form of directive planning or indicative planning . Most modern economies are mixed economies incorporating various degrees of markets and planning . A distinction can be made between physical planning ( as in pure socialism ) and financial planning ( as practiced by governments and private firms in capitalism ) . Physical planning involves economic planning and coordination conducted in terms of disaggregated physical units , whereas financial planning involves plans formulated in terms of financial units . Contents ( hide ) 1 Socialist economic planning 1.1 Concept of socialist planning 1.2 Planning versus Command 1.3 Decentralized planning 1.4 Material balances 1.5 Lange - Lerner - Taylor model 2 Planning in capitalism 2.1 Intra-firm and intra-industry planning 2.2 State development planning 3 In practice 3.1 Soviet Union 3.2 United States 3.3 East Asian Tigers 3.4 France 3.5 Great Britain 4 Criticisms 5 See also 6 Notes Socialist economic planning ( edit ) See also : Socialist economics Part of a series on Socialism Development ( show ) History of socialism Socialist calculation debate Socialist economics Ideas ( show ) Socialist mode of production Calculation in kind Collective ownership Cooperative Common ownership Commune ( model of government ) Economic democracy Economic planning Equal opportunity Free association Industrial democracy Input -- output model Internationalism Labor - time calculation Labour voucher Material balance planning Peer ‐ to ‐ peer economics ( Sharing economy ) Production for use Social dividend Social ownership Socialism in One Country State ownership To each according to his contribution / needs Workplace democracy Workers ' self - management Models ( show ) Decentralized planning Participatory economics Market socialism Lange model Mutualism Planned economy Soviet - type OGAS Project Cybersyn Socialist market economy Socialist - oriented market Variants ( show ) African Arab Agrarian Anarchist Authoritarian Blanquism Communism Democratic Ethical Ecological Feminist Gandhian Guild Liberal Libertarian Market Marhaenism Marxism Municipal Owenism Reformism Religious Revolutionary Ricardian Scientific Social democracy Socialist nationalism State Syndicalism Technocracy Third World Utopian Zionist 21st - century History by country ( show ) Australia Bangladesh Brazil Canada Estonia Hong Kong India Iran Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan Tunisia French Left United Kingdom United States People ( show ) Thomas More Tommaso Campanella Henri de Saint - Simon François - Noël Babeuf Robert Owen Charles Fourier William Thompson Thomas Hodgskin Étienne Cabet Louis Auguste Blanqui Pierre - Joseph Proudhon Louis Blanc Moses Hess Mikhail Bakunin Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Ferdinand Lassalle William Morris Mary Harris Jones Peter Kropotkin Eduard Bernstein Errico Malatesta Fred M. Taylor Eugene V. Debs Georgi Plekhanov John Dewey Enrico Barone Ben Tillett Fernand Pelloutier W.E.B. Du Bois Emma Goldman Rosa Luxemburg Vladimir Lenin Léon Blum Bertrand Russell Antonie Pannekoek Luis Emilio Recabarren Joseph Stalin Albert Einstein Leon Trotsky Clement Attlee György Lukács Karl Polanyi Nikolai Bukharin Nestor Makhno Amadeo Bordiga G.D.H. Cole Ho Chi Minh Antonio Gramsci Josip Broz Tito Farabundo Martí Mao Zedong Imre Nagy José Carlos Mariátegui Einar Gerhardsen Sidney Hook Oskar R. Lange Max Shachtman George Orwell Deng Xiaoping Léopold Sédar Senghor Salvador Allende Enver Hoxha Kwame Nkrumah Edvard Kardelj Kim Il - sung François Mitterrand Bettino Craxi Gamal Abdel Nasser Nelson Mandela Murray Bookchin Alexander Dubček Howard Zinn Fidel Castro Olof Palme Che Guevara Noam Chomsky Martin Luther King Jr . Mikhail Gorbachev Bernie Sanders Muammar Gaddafi Tariq Ali Daniel Ortega Abdullah Öcalan Slavoj Žižek Thomas Sankara Jeremy Corbyn Jack Layton Jean - Luc Mélenchon Cornel West Hugo Chávez Pushpa Kamal Dahal Chris Hedges Evo Morales Yanis Varoufakis Rafael Correa Alexis Tsipras Pablo Iglesias Turrión Organizations ( show ) First International ( International Workingmen 's Association ) Second International Third International ( Comintern ) Fourth International Fifth International Labour and Socialist International Socialist International World Federation of Democratic Youth International Union of Socialist Youth World Socialist Movement International Committee of the Fourth International Progressive Alliance Related topics ( show ) Anarchism Capitalism Communist society Criticism of capitalism Economic system List of socialist economists Nanosocialism Progressivism Right - wing socialism Socialism and LGBT rights Socialist Party Socialist state Socialism portal Economics portal Politics portal Different forms of economic planning have been featured in various models of socialism . These range from decentralized - planning systems , which are based on collective decision - making and disaggregated information , to centralized systems of planning conducted by technical experts who use aggregated information to formulate plans of production . In a fully developed socialist economy , engineers and technical specialists , overseen or appointed in a democratic manner , would coordinate the economy in terms of physical units without any need or use for financial - based calculation . The economy of the Soviet Union never reached this stage of development , so planned its economy in financial terms throughout the duration of its existence . Nonetheless , a number of alternative metrics were developed for assessing the performance of non-financial economies in terms of physical output ( i.e. net material product versus gross domestic product ) . In general , the various models of socialist economic planning exist as theoretical constructs that have not been implemented fully by any economy , partially because they depend on vast changes on a global scale ( see mode of production ) . In the context of mainstream economics and the field of comparative economic systems , `` socialist planning '' usually refers to the Soviet - type command economy , regardless of whether or not this economic system actually constituted a type of socialism or state capitalism or a third , non-socialist and non-capitalist type of system . In some models of socialism , economic planning completely substitutes the market mechanism , supposedly rendering monetary relations and the price system obsolete . In other models , planning is utilized as a complement to markets . Concept of socialist planning ( edit ) The classical conception of socialist economic planning held by Marxists involved an economic system where goods and services were valued , demanded and produced directly for their use - value , as opposed to being produced as a by - product of the pursuit of profit by business enterprises . This idea of `` production for use '' is a fundamental aspect of a socialist economy . This involves social control over the allocation of the surplus product and in its most extensive theoretical form calculation - in - kind in place of financial calculation . For Marxists in particular , planning entails control of the surplus product ( profit ) by the associated producers in a democratic manner . This differs from planning within the framework of capitalism , which is based on the planned accumulation of capital in order to either stabilize the business cycle ( when undertaken by governments ) or to maximize profits ( when undertaken by firms ) , as opposed to the socialist concept of planned production for use . In such a socialist society based on economic planning , the primary function of the state apparatus changes from one of political rule over people ( via the creation and enforcement of laws ) into a technical administration of production , distribution and organization , that is the state would become a coordinating economic entity rather than a mechanism of political and class - based control and thereby ceasing to be a state in the traditional sense . Planning versus command ( edit ) The concept of a command economy is differentiated from the concept of a planned economy ( or economic planning ) , especially by socialists and Marxists who liken command economies ( such as that of the former Soviet Union ) to that of a single capitalist firm , organized in a top - down administrative fashion based on bureaucratic organization akin to that of a capitalist corporation . Economic analysts have argued that the economy of the former Soviet Union actually represented an administered or command economy as opposed to a planned economy because planning did not play an operational role in the allocation of resources among productive units in the economy , since in actuality the main allocation mechanism was a system of command - and - control . As a result , the phrase administrative command economy gained currency as a more accurate descriptor of Soviet - type economies . Decentralized planning ( edit ) See also : Decentralized planning ( economics ) Decentralized economic planning is a planning process that starts at the user - level in a bottom - up flow of information . As such , decentralized planning often appears as a complement to the idea of socialist self - management ( most notably by libertarian socialists and democratic socialists ) . The theoretical postulates for models of decentralized socialist planning stem from the thought of Karl Kautsky , Rosa Luxemburg , Nikolai Bukharin and Oskar Lange . This model involves economic decision - making based on self - governance from the bottom - up ( by employees and consumers ) without any directing central authority . This often contrasts with the doctrine of orthodox Marxist -- Leninism , which advocates directive administrative planning where directives are passed down from higher authorities ( planning agencies ) to agents ( enterprise managers ) , who in turn give orders to workers . Two contemporary models of decentralized planning are participatory economics , developed by the economist Michael Albert ; and negotiated coordination , developed by the economist Pat Devine . Material balances ( edit ) Material balance planning was the type of economic planning employed by Soviet - type economies . This system emerged in a haphazard manner during the collectivisation drive under Joseph Stalin and emphasized rapid growth and industrialization over efficiency . Eventually this method became an established part of the Soviet conception of `` socialism '' in the post-war period and other socialist states emulated it in the latter half of the 20th century . Material balancing involves a planning agency ( Gosplan in the case of the Soviet Unio ) taking a survey of available inputs and raw materials , using a balance - sheet to balance them with output targets specified by industry , thereby achieving a balance of supply and demand . Lange - Lerner - Taylor model ( edit ) See also : Lange model The economic models developed in the 1920s and 1930s by American economists Fred M. Taylor and Abba Lerner and by Polish economist Oskar Lange involved a form of planning based on marginal cost pricing . In Lange 's model , a central planning board would set prices for producer goods through a trial - and - error method , adjusting until the price matched the marginal cost , with the aim of achieving Pareto - efficient outcomes . Although these models were often described as `` market socialism '' , they actually represented a form of `` market simulation '' planning . Planning in capitalism ( edit ) Intra-firm and intra-industry planning ( edit ) See also : Enterprise resource planning Large corporations use planning to allocate resources internally among its divisions and subsidiaries . Many modern firms also utilize regression analysis to measure market demand in order to adjust prices and to decide upon the optimal quantities of output to be supplied . Planned obsolescence is often cited as a form of economic planning employed by large firms to increase demand for future products by deliberately limiting the operational lifespan of its products . The internal structures of corporations have been described as centralized command economies that employ both planning and hierarchical organization and management . According to J. Bradford DeLong , a significant portion of transactions in Western economies do not pass through anything resembling a market . Many transactions are actually movements of value among different branches and divisions within corporations , companies and agencies . Furthermore , a significant portion of economic activity is planned in a centralized manner by managers within firms in the form of production planning and marketing management where consumer demand is estimated , targeted and included in the firm 's overall plan ; and in the form of production planning . In The New Industrial State , the American economist John Kenneth Galbraith posited that large firms manage both their prices and consumer demand for their products through sophisticated statistical methods . Galbraith also pointed out that , because of the increasingly complex nature of technology and specialization of knowledge , management had become increasingly specialized and bureaucratized . The internal structures of corporations and companies had been transformed into what he called a `` technostructure '' , where specialized groups and committees are the primary decision - makers , and specialized managers , directors and financial advisers operate under formal bureaucratic procedures , replacing the individual entrepreneur 's role ( see also intrapreneurship ) . He states that both the obsolete notion of `` entrepreneurial capitalism '' and democratic socialism ( defined as democratic management ) are impossible organizational forms for managing a modern industrial system . Joseph Schumpeter , an economist associated with the Austrian school and Institutional school of economics , argued that the changing nature of economic activity -- specifically the increasing bureaucratization and specialization required in production and management -- was the major reason for why capitalism would eventually evolve into socialism . The role of the businessman was increasingly bureaucratic and specific functions within the firm required increasingly specialized knowledge which could just as easily be supplied by state functionaries in publicly owned enterprises . In the first volume of Capital , Karl Marx identified the process of capital accumulation as central to the law of motion of capitalism . Increased industrial capacity from increasing returns to scale further socializes production . Capitalism eventually socializes labor and production to a point where the traditional notions of private ownership and commodity production become increasingly insufficient for further expanding the productive capacities of society , necessitating the emergence of a socialist economy where the means of production are socially owned and the surplus value is controlled by the workforce . Many socialists viewed these tendencies , specifically the increasing trend toward economic planning in capitalist firms , as evidence of the increasing obsolescence of capitalism and inapplicability of ideals like perfect competition to the economy , with the next stage of evolution being the application of society - wide economic planning . State development planning ( edit ) See also : Industrial policy and Developmental state State development planning or national planning refers to macroeconomic policies and financial planning conducted by governments to stabilize the market or promote economic growth in market - based economies . This involves the use of monetary policy , industrial policy and fiscal policy to `` steer '' the market toward targeted outcomes . Industrial policy includes government taking measures `` aimed at improving the competitiveness and capabilities of domestic firms and promoting structural transformation '' . In contrast to socialist planning , state development planning does not replace the market mechanism and does not eliminate the use of money in production . It only applies to privately owned and publicly owned firms in the strategic sectors of the economy and seeks to coordinate their activities through indirect means and market - based incentives ( such as tax breaks or subsidies ) . In practice ( edit ) Soviet Union ( edit ) Main articles : Analysis of Soviet - type economic planning and Economy of the Soviet Union The Soviet model of economic planning is an economic system where decisions regarding production and investment are embodied in a plan formulated by Gosplan ( state planning agency ) through the process of material balances . Economic information , including consumer demand and enterprise resource requirements , are aggregated and used to balance supply ( from available resource inventories ) with demand ( based on requirements for individual economic units and enterprises ) through a system of iterations . The Soviet economy operated in a centralized and hierarchical manner where directives were issued to lower - level organizations . As a result , the Soviet economic model was often referred to as a command economy or an administered economy because plan directives were enforced through inducements in a vertical power - structure , where planning played little functional role in the allocation of resources . United States ( edit ) The United States utilized economic planning during the First World War . The Federal Government supplemented the price system with centralized resource allocation and created a number of new agencies to direct important economic sectors ; notably the Food Administration , Fuel Administration , Railroad Administration and War Industries Board . During the Second World War , the economy experienced staggering growth under a similar system of planning . In the postwar period , U.S. governments utilized such measures as the Economic Stabilization Program to directly intervene in the economy to control prices , wages , et cetera in different economic sectors . From the start of the Cold War and up until the present day , the federal government of the United States has directed a significant amount of investment and funding into research and development ( R&D ) , often initially through the Department of Defense . The government performs 50 % of all R&D in the United States , with a dynamic state - directed public - sector developing most of the technology that later becomes the basis of the private sector economy . As a result , Noam Chomsky has referred to the United States economic model as a form of state capitalism . Examples include laser technology , the internet , nanotechnology , telecommunications and computers , with most basic research and downstream commercialization financed by the public sector . This includes research in other fields including healthcare and energy , with 75 % of most innovative drugs financed through the National Institutes of Health . East Asian tigers ( edit ) See also : State - sponsored capitalism The development models of the East Asian Tiger economies involved varying degrees of economic planning and state - directed investment in a model sometimes described as `` state development capitalism '' or the `` East Asian Model '' . The governments of Malaysia and South Korea instituted a series of macroeconomic plans ( First Malaysia Plan and Five - Year Plans of South Korea ) to rapidly develop and industrialize their mixed economies . The economy of Singapore was partially based on economic planning involving an active government industrial policy and high levels of state - owned industry in a free - market economy . France ( edit ) See also : Dirigisme Under dirigisme , France utilized indicative planning and established a number of state - owned enterprises in strategic sectors of the economy . The concept behind indicative planning is the early identification of oversupply , bottlenecks and shortages so that state investment behavior can be modified in a timely fashion to reduce the incidence of market disequilibrium , with the goal of sustaining stable economic development and growth . Under this system France experienced its `` Trente Glorieuses '' period of economic prosperity . Great britain ( edit ) The need for long - term economic planning to promote efficiency was a central component of Labour Party thinking down to the 1970s . and the Conservative Party largely agreed , thus producing the post-war consensus or broad bipartisan agreement on major policies . Criticisms ( edit ) See also : Economic calculation problem The most notable critique of economic planning came from Austrian economists Friedrich Hayek and Ludwig von Mises . Hayek argued that central planners could not possibly accrue the necessary information to formulate an effective plan for production because they are not exposed to the rapid changes in the particular time and place that take place in an economy and are unfamiliar with these circumstances . The process of transmitting all the necessary information to planners is therefore inefficient . Proponents of decentralized economic planning have also criticized central economic planning . For example , Leon Trotsky believed that central planners , regardless of their intellectual capacity , operated without the input and participation of the millions of people who participate in the economy and would therefore be unable to respond to local conditions quickly enough to effectively coordinate all economic activity . See also ( edit ) Calculation in kind Council democracy Cybernetics Decentralized planning ( economics ) Dirigisme Economic democracy Econometrics Enterprise resource planning Indicative planning Industrial policy Input - output planning Material Product System Material balance planning Mixed economy Nonmarket forces Participatory planning Peer - to - peer economy Planned economy Socialist calculation debate Socialization ( economics ) Socialist economics Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mandel , Ernest ( September -- October 1986 ) . `` In defense of socialist planning '' . New Left Review . New Left Review . I ( 159 ) : 5 -- 37 . Planning is not equivalent to ' perfect ' allocation of resources , nor ' scientific ' allocation , nor even ' more humane ' allocation . It simply means ' direct ' allocation , ex ante . As such , it is the opposite of market allocation , which is ex post . Pdf . Jump up ^ Gregory , Paul R. ; Stuart , Robert C. ( 2003 ) . Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty - First Century . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . pp. 23 -- 24 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 26181 - 8 . Centralization is commonly identified with plan and decentralization with market , but there is no simple relationship between the level of decision making and the use of market or plan as a coordinating mechanism . In some economies , it is possible to combine a considerable concentration of decision - making authority and information in a few large corporations with substantial state involvement and yet to have no system of planning as such ... To identify an economy as planned does not necessarily reveal the prevalent coordinating mechanism , or for that matter , the degree of centralization in decision making . Both depend on the type of planning mechanism . Jump up ^ Alec Nove ( 1987 ) , `` planned economy '' , The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , v. 3 , pp. 879 - 80 . Jump up ^ Ellman , Michael ( 1989 ) . Socialist Planning . Cambridge University Press . p. 25 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 35866 - 3 . Planning in the traditional model is primarily an activity that takes place in physical terms . That is , it is concerned with allocating tonnes of this , cubic metres of that , etc. rather than being concerned with allocating financial flows . Jump up ^ Bockman , Johanna ( 2011 ) . Markets in the Name of Socialism : The Left - Wing Origins of Neoliberalism . Stanford University Press . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 7566 - 3 . Jump up ^ Schweickart , David ; Lawler , James ; Ticktin , Hillel ; Ollman , Bertell ( 1998 ) . `` Definitions of Market and Socialism '' . Market Socialism : The Debate Among Socialists . New York : Routledge . pp. 58 -- 59 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 91967 - 3 . For an Anti-Stalinist Marxist , socialism is defined by the degree to which the society is planned . Planning here is understood as the conscious regulation of society by the associated producers themselves . Put it differently , the control over the surplus product rests with the majority of the population through a resolutely democratic process ... The sale of labour power is abolished and labour necessarily becomes creative . Everyone participates in running their institutions and society as a whole . No one controls anyone else . Jump up ^ `` Socialism : Utopian and Scientific '' . Marxists.org . In 1816 , he declares that politics is the science of production , and foretells the complete absorption of politics by economics . The knowledge that economic conditions are the basis of political institutions appears here only in embryo . Yet what is here already very plainly expressed is the idea of the future conversion of political rule over men into an administration of things and a direction of processes of production . Jump up ^ `` Glossary of Terms : Command Economy '' . marxists.org . Marxists Internet Archive Encyclopedia . For an overview of the Soviet experience , see Myant , Martin ; Jan Drahokoupil ( 2010 ) . Transition Economies : Political Economy in Russia , Eastern Europe , and Central Asia . Hoboken , New Jersey : Wiley - Blackwell . pp. 1 -- 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 59619 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Wilhelm , John Howard ( 1985 ) . `` The Soviet Union Has an Administered , Not a Planned , Economy '' . Soviet Studies . 37 ( 1 ) : 118 -- 130 . doi : 10.1080 / 09668138508411571 . Jump up ^ Dowlah , Abu F. ( 1992 ) . `` Theoretical Expositions of Centralized versus Decentralized Strands of Socialist Economic Systems '' . International Journal of Social Economics . Emerald. 19 ( 7 / 8 / 9 ) : 210 -- 258 . doi : 10.1108 / EUM0000000000497 . Jump up ^ Montias , J.M. ( 1959 ) . `` Planning with Material Balances in Soviet - Type Economies '' . American Economic Review . 49 ( 5 ) : 963 -- 985 . JSTOR 1813077 . Jump up ^ J. Bradford DeLong ( 1997 ) . `` The Corporation as a Command Economy '' ( PDF ) . UC Berkeley and National Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Galbraith , John K. ( 2007 ) ( 1967 ) . The new industrial state . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 9780691131412 . Abridge version : Part I : The History and Nature of the New Industrial State , 1972 . Jump up ^ Marx and Engels Selected Works , Lawrence and Wishart , 1968 , p. 40 . Capitalist property relations put a `` fetter '' on the productive forces . Jump up ^ Capital , Volume 1 , by Marx , Karl . From `` Chapter 32 : Historical Tendency of Capitalist Accumulation '' : `` Self - earned private property , that is based , so to say , on the fusing together of the isolated , independent laboring - individual with the conditions of his labor , is supplanted by capitalistic private property , which rests on exploitation of the nominally free labor of others , i.e. , on wage - labor . As soon as this process of transformation has sufficiently decomposed the old society from top to bottom , as soon as the laborers are turned into proletarians , their means of labor into capital , as soon as the capitalist mode of production stands on its own feet , then the further socialization of labor and further transformation of the land and other means of production into socially exploited and , therefore , common means of production , as well as the further expropriation of private proprietors , takes a new form . That which is now to be expropriated is no longer the laborer working for himself , but the capitalist exploiting many laborers . '' Jump up ^ UNCTAD & UNIDO 2011 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Hugh Rockoff -- U.S. Economy in World War I , 2010 Jump up ^ Zeh , Jr. , Herbert J. ( 1990 ) . `` The Federal Funding of R&D : Who Gets the Patent Rights ? '' . JOM . The Minerals , Metals & Materials Society . 42 ( 4 ) : 69 . Jump up ^ Chomsky , Noam ( 18 May 2005 ) . `` State and Corp '' . Z Net . Z Communications . Archived from the original on 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Mazzucato , Mariana ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` The Myth of the `` Meddling '' State `` . Public Finance International . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Glen O'Hara , From dreams to disillusionment : economic and social planning in 1960s Britain ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2007 ) online PhD version Jump up ^ Hayek , Friedrich ( September 1945 ) . `` The use of knowledge in society '' . The American Economic Review . American Economic Association via JSTOR. 35 ( 4 ) : 519 -- 530 . JSTOR 1809376 . Full text . Jump up ^ Writings 1932 - 33 , P. 96 , Leon Trotsky . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic_planning&oldid=821373881 '' Categories : Socialism Economic ideologies Economic planning Economic systems Hidden categories : Tagged pages containing blacklisted links Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Română Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 02 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | a centrally planned economy most often refers to an economic system that is under comprehensive | [
"The level of centralization in decision-making in planning depends on the specific type of planning mechanism employed. As such, one can distinguish between centralized planning and decentralized planning.[2] An economy primarily based on central planning is referred to as a planned economy. In a centrally planned economy the allocation of resources is determined by a comprehensive plan of production which specifies output requirements.[3] Planning may also take the form of directive planning or indicative planning."
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"plan of production which specifies output requirements"
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-2994839671772818238 | Shameless (season 8) | Shameless ( season 8 ) - wikipedia Shameless ( season 8 ) Jump to : navigation , search Shameless ( season 8 ) DVD Cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 12 Release Original network Showtime Original release November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) -- January 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 List of Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) episodes The eighth season of Shameless , an American comedy - drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott , was announced on December 19 , 2016 , a day after the seventh season finale . The season , which premiered on November 5 , 2017 , consisted of a total of 12 episodes . This is also the last season to feature Isidora Goreshter as series regular , as she announced her departure from the series following the season finale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Special Guest 1.3 Recurring 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 4 References 5 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) characters Main ( edit ) William H. Macy as Frank Gallagher Emmy Rossum as Fiona Gallagher Jeremy Allen White as Philip `` Lip '' Gallagher Ethan Cutkosky as Carl Gallagher Shanola Hampton as Veronica Fisher Steve Howey as Kevin Ball Emma Kenney as Deborah `` Debbie '' Gallagher Cameron Monaghan as Ian Gallagher Isidora Goreshter as Svetlana Yevgenivna Fisher Special Guest ( edit ) Dermot Mulroney as Sean Pierce Richard Flood as Ford Recurring ( edit ) Christian Isaiah as Liam Gallagher Jim Hoffmaster as Kermit Michael Patrick McGill as Tommy Alan Rosenberg as Professor Youens Ruby Modine as Sierra Morton Zack Pearlman as Neil Elliot Fletcher as Trevor Juliette Angelo as Geneva Alicia Coppola as Sue Scott Michael Campbell as Brad Levy Tran as Eddie Jessica Szohr as Nessa Chabon Perry Mattfeld as Mel David Brackett as Duran Sharon Lawrence as Margo Mierzejewski Faran Tahir as Adeeb Raffi Barsoumian as Bahir Sammi Hanratty as Kassidi Gallagher Chet Hanks as Charlie Tina Ivlev as Freelania Alexeyevich Scarlet Spencer as Xan Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 85 `` We Become What We ... Frank ! '' Iain B. MacDonald John Wells November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 1.86 Fiona begins renovating and selling apartments in her new building . Frank returns from the monastery and begins to apologize to everyone he has wronged in the past . Lip tries to get his drinking problem under control while also trying to win back Sierra . Debbie gets a new job and begins night school where she 's learning to become a welder . Ian tries to win back the heart of Trevor by helping teens at the youth center . Carl begins selling the meth that Monica left him and his siblings before she passed away while also staying in shape for military school over the summer break . Liam is used by the faculty of his new school to show off the school 's diversity for prospective parents . Kevin learns some disturbing news about his health and Veronica tries to take back the Alibi from Svetlana . 86 `` Where 's My Meth ? '' Anthony Hemingway Nancy M. Pimental November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 1.37 Fiona grapples with evicting someone from the apartment building . Frank finds a job for the first time and tries to be a respectable citizen . Lip tries to sabotage Sierra 's relationship . Ian goes with Trevor to a chub bar in an effort to fix their relationship . Carl tries to sell Ian 's portion of Monica 's meth but makes a troubling discovery about her . Liam visits a rich friend 's house and is astonished by the luxury that others have . Kevin is sent off to a cancer support group and finds people he can relate to , trying to be ready for the operation that is coming . 87 `` God Bless Her Rotting Soul '' Michael Morris Krista Vernoff November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 1.34 While Kevin 's tumour is benign , he becomes obsessed with being healthy and , upon researching his genetics , discovers that he comes from an inbred community in Kentucky . Fiona 's evicted tenant destroys her room so Fiona attempts to find a new renter but comes into conflict with Nessa 's girlfriend , Mel . Neil breaks up with Debbie . Ian continues to struggle with Monica 's death . Lip tries to help Professor Yeouens deal with his alcoholism . Frank , now going by Francis , remains committed to becoming a better person . Svetlana tries to sell the Alibi , forcing Veronica to visit her in prison and make a deal , resulting in her release and partial - ownership of the bar . Monica 's partner threatens the Gallaghers and they dig up her body in order to retrieve the meth . 88 `` Fuck Paying It Forward '' Regina King Dominique Morisseau November 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) 1.59 Frank is helping as much as he can at Liam 's school , and meets a potential love interest amongst the mothers . Fiona is furious when Sean , now clean and married , returns to try and make amends . Lip is sex - crazed , and ends up sleeping with his co-worker , Eddie ( Levy Tran ) . Ian lets a shelter girl of Trevor 's sleep over to help her out of a bad spot , and gets chewed out by Trevor for it , but later they make amends , and Ian promises to try and find a living situation for some of the shelter kids . Debbie has moved back in , and is sad to be missing Frannie 's growing up because of work . Carl attempts to catch a junkie breaking into houses on the block . Another black child join Liam 's school . Kevin and Veronica meet Kevin 's family ; Kev is overwrought with emotion , whereas Veronica fears his family is racist . 89 5 `` The ( Mis ) Education of Liam Fergus Beircheart Gallagher '' Iain B. MacDonald Sheila Callaghan December 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) 1.51 Fiona tries to raise the profile of the neighborhood ; Ian helps Trevor raise money for a youth shelter ; Carl loses his scholarship ; Lip stands up to a friend ; Frank teaches parents about the working class . 90 6 `` Icarus Fell And Rusty Ate Him '' Zetna Fuentes Mark Steilen December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 1.52 After she discovers one of her tenants dead , Fiona is forced to reflect on her own life , as the rift between her and Ian grows deeper . Meanwhile , Lip enlists Carl 's help to search for his AA sponsor , Brad , after he started drinking again . After having sex with Duran , Debbie has a pregnancy scare and tries to get a morning - after pill . Frank enjoys having his first - ever credit card , while Kev and V are making discoveries about their sexualities . 91 7 `` Occupy Fiona '' Iain B. MacDonald Molly Smith Metzler December 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 17 ) 1.58 Ian keeps testing Fiona 's patience , and starts a `` Occupy Fiona '' movement next to her building . With the support of Brad , Lip tries to help Youens for his DUI trial , after the latter 's fifth drunk driving conviction . Meanwhile , an unemployed Frank goes on a job hunt , while Debbie is facing a rude doctor at her own work . Carl gets close to Kassidi , one of his rehab clients , who comes up with a plan to get him easy money . An unsure Kev is learning how to sexually dominate V . 92 8 `` Frank 's Northern Southern Express '' Emmy Rossum Nancy M. Pimental December 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 31 ) 0.81 Fiona considers moving into one of her apartments , while she tries to get closer to Ford . Frank starts a business , by smuggling Muslims and drugs through the US - Canada border . Meanwhile , Lip interviews new AA sponsors , and discovers something about Charlie , Sierra 's boyfriend . Ian confronts a pastor preaching gay conversion , as Carl tries to reconcile his job with Kassidi , his new mercurial ) girlfriend . As she tries to find a new job and some money , Debbie thinks she may be pregnant again . Kev starts showing his dominating tricks against Svetlana at work , to the pleasure of V . 93 9 `` The Fugees '' Jeffrey Reiner Dominique Morisseau January 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) 1.65 Frank 's business takes a turn for the worse , as it sends him on the run through the Great White North . Ian 's run - in with a minister brings about some unexpected and new allies . Meanwhile , Fiona tries and fails to fit in with Ford 's group of friends , while Carl 's new girlfriend Kassidi suffers separation anxiety . As he gets closer to Eddie , Lip must decide whether to tell Sierra about Charlie 's secret baby or not . Debbie finds a new money opportunity thanks to the dog she is watching . After a visit from a former employee , Svetlana reveals to Kevin and V how bad she feels about her current miserable life . 94 10 `` Church of Gay Jesus '' Anna Mastro Sheila Callaghan January 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) 1.52 Ian tries to get a handle on his newfound fame and attention from his `` followers '' , as Frank finds a way to cash in . Meanwhile , Fiona struggles with her conscience as she decides to help the worker who fell off her roof . Lip deals with the sudden death of someone important to him , while Debbie starts doing some dangerous welding gigs . As Carl finds himself forced to marry Kassidi , Kev and V decide to help Svetlana to find a sugar daddy . 95 11 `` A Gallagher Pedicure '' Iain B. MacDonald Mark Steilen January 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) 1.52 Fiona 's homeless tenants sue her , while barricading themselves inside her apartment . Frank considers his retirement , while Lip decides to help a terrified Sierra against her newly released father . Despite warnings , Ian wants to provide sanctuary to a runaway teen , as Carl is showing Kassidi his life before dating her . After her injury , Debbie decides to sacrifice her toes surgery over her school , as she ca n't pay for both . As Kev and V are unable to get her a sugar daddy , Svetlana finds an unconventional solution to her problem . 96 12 `` Sleepwalking '' John Wells John Wells January 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) 1.73 With the help of Ford , Fiona decides to `` go Gallagher '' to get rid of her homeless tenants and their lawsuit . Frank enrolls Liam in planning a burglary at his rich friend 's house , but Liam is having second thoughts . After things got out of hand , Ian is forced to hide from the authorities . Debbie considers joint custody of Franny with Derek , in exchange for child support . As Lip makes a decision regarding his life and his relationship with Sierra , Carl tries to find a way to go back to military school behind Kassidi 's back . Meanwhile , Kev and V help Svetlana to go through with her scheme . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` We Become What We ... Frank ! '' November 5 , 2017 0.7 1.86 0.5 1.16 1.2 3.02 `` Where 's My Meth ? '' November 12 , 2017 0.5 1.37 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` God Bless Her Rotting Soul '' November 19 , 2017 0.5 1.34 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Fuck Paying It Forward '' November 26 , 2017 0.6 1.59 0.6 1.26 1.2 2.86 5 `` The ( Mis ) Education of Liam Fergus Beircheart Gallagher '' December 3 , 2017 0.6 1.51 0.5 1.42 1.1 2.93 6 `` Icarus Fell And Rusty Ate Him '' December 10 , 2017 0.5 1.52 0.6 1.40 1.1 2.92 7 `` Occupy Fiona '' December 17 , 2017 0.5 1.58 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` Frank 's Northern Southern Express '' December 31 , 2017 0.2 0.81 N / A N / A N / A N / A 9 `` The Fugees '' January 7 , 2018 0.7 1.65 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` Church of Gay Jesus '' January 14 , 2018 0.6 1.52 0.5 1.37 1.1 2.90 11 `` A Gallagher Pedicure '' January 21 , 2018 0.5 1.52 0.6 1.38 1.1 2.89 12 `` Sleepwalking '' January 28 , 2018 0.6 1.73 0.5 1.27 1.1 3.00 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shameless ' Renewed For Season 8 By Showtime '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jade , Saura ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` TVLine Items : Shameless Return Date , DC 's Legends Hails Caesar and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Showtime ( R ) Picks Up Eighth Season of Its Hit Series `` Shameless '' `` . The Futon Critic . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goreshter , Isidora ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` All good things must come to an end '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shameless ' : Emmy Rossum Resolves Salary Standoff , Paving Way for Season 8 '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Callaghan , Shelia ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` we 're back , babies ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hampton , Shanola ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` When you get an email with your first table read of SEASON 8 on a show you 've been on since the pilot , you ca n't help but give God praise ! ! ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paolo , Lyn ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` @ cameronmonaghan See you soon ... '' Twitter . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shameless ' Casts Richard Flood ; Merit Leighton Joins ' Alexa & Katie ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.comingsoon.net/tv/trailers/891863-shameless-season-8-trailer-and-poster#/slide/1 Jump up ^ Modine , Ruby ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` First table read '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kenney , Emma ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` GIRL VS VEGGIE BURGER . a truthful & telling series by @ zackpearlman . friday night shoot vibezzz '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Shameless enlists Jessica Szohr for Season 8 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.comingsoon.net/tv/trailers/891863-shameless-season-8-trailer-and-poster#/slide/1 ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.5. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.12. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.19. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.7. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.14. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.21. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.28. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Cult ' triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 30 - Nov. 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' laps the field in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 20 - 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' outpaces everything else in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 27 - Dec. 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Top Chef ' premiere more than doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for Dec. 4 - 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Nashville ' grows by 400 percent in cable Live + 7 ratings for Jan. 8 - 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Assassination of Gianni Versace ' posts solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Jan. 15 - 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Waco ' premiere doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for Jan. 22 - 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Shameless episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Shameless Original version Episodes Characters Frank Gallagher Carl Gallagher Ian Gallagher Jamie Maguire Karen Maguire Mimi Maguire Shane Maguire Mickey Maguire U.S. adaptation Episodes 5 6 7 8 Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shameless_(season_8)&oldid=825896913 '' Categories : Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 01 : 43 . About Wikipedia | when does season 8 episode 10 of shameless air | [
"\n94\n10\n\"Church of Gay Jesus\"\nAnna Mastro\nSheila Callaghan\nJanuary 14, 2018 (2018-01-14)\n1.52[24]\n"
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5855777625563365182 | Separation of powers under the United States Constitution | Separation of powers under the United States Constitution - wikipedia Separation of powers under the United States Constitution Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the separation of powers specifically in the United States . For the theory of separation of powers , see separation of powers . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The United States Capitol dome as seen from the Supreme Court Building Play media U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee about separation of powers and checks and balances of the U.S. Government Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Charles de Secondat , Baron de Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws , in which he argued for a constitutional government with three separate branches , each of which would have defined abilities to check the powers of the others . This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution , according to which the Legislative , Executive , and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power . This United States form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances . During the Age of Enlightenment , philosophers such as Montesquieu advocated the principle in their writings , whereas others , such as Thomas Hobbes , strongly opposed it . Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature , the executive , and the judiciary . His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution . Strict separation of powers did not operate in the United Kingdom , the political structure of which served in most instances as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution . Under the UK Westminster system , based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government , Parliament ( consisting of the Sovereign ( King - in - Parliament ) , House of Lords and House of Commons ) was the supreme lawmaking authority . The executive branch acted in the name of the King ( `` His Majesty 's Government '' ) , as did the judiciary . The King 's Ministers were in most cases members of one of the two Houses of Parliament , and the Government needed to sustain the support of a majority in the House of Commons . One minister , the Lord Chancellor , was at the same time the sole judge in the Court of Chancery and the presiding officer in the House of Lords . Therefore , it may be seen that the three branches of British government often violated the strict principle of separation of powers , even though there were many occasions when the different branches of the government disagreed with each other . Some U.S. states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century . In New Jersey , the Governor also functioned as a member of the state 's highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the New Jersey Legislature . The President of Delaware was a member of the Court of Appeals ; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as Vice Presidents . In both Delaware and Pennsylvania , members of the executive council served at the same time as judges . On the other hand , many southern states explicitly required separation of powers . Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina and Georgia all kept the branches of government `` separate and distinct . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Legislative power 2 Executive power 3 Judicial power 4 Checks and balances 4.1 Executive 4.2 Judicial 5 Equality of the branches 6 Views on separation of powers 7 Judicial independence 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Legislative power ( edit ) Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States . Under the nondelegation doctrine , Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency . In this vein , the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v . The city of New York that Congress could not delegate a `` line - item veto '' to the President , by powers vested in the government by the Constitution . Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority , the Supreme Court has been less stringent . One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. ( 10 Wet . ) 1 , 42 ( 1825 ) . Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure ; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers . While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function , he distinguished between `` important '' subjects and mere details . Marshall wrote that `` a general provision may be made , and power is given to those who are to act under such general provisions , to fill up the details . '' Marshall 's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers . It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional . In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v . The United States , 295 U.S. 495 ( 1935 ) , Congress could not authorize the president to formulate codes of `` fair competition . '' It was held that Congress must set some standards governing the actions of executive officers . The Court , however , has deemed that phrases such as `` just and reasonable , '' `` public interest '' and `` public convenience '' suffice . Executive power ( edit ) Executive power is vested , with exceptions and qualifications , in the President . By law ( Section 2 . ) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy , Militia of several states when called into service , has power to make treaties and appointments to office `` with the Advice and Consent of the Senate , '' receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers , and `` take care that the laws be faithfully executed '' ( Section 3 . ) By using these words , the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law ; rather , officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties . The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President . Congress may itself terminate such appointments , by impeachment , and restrict the president . Bodies such as the War Claims Commission ( created by the War Claims Act of 1948 ) , the Interstate Commerce Commission , and the Federal Trade Commission -- all quasi-judicial -- often have direct Congressional oversight . Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties , as laid out by the laws Congress passes . In Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha ( 1983 ) , the Supreme Court decided ( a ) The prescription for legislative action in Art . I , § 1 -- requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives -- and § 7 -- requiring every bill passed by the House and Senate , before becoming law , to be presented to the president , and , if he disapproves , to be repassed by two - thirds of the Senate and House -- represents the Framers ' decision that the legislative power of the Federal Government be exercised in accord with a single , finely wrought and exhaustively considered procedure . This procedure is an integral part of the constitutional design for the separation of powers . Further rulings clarified the case ; even both Houses acting together can not override Executive vetos without a ⁄ majority . Legislation may always prescribe regulations governing executive officers . Judicial power ( edit ) See also : Article I and Article III tribunals and Jurisdiction stripping Judicial power -- the power to decide cases and controversies -- is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress . The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate , hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office . If a court 's judges do not have such attributes , the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States . Courts exercising the judicial power are called `` constitutional courts . '' Congress may establish `` legislative courts , '' which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions , whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges . Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States . In Murray 's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. ( 1856 ) , the Supreme Court held that a legislative court may not decide `` a suit at the common law , or in equity , or admiralty , '' as such a suit is inherently judicial . Legislative courts may only adjudicate `` public rights '' questions ( cases between the government and an individual and political determinations ) . Checks and balances ( edit ) Legislative Writes and enacts laws Enacts taxes , authorizes borrowing , and sets the budget Has sole power to declare war May start investigations , especially against the executive branch The Senate considers presidential appointments of judges and executive department heads The Senate ratifies treaties The House of Representatives may impeach , and the Senate may remove , executive and judicial officers Creates federal courts except for the Supreme Court , and sets the number of justices on the Supreme Court May override presidential vetoes Executive May veto laws Vice president presides over the Senate Wages war at the direction of Congress ( Congress makes the rules for the military ) Makes decrees or declarations ( for example , declaring a state of emergency ) and promulgates lawful regulations and executive orders Influences other branches of its agenda with the State of the Union address . Appoints judges and executive department heads Has power to grant pardons to convicted persons , except in cases of impeachment Executes and enforces orders of the court through federal law enforcement . Judicial Determines which laws Congress intended to apply to any given case Determines whether a law is unconstitutional . ( The power of judicial review is not expressly granted in the Constitution , but was held by the judiciary to be implicit in the constitutional structure in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) . ) Determines how Congress meant the law to apply to disputes Determines how a law acts to determine the disposition of prisoners Determines how a law acts to compel testimony and the production of evidence Determines how laws should be interpreted to assure uniform policies in a top - down fashion via the appeals process , but gives discretion in individual cases to low - level judges . ( The amount of discretion depends upon the standard of review , determined by the type of case in question . ) Polices its own members Executive ( edit ) The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills , but Congress may override any veto ( excluding the so - called `` pocket veto '' ) by a two - thirds majority in each house . When the two houses of Congress can not agree on a date for adjournment , the president may settle the dispute . Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president . The Vice President serves as president of the Senate , but he may only vote to break a tie . The president , as noted above , appoints judges with the Senate 's advice and consent . He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves . Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate , or even to acceptance by the recipient . The President is not mandated to carry out the orders of the Supreme Court . The Supreme Court does not have any enforcement power ; the enforcement power lies solely with the executive branch . Thus , the executive branch can place a check on the Supreme Court through refusal to execute the orders of the court . For example , in Worcester v. Georgia , President Jackson refused to execute the orders of the Supreme Court . The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States . He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis . However , only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se , as well as to raise , fund and maintain the armed forces . Congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate , such as the Uniform Code of Military Justice , and requires that all Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office . Judicial ( edit ) Courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review . This concept is not written into the Constitution , but was envisioned by many of the Constitution 's Framers ( for example , The Federalist Papers mention it ) . The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in Marbury v. Madison . There were protests by some at this decision , born chiefly of political expediency , but political realities in the particular case paradoxically restrained opposing views from asserting themselves . For this reason , precedent alone established the principle that a court may strike down a law it deems unconstitutional . A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality ; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts . But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation . Decisions of a Court of Appeals , for instance , are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction . The power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Congress , which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts . The only constitutional limit on Congress ' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court ; the Supreme Court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors , ministers or consuls . The Chief Justice presides in the Senate during a president 's impeachment trial . The rules of the Senate , however , generally do not grant much authority to the presiding officer . Thus , the Chief Justice 's role in this regard is a limited one . Equality of the branches ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government . However , James Madison wrote in Federalist 51 , regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others , that `` it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self - defense . In republican government , the legislative authority necessarily predominates . '' One may claim that the judiciary has historically been the weakest of the three branches . In fact , its power to exercise judicial review -- its sole meaningful check on the other two branches -- is not explicitly granted by the U.S Constitution . The U.S. Supreme Court exercised its power to strike down congressional acts as unconstitutional only twice prior to the Civil War : in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) and Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 ) . The Supreme Court has since then made more extensive use of judicial review . Throughout America 's history dominance of one of the three branches has essentially been a see - saw struggle between Congress and the president . Both have had periods of great power and weakness such as immediately after the Civil War when republicans had a majority in Congress and were able to pass major legislation and shoot down most of the president 's vetoes . They also passed acts to essentially make the president subordinate to Congress , such as the Tenure of Office Act . Johnson 's later impeachment also cost the presidency much political power . However the president has also exercised greater power largely during the 20th century . Both Roosevelts greatly expanded the powers of the president and wielded great power during their terms . The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power : George Washington only vetoed two bills , James Monroe one , and John Adams , Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none . James Madison , a firm believer in a strong executive , vetoed seven bills . None of the first six Presidents , however , used the veto to direct national policy . It was Andrew Jackson , the seventh President , who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon . During his two terms in office , he vetoed 12 bills -- more than all of his predecessors combined . Furthermore , he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes ( `` Indian Removal '' ) ; he stated ( perhaps apocryphally ) , `` John Marshall has made his decision . Now let him enforce it ! '' Some of Jackson 's successors made no use of the veto power , while others used it intermittently . It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance Congress . Andrew Johnson , a Democrat , vetoed several Reconstruction bills passed by the `` Radical Republicans . '' Congress , however , managed to override fifteen of Johnson 's twenty - nine vetoes . Furthermore , it attempted to curb the power of the presidency by passing the Tenure of Office Act . The Act required Senate approval for the dismissal of senior Cabinet officials . When Johnson deliberately violated the Act , which he felt was unconstitutional ( Supreme Court decisions later vindicated such a position ) , the House of Representatives impeached him ; he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote . Grover Cleveland worked to restore power to the Presidency after Andrew Johnson 's impeachment . Johnson 's impeachment was perceived to have done great damage to the presidency , which came to be almost subordinate to Congress . Some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead , with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming a de facto prime minister . Grover Cleveland , the first Democratic President following Johnson , attempted to restore the power of his office . During his first term , he vetoed over 400 bills -- twice as many bills as his 21 predecessors combined . He also began to suspend bureaucrats who were appointed as a result of the patronage system , replacing them with more `` deserving '' individuals . The Senate , however , refused to confirm many new nominations , instead demanding that Cleveland turn over the confidential records relating to the suspensions . Cleveland steadfastly refused , asserting , `` These suspensions are my executive acts ... I am not responsible to the Senate , and I am unwilling to submit my actions to them for judgment . '' Cleveland 's popular support forced the Senate to back down and confirm the nominees . Furthermore , Congress finally repealed the controversial Tenure of Office Act that had been passed during the Johnson Administration . Overall , this meant that Cleveland 's Administration marked the end of presidential subordination . Several 20th - century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency . Theodore Roosevelt , for instance , claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law -- in direct contrast to his immediate successor , William Howard Taft . Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression . Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority ; in Panama Refining v. Ryan , the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers . The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , another separation of powers case , was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt 's presidency . In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions , Roosevelt introduced a `` Court Packing '' plan , under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill . Such a plan ( which was defeated in Congress ) would have seriously undermined the judiciary 's independence and power . Richard Nixon used national security as a basis for his expansion of power . He asserted , for example , that `` the inherent power of the President to safeguard the security of the nation '' authorized him to order a wiretap without a judge 's warrant . Nixon also asserted that `` executive privilege '' shielded him from all legislative oversight ; furthermore , he impounded federal funds ( that is to say , he refused to spend money that Congress had appropriated for government programs ) . In the specific cases aforementioned , however , the Supreme Court ruled against Nixon . This was also because of an ongoing criminal investigation into the Watergate tapes , even though they acknowledged the general need for executive privilege . Since then , Nixon 's successors have sometimes asserted that they may act in the interests of national security or that executive privilege shields them from Congressional oversight . Though such claims have in general been more limited than Nixon 's , one may still conclude that the presidency 's power has been greatly augmented since the 18th and 19th centuries . Views on separation of powers ( edit ) Many political scientists believe that separation of powers is a decisive factor in what they see as a limited degree of American exceptionalism . In particular , John W. Kingdon made this argument , claiming that separation of powers contributed to the development of a unique political structure in the United States . He attributes the unusually large number of interest groups active in the United States , in part , to the separation of powers ; it gives groups more places to try to influence , and creates more potential group activity . He also cites its complexity as one of the reasons for lower citizen participation . Judicial independence ( edit ) Separation of powers has again become a current issue of some controversy concerning debates about judicial independence and political efforts to increase the accountability of judges for the quality of their work , avoiding conflicts of interest , and charges that some judges allegedly disregard procedural rules , statutes , and higher court precedents . Many legislators hold the view that separation of powers means that powers are shared among different branches ; no one branch may act unilaterally on issues ( other than perhaps minor questions ) , but must obtain some form of agreement across branches . That is , it is argued that `` checks and balances '' apply to the Judicial branch as well as to the other branches -- for example , in the regulation of attorneys and judges , and the establishment by Congress of rules for the conduct of federal courts , and by state legislatures for state courts . Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court , the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court 's expertise , but can withdraw that delegation at any time . On the other side of this debate , many judges hold the view that separation of powers means that the Judiciary is independent and untouchable within the judicial sphere . In this view , separation of powers means that the Judiciary alone holds all powers relative to the judicial function and that the Legislative and Executive branches may not interfere in any aspect of the Judicial branch . An example of the second view at the state level is found in the Florida Supreme Court holding that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida , and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts . The State of New Hampshire also follows this system . See also ( edit ) Constitution of the Roman Republic Commander - in - Chief Fourth branch of government Signing statement The Imperial Presidency Unitary executive theory References ( edit ) Davis , Zoe ( 2001 ) . `` Presidential Vetoes , 1989 -- 2000 '' ( PDF ) . United States Senate . Dean , John W. ( 2004 ) . `` The U.S. Supreme Court and The Imperial Presidency '' . Find Law . Kilman , Johnny H. & Costello , George , eds. ( 2000 ) . The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation . Washington , DC : Government Printing Office . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 11 . Kunhardt , Philip B. , Jr. ; Kunhardt , Philip B. , III & Kunhardt , Peter W. ( 1999 ) . The American President . New York : Penguin . Madison , James ( 1788 ) . `` The Particular Structure of the New Government and the Distribution of Power Among Its Different Parts '' . Archived from the original on 2004 - 06 - 17 . Calabresi , Steven G. ( 2008 ) . `` The Great Divorce : The Current Understanding of Separation of Powers and the Original Meaning of the Incompatibility Clause '' . University of Pennsylvania Law Review . 157 : 134 -- 137 . SSRN 1294671 . Prakash , Saikrishna Bangalore ( 2009 ) . `` Why the Incompatibility Clause Applies to the Office of President '' . Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy . 4 : 143 -- 151 . Mount , Stephen J.J. ( 2003 ) . `` Rewriting the Constitution '' . Jump up ^ Two , Section 1 . Jump up ^ Campbell v. Clinton , 203 F. 3d 19 ( D.C. 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"Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws, in which he argued for a constitutional government with three separate branches, each of which would have defined abilities to check the powers of the others. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. This United States form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances."
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"Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu"
] |
-4219218972433675121 | On the Road Again (Canned Heat song) | On the Road Again ( Canned Heat song ) - wikipedia On the Road Again ( Canned Heat song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` On the Road Again '' Single by Canned Heat from the album Boogie with Canned Heat B - side `` Boogie Music '' Released April 24 , 1968 ( 1968 - 04 - 24 ) Format 7 - inch 45 rpm record Recorded September 6 , 1967 Studio Liberty , Los Angeles Genre Blues rock , psychedelic rock Length 3 : 28 Label Liberty ( no . 56038 ) Songwriter ( s ) Floyd Jones , Alan Wilson Producer ( s ) Cal Carter Canned Heat singles chronology `` Evil Woman '' ( 1967 ) `` On the Road Again '' ( 1968 ) `` Going Up the Country '' ( 1968 ) `` On the Road Again '' is a song recorded by the American blues - rock group Canned Heat in 1967 . A driving blues - rock boogie , it was adapted from earlier blues songs and includes mid-1960s psychedelic rock elements . Unlike most of Canned Heat 's songs from the period , second guitarist and harmonica player Alan Wilson provides the distinctive falsetto vocal . `` On the Road Again '' first appeared on their second album , Boogie with Canned Heat , in January 1968 ; when an edited version was released as a single in April 1968 , `` On the Road Again '' became Canned Heat 's first record chart hit and one of their best - known songs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Earlier songs 2 Recording and composition 3 Personnel 4 Releases and charts 5 Influence 6 Notes 7 External links Earlier songs ( edit ) With his record company 's encouragement , Chicago blues musician Floyd Jones recorded a song titled `` On the Road Again '' in 1953 . It was a remake of his successful 1951 song `` Dark Road '' . Both songs are based on Mississippi Delta bluesman Tommy Johnson 's 1928 song `` Big Road Blues '' ( Canned Heat took their name from Johnson 's 1928 song `` Canned Heat Blues '' ) . Johnson 's lyrics include : `` Well I ai n't goin ' down that big road by myself ... If I do n't carry you gon na carry somebody else '' . Jones `` reshaped Tommy Johnson 's verses into an eerie evocation of the Delta '' . In `` Dark Road '' he added : Whoaa well my mother died and left me Ohh when I was quite young , when I was quite young ... Said Lord have mercy ooo , on my wicked son And in `` On the Road Again '' he added Whoaa I had to travel , whoaa in the rain and snow in the rain and snow My baby had quit me ooo ( 2 × ) Have no place to go Both songs share a `` hypnotic one - chord drone piece '' - arrangement that one - time Floyd Jones musical partner Howlin ' Wolf used for his songs `` Crying at Daybreak '' and the related `` Smokestack Lightning '' . Recording and composition ( edit ) `` On the Road Again '' was among the first songs Canned Heat recorded as demos in April 1967 at the RCA Studios in Chicago with original drummer Frank Cook . At over seven minutes in length , it has the basic elements of the later album version , but is two minutes longer with more harmonica and guitar soloing . During the recording for their second album , Canned Heat recorded `` On the Road Again '' with new drummer Adolfo `` Fito '' de la Parra . The session took place September 6 , 1967 , at the Liberty Records studio in Los Angeles . Alan Wilson used verses from Floyd Jones ' `` On the Road Again '' and `` Dark Road '' and added some lines of his own : Well I 'm so tired of cryin ' but I 'm out on the road again , I 'm on the road again ( 2 × ) I ai n't got no woman just to call my special friend For the instrumental accompaniment , Canned Heat uses a `` basic E / G / A blues chord pattern '' or `` one - chord boogie riff '' adapted from John Lee Hooker 's 1949 hit `` Boogie Chillen ' '' . Expanding on Jones ' hypnotic drone , Wilson used an Eastern string instrument called a tambura to give the song a psychedelic ambience . Although Bob Hite was the group 's primary vocalist , `` On the Road '' features Wilson as the singer , `` utilizing his best Skip James - inspired falsetto vocal '' . Wilson also provides the harmonica parts . The basic riff is used again by Canned Heat on `` Fried Hockey Boogie '' , an eleven - minute boogie by Larry Taylor which showcases the band 's musicality with a series of virtuoso solo performances by members . Personnel ( edit ) Alan Wilson -- vocal , harmonica , electric guitar , tambura Henry Vestine -- electric guitar Larry Taylor -- bass guitar Adolfo de la Parra -- drums Releases and Charts ( edit ) `` On the Road Again '' is included on Canned Heat 's second album , Boogie with Canned Heat , released January 21 , 1968 , by Liberty Records . After receiving strong response from airplay on American `` underground '' FM radio , Liberty issued the song as a single on April 24 , 1968 . To make the song more Top - 40 AM radio - friendly , Liberty edited it from the original length of 4 : 55 to a 3 : 33 single version . It became Canned Heat 's first single to appear in the record charts . Chart ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Peak position Australia Go - Set Top 40 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Canada RPM Top Singles 8 France ( SNEP ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 13 Ireland ( Irish Singles Chart ) 14 Italy ( FIMI ) 23 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) U.K. ( Official Singles Chart ) 8 U.S. ( Billboard Hot 100 ) 16 On the singles , Floyd Jones and Alan Wilson are listed as the composers , while the album credits Jim Oden / James Burke Oden ( also known as St. Louis Jimmy Oden ) . `` On the Road Again '' appears on several Canned Heat compilation albums , including Let 's Work Together : The Best of Canned Heat ( 1989 ) and Uncanned ! The Best of Canned Heat ( 1994 ) . Also , it is featured on the soundtrack to Wim Wenders 1974 film Alice in the Cities . Influence ( edit ) Although songs inspired by John Lee Hooker 's `` Detroit - era boogie '' had been recorded over the years by a variety of blues musicians , Canned Heat 's `` On the Road Again '' popularized the guitar - boogie or E / G / A riff in the rock world . As a result , `` it 's been a standard rock and roll pattern ever since '' . Canned Heat used it frequently as the starting point for several of their extended jam songs , including the 40 minute live opus `` Refried Boogie ( Part I & II ) '' from their late 1968 Living the Blues album . When Hooker recorded an updated version of `` Boogie Chillen ' '' , titled `` Boogie Chillen No. 2 '' , with the group in 1970 for Hooker ' n Heat , it had come full circle . Several other musicians have recorded `` On the Road Again '' , including Katie Melua on her album Piece by Piece ( 2005 ) and Canadian band Sloan in a medley with the Stereolab song `` Transona Five '' on Recorded Live at a Sloan Party ! ( 1997 ) . Notes ( edit ) Footnotes ^ Jump up to : `` On the Road Again , Canned Heat : This song ... is psychedelic blues - rock that benefits from studio overdubbing technology . '' Jump up ^ Bob Hite prefaces the recording with `` OK ... light and greasy , do n't let it go down '' . Jump up ^ One author described Wilson 's vocal style as `` reminiscent of Skip James at his most ectoplasmic '' . Jump up ^ Wilson 's harmonica solo has a note that is not playable without an overblow ; he re-tuned his harmonica 's six hole up a half step . Jump up ^ Canned Heat 's first single , `` Rollin ' and Tumblin ' '' , appeared in Billboard 's Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart at number 115 in July 1967 . Jump up ^ St. Louis Jimmy Oden was a part - owner of J.O.B. Records , the label that issued Floyd Jones ' singles . Citations Jump up ^ Evans 2005 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Gioia ) 2008 , pp. 262 -- 263 . Jump up ^ J.O.B. Records 1013 Jump up ^ J.O.B. 1001 Jump up ^ Victor Records 21409 Jump up ^ Koda 1996 , p. 142 . ^ Jump up to : Rowe 1991 , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Palmer 1981 , p. 231 . ^ Jump up to : Russo 1994 , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Greenwald , Matthew . `` Canned Heat : On the Road Again -- Song review '' . AllMusic . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Palmer 1981 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Murray 2002 , p. 382 . Jump up ^ Russo 1994 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Russo 1994 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` On the Road Again in Australian Chart '' . Poparchives.com.au . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Canned Heat -- On the Road Again '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` On the road again in Canadian Top Singles Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` On the road again in French Chart '' ( in French ) . Dominic DURAND / InfoDisc . July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . You have to use the index at the top of the page and search `` Canned Heat '' Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Canned Heat -- On The Road Again '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` On the road again in Irish Chart '' . IRMA . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . 2nd result when searching `` On the Road Again '' Jump up ^ `` Indice per Interprete : C '' . HitParadeItalia ( it ) . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Canned Heat '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Canned Heat -- On the Road Again '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Canned Heat -- On the Road Again '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Canned Heat -- Singles '' . Official Charts . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Russo 1994 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Gioia 2008 , pp. 262 -- 263 . Jump up ^ Murray 2002 , p. 395 . References Evans , David ( 2005 ) . The NPR Curious Listener 's Guide to Blues . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 53072 - 2 . Gioia , Ted ( 2008 ) . Delta Blues . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 33750 - 1 . Koda , Cub ( 1996 ) . Erlewine , Michael , ed . All Music Guide to the Blues . Miller Freeman Books . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 424 - 3 . Murray , Charles Shaar ( 2002 ) . Boogie Man : The Adventures of John Lee Hooker in the American Twentieth Century . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 27006 - 3 . Palmer , Robert ( 1981 ) . Deep Blues . Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 006223 - 8 . Rowe , Mike ( 1991 ) . Blues Is Killing Me ( Album notes ) . Various artists . Paula Records . PCD - 19 . Russo , Greg ( 1994 ) . Uncanned ! The Best of Canned Heat ( CD compilation booklet ) . Canned Heat . EMI / Liberty . 7243 8 29165 2 9 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Canned Heat Bob Hite Alan Wilson Henry Vestine Larry Taylor Adolfo de la Parra Harvey Mandel Studio albums Canned Heat Boogie with Canned Heat Living the Blues Hallelujah Future Blues Vintage Hooker ' n Heat Historical Figures and Ancient Heads The New Age One More River to Cross Reheated Live albums Canned Heat ' 70 Concert Live in Europe Live at Topanga Corral Compilations Let 's Work Together : The Best of Canned Heat Uncanned ! The Best of Canned Heat Singles `` Rollin ' and Tumblin ' '' `` On the Road Again '' `` Going Up the Country '' `` Let 's Work Together ( Let 's Stick Together ) '' Other songs `` Spoonful '' `` Got My Mojo Working '' `` Pretty Thing '' `` Dimples '' `` Talk to Me Baby ( I Ca n't Hold Out ) '' `` Evil Is Going On '' `` Goin ' Down Slow '' `` Catfish Blues '' `` Dust My Broom '' `` Help Me '' `` The Hunter '' `` Mean Old World '' `` Pony Blues '' `` Terraplane Blues '' `` Big Fat ( The Fat Man ) '' `` I Wish You Would '' `` It Hurts Me Too '' `` That 's All Right ( Mama ) '' `` Bring It On Home '' `` Killing Floor '' `` Meet Me in the Bottom '' `` Driftin ' Blues '' `` Boogie Chillen No. 2 '' `` That 's All Right '' `` Shake , Rattle and Roll '' `` Night Time Is the Right Time '' `` Chicken Shack Boogie '' `` Take Me to the River '' Related articles Discography Tommy Johnson Floyd Jones Jug band Boogie rock Johnny Otis John Lee Hooker List of band members Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On_the_Road_Again_(Canned_Heat_song)&oldid=807266615 '' Categories : 1968 singles Blues songs Canned Heat songs 1967 songs Liberty Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Swiss Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Euskara Français Italiano Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 23 : 00 . About Wikipedia | who sings i'm on the road again | [
"\"On the Road Again\" is a song recorded by the American blues-rock group Canned Heat in 1967. A driving blues-rock boogie,[2] it was adapted from earlier blues songs and includes mid-1960s psychedelic rock elements. Unlike most of Canned Heat's songs from the period, second guitarist and harmonica player Alan Wilson provides the distinctive falsetto vocal. \"On the Road Again\" first appeared on their second album, Boogie with Canned Heat, in January 1968; when an edited version was released as a single in April 1968, \"On the Road Again\" became Canned Heat's first record chart hit and one of their best-known songs."
] | [
"Canned Heat"
] |
9194048255545320459 | Hexafluorophosphate | Hexafluorophosphate - wikipedia Hexafluorophosphate Hexafluorophosphate Names IUPAC name Hexafluorophosphate Systematic IUPAC name Hexafluoro - λ - phosphanuide ( substitutive ) Hexafluoridophosphate ( 1 - ) ( additive ) Identifiers 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI : 30201 ChEMBL ChEMBL181124 ChemSpider 9502 Gmelin Reference 2704 PubChem CID 9886 InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / F6P / c1 - 7 ( 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ) 6 / q - 1 Key : LJQLCJWAZJINEB - UHFFFAOYSA - N SMILES ( show ) F ( P - ) ( F ) ( F ) ( F ) ( F ) F Properties Chemical formula ( PF ) Molar mass 144.964181 g mol Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . Y verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references Hexafluorophosphate is an anion with chemical formula of PF . It is an octahedral species . It imparts no color to its salts . PF is isoelectronic with sulfur hexafluoride , SF , and the hexafluorosilicate dianion , SiF , and fluoroantimonate SbF . Being poorly nucleophilic , hexafluorophosphate is classified as a non-coordinating anion . Contents 1 Synthesis 2 Quantitative analysis 3 Reactions 3.1 Organometallic and inorganic synthesis 3.2 Hydrolysis of hexafluorophosphate complexes 4 Applications 4.1 Secondary batteries 4.2 Ionic liquids 5 References Synthesis ( edit ) Crystals of ferrocenium hexafluorophosphate , ( Fe ( C H ) ) PF . Hexafluorophosphate salts can be prepared by the reaction of phosphorus pentachloride and alkali or ammonium halide in a solution of hydrofluoric acid : PCl + MCl + 6 HF → MPF + 6 HCl Hexafluorophosphoric acid can be prepared by direct reaction of hydrogen fluoride with phosphorus pentafluoride . It is a strong Brønsted acid that is typically generated in situ immediately prior to its use . PF + HF → HPF These reactions require specialized equipment to safely handle the hazards associated with hydrofluoric acid and hydrogen fluoride . Quantitative analysis ( edit ) Several methods of Quantitative analysis for the hexafluorophosphate ion have been developed . Tetraphenylarsonium chloride , ( ( C H ) As ) Cl , has been used both for titrimetric and gravimetric quantifications of hexafluorophosphate . Both of these determinations depend on the formation of tetraphenylarsonium hexafluorophosphate : ( ( C H ) As ) + PF → ( ( C H ) As ) PF Hexafluorophosphate can also be determined spectrophotometrically with ferroin . Reactions ( edit ) Hydrolysis is extremely slower under basic conditions . Acid - catalyzed hydrolysis to the phosphate ion is also slow . Nonetheless , hexafluorophosphate is prone to decomposition with the release of hydrogen fluoride in ionic liquids . Hexafluorophosphate bears a partial ( delocalized ) negative charge on the fluoride centers . Organometallic and inorganic Synthesis ( edit ) Hexafluorophosphate is a common counteranion for cationic metal complexes . It is one of three widely used non-coordinating anions are hexafluorophosphate , tetrafluoroborate BF , and perchlorate ClO . Of these , the hexafluorophosphate ion has the least coordinating tendency . Hexafluorophosphate salts can be prepared by reactions of silver hexafluorophosphate with halide salts . Precipitation of insoluble silver halide helps drive this reaction to completion . Since hexafluorophosphate salts are often insoluble in water but soluble in polar organic solvents , even the addition of ammonium hexafluorophosphate ( NH PF ) to aqueous solutions of many organic and inorganic salts gives solid precipitates of hexafluorophosphate salts . One example is the synthesis of rhodocenium salts : The overall conversion equation is RhCl xH O + 2 C H + NH PF → ( ( η - C H ) Rh ) PF + 2 HCl + NH Cl + x H O Tetrakis ( acetonitrile ) copper ( I ) hexafluorophosphate is produced by the addition of hexafluorophosphoric acid to a suspension of copper ( I ) oxide in acetonitrile : Cu O + 2 HPF + 8 CH CN → 2 ( Cu ( CH CN ) ) PF + H O Hydrolysis of hexafluorophosphate complexes ( edit ) While the hexafluorophosphate ion is generally inert and hence a suitable counterion , its solvolysis can be induced by highly electrophilic metal centers . For example , the tris ( solvento ) rhodium complex ( ( η - C Me ) Rh ( Me CO ) ) ( PF ) undergoes solvolysis when heated in acetone , forming a difluorophosphate - bridged complex ( ( η - C Me ) Rh ( μ - OPF O ) Rh ( η - C Me ) ) PF . Applications ( edit ) Practical uses of the hexafluorophosphate ion typically exploit one or more of the following properties : that it is a non-coordinating anion ; that hexafluorophosphate compounds are typically soluble in organic solvents , particularly polar ones , but have low solubility in aqueous solution ; or , that it has a high degree of stability , including resistance to both acidic and basic hydrolysis . Secondary batteries ( edit ) The main commercial use of hexafluorophosphate is as its lithium salt , lithium hexafluorophosphate . This salt , in combination with dimethyl carbonate , is a common electrolyte in commercial secondary batteries such as lithium - ion cells . This application exploits the high solubility of hexafluorophosphate salts in organic solvents and the resistance of these salts to reduction by the alkali metal cathode . Since the lithium ions in these batteries are generally present as coordination complexes within the electrolyte , the non-coordinating nature of the hexafluorophosphate ion is also a useful property for these applications . Ionic liquids ( edit ) Room temperature ionic liquids such as 1 - butyl - 3 - methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ( typically abbreviated as bmimPF ) have been prepared . The advantage of the anion exchange in favour of a non-coordinating anion is that the resulting ionic liquid has much greater thermal stability . 1 - Butyl - 3 - methylimidazolium chloride decomposes to N - methylimidazole and 1 - chlorobutane or to N - butylimidazole and chloromethane . Such decompositions are not possible for bmimPF However , thermal decompositions of hexafluorophosphate ionic liquids to generate hydrogen fluoride gas are known . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Hexafluorophosphate ( 1 - ) ( CHEBI : 30201 ) '' . Chemical Entities of Biological Interest ( ChEBI ) . UK : European Bioinformatics Institute . Jump up ^ Davies , J.A. ( 1996 ) . Synthetic Coordination Chemistry : Principles and Practice . World Scientific . p. 165 . ISBN 981 - 02 - 2084 - 7 . Jump up ^ Constant , S. ; Lacour , J. ( 2005 ) . Majoral , J. - P. , ed . New Trends in Hexacoordinated Phosphorus Chemistry . New Aspects in Phosphorus Chemistry . 5 . Springer . p. 3 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 22498 - X . Jump up ^ Woyski , M.M. ( 1950 ) . `` Hexafluorophosphates of Sodium , Ammonium , and Potassium '' . Inorg . Synth. 3 : 111 -- 117 . doi : 10.1002 / 9780470132340. ch29 . Jump up ^ Molnar , A. ; Surya Prakash , G.K. ; Sommer , J. ( 2009 ) . Superacid Chemistry ( 2nd ed . ) . Wiley - Interscience . p. 44 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 59668 - X . Jump up ^ Affsprung , H.E. ; Archer , V.S. ( 1963 ) . `` Determination of Hexafluorophosphate by Amperometric Titration with Tetraphenylarsonium Chloride '' . Anal . Chem. 35 ( 8 ) : 976 -- 978 . doi : 10.1021 / ac60201a017 . Jump up ^ Affsprung , H.E. ; Archer , V.S. ( 1963 ) . `` Gravimetric Determination of Hexafluorophosphate as Tetraphenylarsonium Hexafluorophosphate '' . Anal . Chem. 35 ( 12 ) : 1912 -- 1913 . doi : 10.1021 / ac60205a036 . Jump up ^ Archer , V.S. ; Doolittle , F.G. ( 1967 ) . `` Spectrophotometric Determination of Hexafluorophosphate with Ferroin '' . Anal . Chem. 39 ( 3 ) : 371 -- 373 . doi : 10.1021 / ac60247a035 . Jump up ^ Ryss , I.G. ; Tulchinskii , V.B. ( 1964 ) . `` Kinetika Gidroliza Iona Geksaftorofosfata PF `` . Zh . Neorg . Khim. 9 ( 4 ) : 836 -- 840 . Jump up ^ Gebala , A.E. ; Jones , M.M. ( 1969 ) . `` The Acid Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Hexafluorophosphate '' . J. Inorg . Nucl . Chem. 31 ( 3 ) : 771 -- 776 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 1902 ( 69 ) 80024 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Dyson , P.J. ( 2005 ) . Geldbach , T.J. , ed . Metal Catalysed Reactions in Ionic Liquids . Catalysis by Metal Complexes. 29 . Springer Science & Business . p. 27 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 3914 - X . Jump up ^ Mayfield , H.G. ; Bull , W.E. ( 1971 ) . `` Co-ordinating Tendencies of the Hexafluorophosphate Ion '' . J. Chem. Soc . A ( 14 ) : 2279 -- 2281 . doi : 10.1039 / J19710002279 . Jump up ^ Baghurst , D.R. ; Mingos , D.M.P. ; Watson , M.J. ; Watson , Michael J. ( 1989 ) . `` Application of Microwave Dielectric Loss Heating Effects for the Rapid and Convenient Synthesis of Organometallic Compounds '' . J. Organomet . Chem. 368 ( 3 ) : C43 -- C45 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 328X ( 89 ) 85418 - X . Jump up ^ Kubas , G.J. ( 1979 ) . `` Tetrakis ( acetonitirile ) copper ( I ) Hexaflurorophosphate '' . Inorg . Synth. 19 : 90 -- 91 . doi : 10.1002 / 9780470132593. ch15 . Jump up ^ Thompson , S.J. ; Bailey , P.M. ; White , C. ; Maitlis , P.M. ( 1976 ) . `` Solvolysis of the Hexafluorophosphate Ion and the Structure of ( Tris ( μ - difluorophosphato ) bis ( penta - methylcyclopentadienylrhodium ) ) Hexafluorophosphate '' . Angew . Chem. Int . Ed . 15 ( 8 ) : 490 -- 491 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 197604901 . Jump up ^ White , C. ; Thompson , S.J. ; Maitlis , P.M. ( 1977 ) . `` Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl - rhodium and - iridium Complexes XIV . The Solvolysis of Coordinated Acetone Solvent Species to Tris ( μ - difluorophosphato ) bis ( η - pentamethylcyclopentadienylrhodium ( III ) ) Hexafluorophosphate , to the η - ( 2 , 4 - dimethyl - 1 - oxapenta - 1 , 3 - dienyl ) ( pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ) iridium Cation , or to the η - ( 2 - hydroxy - 4 - methylpentadienyl ) ( η - pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ) iridium Cation '' . J. Organomet . Chem. 134 ( 3 ) : 319 -- 325 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 328X ( 00 ) 93278 - 9 . Jump up ^ Goodenough , J.B. ; Kim , Y. ( 2010 ) . `` Challenges for Rechargeable Li Batteries '' . Chem. Mater. 22 ( 3 ) : 587 -- 603 . doi : 10.1021 / cm901452z . Jump up ^ `` MSDS : National Power Corp Lithium Ion Batteries '' ( PDF ) . tek.com . Tektronix Inc. 7 May 2004 . Retrieved 11 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Gordon , C.M. ; John D. Holbrey ; Alan R. Kennedy ; Kenneth R. Seddon ( 1998 ) . `` Ionic liquid crystals : hexafluorophosphate salts '' . Journal of Materials Chemistry . 8 ( 12 ) : 2627 -- 2636 . doi : 10.1039 / a806169f . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hexafluorophosphate&oldid=855474092 '' Categories : Hexafluorophosphates Non-coordinating anions Hidden categories : Chemical articles without CAS registry number Articles without InChI source Articles without KEGG source Articles without UNII source Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Chembox image size set Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 15 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the electron domain geometry about phosphorus in the hexafluorophosphate anion (pf 6 − ) | [
"Hexafluorophosphate is an anion with chemical formula of PF−6. It is an octahedral species. It imparts no color to its salts. PF−6 is isoelectronic with sulfur hexafluoride, SF6, and the hexafluorosilicate dianion, SiF2−6, and fluoroantimonate SbF−6. Being poorly nucleophilic, hexafluorophosphate is classified as a non-coordinating anion.[2][3] \n"
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"octahedral"
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4369378286787536638 | Pearl Harbor | Pearl Harbor - wikipedia Pearl Harbor For its current operations as a military base , see Joint Base Pearl Harbor -- Hickam . For the attack in 1941 , see Attack on Pearl Harbor . For other uses , see Pearl Harbor ( disambiguation ) . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( September 2014 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Aerial view of Pearl Harbor , Ford Island in center . The Arizona memorial is the small white dot on the left side above Ford Island Coordinates : 21 ° 22 ′ 04 '' N 157 ° 58 ′ 38 '' W / 21.3679 ° N 157.9771 ° W / 21.3679 ; - 157.9771 Pearl Harbor is a lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu , Hawaii , west of Honolulu . It has been long visited by the Naval fleet of the United States , before it was acquired from the Hawaiian Kingdom by the U.S. with the signing of the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 . Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is now a United States Navy deep - water naval base . It is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet . The U.S. government first obtained exclusive use of the inlet and the right to maintain a repair and coaling station for ships here in 1887 . The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on December 7 , 1941 , was the immediate cause of the United States ' entry into World War II . Contents 1 History 1.1 19th century 1.2 Naval presence ( 1899 -- present ) 1.2. 1 Post-World War II 2 See also 3 References 4 External links History See also : History of Hawaii Pearl Harbor was originally an extensive shallow embayment called Wai Momi ( meaning , `` Waters of Pearl '' ) or Pu ʻuloa ( meaning , `` long hill '' ) by the Hawaiians . Pu ʻuloa was regarded as the home of the shark goddess , Ka ʻahupahau , and her brother ( or son ) , Kahi ʻuka , in Hawaiian legends . According to tradition , Keaunui , the head of the powerful Ewa chiefs , is credited with cutting a navigable channel near the present Pu ʻuloa saltworks , by which he made the estuary , known as `` Pearl River , '' accessible to navigation . Making due allowance for legendary amplification , the estuary already had an outlet for its waters where the present gap is ; but Keaunui is typically given the credit for widening and deepening it . 19th century See also : Kingdom of Hawaii Pearl Harbor in the 1880s . During the early 19th century , Pearl Harbor was not used for large ships due to its shallow entrance . The interest of United States in the Hawaiian Islands grew as a result of its whaling , shipping and trading activity in the Pacific . As early as 1820 , an `` Agent of the United States for Commerce and Seamen '' was appointed to look after American business in the Port of Honolulu . These commercial ties to the American continent were accompanied by the work of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions . American missionaries and their families became an integral part of the Hawaiian political body . Throughout the 1820s and 1830s , many American warships visited Honolulu . In most cases , the commanding officers carried letters from the U.S. Government giving advice on governmental affairs and of the relations of the island nation with foreign powers . In 1841 , the newspaper Polynesian , printed in Honolulu , advocated that the U.S. establish a naval base in Hawaii for protection of American citizens engaged in the whaling industry . The British Hawaiian Minister of Foreign Affairs Robert Crichton Wyllie , remarked in 1840 that `` ... my opinion is that the tide of events rushes on to annexation to the United States . '' From the conclusion of the Civil War , to the purchase of Alaska , to the increased importance of the Pacific states , the projected trade with countries in Asia and the desire for a duty - free market for Hawaiian staples , Hawaiian trade expanded . In 1865 , the North Pacific Squadron was formed to embrace the western coast and Hawaii . Lackawanna in the following year was assigned to cruise among the islands , `` a locality of great and increasing interest and importance . '' This vessel surveyed the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands toward Japan . As a result , the United States claimed Midway Island . The Secretary of the Navy was able to write in his annual report of 1868 , that in November 1867 , 42 American flags flew over whaleships and merchant vessels in Honolulu to only six of other nations . This increased activity caused the permanent assignment of at least one warship to Hawaiian waters . It also praised Midway Island as possessing a harbor surpassing Honolulu 's . In the following year , Congress approved an appropriation of $50,000 on March 1 , 1869 , to deepen the approaches to this harbor . Astronaut photograph of Pearl Harbor from October 2009 After 1868 , when the Commander of the Pacific Fleet visited the islands to look after American interests , naval officers played an important role in internal affairs . They served as arbitrators in business disputes , negotiators of trade agreements and defenders of law and order . Periodic voyages among the islands and to the mainland aboard U.S. warships were arranged for members of the Hawaiian royal family and important island government officials . When King Lunalilo died in 1873 , negotiations were underway for the cession of Pearl Harbor as a port for the duty - free export of sugar to the U.S. With the election of King Kalākaua in March 1874 , riots prompted landing of sailors from USS Tuscarora and Portsmouth . The British warship , HMS Tenedos , also landed a token force . During the reign of King Kalākaua the United States was granted exclusive rights to enter Pearl Harbor and to establish `` a coaling and repair station . '' Although this treaty continued in force until August 1898 , the U.S. did not fortify Pearl Harbor as a naval base . As it had for 60 years , the shallow entrance constituted a formidable barrier against the use of the deep protected waters of the inner harbor . The United States and the Hawaiian Kingdom signed the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 as supplemented by Convention on December 6 , 1884 , the Reciprocity Treaty was made by James Carter and ratified it in 1887 . On January 20 , 1887 , the United States Senate allowed the Navy to exclusive right to maintain a coaling and repair station at Pearl Harbor . ( The US took possession on November 9 that year ) . The Spanish -- American War of 1898 and the desire for the United States to have a permanent presence in the Pacific both contributed to the decision . Naval presence ( 1899 -- present ) Main article : Naval Station Pearl Harbor USS Arizona , during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , December 7 , 1941 Following the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom , the United States Navy established a base on the island in 1899 . On December 7 , 1941 , the base was attacked by the Imperial Japanese Navy airplanes and midget submarines , causing the American entry into World War II . One of the main reasons that Pearl Harbor happened was because the United States had major communication breakdowns among several branches of the U.S. armed services and departments of the U.S. government . This led to the surprise Japanese attack at the Hawaiian air base . There was no meaningful plan for the air defense of Hawaii , for American commanders had no understanding of the capabilities and proper employment of air power . As it was , had the Pacific Fleet acted on the war warnings it undoubtedly would have sortied and been at sea on December 7 , where the major ships would have been sunk in deep water , making salvage impossible . Shortly after the devastating Japanese surprise attack at Pearl Harbor two American military commanders , Lt. Gen. Walter Short and Adm. Husband Kimmel were demoted of their full ranks . The two American commanders later sought to restore their reputations and full ranks . Post-world War II Over the years , Pearl Harbor remained a main base for the US Pacific Fleet after World War II along with Naval Base San Diego . In 2010 , the Navy and the Air Force merged their two nearby bases ; Pearl Harbor joined with Hickam Air Force Base to create Joint Base Pearl Harbor - Hickam . On February 18 , 2016 , a tourist helicopter fell into Pearl Harbor , injuring four people ; one person was missing and is thought to be dead . In December 2016 , Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe made a joint visit to Pearl Harbor with US President Barack Obama . This trip marked the 75 year anniversary of the attack , and was the first official visit by a sitting Japanese leader . See also Ford Island Admiral Clarey Bridge Pearl Harbor National Wildlife Refuge References Jump up ^ http://www.history.navy.mil : The U.S. Navy in Hawaii , 1826 - 1945 : An Administrative History Jump up ^ FDR Pearl Harbor Speech . December 8 , 1941 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 05 . December 7th , 1941 , a day that will live in infamy . Jump up ^ Apple , Russell A. ; Benjamin Levy ( February 8 , 1974 ) . `` Pearl Harbor '' ( pdf ) . National Register of Historic Places - Nomination and Inventory . National Park Service . Retrieved 25 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Harbor '' ( pdf ) . Photographs . National Park Service . Retrieved 25 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Places - The History of Pearl Harbor '' . National Park Service , U.S. Department of the Interior . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cold Spots - Pearl Harbor - Dread Central '' . Dread Central . Jump up ^ Burtness , Paul ; Warren , Ober ( 2013 ) . `` Communication Lapses Leading to the Pearl Harbor Disaster '' . 75 ( 4 ) : 20 . Jump up ^ Smith , Dale ( 1997 ) . `` Pearl Harbor : A lesson in air power '' . Air Power History . 44 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 53 . Jump up ^ `` Remember Pearl Harbor '' . Christian Science Monitor : 2 . January 6 , 1996 . Jump up ^ Molly Roecker . `` Honolulu Tourist Helicopter Crashes in Pearl Harbor '' . NBC News . Jump up ^ Steve Almasy , CNN ( 19 February 2016 ) . `` Pearl Harbor helicopter crash : 1 critically injured '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Ito , Shingo ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` We did our jobs : Japanese participant remembers Pearl Harbor '' . www.atimes.com . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Pearl Harbor ( category ) Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier 's Encyclopedia article Pearl Harbor . 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"Pearl Harbor is a lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. It has been long visited by the Naval fleet of the United States, before it was acquired from the Hawaiian Kingdom by the U.S. with the signing of the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is now a United States Navy deep-water naval base. It is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. The U.S. government first obtained exclusive use of the inlet and the right to maintain a repair and coaling station for ships here in 1887.[1] The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on December 7, 1941, was the immediate cause of the United States' entry into World War II.[2][3][4]\n"
] | [
"a lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu"
] |
2985268851501373306 | The Ranch (TV series) | The Ranch ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Ranch ( TV series ) The Ranch Genre Sitcom Created by Don Reo Jim Patterson Starring Ashton Kutcher Danny Masterson Debra Winger Sam Elliott Elisha Cuthbert Opening theme `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' by Lukas Nelson and Shooter Jennings Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 50 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Don Reo Jim Patterson Ashton Kutcher Danny Masterson Jane Wiseman Blair Fetter Andy Weil Jerry Anglin Producer ( s ) Jamie Rhonheimer Steve Tompkins Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 28 -- 34 minutes Production company ( s ) Ranch Hand Productions Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Original release April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) -- present ( present ) The Ranch is an American comedy web television series starring Ashton Kutcher , Danny Masterson , Debra Winger , Elisha Cuthbert , and Sam Elliott that debuted in 2016 on Netflix . The show takes place on the fictional Iron River Ranch in the fictitious small town of Garrison , Colorado ; detailing the life of the Bennetts , a dysfunctional family consisting of two brothers , their rancher father , and his divorced wife and local bar owner . While the opening sequence shows scenes from Norwood and Ouray , Colorado and surrounding Ouray and San Miguel Counties , The Ranch is filmed on a sound stage in front of a live audience in Burbank , California . Each season consists of 20 episodes broken up into two parts , each containing 10 episodes . All episodes are named after American country music songs , predominantly Kenny Chesney in part one , George Strait in part two , Tim McGraw in part three , Garth Brooks in part four , and Dolly Parton in part five . the first ten episodes premiered on April 1 , 2016 , the second batch of ten episodes premiered on October 7 , 2016 . In April 2016 , Netflix renewed The Ranch for a second season of 20 episodes , the first half of which premiered on June 16 , 2017 , and the second half was released on December 15 , 2017 . On July 4 , 2017 , Netflix announced through its official The Ranch Twitter account that the show had been renewed for a third season of 20 episodes , the first ten of which aired on June 15 , 2018 . In December 2017 , a week before the release of the second - half of the second season , it was announced Masterson had been written out of the show following multiple sexual assault allegations made against him , and will appear in only the first 10 episodes of the third season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special Guests 1.4 Cameos 2 Episodes 2.1 Series overview 2.2 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 2.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 2.4 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Ashton Kutcher as Colt Bennett , a former high school and college football star who returns to his hometown after a fifteen - year absence for a tryout , but ultimately helps his father and older brother on their family ranch . Colt is frequently the butt of jokes from his father and brother , particularly when it comes to his ranching skills ( or lack thereof ) and his disappointing pro football career . He is a heavy drinker and has a penchant for not using common sense , but he seems to have a heart of gold and tries to do right by others . Based on his various T - shirts and dialogue throughout the first season , it 's implied that Colt has played for the Barcelona Dragons , San Jose SaberCats , Spokane Shock , Orlando Predators , Nebraska Danger , Iowa Barnstormers , Green Bay Blizzard , Minnesota Axemen and Philadelphia Soul . Dialogue also states that he was a member of teams in Canada , notably the fictional Saskatoon Cold ( `` Like the Miami Heat ... only cold '' ) and Alaska , as well as that he was in the practice squad of the Buffalo Bills . He also states in the first episode he was the back up of the back up of the back up for Florida State and won the championship in 1999 . He is currently married to Abby and is expecting a baby girl with her . Danny Masterson as Jameson `` Rooster '' Bennett , Colt 's older brother . He has lived and worked on the ranch since Colt left to follow his football career , at times showing a bitter attitude for the burden of responsibility this caused him . Despite living in Colt 's shadow he is far more competent on the ranch as well as a more level headed thinker . He has , however , been just as irresponsible as Colt , drinking too much and sleeping around . ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Debra Winger as Margaret `` Maggie '' Bennett , owner of Maggie 's , and Colt and Rooster 's mother . Maggie is divorced from Beau and lives in a trailer behind the bar she owns . Much more lighthearted and caring than Beau , her company and advice is often sought out by the boys on how to deal with problems , especially those concerning their father . Maggie is something of a hippie and is an avid marijuana smoker . Elisha Cuthbert as Abigail `` Abby '' Phillips , a Garrison High School history teacher and Colt 's high school sweetheart and current wife . Abby was in a five - year relationship with Kenny and was briefly engaged to him , but ultimately she broke it off and hooked back up with Colt . She and Colt are now married and are expecting a baby girl . ( recurring , season 1 ; main cast , season 2 -- present ) Sam Elliott as Beau Bennett , Maggie 's ex-husband , and Colt and Rooster 's father . A Vietnam War veteran , he has worked the ranch since returning from the war and taking it over after his father died . He is difficult to get along with , perpetually annoyed with everyone and everything . He has an estrange relationship with Rooster and Colt . He detests many modern amenities and is easily angered by his sons ' antics . Beau appears to be a Republican with a special affinity for Ronald Reagan but at times seems to despise all politicians regardless of affiliation . Recurring ( edit ) Barry Corbin as Dale Rivers , a hearing - impaired veterinarian and close friend of Beau 's Grady Lee Richmond as Hank , a regular Maggie 's patron Bret Harrison as Kenneth `` Kenny '' Ballard , a Courtyard by Marriott manager and Abby 's ex-fiancé Megyn Price as Mary Roth , a Cracker Barrel waitress and Rooster 's older girlfriend Kelli Goss as Heather Roth , Mary 's younger daughter and Colt 's ex-girlfriend , was pregnant with their child . Molly McCook as Darlene Roth , Mary 's older daughter Kathy Baker as Joanne , a Cracker Barrel waitress , Mary 's friend , and potential new love interest for Beau Ethan Suplee as `` Beer Pong Billy '' Tompkins , a police officer and high school friend of Colt and Rooster 's Aimee Teegarden as Nikki , Heather 's friend and Billy 's fiancée Chasty Ballesteros as Tanya Showers , a sexy weather reporter and Kenny 's current girlfriend Laura Vallejo as Maria , a Maggie 's waitress Sharon Lawrence as Brenda Sanders , a widowed hairdresser who befriended Beau when he and Maggie separated Maggie Lawson as Jen the engineer , who wants to build a pipeline underneath the Bennett Ranch and Rooster love interest . Wendie Malick as Lisa Neumann , owner of Neumann 's Hill Special Guests ( edit ) Jon Cryer as Bill Jensen , a loan officer and former high school football referee ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) Wilmer Valderrama as Umberto , a former Iron River ranch hand , former employee of Neumann 's Hill at the My Little Pony Ranch . He is Rooster and Colt 's friend . Currently deported . ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) Martin Mull as Jerry , Maggie 's sometimes acid - tripping attorney John Amos as Ed Bishop , a longtime family friend of the Bennetts and a Neumann 's Hill employee ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) Thomas F. Wilson as Coach Fitzgerald , the Garrison High School head football coach ( Season 1 ) Debra Jo Rupp as Janice Phillips , Abby 's mother ( Seasons 2 - 3 ) Jim Beaver as Chuck Phillips , Abby 's father , who like Janice is disdainful of Abby 's relationship with Colt ( Seasons 2 - 3 ) Conchata Ferrell as Shirley ( Season 2 ) Lou Diamond Phillips as Clint , a traveling musician attracted to Maggie ( Season 2 ) Kurtwood Smith as Sam Peterson , neighbor of the Iron River Ranch ( Seasons 2 - 3 ) Nancy Travis as Karen , Maggie 's estranged sister ( Season 3 ) Cameos ( edit ) Joe Firstman Pearl Charles Kurt Neumann Bukka Allen Sam Hawksley Thomas Rhett Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 20 10 April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) 10 October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 20 10 June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 10 December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 20 10 June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 10 TBA Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Part 1 `` Back Where I Come From '' David Trainer Don Reo & Jim Patterson April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) `` Some People Change '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) `` The Boys of Fall '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Jamie Rhonheimer April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) `` Got a Little Crazy '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Nikki Schiefelbein April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) 5 5 `` American Kids '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) 6 6 `` Better as a Memory '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) 7 7 `` I Ca n't Go There '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Nathan Chetty April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) 8 8 `` Til It 's Gone '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Steve Leff Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Matt Ross April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) 9 9 `` There Goes My Life '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Max Searle & Nathan Chetty April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) 10 10 `` Down the Road '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Part 2 11 `` Gone as a Girl Can Get '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 12 `` Living and Living Well '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 13 `` Sittin ' on the Fence '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Steve Tompkins October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 14 `` Let 's Fall to Pieces Together '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Steve Leff October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 15 5 `` I Know She Still Loves Me '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Jeff Lowell & Max Searle October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 16 6 `` Easy Come , Easy Go '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 17 7 `` I 've Come to Expect It from You '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Jamie Rhonheimer Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 18 8 `` The Cowboy Rides Away '' David Trainer Story by : Nikki Schiefelbein & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Steve Leff October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 19 9 `` Leavin 's Been Comin ' ( For a Long , Long Time ) '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Steve Tompkins Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 20 10 `` Merry Christmas ( Wherever You Are ) '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Part 3 21 `` My Next Thirty Years '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 22 `` Things Change '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 23 `` Take Me Away from Here '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Max Searle & Steve Leff June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 24 `` She 'll Have You Back '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Steve Leff Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Nikki Schiefelbein June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 25 5 `` My Best Friend '' David Trainer Story by : Ashton Kutcher & Carla Filisha Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Jamie Rhonheimer June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 26 6 `` Find Out Who Your Friends Are '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Max Williger June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 27 7 `` One of Those Nights '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Jason Zumwalt June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 28 8 `` I Did n't Ask and She Did n't Say '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Bryce VanKooten & William Vallery June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 29 9 `` Last Dollar ( Fly Away ) '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 30 10 `` Ca n't Really Be Gone '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Part 4 31 `` Learning to Live Again '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 32 `` Wrapped Up in You '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 33 `` Rodeo and Juliet '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Max Searle Teleplay by : Carla Filisha & Steve Leff December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 34 `` Much Too Young ( To Feel this Old ) '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Matt Ross Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 35 5 `` More Than a Memory '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Steve Leff Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Jeff Lowell December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 36 6 `` When You Come Back to Me Again '' David Trainer Story by : Bryce VanKooten & William Vallery Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 37 7 `` Do What You Gotta Do '' David Trainer Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 38 8 `` Big Money '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Jeff Lowell & Nikki Schiefelbein December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 39 9 `` Ai n't Goin ' Down ( ' Til the Sun Comes Up ) '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 40 10 `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Part 5 41 `` Starting Over Again '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 42 `` It 's All Wrong , But It 's All Right '' David Trainer Story by : Jeff Lowell & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Brian Keith Etheridge & Carla Filisha June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 43 `` A Gamble Either Way '' David Trainer Story by : Jeff Lowell & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Brian Keith Etheridge & Carla Filisha June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 44 `` Baby I 'm Burning '' David Trainer Story by : Jeff Lowell & Jamie Rhonheimer Teleplay by : Steve Leff & Jessica Kravitz June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 45 5 `` Travelin ' Prayer '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Nathan Chetty June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 46 6 `` Tie Our Love ( In a Double Knot ) '' David Trainer Story by : Bryce VanKooten & William Vallery Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Lisa K. Nelson June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 47 7 `` Telling Me Lies '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Leff & Brian Keith Etheridge Teleplay by : Nikki Schiefelbein & Carla Filisha June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 48 8 `` Fresh Out of Forgiveness '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Nathan Chetty June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 49 9 `` It Ai n't Fair that It Ai n't Right '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Matt Ross Teleplay by : Nathan Chetty & Jessica Kravitz June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 50 10 `` Change '' David Trainer Story by : Jeff Lowell & Jamie Rhonheimer Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) Reception ( edit ) The Ranch has been met with mixed reviews from critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the series an average approval rating of 70 % ( 60 % for season 1 , 80 % for season 2 ) based on 92 reviews , with an average rating of 4.5 / 5 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A formulaic set - up and predictable plotting are elevated by The Ranch 's surprising sensitivity and strong performances . '' Metacritic gave the series a score of 56 out of 100 , based on 20 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Writing for Slate in a positive review , television critic Willa Paskin wrote of the show , `` The Ranch is a red - state sitcom , though it takes place in the swing state of Colorado , and is good enough to be watched by people of any political affiliation '' and `` The goodness sneaks up on you . '' Los Angeles Times wrote : `` ( Elliott and Winger 's ) scenes together , as restrained as they are , are the show 's most emotionally resonant . You will want to check them out . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's ' The Ranch ' offers up a country - heavy soundtrack '' . The Rowdy. April 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ashton Kutcher , Danny Masterson Team For Netflix Comedy ' The Ranch ' '' . Variety . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ashton Kutcher & Danny Masterson To Star In Netflix Series From ' 2.5 Men ' Duo '' . Deadline . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Villareal , Yvonne ( 1 April 2016 ) . `` Ashton Kutcher bucks conventions on his Netflix sitcom ' The Ranch ' and ponders reviving ' That ' 70s Show ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ASHTON KUTCHER AND DANNY MASTERSON STARRING IN NEW NETFLIX SITCOM , THE RANCH '' . IGN . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For ' Orange Is The New Black , ' ' The Get Down , ' ' Flaked ' And Others '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - ranch , the on netflix '' . The Futon Critic. April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Ashton Kutcher Sitcom ' The Ranch ' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Renews ' The Ranch ' for Season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Patrick . `` The Ranch season 2 release date announcement '' . netflixlife.com . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Ranch ' Part 4 Release Date Revealed '' . Streaming . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Olin , Bryce ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix Renews ' The Ranch ' for Season 3 '' . Netflix Life . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Danny Masterson Fired From Netflix 's ' The Ranch ' Amid Sexual Assault Claims , Vows To Clear His Name `` Once And For All '' `` . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Ranch ' Season 3 Gets Premiere Date ; Includes Danny Masterson 's Final Episodes '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Ranch : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Ranch - Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's new multicamera sitcom is engineered to compete with network TV . And it 's good '' . Slate ( magazine ) . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Ranch ' is an old - fashioned sitcom , but Sam Elliott and Debra Winger make it worth watching '' . LA Times . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 15 . 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( TBA ) Quicksand ( TBA ) Raising Dion ( TBA ) Ratched ( TBA ) Russian Doll ( TBA ) Sex Education ( TBA ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( TBA ) The Eddy ( TBA ) The Green Beret 's Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Haunting of Hill House ( TBA ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) The Order ( TBA ) The Politician ( TBA ) The Prince of Peoria ( TBA ) The Spy ( TBA ) The Wave ( TBA ) The Witcher ( TBA ) Tidelands ( TBA ) Tuca & Bertie ( TBA ) Turn Up Charlie ( TBA ) Unbelievable ( TBA ) V - Wars ( TBA ) Wanderlust ( TBA ) Watership Down ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ranch_(TV_series)&oldid=846485680 '' Categories : 2016 American television series debuts 2010s American sitcoms English - language television programs Netflix original programming Television series created by Don Reo Television shows set in Colorado Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Русский Suomi 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 02 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the show the ranch come out | [
"The Ranch is an American comedy web television series starring Ashton Kutcher, Danny Masterson, Debra Winger, Elisha Cuthbert, and Sam Elliott that debuted in 2016 on Netflix.[2] The show takes place on the fictional Iron River Ranch in the fictitious small town of Garrison, Colorado; detailing the life of the Bennetts, a dysfunctional family consisting of two brothers, their rancher father, and his divorced wife and local bar owner.[3] While the opening sequence shows scenes from Norwood and Ouray, Colorado and surrounding Ouray and San Miguel Counties, The Ranch is filmed on a sound stage in front of a live audience in Burbank, California.[4] Each season consists of 20 episodes broken up into two parts, each containing 10 episodes."
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"2016"
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8520592414955288882 | Dickerson v. United States | Dickerson v. United States - wikipedia Dickerson v. United States Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dickerson v. United States Supreme Court of the United States Argued April 19 , 2000 Decided June 26 , 2000 Full case name Charles Thomas Dickerson , Petitioner v. United States Citations 530 U.S. 428 ( more ) Holding The mandate of Miranda v. Arizona that a criminal suspect be advised of certain constitutional rights governs the admissibility at trial of the suspect 's statements , not the requirement of 18 U.S.C. § 3501 that such statements simply be voluntarily given . Court membership Chief Justice William Rehnquist Associate Justices John P. Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor Antonin Scalia Anthony Kennedy David Souter Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Case opinions Majority Rehnquist , joined by Stevens , O'Connor , Kennedy , Souter , Ginsburg , Breyer Dissent Scalia , joined by Thomas Laws applied U.S. Const . amend . V Dickerson v. United States , 530 U.S. 428 ( 2000 ) , upheld the requirement that the Miranda warning be read to criminal suspects and struck down a federal statute that purported to overrule Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 ) . The Court noted that neither party in the case advocated on behalf of the constitutionality of 18 U.S.C. § 3501 , the specific statute at issue in the case . Accordingly , it invited Paul Cassell , a former law clerk to Antonin Scalia and Warren E. Burger , to argue that perspective . Cassell was then a professor at the University of Utah law school ; he was later appointed to , and subsequently resigned from , a federal district court judgeship in that state . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Opinion of the Court 3 Dissent 4 External links Background ( edit ) In Miranda v. Arizona , the Supreme Court held that statements of criminal suspects made while they are in custody and subject to interrogation by police may not be admitted in court unless the suspect first had certain warnings read to him beforehand . By now , these warnings are familiar to most Americans : that the suspect has the right to remain silent during the interrogation , that anything he says to the police may be used against him in a court of law , that he has the right to legal counsel , and that if he can not afford legal counsel a lawyer will be provided for him . In 1968 , two years after the Miranda decision , Congress passed a law that purported to overrule it as part of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 . This statute , 18 U.S.C. § 3501 , directed federal trial judges to admit statements of criminal defendants if they were made voluntarily , without regard to whether he had received the Miranda warnings . Under § 3501 , voluntariness depended on such things as ( 1 ) the time between arrest and arraignment , ( 2 ) whether the defendant knew the crime for which he had been arrested , ( 3 ) whether he had been told that he did not have to talk to the police and that any statement could be used against him , ( 4 ) whether the defendant knew prior to questioning that he had the right to the assistance of counsel , and ( 5 ) whether he actually had the assistance of counsel during questioning . However , the `` presence or absence of any of '' these factors `` need not be conclusive on the issue of voluntariness of the confession . '' Because § 3501 was an act of Congress , it applied only to federal criminal proceedings and criminal proceedings in the District of Columbia . Dickerson had been arrested for bank robbery and for using a firearm during a crime of violence , both federal crimes . He moved to suppress statements he made to the FBI because he had not received the Miranda warnings before he spoke to the FBI . The district court suppressed the statements , and so the government appealed . The Fourth Circuit reversed the district court , reasoning that § 3501 had supplanted the requirement that the police give the Miranda warnings because Miranda was not a constitutional requirement and therefore Congress could overrule that decision by legislation . The Supreme Court then agreed to hear the case . Opinion of the Court ( edit ) This section is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chief Justice Rehnquist wrote the majority opinion , and began by briefly describing the historical backdrop against which the Miranda ruling had emerged . A suspect 's confession had always been inadmissible if it had been the result of coercion or otherwise given involuntarily . This was true in England , from where American law inherited that rule . However , as time went on , the Supreme Court recognized that the Fifth Amendment was an independent source of protection for statements made by criminal defendants in the course of police interrogation . `` In Miranda , we noted that the advent of modern custodial police interrogation brought with it an increased concern about confessions obtained by coercion . '' Custodial police interrogation by its very nature `` isolates and pressures the individual '' so that he might eventually be worn down and confess to crimes he did not commit in order to end the ordeal . In Miranda , the Court had adopted the now - famous four warnings to protect against this particular evil . Congress , in response , enacted § 3501 . That statute clearly was designed to overrule Miranda because it expressly focused solely on voluntariness of the confession as a touchstone for admissibility . Did Congress have the authority to pass such a law ? On the one hand , the Court 's power to craft nonconstitutional supervisory rules over the federal courts exists only in the absence of a specific statute passed by Congress . However , if on the other hand the Miranda rule was constitutional , Congress could not overrule it , because the Court alone is the final arbiter of what the Constitution requires . As evidence of the fact that the Miranda rule was constitutional in nature , the Court pointed out that many of its subsequent decisions applying and limiting the requirement arose in decisions from state courts , over which the Court lacked the power to impose supervisory nonconstitutional rules . Furthermore , although the Court had previously invited legislative involvement in the effort to devise prophylactic measures for protecting criminal defendants against overbearing tactics of the police , it had consistently held that these measures must not take away from the protections Miranda had afforded . Finally , 34 years after the original decision , the Court was loath to overrule Miranda . Typically , the Court overrules constitutional decisions only when their doctrinal underpinnings have eroded . The Court felt that this was not the case in Miranda . `` If anything , our subsequent cases have reduced the impact of the Miranda rule on legitimate law enforcement while reaffirming the decision 's core ruling that unwarned statements may not be used as evidence in the prosecution 's case in chief . '' The Miranda rule did not displace the voluntariness inquiry . Dissent ( edit ) Justice Scalia , joined by Justice Thomas , disagreed with the majority 's decision not to overrule Miranda . He disputed the notion that Miranda was a constitutional rule , pointing to several cases in which the Court had declined to exclude evidence despite the absence of warnings . Justice Scalia described the majority 's decision as an unprincipled compromise between justices who believed Miranda was a constitutional requirement and those who disagreed . He noted that the majority did not state outright that the Miranda warning is a constitutional requirement , but merely that it is `` constitutionally based . '' Justice Scalia further criticized the majority for implying that Congress has no power to override judicially imposed safeguards of constitutional rights ( Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) having settled that Congress may not override judicial interpretations of the Constitution ) . External links ( edit ) Text of Dickerson v. United States , 530 U.S. 428 ( 2000 ) is available from : Findlaw Justia LII Brief of the Criminal Justice Legal Foundation Brief of the ACLU Brief of the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dickerson_v._United_States&oldid=787751375 '' Categories : United States Supreme Court cases United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court Miranda warning case law 2000 in United States case law Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from January 2013 All articles lacking sources Wikipedia articles needing style editing from May 2014 All articles needing style editing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 June 2017 , at 09 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the importance of dickerson v. united states | [
"Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428 (2000), upheld the requirement that the Miranda warning be read to criminal suspects and struck down a federal statute that purported to overrule Miranda v. Arizona (1966)."
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"upheld the requirement that the Miranda warning be read to criminal suspects"
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8880926629784199422 | Import quota | Import quota - Wikipedia Import quota This is the current revision of this page , as edited by SpikeballUnion ( talk contribs ) at 14 : 24 , 22 April 2017 ( Fixed NPOV ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 14 : 24 , 22 April 2017 by SpikeballUnion ( talk contribs ) ( Fixed NPOV ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search An import quota is a type of trade restriction that sets a physical limit on the quantity of a good that can be imported into a country in a given period of time . Quotas , like other trade restrictions , are typically used to benefit the producers of a good in that economy . See also ( edit ) Politics portal Economics portal Non-tariff barriers to trade Production quota Tariff - rate quota References ( edit ) Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Sheffrin , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in Action . Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 449 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . ( hide ) International trade Terminology Absolute advantage Balance of payments Balance of trade Capital account Comparative advantage Current account Export - oriented industrialization Fair trade Foreign exchange reserves Globalization Import substitution industrialization Net capital outflow Outsourcing Tariff Trade justice Trade war Trading nation Organizations and policies International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development World Bank Group World Trade Organization ( WTO ) International Trade Centre Bilateral investment treaty Economic integration Free - trade zone Special economic zone Trade agreement Trade barrier Trade bloc Political economy Free trade ( Adam Smith , The Wealth of Nations , Repeal of the Corn Laws ) Mercantilism Protectionism ( Economic nationalism , Autarky ) Regional organizations ACU ASEAN CACM CAN CARICOM CEMAC CUBKR EAC EAU EU GCC Mercosur RCEP SAARC SACU WAEMU Exports by product Aircraft & Spacecraft Aircraft parts Aluminium Cars Car parts Coal Coffee Computers Copper Corn Cotton Diamonds Electricity Engines Gas turbines Gold Integrated circuits Iron ore Natural gas Oil Petrol Pharmaceuticals Ships Steel Telecommunications equipment Telephones Trucks Wheat Wine Category Commons This economics - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in German . ( September 2016 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . ( show ) Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . Upon the translation you must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by noting your translation and providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . You should also add to the talk page the template ( ( Translated page ) ) . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Import_quota&oldid=776669223 '' Categories : Quotas Trade policy Import Economics and finance stubs Hidden categories : All stub articles Articles to be expanded from September 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles needing translation from German Wikipedia Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia العربية Čeština Deutsch Eesti فارسی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 پښتو Português Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2017 , at 14 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who benefits from a quota on imported goods to the u.s | [
"Quotas, like other trade restrictions, are typically used to benefit the producers of a good in that economy."
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"producers of a good"
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3542222129594792501 | Lady and the Tramp | Lady and the Tramp - wikipedia Lady and the Tramp Jump to : navigation , search Lady and the Tramp Original theatrical release poster Directed by Clyde Geronimi Wilfred Jackson Hamilton Luske Produced by Walt Disney Story by Erdman Penner Joe Rinaldi Ralph Wright Don DaGradi Based on Happy Dan , The Whistling Dog by Ward Greene Starring Peggy Lee Barbara Luddy Larry Roberts Verna Felton Bill Thompson Bill Baucom Music by Oliver Wallace Edited by Don Halliday Production company Walt Disney Productions Distributed by Buena Vista Distribution Release date June 22 , 1955 ( 1955 - 06 - 22 ) Running time 75 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $4 million Box office $187 million Lady and the Tramp is a 1955 American animated romantic musical comedy - drama film produced by Walt Disney and released to theaters on June 22 , 1955 by Buena Vista Distribution . The 15th Disney animated feature film , it was the first animated feature filmed in the CinemaScope widescreen film process . Based on Happy Dan , The Whistling Dog by Ward Greene , Lady and the Tramp tells the story of a female American Cocker Spaniel named Lady who lives with a refined , upper - middle - class family , and a male stray mongrel called the Tramp . When the two dogs meet , they embark on many romantic adventures and fall in love . A direct - to - video sequel , Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure , was released in 2001 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Story development 3.2 Animation 3.2. 1 CinemaScope 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Box office 5.3 Accolades 6 Music 6.1 Track listing 7 Other media 7.1 Sequel 7.2 Live - action adaptation 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot On Christmas morning , 1909 , in a quaint Midwestern town , Jim Dear gives his wife Darling an American cocker spaniel puppy that she names Lady . Lady enjoys a happy life with the couple and befriends two local neighborhood dogs , Jock , a Scottish terrier , and Trusty , a bloodhound . Meanwhile , across town , a stray mongrel called the Tramp lives on his own , dining on scraps from Tony 's Italian restaurant and protecting his fellow strays Peg ( a Pekingese ) and Bull ( a bulldog ) from the local dogcatcher . One day , Lady is saddened after her owners begin treating her rather coldly . Jock and Trusty visit her and determine that their change in behavior is due to Darling expecting a baby . While Jock and Trusty try to explain what a baby is , Tramp interrupts the conversation and offers his own thoughts on the matter , making Jock and Trusty take an immediate dislike to the stray and order him out of the yard . As Tramp leaves , he reminds Lady that `` when the baby moves in , the dog moves out . '' Eventually , the baby arrives and the couple introduces Lady to the infant , of whom Lady grows fond . Soon after , Jim Dear and Darling leave for a trip , with their Aunt Sarah looking after the baby and the house . Aunt Sarah 's two trouble - making Siamese cats , Si and Am , deliberately mess up the house and trick her into thinking that Lady attacked them . Aunt Sarah then takes Lady to a pet shop to get a muzzle . Terrifed , Lady flees , only to be pursued by a trio of stray dogs . Tramp rescues her , fighting off the vicious strays , and finds a beaver at the local zoo who can remove the muzzle . Later , Tramp shows Lady how he lives `` footloose and collar - free '' , eventually leading into a candlelit dinner at Tony 's . Lady begins to fall in love with Tramp , but she chooses to return home in order to watch over the baby . Tramp offers to escort Lady back home , but when Tramp decides to chase hens around a farmyard for fun , Lady is captured by the dog catcher and brought to the local dog pound . While at the pound , the other dogs ( including Peg and Bull , who have been caught ) reveal to Lady that Tramp previously had multiple girlfriends and feel it is unlikely he will ever settle down . Lady is eventually claimed by Aunt Sarah , who chains her in the backyard as punishment for running away . Jock and Trusty visit to comfort Lady , but when Tramp arrives to apologize , Lady angrily confronts him about his past girlfriends and failure to rescue her from the pound . Tramp sadly leaves , but immediately thereafter a rat sneaks into the house . Lady sees the rat and barks frantically at it , but Aunt Sarah tells her to be quiet . Tramp hears her barking and rushes back , entering the house and cornering the rat in the nursery . Lady breaks free and rushes to the nursery , where Tramp inadvertently knocks over the baby 's crib before ultimately killing the rat . The commotion alerts Aunt Sarah , who sees both dogs in the room and thinks they are trying to harm the baby . She pushes Tramp in a closet and locks Lady in the basement , then calls the pound to take Tramp away . Jim Dear and Darling return home as the dog catcher departs , and when they release Lady , she leads them to the dead rat . Overhearing everything , Jock and Trusty chase after the dog catcher 's wagon . The dogs are able to track down the wagon and scare the horses , causing the wagon to crash . Jim Dear arrives in a taxi with Lady , and she reunites with Tramp , but their joy is short - lived when they find Trusty pinned underneath the wagon 's wheel , motionless , with Jock howling mournfully . That Christmas , Tramp has been adopted into the family , and he and Lady have started their own family , with three daughters who look like Lady and a son who looks similar to Tramp . Jock comes to see the family along with Trusty , who is still alive and merely suffered a broken leg , which is still healing . Thanks to the puppies , Trusty has a fresh audience for his old stories about his Grandpappy Old Reliable , but he has forgotten them . Cast Barbara Luddy as Lady , an American Cocker Spaniel . Larry Roberts as Tramp , a mongrel with a knack for dodging dog - catchers and the ability to pick locks with his nose . He calls Lady `` Pidge '' , short for Pigeon . Bill Thompson as Jock , a Scottish Terrier who is one of Lady 's neighbors . Thompson also voiced Joe , Tony 's assistant chef ; Bull , a stray male bulldog from the dog pound who speaks with a slight Cockney - Australian accent ; Dachsie , a stray male dachshund at the dog pound who speaks with a German accent ; and a policeman . Bill Baucom as Trusty , a bloodhound who used to track criminals with his Grandpappy , Old Reliable , until he lost his sense of smell . Verna Felton as Aunt Sarah , Darling 's sister who comes to take care of the baby when Jim Dear and Darling leave for a few days . Aunt Sarah is strict ; she does not understand dogs and thinks they are trouble . She blames both Lady and Tramp for the baby 's crib being knocked over , not knowing that they were actually protecting the baby from a vicious rat . However , she sends a box of dog biscuits in the final scene of the film in a presumed attempt to make amends for her mistreatment of the two dogs . George Givot as Tony , owner and chef of Tony 's Italian restaurant . He and Joe both have great affection for Tramp . Lee Millar as Jim Dear , the fatherly human figure and Darling 's husband . Millar also voiced the Dogcatcher . Peggy Lee as Darling , the motherly human figure and Jim Dear 's wife . Lee also voiced Si and Am , Aunt 's Sarah 's twin Siamese cats with a knack for mischief and never - ending trouble ; and Peg , a stray female Pekingese whom Lady meets at the pound ( along with the other dog inmates she was put in a cage with ) . The names of Si and Am are a play on the country of Siam and the idea of `` Siamese twins '' , the terminology of the time for conjoined twins . It is implied that Peg had a relationship with Tramp in the past , through the lyrics of the song she sings ( He 's a Tramp ) . Peg was formerly from the `` Dog and Pony Follies '' ( dog and pony show ) ; either the show ended or she was left behind . Peg has a Brooklyn Accent . Stan Freberg as the beaver , a clever , hard - working beaver at the zoo who speaks with a lisp . He gnaws off the muzzle that Aunt Sarah had placed upon Lady after Tramp realizes that the muzzle is just what the beaver needs for pulling logs . This character would later serve as the inspiration for Gopher from Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree . Alan Reed as Boris , a stray male Borzoi from the dog pound . He speaks with a Russian accent . Thurl Ravenscroft as Al the alligator Dallas McKennon as Toughy , a stray male mutt from the dog pound . He speaks with a slight Brooklyn accent , like Peg . McKennon also voiced Pedro , a stray male Chihuahua from the dog pound who speaks with a Mexican accent ; a professor , and a laughing hyena . The Mellomen ( Thurl Ravenscroft , Bill Lee , Max Smith , Bob Hamlin and Bob Stevens ) as Dog Chorus Production Story development In 1937 , Disney story man Joe Grant came up with an idea inspired by the antics of his English Springer Spaniel Lady , and how she got `` shoved aside '' by Joe 's new baby . He approached Walt Disney with sketches of Lady . Disney enjoyed the sketches and commissioned Grant to start story development on a new animated feature entitled Lady . Through the late 1930s and early 1940s , Joe Grant and other artists worked on the story , taking a variety of approaches , but Disney was not pleased with any of them , primarily because he thought Lady was too sweet , and there was not enough action . In the early 1940s , Walt read the short story written by Ward Greene , `` Happy Dan , The Whistling Dog '' , in Cosmopolitan magazine . He thought Grant 's story would be improved if Lady fell in love with a cynical dog character like the one in Greene 's story and bought the rights to it . The cynical dog had various names during development , including Homer , Rags , and Bozo , before `` Tramp '' was chosen . The finished film is slightly different from what was originally planned . Lady was to have only one next - door neighbor , a Ralph Bellamy - type canine named Hubert . Hubert was later replaced by Jock and Trusty . Aunt Sarah was the traditional overbearing mother - in - law . In the final film , she is softened to a busybody . Aunt Sarah 's Nip and Tuck were later renamed Si and Am. Originally , Lady 's owners were called Jim Brown and Elizabeth . These were changed to highlight Lady 's point of view . They were briefly referred to as `` Mister '' and `` Missis '' before settling on the names `` Jim Dear '' and `` Darling '' . To maintain a dog 's perspective , Darling and Jim 's faces are rarely shown , similar to Mammy Two Shoes in the Tom and Jerry cartoons . The rat was a somewhat comic character in early sketches , but became a great deal more frightening , due to the need to raise dramatic tension . A scene created but then deleted was one in which after Trusty says `` Everybody knows , a dog 's best friend is his human '' , Tramp describes a world in which the roles of both dogs and humans are switched ; the dogs are the masters and vice versa . There was a love triangle among Lady , Tramp , and a Russian wolfhound named Boris ( who appears in the dog pound in the final version ) . The film 's opening sequence , in which Darling unwraps a hat box on Christmas morning and finds Lady inside , is inspired by an incident when Walt Disney presented his wife Lily with a Chow puppy as a gift in a hat box . In 1949 , Grant left the studio , yet Disney story men were continually pulling Grant 's original drawings and story off the shelf to retool . A solid story began taking shape in 1953 , based on Grant 's storyboards and Greene 's short story . Greene later wrote a novelization of the film that was released two years before the film itself , at Walt Disney 's insistence , so that audiences would be familiar with the story . Grant did not receive film credit for his story work , an issue that animation director Eric Goldberg hoped to rectify in the Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition 's behind - the - scenes vignette that explained Grant 's role . Singer Peggy Lee not only voiced four characters but co-wrote six songs for the movie . Animation As they had done with deer on Bambi , the animators studied many dogs of different breeds to capture the movement and personality of dogs . Although the spaghetti eating sequence is probably now the best known scene from the film , Walt Disney was prepared to cut it , thinking that it would not be romantic and that dogs eating spaghetti would look silly . Animator Frank Thomas was against Walt 's decision and animated the entire scene himself without any lay - outs . Walt was impressed by Thomas 's work and how he romanticized the scene and kept the scene in . On viewing the first take of the scene , the animators felt that the action should be slowed down , so an apprentice trainee was assigned to create `` half numbers '' in between many of the original frames . Originally , the background artist was supposed to be Mary Blair and she did some inspirational sketches for the film . However , she left the studio to become a children 's book illustrator in 1953 . Claude Coats was then appointed as the key background artist . Coats made models of the interiors of Jim Dear and Darling 's house , and shot photos and film at a low perspective as reference to maintain a dog 's view . Eyvind Earle ( who later became the art director of Disney 's Sleeping Beauty ) did almost 50 miniature concept sketches for the Bella Notte sequence and was a key contributor to the film . CinemaScope Further information : CinemaScope Originally , Lady and the Tramp was planned to be filmed in a regular full frame aspect ratio . However , due to the growing interest of widescreen film among movie - goers , Disney decided to animate the film in CinemaScope making Lady and the Tramp the first animated feature filmed in the process . This new innovation presented additional problems for the animators : the expansion of space created more realism but gave fewer closeups . It also made it difficult for a single character to dominate the screen so that groups had to be spread out to keep the screen from appearing sparse . Longer takes become necessary since constant jump - cutting would seem too busy or annoying . Layout artists essentially had to reinvent their technique . Animators had to remember that they had to move their characters across a background instead of the background passing behind them . Yet the animators overcame these obstacles during the action scenes , such as Tramp killing the rat . More problems arose as the premiere date got closer since not all theaters had the capability to show CinemaScope at the time . Upon learning this , Walt issued two versions of the film : one in widescreen , and another in the Academy ratio . This involved gathering the layout artists to restructure key scenes when characters were on the edges of the screen . Release Lady and the Tramp was originally released to theaters on June 22 , 1955 . An episode of Disneyland called `` A Story of Dogs '' aired before the film 's release . The film was also reissued to theaters in 1962 , 1972 , 1980 , and 1986 . Lady and the Tramp also played a limited engagement in select Cinemark Theatres from February 16 -- 18 , 2013 . Home Media Lady and the Tramp was first released on North American VHS and Laserdisc in 1987 as part of the Walt Disney Classics video series and in the UK in 1990 . It was released on VHS in 1998 as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection video series . A Disney Limited Issue series DVD of the film was released on November 23 , 1999 . After the first release on video tapes , Peggy Lee sought performance and song royalties on the video sales . Disney CEO Eisner refused , thus she filed suite in 1988 . Eventually in 1992 , the California Court of Appeals order Disney to pay Lee $3.2 million in compensation or about a 4 % on the video sales . Lady and the Tramp was remastered and restored for DVD on February 28 , 2006 , as the seventh installment of Disney 's Platinum Editions series . One million copies of the Platinum Edition were sold on February 28 , 2006 . The Platinum Edition DVD went on moratorium on January 31 , 2007 , along with the 2006 DVD reissue of the film 's sequel Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure . Lady and the Tramp was released on Blu - ray on February 7 , 2012 as a part of Disney 's Diamond Editions series . A standalone 1 - disc DVD edition was released on March 20 , 2012 . Reception Critical reception Despite being an enormous success at the box office , the film was also initially panned by critics ; one indicated that the dogs had `` the dimensions of hippos '' , another that `` the artists ' work is below par '' . However , the film has since gone on to become regarded as a classic . The sequence of Lady and Tramp sharing a plate of spaghetti -- climaxed by an accidental kiss as they swallow opposite ends of the same strand of spaghetti -- is considered an iconic scene in American film history . Lady and the Tramp was named number 95 out of the `` 100 Greatest Love Stories of All Time '' by the American Film Institute in their 100 Years ... 100 Passions special , as one of only two animated films to appear on the list , along with Disney 's Beauty and the Beast which ranked 34th . In 2010 , Rhapsody called its accompanying soundtrack one of the all - time great Disney and Pixar soundtracks . In June 2011 , TIME named it one of `` The 25 All - TIME Best Animated Films '' . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film received a 90 % approval rating , with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 , based on 40 reviews . The website 's consensus states , `` A nostalgic charmer , Lady and the Tramp 's token sweetness is mighty but the songs and richly colored animation are technically superb and make for a memorable experience . '' Box office In its initial release , the film took in a higher figure than any other Disney animated feature since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , earning an estimated $7.5 million in rentals at the North American box office in 1955 . The film is France 's 22nd biggest film of all time in terms of admissions with 11.2 million tickets sold . The film has grossed $93.6 million in the United States and Canada and $187 million worldwide . Accolades Year Ceremony Award Result 1956 BAFTA Awards Best Animated Film Nominated David di Donatello Awards Best Foreign Producer ( Walt Disney ) Won 2006 Satellite Awards Best Youth DVD Nominated American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- No. 95 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : He 's a Tramp -- Nominated AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- Nominated Animated Film Music Lady and the Tramp Soundtrack album by Various artists Released 9 September 1997 Genre Classical Length 48 : 00 Label Walt Disney Producer Ted Kryczko ( executive ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The score for the film was composed and conducted by Oliver Wallace . Recording artist Peggy Lee wrote the songs with Sonny Burke and assisted with the score as well . In the film , she sings `` La La Lu '' , `` The Siamese Cat Song '' , and `` He 's a Tramp '' . She helped promote the film on the Disney TV series , explaining her work with the score and singing a few of the film 's numbers . These appearances are available as part of the Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD set . On November 16 , 1988 , Peggy Lee sued the Walt Disney Company for breach of contract , claiming that she retained the rights to transcriptions of the music , arguing that videotape editions were transcriptions . After a protracted legal battle , she was awarded $2.3 million in 1991 . The remastered soundtrack of Lady and the Tramp was released on CD by Walt Disney Records on September 9 , 1997 , and was released as a digital download on September 26 , 2006 . Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Main Title ( Bella Notte ) / The Wag of a Dog 's Tail '' 2 : 03 2 . `` Peace on Earth ( Silent Night ) '' 1 : 01 3 . `` It Has a Ribbon / Lady to Bed / A Few Mornings Later '' 3 : 53 4 . `` Sunday / The Rat / Morning Paper '' 1 : 44 5 . `` A New Blue Collar / Lady Talks To Jock & Trusty / It 's Jim Dear '' 3 : 17 6 . `` What a Day ! / Breakfast at Tony 's '' 1 : 05 7 . `` Warning / Breakout / Snob Hill / A Wee Bairn '' 2 : 44 8 . `` Countdown to B - Day '' 2 : 05 9 . `` Baby 's First Morning / What Is a Baby / La La Lu '' 3 : 11 10 . `` Going Away / Aunt Sarah '' 1 : 51 11 . `` The Siamese Cat Song / What 's Going on Down There ? '' 2 : 35 12 . `` The Muzzle / Wrong Side of the Tracks '' 1 : 54 13 . `` You Poor Kid / He 's Not My Dog '' 1 : 23 14 . `` Through the Zoo / A Log Puller '' 1 : 59 15 . `` Footloose and Collar - Free / A Night at the Restaurant / Bella Notte '' 4 : 22 16 . `` It 's Morning / Ever Chase Chickens / Caught '' 2 : 51 17 . `` Home Sweet Home '' 1 : 30 18 . `` The Pound '' 1 : 27 19 . `` What a Dog / He 's a Tramp '' 2 : 24 20 . `` In the Doghouse / The Rat Returns / Falsely Accused / We 've Got to Stop That Wagon / Trusty 's Sacrifice '' 6 : 05 21 . `` Watch the Birdie / Visitors '' 2 : 05 22 . `` Finale ( Peace on Earth ) '' 0 : 31 Total length : 48 : 00 Other Media Sequel Main article : Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure On February 27 , 2001 , Disney Television Animation released a direct - to - video sequel to the film entitled Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure . Produced 46 years after its predecessor , the film centers on the adventures of Lady and Tramp 's only son , Scamp , who desires to be a wild dog . He runs away from his family and joins a gang of junkyard dogs to fulfill his longing for freedom and a life without rules . Reviews for the sequel were generally mixed to negative , with critics panning its plot . Live - action adaptation A live - action remake of Lady and the Tramp is in active development for Disney 's planned streaming service . Charlie Bean signed on as the director . See also 1955 in film List of American films of 1955 List of Walt Disney Pictures films List of Disney theatrical animated features List of animated feature films of the 1950s List of highest - grossing animated films References ^ Jump up to : `` Lady and the Tramp '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( October 27 , 2003 ) . `` Disney Animated Features at the Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : Finch , Christopher ( 2004 ) . `` Chapter 8 : Interruption and Innovations '' . The Art of Walt Disney . pp. 234 -- 244 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 2702 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Goldberg . Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD , Disc 2 : `` Behind the Scenes : Story Development '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Lady and the Tramp History '' . Disney Archives . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Bob ( 1997 ) . `` Chapter 7 : The Postwar Films '' . Disney 's Art of Animation : From Mickey Mouse to Hercules . pp. 103 -- 104 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6241 - 6 . Jump up ^ Deleted Scenes , Backstage Disney Diamond Edition , Lady and the Tramp 2012 Blu - ray Jump up ^ Walt : The Man Behind the Myth : Pre-production of Lady and the Tramp ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD . Disc 2 : `` Disney Backstage '' . ^ Jump up to : Weinraub , Bernard ( August 7 , 1995 ) . `` It 's a Small World After All , Mr. Eisner '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Ken ( September 1986 ) . `` Willie Ito '' . Comics Interview ( 38 ) . Fictioneer Books . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD , Disc 2 : `` Behind the Scenes '' . Jump up ^ Newcomb ( 2001 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Wire , Business ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` Cinemark Announces the Return of Favorite Disney Classic Animated Movies to the Big Screen '' . Dailyfinance.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Platinum Edition '' . Jump up ^ `` Sales information of the DVD '' . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp II information '' . Jump up ^ Liu , Ed ( November 11 , 2012 ) . `` Disney to Release Two Amazing Classics From the Vault in 2012 '' . Toon Zone . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2011 . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp DVD Movie '' . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Lady and the Tramp : Bill Thompson , Peggy Lee , Larry Roberts , Barbara Luddy , Bill Baucom : Movies & TV '' . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Walt and Education : Part I '' . The Walt Disney Family Museum . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2007 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` 100 Most Iconic Film Images , Moments , or Scenes '' . filmsite . AMC . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Years ... 100 Passions List of 100 Winning Movies '' ( PDF ) . AFI . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Essential Disney & Pixar Soundtracks '' . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` The 25 All - TIME Best Animated Films -- Lady and the Tramp '' . Time . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Horace ( 2000 ) . Television : The Critical View . Oxford University Press . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511927 - 4 . Jump up ^ ' The Top Box - Office Hits of 1955 ' , Variety Weekly , January 25 , 1956 Jump up ^ `` Top250 Tous Les Temps En France ( reprises incluses ) '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bafta Awards http://www.bafta.org/awards/film/nominations/?year=1955 Jump up ^ ( in Italian ) Academia del Cinema Italiano `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2009 . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Press Academy `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved March 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies Nominees '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Ballot '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lady and the Tramp at AllMusic Jump up ^ `` Peggy Lee 's Film Appearances '' . Peggy Lee 's Official Website . Jump up ^ Collins , Glenn ( November 17 , 1988 ) . `` Peggy Lee article '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Stars share royalties victory '' . BBC News . June 26 , 2002 . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp ( Disney ) - Original Soundtrack '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Disney Unveils Inaugural Streaming Service Launch Slate To Town ; No R - Rated Fare '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action Lady and the Tramp Remake Gets a Director '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . External links Official website Lady and the Tramp on IMDb Lady and the Tramp at Rotten Tomatoes Lady and the Tramp at Box Office Mojo Links to related articles Films directed by Clyde Geronimi Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) Films directed by Hamilton Luske Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Ben and Me ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Donald in Mathmagic Land ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) Films directed by Wilfred Jackson Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lady_and_the_Tramp&oldid=839473590 '' Categories : 1955 films English - language films 1955 animated films 1950s American animated films 1950s comedy - drama films 1950s romantic comedy films 1950s romantic drama films 1950s romantic musical films American films American children 's animated films American children 's drama films American comedy - drama films American musical comedy films American romantic comedy films American romantic musical films Animated comedy films Animated drama films Animated duos Animated films about dogs Animated musical films Animated romance films Children 's comedy - drama films CinemaScope films Films directed by Clyde Geronimi Films directed by Hamilton Luske Films directed by Wilfred Jackson Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in the 1900s Films set in the United States Rotoscoped films Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Films about prejudice Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Articles with Italian - language external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 70 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 17 : 23 . 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"Lady and the Tramp is a 1955 American animated romantic musical comedy-drama film produced by Walt Disney and released to theaters on June 22, 1955 by Buena Vista Distribution. The 15th Disney animated feature film, it was the first animated feature filmed in the CinemaScope widescreen film process.[3] Based on Happy Dan, The Whistling Dog by Ward Greene, Lady and the Tramp tells the story of a female American Cocker Spaniel named Lady who lives with a refined, upper-middle-class family, and a male stray mongrel called the Tramp. When the two dogs meet, they embark on many romantic adventures and fall in love. A direct-to-video sequel, Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure, was released in 2001."
] | [
"mongrel"
] |
2876969846827084184 | French toast | French toast - wikipedia French toast Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the food . For the band , see French Toast ( band ) . `` Eggy bread '' redirects here . For other uses , see Egg bread . French toast French toast served at a restaurant Serving temperature Hot , with toppings Main ingredients Bread , eggs , milk or cream Cookbook : French toast Media : French toast French toast is a dish made of bread soaked in eggs and milk , then fried . Alternative names and variants include eggy bread , Bombay toast , German toast , gypsy toast , poor knights ( of Windsor ) , and Torrija . The earliest known reference to French toast is in the Apicius , a collection of Latin recipes dating to the 4th or 5th century , where it is described as simply aliter dulcia ( `` another sweet dish '' ) . The recipe depicts soaking in milk , but not egg . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Preparation 2.1 Variations 3 Local versions 3.1 France 3.2 Maldives 3.3 Spain 3.4 Hong Kong 3.5 India 3.6 United States 3.6. 1 New Orleans 3.7 Portugal and Brazil 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links History ( edit ) Under the names suppe dorate , soupys yn dorye , tostées dorées , and payn purdyeu , the dish was widely known in medieval Europe and often served with game birds and meats . A fourteenth - century German recipe uses the name Arme Ritter ( `` poor knights '' ) , a name also used in English and the Nordic languages . Also in the fourteenth century , Taillevent presented a recipe for `` tostées dorées '' . Italian 15th - century culinary expert Martino da Como offers a recipe . The word `` soup '' in the dish 's name refers to bread soaked in a liquid , a sop . The first modern French Toast is from Montreal , Canada . Where they make tons of syrup to go with it . The usual French name is pain perdu ( French : ( pɛ̃ pɛʁdy ) ( listen ) , `` lost bread '' , reflecting its use of stale or otherwise `` lost '' bread - which gave birth to the metaphoric term pain perdu for sunk costs . It may also be called pain doré , `` golden bread '' . There are fifteenth - century English recipes for pain perdu . An Austrian and Bavarian term is pafese or pofese , from zuppa pavese , referring to Pavia , Italy . In Hungary , it is commonly called bundáskenyér ( lit . `` furry bread '' ) . Preparation ( edit ) French toast topped with fruit , butter and cream , served with maple syrup Slices of bread are soaked or dipped in a mixture of beaten eggs , often whisked with milk or cream . Sugar , cinnamon , nutmeg , and vanilla are variously added to the mixture . The bread is then fried in butter or olive oil until browned and cooked through . Day - old bread is often used , both for its thrift and because it will soak up more egg mixture without falling apart . The cooked slices may be served with sugar or sweet toppings such as jam , honey , fruit , or maple syrup . Variations ( edit ) According to the Compleat Cook ( 1659 ) as quoted in the OED , the bread was dipped in milk only , with the egg mixture added afterwards . Alternatively , the bread may be soaked in wine , rosewater , or orange juice , either before or after cooking . Local versions ( edit ) France ( edit ) In France , pain perdu may be eaten as a dessert , or more rarely as an afternoon tea snack ( `` goûter '' ) . It is very rarely eaten as a breakfast . Maldives ( edit ) `` Roast paan '' literally `` Roasted bread '' is a similar recipe prepared in Maldives . It is usually made by dipping bread slices in a mixture of egg and condensed milk and then fried . Spain ( edit ) Torrija is a similar recipe traditionally prepared in Spain for Lent and Holy Week . It is usually made by soaking stale bread in milk or wine with honey and spices . It is dipped in beaten egg and fried with olive oil . This cooking technique breaks down the fibres of the bread and results in a pastry with a crispy outside and smooth inside . It is often sprinkled with cinnamon as a final touch . Torrijas or torrejas were first mentioned by the Spanish composer , poet and playwright Juan del Encina ( 1468 -- 1533 ) in his Cancionero , published in 1496 . In `` Anda acá pastor '' one reads : `` En cantares nuevos / gocen sus orejas , / miel e muchos huevos / para hacer torrejas , / aunque sin dolor / parió al Redemptor '' . Hong Kong ( edit ) Hong Kong -- style French toast Hong Kong - style French toast ( Chinese : 西 多 士 ; Cantonese Yale : sāidōsí ; literally : `` western toast '' ) is typically prepared by combining multiple slices of bread with peanut butter or fruit jam filling , then dipped in beaten egg and deep fried . It is served with butter , and topped with golden syrup or honey . It is a typical offering in Hong Kong teahouses ( cha chaan teng ) . Other types of filling that can be found are meat floss , kaya jam , ham or beef satay . India ( edit ) French toast is commonly served as a breakfast food in India . It differs from other versions in that it generally omits any dairy or sweet component . French toast is generally made by beating plain eggs ( salt is optional ) and dipping pieces of white sliced bread in them for a brief soak , after which they are pan fried . During the cooking process , savory ingredients such as fried onions , cilantro leaves , diced tomato , or chopped green chilis may be added . Once the egg is set , the slices of French toast are often served with tomato ketchup . United states ( edit ) New Orleans ( edit ) In New Orleans Louisiana Creole cuisine , French toast is known as pain perdu and is most commonly served as breakfast . The recipe calls for New Orleans - style French bread ; the batter is an egg - based custard that may include spirits . Common toppings include cane syrup , strongly - flavored honey , or fruit syrups ; a dusting of powdered sugar is also traditional . Portugal and Brazil ( edit ) In Portugal and Brazil French Toast is called ' Rabanada ' . It is made with diagonal slices of French bread soaked in a mix of milk and eggs , deep fried and covered with cinnamon and sugar . It is a typical Christmas dessert brought to Brazil by Portuguese ancestors . See also ( edit ) Food portal Egg in the basket List of bread dishes List of breakfast foods List of brunch foods List of egg dishes Monte Cristo sandwich Milk toast References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Beckett , Fiona ( 18 September 2010 ) . `` Student cookbook : French toast ( a.k.a. eggy bread ) '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 December 2012 . Jump up ^ White , Bridget . `` Sweet French Toast ( Bombay Toast ) - Anglo - Indian - Family friendly - Recipe '' . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Fannie Merritt ( 1918 ) . The Boston Cooking - School Cook Book . Boston : Little , Brown ; republished at Bartleby.com , 2000 . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Koerner , Brendan . `` Is French Toast Really French ? '' . Slate.com . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Mille ( 24 February 2002 ) . `` Gypsy Toast '' . food.com . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Oxford English Dictionary , 3rd ed. , 2006 , s.v. ' poor ' S3 Jump up ^ Joseph Dommers Vehling , trans. , Apicius : Cookery and Dining in Imperial Rome , Book VII , chapter 13 , recipe 296 full text at Gutenberg Jump up ^ Grimm , Jacob and Wilhelm . Deutsches Wörterbuch , quoting from the Buch von guter Spyse . Jump up ^ Pichon , Jérôme ; Vicaire , Georges ( 1892 ) . Le Viandier de Guillaume Tirel dit Taillevent . p. 262 . Jump up ^ Odile Redon , et al. , The Medieval Kitchen : Recipes from France and Italy , 2000 , p. 207f Jump up ^ Gabriel Meurier , Christoffel Plantijn , Vocabulaire francois - flameng , 1562 p. 83 Jump up ^ Trésor de la Langue Française Informatisé s.v. ' pain ' Jump up ^ Austin , T. Two 15th - century Cookery - books , 1888 , quoting a 1450 recipe , quoted in the Oxford English Dictionary Jump up ^ Davidson , Alan ; Jaine , Tom ( 2006 ) . The Oxford Companion to Food . Oxford University Press . p. 102 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280681 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ulrich Ammon , Variantenwörterbuch des Deutschen : die Standardsprache in Österreich , der Schweiz und Deutschland sowie in Liechtenstein , Luxemburg , Ostbelgien und Südtirol , 2004 , ISBN 3110165759 , p. 552 Jump up ^ `` French toast , az @ édes @ bundás kenyér '' . Jump up ^ Alton , Brown . `` French Toast - Food Network '' . Jump up ^ `` French Toast Toppings -- Unique French Toast Recipes '' . Good Housekeeping . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ( Compleat Cook ( 1659 ) as quoted in the OED Citation incomplete , needs improvement ) Jump up ^ John Ayto , The Diner 's Dictionary : Word Origins of Food and Drink , ISBN 0199640246 , p. 142 Jump up ^ Adam Islip , A Dictionarie ( sic ) of the French and English Tongues , 1611 , full text Jump up ^ ( in French ) Wikipedia article about the pain perdu Jump up ^ Lepard , Dan ( 20 July 2012 ) . `` Dan Lepard 's recipes for Basque butter buns , plus fried milk bread ( a.k.a. torrija ) '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Cervantes , Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de . `` La teatralidad en los villancicos pastoriles de Juan del Encina / Marta Haro Cortés Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes '' . www.cervantesvirtual.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : CNN Go World 's 50 most delicious foods 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 11 Jump up ^ `` 香港 獨一無二 的 沙 爹 牛肉 法式 吐 司 '' ( Hong Kong 's unique beef satay french toast ) ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Tabacca , Laura . `` New Orleans Style Pain Perdu ( French Toast ) '' . The Spiced Life . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pain Perdu '' . The Gumbo Pages . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitzewich , John . `` New Orleans - style French Toast `` Pain Perdu '' `` . The Spruce . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Claiborne , Craig ( 1985 ) . Craig Claiborne 's The New York Times Food Encyclopedia . New York : Times Books . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 1271 - 3 . Farmer , Fannie ( 1918 ) . The Boston Cooking - School Cook Book . Boston : Little , Brown and Co . Mariani , John F. ( 1999 ) . The Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink . New York : Lebhar - Friedman . ISBN 0 - 86730 - 784 - 6 . Redon , Odilie ( 1998 ) . The Medieval Kitchen : Recipes from France and Italy . Chicago : Univ . Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 70684 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to French toast . Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe / module on French Toast Wikiquote has quotations related to : French toast From Lost Bread to French Toast French Toast with egg and butter ( hide ) Bread Types Brown bread Chapati Flatbread Injera Multigrain bread Naan Paratha Pitta Quick Rye bread Salt - rising Sandwich bread Soda bread Sourdough Texas toast Unleavened White bread Whole wheat Ingredients Baker 's yeast Barm Calcium propanoate Eggs Fat Flour Flour treatment agent Leavening agent Milk Salt Sugar Water Equipment Oven Bread machine Bread pan Dough scraper Farinograph Lame Peel Stand mixer Weighing scales Processes Autolysis Baking Biga Chorleywood bread process Kneading Leavening Maillard reaction No - knead bread Proofing Pre-ferment Pre-slicing Sponge and dough Steaming Straight dough Vienna process Uses Bread crumbs Bread bowl Bread pudding Croutons French toast Stuffing Sandwiches Toast Other Breadmaking Baker percentage Bread in Europe History of bread List articles American breads Brand name breads Bread dishes Bread rolls British breads Buns Indian breads Pakistani breads Quick breads Sweet breads Toast dishes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_toast&oldid=834898664 '' Categories : Egg dishes Bread dishes Toast dishes Hidden categories : Articles with French - language external links CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Chinese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Alemannisch Asturianu Български Boarisch Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Pälzisch Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska West - Vlams ייִדיש 粵語 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 14 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the french word for french toast | [
"The usual French name is pain perdu (French: [pɛ̃ pɛʁdy] ( listen), \"lost bread\", reflecting its use of stale or otherwise \"lost\" bread - which gave birth to the metaphoric term pain perdu for sunk costs.[11] It may also be called pain doré, \"golden bread\".[12] There are fifteenth-century English recipes for pain perdu.[4][13][14]"
] | [
"pain perdu"
] |
6521428960414066743 | List of Super Bowl champions | List of Super Bowl champions - wikipedia List of Super Bowl champions Jump to : navigation , search The Super Bowl is an annual American football game that determines the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The game culminates a season that begins in the previous calendar year , and is the conclusion of the NFL playoffs . The contest is held in an American city , chosen three to four years beforehand , usually at warm - weather sites or domed stadiums . Since January 1971 , the winner of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) Championship Game has faced the winner of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) Championship Game in the culmination of the NFL playoffs . The Packers defeated the Chiefs in the first AFL -- NFL Championship Game ( Super Bowl I ) Before the 1970 merger between the American Football League ( AFL ) and the National Football League ( NFL ) , the two leagues met in four such contests . The first two were known as the `` AFL -- NFL World Championship Game '' . Super Bowl III in January 1969 was the first such game that carried the `` Super Bowl '' moniker , the names `` Super Bowl I '' and `` Super Bowl II '' were only retroactively applied to the first two games . The NFC / NFL leads in Super Bowl wins with 26 , while the AFC / AFL has won 25 . Nineteen different franchises , including teams that relocated to another city , have won the Super Bowl . The Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 -- 2 ) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships , while the New England Patriots ( 5 - 4 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 5 -- 3 ) , and the San Francisco 49ers ( 5 -- 1 ) have five wins . New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with nine , while the Buffalo Bills ( 0 -- 4 ) have the most consecutive appearances with four losses in a row from 1990 to 1993 . The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances : 1972 -- 74 . The Denver Broncos ( 3 -- 5 ) have lost a record five Super Bowls . The New England Patriots ( 5 -- 4 ) , the Minnesota Vikings ( 0 -- 4 ) , and the Bills have lost four . The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises : the 1966 -- 67 Green Bay Packers , the 1972 -- 73 Miami Dolphins , the 1974 -- 75 and 1978 -- 79 Pittsburgh Steelers ( the only team to accomplish this feat twice ) , the 1988 -- 89 San Francisco 49ers , the 1992 -- 93 Dallas Cowboys , the 1997 -- 98 Denver Broncos , and the 2003 -- 04 New England Patriots . Among those , Dallas ( 1992 -- 93 ; 1995 ) and New England ( 2001 ; 2003 -- 04 ) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls . The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII . The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens , who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position . Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl , including franchise relocations and renaming : the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Houston Texans , though both the Browns ( 1964 ) and Lions ( 1957 ) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Super Bowl Championship ( 1966 -- present ) 1.1 Consecutive winners 2 Super Bowl appearances by team 2.1 Teams with no Super Bowl appearances 2.2 Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories 2.3 Teams with long Super Bowl droughts 2.4 Super Bowl rematches 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Super Bowl championship ( 1966 -- present ) Numbers in parentheses in the table are Super Bowl appearances as of the date of that Super Bowl and are used as follows : Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a Super Bowl as well as each respective teams ' Super Bowl record to date . Venue column indicates number of times that stadium has hosted a Super Bowl . City column indicates number of times that metropolitan area has hosted a Super Bowl . National Football League ( NFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) American Football League ( AFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) NFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) AFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) National Football Conference ( NFC , 1971 -- present ) American Football Conference ( AFC , 1971 -- present ) NFC champion ( 47 , 24 -- 23 ) AFC champion ( 47 , 23 -- 24 ) Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref 01 ! I 000000001967 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1967 Green Bay Packers 01 ! Green Bay Packers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3510 ! 35 -- 10 Kansas City Chiefs 01 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , California 01 ! Los Angeles 061946 ! 61,946 02 ! II 000000001968 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1968 Green Bay Packers 02 ! Green Bay Packers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3314 ! 33 -- 14 Oakland Raiders 01 ! Oakland Raiders ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 01 ! Miami Orange Bowl Miami , Florida 01 ! Miami 075546 ! 75,546 03 ! III 000000001969 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1969 New York Jets 01 ! New York Jets ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1607 ! 16 -- 7 Indianapolis Colts 01 ! Baltimore Colts ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 02 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 02 ! Miami ( 2 ) 075389 ! 75,389 04 ! IV 000000001970 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1970 Kansas City Chiefs 02 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2307 ! 23 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 01 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 01 ! Tulane Stadium New Orleans , Louisiana 01 ! New Orleans 080562 ! 80,562 05 ! V 000000001971 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1971 Indianapolis Colts 02 ! Baltimore Colts ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1613 ! 16 -- 13 Dallas Cowboys 01 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 03 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 03 ! Miami ( 3 ) 079204 ! 79,204 06 ! VI 000000001972 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1972 Dallas Cowboys 02 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2403 ! 24 -- 3 Miami Dolphins 01 ! Miami Dolphins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 02 ! Tulane Stadium ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 02 ! New Orleans ( 2 ) 081023 ! 81,023 07 ! VII 000000001973 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1973 Miami Dolphins 02 ! Miami Dolphins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1407 ! 14 -- 7 Washington Redskins 01 ! Washington Redskins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 2 ) Los Angeles , California 02 ! Los Angeles ( 2 ) 090182 ! 90,182 08 ! VIII 000000001974 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1974 Miami Dolphins 03 ! Miami Dolphins ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2407 ! 24 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 02 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rice Stadium 01 ! Rice Stadium Houston , Texas 01 ! Houston 071882 ! 71,882 09 ! IX 000000001975 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1975 Pittsburgh Steelers 01 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1606 ! 16 -- 6 Minnesota Vikings 03 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Tulane Stadium 03 ! Tulane Stadium ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 03 ! New Orleans ( 3 ) 080997 ! 80,997 10 ! X 000000001976 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1976 Pittsburgh Steelers 02 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys 03 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Miami Orange Bowl 04 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 04 ! Miami ( 4 ) 080187 ! 80,187 11 ! XI 000000001977 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1977 Oakland Raiders 02 ! Oakland Raiders ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 3214 ! 32 -- 14 Minnesota Vikings 04 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Rose Bowl 01 ! Rose Bowl Los Angeles , California 03 ! Pasadena , California ( 3 ) 103438 ! 103,438 12 ! XII 000000001978 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1978 Dallas Cowboys 04 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Denver Broncos 01 ! Denver Broncos ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 01 ! Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 04 ! New Orleans ( 4 ) 076400 ! 76,400 13 ! XIII 000000001979 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1979 Pittsburgh Steelers 03 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3531 ! 35 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys 05 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Miami Orange Bowl 05 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 05 ! Miami ( 5 ) 079484 ! 79,484 14 ! XIV 000000001980 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1980 Pittsburgh Steelers 04 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 3119 ! 31 -- 19 Los Angeles Rams 01 ! Los Angeles Rams ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Rose Bowl 02 ! Rose Bowl ( 2 ) Los Angeles , California 04 ! Pasadena , California ( 4 ) 103985 ! 103,985 15 ! XV 000000001981 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1981 Oakland Raiders 03 ! Oakland Raiders ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Philadelphia Eagles 01 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 02 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 05 ! New Orleans ( 5 ) 076135 ! 76,135 16 ! XVI 000000001982 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1982 San Francisco 49ers 01 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 2621 ! 26 -- 21 Cincinnati Bengals 01 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Pontiac Silverdome 01 ! Pontiac Silverdome Detroit , Michigan 01 ! Pontiac , Michigan 081270 ! 81,270 17 ! XVII 000000001983 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1983 Washington Redskins 02 ! Washington Redskins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Miami Dolphins 04 ! Miami Dolphins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 03 ! Rose Bowl ( 3 ) Los Angeles , California 05 ! Pasadena , California ( 5 ) 103667 ! 103,667 18 ! XVIII 000000001984 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1984 Oakland Raiders 04 ! Los Angeles Raiders ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 3809 ! 38 -- 9 Washington Redskins 03 ! Washington Redskins ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Tampa Stadium 01 ! Tampa Stadium Tampa , Florida 01 ! Tampa , Florida 072920 ! 72,920 19 ! XIX 000000001985 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1985 San Francisco 49ers 02 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3816 ! 38 -- 16 Miami Dolphins 05 ! Miami Dolphins ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Stanford Stadium 01 ! Stanford Stadium San Francisco , California 01 ! Stanford , California 084059 ! 84,059 20 ! XX 000000001986 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1986 Chicago Bears 01 ! Chicago Bears ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4610 ! 46 -- 10 New England Patriots 01 ! New England Patriots ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 03 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 06 ! New Orleans ( 6 ) 073818 ! 73,818 21 ! XXI 000000001987 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1987 New York Giants 01 ! New York Giants ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3920 ! 39 -- 20 Denver Broncos 02 ! Denver Broncos ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 04 ! Rose Bowl ( 4 ) Los Angeles , California 06 ! Pasadena , California ( 6 ) 101063 ! 101,063 22 ! XXII 000000001988 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1988 Washington Redskins 04 ! Washington Redskins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 4210 ! 42 -- 10 Denver Broncos 03 ! Denver Broncos ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Qualcomm Stadium 01 ! San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium San Diego , California 01 ! San Diego 073302 ! 73,302 23 ! XXIII 000000001989 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1989 San Francisco 49ers 03 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 2016 ! 20 -- 16 Cincinnati Bengals 02 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 01 ! Joe Robbie Stadium Miami , Florida 06 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 6 ) 075129 ! 75,129 24 ! XXIV 000000001990 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1990 San Francisco 49ers 04 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 5510 ! 55 -- 10 Denver Broncos 04 ! Denver Broncos ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Louisiana Superdome 04 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 4 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 07 ! New Orleans ( 7 ) 072919 ! 72,919 25 ! XXV 000000001991 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1991 New York Giants 02 ! New York Giants ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2019 ! 20 -- 19 Buffalo Bills 01 ! Buffalo Bills ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tampa Stadium 02 ! Tampa Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 02 ! Tampa , Florida ( 2 ) 073813 ! 73,813 26 ! XXVI 000000001992 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1992 Washington Redskins 05 ! Washington Redskins ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 3724 ! 37 -- 24 Buffalo Bills 02 ! Buffalo Bills ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Metrodome 01 ! Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 01 ! Minneapolis 063130 ! 63,130 27 ! XXVII 000000001993 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1993 Dallas Cowboys 06 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) 5217 ! 52 -- 17 Buffalo Bills 03 ! Buffalo Bills ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Rose Bowl 05 ! Rose Bowl ( 5 ) Los Angeles , California 07 ! Pasadena , California ( 7 ) 098374 ! 98,374 28 ! XXVIII 000000001994 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1994 Dallas Cowboys 07 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) 3013 ! 30 -- 13 Buffalo Bills 04 ! Buffalo Bills ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Georgia Dome 01 ! Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 01 ! Atlanta 072817 ! 72,817 29 ! XXIX 000000001995 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1995 San Francisco 49ers 05 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) 4926 ! 49 -- 26 San Diego Chargers 01 ! San Diego Chargers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 02 ! Joe Robbie Stadium ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 07 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 7 ) 074107 ! 74,107 30 ! XXX 000000001996 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1996 Dallas Cowboys 08 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Pittsburgh Steelers 05 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Sun Devil Stadium 01 ! Sun Devil Stadium Phoenix , Arizona 01 ! Tempe , Arizona 076347 ! 76,347 31 ! XXXI 000000001997 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1997 Green Bay Packers 03 ! Green Bay Packers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3521 ! 35 -- 21 New England Patriots 02 ! New England Patriots ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 05 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 5 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 08 ! New Orleans ( 8 ) 072301 ! 72,301 32 ! XXXII 000000001998 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1998 Denver Broncos 05 ! Denver Broncos ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) 3124 ! 31 -- 24 Green Bay Packers 04 ! Green Bay Packers ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Qualcomm Stadium 02 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 2 ) San Diego , California 02 ! San Diego ( 2 ) 068912 ! 68,912 33 ! XXXIII 000000001999 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1999 Denver Broncos 06 ! Denver Broncos ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) 3419 ! 34 -- 19 Atlanta Falcons 01 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 03 ! Pro Player Stadium ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 08 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 8 ) 074803 ! 74,803 34 ! XXXIV 000000002000 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2000 Los Angeles Rams 02 ! St. Louis Rams ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2316 ! 23 -- 16 Tennessee Titans 01 ! Tennessee Titans ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Georgia Dome 02 ! Georgia Dome ( 2 ) Atlanta , Georgia 02 ! Atlanta ( 2 ) 072625 ! 72,625 35 ! XXXV 000000002001 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 2001 Baltimore Ravens 01 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3407 ! 34 -- 7 New York Giants 03 ! New York Giants ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 01 ! Raymond James Stadium Tampa , Florida 03 ! Tampa , Florida ( 3 ) 071921 ! 71,921 36 ! XXXVI 000000002002 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2002 New England Patriots 03 ! New England Patriots ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 2017 ! 20 -- 17 Los Angeles Rams 03 ! St. Louis Rams ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 06 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 6 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 09 ! New Orleans ( 9 ) 072922 ! 72,922 37 ! XXXVII 000000002003 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2003 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01 ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4821 ! 48 -- 21 Oakland Raiders 05 ! Oakland Raiders ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Qualcomm Stadium 03 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 3 ) San Diego , California 03 ! San Diego ( 3 ) 067603 ! 67,603 38 ! XXXVIII 000000002004 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2004 New England Patriots 04 ! New England Patriots ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 3229 ! 32 -- 29 Carolina Panthers 01 ! Carolina Panthers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) NRG Stadium 01 ! Reliant Stadium Houston , Texas 02 ! Houston ( 2 ) 071525 ! 71,525 39 ! XXXIX 000000002005 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2005 New England Patriots 05 ! New England Patriots ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 2421 ! 24 -- 21 Philadelphia Eagles 02 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) ALLTEL Stadium 01 ! Alltel Stadium Jacksonville , Florida 01 ! Jacksonville , Florida 078125 ! 78,125 40 ! XL 000000002006 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2006 Pittsburgh Steelers 06 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) 2110 ! 21 -- 10 Seattle Seahawks 01 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ford Field 01 ! Ford Field Detroit , Michigan 02 ! Detroit ( 2 ) 068206 ! 68,206 41 ! XLI 000000002007 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2007 Indianapolis Colts 03 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2917 ! 29 -- 17 Chicago Bears 02 ! Chicago Bears ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 04 ! Dolphin Stadium ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 09 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 9 ) 074512 ! 74,512 42 ! XLII 000000002008 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2008 New York Giants 04 ! New York Giants ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 1714 ! 17 -- 14 New England Patriots 06 ! New England Patriots ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 01 ! University of Phoenix Stadium Phoenix , Arizona 02 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 2 ) 071101 ! 71,101 43 ! XLIII 000000002009 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2009 Pittsburgh Steelers 07 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) 2723 ! 27 -- 23 Arizona Cardinals 01 ! Arizona Cardinals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 02 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 04 ! Tampa , Florida ( 4 ) 070774 ! 70,774 44 ! XLIV 000000002010 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2010 New Orleans Saints 01 ! New Orleans Saints ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3117 ! 31 -- 17 Indianapolis Colts 04 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 05 ! Sun Life Stadium ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 10 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 10 ) 074059 ! 74,059 45 ! XLV 000000002011 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2011 Green Bay Packers 05 ! Green Bay Packers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 3125 ! 31 -- 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 08 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 8 , 6 -- 2 ) Cowboys Stadium 01 ! Cowboys Stadium Arlington , Texas 01 ! Arlington , Texas 103219 ! 103,219 46 ! XLVI 000000002012 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2012 New York Giants 05 ! New York Giants ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 New England Patriots 07 ! New England Patriots ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Lucas Oil Stadium 01 ! Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 01 ! Indianapolis 068658 ! 68,658 47 ! XLVII 000000002013 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2013 Baltimore Ravens 02 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3431 ! 34 -- 31 San Francisco 49ers 06 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 07 ! Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( 7 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 10 ! New Orleans ( 10 ) 071024 ! 71,024 48 ! XLVIII 000000002014 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2014 Seattle Seahawks 02 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 4308 ! 43 -- 8 Denver Broncos 07 ! Denver Broncos ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) MetLife Stadium 01 ! MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey 01 ! East Rutherford , New Jersey 082529 ! 82,529 49 ! XLIX 000000002015 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2015 New England Patriots 08 ! New England Patriots ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) 2824 ! 28 -- 24 Seattle Seahawks 03 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 02 ! University of Phoenix Stadium ( 2 ) Phoenix , Arizona 03 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 3 ) 070288 ! 70,288 50 ! 50 000000002016 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2016 Denver Broncos 08 ! Denver Broncos ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) 2410 ! 24 -- 10 Carolina Panthers 02 ! Carolina Panthers ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Levi 's Stadium 01 ! Levi 's Stadium San Francisco , California 02 ! Santa Clara , California ( 2 ) 071088 ! 71,088 51 ! LI 000000002017 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2017 New England Patriots 09 ! New England Patriots ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) 3428 ! 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Atlanta Falcons 02 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) NRG Stadium 02 ! NRG Stadium ( 2 ) Houston , Texas 03 ! Houston , Texas ( 3 ) 070807 ! 70,807 52 ! LII 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2018 X 2018 ! 2017 -- 18 NFC champion at 2017 -- 18 AFC champion 0018 ! -- X 2018 ! To be determined ( TBD ) U.S. Bank Stadium 01 ! U.S. Bank Stadium Minneapolis , Minnesota 02 ! Minneapolis ( 2 ) 000018 ! TBD 53 ! LIII 000000002019 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2019 X 2019 ! 2018 -- 19 AFC champion at 2018 -- 19 NFC champion 0019 ! -- X 2019 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium 01 ! Mercedes - Benz Stadium Atlanta , Georgia 03 ! Atlanta ( 3 ) TBD 54 ! LIV 000000002020 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2020 X 2020 ! 2019 -- 20 NFC champion at 2019 -- 20 AFC champion 0020 ! -- X 2020 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Hard Rock Stadium 06 ! Hard Rock Stadium ( 6 ) Miami , Florida 11 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 11 ) TBD 55 ! LV 000000002021 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2021 X 2020 ! 2020 -- 21 AFC champion at 2020 -- 21 NFC champion 0021 ! -- X 2021 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Raymond James Stadium 03 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 3 ) Tampa , Florida 05 ! Tampa , Florida ( 5 ) TBD 56 ! LVI 000000002022 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2022 X 2021 ! 2021 -- 22 NFC champion at 2021 -- 22 AFC champion 0022 ! -- X 2022 ! To be determined ( TBD ) City of Champions Stadium 01 ! Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Los Angeles , California 08 ! Inglewood , California ( 8 ) TBD Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref Consecutive winners The Steelers defeated the Rams in Super Bowl XIV to win an unprecedented four championships in six years . Seven different franchises have won consecutive Super Bowls , one of which has accomplished it twice : Green Bay Packers ( Super Bowls I and II ) Miami Dolphins ( VII and VIII ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( twice : IX and X as well as XIII and XIV ) San Francisco 49ers ( XXIII and XXIV ) Dallas Cowboys ( XXVII and XXVIII ) Denver Broncos ( XXXII and XXXIII ) New England Patriots ( XXXVIII and XXXIX ) No franchise has yet won three Super Bowls in a row , although several have come close : The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls , and also won the NFL championship the preceding year . The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls ( VI , VII , and VIII ) , winning the last two . The Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( IX and X ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders . The San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXIII and XXIV ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . The Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXVII and XXVIII ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons . Super Bowl appearances by team The Patriots played their first championship game in Super Bowl XX ( pictured ) and hold the record for most Super Bowl appearances ( 9 ) as of 2017 . NFL / NFC teams ( 26 wins ) AFL / AFC teams ( 25 wins ) NFL / AFC team In the sortable table below , teams are ordered first by number of appearances , then by number of wins , and finally by season of first appearance . In the `` Season ( s ) '' column , bold years indicate winning seasons , and italic years indicate games not yet completed . Appearances Team Wins Losses Winning percentage Season ( s ) 09G - 04W ! 9 New England Patriots 5 . 556 1985 ! 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 08G - 06W ! 8 Pittsburgh Steelers 6 . 750 1974 ! 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1995 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 08G - 05W ! 8 Dallas Cowboys 5 . 625 1970 ! 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 08G - 03W ! 8 Denver Broncos 5 . 375 1977 ! 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 06G - 05W ! 6 San Francisco 49ers 5 . 833 1981 ! 1981 , 1984 , 1988 , 1989 , 1994 , 2012 05G - 04W ! 5 Green Bay Packers . 800 1966 ! 1966 , 1967 , 1996 , 1997 , 2010 05G - 04W ! 5 New York Giants . 800 1986 ! 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 05G - 03W ! 5 Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders . 600 1967 , 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , 2002 05G - 03W ! 5 Washington Redskins . 600 1972 ! 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1987 , 1991 05G - 02W ! 5 Miami Dolphins . 400 1971 ! 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1982 , 1984 04G - 02W ! 4 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts . 500 1968 ! 1968 , 1970 , 2006 , 2009 04G - 00W ! 4 Minnesota Vikings 0 . 000 1969 ! 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 04G - 00W ! 4 Buffalo Bills 0 . 000 1990 ! 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 03G - 01W ! 3 St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams . 333 1979 ! 1979 , 1999 , 2001 03G - 01W ! 3 Seattle Seahawks . 333 2005 ! 2005 , 2013 , 2014 02G - 02W ! 2 Baltimore Ravens 0 1.000 2000 ! 2000 , 2012 02G - 01W ! 2 Kansas City Chiefs . 500 1966 ! 1966 , 1969 02G - 01W ! 2 Chicago Bears . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 2006 02G - 00W ! 2 Philadelphia Eagles 0 . 000 1980 ! 1980 , 2004 02G - 00W ! 2 Cincinnati Bengals 0 . 000 1981 ! 1981 , 1988 02G - 00W ! 2 Atlanta Falcons 0 . 000 1998 ! 1998 , 2016 02G - 00W ! 2 Carolina Panthers 0 . 000 2003 ! 2003 , 2015 01G - 01W ! 1 New York Jets 0 1.000 1968 ! 1968 01G - 01W ! 1 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 1.000 2002 ! 2002 01G - 01W ! 1 New Orleans Saints 0 1.000 2009 ! 2009 01G - 00W ! 1 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 0 . 000 1994 ! 1994 01G - 00W ! 1 Tennessee Titans 0 . 000 1999 ! 1999 01G - 00W ! 1 Arizona Cardinals 0 . 000 2008 ! 2008 00G - 00W ! 0 Cleveland Browns 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Detroit Lions 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Jacksonville Jaguars 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Houston Texans 0 0 -- none Teams with no Super Bowl appearances Four current teams have never reached the Super Bowl . Two of them held NFL league championships prior to Super Bowl I in the 1966 NFL season : Detroit Lions , NFL champions four times in 1935 , 1952 , 1953 , and 1957 ; appeared in one other NFL Championship Game in 1954 ; and appeared in one NFC Championship Game in 1991 Cleveland Browns , NFL champions four times in 1950 , 1954 , 1955 , and 1964 ; appeared in seven other NFL championship games in 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1965 , 1968 , and 1969 ; and appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 . The Browns are officially viewed as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 as a member of the All - America Football Conference , joined the NFL in 1950 , suspended operations from 1996 -- 1998 , and resumed play in 1999 . The Baltimore Ravens were an expansion team created in 1996 with former Browns players . Jacksonville Jaguars , 1995 expansion team ; appeared in two AFC Championship Games in 1996 and 1999 Houston Texans , 2002 expansion team ; Divisional Round appearances in 2011 , 2012 , and 2016 seasons . In addition , Detroit , Houston and Jacksonville have hosted Super Bowls ; this means Cleveland is the only current NFL city that has neither hosted , nor had its team play in , a Super Bowl . Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories Nine teams have appeared in the Super Bowl without ever winning . In descending order of number of appearances , they are : Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII . Their second and last AFL championship was in 1965 , the season before the first Super Bowl . Minnesota Vikings ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI . They won the NFL Championship Game in 1969 , the last year before the AFL -- NFL merger , but failed to win the subsequent Super Bowl . An NFL expansion team in 1961 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII . An AFL expansion team in 1968 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XV and XXXIX . Their last championship was in 1960 . Atlanta Falcons ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI . An expansion team in 1966 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Carolina Panthers ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 . A post-merger expansion team , their first season was in 1995 . Arizona Cardinals ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XLIII . Their last championship was in 1947 as the Chicago Cardinals . Los Angeles Chargers ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXIX as the San Diego Chargers . Their only AFL championship was in 1963 . Tennessee Titans ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXXIV . They won the first two AFL Championships in 1960 and 1961 as the Houston Oilers . Teams with long Super Bowl droughts The Jets ' victory over the Colts in Super Bowl III was the team 's last championship appearance . While Jacksonville ( joined 1995 ) has never appeared in a Super Bowl , the following eight teams are currently ( as of Super Bowl LI ) experiencing longer droughts since their last appearance . Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since before the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 : New York Jets ( most recently appeared in Super Bowl III , 1968 season ) Kansas City Chiefs ( Super Bowl IV in 1969 season ) The Jets and the Chiefs are also the only non-NFL teams to win the Super Bowl , both being members of the now - defunct AFL at the time . The most recent Super Bowl appearance for the following teams was after the AFL -- NFL merger , but prior to the 1995 regular season : Minnesota Vikings ( Super Bowl XI , 1976 season ) Miami Dolphins ( Super Bowl XIX , 1984 season ) Cincinnati Bengals ( Super Bowl XXIII , 1988 season ) Washington Redskins ( Super Bowl XXVI , 1991 season ) Buffalo Bills ( Super Bowl XXVIII , 1993 season ) San Diego Chargers ( Super Bowl XXIX , 1994 season ) Super Bowl rematches The 49ers and the Bengals , who faced off in Super Bowl XVI ( pictured ) , would rematch each other again in Super Bowl XXIII . The following teams have faced each other more than once in the Super Bowl : Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 ) -- Super Bowls X and XIII were won by Pittsburgh , and Super Bowl XXX was won by Dallas . See also Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry . Miami Dolphins and Washington Redskins ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl VII was won by Miami , and Super Bowl XVII was won by Washington . Cincinnati Bengals and San Francisco 49ers ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XVI and XXIII were both won by San Francisco . Buffalo Bills and Dallas Cowboys ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII , the only rematch in consecutive seasons , were both won by Dallas . New England Patriots and New York Giants ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XLII and XLVI were both won by New York . See also National Football League portal American football portal History of the National Football League championship List of AFC champions List of NFC champions List of NFL champions List of Super Bowl records Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award List of NFL franchise post-season droughts List of NFL franchise post-season streaks Notes ^ Jump up to : Los Angeles , Pasadena , and Inglewood are all located in the Greater Los Angeles Area . Pontiac , Michigan , is a suburb of Detroit . Both Tempe and Glendale are suburbs of Phoenix , Arizona . Both Stanford and Santa Clara are part of the San Francisco Bay Area Combined Statistical Area . ^ Jump up to : The Miami Orange Bowl was in Miami proper . Hard Rock Stadium , also in Miami - Dade County , opened in an unincorporated area with a Miami address ; the area was incorporated as Miami Gardens in 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Stadium renaming . SDCCU Stadium was originally known as San Diego Stadium , San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium , and Qualcomm Stadium . Hard Rock Stadium has also been variously known over the years as Joe Robbie Stadium , Pro Player Park , Pro Player Stadium , Dolphins Stadium ( with a plural `` s '' ) , Dolphin Stadium ( with no `` s '' ) , Land Shark Stadium , and Sun Life Stadium . NRG Stadium was originally known as Reliant Stadium . ^ Jump up to : Dates are tentative , pending possible future changes to the NFL calendar . ^ Jump up to : The Colts , Steelers , and Browns moved from the NFL to the newly - formed AFC , joining the ten extant AFL franchises , when the two leagues merged in 1970 . Additionally , although the 1995 Cleveland Browns became the 1996 Baltimore Ravens , the Browns ' name , brand and history remained in Cleveland and was continued by the 1999 Cleveland Browns ; the Ravens , for historical purposes , are considered a separate franchise . References Jump up ^ Forbes , Gordon ( 1990 - 11 - 08 ) . `` The process of choosing a host city '' . USA Today . p. 4C . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl cities are far and few between '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Culture in History Of The Nfl '' . Shmoop.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Pasadena , California '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pontiac , Michigan '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Glendale , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tempe , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` OMB Bulletin No. 13 - 01 -- The White House '' ( PDF ) . Federal government of the United States . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1967 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Bread - and - butter Packers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2 : Lombardi 's Starr Rises '' . Sporting News . 1968 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 3 : The Broadway Joe Show '' . Sporting News . January 12 , 1969 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2006 . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl IV '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl V '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1972 - 01 - 24 ) . `` A Cowboy Stampede '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1973 - 01 - 22 ) . `` 17 -- 0 -- 0 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1974 - 01 - 21 ) . `` It Was The Day Of The Dolphins '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1975 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Pittsburgh Punches It Out '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1976 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Dallas Feels The Steeler Crunch '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1977 - 01 - 17 ) . `` The Raiders Were All Suped Up '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 12 : Orange Crushed '' . Sporting News . 1978 - 01 - 15 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 13 : Dumb Like a F -- O -- X '' . Sporting News . January 21 , 1979 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers 31 , Los Angeles Rams 19 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XV '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 16 : 49ers Strike It Rich '' . Sporting News . January 24 , 1982 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1983 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Hail To The Redskins ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1984 - 01 - 30 ) . `` A Runaway For The Raiders '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1985 - 01 - 28 ) . `` The Niners Were Never Finer '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Magee , Jerry ( January 28 , 2007 ) . `` ' 85 Bears never lost in shuffle '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXI : New York Giants 39 , Denver Broncos 20 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XXII '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Almond , Elliott ( 1989 - 01 - 23 ) . `` 49ers Defeat Bengals , 20 -- 16 , in Super Bowl '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 24 : 49ers Pound Outmanned Broncos '' . Sporting News . 1990 - 01 - 28 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XL '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIV post game QT '' . NFL . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Packers down Steelers for fourth Super Bowl title '' . NFL . February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indianapolis ahead of curve in preparations for Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 '' . NFL . Associated Press . 2009 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Garrison , Jason . `` Super Bowl 2012 : Official Super Bowl Attendance Is 68,658 '' . SBNation Boston . SBNation . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl will return to New Orleans in 2013 '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Owners warm up to New York / New Jersey as Super Bowl XLVIII host '' . NFL . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Owners vote Arizona as Super Bowl host for third time '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Klemko , Robert ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Arizona , not Tampa , will host Super Bowl XLIX in 2015 '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` San Francisco awarded Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bay Area , Houston get Super Bowls '' . ESPN.com . May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl LII headed to Minnesota '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wells , Mike ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Minneapolis to host 2018 Super Bowl '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Atlanta , South Florida , L.A. chosen to host Super Bowls '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClure , Vaughn ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Owners award 2019 Super Bowl to Atlanta , 2020 to South Florida , 2021 to Los Angeles '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Year By Year Season results '' . Cleveland Browns . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Romano , John ( 1996 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Rams fear Phillips is a perpetual faux pas Series : NFL '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 9C . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Neumann , Thomas ( 2008 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Page 2 's ultimate NFL power rankings , Nos. 21 -- 32 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 07 . External links National Football League Super Bowl List of winning rosters Super Bowl champions I : Green Bay Packers II : Green Bay Packers III : New York Jets IV : Kansas City Chiefs V : Baltimore Colts VI : Dallas Cowboys VII : Miami Dolphins VIII : Miami Dolphins IX : Pittsburgh Steelers X : Pittsburgh Steelers XI : Oakland Raiders XII : Dallas Cowboys XIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers XV : Oakland Raiders XVI : San Francisco 49ers XVII : Washington Redskins XVIII : Los Angeles Raiders XIX : San Francisco 49ers XX : Chicago Bears XXI : New York Giants XXII : Washington Redskins XXIII : San Francisco 49ers XXIV : San Francisco 49ers XXV : New York Giants XXVI : Washington Redskins XXVII : Dallas Cowboys XXVIII : Dallas Cowboys XXIX : San Francisco 49ers XXX : Dallas Cowboys XXXI : Green Bay Packers XXXII : Denver Broncos XXXIII : Denver Broncos XXXIV : St. Louis Rams XXXV : Baltimore Ravens XXXVI : New England Patriots XXXVII : Tampa Bay Buccaneers XXXVIII : New England Patriots XXXIX : New England Patriots XL : Pittsburgh Steelers XLI : Indianapolis Colts XLII : New York Giants XLIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XLIV : New Orleans Saints XLV : Green Bay Packers XLVI : New York Giants XLVII : Baltimore Ravens XLVIII : Seattle Seahawks XLIX : New England Patriots 50 : Denver Broncos LI : New England Patriots Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Bowl games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Super_Bowl_champions&oldid=815317682 '' Categories : Super Bowl lists Lists of sports championships Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2013 Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 03 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who's been to the most super bowls | [
"\n\nAppearances\nTeam\nWins\nLosses\nWinning\npercentage\nSeason(s)\n\n\n09G-04W !9\nNew England Patriots†\n5\n4\n.556\n1985 !1985,† 1996,† 2001,† 2003,† 2004,† 2007,† 2011,† 2014,† 2016†\n\n\n08G-06W !8\nPittsburgh Steelers†[note 5]\n6\n2\n.750\n1974 !1974,† 1975,† 1978,† 1979,† 1995,† 2005,† 2008,† 2010†\n\n\n08G-05W !8\nDallas Cowboys*\n5\n3\n.625\n1970 !1970,* 1971,* 1975,* 1977,* 1978,* 1992,* 1993,* 1995*\n\n\n08G-03W !8\nDenver Broncos†\n3\n5\n.375\n1977 !1977,† 1986,† 1987,† 1989,† 1997,† 1998,† 2013,† 2015†\n\n\n06G-05W !6\nSan Francisco 49ers*\n5\n1\n.833\n1981 !1981,* 1984,* 1988,* 1989,* 1994*, 2012*\n\n\n05G-04W !5\nGreen Bay Packers‡*\n4\n1\n.800\n1966 !1966,‡ 1967,‡ 1996,* 1997,* 2010*\n\n\n05G-04W !5\nNew York Giants*\n4\n1\n.800\n1986 !1986,* 1990,* 2000,* 2007,* 2011*\n\n\n05G-03W !5\nLos Angeles/Oakland Raiders^†\n3\n2\n.600\n1967,^ 1976,† 1980,† 1983,† 2002†\n\n\n05G-03W !5\nWashington Redskins*\n3\n2\n.600\n1972 !1972,* 1982,* 1983,* 1987,* 1991*\n\n\n05G-02W !5\nMiami Dolphins†\n2\n3\n.400\n1971 !1971,† 1972,† 1973,† 1982,† 1984†\n\n\n04G-02W !4\nBaltimore/Indianapolis Colts‡†[note 5]\n2\n2\n.500\n1968 !1968,‡ 1970,† 2006,† 2009†\n\n\n04G-00W !4\nMinnesota Vikings‡*\n0\n4\n.000\n1969 !1969,‡ 1973,* 1974,* 1976*\n\n\n04G-00W !4\nBuffalo Bills†\n0\n4\n.000\n1990 !1990,† 1991,† 1992,† 1993†\n\n\n03G-01W !3\nSt. Louis/Los Angeles Rams*\n1\n2\n.333\n1979 !1979,* 1999,* 2001*\n\n\n03G-01W !3\nSeattle Seahawks\n1\n2\n.333\n2005 !2005,* 2013,* 2014*\n\n\n02G-02W !2\nBaltimore Ravens†\n2\n0\n1.000\n2000 !2000,† 2012†\n\n\n02G-01W !2\nKansas City Chiefs^\n1\n1\n.500\n1966 !1966,^ 1969^\n\n\n02G-01W !2\nChicago Bears*\n1\n1\n.500\n1985 !1985,* 2006*\n\n\n02G-00W !2\nPhiladelphia Eagles*\n0\n2\n.000\n1980 !1980,* 2004*\n\n\n02G-00W !2\nCincinnati Bengals†\n0\n2\n.000\n1981 !1981,† 1988†\n\n\n02G-00W !2\nAtlanta Falcons*\n0\n2\n.000\n1998 !1998,* 2016*\n\n\n02G-00W !2\nCarolina Panthers*\n0\n2\n.000\n2003 !2003,* 2015*\n\n\n01G-01W !1\nNew York Jets^\n1\n0\n1.000\n1968 !1968^\n\n\n01G-01W !1\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\n1\n0\n1.000\n2002 !2002*\n\n\n01G-01W !1\nNew Orleans Saints*\n1\n0\n1.000\n2009 !2009*\n\n\n01G-00W !1\nSan Diego/Los Angeles Chargers†\n0\n1\n.000\n1994 !1994†\n\n\n01G-00W !1\nTennessee Titans†\n0\n1\n.000\n1999 !1999†\n\n\n01G-00W !1\nArizona Cardinals*\n0\n1\n.000\n2008 !2008*\n\n\n00G-00W !0\nCleveland Browns†[note 5]\n0\n0\n–\nnone\n\n\n00G-00W !0\nDetroit Lions*\n0\n0\n–\nnone\n\n\n00G-00W !0\nJacksonville Jaguars†\n0\n0\n–\nnone\n\n\n00G-00W !0\nHouston Texans†\n0\n0\n–\nnone\n\n"
] | [
"New England Patriots"
] |
2941611080095900320 | Flag of Chicago | Flag of Chicago - wikipedia Flag of Chicago Jump to : navigation , search Flag of the City of Chicago Adopted Original , 1917 ; additional stars added , 1933 and 1939 . Design Four red stars between two light blue horizontal bars on a white field Designed by Wallace Rice The flag of Chicago consists of two blue horizontal stripes or bars on a field of white , each stripe one - sixth the height of the full flag , and placed slightly less than one - sixth of the way from the top and bottom . Between the two blue stripes are four red , six - pointed stars arranged in a horizontal row . The flag , designed by Wallace Rice , was adopted in 1917 after Rice won the design competition for the flag . The three sections of the white field and the two stripes represent geographical features of the city , the stars symbolize historical events , and the points of the stars represent important virtues or concepts . The historic events represented by the stars are Fort Dearborn , the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , the World 's Columbian Exposition of 1893 , and the Century of Progress Exposition of 1933 -- 34 . In a review by the North American Vexillological Association of 150 American city flags , the Chicago city flag was ranked second best with a rating of 9.03 out of 10 , behind only the flag of Washington , D.C. Contents ( hide ) 1 Symbolism 1.1 Stripes 1.2 Stars 2 History 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Symbolism ( edit ) Stripes ( edit ) The three white background areas of the flag represent , from top to bottom , the North , West and South sides of the city . The top blue stripe represents Lake Michigan and the North Branch of the Chicago River . The bottom blue stripe represents the South Branch of the river and the `` Great Canal '' , over the Chicago Portage . The lighter blue on the flag is variously called sky blue or pale blue ; in a 1917 article of a speech by Rice , it was called `` the color of water '' . Stars ( edit ) There are four red six - pointed stars on the center white stripe . Six - pointed stars are used because five - pointed stars represent sovereign states , and because the star as designed was not found on any other known flags as of 1917 . From left to right : The first star represents Fort Dearborn . It was added to the flag in 1939 . Its six points symbolize transportation , labor , commerce , finance , populousness , and salubrity . The second star stands for the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , and is original to the 1917 design of the flag . Its six points represent the virtues of religion , education , aesthetics , justice , beneficence , and civic pride . The third star symbolizes the World 's Columbian Exposition of 1893 , and is original to the 1917 design . Its six points stand for political entities Chicago has belonged to and the flags that have flown over the area : France , 1693 ; Great Britain , 1763 ; Virginia , 1778 ; the Northwest Territory , 1789 ; Indiana Territory , 1802 ; and Illinois ( territory , 1809 , and state , since 1818 ) . The fourth star represents the Century of Progress Exposition ( 1933 -- 34 ) , and was added in 1933 . Its points refer to bragging rights : the United States ' second largest city ( became third largest in a 1990 census when passed by Los Angeles ) ; Chicago 's Latin motto , Urbs in horto ( `` City in a garden '' ) ; Chicago 's `` I Will '' motto ; the Great Central Marketplace ; Wonder City ; and Convention City . Additional stars have been proposed , with varying degrees of seriousness . A fifth star could represent Chicago 's contribution to the nuclear age , an idea first suggested in a 1940s letter published by the Chicago Tribune and later championed by Mayor Daley in the 1960s . In the 1980s , a star was proposed in honor of Harold Washington , the first African - American mayor of Chicago . The 1992 Chicago Flood was suggested as an additional natural disaster deserving of a star , in line with the existing star for the 1871 Great Chicago Fire . Another fifth star was in the works from a group of Chicago real estate professionals to represent Chicago 's entrepreneurial spirit in the early 1990s . When Chicago was bidding to host the 2016 Summer Olympics , the Bid Committee proposed that a fifth star be added to the flag in commemoration , but the bid was won instead by Rio de Janeiro . Other sports - related suggestions include recognizing the Chicago Bulls ' dominance of the NBA in the 1990s and a proposal for a fifth star if the Chicago Cubs should ever win the World Series , which did not happen between their long drought of series wins in 1908 , up to 2016 . History ( edit ) Flag of Chicago In 1915 , Mayor William Hale Thompson appointed a municipal flag commission , chaired by Alderman James A. Kearnes . Among the commission members were wealthy industrialist Charles Deering and impressionist painter Lawton S. Parker . Parker asked lecturer and poet Wallace Rice to develop the rules for an open public competition for the best flag design . Over a thousand entries were received . In the end , the commission chose the design by Wallace Rice himself . On April 4 , 1917 , the commission 's recommendation was accepted by the city council . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2004 American City Flags Survey '' , North American Vexillological Association press release , 2 October 2004 ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago Facts : Municipal Flag '' . Chicago Public Library . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago '' . Chicago magazine . Jump up ^ `` Flying Colors : The Best and Worst of Flag Design '' . Print Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Association Sounds Chicago 's Call ... '' Chicago Commerce . Chicago Association of Commerce and Industry . December 6 , 1917 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Chicago 's flag : The history of every star and every stripe , Chicago Tribune , 13 June , 2016 Jump up ^ Rice , Wallace ; T.E. Whalen ( 22 July 2005 ) . `` Wallace Rice on Chicago Stars '' . introvert.net . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Fine Line Flag `` Why is the Chicago Flag So Popular ? And What Does it Mean ? '' https://www.finelineflag.com/blogs/news/why-is-the-chicago-flag-so-popular-and-what-does-it-mean Jump up ^ Heise , Kenan ( August 15 , 1976 ) . `` It 's a grand old flag . But it could be grander '' . Chicago Tribune Magazine . p. 34 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whalen , T.E. ( January 3 , 2006 ) , The Municipal Flag of Chicago : References ( PDF ) , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Konkol , Mark ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` The Story of the Rare 5 - Star Chicago Flag That Was n't Supposed To Exist '' . My Chicago . DNAinfo . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Please , A Moratorium On Memorials '' . Chicago Tribune . 23 December 1987 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Ald . Raymond Figueroa and others want a fifth star added to the city 's flag in memory of Mr. Washington . Jump up ^ Chicago 2016 Newswire ( December 14 , 2006 ) , Chicago Students Creatively Try to Bring Home the Bid , Chicago 2016 Committee , archived from the original on February 10 , 2007 , retrieved April 14 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Rumore , Kori ; Marx , Ryan ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Chicago 's flag : The history of every star and every stripe '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Art and Architecture : How the Chicago Municipal Flag Came to be Chosen '' , Chicago Daily Tribune , July 17 , 1921 , p. 21 . `` City Gets New Flag Today with Third Star for 1933 Fair '' , Chicago Daily Tribune , October 9 , 1933 , p. 7 . `` Fort Dearborn Gets a Star on Chicago 's Flag '' , Chicago Daily Tribune , December 22 , 1939 . p. 18 . External links ( edit ) NAVA city flag survey ( hide ) City of Chicago Architecture Beaches Climate Colleges and universities Community areas Crime Culture Demographics Economy companies Expressways Flag Geography Government Harbor History Politics Timeline Landmarks Literature Media Museums Neighborhoods Parks People Performing arts music theater Public schools list Skyscrapers Sports Tourism Transportation Visual arts Portal Cook County Metropolitan area Illinois United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Chicago&oldid=836587859 '' Categories : Chicago Flags of cities in the United States Flags of Illinois Government of Chicago Flags introduced in 1917 1917 establishments in Illinois Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français עברית Occitan Português Русский Simple English Ślůnski Svenska தமிழ் 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 18 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many stars are on the chicago flag | [
"The flag of Chicago consists of two blue horizontal stripes or bars on a field of white, each stripe one-sixth the height of the full flag, and placed slightly less than one-sixth of the way from the top and bottom. Between the two blue stripes are four red, six-pointed stars arranged in a horizontal row."
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"four"
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-6143395523186769427 | History of Texas (1845–1860) | History of Texas ( 1845 -- 1860 ) - wikipedia History of Texas ( 1845 -- 1860 ) Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the History of Texas Timeline Pre-Columbian Texas Early Spanish explorations 1520 -- French Texas 1684 -- 1689 Spanish Texas 1690 -- 1821 Mexican Texas 1821 -- 1836 Republic of Texas 1836 -- 1845 Statehood 1845 -- 1860 Civil War Era 1861 -- 1865 Reconstruction 1865 -- 1899 State of Texas Texas portal In 1845 , the Republic of Texas was annexed to the United States of America , becoming the 28th U.S. state . Border disputes between the new state and Mexico , which had never recognized Texas independence and still considered the area a renegade Mexican state , led to the Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 1848 ) . When the war concluded , Mexico relinquished its claim on Texas , as well as other regions in what is now the southwestern United States . Texas ' annexation as a state that tolerated slavery had caused tension in the United States among slave states and those that did not allow slavery . The tension was partially defused with the Compromise of 1850 , in which Texas ceded some of its territory to the federal government to become non-slave - owning areas but gained El Paso Contents ( hide ) 1 Annexation 2 Mexican -- American War 3 Compromise of 1850 4 Settlement 5 Indian wars 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Annexation ( edit ) Main article : Texas Annexation The Republic of Texas had formed in 1836 , after breaking away from Mexico in the Texas Revolution . The following year , an ambassador from Texas approached the United States about the possibility of becoming an American state . Fearing a war with Mexico , which did not recognize Texas independence , the United States declined the offer . In 1844 , James K. Polk was elected the United States president after promising to annex Texas . Before he assumed office , the outgoing president , John Tyler , entered negotiations with Texas . On February 26 , 1845 , six days before Polk took office , the U.S. Congress approved the annexation . The Texas legislature approved annexation in July 1845 and constructed a state constitution . In October , Texas residents approved the annexation and the new constitution , and Texas was officially inducted into the United States on December 29 , 1845 . Mexican -- American war ( edit ) Main article : Mexican -- American War When Texas was annexed , Mexico broke diplomatic relations with the United States . The annexation bill did not specifically define the boundaries of Texas . The former republic claimed the Rio Grande as its southern border , while Mexican authorities had always considered the Nueces River , situated further north , to be the boundary of Mexican Texas . The United States sent John Slidell to negotiate with the Mexican government , offering $25 million ( $707,115,385 today ) to set the Texas border at the Rio Grande and to purchase Mexico 's provinces of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México . Popular sentiment in Mexico was against any sale , and the army deposed President José Joaquín de Herrera when he appeared inclined to negotiate with Slidell . The United States positioned troops along the Rio Grande . On April 25 , 1846 , in an event known as the Thornton Affair , a large contingent of Mexican cavalry attacked an American patrol in the area between the Rio Grande and the Nueces , killing 16 Americans . On May 3 , Mexican troops initiated the siege of Fort Texas , bombarding a makeshift American fort along the Rio Grande . On May 8 , Zachary Taylor led 2,500 U.S. troops to relieve the fort . He was intercepted by Mexican troops , leading to the Battle of Palo Alto . Mexican troops retreated a short distance to regroup , and the following day the two sides fought fiercely in the Battle of Resaca de la Palma . The U.S. cavalry captured the Mexican artillery , and the Mexican soldiers retreated . The United States officially declared war against Mexico on May 13 . Mexico declared war against the U.S. on July 7 . Throughout the official hostilities , the United States maintained two fronts -- one in the Mexican interior south of the Rio Grande , and one in California . There was no further fighting in Texas . The war ended on February 2 , 1848 , with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . Mexico ceded claims to Texas , and the border was set at the Rio Grande . Compromise of 1850 ( edit ) The expansion of the United States after the Mexican -- American War led to tensions between the slave and free states as to how to maintain the balance between the opposing viewpoints . Texas had been admitted to the United States as a slave state , yet Texas claimed territory north of the 36 ° 30 ' demarcation line for slavery set by the 1820 Missouri Compromise . According to the annexation agreement , if Texas were to be subdivided into multiple states , those north of the compromise line would become free states . Following the conclusion of the Mexican -- American War , Texas also tried to exert control over much of New Mexico . In an effort to avoid some states seceding from the United States , Congress passed the Compromise of 1850 . Texas gave up much of the western territories it had claimed in exchange for $10 million to pay off previous debts . Settlement ( edit ) Post-war Texas grew rapidly as migrants poured into the cotton lands of the state . German immigrants started to arrive in the early 1840s because of economic , social and political conditions in their states . In 1842 , German nobles organized the Adelsverein , banding together to buy land in central Texas to enable German settlement . The Revolutions of 1848 acted as another catalyst for so many immigrants that they became known as the `` Forty - Eighters . '' Many were educated artisans and businessmen . Germans continued to arrive in considerable numbers until 1890 . The first Czech immigrants started their journey to Texas on August 19 , 1851 headed by Jozef Šilar . The rich farmland of Central Texas attracted the Czech immigrants . The counties of Austin , Fayette , Lavaca , and Washington had early Czech settlements . The Czech - American communities are characterized by a strong sense of community and social clubs were a dominant theme of Czech - American life in Texas . By 1865 , the Czech population numbered 700 and climbed to over 60,000 Czech - Americans by 1940 . With their investments in cotton cultivation , Texas planters imported enslaved blacks from the earliest years of settlement . They established cotton plantations mostly in the eastern part of the state , where labor was done by enslaved African Americans . The central area of the state had more subsistence farmers . Indian wars ( edit ) Further information : Texas -- Indian Wars In the late 1850s , settlers continued to push west and north , and by 1856 had begun settling , parts of the Comancheria in large numbers . Angry at the loss of their traditional hunting grounds , several bands of Comanche conducted raids on Texas settlers . In an effort to stop the violence and subdue the Comanche , in 1858 the Texas Rangers paired with members of the Tonkawa tribe -- traditionally , enemies of the Comanche -- for the Antelope Hills Expedition . Federal law promised Indian tribes safety in Indian Territory , located just north of Texas . Nevertheless , the Rangers crossed into Indian Territory and attacked a Comanche village at the Battle of Little Robe Creek . This was the first time any American forces had penetrated to the heart of the Comancheria , attacked Comanche villages with impunity , and successfully made it home . The expedition exhausted the annual Texas defense budget , and the governor disbanded the Rangers . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richard Bruce Winders , Crisis in the Southwest : The United States , Mexico , and the Struggle over Texas ( Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield , 2002 ) , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Fehrenbach , Lone Star , pp. 264 -- 267 Jump up ^ Cotton Culture from the Handbook of Texas Online Jump up ^ `` German Immigration in Texas '' Archived 2010 - 04 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed April 27 , 2008 Jump up ^ Handbook of Texas Online Czechs accessed July 28 , 2008 Sources ( edit ) T.R. Fehrenbach , Lone Star : A History of Texas and Texans ( Cambridge : Da Capo Press , 2000 ) External links ( edit ) A Continent Divided : The U.S. - Mexico War , Center for Greater Southwestern Studies , the University of Texas at Arlington Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Texas_(1845 -- 1860 ) &oldid = 841743439 '' Categories : History of Texas by period Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 19 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did the united states acquire texas from | [
"In 1845, the Republic of Texas was annexed to the United States of America, becoming the 28th U.S. state. Border disputes between the new state and Mexico, which had never recognized Texas independence and still considered the area a renegade Mexican state, led to the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). When the war concluded, Mexico relinquished its claim on Texas, as well as other regions in what is now the southwestern United States. Texas' annexation as a state that tolerated slavery had caused tension in the United States among slave states and those that did not allow slavery. The tension was partially defused with the Compromise of 1850, in which Texas ceded some of its territory to the federal government to become non-slave-owning areas but gained El Paso"
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-442523483078469941 | Saturn Vue | Saturn VUE - wikipedia Saturn VUE Saturn VUE Overview Manufacturer Saturn Corporation ( 2002 - 2007 ) Opel ( General Motors ) ( 2008 - 2010 ) Production 2001 -- 2009 Model years 2002 -- 2010 Body and chassis Class Compact SUV Body style 4 - door SUV Layout Transverse front - engine , front - wheel drive / all - wheel drive Related Pontiac Torrent Chevrolet Equinox Chronology Predecessor Isuzu Rodeo ( Canada ) Geo / Chevrolet Tracker Successor Chevrolet Captiva Sport GMC Terrain The Saturn VUE is a compact SUV that was sold and built by Saturn , and it was Saturn 's best - selling model . It was the first vehicle to use the GM Theta platform when it was introduced in 2001 for the 2002 model year . The VUE was later facelifted for the 2006 model year . A second generation model was launched in 2007 for the 2008 model year as a rebadged Opel Antara . The VUE production in North America ended as GM wound down the Saturn brand during its 2009 reorganization . Contents 1 First generation ( 2002 -- 2007 ) 1.1 Model year changes 1.2 Red Line 1.3 Green Line 1.4 Engines 1.5 Safety 2 Second generation ( 2008 -- 2010 ) 3 Sales 4 References 5 External links First generation ( 2002 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) First generation Overview Production 2001 -- 2007 Model years 2002 -- 2007 Assembly Spring Hill , Tennessee , United States ( Spring Hill Manufacturing ) Body and chassis Class Compact SUV Body style 5 - door SUV Platform GM Theta platform Powertrain Engine 2.2 L L61 I4 ( gasoline ) 2.4 L LAT ( hybrid gasoline / electric ) 3.0 L L81 V6 ( gasoline ) 3.5 L L66 V6 ( gasoline ) Transmission 4 - speed GM 4T45 - E automatic 5 - speed Aisin AF33 automatic 5 - speed Honda H5 automatic 5 - speed Getrag F23 manual CVT VTi automatic Wheelbase 106.6 in ( 2,710 mm ) Length 181.3 in ( 4,610 mm ) Width 71.5 in ( 1,820 mm ) Hybrid : 71.6 in ( 1,820 mm ) Height 66.5 in ( 1,690 mm ) Hybrid : 66.3 in ( 1,680 mm ) The Vue was introduced for the 2002 model year and was designed by Saturn . It was manufactured at the Spring Hill GM plant . Its unibody platform is shared with the Chevrolet Equinox , Pontiac Torrent and the European Opel Antara . The first generation ran from model year 2002 - 2007 . Four - cylinder VUE 's use the Ecotec I4 . The L81 V6 from the L - Series and five - speed Aisin AF33 automatic transmission were initially offered , but starting in 2004 , all six - cylinder Vues were equipped with Honda 's 250 - horsepower ( 190 kW ) J35A3 engine and a Honda transmission . The four - cylinder Vue was available with the VTi continuously variable transmission ( CVT ) until GM canceled it for 2005 due to dependability issues . The VUE received a facelift for the 2006 model year . Upgrades included a redesigned interior with higher - quality materials , a new bumper and grille , and some minor cosmetic pieces to the exterior . OnStar is now standard as well as cruise control and automatic headlights . However , GM badges were not added to the side of the vehicle until GM took over production from Saturn for the second generation VUE . Model year changes ( edit ) In 2004 : The VUE Red Line was released V6 models received Honda 's J35A3 engine and Honda transmission . This 3.5 liter engine and 5 speed transmission boosted performance over the prior V - 6 . It was an important selling point at the time . This V - 6 engine was used in the Saturn VUE 's 2004 to 2007 model years . In 2005 : 5 - and 4 - speed automatic transmissions return for 2005 , and the CVT is dropped . All VUE 's get a redesigned interior critique with new air vents , new steering wheel , and a new radio faceplate which contributes noise , vibration , and harshness . In 2006 : Facelift with new interior , cosmetic changes to the exterior . Red Line ( edit ) 2004 -- 2005 Saturn Vue Red Line Saturn introduced a special high - performance line of vehicles in 2004 under the name , `` Red Line '' . The VUE Red Line includes the same 250 hp ( 186 kW ) Honda J35A3 V6 as the regular model , but with sportier suspension tuning , lowered 1 inch , and unique power steering calibration for performance , 18 in alloy wheels , ground - effect front and rear bumpers , unique rocker panel trim , chrome exhaust tip , special black leather and suede seats ( optional for 2005 , standard for 2006 and 2007 ) , footwell lighting ( included with leather and suede seats package , not available with optional full - leather ( heated front ) seats ) , and a special gauge cluster complete the visual updates . It also includes some special interior features as well , such as a higher quality audio system . Green Line ( edit ) The high - performance VUE Red Line was joined for 2007 by an environmentally oriented Green Line model . The Vue is a mild hybrid , or `` assist hybrid '' , using what GM calls a `` belt alternator starter '' BAS Hybrid system . A large electric motor is connected to the crankshaft via a special accessory drive belt , with a modified automatic transmission fitted . It automatically stops the engine when the vehicle comes to a halt and instantly restarts it when the vehicle must move again . Not to be confused as just a `` start - stop '' system , the electric motor also assists somewhat during initial launch , during torque smoothing and when under heavy acceleration . A 36 - volt nickel metal hydride ( NiMH ) battery pack , located under the load floor , powers the motor / generator unit and also stores regenerative braking energy . The regenerative charging and electric motor assist functions are shown to the driver via an analog gauge on the dash board , and real - time fuel - economy feedback is accomplished via an `` eco '' light that glows when the instantaneous fuel economy is beating the window sticker fuel economy values . The fuel savings are 20 percent up from the base vehicle 's 22 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ) / 27 mpg ( 8.7 L / 100 km ) city / highway EPA sticker to 27 mpg ( 8.7 L / 100 km ) / 32 mpg ( 7.4 L / 100 km ) , the highest highway fuel economy of any 2007 model SUV sold in the US market . In Canada , according to Saturn , the Vue gets an estimated 8.8 L / 100 km ( 32 mpg ; 27 mpg ) city and 6.7 L / 100 km ( 42 mpg ; 35 mpg ) highway . The Green Line has a 170 hp ( 127 kW ) 2.4 - liter Ecotec DOHC - phaser engine which replaces the standard 144 - horsepower ( 107 kW ) 2.2 - liter inline - four engine , resulting in the improvement of 0 -- 60 mph ( 0 -- 97 km / h ) acceleration time by 1.0 second . Pricing for the hybrid is about US $2,000 more than a similarly equipped Vue , and debuted in production form on January 8 , 2006 at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit . The Green Line went on sale in the third quarter of 2006 . Engines ( edit ) Years Engine Power Torque 2002 -- 2007 2.2 L Ecotec L61 I4 143 hp ( 107 kW ) 152 lb ft ( 206 N m ) 2002 -- 2003 3.0 L 54 - Degree V6 181 hp ( 135 kW ) 195 lb ft ( 264 N m ) 2004 -- 2007 3.5 L GM L66 ( J35A3 ) V6 250 hp ( 186 kW ) 242 lb ft ( 328 N m ) 2007 - 2010 2.4 L Ecotec LE5 I4 170 hp ( 127 kW ) 163 lb ft ( 220 N m ) 2008 - 2010 3.6 L LY7 V6 257 hp ( 192 kW ) 248 lb ft ( 336 N m ) Safety ( edit ) In Insurance Institute for Highway Safety ( IIHS ) crash tests the Vue receives a Good overall rating in the frontal offset crash test . In 2008 models came equipped with standard front and rear head side curtain airbags and front seat - mounted torso airbags . These models were given an acceptable overall rating in side impacts . Models without side airbags were given an overall poor rating . Second generation ( 2008 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) Second generation Overview Manufacturer Opel ( General Motors ) Also called Opel Antara Vauxhall Antara Holden Captiva 5 GMC Terrain ( Middle East ) Daewoo Winstorm MaXX Chevrolet Captiva Sport Production 2007 -- 2009 Model years 2008 -- 2010 Assembly Ramos Arizpe , Mexico Body and chassis Class Compact SUV Body style 5 - door SUV Platform GM Theta platform Related Chevrolet Captiva Sport Main article : Opel Antara Saturn introduced the second generation VUE in 2007 for the 2008 model year , manufactured in Mexico as a rebranded version of the German - designed Opel Antara . Saturn offered four trim levels : base `` XE '' , classier , up - level `` XR '' , top of the line sporty `` Red Line '' and a `` Green Line '' hybrid trim . Available engines include a 2.4 L inline 4 cylinder , as well as 3.5 L and a 3.6 L V6 options . A hybrid powertrain version of the 2.4 - liter model was also available . GM badges were now added to the front doors . The Mexican - manufactured VUE was also retailed in Mexico and South America as the Chevrolet Captiva Sport , with only badges changed and a new grille insert fitted . Following the demise of the Saturn brand in 2009 for the 2010 model year , the VUE was discontinued . However , GM continued to produce the Chevrolet Captiva Sport , for the Mexican and South American markets . The Chevrolet Captiva Sport was introduced for the US commercial and fleet markets in late 2011 for the 2012 model year . Sales ( edit ) Calendar Year United States 393 2002 75,478 2003 81,924 86,957 2005 91,972 2006 88,581 2007 81,676 2008 84,767 2009 28,429 References ( edit ) `` Saturn Vue Green Line Hybrid Delivers Great Fuel Economy Through New , Lower - Cost Hybrid System '' . General Motors press release . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2006 . Retrieved January 9 , 2006 . `` 2007 Saturn Vue Roadtest '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Vue '' . Advertisement brochure . Canada : General Motors Corporation and General Motors of Canada Limited , 2006 , p. 21 of 32 . Jump up ^ `` GM - GMability Advanced Technology : GM 's Belt Alternator Starter ... - www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/300_hybrids '' . 2003 - 11 - 11 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ 2007 model EPA Highway rating of 32 mpg . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Vue '' . Advertisement brochure . Canada : General Motors Corporation and General Motors of Canada Limited , 2006 , p. 8 of 32 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Vue '' . Iihs.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kimberly ; Krisher , Tom ( 1 October 2009 ) . `` GM to phase out Saturn division '' . The Boston Globe . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Lassa , Todd ( 11 March 2011 ) . `` Chevy 's Vue - Like Captiva Sport is for Fleets Only '' . Motor Trend . Source Interlink Media . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` mediaOnline '' . Media.gm.com. 2003 - 01 - 03 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` GM Media Online '' . Media.gm.com. 2006 - 01 - 04 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` GM Media Online '' . Media.gm.com. 2007 - 01 - 03 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` GM Media Online '' . Media.gm.com. 2009 - 01 - 05 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/content/Pages/news/us/en/2010/Jan/0105_Dec_Sales/_jcr_content/iconrow/textfile/file.res/Deliveries%20December%2009.xls External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saturn VUE . Saturn automobile timeline , 1991 -- 2010 Type 1990s 2000s 2010s 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 Sports car Sky Compact car S series S series S series Ion Astra Mid-size car L series Aura Compact crossover utility vehicle Vue Vue Full - size crossover utility vehicle Outlook Minivan Relay Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saturn_Vue&oldid=862192111 '' Categories : Saturn vehicles Crossover sport utility vehicles Compact sport utility vehicles Hybrid sport utility vehicles Front - wheel - drive vehicles Vehicles with CVT transmission All - wheel - drive vehicles Cars introduced in 2002 Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States Plug - in hybrid vehicles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Polski Português Simple English Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2018 , at 19 : 12 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what year did they stop making the saturn vue | [
"Saturn VUE\nOverviewManufacturer\nSaturn Corporation (2002-2007)Opel (General Motors) (2008-2010)Production\n2001–2009Model years\n2002–2010Body and chassisClass\nCompact SUVBody style\n4-door SUVLayout\nTransverse front-engine, front-wheel drive / all-wheel driveRelated\nPontiac Torrent\n\nChevrolet EquinoxChronologyPredecessor\nIsuzu Rodeo (Canada)Geo/Chevrolet TrackerSuccessor\nChevrolet Captiva SportGMC Terrain"
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6350172326487635064 | Michelle Rodriguez | Michelle Rodriguez - wikipedia Michelle Rodriguez This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 13 December 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Michelle Rodriguez Rodriguez at the 2013 San Diego Comic Con Mayte Michelle Rodriguez ( 1978 - 07 - 12 ) July 12 , 1978 ( age 39 ) San Antonio , Texas , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 2000 -- present Website Official website Mayte Michelle Rodriguez ( born July 12 , 1978 ) is an American actress . Her breakout role was as a troubled boxer in the independent film Girlfight ( 2000 ) , which was met with critical acclaim and earned her several awards , including the Independent Spirit Award and Gotham Award for Best Debut Performance . The following year , she starred as Letty in the blockbuster film The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) , a role she has reprised in four additional films in the Fast and Furious franchise to date . During her career , Rodriguez has played in a number of successful action films , including Resident Evil , S.W.A.T. , and Avatar . Rodriguez also branched into television , playing Ana Lucia Cortez in the second season of the television series Lost . She has also had numerous voice work appearances in video games such as Call of Duty and Halo , and lent her voice for the 3D animated film Turbo and the television series IGPX . With her films grossing over $5 billion ( U.S. ) collectively , a 2013 Entertainment Weekly article described Rodriguez as `` arguably the most iconic actress in the action genre , as well as one of the most visible Latinas in Hollywood '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Film and television 2.2 Screenwriting 3 Personal life 3.1 Relationships 3.2 Legal issues 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Music videos 4.4 Video games 4.5 Theme park ride 5 Awards and nominations 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Rodriguez was born in San Antonio , Texas . Her mother , Carmen Milady Rodriguez ( née Pared Espinal ) , is Dominican , and her father , Rafael Rodriguez , was a Puerto Rican who served in the U.S. Army . Rodriguez moved to the Dominican Republic with her mother when she was eight years old and lived there until age 11 . Later , she moved to Puerto Rico until the age of 17 , and finally settled in Jersey City , New Jersey . She dropped out of high school , but later earned her GED . In total , she was expelled from five schools . She briefly attended business school before quitting to pursue a career in acting , with the ultimate goal of becoming a screenwriter and director . Rodriguez has 10 siblings and half - siblings . She was partly raised by her devoutly religious maternal grandmother , and was brought up as a Jehovah 's Witness ( her mother 's religion ) , although she has since abandoned the faith . A DNA test of Rodriguez , performed by the television program Finding Your Roots , found that her ancestry is 72.4 % European , 21.3 % African , and 6.3 % Native American . She also stated on the show that there was some racial conflict between her families , since her Puerto Rican father had a light complexion and her Dominican mother had a dark complexion . Career ( edit ) Film and television ( edit ) Rodriguez at the New York Fashion Week , in 2006 Having run across an ad for an open casting call and attending her first audition , Rodriguez beat 350 other applicants to win her first role in the low - budget 2000 independent film Girlfight . With her performance as Diana Guzman , a troubled teen who decides to channel her aggression by training to become a boxer , Rodriguez accumulated several awards and nominations for the role in independent circles , including major acting accolades from the National Board of Review , Deauville Film Festival , Independent Spirit Awards , Gotham Awards , Las Vegas Film Critics Sierra Awards , and many others . The film itself took home a top prize at the Sundance and won Award of the Youth at the Cannes Film Festival . Rodriguez has had notable roles in other successful movies , including Letty in The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) and Rain Ocampo in Resident Evil ( 2002 ) . She also appeared in Blue Crush and S.W.A.T. . In 2004 , Rodriguez lent her voice to the video game Halo 2 , playing a Marine . She also provided the voice of Liz Ricarro in the Cartoon Network series IGPX . From 2005 to 2006 , she played tough cop Ana Lucia Cortez on the television series Lost during the show 's second season ( the character 's first appearance was a flashback during the first season 's finale , `` Exodus : Part 1 '' ) , and returned for a cameo in the second episode of the show 's fifth season , `` The Lie '' , in 2009 . She returned again in the penultimate episode of the series , `` What They Died For '' , in 2010 . In 2006 , Rodriguez was featured in her own episode of G4 's show Icons . In 2008 , Rodriguez appeared in the political drama Battle in Seattle opposite Charlize Theron and Woody Harrelson . In 2009 , she appeared in Fast & Furious , the fourth installment of The Fast and the Furious film series . Later that year , Rodriguez starred in James Cameron 's high - budget sci - fi adventure epic Avatar , which became the highest - grossing film in history and Rodriguez 's most successful film to date . In 2009 , Rodriguez also starred in Trópico de Sangre , an independent film based on the Dominican Republic 's historic Mirabal sisters . From left to right , Rodriguez , Jonathan Liebesman and Aaron Eckhart at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International In 2010 , Rodriguez appeared in Robert Rodriguez 's Machete . In 2011 , she appeared with Aaron Eckhart in the science fiction film Battle : Los Angeles which grossed over US $200 million in the worldwide box office . In 2012 , she returned to play the good clone and bad clone of Rain Ocampo in Resident Evil : Retribution . In 2013 , she reprised her roles as Letty in Fast & Furious 6 and Luz / Shé in the Robert Rodriguez sequel Machete Kills . She also voiced a character in DreamWorks Animation 's Turbo . In 2015 , she appeared in Furious 7 which grossed over $1.5 billion worldwide . In 2017 , she lent her voice to Smurfs : The Lost Village . She also starred in The Fate of the Furious , which broke records for the largest global box office opening of all - time . She 'll next be reunited with director James Cameron for Alita : Battle Angel and star opposite Viola Davis in Widows from award - winning director Steve McQueen . Screenwriting ( edit ) As of 2013 , Rodriguez stated she was working on several projects including a family adventure film , a drug drama , and a female - oriented period piece . Personal life ( edit ) Rodriguez 's hobbies include tactical gun training , skydiving , and DJing . Relationships ( edit ) Rodriguez in 2009 In early 2000 , Rodriguez broke off an engagement to a Muslim boyfriend , citing opposition to religious requests he made of her . She has since reportedly dated actors Vin Diesel , Olivier Martinez and Zac Efron , and model Cara Delevingne . In 2013 , Entertainment Weekly quoted her saying : `` I 've gone both ways . I do as I please . I am too curious to sit here and not try when I can . Men are intriguing . So are chicks . '' As she explained to Latina magazine : `` I 'm getting older . Eventually it 's going to wrinkle up and I 'm not going to be able to use it . I wanted to be honest about who I am and see what happens . '' The following year , she said in an interview that she hoped her actions would help others in a similar situation : `` Maybe by me opening my big fat mouth like I usually do and stepping up and owning who I am , maybe it might inspire somebody else to do the same . '' She described herself as bisexual in another interview later that month : `` Bi , yeah , I fall under the B category of LGBT '' . Regarding the lack of unconventional female roles available in films , she said : `` What 's wrong with being bi ? I mean , we 're getting flak everywhere we go . '' Legal issues ( edit ) In March 2002 , Rodriguez was arrested for assault after getting into a fight with her roommate , but charges were later dropped after the roommate declined to press the allegations in court . In November 2003 , Rodriguez went to court to face eight misdemeanor charges based on two driving incidents including a hit and run and driving under the influence ( DUI ) . In June 2004 , Rodriguez pleaded no contest in Los Angeles to three of the charges : hit and run , drunken driving , and driving with a suspended license . She went to jail for 48 hours , performed community service at the morgues of two New York hospitals , completed a three - month alcohol program , and was placed on probation for three years . In 2005 , while filming Lost in Hawaii , Rodriguez was pulled over by Honolulu police multiple times for speeding violations and on December 1 she was arrested for DUI . In April 2006 , she pleaded guilty to one charge of driving under the influence and chose to pay a US $500 fine and spend five days in jail . She cited her high doses of allergy - relieving steroids as part of the reason for her erratic behavior . Because the incident was a violation of her Los Angeles probation , she was sentenced to 60 days in jail , a 30 - day alcohol rehabilitation program and another 30 days of community service , including work for Mothers Against Drunk Driving . Because of overcrowding , she was released from jail on the same day she entered . In September 2007 , Rodriguez allegedly violated her probation by not completing her community service and not following an alcohol education program . Her lawyer claimed it was a clerical error . On October 10 , 2007 , following a hearing , she was sentenced to 180 days jail time after agreeing to admit to violating her probation . She was expected to spend the full 180 - day term in jail , but she was released eighteen days later due to overcrowding . In January 2009 , Rodriguez completed her community service . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 Girlfight Diana Guzman 2001 Fast and the Furious , The The Fast and the Furious Letty Ortiz 2001 3 A.M. Salgado 2002 Resident Evil Rain Ocampo 2002 Blue Crush Eden 2003 S.W.A.T. Officer Chris Sanchez Control Teresa 2005 BloodRayne Katarin 2006 Breed , The The Breed Nicki 2007 Battle in Seattle Lou 2008 Gardens of the Night Lucy 2009 Fast & Furious Letty 2009 Los Bandoleros Short film 2009 Avatar Captain Trudy Chacon Machete Luz / Shé Trópico de Sangre Minerva Mirabal 2011 Battle : Los Angeles Technical Sergeant Elana Santos 2012 Resident Evil : Retribution Rain Ocampo 2013 InAPPropriate Comedy Harriet 2013 Fast & Furious 6 Letty 2013 Turbo Paz Voice 2013 Machete Kills Luz / Shé 2015 Furious 7 Letty 2016 The Assignment Frank Kitchen / Tomboy 2016 Milton 's Secret Ms. Ferguson 2017 Smurfs : The Lost Village Smurf Storm Voice 2017 The Fate of the Furious Letty 2018 Alita : Battle Angel Gelda Post-production 2018 Widows Linda Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2003 Slavi 's Show Herself TV show ( 1 episode ) 2005 Punk 'd Herself 1 episode 2005 -- 06 Immortal Grand Prix Liz Ricarro 26 episodes Voice : English version 2005 -- 06 , 2009 -- 10 Lost Ana Lucia Cortez Guest ( season 1 ) Main cast ( season 2 ) Special guest star ( season 5 & 6 ) : 22 episodes 2011 CollegeHumor Original Jessica Episode : `` Sorority Pillow Fight '' 2012 Germany 's Next Top Model Herself Episode : `` A Dream Comes True : Hollywood is Waiting '' 2015 Running Wild with Bear Grylls Herself Episode : `` Michelle Rodriguez '' 2015 Super Into Herself Episode : `` Michelle Rodriguez is Super Into Superbikes '' Music videos ( edit ) Year Title Artist 2000 `` I Can Do Too '' Cole featuring Queen Latifah 2001 `` Always on Time '' Ja Rule and Ashanti 2002 `` If I Could Fall in Love '' Lenny Kravitz 2015 `` Confident '' Demi Lovato Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice role 2003 True Crime : Streets of LA Rosie Velasco Driv3r Calita Halo 2 Marine 2009 James Cameron 's Avatar : The Game Captain Trudy Chacon 2012 Call of Duty : Black Ops II Strike Force Soldier Theme park ride ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2015 Fast & Furious : Supercharged Letty Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominated work Result 2001 Chicago Film Critics Association Award Most Promising Newcomer Girlfight Nominated Deauville Film Festival Best Female Performance Won ALMA Award Outstanding Latino Cast in a Feature Film Nominated Black Reel Award Best Actress Nominated Independent Spirit Award Best Debut Performance Won National Board of Review Award Best Breakthrough Performance by an Actress Won Gotham Award Breakthrough Performance Won Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award Best Actress Nominated Best Female Newcomer Won Online Film Critics Society Award Best Breakthrough Performance Nominated 2002 ALMA Award Best Actress in Film The Fast and the Furious Nominated Outstanding Actor / Actress in a Made for Television Movie or Miniseries 3 A.M. Nominated 2002 MTV Movie Award Best On - Screen Team ( with Kate Bosworth and Sanoe Lake ) Blue Crush Nominated Imagen Foundation Award Best Supporting Actress in a Film S.W.A.T. Won 2005 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Lost Won Saturn Award Best Supporting Actress on Television Nominated 2006 Golden Raspberry Award Worst Supporting Actress BloodRayne Nominated 2009 ALMA Award Actress in a Film Fast & Furious Nominated 2011 ALMA Award Favorite Movie Actress - Drama / Adventure Battle : Los Angeles Nominated 2013 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer Movie Star : Female Fast & Furious 6 Nominated 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actress : Action Furious 7 Nominated People 's Choice Award Favorite Action Movie Actress Nominated 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actress : Action The Fate of the Furious Nominated Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This name uses Spanish naming customs : the first or paternal family name is `` Pared '' and the second or maternal family name is `` Espinal '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Woman '' . Michelle-Rodriguez.com ( official site ) . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2012 . Retrieved February 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Marx , Rebecca Flint ( 2008 ) . `` Michelle Rodriguez : Biography '' . Rovi via MSN . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michelle Rodriguez Biography ( 1978 -- ) '' . Film Reference . Retrieved December 25 , 2007 . Gives birthplace as Bexar County , Texas , in which San Antonio partially is located . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Girlfight '' a Winner `` . FilmFestivals.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : IFP Gotham Independent Film Awards . `` Gothan Awards Recipients '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Ghost Cast & Crew List '' . The Big Cartoon Database . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Vilkomerson , Sara ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Michelle Rodriguez talks movies , female empowerment , and sex : ' I do n't talk about what I do with my vagina ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Race Matters : Michelle Rodriguez Recently Discovered Her Father 's Ancestors Practiced Inbreeding To Keep The Fam ' Light And Bright ' '' . Bossip.com . June 2 , 2012 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . citing Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates , Jr. , May 20 , 2012 , PBS . Jump up ^ Romero , Angie ( April 15 , 2009 ) . `` Michelle Rodriguez : `` I Feel Like I 'm Being Born Again '' `` . Latina . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stated on Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates , Jr. , May 20 , 2012 , PBS Jump up ^ `` Michelle Rodriguez - Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Raphael , Amy ( April 11 , 2009 ) . `` Amy Raphael interviews Michelle Rodriguez '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Rodriguez Official Biography '' . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Rodriguez : in role after role , she has kicked the stereotype of the token female in the teeth , leaving an imprint all her own '' . September 2003 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2008 . Retrieved December 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Religious Affiliation of Actress Michelle Rodriguez '' . World Religions . August 11 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2012 . Retrieved December 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Adrian Grenier , Michelle Rodriguez , and Linda Chavez ( @ the 47 : 30 mark ) '' . PBS . March 22 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` A Conversation About `` Girlfight '' ; October 27 , 2000 `` . Charlierose.com . October 27 , 2000 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved March 8 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` '' Girlfight '' a Winner `` . FilmFestivals.com . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' Girlfight , ' ' Count on Me ' Tie at Sundance '' . Los Angeles Times . January 30 , 2000 . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` S.W.A.T '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Michelle Rodriguez in Halo 2 '' . Gamestar . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( November 15 , 2005 ) . `` She loves acting tough on ' Lost ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ICONS : Michelle Rodriguez Episode # 6004 '' . G4 Media . June 24 , 2006 . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Battle in Seattle '' . The Miami Herald . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( March 26 , 2009 ) . `` What a Stunt ! Can They Do It Again ? '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Universal Shuffles 2009 Schedule `` ; December 10 , 2008 '' . Sfluxe.com . December 10 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Tropico de Sangre '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` La historia de las hermanas Mirabal '' . El Tiempo ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Get Your Grindhouse Fix With a New Poster from Robert Rodriguez 's Machete '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Rodriguez Voices ' Turbo ' Character For First Animation Gig '' . HuffingtonPost.com . July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Furious 7 ' Crosses $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety.com. April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fate of the Furious ' races to biggest global box office opening ever '' . CNN.com. April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Rodriguez Joins Robert Rodriguez 's ' Alita : Battle Angel ' '' . SlashFilm.com . February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Rodriguez Joins Steve McQueen 's Heist Pic ' Widows ' '' . Deadline.com . February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood actress Michelle Rodriguez reveals upcoming writing projects '' . gmanetwork.com . May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Actress Michelle Rodriguez Lights Up Tactical Course '' . Tactical-Life.com . October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fast and Furious Star Michelle Rodriguez Goes Skydiving in Dubai '' . PaperBlog.com. April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Rodriguez on DJing : ' It just comes ' '' . PageSix.com . December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rodriguez Turned Down Muslim Marriage '' . Cinema.com . June 6 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wloszczyna , Susan ( August 6 , 2002 ) . `` Vin Diesel , in high gear '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Minogue 's Martinez linked to Rodriguez '' . Contact Music . May 2 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Rodriguez Interview by Milla Jovovich '' . CelebBuzz . January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Priscilla ( 19 November 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Michelle Rodriguez talks ' Turbo ' & coming out : I wanted to be honest '' . Latina . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Greg ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` Michelle Rodriguez chats with GSN at her first LGBTI event since coming out as bisexual '' . Gay Star News . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2015 . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Ocamb , Karen ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Michelle Rodriguez Asks ' What 's Wrong with Being Bi ? ' '' . frontiersla.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grossberg , Josh ( April 8 , 2002 ) . `` '' Girlfight '' Star Off the Hook `` . E !. Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved February 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Haberman , Lia ( November 20 , 2003 ) . `` Rodriguez : Way 2 Fast 2 Furious '' . E !. Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved February 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Lost '' actress chooses jail over service `` . CBS News . Associated Press . April 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hall , Sarah ( December 14 , 2005 ) . `` Rodriguez : Fast and Furious Driver '' . E !. Archived from the original on October 1 , 2007 . Retrieved February 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Rodriguez settles two traffic cases '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . December 14 , 2005 . Retrieved July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Two ' Lost ' stars charged with drunken driving '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . December 2 , 2005 . Retrieved July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Finn , Natalie ( May 22 , 2006 ) . `` More Jail Time for Michelle Rodriguez '' . E !. Archived from the original on January 24 , 2009 . Retrieved July 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ken & Silverman , Stephen M. ( May 22 , 2006 ) . `` Michelle Rodriguez Gets 60 Days in Jail '' . People . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2007 . Retrieved February 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ken ( October 27 , 2007 ) . `` Michelle Rodriguez Sentenced to Six Months in Jail wow '' . People . Retrieved February 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Rodriguez out of jail after 18 days '' . MSNBC . January 10 , 2008 . Retrieved February 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Rodriguez Finishes Her Community Service in Stride '' . Latina . January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` Michelle Rodriguez Returning for Some ' Retribution ' ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . The Collective . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2011 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.aussieosbourne.com/2017/01/sony-pictures-animation-unveils-varied.html Jump up ^ `` Cole - I Can Do Too '' . Youtube.com . Jump up ^ `` Lenny Kravitz - If I could Fall in Love '' . Youtube.com . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Find more aboutMichelle Rodriguezat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Official website Michelle Rodriguez on IMDb Biography portal Film in the United States portal Music portal Television in the United States portal Awards for Michelle Rodriguez National Board of Review Award for Breakthrough Performance Alicia Silverstone ( 1995 ) Renée Zellweger ( 1996 ) Bai Ling ( 1997 ) Billy Crudup / Angelina Jolie ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank / Wes Bentley ( 1999 ) Jamie Bell / Michelle Rodriguez ( 2000 ) Hayden Christensen / Naomi Watts ( 2001 ) Maggie Gyllenhaal / Derek Luke ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron / Paul Giamatti ( 2003 ) Emmy Rossum / Topher Grace ( 2004 ) Q'orianka Kilcher / Terrence Howard ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson / Rinko Kikuchi / Ryan Gosling ( 2006 ) Ellen Page / Emile Hirsch ( 2007 ) Viola Davis / Dev Patel ( 2008 ) Gabourey Sidibe / Jeremy Renner ( 2009 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2010 ) Rooney Mara / Felicity Jones ( 2011 ) Quvenzhané Wallis / Tom Holland ( 2012 ) Adèle Exarchopoulos / Michael B. Jordan ( 2013 ) Jack O'Connell ( 2014 ) Abraham Attah / Jacob Tremblay ( 2015 ) Lucas Hedges / Royalty Hightower ( 2016 ) Timothée Chalamet ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( 2000 -- 2009 ) 2000 : The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 Hill Janney Kelly Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2001 : The West Wing , season 2 / season 3 Hill Janney Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2002 : Six Feet Under , season 2 Ambrose Conroy Griffiths Hall Krause Rodríguez St. Patrick 2003 : Six Feet Under , season 3 Ambrose Conroy Foster Griffiths Hall Krause Macdissi Machado Rodríguez St. Patrick Taylor Wilson 2004 : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , season 4 / season 5 Dourdan Eads Fox Guilfoyle Hall Helgenberger Petersen Szmanda 2005 : Lost , season 1 / season 2 Akinnuoye - Agbaje Andrews de Ravin Fox Garcia Grace Holloway Kelley D.D. Kim Y. Kim Lilly Monaghan O'Quinn Perrineau Rodriguez Somerhalder Watros 2006 : Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 Chambers Dane Dempsey Heigl Knight Oh Pickens Pompeo Ramirez Walsh Washington Wilson 2007 : The Sopranos , season 6 , part II Antonacci Bracco Falco Gandolfini Grimaldi Iler Imperioli Nascarella Schirripa Servitto Sigler Sirico Turturro Van Zandt Vincent 2008 : Mad Men , season 2 Batt Brie Gladis Hamm Hart Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Moses Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Staton 2009 : Mad Men , season 3 Alemanni Batt Gilmore Gladis Hamm Harris Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Morse Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Stanley Staton Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) VIAF : 10060342 LCCN : no2001052247 ISNI : 0000 0000 7139 3797 GND : 14210583X SUDOC : 133636100 BNF : cb14221622p ( data ) BNE : XX1603959 IATH : w6zw47rr Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michelle_Rodriguez&oldid=815282528 '' Categories : 1978 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from San Antonio American actresses of Puerto Rican descent American film actresses American people of Dominican Republic descent American television actresses American video game actresses American voice actresses Bisexual actresses Bisexual women Former Jehovah 's Witnesses Hispanic and Latino American actresses LGBT people from Texas LGBT entertainers from the United States LGBT Hispanic and Latino American people Military brats Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use mdy dates from June 2011 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली მარგალური مصرى Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 22 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | real name of letty in fast and furious | [
"Mayte Michelle Rodriguez[1] (born July 12, 1978)[2][3] is an American actress. Her breakout role was as a troubled boxer in the independent film Girlfight (2000), which was met with critical acclaim and earned her several awards, including the Independent Spirit Award[4] and Gotham Award for Best Debut Performance.[5] The following year, she starred as Letty in the blockbuster film The Fast and the Furious (2001), a role she has reprised in four additional films in the Fast and Furious franchise to date. During her career, Rodriguez has played in a number of successful action films, including Resident Evil, S.W.A.T., and Avatar."
] | [
"Mayte Michelle Rodriguez"
] |
-8513767359327414083 | Juliet O'Hara | Juliet O'Hara - wikipedia Juliet O'Hara Jump to : navigation , search Juliet O'Hara Psych character Maggie Lawson as Juliet O'Hara First appearance `` Spellingg Bee '' Last appearance Psych : The Movie Created by Steve Franks Portrayed by Maggie Lawson Information Nickname ( s ) Jules ( by Shawn ) , Jewel ( by her father ) , Mrs. Tostig , Maniac , Crazy Cat Lady Aliases Mary Lou Baumgartner ( 1.15 ) , Maniac ( 3.07 ) , Helene ( 7.02 ) Gender Female Occupation San Francisco Police Department Head Detective ( 2014 -- present ) SBPD Junior Detective ( 2006 -- 14 ) Miami Police Department Police Officer ( ? -- 2006 ) Family Frank O'Hara ( father ) Maryanne O'Hara ( mother ) Lloyd French ( stepfather ) Ewan O'Hara ( brother ) Spouse ( s ) Shawn Spencer Significant other ( s ) Scott Seaver ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Cameron Luntz ( formerly ) Declan Rand ( 2010 ) Relatives Unnamed sister - in - law Drake O'Hara ( nephew ) Finn O'Hara ( nephew ) Isaac O'Hara ( nephew ) Head Detective Juliet Lynn `` Jules '' O'Hara is a character on the American comedy Psych played by Maggie Lawson . She attended the University of Miami . Fictional biography ( edit ) Juliet O'Hara first appears undercover in the show 's second episode , `` Spellingg Bee '' , as a recently transferred junior detective from Miami Beach where she attended the University of Miami , replacing Lucinda Barry as Head Detective Carlton Lassiter 's partner . Born in 1981 , she was raised in a family of brothers and is shown to be close with both her parents and her siblings . Although she is initially frustrated by her coworkers not taking her seriously enough due to her relatively young age , as the series progresses she is given more responsibility , being left in charge in the absence of Lassiter and then Interim Chief Karen Vick . She has grown more assertive with her partner , and actors Maggie Lawson and Timothy Omundson ( who plays Lassiter ) both suggest that a strange mutual respect has developed between them . Juliet seems to present a gentle counterpoint to Lassiter 's gruff , rigid style . She reminds her partner repeatedly to `` be sensitive '' with the media , the victims , and the witnesses of their cases . Unlike Lassiter , she is friendly with Shawn Spencer and more willing to work with him and Burton Guster . Lawson says that , although Juliet is bemused by Shawn at first , she has slowly gained respect for him and by the second season , Juliet reveals a `` very friendly , comfortable relationship '' . The actress says she thinks that , despite some skepticism , Juliet does believe that Shawn is psychic . By the end of the fifth season , Shawn and Juliet are romantically involved . By the middle of the sixth season , Shawn is ready for marriage . Her older brother Ewan , played by John Cena , is an army soldier whom she had to arrest when he attempted to murder an actual killer to protect the army . Ewan was supposed to go to prison but his high level bosses made him vanish . Juliet claims Ewan was the reason she became a cop , that him joining the military gave her enough confidence to join the police force . Her estranged con artist father Frank O'Hara is played by William Shatner . She seems to be Scots Irish , with her family hailing from Inverness . Relationship with Shawn Spencer ( edit ) Season one `` Spellingg Bee '' ( 1.02 ) - Shawn and Juliet meet for the first time when Juliet unknowingly steals his seat in a diner . Shawn attempts to flirt with her , but Juliet 's reception is cool . Shawn eventually figures out that Juliet is a cop and that she is staking out the diner . `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece '' ( 1.03 ) - When Shawn `` reads '' Juliet 's palm , the two have a moment of mutual understanding . They agree to help each other out on the case , thus beginning their camaraderie . `` Weekend Warriors '' ( 1.06 ) - Shawn called Juliet `` Jules '' for the first time , when they are both watching a Civil War reenactment . `` Shawn vs. the Red Phantom '' ( 1.08 ) - At the beginning of the episode , Shawn calls Juliet apparently from somewhere he can see her . She asks Shawn where he is , and he responds by asking if she really wants to know the answer . She says , `` I do n't ask questions I do n't want to know the answer to . '' Shawn then advises her not to ask `` your boyfriend if he thinks your sister 's hot . '' She informs him she does not have a sister , to which he asks , `` How about a boyfriend ? '' Shawn then takes on a missing - person 's case as a `` favor '' to Juliet , informing Gus that he hopes for bigger favors in the future , ones that he can not share `` with nuns and men of the cloth . '' `` From the Earth to the Starbucks '' ( 1.10 ) - Shawn and Juliet team up to solve a case for Lassiter . Juliet admits that Shawn does makes her laugh ... occasionally . `` He Loves Me , He Loves Me Not , He Loves Me , Oops He 's Dead '' ( 1.11 ) - When Shawn and Juliet go under cover at a speed - dating event , the hostess informs them that their personality questionnaires were a 100 % compatibility match , `` a speed - dating first . '' Shawn later claims to have copied hers verbatim . Shawn is also clearly jealous when he runs into Juliet on a date at the bowling alley . Season two `` Meat Is Murder , But Murder Is Also Murder '' ( 2.06 ) - Shawn goes under cover as a horoscope writer at the newspaper where the victim worked . He directs his horoscopes at specific people , such as Detective Lassiter and his dad . In the one meant for Juliet , he writes , `` Your one true love will be wearing sneakers and an Apple Jacks T - shirt . '' Shawn then wears sneakers and an Apple Jacks T - shirt , and Jules seems to get the message , though she does not say anything . After solving the case , Juliet says to Shawn , `` Looks like you 're finally able to communicate your visions again . '' and Shawn says , `` Im having another vision right now , you and me celebrating over dinner and drinks . '' Juliet replies , `` Hmm . Sounds like you 're still a little off . '' Shawn took her rejection pretty well . `` Rob - a-Bye Baby '' ( 2.08 ) - While investigating a nanny agency , Shawn and Juliet go under cover as a married couple . `` Bounty Hunters ! '' ( 2.09 ) - When Juliet makes a mistake that results in a suspected murderer escaping custody , Shawn saves the day by reapprehending the prisoner . When Juliet thanks Shawn , he assures her that it was a mistake and `` that 's what friends are for . '' Shawn leans in to kiss Juliet , but she refuses to kiss him , saying it would be `` a mistake . '' Shawn pulls away , respecting her wishes , but nevertheless walks away smiling . Once alone , Juliet disassembles and reassembles her gun , a stress - relieving exercise she learned in the police academy . `` Gus ' Dad May Have Killed an Old Guy '' ( 2.10 ) - Shawn and Gus are going around the station giving everyone Christmas presents , but after giving Juliet hers , Shawn states that it is just from him . She then makes him think that she is going to give him a hug , and he opens his arms to hug her back , and is visibly disappointed when she brushes past him . Season three `` Murder ? ... Anyone ? ... Anyone ? ... Bueller ? '' ( 3.02 ) - While talking to his high - school crush Abigail Lytar at their reunion , Shawn spots Juliet across the gymnasium and murmurs , `` Pretty much perfect . '' `` The Greatest Adventure in the History of Basic Cable '' ( 3.04 ) - When Shawn will not stop cracking jokes in the interrogation room , Juliet leans across the table and demands that he share what he knows , to which Shawn marvels , `` My God that was so hot . '' When Shawn leaves the room with the supposed men of the Spanish government , he hands Jules a paper , telling her the truth about the `` Spanish '' . He also wrote , `` You smell nice '' on the paper . Later , after Juliet leads the SBPD to Shawn and Gus ' rescue , Shawn and Juliet share a meaningful glance . `` Talk Derby to Me '' ( 3.07 ) - Shawn sets up a romantic dinner for Juliet and himself , complete with music , candles , and flowers . She can not stay , however , because she has to follow a lead . When that lead turns out to be a red herring , Shawn takes the blame for the mistake . After the case is closed , Shawn and Juliet go on a couples skate - alone at the roller rink and brush hands several times ; as the camera zooms out , their hands pressed together , though they are not actually holding hands . `` Gus Walks into a Bank '' ( 3.08 ) - Shawn and Juliet have a minor squabble about her decision to date Cameron Luntz , the head of SWAT . Shawn eventually tells her it is okay , he just wants her to be happy . When Juliet 's date with Luntz for that evening is cancelled , she finds Shawn at the Psych office . The two take a stroll on the boardwalk eating hot dogs . `` Christmas Joy '' ( 3.09 ) - Shawn , while discussing an old flame with Juliet , says , `` Do n't worry , it was long before I knew you . '' Juliet insists that it is irrelevant , meaning that from her point of view , no relationship exists between them . Shawn , however , does not seem convinced . `` Six Feet Under the Sea '' ( 3.10 ) - Juliet befriends a woman named April , who expresses an interest in Shawn and asks for Juliet 's opinion of him . Juliet 's reaction implies that she has feelings for Shawn . Later , Shawn asks April out , but she turns him down because she does not want to `` get in the way . '' She wishes Shawn good luck , leaving him confused . `` Lassie Did a Bad , Bad Thing '' ( 3.11 ) - Officer Drimmer asks Shawn if Juliet and he are an item . He then proceeds to tell Shawn that Juliet talks about him a lot , calling him `` witty and urbane . '' `` Any Given Friday Night at 10PM , 9PM Central '' ( 3.13 ) - Juliet is checking out one of the football players as he runs out onto the field . When he turns around , Juliet is astonished to discover that he is Shawn ! Later , Juliet smiles widely as she watches Shawn leading a football team out onto the field , but quickly hides it when Gus notices . `` Tuesday the 17th '' ( 3.15 ) - When Shawn is introducing Juliet , he calls her `` one of Santa Barbara 's finest , both literally and figuratively '' , and Juliet is flattered rather than annoyed . Also , after Juliet saves Shawn 's life by shooting his assailant in the hand , Shawn tells her , `` That level of markmanship is easily one of the sexiest things that I 've ever - '' Juliet cuts him off , but smiles softly nonetheless . `` An Evening with Mr. Yang '' ( 3.16 ) - Juliet finally asks out Shawn on a date , and owns up to the fact that she has been sending mixed signals . Unfortunately , Shawn tells her the timing is awful , as he is on a date with his old high - school flame , Abigail . When Shawn explains the situation , Juliet understands . She kisses him on the cheek and leaves . Shawn is obviously affected by the kiss , but rejoins Abigail . Season four `` Extradition : British Columbia '' ( 4.01 ) - Shawn does not know how to act around Juliet , now that he is dating Abigail . He tells Juliet , `` I refuse to feel uncomfortable around you . It 's silly . You mean too much to me , and I am perfectly capable of keeping this ( their friendship ) platonic , as long as you are . '' Juliet replies , `` I am too ! Great ! '' As she walks away , Shawn questions , `` But how ? '' They also take what feels like a romantic stroll , as pointed out by Juliet , on a suspension bridge overlooking a river . `` High Noon - ish '' ( 4.03 ) - Shawn tips his cowboy hat at Juliet and winks at her . Juliet smiles , but quickly looks down as if embarrassed . `` Bollywood Homicide '' ( 4.06 ) - When Shawn asks if Juliet believes in love curses , she says whenever someone is looking for their soulmate , it can feel like outsides forces are conspiring against them . Shawn moves closer to Juliet , and she leans back , probably thinking that Shawn is going to kiss her . She asks , `` Shawn , what are you doing ? '' Shawn does not answer the question , instead pointing out a clue that he had seen while they were moving toward each other . When Raj and Juliet go on their pretend date , Shawn , watching from a car , is clearly jealous when Raj starts to hold Juliet 's hand , as noted by Gus and Lassiter . Later , Shawn rescues Juliet from an unstable suspect threatening her with a knife . Abigail tells Shawn that she was very impressed that he would risk his life for a random coworker . Shawn glances over at Juliet and says , `` She 's not random . '' So Abigail would not get the wrong impression , Shawn quickly corrects himself , saying he would do that for anyone . `` Shawn Takes a Shot in the Dark '' ( 4.09 ) - After Shawn 's kidnapping , Juliet goes to his apartment with Gus to search for clues . When she sees Abigail 's toothbrush and some items , she becomes very curious if Abigail moved in . Gus replies that they have reached the `` he has a drawer , she has a toothbrush '' stage to which Juliet seems affected . Shawn , who has been shot and kidnapped , tells one of his kidnappers that he has a girlfriend named Abigail and that he wants to call her to say goodbye before they kill him . Shawn then calls Juliet and proceeds to give her clues about his whereabouts . The kidnapper tells Shawn to tell `` Abigail '' that he loves her . Shawn does . Juliet , believing the profession of love to be real , responds by saying , `` Shawn , I think I ... '' Shawn interrupts her by saying , `` Goodbye , Abigail . '' He hangs up . Juliet is clearly confused , but is able to use his clues to track down his whereabouts , and he is saved . After the ordeal , Shawn discusses with Gus the possibility that Juliet was going to say , `` I love you '' back . Although Gus states the possibility that she was just doing what she had to do , Shawn does not seem convinced . `` You Ca n't Handle This Episode '' ( 4.10 ) - Juliet 's brother , Ewan O'Hara , reveals that Juliet has said a lot of good things about Shawn . Later , Ewan says explicitly that Juliet `` likes ( Shawn ) a lot '' , and he puts his stamp of approval on Shawn , as well . Meanwhile , Abigail leaves for Uganda . `` A Very Juliet Episode '' ( 4.12 ) - Juliet receives news that her college boyfriend Scott might be dead . After receiving the awful news , Shawn and she take a long walk together through the park , during which Shawn gives Juliet a friendly hug . Shawn then searches high and low for Scott , who turns out to be in witness protection . Once the couple is reunited , Shawn is clearly jealous . Shawn bargains with the criminal Scott put in jail to not have Scott harmed if Shawn will prove the criminal 's innocence . Shawn holds up his end of the bargain , and though Scott was no longer in danger , Juliet and he parted ways , agreeing to meet again in a year . `` Death Is in the Air '' ( 4.13 ) - At the beginning of the episode , Shawn and Gus are talking about all the things Shawn can do since he is single and does not need to impress anyone , but then Juliet walks up and he immediately throws away his stinky snack - obviously he wants to impress Juliet . More importantly , Juliet gets exposed to the Thornburg virus and Shawn rushes to find the antidote . Upon returning , Shawn explains to Gus that the threat of Juliet 's mortality made him realize he does not have as much time as he thought ; he has to tell her how he feels . Gus informs them both that Juliet has not contracted the virus after all , but Shawn tries to go through with his admission , anyway . He ultimately stumbles and fails to tell Juliet how he feels , which is immediately followed by Lassiter 's entry into the room , effectively killing the moment . `` Mr. Yin Presents '' ( 4.16 ) - A serial killer named Mr. Yin kidnaps both Juliet and Abigail , who just returned from Uganda . Yin forces Shawn to choose one of them to save , but only has Juliet read him the clue to save her life . Juliet tries to tell Shawn he can save Abigail , but Yin cuts her off . Shawn gets the clue to save Abigail from Yang 's book , and sends Gus with Lassie to save Juliet , saying the only way he would be able to not be there for Jules is if he knows that Gus is . Lassiter and Gus arrive and they are able to save Juliet in time , while Shawn is able to save Abigail . At the end , Juliet breaks down sobbing as Lassiter hugs her . Abigail tells Shawn she can not handle the danger and breaks up with him . Season five `` Romeo and Juliet and Juliet '' ( 5.01 ) - Juliet was temporarily reassigned to City Hall sometime shortly after her ordeal with Mr. Yin to deal with the stress from it . Shawn seeks her help on a case from which his father has barred him , involving a kidnapping within two rival Chinese gangs . Juliet gives him information , but does not return to the SBPD . Shawn calls her for back up before confronting kidnapper , Teno Tan . He is easily outmatched , but Teno surrenders when Juliet arrives before Shawn is killed . They thank each other and agree to hug , but Lassiter interrupts . Shawn calls for a rain check . `` Feet Do n't Kill Me Now '' ( 5.02 ) - Henry allows Shawn and Juliet to team up after Lassiter chooses Gus to help on the case . Their partnership does not hold up , as Shawn realizes he works best with Gus , as does Juliet with Lassiter . Shawn and Juliet attend a tap recital together to support their respective partners . `` Shawn 2.0 '' ( 5.08 ) - Shawn plans to invite Juliet to a friend 's wedding , but `` criminal profiler '' Declan Rand beats him to the punch . Juliet offers to reschedule , but Shawn plays it off not wanting her to be forced . Shawn becomes increasingly jealous of Declan , whom Gus dubs `` Shawn 2.0 '' because of their similarities . Like Shawn , Declan is a fraud who acquired his profiling expertise from his father . Both threaten to expose each other if either one of them does not come clean himself . Like he has the entire episode , Declan beats Shawn , making his confession to Juliet first . She forgives Declan and they go for coffee , leaving Shawn unable to say anything . `` One , Maybe Two , Ways Out '' ( 5.09 ) - Juliet is now in a serious relationship with Declan , of which Shawn is very jealous . Declan is even planning a vacation for Juliet and himself . After Shawn and Gus cause Nadia 's capture , Juliet overhears Shawn telling Gus that he can not be happy without her , though he knows he should be glad that she is happily in a relationship . Juliet is visibly affected by his words . After Nadia is freed and Fong is taken into custody , Shawn and Gus again arrive at Declan 's residence . Declan tells them to make their visit quick , as he is bidding 30 million euros on an item over the phone . Gus , intrigued by this , follows Declan upstairs . Shawn is left alone in the foyer , at which point Juliet enters the room , surprised to see him . She questions Shawn about how he solved such an intricate case and why there might be three creme brulé dishes at Declan 's computer , but he does not rat out Declan for helping . Shawn wishes her a great four days off , but she corrects that it is two weeks , visibly upsetting him . He makes Juliet promise to enjoy her vacation , and tells her to take many mental photographs . As Shawn starts going off on a tangent , Juliet abruptly kisses him . She then pulls back , and both Shawn and she are left speechless from the kiss . Declan and Gus return , and Shawn , too stunned to make any witty remarks , simply wishes them a good vacation . Declan goes to pack as Shawn and Gus leave , and Shawn takes one more look at Juliet before he closes the door . Juliet is left standing in the foyer , alone . `` Extradition II : The Actual Extradition Part '' ( 5.10 ) - Shawn and Gus are invited to visit Despereaux in Canada . Before Shawn leaves , his father advises him to speak with Juliet , as he overheard Shawn talk about her via butt dialing . Shawn asks after her at the station , but Buzz tells him she already has her passport . Juliet and Lassiter arrive to take Despereaux to the United States , to Shawn 's visible shock , and he asks Juliet to talk . Later , Juliet comes to his hotel room and tells him that she had broken up with Declan , but Shawn can not talk with her as Gus and Despereaux are inside , resulting in Jules walking away upset . At the end of the episode , Shawn asks Lassiter where Juliet is , with the answer `` Grabbin ' a muffin '' . He finds her at a platform overlooking the ocean , but she is still upset , claiming they missed their moment . Shawn does not give up and explains to Juliet that since they met , he has thought about replacing his motorcycle , a beloved symbol of freedom , with a car . They kiss passionately , but are disrupted by the tourists at the overlook . Then , they move to a gift shop , where they are interrupted by a customer who calls Juliet a `` slut '' . They then go to a car , and are once more interrupted by a cop . Shawn realizes that he has a room before the camera pans to the sky . `` In Plain Fright '' ( 5.11 ) - At the beginning of the episode , t Shawn and Juliet are revealed to be officially a couple . `` Dual Spires '' ( 5.12 ) Shawn and Gus are standing near the lake where their murder victim was found , and where the only cell service zone in the town is . When Juliet shows up unexpectedly . Shawn distracts Gus by saying , `` Dude , labradoodle ! '' , and Juliet and Shawn share a quick kiss . `` Yang 3 in 2D '' ( 5.16 ) - Juliet seems uneasy as Shawn ( now her boyfriend ) sides with a supposed Yin kidnap victim . When Shawn and Gus are trapped inside Yin 's house , she is the first to get Yang out of confinement , and when Yang tries to make a deal with the police , Jules agrees . Yang gets to take an updated picture with Shawn , and Juliet is the only person to accompany her into the house . Juliet does not hesitate to agree to the conditions and the two enter the house . Shawn is saved , and after Yang gets her picture , she says to Shawn , `` Catch up with you later , Mr. Spencer . '' After finishing his statement on the Yin case , Shawn goes looking for Jules , and finds her in the interrogation room . She says she can not finish her statement because it is like `` marking the time ' til the next crazy rolls in . '' To that , Shawn replies that he is there for her and will `` always protect her '' , and she responds the same and Shawn kisses her hand . He then tells her he will see her that night later on and kisses her on the lips . The camera pans to reveal that Lassiter has seen and heard their entire conversation and now knows about their secret romantic relationship . Season six `` Shawn Rescues Darth Vader '' ( 6.01 ) - Lassiter hooks Juliet to a lie detector and tries to trick her into admitting she is in a relationship with Shawn . She later confesses to Lassiter outright that she is dating Shawn , but he feels their trust has been broken . Lassiter puts Shawn in the same lie detector when the latter seemingly was at the crime scene . Shawn declares this has to do with Juliet and his romantic involvement , and he blurts out that he loves her , shocking everyone in the room and himself . He also admits while under the lie detector that he is a psychic , which further deepens Juliet 's trust in Shawn . Later , Lassiter warns Shawn if he hurts Juliet , he will discharge his weapon ... repeatedly . `` Last Night Gus '' ( 6.02 ) - Due to some drugged drinks , Shawn forgets a conversation he had with Juliet when she tells him they need to talk about it , and saying it was serious causing him to freak out . She reveals that he had asked her to move in and is surprised he does not remember . They agree that it is probably too soon . `` The Amazing Psych - Man and Tap Man , Issue # 2 '' ( 6.04 ) - Shawn quickly becomes jealous as Juliet shows admiration for the Mantis , a vigilante who is competing with the SBPD to catch the Camino drug syndicate . When they are on a date , Shawn realizes that Juliet got a text from the SBPD that requires her to leave . Though reluctant , she departs . `` Shawn , Interrupted '' ( 6.06 ) - Juliet shows concern for Shawn when he goes under cover at a mental institution , admitting that her deepest fear was that Shawn would not be able to come out , after Shawn makes an off - hand comment about enjoying it there , `` Spoiler . I 'm making you a wallet . '' Shawn reassures her , but Juliet is still not at ease . `` In for a Penny ... '' ( 6.07 ) - Shawn invites Juliet 's estranged con - artist dad , Frank , to her birthday party , then hires him to assist on a case . Juliet is furious with Shawn and has no intention of reconciling with her father . She changes her mind when Frank tells her he attended all her recitals and talent shows . At her birthday party , Juliet has made peace with her dad and forgiven Shawn , since his heart was in the right place . `` Neil Simon 's Lover 's Retreat '' ( 6.09 ) - Shawn and Juliet go away on a romantic vacation , but they are robbed by their new ' friends ' , who call themselves `` Barbie and Clive '' , possibly taken from the 1930s criminals , Bonnie and Clyde . While tracking down the thieves , they come across a murder , effectively spoiling their plans . Shawn apologizes , since Juliet had `` definite expectations '' for their vacation , including the `` M word '' , causing Juliet to explain that she had not been expecting a marriage proposal , since it is too soon and she was in no way ready to get married . Shawn agrees seemingly relieved . The clerk returns Shawn 's stolen Nintendo DS , which Shawn had been having a fit about throughout the episode when discovering it had been stolen , much to Juliet 's annoyance and confusion . Gus hears a rattle from inside it ; he opens the battery case and finds an engagement ring , revealing that Shawn had actually planned to propose to Juliet during their vacation . `` Indiana Shawn and the Temple of the Kinda Crappy , Rusty Old Dagger '' ( 6.10 ) - The episode opens up to Gus confronting Shawn over the ring he found , and Gus is clearly upset because Shawn was going to propose to Juliet , and never told Gus about it . Shawn apologizes , telling Gus that he `` had to be ready for a Shamu moment . '' Shawn promises that when he pops the question to Juliet , Gus will be there , and offers a fist bump , which Gus ignores , saying , `` That 's storybook right there . '' `` Heeeeere 's Lassie '' ( 6.11 ) - Shawn keeps looking for a spot to stash the ring , since he is not ready to give it to Juliet . Gus suggests putting it back in Henry 's drawer if he is not going to propose . Juliet 's dad Frank arrives from Tanzania , stating he got Shawn 's voicemail saying he had something important to discuss . Shawn left the voicemail when he was considering proposing and wanted to ask Frank for his blessing . He asks for permission to marry Juliet in case he needs it in the future . Frank explains to Shawn he wants his daughter to marry someone honest and asks if Shawn has ever lied to Juliet , which Shawn hesitates before answering . Gus answers in the affirmative and Frank leaves without offering or denying his blessing , leaving Shawn confused about whether or not he had Juliet 's father 's blessing to one day propose to Juliet . `` Shawn and the Real Girl '' ( 6.12 ) - Juliet proves to be jealous as Shawn infiltrates into a reality show in which several men vie for the heart of a woman . Later , Shawn admits to considering himself lucky to have her in his life . `` Santabarbaratown '' ( 6.16 ) - At the end , Juliet and Shawn are walking by the station , talking about Shawn moving in with her . Season seven `` Juliet Takes a Luvvah '' ( 7.02 ) - Juliet and Shawn decide to live together . `` No Country for Two Old Men '' ( 7.04 ) - After a homewarming party for Juliet and Shawn , her stepfather Lloyd runs into trouble with Mexican gangsters over his gambling debts . `` Deez Nups '' ( 7.07 ) - During Lassiter 's wedding reception , Juliet confronts Shawn about inconsistencies that she found in his latest `` vision '' , leading her to deduce that he is a mentalist , not a psychic , which Shawn confirms . Heartbroken , Juliet splashes her drink in Shawn 's face , tearfully exiting the scene . `` Right Turn or Left for Dead '' ( 7.08 ) - Juliet tells Shawn to move out . `` Juliet Wears the Pantsuit '' ( 7.09 ) - Shawn moves out , reluctantly . At the end of the episode , he helps Juliet repair a window and they are seen to still have chemistry . However , Juliet is not ready to forgive him for lying . `` Santa Barbarian Candidate '' ( 7.10 ) - Juliet attends the Founders Gala as Shawn 's date . As they dance , Juliet learns that Shawn went back to take dancing lessons that he had previously lied about going to when he learned what it meant to her . Juliet asks where `` this Shawn '' was when they were dating , to which he says that he 's `` right here '' . After dancing with him , she admits to Shawn that she still has feelings for him , but tells him that he has to tell Chief Vick about his lie about being a psychic . He refuses to , as he would not be able to do good or help people 's lives like he always has . Juliet tells him that what he does is not good for everyone . At the end of the episode , Shawn decides to confess his lie to Chief Vick for the sake of smoothing things back over with Juliet . He almost tells Chief Vick that he is not a psychic , but Juliet comes in claiming that Shawn led her to Mike 's house to get the photos . She tells Shawn later on that she could not be selfish and have him reveal his lie . She seems to be slowly beginning to trust him again . Shawn makes an attempt to kiss her , but she says that she is not ready to get back together yet . Despite telling him this , the two agree to go out to eat together . `` Office Space '' ( 7.11 ) - After going out to eat together from the previous episode , Juliet and Shawn are shown asleep next to each other in bed at her place . While sleeping , he wakes up to Gus tapping on the window , and leaves to help him . Later , at the station , Shawn and she are talking , and he remarks , `` ( they are ) back in the saddle '' . However , Juliet says that nothing is back yet , what they did was a `` one - time thing '' , and since they were adults , `` it happens '' . `` Nip and Suck It '' ( 7.13 ) - At the end of the episode , Shawn tells Gus that Juliet and he are officially back together . Shawn remarks that Juliet made him `` work '' for it , but that they are finally together again . `` No Trout About It '' ( 7.14 ) - Shawn and Juliet make a romantically goofy phone call as revealed by Shawn when retelling a case to a police consultant , much to Juliet 's embarrassment . She later voices her concerns about her position at the department due to intraoffice dating with Shawn , which is usually against police regulations . Season eight `` The Break Up '' ( 8.10 ) - Shawn and Juliet get engaged to be married outside a crime scene in San Francisco , only to have the engagement ring get stolen by a mugger . Psych : The Movie Shawn and Juliet finally marry after the engagement ring is retrieved . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : episode `` In for a Penny ... '' Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 1.02 : `` Spellingg Bee . '' Original airdate : July 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 1.03 : `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece '' . Original airdate : July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 1.15 : `` Scary Sherry : Bianca 's Toast '' . Original airdate : March 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Lawson , Maggie . Relationships . USA Network . Retrieved on January 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 2.10 : `` Gus ' Dad May Have Killed an Old Guy '' . Original airdate : December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Psych : The Movie Psych Seasons 6 7 8 Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Spellingg Bee '' `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece '' `` Woman Seeking Dead Husband : Smokers Okay , No Pets '' `` Who Ya Gonna Call ? '' `` American Duos '' `` Mr. Yin Presents ... '' `` Dual Spires '' `` Yang 3 in 2D '' `` Psych : The Musical '' Television movie Psych : The Movie Characters Shawn Spencer Burton `` Gus '' Guster Carlton Lassiter Juliet O'Hara Karen Vick Henry Spencer Other Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juliet_O%27Hara&oldid=821118398 '' Categories : Fictional Santa Barbara Police Department detectives Psych characters Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 14 : 20 . About Wikipedia | when do shawn and juliet become a couple | [
"Juliet seems to present a gentle counterpoint to Lassiter's gruff, rigid style. She reminds her partner repeatedly to \"be sensitive\" with the media, the victims, and the witnesses of their cases. Unlike Lassiter, she is friendly with Shawn Spencer and more willing to work with him and Burton Guster. Lawson says that, although Juliet is bemused by Shawn at first, she has slowly gained respect for him and by the second season, Juliet reveals a \"very friendly, comfortable relationship\".[5] The actress says she thinks that, despite some skepticism, Juliet does believe that Shawn is psychic. By the end of the fifth season, Shawn and Juliet are romantically involved. By the middle of the sixth season, Shawn is ready for marriage. Her older brother Ewan, played by John Cena, is an army soldier whom she had to arrest when he attempted to murder an actual killer to protect the army. Ewan was supposed to go to prison but his high level bosses made him vanish. Juliet claims Ewan was the reason she became a cop, that him joining the military gave her enough confidence to join the police force. Her estranged con artist father Frank O'Hara is played by William Shatner.[1] She seems to be Scots Irish,[6] with her family hailing from Inverness[7]."
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"By the end of the fifth season"
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2089283196769847164 | Joint Session of Indian Parliament | Joint session of Indian Parliament - wikipedia Joint session of Indian Parliament Jump to : navigation , search The Parliament of India is bicameral . Concurrence of both houses are required to pass any bill . However , the authors of the Constitution of India visualised situations of deadlock between the upper house i.e. Rajya Sabha and the lower house i.e. Lok Sabha . Therefore , the Constitution of India provides for Joint sittings of both the Houses to break this deadlock . The joint sitting of the Parliament is called by the President and is presided over by the Speaker or , in his absence , by the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha or in his absence , the Deputy - Chairman of the Rajya Sabha . If any of the above officers are not present then any other member of the Parliament can preside by consensus of both the House . Contents ( hide ) 1 Provisions of Constitution 2 Exception to joint sittings 3 Bills referred to joint session 4 References Provisions of Constitution ( edit ) As per Article 108 of Constitution , a Joint session of Parliament can be summoned in the following situations . If after a Bill has been passed by one House and transmitted to the other House -- ( a ) the Bill is rejected by the other House ; or ( b ) the Houses have finally disagreed as to the amendments to be made in the Bill ; or ( c ) more than six months elapse from the date of the reception of the Bill by the other House without the Bill being passed by it , the President may , unless the Bill has elapsed by reason of a dissolution of the House of the People , notify to the Houses by message if they are sitting or by public notification if they are not sitting , his intention to summon them to meet in a joint sitting for the purpose of deliberating and voting on the Bill However , in calculating period of six months , those days are not considered when house is prorogued or adjourned for more than 4 consecutive days . If the above conditions are satisfied , the President of India may summon joint sitting of both the houses of parliament . Exception to joint sittings ( edit ) Not all bills can be refereed to a joint sitting of Parliament . There are two exception . 1 . Money Bill Under the Constitution of India , money bills require approval of the Lok Sabha only . Rajya Sabha can make recommendations to Lok Sabha , which it is not required to accept . Even if Rajya Sabha does n't pass a money bill within 14 days , it is deemed to have been passed by both the Houses of Parliament after expiry of the above period . Therefore , a requirement to summon a joint session can never arise in the case of money bill . 2 . Constitution Amendment Bill Article 368 of Indian constitution require that constitution of India can be amended by both houses of parliament by 2 / 3 majority . In case of disagreement between both houses , there is no provision to summon joint session of parliament . Bills referred to joint session ( edit ) Joint session of Indian parliament has been called for only three bills i.e. dowry prohibition act , 1960 , banking service commission act , 1977 and POTA , 2002 . As per a senior member of NDA government they are considering for a joint session on Triple Talaq Bill ( 2018 ) . BILLS PASSED IN JOINT SESSION : 1 . Dowry Prohibition Bill , 1961 2 . Banking Service Commission ( Repeal ) Bill , 1978 3 . Prevention of Terrorism Bill , 2002 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Lawmin.nic.in . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joint_Session_of_Indian_Parliament&oldid=821255595 '' Categories : Parliament of India Joint meetings of bicameral legislatures Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 09 : 41 . About Wikipedia | who presides over the joint sitting of the two houses of parliament | [
"The Parliament of India is bicameral. Concurrence of both houses are required to pass any bill. However, the authors of the Constitution of India visualised situations of deadlock between the upper house i.e. Rajya Sabha and the lower house i.e. Lok Sabha. Therefore, the Constitution of India provides for Joint sittings of both the Houses to break this deadlock. The joint sitting of the Parliament is called by the President and is presided over by the Speaker or, in his absence, by the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha or in his absence, the Deputy-Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. If any of the above officers are not present then any other member of the Parliament can preside by consensus of both the House."
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"Speaker of the Lok Sabha"
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-1224105197662561056 | Alien (franchise) | Alien ( franchise ) - Wikipedia Alien ( franchise ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Alien films '' redirects here . For films that feature aliens , see List of films featuring extraterrestrials . Alien The current logo of the franchise . Created by Dan O'Bannon Ronald Shusett Original work Alien ( 1979 ) Print publications Novel ( s ) List of novels Comics List of comics Films and television Film ( s ) Main series Alien ( 1979 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) Alien 3 ( 1992 ) Alien Resurrection ( 1997 ) Prequel series Prometheus ( 2012 ) Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) Games Role - playing Aliens Adventure Game ( 1990 ) Video game ( s ) List of video games Alien is a British - American science - fiction horror media franchise centered on the film series depicting Warrant Officer Ellen Ripley ( played by Sigourney Weaver ) and her battles with an extraterrestrial lifeform , commonly referred to as `` the Alien . '' Produced and distributed by 20th Century Fox , the series began with Alien ( 1979 ) , directed by Ridley Scott . It was followed by three sequels , Aliens ( 1986 ) , Alien 3 ( 1992 ) , and Alien Resurrection ( 1997 ) . Scott also directed a prequel series , composed of Prometheus ( 2012 ) and Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) . The series has led to numerous books , comics , and video game spin - offs . The Alien vs. Predator franchise combines the continuities of the Alien franchise with the Predator franchise , and consists of two films as well as varying series of comics , books and video games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 List of films 2.1 Original series 2.1. 1 Alien ( 1979 ) 2.1. 2 Aliens ( 1986 ) 2.1. 3 Alien 3 ( 1992 ) 2.1. 4 Alien Resurrection ( 1997 ) 2.2 Prequel series 2.2. 1 Prometheus ( 2012 ) 2.2. 2 Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) 2.3 Cancelled films 2.4 Future 2.4. 1 Alien : Covenant 2 3 Other films 3.1 Alien vs. Predator ( 2004 ) 3.2 Aliens vs. Predator : Requiem ( 2007 ) 4 Cast and crew 4.1 Recurring characters 4.2 Crew 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical and public reaction 5.3 Accolades 5.3. 1 Academy Awards 5.4 Alien Day 6 Home video releases 7 Other media 7.1 Novels 7.2 Comics 7.3 Video games 7.4 Role - playing game 8 In academia 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Background ( edit ) After completion of the film Dark Star ( 1974 ) , writer Dan O'Bannon wanted to develop some of the ideas ( especially `` alien hunts crew through a spaceship '' ) and create a science - fiction action film . Provisionally called Memory , screenwriter Ronald Shusett collaborated with O'Bannon on the project , adding elements from a previous O'Bannon script , Gremlins , which featured gremlins causing mayhem aboard a World War II bomber . The duo finished the script , initially entitled Star Beast -- it was changed to Alien after O'Bannon noticed the number of times the word `` alien '' occurred in the script . Their script was sold to Brandywine Productions , a company formed by producers Gordon Carroll , David Giler , and Walter Hill which had a distribution deal with 20th Century Fox . The writers expected it to be a low - budget film , but the success of Star Wars inclined 20th Century Fox to invest millions . In the original script , the ship had an all - male crew ( though the script 's `` Cast of Characters '' section explicitly states that `` The crew is unisex and all parts are interchangeable for men or women '' ) , including the Ripley character , who was to be played by Tom Skerritt . Later , when Fox president Alan Ladd , Jr. and the producers at Brandywine heard rumors of Fox working on other titles with strong female leads , it was decided to cast a female as Ripley and Skerritt became Captain Dallas . Shortly before filming began , Veronica Cartwright was set for the Ripley role , but director Scott opted for Sigorney Weaver following screen tests . Cartwright played Navigator Lambert in the movie , the final crew member to be killed . Swiss painter and sculptor H.R. Giger designed the alien creature 's adult form and the derelict ship , while French artist Mœbius created the look of the spacesuits and Ron Cobb provided most of the on - set design . While the first film of the series , directed by Ridley Scott , was successful , Fox did not consider a sequel until 1983 , when James Cameron expressed his interest to producer David Giler in continuing the Alien story . After Cameron 's The Terminator became a box office hit , Cameron and partner Gale Anne Hurd were given approval to direct and produce the sequel to Alien , scheduled for a 1986 release . Cameron wrote the screenplay from a story he developed with Giler and Walter Hill . Following the second film , Weaver was not interested in returning to the series and so producers David Giler and Walter Hill commissioned a third Alien film without the Ripley character . The premise was to return Ripley in a fourth installment , but Fox 's president Joe Roth did not agree with Ripley 's removal and Weaver was offered a $5 million salary and a producer credit to make Alien 3 . Released in 1992 , the film was troubled from the start , with production beginning without even a finished script . With $1 million already spent on production , music video director David Fincher , the third director considered for the film , was hired to helm the project . Giler , Hill and Larry Ferguson wrote the screenplay , based on a story from an earlier script by Vincent Ward . After production was completed in late 1991 , the studio reworked the film without Fincher 's involvement or consent . The death of Ripley was designed to bring closure to the Alien franchise by killing off the principal character . While fans and critics initially did not receive Alien 3 well , the film still did well at the box office worldwide and piqued Fox 's interest in continuing the franchise . In 1996 , production on the fourth Alien film , Alien Resurrection , began . Ripley was not in the script 's first draft , and Weaver was not interested in reprising the role , although she later joined the project after being promised an $11 million salary and more creative control , including being able to approve director Jean - Pierre Jeunet . The script , set 200 years after Alien 3 , resurrected the Ripley character via human cloning . The film , released in 1997 , experienced an extended production and was described by screenwriter Joss Whedon as having done `` everything wrong '' with his script . List of films ( edit ) Original series ( edit ) Alien ( 1979 ) ( edit ) Main article : Alien ( film ) On its way back to Earth , the U.S. commercial spaceship Nostromo is diverted to a desolate planetoid by a cryptic signal from a derelict alien spacecraft . While exploring the alien ship , one of the Nostromo 's crewmen discovers the remains of the ship 's pilot and also a large chamber that contains thousands of egg - like objects . One of the eggs releases a creature that attaches itself to his face and renders him unconscious . The others break quarantine to bring him back aboard the ship . The parasite dies and the crewman wakes up , seemingly fine . Soon afterwards , an alien organism bursts from his chest and grows extremely rapidly into a terrifying eight - foot ( about 2.5 meters ) tall creature that starts killing off the crew . Aliens ( 1986 ) ( edit ) Main article : Aliens ( film ) After 57 years in hypersleep , the sole survivor of the Nostromo , LT Ellen Ripley , awakens aboard a medical space station orbiting Earth . Her story of the Alien terror she encountered is disbelieved and she learns that the planetoid from the first film ( now designated as LV - 426 ) is now home to a terraforming colony . When contact with the colony is lost , Ripley , against her better judgment and to regain her pilot 's license , hesitantly accompanies a squad of high - tech Elite Colonial Marines aboard the spaceship Sulaco to investigate . Once there , they discover the colonists have been wiped out after finding the derelict alien ship ( and its deadly cargo ) from the first film . Alien 3 ( 1992 ) ( edit ) Main article : Alien 3 Due to a fire aboard the Sulaco , an escape pod carrying the survivors of the second film is automatically jettisoned . It crash - lands on the refinery / prison planet Fiorina `` Fury '' 161 , but Ripley is the only one to survive the crash . Unbeknownst to her , some alien facehuggers were also aboard the ship . Before long , a full - sized Alien is then loose in the prison , killing the inmates and staff . Ripley also discovers there is an Alien queen growing inside her , and must not only kill the rampaging Alien but also herself in order to save humanity . Alien Resurrection ( 1997 ) ( edit ) Main article : Alien Resurrection Two hundred years after the events of the previous film , several clones of Ellen Ripley ( including the alien queen she was carrying ) are produced . The Alien queen is surgically removed from her body as the United Systems Military hopes to breed Aliens to study on the spaceship USM Auriga , using human hosts kidnapped and delivered to them by a group of mercenaries . The Aliens escape their enclosures , while Ripley 8 ( a clone with some Alien DNA herself ) and the mercenaries attempt to escape and destroy the Auriga before it reaches Earth . Prequel series ( edit ) Prometheus ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : Prometheus ( 2012 film ) Some thirty years before the events of Alien , scientists Elizabeth Shaw and Charlie Holloway discover a star map among the remnants of several ancient Earth cultures . Seeking the origins of humanity , they journey aboard the spaceship Prometheus and arrive on a distant world in the Zeta Reticuli system , the same region of space in which the planetoid from Alien is found . There they discover the remains of an advanced civilization ( the same race as the dead pilot from the derelict ship in Alien ) , who were developing biological weapons which could have driven the human race extinct . Development of a fifth film in the series began in the early 2000s when both Ridley Scott and James Cameron started to develop ideas for a story that exploring the origins of the Alien . By 2003 , the development of Alien vs. Predator had taken precedence , and the fifth Alien film project remained dormant until 2009 when Scott again showed interest . Jon Spaihts wrote a script for an Alien prequel , but Scott then opted for a slightly different direction . In late 2010 , Damon Lindelof joined the project to rewrite Spaihts 's script , and he and Scott developed a story that precedes the events of Alien but is less of a direct prequel to it , concentrating more on discovering the advanced race that created the titular Aliens rather than the Aliens themselves ( though variants of the Alien in its facehugger and full - sized form are seen in the film ) . According to Scott , although the film shares `` strands of Alien 's DNA , so to speak , '' and takes place in the same universe , Prometheus explores its own mythology and ideas . Prometheus was released in 2012 and stars Noomi Rapace , Michael Fassbender , Charlize Theron , Idris Elba and Guy Pearce . The film grossed over $400 million worldwide and garnered mostly positive reviews , with a 73 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes . Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Alien : Covenant Eleven years after the events of Prometheus , the colony ship Covenant , carrying thousands of colonists and hundreds of human embryos in cryo - stasis , makes its way towards the planet Origae - 6 . The crew intercepts a transmission sent from Shaw , which they decide to trace to the apparently habitable Engineer home world , devoid of all non-floral life . When several crew members are infected by the mutagen and give birth to a new breed of alien life , the Neomorphs , the android David 8 rescues them . His motivations to create Aliens and destroy human life are made apparent , however , and with the birth of the first Aliens , the survivors , now led by Daniels , are forced to flee from the world . After disposing of the Alien , the crew members are put back into cryosleep by someone they believe to be their shipboard synthetic , Walter . Only when Daniels is put in her cryopod does she realize that Walter has been replaced by the identical David . With the crew , colonists and embryos at his mercy , David contacts Earth , stating that while the majority of the crew was killed in the neutrino blast , they would be continuing on towards Origae - 6 . By March 2014 , a Prometheus sequel was in development , with Scott set to return as the director . Michael Green wrote a script based on a first draft from Jake Paglan , which reportedly was more like a horror film than the original . Shooting was scheduled to begin in February 2016 , with a planned release date of October 6 , 2017 , which was eventually brought up to May 19 , 2017 . Rumored to be titled Paradise , but originally revealed as Alien : Paradise Lost , the film was later retitled Alien : Covenant . Actors Michael Fassbender and Katherine Waterston were expected to appear , with Waterston in the lead role of Daniels . Though Scott claimed that Noomi Rapace 's character would be returning for Alien : Covenant in November 2015 , he confirmed in an interview in January 2016 that Rapace would not be reprising her role and that the casting process for the lead roles were ongoing . However , it was later confirmed that Rapace was , in fact , reprising her role and that the cast would also include Michael Fassbender , Katherine Waterston , Billy Crudup , Danny McBride and Demian Bichir . Cancelled films ( edit ) In the mid nineties screen writer Stuart Hazeldine wrote a treatment titled Alien : Earthbound . Fox executives were impressed by the script , having read it after Alien Resurrection had entered post-production . Joss Whedon had written an Earth - set script for Alien 5 , but Sigourney Weaver was not interested and wanted it to be set on the original planetoid . She has remained open to a role on the condition that she likes the story . Before 20th Century Fox greenlit Alien vs. Predator , James Cameron had been collaborating on the plot for a fifth Alien film with another writer , but ceased work on learning of the crossover . Cameron stated that the crossover would `` kill the validity of the franchise , '' and that `` it was Frankenstein Meets Werewolf '' -- like `` Universal just taking their assets and starting to play them off against each other . '' Although he liked the final product , he ruled out any future involvement with the series . In a 2002 interview , Ridley Scott stated that a new Alien project `` would be a lot of fun '' , but `` the most important thing was to get the story right '' . Scott 's concept for the plot was `` to go back to where the alien creatures were first found and explain how they were created . '' , which became the basis of his Prequel Series . In late 2008 , Weaver hinted in an interview with MTV that she and Scott were working on an Alien spin - off film , which would focus on the chronicles of Ellen Ripley rather than on the Aliens , but the continuation of Ripley 's story has not materialized . Instead , Scott worked on a prequel that explained the `` Space Jockey '' found on the derelict spacecraft from Alien , titled Prometheus , which was released in 2012 . In 2014 , Sigourney Weaver hinted that she was interested in returning to the role of Ripley , stating that Resurrection 's ending `` feels incomplete to me . I wish it did n't , but it does . We left it hanging . And there 's a way to finish this story that I think would be satisfying to me and the many fans . '' She also stated regarding the hybrid character that `` had we done a fifth one , I do n't doubt that her humanity would have prevailed . '' In February 2015 , director Neill Blomkamp posted concept art on his Instagram feed , saying in an interview that he had been `` wanting to make an Alien film for like years and years '' and had developed the story and artwork after working on Chappie with Weaver . Weaver responded that she would be willing to reprise her role as Ripley if Blomkamp was directing . On February 18 , 2015 , it was confirmed that Blomkamp would direct a new Alien film featuring Weaver . Although no official statement was made , the film was believed to disregard the events of Alien 3 and Resurrection , and instead directly follow Aliens . Blomkamp denied these rumors , saying instead that he simply favored the first two films and wanted his to tie into them . Weaver has specified `` It 's just as if , you know , the path forks and one direction goes off to Alien 3 and Alien Resurrection and another direction goes off to Neill 's movie . '' In March 2015 , Blomkamp reported that the title of the film would not be Alien 5 and further confirmed plans for more than one Alien sequel / prequel . A fan at Pensacon in March 2015 reported that actor Michael Biehn , who played Corporal Dwayne Hicks in Aliens , confirmed in a private conversation that he had been contacted regarding the film . On March 24 , 2015 , Sharlto Copley revealed his interest in portraying an Alien . On May 20 , 2015 , Bill Paxton also expressed interest in reprising his role from Aliens . On June 29 , 2015 , Blomkamp stated filming was set to begin in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . In August 2015 , however , it was reported that the project was on hold until at least 2017 . In September 2015 , Ridley Scott confirmed that he would produce , and that production would begin after that of the sequel to Prometheus was finished . Blomkamp stated in October 2015 that the Alien project might be shelved pending the outcome of the second prequel film , and thus he would be moving on to other projects . During a VMware event in April 2016 , Weaver stated she thought that the proposed fifth Alien film would still go into production after the completion Alien : Covenant . Late that month , Blomkamp shared concept art via Instagram , featuring an adult Newt . Weaver told Variety that both she and Blomkamp hoped to finish Ripley 's story in the film . In January , Blomkamp said that the odds of the film going into production were `` slim '' . In April , Scott said that he did n't think the film will ever be made . He elaborated that there was never a complete script , just a 10 - page pitch , which Fox decided they did n't wish to pursue any further . Commentators have noted this goes against Weaver 's and James Cameron 's statements about reading Blomkamp 's script for the film , although it 's possible Weaver and Cameron were referring to the pitch document . On May 1 , 2017 , Ridley Scott confirmed that Blomkamp 's film had been officially canceled , and stated that its title had been Alien : Awakening , and that he had repurposed the film to be set between Prometheus and Alien : Covenant . Future ( edit ) Alien : Covenant 2 ( edit ) In September 2015 , Ridley Scott revealed he was planning two sequels to Prometheus which would lead into the first Alien film , also stating that there might be `` even a fourth film before we get back into the Alien franchise . '' In November 2015 , Scott confirmed that Alien : Covenant would be the first of three more films before linking up with original Alien , thus starting a new trilogy of sci - fi films , and stated that the Prometheus sequels would reveal who created the Aliens . According to an interview with Scott that took place on the set of Alien : Covenant in 2016 , Scott had the screenplay for the third prequel film written while working on Alien : Covenant , so that he could `` be ready to go again next year . '' Scott also mentioned the revived franchise might go on for even longer than previously mentioned ; `` I can keep cranking it for another six . I 'm not going to close it down again . No way . '' In March 2017 , Scott stated that if Alien : Covenant and the film that would follow it were successful , he had plans for another three Alien films . Scott explained `` It will go Prometheus , Awakening , Covenant . '' In May 2017 , Scott revealed that Alien : Awakening was originally the name of Neill Blomkamp 's since - cancelled Aliens sequel . 20th Century Fox is currently reassessing the sequels pitched by Ridley Scott , due to Covenant under - performing at the box office . In the audio commentary for Alien : Covenant , Scott confirmed that a sequel to Alien : Covenant , tentatively referred to as Alien : Covenant 2 , is being written by John Logan , with Fassbender , Waterston and McBride reprising their roles . Scott also confirmed that the film will cap his Prequel Series , leading directly into the events of Alien 1 . Other films ( edit ) Main article : Alien vs. Predator Inspired by the Dark Horse Comics series , the filmmakers of Predator 2 ( 1990 ) incorporated an easter egg in which an Alien skull was seen in a Predator trophy case . Attempts to create a shared universe between the Alien and Predator franchises followed , through comics and video games , until a film franchise was launched with the release of AVP : Alien vs. Predator in 2004 , and a sequel in 2007 . The future of the franchise remains uncertain due to a largely negative critical response . Alien vs. Predator ( 2004 ) ( edit ) Main article : Alien vs. Predator ( film ) In 2004 , a Predator ship arrives in Earth 's orbit to draw humans to an ancient Predator training ground on Bouvetøya , an island about one thousand miles north of Antarctica . A buried pyramid which gives off a `` heat bloom '' attracts humans led by Charles Bishop Weyland ( Lance Henriksen ) , who unknowingly activates an Alien egg production line . Three Predator hunters enter the structure , killing all humans in their way with the intention of hunting the newly formed Alien warriors . Two Predators die in the ensuing battle , while the third allies itself with the lone surviving human , Alexa Woods ( Sanaa Lathan ) in order to battle the escaped Queen Alien . The Queen is defeated , but not before she fatally wounds the last Predator . The orbiting Predator ship uncloaks and the crew retrieve the fallen Predator . A Predator elder gives Alexa a spear as a sign of respect , and then departs . Once in orbit it is revealed that a chestburster was in the corpse , though this specimen has Predator mandibles . Aliens vs. Predator : Requiem ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : Aliens vs. Predator : Requiem Set immediately after the previous film , the `` Predalien '' hybrid on board the Predator scout ship , which just separated from the mothership from the previous film , has grown to full adult size and sets about killing the Predators on board the ship , causing it to crash in Gunnison , Colorado . The last survivor activates a distress beacon with a video of the Predalien , which is received by a veteran Predator , who sets off towards Earth to `` clean up '' the infestation . When it arrives , the Predator tracks the Aliens into a section of the sewer below town . It removes evidence of their presence as it goes by using a corrosive blue liquid . It uses a laser net to try to contain the creatures , but the Aliens still manage to escape into the town above . The Predator fashions a plasma pistol from its remaining plasma caster and hunts Aliens all across town ( accidentally cutting the power to the town in the process ) . During a confrontation with human survivors , the Predator loses its plasma pistol . The Predator then fights the Predalien single - handedly , and the two mortally wound one another just as the US military drops a tactical nuclear bomb on the town , incinerating both combatants and the few remaining humans in the city . The salvaged plasma pistol is taken to Ms. Yutani . Cast and crew ( edit ) Recurring characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Alien characters List indicator ( s ) This table shows the recurring characters and the actors who have portrayed them throughout the franchise . A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film , or that the character 's presence in the film has not yet been announced . A indicates a cameo appearance . A indicates an appearance in onscreen photographs only . A indicates an appearance in deleted scenes only . A indicates a voice only role . A indicates a motion - capture only role . Character Main Series Prequel Series Alien ( 1979 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) Alien 3 ( 1992 ) Alien Resurrection ( 1997 ) Prometheus ( 2012 ) Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) Alien : Covenant 2 ( 2019 ) Arthur Dallas Tom Skerritt Tom Skerritt Ellen Louise Ripley Ripley Clone 8 Sigourney Weaver Sigourney Weaver Nicole Fellows TBA Joan Lambert Veronica Cartwright Veronica Cartwright Samuel Brett Harry Dean Stanton Harry Dean Stanton Gilbert Kane John Hurt John Hurt Ash Ian Holm Ian Holm Dennis Parker Yaphet Kotto Yaphet Kotto Aliens Bolaji Badejo Carl Toop Tom Woodruff , Jr . Appeared Andrew Crawford Goran D. Kleut TBA MU / TH / UR 6000 `` Mother / Father '' Helen Horton Steven Gilborn Lorelei King Jones Various animal performers Engineers Appeared Ian Whyte John Lebar Daniel James Appeared TBA Bishop Michael Bishop Weyland `` Bishop II '' Lance Henriksen Rebecca `` Newt '' Jorden Carrie Henn Danielle Edmond Dwayne Hicks Michael Biehn Michael Biehn Elizabeth M. Shaw Noomi Rapace David 8 Walter Michael Fassbender Peter Weyland Guy Pearce Charlie Holloway Logan Marshall - Green Logan Marshall - Green Janet `` Danny '' Daniels Katherine Waterston Tennessee `` Tee '' Faris Danny McBride Crew ( edit ) Role Main series Prequel series Alien ( 1979 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) Alien 3 ( 1992 ) Alien Resurrection ( 1997 ) Prometheus ( 2012 ) Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) Director Ridley Scott James Cameron David Fincher Jean - Pierre Jeunet Ridley Scott Writer ( s ) Story by : Ronald Shusett Dan O'Bannon Screenplay by : Dan O'Bannon Story by : Walter Hill David Giler James Cameron Screenplay by : James Cameron Story by : Vincent Ward Screenplay by : David Giler Walter Hill Larry Ferguson Joss Whedon Jon Spaihts Damon Lindelof Story by : Jack Paglen Michael Green Screenplay by : John Logan Dante Harper Producer ( s ) Gordon Carroll David Giler Walter Hill Gale Anne Hurd Gordon Carroll David Giler Walter Hill Gordon Carroll Bill Badalato David Giler Walter Hill Ridley Scott David Giler Walter Hill Ridley Scott David Giler Walter Hill Mark Huffam Michael Schaefer Music ( s ) Jerry Goldsmith James Horner Elliot Goldenthal John Frizzell Marc Streitenfeld Jed Kurzel Cinematography Derek Vanlint Adrian Biddle Alex Thomson Darius Khondji Dariusz Wolski Editor Terry Rawlings Peter Weatherley Ray Lovejoy Terry Rawlings Hervé Schneid Pietro Scalia Production Companies Brandywine Productions Scott Free Productions Brandywine Productions Dune Entertainment TSG Entertainment Distributor ( s ) 20th Century Fox Running time 117 minutes 137 minutes 114 minutes 109 minutes 124 minutes 123 minutes Release date May 25 , 1979 July 18 , 1986 May 22 , 1992 November 26 , 1997 June 8 , 2012 May 19 , 2017 Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Film Release date Box office revenue Box office ( adjusted for inflation 2016 ) Budget References North America Foreign Worldwide Alien May 25 , 1979 $80,931,801 $122,698,829 $203,630,630 $682,636,079 $11 million Aliens July 18 , 1986 $85,160,248 $98,156,207 $183,316,455 $406,774,526 $18 million Alien 3 May 22 , 1992 $55,473,545 $104,340,953 $159,814,498 $277,364,676 $50 million Alien Resurrection November 26 , 1997 $47,795,658 $113,580,410 $161,376,068 $246,835,418 $70 million Prometheus June 8 , 2012 $126,477,084 $276,877,385 $403,354,469 $434,283,495 $125 million Alien : Covenant May 19 , 2017 $73,757,114 $157,605,515 $231,362,629 n / a $97 million Total $ 7008468499321000000 ♠ 468,499,321 $ 7008857953784000000 ♠ 857,953,784 $ 7009134285474900000 ♠ 1,342,854,749 $ 7009227925682300000 ♠ 2,279,256,823 $371 million List indicator ( s ) indicates figures based on available information . Please note that the figures in this table are not inflation adjusted . Where two different figures are quoted for box office grosses , information is taken from two different sources . Critical and public reaction ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Alien 97 % ( 104 reviews ) 83 ( 22 reviews ) N / A Aliens 98 % ( 65 reviews ) 86 ( 10 reviews ) Alien 3 46 % ( 46 reviews ) 59 ( 20 reviews ) Alien Resurrection 54 % ( 71 reviews ) 63 ( 21 reviews ) B − Prometheus 72 % ( 282 reviews ) 65 ( 42 reviews ) Alien : Covenant 70 % ( 300 reviews ) 65 ( 52 reviews ) IGN listed Alien as the thirteenth best film franchise of all time . Alien was nominated for two Academy Awards , winning for Best Visual Effects . Aliens received seven nominations , including a Best Actress nomination for Sigourney Weaver , and won for Best Visual Effects and Best Sound Effects . Alien 3 was nominated for Best Visual Effects . Alien was also inducted into the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress for historical preservation as a film which is `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' The American Film Institute ranked Alien as the sixth most thrilling American movie and seventh - best film in the science fiction genre , and in the AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains list , Ripley was ranked eighth among the heroes , and the Alien was fourteenth among the villains . Accolades ( edit ) Further information : List of accolades received by the Alien film series Academy Awards ( edit ) Award Alien Aliens Alien 3 Alien Resurrection Prometheus Actress Nominated Art Direction Nominated Nominated Film Editing Nominated Original Score Nominated Sound Nominated Sound Effects Editing Won Visual Effects Won Won Nominated Nominated Alien Day ( edit ) `` Alien Day , '' April 26 , has become the fan celebration day for the Aliens franchise . The date derives from LV - 426 , the `` 426 '' converting to `` 4 / 26 '' or ' April 26 ' . On Alien Day 2016 , Neill Blomkamp released new art for his concept of Alien 5 , and the Audible Original audio play adaptation of Alien : Out of the Shadows was released . On Alien Day 2017 , 20th Century Fox released `` The Crossing '' prologue short film for Alien : Covenant , and the Audible Original audio play adaptation of Alien : River of Pain was released . Home video releases ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There have been dozens of stand - alone releases of the individual films on various formats , including Betamax , VHS , Laserdisc , DVD , and Blu - ray . The multiple single releases on VHS were generally the original theatrical cuts of each film , although in 1991 there was also the sole release of Aliens : Special Edition ( see below ) . Laserdisc saw single releases of all theatrical versions , as well as two so - called `` box sets '' which only contained one film ( there were two single releases , one each for Alien and Aliens ) but had multiple discs and a large amount of supplemental material with a high retail price tag ( around US $100 ) . The Aliens set included a new `` Special Edition '' cut of the film completed by James Cameron just for this release , which was a significantly extended version of the film . On DVD initially the films were only available as a boxed set ( see Alien Legacy below ) but were then released separately ( and Aliens was only available in its `` Special Edition '' cut , not its original theatrical cut which did not make it to DVD until the next boxed set ) . The same pattern was followed when the two - disc special editions of the films came out after the Alien Quadrilogy set ( see below ) , as each film got individual two - disc releases which contained the content of each film from that set . Since then , there have been multiple issues and reissues of the films , in both their theatrical or extended version , though some single releases include both . In addition to the single releases , there have been seven complete box sets of the series at various points in its history . With the exception of the DVD version of the Aliens Triple Pack , each release contained all films that had come out at the time the sets were released . The seven box sets each had unique characteristics and features which were then sometimes reused in later sets or single releases in one form or another , most notably the Blu - ray Anthology '' which includes a detailed archive of many previous releases , including the rare Laserdisc box sets . Alien Triple Pack ( VHS , 1992 ) , containing the first two films in the series and a third cassette with a 23 - minute preview of the then upcoming theatrical release of Alien 3 . ( Not to be confused with the 2008 DVD set of the same name below . ) Alien Trilogy ( VHS , 1993 ) , a three - cassette packaging of the original theatrical cuts of Alien , Aliens , and Alien 3 . Alien Saga ( VHS , 1997 ) , UK boxed set with the first three films plus a `` Making of Alien Resurrection '' cassette . It was released again in 1998 with the Alien Resurrection film included . A Japan - exclusive Laserdisc pack containing the first three films released in 1999 also had the same name . ( A planned U.S. version was canceled as DVDs were quickly taking over the much smaller domestic Laserdisc market in that country . ) Alien Legacy ( VHS / DVD , 1999 ) , a four - volume set containing the 1991 Laserdisc `` Special Edition '' cut of Aliens ( for the first time on another format ) , the theatrical versions of the other three films , and on DVD various supplemental materials that were either re-used from Laserdisc or newly created . Alien Quadrilogy ( DVD , 2003 ) , considered one of the most exhaustive box sets of the DVD era in terms of content and special features , was spread over nine discs : four discs ( one disc each ) for the theatrical and extended cuts of each film ( new `` 2003 '' cuts of Alien , Alien 3 , and Alien Resurrection and the previously released 1991 `` Special Edition '' cut of Aliens ) , four discs containing special features specific to each film , and an extra disc of documentaries and other supplemental content . The films were later re-released as two - disc individual titles as part of 20th Century Fox 's Collector 's Series . Alien Triple Pack ( DVD , 2008 ) , a three - disc package including the theatrical cuts of Alien and Alien 3 , as well as the `` Special Edition '' of Aliens . This set reused the name of the 1992 VHS set ( this was an unusual release in that Alien Resurrection was not included , making this the first franchise box set it had not appeared in since its release ) . Alien Anthology ( Blu - ray , 2010 ) , an exclusive six - disc release featuring two versions of each film ( theatrical , and the 2003 cuts from the Alien Quadrilogy set -- except for changes to the 2003 Alien 3 `` Workprint '' version which included having some original voice actors come back to re-record poorly captured dialogue in newly inserted extended scenes , and fixed production errors on the `` special edition '' of Aliens ) and almost all special features and supplements from the previous releases ( including an archive of the special edition Laserdisc box sets with all their image galleries and other unique content ) . As with the Quadrilogy DVD , the two versions of each film were housed on a single disc , while the storage capacity of Blu - ray means the previous five discs of special features were included on the remaining two discs in the set , which held approximately 60 hours of bonus video content and over 12,000 still images . Most subsequent releases of the films on the Blu - ray medium are repackaged versions of the Blu - ray disks contained in this box set . A discount box set without the two additional discs of bonus features was also released . Alien / Aliens Dual Pack ( DVD ) , including the theatrical cuts of both Alien and Aliens . A separate dual pack was released containing the theatrical and extended versions of Alien vs. Predator and the unrated Aliens vs. Predator : Requiem . Prometheus to Alien : The Evolution ( Blu - ray , 2012 ) , containing all of the Alien films , Prometheus , and a bonus material disk for Prometheus . All of the Alien films , including Prometheus , have been released in special Steelbook Blu - ray editions , although these do not come in a boxed set . While the Alien Steelbooks themselves contain the Blu - ray disks on their own , the Prometheus Steelbook contains both Blu - ray and Blu - ray 3D versions of the film , as well as a bonus feature Blu - ray disk with seven hours of content . With the exception of Prometheus , the films had been previously released as DVD Definitive editions , which featured Steelbook casing and contained both DVD versions of the films and a bonus feature disk . Alien : The 35th Anniversary Edition ( Blu - ray , 2014 ) , released to mark the 35th anniversary of the release of the film , containing both a Blu - ray and a Digital HD copy , a reprint of Alien : The Illustrated Story and a series of collectible art cards containing artwork by H. R. Giger related to the film . The disk itself is the same as the respective disk on the 2010 Anthology Blu - ray release , and contains MOTHER mode , despite the lack of the required bonus disk . A reprint of the novel by Alan Dean Foster was also released , along with reprints of all other novels , with the Alien Resurrection novel available as of May 2015 . The Alien Universe box set was released exclusively through Wal - Mart on April 18 , 2017 , and included four limited edition poster cards designed by the Mondo art company . Other media ( edit ) Novels ( edit ) Main article : Alien novels Several novelizations of each of the six films and some comic books as well as original canonical novels based on the franchise have been released . The original novels include Alien : Out of the Shadows , Alien : Sea of Sorrows , Alien : River of Pain , marketed as the Canonical Alien Trilogy and the short story collection Aliens : Bug Hunt . Out of the Shadows and River of Pain were adapted into audio dramas in 2016 & 2017 respectively released on the Alien Day of the respective year . Alan Dean Foster published Alien : Covenant -- Origins , a novel set between the events of Prometheus and Alien : Covenant Comics ( edit ) Main article : List of Alien comics Dark Horse Comics published a line based on the franchise . Video games ( edit ) Main article : List of Alien , Predator and Alien vs. Predator games The first game based on the franchise was Alien ( 1982 ) for the Atari 2600 , heavily based on Pac - Man . Another Alien game based on the first film was released in 1984 . Aliens was adapted into four different video games : two different 1986 games titled Aliens : The Computer Game , a collection of minigames by Activision and a first - person shooter by Software Studios ; as well as two different games titled Aliens , a 1987 MSX platformer by Square and a 1990 arcade shoot ' em up by Konami . Acclaim Entertainment released three different games based on Alien 3 , two different run and gun platformers ( one for various platforms in 1992 , another for the SNES a year later ) and a Game Boy adventure game in 1993 ; Sega also released a light gun arcade game Alien 3 : The Gun in 1993 . Acclaim 's first - person shooter Alien Trilogy was released in 1996 , and their adaptation of Alien Resurrection was released in 2000 as a PlayStation first - person shooter . Other Alien games include Mindscape 's adventure game Aliens : A Comic Book Adventure ( 1995 ) , the first - person shooter Aliens Online ( 1998 ) , the Game Boy Color action game Aliens : Thanatos Encounter ( 2001 ) , the mobile phone game Aliens : Unleashed ( 2003 ) , and the arcade game Aliens : Extermination ( 2006 ) . In ( 2014 ) , Play Mechanix and Raw Thrills released Aliens : Armageddon , a rail gun first person shooter that hit arcades soon after . It has received praise , though it has also been criticized for only being four chapters long . These rail gun shooters came in two different cabinets : one featuring a large screen and assault rifles in place of laser rifles ( although you use an assault rifle throughout the game regardless ) , the other featuring a slightly smaller screen and laser rifles . In 2006 , Sega struck a deal with Fox Licensing to release two new Alien video games on Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 , and PlayStation 3 . One of them , a first - person shooter by Gearbox Software , Aliens : Colonial Marines , was released on February 12 , 2013 , in the United States of America on Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 and Windows . The game is set between Aliens and Alien 3 , following a group of marines sent to investigate the Sulaco who wound up crash - landing on LV - 426 . Sega also released a Nintendo DS game Aliens Infestation in 2011 . In 2014 , Sega published Alien : Isolation . Developed by The Creative Assembly the game launched on Microsoft Windows , Linux , OS X , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 platforms on October 7 , 2014 . It was directed by Alistair Hope and produced by Jonathan Court and Oli Smith . Part of the Alien series , the game is set in 2137 , 15 years after the events of Alien and 42 years prior to Aliens . The game follows Amanda Ripley , who is investigating the disappearance of her mother , Ellen Ripley . Amanda is transferred to the space station Sevastopol to find the flight recorder of the Nostromo only to discover an Alien has terrorized the station , killing the vast majority of the crew . The Alien also was a downloadable character in Mortal Kombat X ( 2015 ) . Role - playing game ( edit ) Main article : Aliens Adventure Game Leading Edge Games released the Aliens Adventure Game in 1990 . In academia ( edit ) The Bishop character has been the subject of literary and philosophical analysis as a high - profile android character conforming to science fiction author Isaac Asimov 's Three Laws of Robotics and as a model of a compliant , potentially self - aware machine . The portrayal of androids in the Alien series -- Ash in Alien , Bishop in Aliens and Alien 3 , and Call ( Winona Ryder ) in Alien Resurrection ( 1997 ) -- has been studied for its implications relating to how humans deal with the presence of an `` Other '' , as Ripley treats them with fear and suspicion , and a form of `` hi - tech racism and android apartheid '' is present throughout the series . This is seen as part of a larger trend of technophobia in films prior to the 1990s , with Bishop 's role being particularly significant as he redeems himself at the end of Aliens , thus confounding Ripley 's expectations . See also ( edit ) List of space science fiction franchises References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : McIntee , David A. ( 2005 ) . Beautiful Monsters : The Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to the Alien and Predator Films . Telos . pp. 19 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Scanlon , Paul ; Michael Cross ( 1979 ) . The Book of Alien . London : Titan Books . ISBN 1 - 85286 - 483 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Star Beast : Developing the Story '' , The Beast Within : The Making of Alien . Jump up ^ `` Truckers in Space : Casting '' , The Beast Within : The Making of Alien Jump up ^ Lina Badley , Film , and the Body Fantastic : Contributions to the Study of Popular Culture , Greenwood Press 1995 Jump up ^ Sutton , Robert . `` R0BTRAIN 's Bad Ass Cinema : Alien '' . Retrieved September 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Schickel , Richard ( July 28 , 1986 ) . `` Help ! They 're Back ! '' . TIME . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Last in Space '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 29 , 1992 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2008 . Retrieved December 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` David Fincher '' . Senses of Cinema . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2007 . Retrieved December 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hochman , David ( December 5 , 1997 ) . `` Beauties and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2008 . Retrieved December 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Joss for a minute : A brief chat with Joss Whedon '' . December 16 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2007 . Retrieved December 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Walter . `` SIGNOURNEY WEATER IN ' ALIENS ' '' . NYTimes . Jump up ^ Ridley Scott ( Director ) ( May 12 , 2017 ) . Alien : Covenant ( Motion picture ) . Los Angeles : 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( March 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Wolverine 3 ′ , ' Fantastic Four 2 ′ , ' Taken 3 ′ and More Get Release Dates '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` Summer 's Studio Smackdown : From ' Men in Black 3 ' to ' Prometheus , ' Which Franchises Will Get Another Chapter '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2012 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy . `` ' Prometheus 2 ′ Gets a New Writer ; 2016 Release Date Likely '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike jr . `` Ridley Scott On ' The Martian ' And Why ' Star Wars ' And ' 2001 ' Sent Him To Space With ' Alien : ' Toronto Q&A '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Fassbender will do this one with me , and it 's meant to start production in February . Jump up ^ `` Run , Pray , Hide : Three New TV Spots for Ridley Scott 's ' Alien : Covenant ' '' . FirstShowing.net . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Verhoeven , Beatrice ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Ridley Scott Talks Alien : Paradise Lost '' . TheWrap . ^ Jump up to : Orange , B. Alan ( November 27 , 2015 ) . `` Noomi Rapace Only Has a Small Role in ' Alien : Covenant ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Katherine Waterston To Star In ' Alien : Covenant ' '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Bang Showbiz ( January 30 , 2016 ) . `` Ridley Scott : Noomi Rapace wo n't be in Alien : Covenant '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Noomi Rapace Joins ' Alien : Covenant ' After All '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.alien-covenant.com/news/alien-earthbound---the-alien-3-sequel-that-never-got-made Jump up ^ Carroll , Larry ( February 20 , 2009 ) . `` Will Ripley Rise Again ? '' . MTV Movies Blog . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2009 . Retrieved February 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vespe , Eric `` Quint '' ( February 7 , 2006 ) . `` Holy Crap ! Quint interviews James Cameron ! ! ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Paul ( January 23 , 2002 ) . `` Alien vs. Predator : Battle of the Sequels '' . IGN . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sigourney Weaver And Ridley Scott To Team Up For Alien-Less ' Alien ' Sequel ? '' . Moviesblog.mtv.com . December 5 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2009 . Retrieved March 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` PROMETHEUS 2 ( 2016 ) : Ridley Scott drops Sequel Hints '' . FilmBook.com . September 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keith Stuart . `` Sigourney Weaver hankering after fifth instalment of Alien saga '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sigourney Weaver eyes new Ripley adventures at Hero Complex Film Fest '' . Los Angeles Times . June 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Neill Blomkamp Says There 's A ' High Possibility ' He Makes An ' Alien ' Movie After All '' . Uproxx . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Might We See the Return of Ripley in a Neill Blomkamp Aliens Movie ? '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neill Blomkamp Directing ' Alien ' ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Russ . `` Neill Blomkamp 's ' Alien ' Will Disregard Half the Franchise to Finish Ripley 's Story '' . Slashfilm . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Suires , John . `` Blomkamp 's Alien Film Not Actually Erasing Post-Aliens Sequels '' . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why Neill Blomkamp says he 's not trying to undo Alien 3 and Alien Resurrection '' . Blastr . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Eventual Aliens Sequel Will Wipe Alien 3 and Resurrection Off the Map '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neill Blomkamp 's ' Alien 5 ' Title Is a Major Spoiler '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Neill Blomkamp Planning More Than One ' Alien ' '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Biehn Allegedly Approached for Role in Neill Blomkamp 's Alien Film '' . Dread Central . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sharlto Copley Talks Neil Blomkamp 's Alien ; Would Play a Xenomorph '' . Dread Central . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` Bill Paxton Wants Hudson in Neill Blomkamp 's Alien Sequel '' . IGN . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alien 5 filming begins in Vancouver ; Neill Blomkamp assures film wo n't overlap with Ridley Scott 's Prometheus 2 '' . VCPost.com . June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nemiroff , Perri ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` Rumor : ' Prometheus 2 ' is Delaying ' Alien 5 ' '' . Collider.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hewit , Chris ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Ridley Scott Talks Alien : Paradise Lost '' . Empire Online . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Director Neill Blomkamp Reveals Alien 5 on Hold '' . IGN . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Sigourney Weaver Says Neill Blomkamp 's ' Alien ' Movie Will Be `` Worth the Wait '' `` . Collider.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Neill Blomkamp 's ' Alien 5 ' Will See the Return of Newt ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cox , Gordon ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Sigourney Weaver : Next ' Avatar ' Scripts Are ' Many Times More Amazing ' Than First One '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` There 's a `` Slim Chance '' We 'll See Neill Blomkamp 's ' Alien 5 ' `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ridley Scott Throws Cold Water on Neill Blomkamp 's Alien 5 '' . comicbook.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Alien 5 is doomed as the crew of the Nostromo '' . Independent . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ridley Scott planning 3 Prometheus sequels before link to Alien is made ! ( by Chris Picard ) '' . scified.com . September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ridley Scott plans three more Prometheus films before linking to Alien '' . The Guardian . September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ridley Scott : ' Alien : Covenant ' Is First of 3 Films Before Linking Up With Original ' Alien ' ( by Pip Bulbeck ) '' . hollywoodreporter.com . November 26 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris ; Singer , Leigh ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Ridley Scott Says Prometheus Sequels Will Reveal Who Created Aliens '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Maddox , Garry ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Ridley Scott promises a return to Alien - style horror in Alien : Covenant '' . smh.com.au . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Noomi Rapace Will Return for ' Alien : Covenant , ' Plus : at Least Four More ' Alien ' Movies in the Works '' . fandango.com . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alien : Covenant Sequel May Not Be Titled Awakening '' . screenrant.com . May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Reportedly `` Reassessing '' Future of the ' Alien ' Franchise in Wake of ' Alien : Covenant ' `` . Collider . July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alien : Covenant - Audio Commentary Jump up ^ http://collider.com/alien-covenant-trivia/#ridley-scott Jump up ^ Reyes , Michael ( 1 August 2017 ) . `` How The Next Alien Movies Could Incorporate Ripley , According To Ridley Scott '' . Cinemablend.com . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Youtube interview of Ridley Scott from June 2017 . ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ https://westegg.com/inflation/infl.cgi ^ Jump up to : `` Alien franchise '' . The Numbers . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://westegg.com/inflation/infl.cgi Jump up ^ https://westegg.com/inflation/infl.cgi Jump up ^ https://westegg.com/inflation/infl.cgi Jump up ^ https://westegg.com/inflation/ Jump up ^ `` Alien '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alien ( 1979 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aliens '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aliens ( 1986 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alien 3 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alien 3 ( 1992 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alien Resurrection '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alien Resurrection ( 1997 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prometheus '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prometheus ( 2012 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2011 . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alien : Covenant reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 Franchises of All Time : # 13 '' . IGN . December 6 , 2006 . Retrieved January 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` National Film Preservation Board '' . National Film Preservation Board . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Films Selected to the National Film Registry , Library of Congress , 1989 -- 2007 '' . National Film Registry . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Josie Griffiths . `` What is Alien Day , why is it today , what special events are taking place and when is Alien : Covenant out ? '' . The Sun ( London ) . Jump up ^ James White , ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Alien Day : Neill Blomkamp posts new Newt art '' . Empire . Jump up ^ Victoria Wollaston ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` You can now experience the horror of Alien : Covenant in VR '' . Wired . Jump up ^ Daly , Steve ( May 8 , 1992 ) . `` Alien ; Aliens ; Alien / Aliens Triple Pack '' . EW.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alien Trilogy ( VHS ) : Sigourney Weaver , Michael Biehn , Tom Skerritt , John Hurt , Carrie Henn , Paul Reiser , Lance Henriksen , Bill Paxton , William Hope , Jenette Goldstein , Al Matthews , Mark Rolston , David Fincher , James Cameron , Ridley Scott , Dan O'Bannon , David Giler , Larry Ferguson , Ronald Shusett : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Joshua Zyber ( May 1 , 1999 ) . `` Alien Saga -- Laserdisc Forever '' . Mindspring.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Laserdisc Details '' . IMDB.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sauter , Michael ( June 4 , 1999 ) . `` More Aliens come to VHS and DVD '' . EW.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alien Quadrilogy -- DVD -- IGN '' . Dvd.ign.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rewind - Alien Quadrilogy ( The ) ( 1979 -- 1997 ) '' . Dvdcompare.net . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alien Triple Pack ( Alien / Aliens / Alien 3 ) : Sigourney Weaver , Michael Biehn , Tom Skerritt , John Hurt , Carrie Henn , Paul Reiser , Lance Henriksen , Bill Paxton , William Hope , Jenette Goldstein , Al Matthews , Mark Rolston , David Fincher , James Cameron , Ridley Scott , Dan O'Bannon , David Giler , Larry Ferguson , Ronald Shusett : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alien Anthology Hits Blu Ray '' . Darkrealmfox.com . November 13 , 2010 . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tribbey , Chris . `` ' Alien Anthology ' Boasts 60 Hours of Bonus Content '' . Jump up ^ Sokolove , Todd . `` Alien : Covenant Fan Events Announced For Alien Day 2017 '' . Jump up ^ `` Aliens Armageddon TM -- Raw Thrills , Inc . '' . Jump up ^ `` Aliens to spawn on next - gen systems '' . GameSpot . December 11 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Aliens : Colonial Marines still alive , DS edition planned '' . GameSpot . June 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Aliens : Colonial Marines shipping Spring 2012 and will be at E3 + Teaser Trailer -- Gearbox Software Forums '' . Gbxforums.gearboxsoftware.com . June 1 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hornshaw , Phil ( February 16 , 2013 ) . `` All the Ways Aliens : Colonial Marines Breaks the ' Aliens ' Story '' . Game Front . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sharkey , Mike ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` How Aliens : Colonial Marines Seriously Screws Up Alien Lore '' . GameSpy . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ VanOrd , Kevin ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` Aliens : Infestation review '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alien Isolation 2 `` Discussed Daily '' at The Creative Assembly `` . GameSpot.com . December 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Bryan . `` Mortal Kombat X - How to Play Alien , Combos and Strategies '' . Prima Games . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Buttazzo , G ( May 2000 ) . R. Aurich , W. Jacobsen and G. Jatho , ed . Can a Machine Ever Become Self - Aware ? . Goethe Institute , Los Angeles . pp. 45 -- 49 . ISBN 9783931321260 . OCLC 950210968 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Nishime , LeiLani ( Winter 2005 ) . `` The Mulatto Cyborg : Imagining a Multiracial Future '' . Cinema Journal . University of Texas Press . 44 ( 2 ) : 34 -- 49 . doi : 10.1353 / cj. 2005.0011 . Jump up ^ Kozlovic , Anton Karl ( Spring 2004 ) . HAL - o - phobia : Computer Horror in the Pre-1990 Popular Cinema . ISSN 1562 - 384X . Jump up ^ Kozlovic , Anton Karl ( September 2003 ) . `` Technophobic themes in pre-1990 computer films '' . Science as Culture . 12 ( 3 ) : 341 -- 373 . doi : 10.1080 / 09505430309008 . Further reading ( edit ) Alien Woman : The Making of Lt. Ellen Ripley ( by Ximena Gallardo C. and C. Jason Smith , Continuum , 272 pages , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1910 - 0 ) The Book of Alien ( by Paul Scanlon and Michael Gross , Star Books , 112 pages , 1979 , ISBN 0 - 352 - 30422 - 7 , Titan Books , 2003 , ISBN 1 - 85286 - 483 - 4 ) Making of Alien Resurrection ( by Andrew Murdock and Rachel Aberly , Harper Prism , 1997 ISBN 0 - 06 - 105378 - 3 ) The Complete Aliens Companion ( by Paul Sammon , Harper Prism , 1998 , ISBN 0 - 06 - 105385 - 6 ) The Alien Quartet : A Bloomsbury Movie Guide ( by David Earl Thomson , Bloomsbury Publishing , 208 pages , 1999 , ISBN 1 - 58234 - 030 - 7 , as The Alien Quartet ( Pocket Movie Guide ) , 2000 ISBN 0 - 7475 - 5181 - 2 ) Beautiful Monsters : The Unofficial and Unauthorized Guide to the Alien and Predator Films ( by David A. McIntee , Telos , 272 pages , 2005 , ISBN 1 - 903889 - 94 - 4 ) Alien Vault : The Definitive Story of the Making of The Film ( By Ian Nathan ) 2011 , 176 pages . Includes inserts with sticker , mini posters , art and storyboards , Blueprints an other material . ISBN 9780760341124 External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Alien Films Main Alien ( 1979 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) Alien 3 ( 1992 ) Alien Resurrection ( 1997 ) Prequels Prometheus ( 2012 ) Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) Franchise media Music Alien Aliens Alien 3 Alien : Resurrection Prometheus Alien : Covenant Comics Dark Horse line Superman / Aliens Batman / Aliens WildC. A.T.s / Aliens Green Lantern versus Aliens Judge Dredd vs. Aliens Alien : The Illustrated Story Novels Out of the Shadows Earth Hive Nightmare Asylum The Female War Colonial Marines Technical Manual Games Alien ( 1984 ) Aliens : The Computer Game ( Software Studios ) Aliens : The Computer Game ( Activision ) Aliens ( 1990 ) Aliens Adventure Game ( tabletop ) Alien 3 Alien 3 : The Gun Aliens : A Comic Book Adventure Alien Trilogy Aliens Online Alien : Resurrection Aliens Infestation Aliens : Colonial Marines Alien : Isolation Universe Alien Alien morphs in the Alien franchise Characters Ellen Ripley Ash Bishop Amanda Ripley David 8 Concepts Sulaco United States Colonial Marines Semiotic Standard Other Accolades for the film series Alien vs. Predator franchise Related articles Ripley ( crater ) Alien War It ! The Terror from Beyond Space Planet of the Vampires Alien 2 : On Earth Predator franchise Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alien_(franchise)&oldid=800341099 '' Categories : Alien ( franchise ) American film series Action films by series Horror films by series Science fiction films by series Science fiction horror film series Film series introduced in 1979 20th Century Fox franchises Films adapted into comics Films adapted into novels Films adapted into video games Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2013 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from June 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2017 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Esperanto Français हिन्दी Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Nederlands Norsk Polski Română Русский Svenska ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 23 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many movies are in the aliens series | [
"Several novelizations of each of the six films and some comic books as well as original canonical novels based on the franchise have been released.\nThe original novels include Alien: Out of the Shadows, Alien: Sea of Sorrows, Alien: River of Pain, marketed as the Canonical Alien Trilogy and the short story collection Aliens: Bug Hunt.\nOut of the Shadows and River of Pain were adapted into audio dramas in 2016 & 2017 respectively released on the Alien Day of the respective year.\nAlan Dean Foster published Alien: Covenant – Origins, a novel set between the events of Prometheus and Alien: Covenant"
] | [
"six"
] |
8075404781185488126 | Dolphins–Patriots rivalry | Dolphins -- Patriots rivalry - wikipedia Dolphins -- Patriots rivalry Dolphins - Patriots rivalry Miami Dolphins New England Patriots First meeting November 27 , 1966 Patriots 20 , Dolphins 14 Latest meeting September 30 , 2018 Patriots 38 , Dolphins 7 Next meeting December 9 , 2018 Statistics Meetings total 106 ( including the playoffs ) All - time series Dolphins lead 54 -- 52 ( including the playoffs ) Postseason results Patriots lead 2 -- 1 January 8 , 1983 : Dolphins 28 , Patriots 13 January 12 , 1986 : Patriots 38 , Dolphins 14 December 28 , 1997 : Patriots 17 , Dolphins 3 Largest victory Dolphins : 52 -- 0 ( 1972 ) Patriots : 34 -- 0 ( 1980 ) Longest win streak Dolphins : 9 ( 1989 -- 93 ) Patriots : 7 ( 2 times : 1986 -- 88 , 2010 -- 13 ) Current win streak Patriots : 1 win ( 2018 -- present ) The Dolphins -- Patriots rivalry is an American football rivalry between the Miami Dolphins and New England Patriots of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The Dolphins lead the all - time series 54 -- 51 . The two teams play twice every regular season . While not as famous as some other rivalries , the rivalry has a long history that dates back to the 1960s . The beginning of the rivalry was dominated by the Dolphins , as the time the Dolphins were one of the NFL 's most successful teams , while the Patriots were one of the worst . The Patriots finally made the Super Bowl in 1985 . Starting in 1986 , the rivalry was a little bit more even , with the Pats having a 7 - game winning streak from 1986 to 1988 . The Dolphins then took over the rivalry once again , winning 13 of the next 15 matchups between the 2 teams . Both teams had great quarterbacks in the 90s , with the Patriots having Drew Bledsoe and the Dolphins with Dan Marino . The Dolphins continued to dominate the rivalry through the late 1990s with the Dolphins sweeping the Patriots in back to back years , 1999 and 2000 . Miami is one of 4 teams in the AFC with a winning overall record against New England ( the others being the Cleveland Browns , Denver Broncos , and Kansas City Chiefs ) ) . Since 2003 , the Patriots have dominated the rivalry , but not as much as their rivalries with their two other AFC East opponents . In 2004 , one of the most famous moments in the rivalry happened where the Dolphins , 2 -- 11 at the time , upset the 12 -- 1 Patriots in a game that has been known as `` The Night That Courage Wore Orange '' . In 2008 , the rivalry briefly intensified when the Dolphins became the only team other than the Patriots since 2003 to win the division . In week 3 of the aforementioned 2008 season , the Dolphins used the Wildcat formation to throw the Patriots off and went on to upset them , 38 -- 13 . Also notable is the fact that the Dolphins and Patriots are the only NFL teams to post undefeated regular season records following the NFL - AFL merger . The 1972 Dolphins finished with a 14 -- 0 regular season record and went on to win Super Bowl VIII , finishing the only complete perfect season in NFL history , while the 2007 Patriots were the first team to go undefeated in the regular season since the league expanded to 16 games , but famously lost Super Bowl XLII against the New York Giants . Contents 1 Results 1.1 1960s ( Dolphins 4 -- 3 ) 1.2 1970s ( Dolphins 13 -- 7 ) 1.3 1980s ( Patriots 11 -- 10 ) 1.4 1990s ( Dolphins 14 -- 7 ) 1.5 2000s ( Patriots 11 -- 9 ) 1.6 2010s ( Patriots 13 -- 4 ) 2 Notes 3 References Results ( edit ) Note : Playoff matchups are in bold 1960s ( Dolphins 4 -- 3 ) ( edit ) Dolphins victories Patriots victories Tie games No . Date Location Winning team Losing team Score Series November 27 , 1966 Orange Bowl Patriots Dolphins 20 -- 14 Patriots 1 -- 0 October 15 , 1967 Fenway Park Patriots Dolphins 41 -- 10 Patriots 2 -- 0 December 17 , 1967 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 41 -- 32 Patriots 2 -- 1 November 24 , 1968 Fenway Park Dolphins Patriots 34 -- 10 Tied 2 -- 2 5 December 8 , 1968 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 38 -- 7 Dolphins 3 -- 2 6 November 9 , 1969 Alumni Stadium Dolphins Patriots 17 -- 16 Dolphins 4 -- 2 7 December 8 , 1969 Tampa Stadium Patriots Dolphins 38 -- 23 Dolphins 4 -- 3 1970s ( Dolphins 13 -- 7 ) ( edit ) Dolphins victories Patriots victories Tie games No . Date Location Winning team Losing team Score Series September 20 , 1970 Harvard Stadium Patriots Dolphins 27 -- 14 Patriots 1 -- 0 December 8 , 1970 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 37 -- 20 Tied 1 -- 1 October 17 , 1971 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 41 -- 3 Dolphins 2 -- 1 December 8 , 1971 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 34 -- 13 Tied 2 -- 2 5 November 12 , 1972 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 52 -- 0 Dolphins 3 -- 2 6 December 3 , 1972 Schaefer Stadium Dolphins Patriots 37 -- 21 Dolphins 4 -- 2 7 September 30 , 1973 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 44 -- 23 Dolphins 5 -- 2 8 October 28 , 1973 Schaefer Stadium Dolphins Patriots 30 -- 14 Dolphins 6 -- 2 9 September 15 , 1974 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 34 -- 24 Dolphins 6 -- 3 10 December 15 , 1974 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 34 -- 27 Dolphins 7 -- 3 11 September 28 , 1975 Schaefer Stadium Dolphins Patriots 22 -- 14 Dolphins 8 -- 3 12 December 1 , 1975 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 30 -- 14 Dolphins 9 -- 3 13 September 19 , 1976 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 22 -- 14 Dolphins 9 -- 4 14 October 31 , 1976 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 10 -- 3 Dolphins 10 -- 4 15 November 13 , 1977 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 17 -- 5 Dolphins 11 -- 4 16 December 11 , 1977 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 14 -- 10 Dolphins 11 -- 5 17 October 22 , 1978 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 33 -- 24 Dolphins 11 -- 6 18 December 18 , 1978 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 23 -- 3 Dolphins 12 -- 6 19 October 21 , 1979 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 28 -- 13 Dolphins 12 -- 7 20 November 29 , 1979 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 39 -- 24 Dolphins 13 -- 7 Series Overall : Dolphins lead 17 -- 10 after 1970s 1980s ( Patriots 11 -- 10 ) ( edit ) Dolphins victories Patriots victories Tie games No . Date Location Winning team Losing team Score Series September 20 , 1980 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 34 -- 0 Patriots 1 -- 0 December 8 , 1980 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 16 -- 13 Tied 1 -- 1 November 8 , 1991 Schaefer Stadium Dolphins Patriots 30 -- 3 Dolphins 2 -- 1 December 6 , 1981 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 24 -- 14 Dolphins 3 -- 1 5 November 8 , 1982 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 3 -- 0 Dolphins 3 -- 2 6 January 8 , 1983 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 28 -- 13 Dolphins 4 -- 2 7 September 11 , 1983 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 34 -- 24 Dolphins 5 -- 2 8 November 13 , 1983 Sullivan Stadium Patriots Dolphins 17 -- 6 Dolphins 5 -- 3 9 September 9 , 1984 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 28 -- 7 Dolphins 6 -- 3 10 October 21 , 1984 Sullivan Stadium Dolphins Patriots 44 -- 24 Dolphins 7 -- 3 11 November 3 , 1985 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 17 -- 13 Dolphins 7 -- 4 12 December 16 , 1985 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 30 -- 27 Dolphins 8 -- 4 13 January 8 , 1986 Orange Bowl Patriots Dolphins 31 -- 14 Dolphins 8 -- 5 14 October 5 , 1986 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 34 -- 7 Dolphins 8 -- 6 15 December 22 , 1986 Orange Bowl Patriots Dolphins 34 -- 27 Dolphins 8 -- 7 16 September 13 , 1987 Orange Bowl Patriots Patriots 28 -- 21 Tied 8 -- 8 17 December 28 , 1987 Joe Robbie Stadium Patriots Dolphins 24 -- 10 Patriots 9 -- 8 18 November 6 , 1988 Sullivan Stadium Patriots Dolphins 21 -- 10 Patriots 10 -- 8 19 November 20 , 1988 Joe Robbie Stadium Patriots Dolphins 6 -- 3 Patriots 11 -- 8 20 September 17 , 1989 Sullivan Stadium Dolphins Patriots 24 -- 10 Patriots 11 -- 9 21 December 10 , 1989 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 31 -- 10 Patriots 11 -- 10 Series Overall : Dolphins lead 27 -- 21 after 1980s 1990s ( Dolphins 14 -- 7 ) ( edit ) Dolphins victories Patriots victories Tie games No . Date Location Winning team Losing team Score Series Attendance September 9 , 1990 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 27 -- 24 Dolphins 1 -- 0 N / A October 18 , 1990 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 17 -- 10 Dolphins 2 -- 0 N / A October 6 , 1991 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 20 -- 10 Dolphins 3 -- 0 N / A November 10 , 1991 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 30 -- 21 Dolphins 4 -- 0 N / A 5 October 18 , 1992 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 38 -- 17 Dolphins 5 -- 0 N / A 6 December 27 , 1992 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 16 -- 13 ( OT ) Dolphins 6 -- 0 N / A 7 November 21 , 1993 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 17 -- 13 Dolphins 7 -- 0 N / A 8 January 2 , 1994 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 33 -- 27 ( OT ) Dolphins 7 -- 1 N / A 9 September 4 , 1994 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 39 -- 35 Dolphins 8 -- 1 N / A 10 October 30 , 1994 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 23 -- 3 Dolphins 9 -- 1 N / A 11 September 10 , 1995 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 20 -- 3 Dolphins 10 -- 1 N / A 12 November 12 , 1995 Joe Robbie Stadium Patriots Dolphins 34 -- 17 Dolphins 10 -- 2 N / A 13 September 1 , 1996 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 34 -- 7 Dolphins 11 -- 2 71,542 14 November 3 , 1996 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 42 -- 23 Dolphins 11 -- 3 58,492 15 September 13 , 1997 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 27 -- 24 Dolphins 11 -- 4 59,002 16 December 22 , 1997 Pro Player Stadium Patriots Dolphins 14 -- 12 Dolphins 11 -- 5 74,379 17 December 28 , 1997 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 17 -- 3 Dolphins 11 -- 6 60,041 18 October 25 , 1998 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 12 -- 9 ( OT ) Dolphins 12 -- 6 73,973 19 November 23 , 1998 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 26 -- 23 Dolphins 12 -- 7 58,729 20 October 17 , 1999 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 31 -- 30 Dolphins 13 -- 7 60,006 21 November 21 , 1999 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 27 -- 17 Dolphins 14 -- 7 74,295 Series Overall : Dolphins lead 41 -- 28 after 1990s 2000s ( Patriots 11 -- 9 ) ( edit ) Dolphins victories Patriots victories Tie games No . Date Location Winning team Losing team Score Series Attendance September 24 , 2000 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 10 -- 3 Dolphins 1 -- 0 73,344 December 24 , 2000 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 27 -- 24 Dolphins 2 -- 0 60,292 October 7 , 2001 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 20 -- 10 Dolphins 3 -- 0 72,713 December 22 , 2001 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 30 -- 21 Dolphins 3 -- 1 60,292 5 October 18 , 2002 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 26 -- 13 Dolphins 4 -- 1 73,369 6 December 27 , 2002 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 27 -- 24 ( OT ) Dolphins 4 -- 2 68,436 7 October 19 , 2003 Pro Player Stadium Patriots Dolphins 19 -- 13 ( OT ) Dolphins 4 -- 3 73,650 8 December 7 , 2003 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 12 -- 0 Tied 4 -- 4 68,436 9 September 4 , 2004 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 39 -- 35 Patriots 5 -- 4 68,756 10 December 20 , 2004 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 29 -- 28 Tied 5 -- 5 73,629 11 November 13 , 2005 Dolphin Stadium Patriots Dolphins 23 -- 16 Patriots 6 -- 5 73,405 12 January 1 , 2006 Gillette Stadium Dolphins Patriots 28 -- 26 Tied 6 -- 6 68,756 13 October 8 , 2006 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 20 -- 10 Patriots 7 -- 6 68,756 14 December 10 , 2006 Dolphin Stadium Dolphins Patriots 21 -- 0 Tied 7 -- 7 74,033 15 October 21 , 2007 Dolphin Stadium Patriots Dolphins 49 -- 28 Patriots 8 -- 7 71,951 16 December 23 , 2007 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 28 -- 7 Patriots 9 -- 7 68,756 17 September 21 , 2008 Gillette Stadium Dolphins Patriots 38 -- 13 Patriots 9 -- 8 68,756 18 November 23 , 2008 Dolphin Stadium Patriots Dolphins 48 -- 28 Patriots 10 -- 8 67,146 19 October 17 , 2009 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 31 -- 30 Patriots 11 -- 8 68,756 20 December 26 , 2009 Land Shark Stadium Dolphins Patriots 22 -- 21 Patriots 11 -- 9 70,102 Series Overall : Dolphins lead 50 -- 39 after 2000s 2010s ( Patriots 13 -- 4 ) ( edit ) Dolphins victories Patriots victories Tie games No . Date Location Winning team Losing team Score Series Attendance October 4 , 2010 Sun Life Stadium Patriots Patriots 41 -- 14 Patriots 1 -- 0 69,090 January 2 , 2011 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 38 -- 7 Patriots 2 -- 0 68,756 September 12 , 2011 Sun Life Stadium Patriots Dolphins 38 -- 24 Patriots 3 -- 0 66,860 December 24 , 2011 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 27 -- 24 Patriots 4 -- 0 68,756 5 December 2 , 2012 Sun Life Stadium Patriots Dolphins 23 -- 16 Patriots 5 -- 0 72,114 6 December 30 , 2012 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 28 -- 0 Patriots 6 -- 0 68,736 7 October 27 , 2013 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 27 -- 17 Patriots 7 -- 0 68,736 8 December 15 , 2013 Sun Life Stadium Dolphins Patriots 24 -- 20 Patriots 7 -- 1 71,863 9 September 7 , 2014 Sun Life Stadium Dolphins Patriots 33 -- 20 Patriots 7 -- 2 70,630 10 December 14 , 2014 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 41 -- 13 Patriots 8 -- 2 68,756 11 October 29 , 2015 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 36 -- 7 Patriots 9 -- 2 66,829 12 January 1 , 2016 Sun Life Stadium Dolphins Patriots 20 -- 10 Patriots 9 -- 3 62,918 13 October 8 , 2016 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 31 -- 24 Patriots 10 -- 3 68,756 14 January 1 , 2017 Hard Rock Stadium Patriots Dolphins 35 -- 14 Patriots 11 -- 3 66,163 15 October 21 , 2017 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 35 -- 17 Patriots 12 -- 3 65,878 16 December 23 , 2017 Hard Rock Stadium Dolphins Patriots 27 -- 20 Patriots 12 -- 4 65,548 17 September 21 , 2018 Gillette Stadium Patriots Patriots 38 -- 7 Patriots 13 -- 4 65,878 Series overall : Dolphins lead 54 -- 52 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Dolphins and Patriots only played once in 1982 due to the strike shortened season References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots vs. Miami Dolphins Results The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Galicia , Thomas ( October 4 , 2010 ) . `` Miami Dolphins - New England Patriots : Greatest Games In The Series '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dolphins stun Patriots 38 - 13 '' . The Seattle Times . 2008 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ 1972 Perfect Season - Miami Dolphins Jump up ^ `` Giants prevent perfect season , beat Patriots '' . Sporting News . February 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2008 . Retrieved February 8 , 2008 . Miami Dolphins Founded in 1966 Based in Miami Gardens , Florida Headquartered in Davie , Florida Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Records Honor roll Training facility Broadcasters Stadiums Orange Bowl Hard Rock Stadium Culture `` Fins '' ( Jimmy Buffett song ) Wayne Huizenga Stephen M. Ross Joe Robbie T.D. Cheerleaders Ace Ventura : Pet Detective `` Only Wanna Be with You '' ( Hootie & the Blowfish song ) Ballers Lore Perfect season The Sea of Hands Announcerless game Epic in Miami Snowplow Game Clock Play Monday Night Miracle Rivalries Buffalo Bills New England Patriots New York Jets Tampa Bay Buccaneers Division championships ( 13 ) 1971 1972 1973 1979 1981 1984 1985 1992 1994 2000 2008 Conference championships ( 5 ) 1971 1972 1973 1982 1984 League championships ( 2 ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) Retired numbers 12 13 39 Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1966 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 53 ) 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold New England Patriots Founded in 1960 Formerly the Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 1970 ) Based and headquartered in Foxborough , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise History Hall of Fame Patriot Place Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Strategy Broadcasters Stadiums Nickerson Field Fenway Park Alumni Stadium Harvard Stadium Foxboro Stadium Gillette Stadium Culture Billy Sullivan Robert Kraft Jonathan Kraft Pat Patriot Cheerleaders `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Crazy Train '' `` Your Love '' Patriot Reign Family Guy `` Patriot Games '' `` 3 Acts of God '' `` Gronkowsbees '' `` Stunning and Brave '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Snowplow Game St. Louis Stallions Tuck Rule Game 16 -- 0 Spygate 2007 game vs. New York Giants Helmet Catch Butt fumble Deflategate 28 -- 3 Philly Special Rivalries Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Denver Broncos Indianapolis Colts Brady -- Manning rivalry Division championships ( 20 ) 1963 1978 1986 1997 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1985 2001 2003 2007 2011 2014 2016 2017 League championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2016 ( LI ) Retired numbers 20 40 56 57 73 78 79 89 Media Broadcasters WBZ - FM Radio network Gil Santos Gino Cappelletti Bob Socci Scott Zolak Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold National Football League rivalries American Football Conference AFC East Bills -- Dolphins Bills -- Jets Bills -- Patriots Dolphins -- Jets Dolphins -- Patriots Jets -- Patriots AFC North Bengals -- Browns Bengals -- Steelers Browns -- Ravens Browns -- Steelers Ravens -- Steelers AFC South Jaguars -- Titans Texans -- Titans AFC West Broncos -- Chargers Broncos -- Chiefs Broncos -- Raiders Chargers -- Chiefs Chargers -- Raiders Chiefs -- Raiders Intraconference Broncos -- Patriots Colts -- Patriots Raiders -- Steelers Ravens -- Patriots Steelers -- Titans National Football Conference NFC East Cowboys -- Eagles Cowboys -- Giants Cowboys -- Redskins Eagles -- Giants Eagles -- Redskins Giants -- Redskins NFC North Bears -- Lions Bears -- Packers Bears -- Vikings Lions -- Vikings Lions -- Packers Packers -- Vikings NFC South Buccaneers -- Panthers Buccaneers -- Saints Falcons -- Panthers Falcons -- Saints NFC West 49ers -- Rams 49ers -- Seahawks Intraconference 49ers -- Cowboys 49ers -- Giants Cowboys -- Packers Panthers -- Seahawks Interconference 49ers -- Raiders Buccaneers -- Dolphins Cowboys -- Steelers Eagles -- Steelers Giants -- Jets Governor 's Cup Missouri Texas Players Tom Brady -- Peyton Manning Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dolphins -- Patriots_rivalry&oldid = 864238850 '' Categories : National Football League rivalries Miami Dolphins New England Patriots Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 00 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time miami dolphins won in new england | [
"No.DateLocationWinning teamLosing teamScoreSeriesAttendance1 October 4, 2010 Sun Life Stadium Patriots Patriots 41–14Patriots 1–0 69,090\t\n2 January 2, 2011 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 38–7Patriots 2–0 68,756\n3 September 12, 2011 Sun Life Stadium Patriots Dolphins 38–24Patriots 3–0 66,860\n4 December 24, 2011 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 27–24Patriots 4–0 68,756\n5 December 2, 2012 Sun Life Stadium Patriots Dolphins 23–16Patriots 5–0 72,114\n6 December 30, 2012 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 28–0Patriots 6–0 68,736\n7 October 27, 2013 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 27–17Patriots 7–0 68,736\n8 December 15, 2013 Sun Life Stadium Dolphins Patriots 24–20Patriots 7–1 71,863\n9 September 7, 2014 Sun Life Stadium Dolphins Patriots 33–20Patriots 7–2 70,630\n10 December 14, 2014 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 41–13Patriots 8–2 68,756\n11 October 29, 2015 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 36–7Patriots 9–2 66,829\n12 January 1, 2016 Sun Life Stadium Dolphins Patriots 20–10Patriots 9–3 62,918\n13 October 8, 2016 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 31–24Patriots 10–3 68,756\n14 January 1, 2017 Hard Rock Stadium Patriots Dolphins 35–14Patriots 11–3 66,163\n15 October 21, 2017 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 35–17Patriots 12–3 65,878\n16 December 23, 2017 Hard Rock Stadium Dolphins Patriots 27–20Patriots 12–4 65,548\t\n17 September 21, 2018 Gillette Stadium Patriots Patriots 38–7Patriots 13–4 65,878\n"
] | [
"December 23, 2017"
] |
3077142705514282346 | One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (novel) | One Flew over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( novel ) - wikipedia One Flew over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( novel ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest First edition Author Ken Kesey Cover artist Paul Bacon Country United States Language English Publisher Viking Press & Signet Books Publication date 1962 Pages 320 OCLC 37505041 One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1962 ) is a novel written by Ken Kesey . Set in an Oregon psychiatric hospital , the narrative serves as a study of the institutional processes and the human mind as well as a critique of behaviorism and a celebration of humanistic principles . It was adapted into the broadway ( and later off - broadway ) play One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest by Dale Wasserman in 1963 . Bo Goldman adapted the novel into a 1975 film directed by Miloš Forman , which won five Academy Awards . Time magazine included the novel in its `` 100 Best English - language Novels from 1923 to 2005 '' list . In 2003 the book was listed on the BBC 's The Big Read poll of the UK 's 200 `` best - loved novels . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Background 3 Title 4 Main characters 4.1 Staff 4.2 Acutes 4.3 Chronics 4.4 Other characters 5 Controversy 6 Adaptations 7 Editions 8 Audiobooks 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading Plot ( edit ) The book is narrated by `` Chief '' Bromden , a gigantic yet docile half - Native American patient at a psychiatric hospital , who everyone presumes is deaf and mute , a belief he passively allows so he can be `` cagey '' . Bromden 's tale focuses mainly on the antics of the larger than life , happily rebellious Randle Patrick McMurphy , who faked insanity to serve his sentence for battery and gambling in the hospital rather than at a prison work farm . The head administrative nurse , Nurse Ratched , known throughout the story as the `` Big Nurse '' , rules the ward with absolute authority , zero compassion , and little medical oversight . She is assisted by her three hate - filled day - shift orderlies whom she selects based on how bitter and angry they each are , and her weak - willed assistant doctors , knowing they will always go along with what she says . Acting on a bet to get the Big Nurse to lose control of her infamous steel resolve , McMurphy constantly antagonizes her and upsets the routines of the ward , leading to endless power struggles between himself and the nurse . He encourages gambling and runs a card table , captains the ward 's impromptu basketball team , comments on the Big Nurse 's figure , her over-sized womanly features being a source of shame she resents for having no control over , inspires the other patients to conduct a vote about watching the World Series on television , a vote the Big Nurse refuses to acknowledge , and organizes a deep - sea fishing trip resulting in the participating patients leaving the ward and being outside for the first time in years , particularly the Chief . He is determined to get the patients to open up and laugh , something he notices during his first day on the ward no one seems able to do , which he finds greatly upsetting and disturbing . Prior to the fishing trip , a particularly poignant scene in the book occurs when McMurphy 's reaction , after claiming to be able to and subsequently failing to lift a heavy control panel in the defunct hydrotherapy room ( referred to as the `` tub room '' ) , `` But I tried , though . Goddammit , I sure as hell did that much , now , did n't I ? '' , gives the patients , known as Acutes , incentive to finally try standing up for themselves rather than allowing the Big Nurse to take control of every aspect of their lives , and make attempts at being men rather than `` rabbits '' the world and the Big Nurse , the `` Combine '' as the Chief calls it , has beat them down into being . The Chief eventually opens up to McMurphy , revealing late one night that he can speak and hear , by saying , `` Thank you . '' This sudden utterance of gratitude occurs when McMurphy gifts him with a stick of Juicy Fruit chewing gum after McMurphy catches a night aide spitefully taking away the Chief 's secret stash of gum he 'd been chewing over and over again and hiding under his bed frame . The Chief , for the first time in years , talks long into the night while McMurphy listens , and it is then that it 's eventually decided the Chief will participate in the upcoming fishing trip . A disturbance after the fishing trip during which the aides physically abuse and psychologically torture a patient , George , also known as Rub - a-dub due to his obsession with cleanliness and not wanting to touch anything for fear of getting dirty , results in McMurphy and the Chief being sent away to the Disturbed ward by the Big Nurse for electroshock therapy sessions ; they defended George by beating up the cruel aides , but the EST treatments do little to curb McMurphy 's rambunctious behavior , further inspiring the Acutes that perhaps they can also be strong of body , spirit , and will . One night , after bribing the night orderly , McMurphy sneaks in two prostitute girlfriends , Candy and Sandra ( Candy also went on the fishing trip after first checking into the hospital as a Visitor , whereas Sandra was unable to go having just gotten married , resulting in the Big Nurse 's assistant doctor , Dr. Spivey , to also go on the trip so as to fit everyone going in both Candy 's and his car ) . The Acutes break into the pharmacy for cherry - flavored codeine cough syrup to use as a mixer for the alcohol the women bring , and McMurphy , making good on his promise to help Billy Bibbit `` cash in his cherry '' , a timid , boyish patient with a terrible stutter and little experience with women , arranges it so Billy can be alone with Candy in the ward 's windowless Seclusion Room , whom he met during the fishing trip and fell for . Not being able to believe it even as it 's happening , the Acutes get drunk , play racing games with wheelchairs and flashlights in the dark , have fun , and laugh . Although there was a plan made for McMurphy to escape the ward and the Big Nurse 's relentless EST treatments , with Candy and Sandra driving him to a safe place before the morning shift arrived , he and the other patients fall asleep amidst the mess of the group 's antics , and the morning staff discovers the ward in complete disarray . The Big Nurse learns during a role call that Billy is missing and eventually finds him and Candy in the Seclusion Room , happily in each other 's arms ; she immediately commences to shaming him . For the first time in his life , Billy asserts himself , responding to the Big Nurse without stuttering . Determined to break Billy , the Big Nurse then pseudo-regretfully proceeds to tell Billy she must tell his smothering mother what has happened . Billy reacts exactly how she hopes he will , immediately regressing back to his weak - willed , fearful , stuttering ways , and he has an emotional breakdown ; left alone in Dr. Spivey 's office , he tragically commits suicide by cutting his throat . The Big Nurse coldly calculates this is her opportunity to lay into McMurphy in front of everyone , blaming him for the loss of Billy 's life , as well as the life of another patient who commited suicide earlier in the story , Cheswick , who drowned himself in the ward 's pool , unable to cope with his inability to escape the relentless , merciless pressures of the Big Nurse , despite all attempts by McMurphy and the lifeguard to wrench free Cheswick 's death grip from the grate at the bottom of the pool . Enraged at what she has done to Billy , and really to everyone , McMurphy attacks the Big Nurse , attempting to strangle her to death after tearing through the front of her uniform , revealing her breasts that she so determinedly tried to hide all this time , to the patients and aides who are standing by watching in shock . McMurphy is eventually pulled off the Big Nurse by ward staff and is moved to the Disturbed ward . The Big Nurse misses a week of work due to her injuries , during which time many of the Acutes either transfer to other wards or check out of the hospital forever , no longer rabbits , but men . When she returns she can not speak and is thus deprived of her most potent tool to manipulate and keep the patients in line . With Bromden , Martini , and Scanlon the only patients who attended the boat trip left on the ward , McMurphy is brought back , rolled in the day room on a gurney for the sole purpose of being put on display for the remaining men to see what happens when one tries to stand up to the Combine , and for the Big Nurse to silently gloat over : he has received a lobotomy , and is now in a permanent vegetative state , rendering him silent and motionless forever . This abhorrent act is foreshadowed earlier in the story when , upon seeing how the Big Nurse grinds the patients down , McMurphy labels her as a `` ball - cutter . '' Harding , a patient on the ward , adds to McMurphy 's description by stating the Big Nurse is fond of the beastly procedure , saying , `` I guess if she ca n't cut below the belt she 'll do it above the eyes . '' The Chief , in an act of mercy , smothers McMurphy with a pillow in the night before lifting the tub room control panel that McMurphy could not lift earlier , throwing it through a window and escaping the hospital . Thanks to McMurphy and his ultimate sacrifice , the Chief , as well as the other patients who left the hospital , is finally free of fear and sets out to reacquaint himself with the world , a rabbit no more ... but a man . His closing line is , `` I been away a long time . '' Background ( edit ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest was written in 1959 and published in 1962 in the midst of the Civil Rights Movement and deep changes to the way psychology and psychiatry were being approached in America . The 1960s began the controversial movement towards deinstitutionalization , an act that would have affected the characters in Kesey 's novel . The novel is a direct product of Kesey 's time working the graveyard shift as an orderly at a mental health facility in Menlo Park , California . Not only did he speak to the patients and witness the workings of the institution , but he voluntarily took psychoactive drugs , including mescaline and LSD , as part of Project MKUltra . In addition to his work with Project MKUltra , Kesey experimented with LSD recreationally . He advocated for drug use as a path to individual freedom , an attitude that was reflected in the views of psychological researchers of the time . In the 1960s LSD was thought to offer the best access to the human mind . Each individual 's experiences were said to vary ; emotions and experiences ranged from transformations into other life forms , religious experiences , and extreme empathy . It was Kesey 's experience with LSD and other psychedelics that made him sympathetic toward the patients . The novel constantly refers to different authorities that control individuals through subtle and coercive methods . The novel 's narrator , the Chief , combines these authorities in his mind , calling them `` The Combine '' in reference to the mechanistic way they manipulate and process individuals . The authority of The Combine is most often personified in the character of Nurse Ratched who controls the inhabitants of the novel 's mental ward through a combination of rewards and subtle shame . Although she does not normally resort to conventionally harsh discipline , her actions are portrayed as more insidious than those of a conventional prison administrator . This is because the subtlety of her actions prevents her prisoners from understanding they are being controlled at all . The Chief also sees the Combine in the damming of the wild Columbia River at Celilo Falls , where his Native American ancestors hunted , and in the broader conformity of post-war American consumer society . The novel 's critique of the mental ward as an instrument of oppression comparable to the prison mirrored many of the claims that French intellectual Michel Foucault was making at the same time . Similarly , Foucault argued that invisible forms of discipline oppressed individuals on a broad societal scale , encouraging them to censor aspects of themselves and their actions . The novel also criticizes the emasculation of men in society , particularly in the character of Billy Bibbit , the stuttering Acute patient who is domineered by both Nurse Ratched and his mother . Title ( edit ) The title of the book is a line from a nursery rhyme : Vintery , mintery , cutery , corn , Apple seed and apple thorn , Wire , briar , limber lock Three geese in a flock One flew East One flew West And one flew over the cuckoo 's nest Chief Bromden 's grandmother sang a version of this song to him when he was a child , a fact revealed in the story when the Chief received yet another ECT treatment after he assisted McMurphy with defending George , a patient being abused by the ward 's aides . Main characters ( edit ) Randle McMurphy : A free - spirited , rebellious con man , sent to the hospital from a prison work farm . He is guilty of battery and gambling . He had also been charged with , but never convicted of due to the girl in question not wishing to testify so as not to implicate herself and her willingness to participate , statutory rape . McMurphy is transferred from a prison work farm to the hospital , thinking it will be an easy way to serve out his sentence in comfort . In the end , McMurphy attacks Nurse Ratched , sacrificing his freedom and his health in exchange for freeing the previously shackled spirits of the cowed patients on the ward . Chief Bromden : The novel 's half - Native American narrator has been in the mental hospital since the end of World War II . Bromden is presumed by staff and patients alike to be deaf and mute , and through this guise he becomes privy to many of the ward 's dirtiest secrets . As a young man , the Chief was a high school football star , a college student , and a war hero . After seeing his father , a Native American chieftain , humiliated at the hands of the U.S. government and his ( white ) wife , Chief Bromden descends into clinical depression and begins hallucinating . Soon he is diagnosed with schizophrenia . He believes society is controlled by a large , mechanized system which he calls `` The Combine . '' Richard Gray , author of A History of American Literature , said Bromden `` supplies '' the novel 's `` vision '' . Gray explains Bromden 's `` eye '' `` sees the inner truth '' and Bromden `` is an outsider , an innocent eye in a way like Huck Finn , but what he sees is far stranger , far more surreal . '' Gray explained Bromden 's vision `` may not be literally true but it is symbolically so because , to quote Emily Dickinson again , ' Much madness is divinest sense . ' '' The first chapter ends with the Chief pleading to the reader , `` ... you think this is too horrible to have really happened , this is too awful to be the truth ! But , please . It 's still hard for me to have a clear mind thinking on it . But it 's the truth even if it did n't happen . '' Staff ( edit ) Nurse Ratched ( also known as `` Big Nurse '' ) : The tyrannical head nurse of the mental institution , who exercises near - total control over those in her care , including her subordinates . She will not hesitate to restrict her patients ' access to medication , amenities , and basic human necessities if it suits her manipulative whims . Her favorite informant is the timid Billy Bibbit , whom she coerces into divulging the unit 's secrets by threatening to complain about him to his mother . McMurphy 's fun - loving , rebellious presence in Ratched 's institution is a constant annoyance , as neither threats nor punishment nor shock therapy will stop him or the patients under his sway . Eventually , after McMurphy nearly chokes her to death in a fit of rage , Nurse Ratched has him lobotomized . However , the damage has already been done , and Nurse Ratched 's rule is broken after McMurphy 's attack leaves her nearly unable to speak , which renders her unable to intimidate her patients , subordinates and superiors . The `` Black Boys '' Washington , Williams and Warren : Three black men who work as aides in the ward . Williams is a dwarf , his growth stunted after witnessing his mother being raped by white men . The Chief says Nurse Ratched hired them for their sadistic nature . Dr. John Spivey : The ward doctor . Nurse Ratched drove off other doctors , but she kept Spivey because he always did as he was told . Harding suggests that the nurse could threaten to expose him as a drug addict if he stood up to her . McMurphy 's rebellion inspires him to stand up to Nurse Ratched . Nurse Pilbow : The young night nurse . Her face , neck , and chest are stained with a profound birthmark . She is a devout Catholic and fears sinning . She blames the patients for infecting her with their evil and takes it out on them . Mr. Turkle : An elderly African American aide who works the late shift in the ward . He agrees to let McMurphy host a party and sneak in prostitutes one night . The Japanese Nurse : The nurse in charge of the upstairs disturbed ward , for violent and unmanageable patients . She is kind and openly opposes Nurse Ratched 's methods . Acutes ( edit ) The acutes are patients who officials believe can still be cured . With few exceptions , they are there voluntarily , a fact that angers McMurphy when he first learns of it , then later causes him to feel further pity for the patients , thus further inspiring him to prove to them they can still be strong despite their seeming willingness to be weak . Billy Bibbit : A nervous , shy , and boyish patient with an extreme speech impediment , Billy cuts and burns himself , and has attempted suicide numerous times . Billy has a fear of women , especially those with authority such as his mother . To alleviate this , McMurphy sneaks a prostitute into the ward so Billy can lose his virginity . The next morning , Nurse Ratched threatens to tell his mother ; fearing the loss of his mother 's love , Billy has an emotional breakdown and commits suicide by cutting his own throat . Dale Harding : The unofficial leader of the patients before McMurphy arrives , he is an intelligent , good - looking man who 's ashamed of his repressed homosexuality . Harding 's beautiful yet malcontent wife is a source of shame for him . George Sorensen : A man with germaphobia , he spends his days washing his hands in the ward 's drinking fountain . McMurphy manages to persuade him to lead a fishing expedition for the patients after discovering he had captained a PT boat during World War II . Afterward , the three black boys maliciously forcibly delouse him , cruelly knowing the mental anguish this will cause him . Charlie Cheswick : A loud - mouthed patient who always demands changes in the ward , but never has the courage to see anything through . He finds a friend in McMurphy , who 's able to voice his opinions for him . At one point McMurphy decides to fall in line when he learns his stay in the ward is indefinite and his release is solely determined by the Big Nurse . As a result , Cheswick drowns himself in the ward 's swimming pool when he decides he himself will never escape the relentless Big Nurse . Martini : A patient who suffers from severe hallucinations . Scanlon : A patient obsessed with explosives and destruction . He is the only other non-vegetative patient confined to the ward by force aside from McMurphy and Bromden ; the rest can leave at any time . Jim Sefelt and Bruce Fredrickson : Two epileptic patients . Sefelt refuses to take his anti-seizure medication , as it makes his teeth fall out and as such makes him self - conscious over his appearance . Fredrickson takes Sefelt 's medication as well as his own because he is terrified of the seizures , and loses teeth due to the resulting overdosage . Max Taber : An unruly patient who was released before McMurphy arrived , a broken man . The Chief later describes how , after he questioned what was in his medication , Nurse Ratched had him `` fixed . '' Chronics ( edit ) The chronics are patients who will never be cured . Many of the chronics are elderly and / or in vegetative states . Ruckly : A hell - raising patient who challenges the rules until the Big Nurse authorizes his lobotomy . After the lobotomy , he sits and stares at a picture of his wife , and occasionally screams profanities . Ellis : Ellis was put in a vegetative state by electroshock therapy . He stands against the wall in a disturbing messianic position with arms outstretched . Pete Bancini : Bancini suffered brain damage at birth but managed to hold down simple jobs , such as a switch operator on a lightly - used railroad branch line , until the switches were automated and he lost his job , after which he was institutionalized . The Chief remembers how once , and only once , he lashed out violently against the aides , telling the other patients that he was a living miscarriage , born dead . Rawler : A patient on the Disturbed ward , above the main ward , who says nothing but `` loo , loo , loo ! '' all day and tries to run up the walls . One night , Rawler castrates himself while sitting on the toilet and bleeds to death before anyone realizes what he has done . Old Blastic : An old patient who is in a vegetative state . The first night McMurphy is in the ward , Bromden dreams Blastic is hung by his heel and sliced open , spilling his rusty visceral matter . The next morning , Bromden learns Blastic died during the night . The Lifeguard : An ex-professional football player , he still has the cleat marks on his forehead from the injury that scrambled his brains . He explains to McMurphy , unlike prison , patients are kept in the hospital as long as the staff desires . It is this conversation that causes McMurphy to fall in line for a time . Colonel Matterson : The oldest patient in the ward , he suffers from severe senile dementia and can not move without a wheelchair . He is a veteran of the First World War , and spends his days `` explaining '' objects through metaphor . Other characters ( edit ) Candy : The prostitute McMurphy brings on the fishing trip . Billy Bibbit has a crush on her and McMurphy arranges a night for Candy to sleep with him . Sandra : Another prostitute and friend of Candy and McMurphy . She and Sefelt sleep together on the night she and Candy are snuck into the ward late one night . Sefelt has a seizure while they are having sex . Vera Harding : Dale Harding 's wife . Described as very attractive . She is a primary cause of concern for Dale , who often worries about her fidelity . Controversy ( edit ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest is one of America 's most challenged and banned novels . 1974 : Five residents of Strongsville , Ohio sued the local Board of Education to remove the novel from classrooms . They deemed the book `` pornographic '' and said it `` glorifies criminal activity , has a tendency to corrupt juveniles , and contains descriptions of bestiality , bizarre violence , and torture , dismemberment , death , and human elimination '' . 1975 : Randolph , New York and Alton , Oklahoma removed the book from all of their public schools . 1977 : Schools in Westport , Maine removed it from required reading lists . 1978 : Freemont High School in St. Anthony , Idaho banned it and fired the teacher who assigned it . 1982 : Merrimack , New Hampshire High School challenged it . 1986 : Aberdeen Washington High school challenged it in Honors English classes . 2000 : Placentia Unified School District ( Yorba Linda , California ) challenged it . Parents said the teachers could `` choose the best books , but they keep choosing this garbage over and over again '' . Adaptations ( edit ) The novel was adapted into a 1963 play , starring Kirk Douglas ( who purchased the rights to produce it for the stage and motion pictures ) as McMurphy and Gene Wilder as Billy Bibbit . A film adaptation , starring Jack Nicholson , and co-produced by Michael Douglas was released in 1975 . The film won five Academy Awards . The characters of Nurse Ratched and Chief Bromden appear as recurring characters in ABC 's Once Upon a Time , where they are portrayed by Ingrid Torrance and Peter Marcin . Netflix and Ryan Murphy are producing a prequel series titled Ratched which follows Sarah Paulson playing a younger version of Nurse Ratched , with a two - season , eighteen - episode order . Editions ( edit ) ISBN 0 - 606 - 04239 - 3 ( prebound , 1962 ) ISBN 0 - 451 - 16396 - 6 ( mass market paperback , 1963 ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 004312 - 8 ( paperback , 1977 , reprint ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 023601 - 5 ( hardcover , 1996 ) ISBN 1 - 55651 - 685 - 1 ( paperback , 1988 ) ISBN 0 - 453 - 00815 - 1 ( audio cassette , 1993 , abridged ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 028334 - X ( paperback , 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 8220 - 7154 - 1 ( e-book , 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 7645 - 8662 - 9 ( paperback , 2000 ) ISBN 0 - 7910 - 6339 - 9 ( library binding , 2001 ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 118122 - 2 ( paperback , 2002 ) ISBN 0 - 7910 - 7118 - 9 ( paperback ) ISBN 0 - 330 - 23564 - 8 ( paperback ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 118788 - 3 ( paperback , 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 303690 - 4 ( hardcover , 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 329 - 06383 - 9 ( hardcover ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 451 - 16396 - 7 ( softcover ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 59887 - 052 - 7 ( audio CD , 2006 , abridged / read by Kesey ; includes Fresh Air with Terry Gross interview with author ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02323 - 3 ( hardcover , 2012 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 143 - 12951 - 6 ( softcover , 2016 ) Photos of the first edition One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest Audiobooks ( edit ) 1998 : One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( read by Tom Parker ) , Blackstone Audio , ISBN 978 - 0786112784 2007 ( Audible ) : One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( read by the author ) See also ( edit ) Novels portal United States portal 1960s portal Rosenhan experiment Sluggish schizophrenia Political abuse of psychiatry Anti-Psychiatry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Covers of Paul Bacon '' . tumblr.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Time 100 Best English - language Novels from 1923 to 2005 '' . Time . October 16 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- The Big Read '' . BBC . April 2003 , Retrieved August 23 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` America 's Civil Rights Timeline '' . International Civil Rights Center & Museum . 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stroman , Duane ( 2003 ) . The Disability Rights Movement : From Deinstitutionalization to Self - determination . University Press of America . Jump up ^ Scherl , D.J. ; Macht , L.B. ( September 1979 ) . `` Deinstitutionalization in the absence of consensus '' . Hospital Community Psychiatry . 30 ( 9 ) : 599 -- 604 . doi : 10.1176 / ps. 30.9. 599 . PMID 223959 . Jump up ^ Mitchell & Snyder , p. 174 Jump up ^ Huffman , Bennett ( May 17 , 2002 ) . `` Ken Kesey ( 1935 -- 2001 ) '' . The Literary Encyclopedia . Retrieved March 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Kesey Biography '' . Oregon History Project . 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , R.E.L. & Jean Houston , ( 1966 ) The Varieties of Psychedelic Experience , America Press Inc. , 115 ( 4 ) . 110 . Jump up ^ The LSD Pother ( 1966 ) , America Press Inc. , 115 ( 14 ) . 377 ^ Jump up to : `` Life in a Loony Bin '' . Time . February 16 , 1962 . Retrieved March 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Richard ( September 23 , 2011 ) . A History of American Literature . John Wiley & Sons . p. 574 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 4568 - 1 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Banned & Challenged Classics '' . American Library Association . 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ' Prequel From Ryan Murphy Scores Two - Season Order at Netflix '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) L. Horst , Bitches , Twitches , and Eunuchs : Sex Role Failure and Caricature in Pratt , J , One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest : Text and Criticism , Penguin Books ( 1996 ) . M.G. Porter , One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest : Rising to Heroism , Boston : Twayne Publishers ( 1989 ) . E. Safer , The Contemporary American Comic Epic : The Novels of Barth , Pynchon , Gaddis , and Kesey , Detroit : Wayne State University Press ( 1988 ) . Nellie Bly : Ten Days in a Mad - House ( 1887 ) Ken Kesey 's One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest Novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest Adaptations One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1963 play ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 film ) Thalavattam ( 1986 film ) Manasukkul Mathappu ( 1988 film ) Kyon Ki ( 2005 film ) Characters Randle McMurphy Nurse Ratched See also Institutionalisation Ken Kesey Novels One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1962 ) Sometimes a Great Notion ( 1964 ) Caverns ( 1989 ) Little Tricker the Squirrel Meets Big Double the Bear ( 1990 ) Sailor Song ( 1992 ) Last Go Round with Ken Babbs ( 1994 ) Collections Kesey 's Garage Sale ( 1973 ) Demon Box ( 1986 ) Kesey 's Jail Journal ( 2003 ) Plays Over the Border ( 1973 ) The Furthur Enquiry ( 1990 ) Twister ( 1994 ) Adaptations One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1963 play ) Sometimes a Great Notion ( 1971 film ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 film ) Related Merry Pranksters Further bus Acid Tests Neal Cassady Carolyn Garcia Lee Quarnstrom Ken Babbs Paul Foster The Electric Kool - Aid Acid Test Kesey Square Magic Trip The Storyteller : Ken Kesey Memorial Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Flew_Over_the_Cuckoo%27s_Nest_(novel)&oldid=840000254 '' Categories : 1962 American novels American novels adapted into films American novels adapted into plays Debut novels Fiction with unreliable narrators Novels set in Oregon Novels set in psychiatric hospitals Postmodern novels Suicide in fiction Viking Press books Works by Ken Kesey Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2015 Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Magyar Norsk Polski Русский Shqip Simple English Svenska Українська 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 May 2018 , at 02 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who published one flew over the cuckoos nest | [
"\nOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\n\n\nFirst edition\n\n\n\nAuthor\nKen Kesey\n\n\nCover artist\nPaul Bacon[1]\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nPublisher\nViking Press & Signet Books\n\n\n\nPublication date\n\n1962\n\n\nPages\n320\n\n\nOCLC\n37505041\n\n",
"\nOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\n\n\nFirst edition\n\n\n\nAuthor\nKen Kesey\n\n\nCover artist\nPaul Bacon[1]\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nPublisher\nViking Press & Signet Books\n\n\n\nPublication date\n\n1962\n\n\nPages\n320\n\n\nOCLC\n37505041\n\n"
] | [
"Viking Press",
"Signet Books"
] |
-294751805366290106 | I Will Always Love You | I Will Always Love You - wikipedia I Will Always Love You Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Dolly Parton song also recorded by Whitney Houston . For other uses , see I Will Always Love You ( disambiguation ) . `` I Will Always Love You '' Artwork for 1982 rerelease Single by Dolly Parton from the album Jolene B - side `` Lonely Comin ' Down '' ( 1974 version ) ; `` Do I Ever Cross Your Mind '' ( 1982 version ) Released June 6 , 1974 Format 7 '' vinyl Recorded June 13 , 1973 Genre Country Length 2 : 53 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Dolly Parton Producer ( s ) Bob Ferguson Dolly Parton singles chronology `` Jolene '' ( 1973 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1974 ) `` Love Is Like a Butterfly '' ( 1974 ) `` Jolene '' ( 1973 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1974 ) `` Love Is Like a Butterfly '' ( 1974 ) Dolly Parton singles chronology `` Heartbreak Express '' ( 1982 ) Heartbreak Express 1982 `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1982 ) I Will Always Love You1982 `` Hard Candy Christmas '' ( 1982 ) Hard Candy Christmas 1982 The song , `` I Will Always Love You '' was originally written and recorded in 1973 by American singer - songwriter , Dolly Parton . Her country version of the track was released in 1974 as a single and was written as a farewell to her one - time partner and mentor of seven years , Porter Wagoner , following Parton 's decision to pursue a solo career . Parton 's version of `` I Will Always Love You '' was a commercial success . It reached number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart twice . It first reached number one in June 1974 , and then in October 1982 , with her re-recording on the soundtrack of the movie version of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas , making Parton the first singer ever to achieve the number one position twice with the same song . Whitney Houston recorded her version of the song for the 1992 film The Bodyguard . Her single spent 14 weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart making it one of the best - selling singles of all time . It also holds the record for being the best - selling single by a woman in music history . Houston 's version of `` I Will Always Love You '' re-entered the charts in 2012 after her death , making it the second single ever to reach the top three on the Billboard Hot 100 in separate chart runs . The song has been recorded by many other significant artists including Linda Ronstadt and John Doe . Whitney Houston covered the song for the 1992 film The Bodyguard , in which she starred with Kevin Costner . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dolly Parton original version 1.1 Background and composition 1.2 Reception 1.3 Critical reception 1.4 Track listing 1.5 Credits and personnel 1.6 Charts 1.7 Controversy 2 Whitney Houston cover version 2.1 Background 2.2 Reception 2.3 Commercial performance 2.4 Critical reception 2.5 Accolades 2.6 Music video 2.7 Formats and track listings 2.8 Credits and personnel 2.9 Charts 2.10 Billboard Magazine Hot 100 Anniversary Charts 2.11 Certifications 2.12 Tributes 2.12. 1 Beyoncé 2.12. 2 Jennifer Hudson 2.12. 3 Jessica Sanchez 2.12. 4 Edyta Górniak 2.12. 5 Will Ferrell 3 Other versions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Dolly Parton original version ( edit ) Background and composition ( edit ) `` I Will Always Love You '' An 18 second sample of Parton 's 1982 recording of `` I Will Always Love You '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . A-side label of the original 1974 45 rpm release Country music singer - songwriter Dolly Parton wrote the song in 1973 for her one - time partner and mentor Porter Wagoner , from whom she was separating professionally after a seven - year partnership . She recorded it in RCA 's Studio B in Nashville on June 13 , 1973 . `` I Will Always Love You '' was issued on June 6 , 1974 , as the second single from Parton 's thirteenth solo studio album , Jolene ( 1974 ) . In 1982 , Parton re-recorded the song , when it was included on the soundtrack to the film The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas . In addition to the 1982 re-recording for the soundtrack album , Parton 's original 1974 recording of the song also appeared in Martin Scorsese 's film Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore , and the 1996 film It 's My Party . The song also won Parton Female Vocalist of the Year at the 1975 CMA Awards . Author Curtis W. Ellison stated that the song `` speaks about the breakup of a relationship between a man and a woman that does not descend into unremitting domestic turmoil , but instead envisions parting with respect -- because of the initiative of the woman '' . According to sheet music published at musicnotes.com by Hal Leonard Corporation , the country love track is set in a time signature of common time with a tempo of 66 beats per minute . ( Larghetto / Adagio ) Although Parton found much success with the song , many people are unaware of its origin ; during an interview , Parton 's manager Danny Nozel said that `` one thing we found out from American Idol is that most people do n't know that Dolly Parton wrote ( the track ) '' . Reception ( edit ) During its original release in 1974 , `` I Will Always Love You '' reached number four in Canada on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart and peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart , becoming one of the best selling singles of 1974 . When Parton re-recorded the song in 1982 for the soundtrack of the film The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas , the track was issued as a single and once again charted at number one on Hot Country Songs -- making her the first artist ever to earn a number one record twice with the same song . After recording a duet with Vince Gill in 1995 , `` I Will Always Love You '' re-entered the Billboard chart and peaked at number 15 . Another duet version of the song was released in 2017 with Michael Bolton from his album Songs of Cinema . When the 1974 recording of the song was reaching number one on the country charts , Elvis Presley indicated that he wanted to cover the song . Parton was interested until Presley 's manager , Colonel Tom Parker , told her that it was standard procedure for the songwriter to sign over half of the publishing rights to any song Elvis recorded . Parton refused . She recalls : I said , ' I 'm really sorry , ' and I cried all night . I mean , it was like the worst thing . You know , it 's like , Oh , my God ... Elvis Presley . ' And other people were saying , ' You 're nuts . It 's Elvis Presley . ' ... I said , ' I ca n't do that . Something in my heart says , ' Do n't do that . And I just did n't do it ... He would have killed it . But anyway , so he did n't . Then when Whitney ( Houston 's version ) came out , I made enough money to buy Graceland . Critical reception ( edit ) In Curtis W. Ellison 's book Country Music Culture : From Hard Times to Heaven ( 1995 ) , he stated : `` In the early 1990s , when ambiguity in romantic relationships accompanies changing expectations for both men and women , this song demonstrates Dolly Parton 's appeal as a songwriter in the pop music market . '' Ken Knight , author of The Midnight Show : Late Night Cable - TV `` Guy - Flicks '' of the ' 80s ( 2008 ) , commented that Parton is the only singer who can sing `` I Will Always Love You '' and `` make it memorable '' . Writer Paul Simpson criticized the singer , stating that the track was only written to `` soften the blow '' of Parton and Wagoner 's split . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' vinyl `` I Will Always Love You '' -- 2 : 53 `` Lonely Comin ' Down '' -- 3 : 09 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Dolly Parton -- vocals , guitar Jimmy Colvard -- guitar Chip Young -- guitar Stu Basore -- pedal steel guitar Bobby Dyson -- bass Larrie Londin -- drums Ralph Gallant -- drums Buck Trent -- banjo Bobby Thompson -- banjo Mack Magaha -- fiddle Johnny Gimble -- fiddle Hargus `` Pig '' Robbins -- piano Dolores Edgin -- background vocals Hershel Winginton -- background vocals Joe Babcock -- background vocals June Page -- background vocals Charts ( edit ) Weekly Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Weekly Chart ( 1982 ) Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 72 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 8 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 53 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 17 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Weekly Chart ( 1995 ) Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 22 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 15 Controversy ( edit ) After Whitney Houston 's recording of the song became a hit in 1992 , the tabloid press began reporting on a ' feud ' between the two performers , stemming from Dolly Parton allegedly reneging on an agreement that she would not perform the song for a number of months while Houston 's version was on the charts , so as not to compete with Houston 's recording . However , both Parton and Houston dispelled any rumors speaking glowingly of one another in interviews . Houston praised Parton for writing a beautiful song . In return , Parton thanked Houston for bringing her song to a wider audience and increasing the amount of royalties for her song in the process . Dolly Parton also gave a live interview , confirming this . When Houston won the Record of the Year award at the 1994 Grammy Awards for the recording , Parton ( along with David Foster ) presented her with the award . In a statement to Billboard on the day of Houston 's death in February 2012 , Parton said : Mine is only one of the millions of hearts broken over the death of Whitney Houston . I will always be grateful and in awe of the wonderful performance she did on my song and I can truly say from the bottom of my heart , ' Whitney , I will always love you . You will be missed . ' Whitney Houston cover version ( edit ) `` I Will Always Love You '' US CD single Single by Whitney Houston from the album The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album B - side `` Jesus Loves Me '' `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' Released November 3 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 03 ) Format CD single cassette single 7 '' single 12 '' single Recorded Spring 1992 Genre Soul , R&B , pop , jazz Length 4 : 31 Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Dolly Parton Producer ( s ) David Foster Whitney Houston singles chronology `` We Did n't Know '' ( 1992 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1992 ) `` I 'm Every Woman '' ( 1993 ) `` We Did n't Know '' ( 1992 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1992 ) `` I 'm Every Woman '' ( 1993 ) Audio sample file help The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album track listing `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1 ) `` I Have Nothing '' ( 2 ) Music video `` I Will Always Love You '' on YouTube Background ( edit ) In 1992 , R&B singer Whitney Houston recorded a new arrangement of `` I Will Always Love You '' for the soundtrack to The Bodyguard , her film debut . She was originally to record Jimmy Ruffin 's `` What Becomes of the Brokenhearted '' as the lead single from The Bodyguard . However , when it was discovered the song was to be used for Fried Green Tomatoes , Houston requested a different song . It was her co-star Kevin Costner who suggested `` I Will Always Love You '' , playing her Linda Ronstadt 's 1975 version from her album Prisoner in Disguise . Producer David Foster re-arranged the song as an soul ballad . Her record company did not feel a song with an a cappella introduction would be as successful ; however , Houston and Costner insisted on retaining it . When Parton heard that Houston was using Ronstadt 's recording as a template , she called Foster to give him the final verse , which was missing from the Ronstadt recording , as she felt it was important to the song . The tenor saxophone solo was played by Kirk Whalum . Whitney Houston 's recording is not the only version of the song featured in the movie . In a scene where she dances with Kevin Costner , a version by John Doe can be heard playing on a jukebox . Houston 's version appears at No. 9 on NME 's Greatest No 1 Singles in History list . In 2004 , Houston 's version of `` I Will Always Love You '' finished at # 65 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema . It was also ranked at number 22 on The Guardian 's list of Britain 's favorite 100 songs , published in May 2002 . In February 2014 , the song was placed at number six on Billboard 's list of the Top 50 ' Love ' Songs of All Time . A live performance was included on the 1999 release Divas Live ' 99 , and on the 2014 CD / DVD release of Whitney Houston Live : Her Greatest Performances , a 1994 performance of the song was included as well . Reception ( edit ) The single spent 14 weeks at the top of the US Billboard Hot 100 , which at the time was a record . It became Houston 's longest run at number one , surpassing her previous record of three weeks with the `` Greatest Love of All '' in 1986 . It is also the longest running number one single from a soundtrack album . It debuted at number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and became Houston 's tenth number one entry two weeks later . It also dominated other Billboard charts , spending 14 weeks at the top of Billboard Hot 100 Single Sales chart , and 11 weeks at number one on its Hot 100 Airplay chart . The song also remained at number one for five weeks on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks , and for 11 weeks on the Hot R&B Singles chart becoming the longest running number one on the R&B charts at the time ; it remained in the top 40 for 24 weeks . It became Arista Records ' biggest hit . The song was number one on the Hot 100 , Adult Contemporary , and R&B chart simultaneously for a record - equaling five weeks ; Ray Charles ' `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' in 1962 achieved the same feat on the same charts . The song stayed at number one in the United States throughout January and February 1993 , making it the first time Billboard did not rank a new number one single until March of the new year . Houston 's `` I Will Always Love You '' was also the year - end single of 1993 in the US . Similarly , in the UK , Houston 's version was ranked the number one single of 1992 , and then made the countdown again in 1993 where it was ranked number nine , marking the first time any artist or group had the same single ranked in the top 10 of the year - end review two years in a row . In Australia , it was the number 17 single of 1992 and the number two song of 1993 . Houston 's single was also an international success , peaking at number one of the singles charts in almost all countries , including the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles , where it spent 13 weeks at the top . The single ruled the summit position for ten weeks in Australia , five weeks in Austria , seven weeks for Belgium , eight weeks in France , six weeks in Germany , eight weeks in Ireland , two weeks in Italy , six weeks in Netherlands , 11 weeks in New Zealand , nine weeks in Norway , one week in Spain , six weeks in Sweden , eight weeks in Switzerland , and ten weeks in the United Kingdom . Houston 's 10 - week reign in the UK set the record for the longest run at the top by a solo female artist in the history of the British singles chart . It is the only single to have topped the United States , the United Kingdom , and Australian singles charts for at least ten weeks . Only a few hours after Houston 's death on February 11 , 2012 , `` I Will Always Love You '' topped the US iTunes charts . Also , in the week following her death , the single returned to the Billboard Hot 100 after almost 20 years , debuting at number 7 , and becoming a posthumous top - ten single for Houston , the first one since 2001 . The song eventually peaked at No. 3 , two spots shy of becoming the first song to return to the No. 1 position after falling off the chart since `` The Twist '' by Chubby Checker . It debuted on the Billboard Hot Digital Singles Chart at number 3 on the chart dated February 25 , 2012 , with over 195,000 copies downloaded . In the United Kingdom , the song charted at number 10 the week of Houston 's death . Commercial performance ( edit ) Houston 's single sold approximately 400,000 copies in its second week at the top of the charts , making it the best - selling song in a single week surpassing Bryan Adams ' `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' . It broke its own record in the following three weeks , peaking at 632,000 copies in the week ending December 27 , 1992 . The January 9 , 1993 issue of Billboard reported it had broken its own record for most copies sold in a single week for any song in the Nielsen SoundsScan era . This record was broken by Elton John 's `` Candle in the Wind 1997 / Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' , which sold 3.4 million in the final week of September 1997 . `` I Will Always Love You '' was certified four times Platinum in the US for shipments of over 4 million copies by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on January 12 , 1993 , making Houston the first female artist with a single to reach that level in RIAA history . According to Nielsen SoundScan , as of 2009 , the single had sold 4,591,000 copies , and had become the second best - selling physical single in US alone , only behind Elton John 's single in 1997 . In the United Kingdom , the single sold over 1,550,000 copies , becoming the tenth best - selling single of the 1990s , and was certified two times Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) on January 1 , 1993 . It was certified Platinum for shipments of over 500,000 copies by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie ( BVMI ) in Germany . In Japan , `` I Will Always Love You '' sold over 810,000 copies , staying for 27 weeks on the chart , and became the best - selling single by a foreign female artist at the time , despite not topping the charts . Critical reception ( edit ) Houston 's version was later called her `` signature song '' . Stephen Holden of The New York Times said it was a `` magnificent rendition '' , commenting Houston transforms a plaintive country ballad into a towering pop - gospel assertion of lasting devotion to a departing lover . Her voice breaking and tensing , she treats the song as a series of emotional bursts in a steady climb toward a final full - out declamation . Along the way , her virtuosic gospel embellishments enhance the emotion and never seem merely ornamental . Writing for USA Today on November 17 , 1992 , James T. Jones IV called it a `` tour - de-force '' , and added `` ( Houston ) gives a 3 ⁄ - star ( out of four ) performance . Where Dolly Parton 's original ' I Will Always Love You ' was plaintive and tear - stained , Houston 's is gospel - infused and dramatic . '' Chris Willman of the Los Angeles Times stated : `` Houston has the goods to deliver on the tune 's haunting beauty and resists overpowering it -- until the finale , when the key change and stratospheric notes drain all the heart - rending sadness out of the song and make it sound like just another anthem of survival . '' Amy Linden of Entertainment Weekly wrote Houston 's version `` is artistically satisfying and uncharacteristically hip for the MOR songbird . '' Stewart Mason of AllMusic found Houston 's cover `` repulsively overwrought ... so boomingly bombastic and glutinous with self - approbation that the tenderness of Dolly Parton 's song is lost in the mire '' . Accolades ( edit ) `` I Will Always Love You '' won the 1994 Grammy Award for Record of the Year , and Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance , her third award for this category after earlier awards in 1986 and 1988 . During the Grammy Award telecast , the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female was presented to Houston by composer Dolly Parton and David Foster . The single topped the 1993 Billboard Hot 100 and Hot R&B Singles year - end charts simultaneously , becoming the first single by a female artist and the second overall to achieve that feat behind Prince 's `` When Doves Cry '' in 1984 . In addition , it received Favorite Pop / Rock Single and Favorite Soul / R&B Single awards at the 21st American Music Awards , which was the first record by a solo female artist to win both categories , and the third overall in AMA history behind `` Endless Love '' by Lionel Richie & Diana Ross in 1982 and `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson in 1984 . `` I Will Always Love You '' won two Japan Gold Disc Awards in 1993 for International Song of the Year , and a 1994 International Song of the Year Special Award for Japanese sales of over one million units . In 2015 , `` I Will Always Love You '' was named the # 1 Song of the Rock Era in the book The Top 500 Songs of the Rock Era : 1955 - 2015 . Year Awards ceremony Award description ( s ) Results The 19th People 's Choice Awards Favorite New Music Video Won The 7th Soul Train Music Awards Best R&B / Soul Single , Female Won The 7th Japan Gold Disc Awards Song of the Year ( International ) Won The 2nd MTV Movie Awards Best Song from a Movie Won The 4th Billboard Music Awards # 1 Hot 100 Single ( Hot 100 Single of the Year ) Won # 1 Hot R&B Single ( R&B Single of the Year ) Won Special Award : Single Most Weeks at No. 1 ( 14 weeks ) Won No. 1 World Single Won No. 1 Hot 100 Singles Sales Won No. 1 Hot R&B Singles Sales Won 1994 The 21st American Music Awards Favorite Pop / Rock Single Won Favorite Soul / R&B Single Won 36th Grammy Awards Record of the Year Won Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female Won The 8th Soul Train Music Awards Best R&B Song of the Year Won The 8th Japan Gold Disc Awards Special Award Won Music video ( edit ) The single 's music video , is credited to Alan Smithee ( Nick Brandt removed his name due to the way Clive Davis re-edited the video ) , and produced by Rob Newman . It begins with the performance of the song Houston gives at the end of The Bodyguard . The video then cuts to Houston in a dark blue suit sitting in an empty theater with the spotlight shining on her , singing of her love . The video is inter-cut with scenes from The Bodyguard and gives the viewer the experience of reliving the moments with the singer . At the time of the video 's shooting Houston was pregnant with her daughter Bobbi Kristina so is shown only sitting in the theater scenes . Formats and track listings ( edit ) ' UK / Europe 12 '' vinyl single A `` I Will Always Love You '' ― 4 : 31 B1 `` Jesus Loves Me '' ― 5 : 11 B2 `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' ― 3 : 31 UK / Europe / US 7 '' vinyl single A `` I Will Always Love You '' ― 4 : 31 B `` Jesus Loves Me '' ― 5 : 11 US / Europe Maxi - CD single `` I Will Always Love You '' ― 4 : 31 `` Jesus Loves Me '' ― 5 : 11 `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' ― 3 : 31 Maxi - CD singles ( 1999 Remixes ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Hex Hector Radio Edit ) ― 4 : 50 `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Hex Hector 12 '' Club Mix ) ― 9 : 51 `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Hex Hector Anthem Dub Mix ) -- 5 : 44 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Performed by Whitney Houston Produced and arranged by David Foster Vocal arrangement -- Whitney Houston Directed by Rickey Minor Keyboards -- David Foster Sax solo -- Kirk Whalum Drums -- Ricky Lawson Guitars -- Dean Parks , Michael Landau Bass -- Neil Stubenhaus Synth programmers -- Tony Smith , Claude Gaudette String arrangements -- Ronn Huff Recording engineers -- Bill Schnee , Dave Reitzas , Peter J. Yianilos Mixing engineer -- Dave Reitzas Charts ( edit ) Weekly chart ( 1992 -- 93 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 ) Canada ( RPM ) Europe ( European Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( Musica e dischi ) Japan ( Oricon Charts ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Weekly chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 6 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 10 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 17 France ( SNEP ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 7 Luxembourg ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 17 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) 12 Portugal ( Billboard ) Russia ( Russia Top 10 ) Scotland ( The Official Charts Company ) 19 South Korea International Singles ( Gaon ) 23 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 56 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 Weekly chart ( 2013 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 132 Weekly chart ( 2014 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 68 Weekly chart ( 2015 ) France ( SNEP ) 83 Weekly chart ( 2016 ) Position France ( SNEP ) 182 Year - end chart ( 1992 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 17 Canadian Adult Contemporary Tracks 97 Dutch Top 40 61 Italian Singles Chart 7 UK Singles Chart Year - end chart ( 1993 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart 8 Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 16 Canadian Singles Chart Canadian Adult Contemporary Singles 7 Dutch Top 40 13 Dutch Single Top 100 5 Finnish Singles Chart 5 Japanese Singles Chart 31 New Zealand Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart 7 UK Singles Chart 9 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary 18 US Hot Pop Singles US Hot R&B Singles Year - end chart ( 2012 ) Position Spanish Singles Chart 49 Decade - end chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position Dutch Top 40 14 UK Singles Chart 10 US Billboard Hot 100 7 All - time chart ( 2015 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 51 Billboard Magazine Hot 100 Anniversary Charts ( edit ) Year Title Category Position Source 1998 Billboard 40 Years of the Top 40 The Top 10 Remakes No. 2 The Top 10 `` Love '' Songs No. 2 Billboard The Hot 100 of the Hot 100 : Top Songs of Four Decades No. 6 The Top 10 Soundtrack Songs No. 1 Song with the Most Weeks at No. 1 ( 14 weeks ) No. 2 2008 Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs No. 68 The All - Time Top R&B / Hip - Hop Songs No. 27 Hot 100 Song of the Year -- 1993 No. 1 2013 Billboard Hot 100 55th Anniversary The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs No. 49 The All - Time Top R&B / Hip - Hop Songs No. 27 Hot 100 Song of the Year -- 1993 No. 1 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 30,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 332,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 15,000 Japan 810,080 Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 250,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Platinum 75,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,638,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 5,166,000 Digital Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,016,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Tributes ( edit ) Since Houston 's death in 2012 , many other artists have performed tributes to the late singer 's version of the song . Beyoncé ( edit ) In 2012 , following Whitney Houston 's death , American singer Beyoncé performed a tribute to Houston during her revue Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live in Atlantic City , New Jersey at the Revel resort . She began the performance of her song `` Halo '' singing the first verse of `` I Will Always Love You '' a cappella . Later , in 2013 , during her The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour , Beyoncé also sang the opening lines of `` I Will Always Love You '' prior to the performance of `` Halo '' as the final song of the tour . Jennifer Hudson ( edit ) Jennifer Hudson performed the song in front of Houston in 2010 . On February 12 , 2012 , Hudson performed the song as a tribute during the 54th Grammy Awards , the day after Houston 's death , alongside images of musicians who had died in 2011 and 2012 , including Amy Winehouse and Etta James . The song was played at Houston 's funeral as her casket was brought out of the church . Parton complimented Hudson on her performance , saying , I was brought to tears again last night , as I 'm sure many were , when Jennifer Hudson sang `` I Will Always Love You '' on the Grammys in memory of Whitney . Like everybody else , I am still in shock . But I know that Whitney will live forever in all the great music that she left behind . I will always have a very special piece of her in the song we shared together and had the good fortune to share with the world . Rest in peace , Whitney . Again , we will always love you . Jessica Sanchez ( edit ) On March 7 , 2012 , on the eleventh season of American Idol , during the Top 13 week , Jessica Sanchez performed a rendition of the song . She received a standing ovation for her performance . She performed the song again on the season finale , where she would finish as the eventual runner - up . Edyta Górniak ( edit ) During the festival TOP trends in 2012 , Edyta Górniak performed `` I Will Always Love You '' as a tribute to Whitney Houston on May 26 . Will Ferrell ( edit ) At the 2017 Commencement of the University of Southern California , Will Ferrell sang `` I Will Always Love You '' to the graduating class . See Washington Post commentary : Other versions ( edit ) In 2002 , English pop singer Rik Waller took his own version of `` I Will Always Love You '' into the Top Ten in the UK Singles Chart , peaking at number 6 . It was the first single released from his debut studio album From Now ... following him taking part in the Pop Idol series . Melinda Schneider and Beccy Cole included the song on their album Great Women of Country ( 2014 ) . `` Forever Country '' , released in September 2016 , is a medley of the song along with `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' and `` On the Road Again '' . See also ( edit ) List of Australian number - one hits of 1993 List of Austrian number - one hits of 1993 List of number - one hits of 1993 ( Belgium Flanders ) List of RPM number - one singles of 1992 List of RPM number - one singles of 1993 Dutch Top 40 number - one hits of 1992 Dutch Top 40 number - one hits of 1993 List of European number - one hits of 1992 List of European number - one hits of 1993 List of French number - one hits of 1993 Number - one hits of 1993 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 1992 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 1993 ( Ireland ) List of number - one hits of 1992 ( Italy ) List of number - one singles in 1992 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one singles in 1993 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one songs in Norway List of number - one singles of 1993 ( Spain ) List of number - one singles and albums in Sweden List of number - one hits of 1993 ( Switzerland ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1990s List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1992 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1993 ( U.S. ) List of Hot 100 Airplay number - one singles of the 1990s List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of the 1990s List of Billboard Rhythmic number - one songs of the 1990s List of number - one R&B singles of 1992 ( U.S. ) R&B number - one hits of 1993 ( USA ) List of million - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles of the 1990s in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles by year ( UK ) List of UK top 10 singles in 1992 List of best - selling singles in Australia List of Top 25 singles for 1992 in Australia List of Top 25 singles for 1993 in Australia Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1993 List of Hot 100 number - one singles of the 1990s ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2012 List of top 10 singles in 2012 ( France ) List of best - selling singles in Japan List of best - selling singles References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ellison 1995 , p. 195 ^ Jump up to : I Will Always Love You ( 7 vinyl liner notes ) . 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Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` > > IRMA < < Irish Charts -- Singles , Albums & Compilations > > '' . Irma.ie. 2014 - 03 - 27 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Media Forest : Airplay chart '' . mediaforest.biz. 2012 - 02 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI -- Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana -- Classifiche '' . Fimi.it . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs -- March 3 , 2012 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . VG - lista . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs -- Peak '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived December 27 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2012 - 02 - 25 Top 40 Scottish Singles Archive '' . Official Charts. 2012 - 02 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon International Chart ( Week : February 12 , 2012 to February 18 , 2012 ) '' . Gaon Chart . January 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 27 Whitney Houston tracks on course to re-enter Official Singles Chart '' . UK Single Chart . February 14 , 2012 . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry 's ' Part of Me ' Debuts Atop Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The RPM Top 100 Adult Contemporary Tracks of 1992 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . December 19 , 1992 . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . 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Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Billboard 40 Years of the Top 40 : The Top 10 Soundtrack Songs & Song with the Most Weeks at No. 1 . Billboard . September 19 , 1998 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary : The All - Time Hot 100 Top Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary : The All - Time Top R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary : Hot 100 Song of the Year -- 1993 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - Time Hot 100 Top Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . 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Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Les Singles en Or '' . InfoDisc . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Whitney Houston ; ' I Will Always Love You ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . ^ Jump up to : レコード 協会 調べ 1 月度 有料 音楽 配信 認定 < 略称 : 1 月度 認定 > ( Record Association report : February 2014 digital music download certifications ( Abbreviation : 2013 Certifications ) ) . RIAJ ( in Japanese ) . February 2014 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Whitney Houston '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter I Will Always Love You in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` These are the UK 's 20 biggest selling love ballads of all time '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( August 28 , 2009 ) . `` Billboard : Battle of the Divas , Round 3 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kyle ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Beyonce 's post-baby concerts : Whitney Houston tribute , Goo Goo Dolls and Lauryn Hill songs '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston , Maura ( May 27 , 2012 ) . `` Live : Beyoncé Brings The House Down At Atlantic City 's Newest Casino '' . The Village Voice . Village Voice Media . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ganz , Caryn ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Run the World ( Showgirls ) : Beyonce Gets Back to Business in Atlantic City '' . Spin . Spin Media LLC . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé makes nod to The Verve at London 's O2 Arena '' . NME. April 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston 's ' I Will Always Love You ' : Behind The Song '' . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 2012 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Grammy Ratings Up Thanks To Adele , Whitney Houston Tribute '' . MTV . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Will Ferrell Singing Whitney Houston at USC Graduation Is Exactly What We Need Right Now '' . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 590 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 Jump up ^ Finan , Eileen ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` The Story Behind Country Music 's Epic Mash - Up ! Plus : Hear Blake , Carrie , Miranda and 36 Other Stars Sing ' Forever Country ' '' . People . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) I Will Always Love You at Discogs Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Dolly Parton version Preceded by `` Pure Love '' by Ronnie Milsap Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single June 8 , 1974 Succeeded by `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' by Charlie Rich Preceded by `` Yesterday 's Wine '' by Merle Haggard and George Jones Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single October 16 , 1982 Succeeded by `` He Got You '' by Ronnie Milsap Preceded by `` What 's Forever For '' by Michael Martin Murphey RPM Country Tracks number - one single October 23 -- 30 , 1982 Succeeded by `` Let It Be Me '' by Willie Nelson Whitney Houston version Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Australian Singles Chart number - one single December 19 , 1992 -- February 26 , 1993 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` You Do n't Treat Me No Good '' by Sonia Dada Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie Austrian Singles Chart number - one single January 24 -- February 7 , 1993 February 21 -- 28 , 1993 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Highland '' by One More Time `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie Belgian Singles Chart number - one single January 9 -- 15 , 1993 January 23 -- March 5 , 1993 ( 7 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie `` It 's OK , All Right '' by Def Dames Dope Preceded by `` Song Instead of a Kiss '' by Alannah Myles Canadian Singles Chart number - one single December 19 , 1992 -- February 26 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Steam '' by Peter Gabriel Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Dutch Singles Chart number - one single Dutch Top 40 December 12 , 1992 -- February 19 , 1993 ( 9 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Mockin ' Bird Hill '' by Roots Syndicate Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Eurochart Hot 100 number - one single December 5 , 1992 -- March 5 , 1993 ( 13 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! '' by Jordy French Singles Chart number - one single January 30 -- March 20 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Alison '' by Jordy Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie German Singles Chart number - one single January 25 -- March 7 , 1993 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` All That She Wants '' by Ace of Base Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Irish Singles Chart number - one single December 3 , 1992 -- January 23 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` This Time '' by Christy Moore Preceded by `` Do n't You Want Me '' by Felix Italian Singles Chart number - one single December 5 -- 18 , 1992 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! '' by Jordy Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie New Zealand Singles Chart number - one single December 18 , 1992 -- March 25 , 1993 ( 11 weeks ) Succeeded by `` In the Still of the Nite ( I 'll Remember ) by Boyz II Men Preceded by `` Wheel of Fortune by Ace of Base Norwegian Singles Chart number - one single 53rd week , 1992 -- 8th week , 1993 ( 9 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! '' by Jordy Spanish Singles Chart number - one single February 20 , 1993 Succeeded by `` I Feel You '' by Depeche Mode Preceded by `` House of Love '' by East 17 Swedish Singles Chart number - one single January 13 -- February 23 , 1993 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Die da ! ? '' by Die Fantastischen Vier Swiss Singles Chart number - one single January 17 -- March 13 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Somebody Dance with Me by DJ BoBo Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie UK Singles Chart number - one single December 5 , 1992 -- February 12 , 1993 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` How Do You Talk to an Angel '' by The Heights US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single November 28 , 1992 -- March 5 , 1993 ( 14 weeks ) Succeeded by `` A Whole New World '' by Peabo Bryson & Regina Belle Preceded by `` To Love Somebody '' by Michael Bolton US Adult Contemporary number - one single December 19 , 1992 -- January 16 , 1993 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` A Whole New World '' by Peabo Bryson & Regina Belle Preceded by `` How Do You Talk to an Angel '' by The Heights US Top 40 / Mainstream number - one single December 12 , 1992 -- February 6 , 1993 ( 9 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Ordinary World '' by Duran Duran Preceded by `` If I Ever Fall In Love '' by Shai US R&B Singles number - one single December 5 , 1992 -- February 13 , 1993 ( 11 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Hip Hop Hooray '' by Naughty by Nature Dolly Parton Albums Singles Studio albums Hello , I 'm Dolly ( 1967 ) Just Because I 'm a Woman ( 1968 ) In the Good Old Days ( When Times Were Bad ) ( 1969 ) My Blue Ridge Mountain Boy ( 1969 ) The Fairest of Them All ( 1970 ) The Golden Streets of Glory ( 1971 ) Joshua ( 1971 ) Coat of Many Colors ( 1971 ) Touch Your Woman ( 1972 ) My Favorite Songwriter , Porter Wagoner ( 1972 ) My Tennessee Mountain Home ( 1973 ) Bubbling Over ( 1973 ) Jolene ( 1974 ) Love Is Like a Butterfly ( 1974 ) The Bargain Store ( 1975 ) Dolly ( 1975 ) All I Can Do ( 1976 ) New Harvest ... First Gathering ( 1977 ) Here You Come Again ( 1977 ) Heartbreaker ( 1978 ) Great Balls of Fire ( 1979 ) Dolly , Dolly , Dolly ( 1980 ) 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs ( 1980 ) Heartbreak Express ( 1982 ) Burlap & Satin ( 1983 ) The Great Pretender ( 1984 ) Real Love ( 1985 ) Rainbow ( 1987 ) White Limozeen ( 1989 ) Eagle When She Flies ( 1991 ) Slow Dancing with the Moon ( 1993 ) Something Special ( 1995 ) Treasures ( 1996 ) Hungry Again ( 1998 ) The Grass Is Blue ( 1999 ) Little Sparrow ( 2001 ) Halos & Horns ( 2002 ) For God and Country ( 2003 ) Those Were The Days ( 2005 ) Backwoods Barbie ( 2008 ) Better Day ( 2011 ) Blue Smoke ( 2014 ) Pure & Simple ( 2016 ) Compilations As Long as I Love ( 1970 ) The Best of Dolly Parton ( 1970 ) Just the Way I Am ( 1972 ) Mine ( 1973 ) Best of Dolly Parton ( 1975 ) Dolly Parton 's Greatest Hits ( 1982 ) Collector 's Series ( 1985 ) Think About Love ( 1986 ) The Best There Is ( 1987 ) Best of Dolly Parton , Vol. 3 ( 1987 ) I Will Always Love You and Other Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) Ultimate Dolly Parton ( 2003 ) Singer , Songwriter & Legendary Performer ( 2006 ) The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2007 ) 16 Biggest Hits ( 2007 ) Playlist : The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2008 ) Dolly ( 2009 ) Exclusives Precious Memories ( 1999 ) Sha - Kon - O - Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke ( 2009 ) Collaborations Just Between You And Me Just the Two of Us Always , Always Porter Wayne and Dolly Rebecca Once More Two of a Kind The Right Combination Burning the Midnight Oil Together Always We Found It Love & Music Porter ' n ' Dolly Say Forever You 'll Be Mine Porter & Dolly The Winning Hand Trio Honky Tonk Angels Trio II Songs `` Dumb Blonde '' `` Mule Skinner Blues '' `` Joshua '' `` Coat of Many Colors '' `` Touch Your Woman '' `` My Tennessee Mountain Home '' `` Jolene '' `` I Will Always Love You '' `` Love is Like a Butterfly `` The Bargain Store '' `` The Seeker '' `` We Used To '' `` All I Can Do '' `` Light of a Clear Blue Morning '' `` Here You Come Again '' `` Two Doors Down '' / `` It 's All Wrong , But It 's All Right '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Baby I 'm Burning '' `` You 're The Only One '' `` Sweet Summer Lovin ' '' `` Starting Over Again '' `` Old Flames Ca n't Hold a Candle to You '' `` 9 to 5 '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` The House of the Rising Sun '' `` Single Women '' `` Heartbreak Express '' `` Hard Candy Christmas '' `` Potential New Boyfriend '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Tennessee Homesick Blues '' `` Do n't Call It Love '' `` Real Love '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Think About Love '' `` Tie Our Love ( In a Double Knot ) '' `` We Had It All '' `` The River Unbroken '' `` Why 'd You Come in Here Lookin ' Like That '' `` Yellow Roses '' `` White Limozeen '' `` Rockin ' Years '' `` Silver and Gold '' `` Eagle When She Flies '' `` Romeo '' `` Little Sparrow '' `` Better Get to Livin ' '' `` Together You and I '' Collaboration singles `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Say Forever You 'll Be Mine '' `` To Know Him Is to Love Him '' `` Telling Me Lies '' `` Those Memories of You '' `` Wildflowers '' Guest singles `` Islands in the Stream '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Love Is Strange '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` When I Get Where I 'm Going '' ( w / Brad Paisley ) Soundtracks The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas Rhinestone Straight Talk Live albums A Real Live Dolly Heartsongs : Live from Home Live and Well Live from London An Evening With ... Dolly Live ! Christmas albums Once Upon a Christmas ( w / Kenny Rogers ) Home for Christmas Children 's albums I Believe in You Films Hollywood to Dollywood The Book Lady For the Love of Dolly Dolly Parton 's Coat of Many Colors Dolly Parton 's Christmas of Many Colors : Circle of Love Tours Halos & Horns Tour Hello , I 'm Dolly Tour The Vintage Tour An Evening with Dolly Parton Backwoods Barbie Tour Better Day World Tour Blue Smoke World Tour Pure & Simple Tour Theme parks and attractions Dollywood Dollywood 's Splash Country Dolly Parton 's Dixie Stampede Related articles Awards and nominations Stella Parton Rachel Dennison Dollywood Foundation Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton discography Just Because I 'm a Woman : Songs of Dolly Parton Book Category The Bodyguard Soundtrack `` I Will Always Love You '' `` I Have Nothing '' `` I 'm Every Woman '' `` Run to You '' `` Queen of the Night '' `` Someday ( I 'm Coming Back ) '' Related Musical Whitney Houston singles Whitney Houston `` Hold Me '' `` Thinking About You '' `` You Give Good Love '' `` All at Once '' `` Saving All My Love for You '' `` How Will I Know '' `` Greatest Love of All '' Whitney `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All '' `` So Emotional '' `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' `` Love Will Save the Day '' `` I Know Him So Well '' I 'm Your Baby Tonight `` I 'm Your Baby Tonight '' `` All the Man That I Need '' `` Miracle '' `` My Name Is Not Susan '' `` I Belong to You '' `` We Did n't Know '' The Bodyguard `` I Will Always Love You '' `` I 'm Every Woman '' `` I Have Nothing '' `` Run to You '' `` Queen of the Night '' Waiting to Exhale `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' `` Count On Me '' `` Why Does It Hurt So Bad '' The Preacher 's Wife `` I Believe in You and Me '' `` Step by Step '' `` My Heart Is Calling '' My Love Is Your Love `` When You Believe '' `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` It 's Not Right but It 's Okay '' `` My Love Is Your Love '' `` I Learned from the Best '' Whitney : The Greatest Hits `` Could I Have This Kiss Forever '' `` If I Told You That '' `` Fine '' `` Same Script , Different Cast '' Just Whitney ... `` Whatchulookinat '' `` One of Those Days '' `` Try It on My Own '' `` Love That Man '' One Wish : The Holiday Album `` One Wish ( for Christmas ) '' I Look to You `` I Look to You '' `` Million Dollar Bill '' Sparkle `` Celebrate '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' I Will Always Love You : The Best of Whitney Houston `` I Look to You '' Other / featured / promotional singles `` One Moment in Time '' `` It Is n't , It Was n't , It Ai n't Never Gonna Be '' `` The Star Spangled Banner '' `` Something in Common '' `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' `` Memories '' Book Category Portal Vince Gill Studio albums The Things That Matter The Way Back Home When I Call Your Name Pocket Full of Gold I Still Believe in You When Love Finds You High Lonesome Sound The Key Let 's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye Next Big Thing These Days Guitar Slinger Bakersfield Down to My Last Bad Habit Compilation albums The Essential Vince Gill Souvenirs Icon Christmas albums Let There Be Peace on Earth Breath of Heaven : A Christmas Collection ' Tis the Season Extended plays Turn Me Loose Notable singles `` True Love '' `` If It Were n't for Him '' ( with Rosanne Cash ) `` Oklahoma Borderline '' `` Cinderella '' `` Let 's Do Something '' `` Everybody 's Sweetheart '' `` The Radio '' `` Never Alone '' `` Oklahoma Swing '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` When I Call Your Name '' `` Never Knew Lonely '' `` Pocket Full of Gold '' `` Liza Jane '' `` Look at Us '' `` Take Your Memory with You '' `` I Still Believe in You '' `` Do n't Let Our Love Start Slippin ' Away '' `` No Future in the Past '' `` One More Last Chance '' `` Tryin ' to Get Over You '' `` Whenever You Come Around '' `` What the Cowgirls Do '' `` When Love Finds You '' `` Which Bridge to Cross ( Which Bridge to Burn ) '' `` You Better Think Twice '' `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' `` High Lonesome Sound '' `` Worlds Apart '' `` Pretty Little Adriana '' `` A Little More Love '' `` You and You Alone '' `` If You Ever Have Forever in Mind '' `` Kindly Keep It Country '' `` Do n't Come Cryin ' to Me '' `` My Kind of Woman / My Kind of Man '' ( with Patty Loveless ) `` Let 's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye '' `` Feels Like Love '' `` Shoot Straight from Your Heart '' `` Next Big Thing '' `` Someday '' Guest singles `` The Heart Wo n't Lie '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` House of Love '' ( with Amy Grant ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` It 's Not Over '' ( with Mark Chesnutt and Alison Krauss `` No Place That Far '' ( with Sara Evans ) `` Building Bridges '' ( with Brooks & Dunn and Sheryl Crow ) `` Do n't Rush '' ( with Kelly Clarkson ) `` I Just Ca n't Help Believing '' ( with B.J. Thomas ) `` Sober Saturday Night '' ( with Chris Young ) Other songs `` Here We Are '' `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' Related articles Discography RCA Records MCA Records Pure Prairie League The Notorious Cherry Bombs The Notorious Cherry Bombs Book : Vince Gill UK Christmas number - one singles in the 1990s `` Saviour 's Day '' ( Cliff Richard , 1990 ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' / `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' ( Queen , 1991 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Whitney Houston , 1992 ) `` Mr Blobby '' ( Mr Blobby , 1993 ) `` Stay Another Day '' ( East 17 , 1994 ) `` Earth Song '' ( Michael Jackson , 1995 ) `` 2 Become 1 '' ( Spice Girls , 1996 ) `` Too Much '' ( Spice Girls , 1997 ) `` Goodbye '' ( Spice Girls , 1998 ) `` I Have a Dream '' / `` Seasons in the Sun '' ( Westlife , 1999 ) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Grammy Award for Record of the Year ( 1990s ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' * by Bette Midler produced by Arif Mardin ( 1990 ) `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins produced by Hugh Padgham & Phil Collins ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' * by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole produced by David Foster ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' * by Eric Clapton produced by Russ Titelman ( 1993 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston produced by David Foster ( 1994 ) `` All I Wanna Do '' by Sheryl Crow produced by Bill Bottrell ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' * by Seal produced by Trevor Horn ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' * by Eric Clapton produced by Babyface ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' * by Shawn Colvin produced by John Leventhal ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' * by Celine Dion engineered / mixed by David Gleeson , Humberto Gatica & Simon Franglen ; produced by James Horner , Simon Franglen & Walter Afanasieff ( 1999 ) Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1980 -- 1999 ) 1980 : `` Call Me '' -- Blondie 1981 : `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Kim Carnes 1982 : `` Physical '' -- Olivia Newton - John 1983 : `` Every Breath You Take '' -- The Police 1984 : `` When Doves Cry '' -- Prince 1985 : `` Careless Whisper '' -- Wham ! featuring George Michael 1986 : `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Dionne & Friends 1987 : `` Walk Like an Egyptian '' -- The Bangles 1988 : `` Faith '' -- George Michael 1989 : `` Look Away '' -- Chicago 1990 : `` Hold On '' -- Wilson Phillips 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` End of the Road '' -- Boyz II Men 1993 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1994 : `` The Sign '' -- Ace of Base 1995 : `` Gangsta 's Paradise '' -- Coolio featuring L.V. 1996 : `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys Mix ) '' -- Los del Río 1997 : `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' -- Elton John 1998 : `` Too Close '' -- Next 1999 : `` Believe '' -- Cher Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Will_Always_Love_You&oldid=807291050 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom Dolly Parton songs Lara Fabian songs Whitney Houston songs Vince Gill songs 1973 songs 1974 singles 1982 singles 1992 singles 1995 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Belgium RPM Top Singles number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in France Number - one singles in Germany Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Spain Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Grammy Award for Record of the Year Country ballads Pop ballads Rhythm and blues ballads Songs written by Dolly Parton RCA Records Nashville singles Columbia Records singles Music videos directed by Alan Smithee Song recordings produced by Bob Ferguson ( music ) Song recordings produced by David Foster Arista Records singles 1970s ballads Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Pages using web citations with no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2014 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 02 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did whitney houston sing i will always love you for | [
"Parton's version of \"I Will Always Love You\" was a commercial success. It reached number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart twice. It first reached number one in June 1974, and then in October 1982, with her re-recording on the soundtrack of the movie version of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas, making Parton the first singer ever to achieve the number one position twice with the same song. Whitney Houston recorded her version of the song for the 1992 film The Bodyguard. Her single spent 14 weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart making it one of the best-selling singles of all time.[5] It also holds the record for being the best-selling single by a woman in music history.[6] Houston's version of \"I Will Always Love You\" re-entered the charts in 2012 after her death, making it the second single ever to reach the top three on the Billboard Hot 100 in separate chart runs.[7] The song has been recorded by many other significant artists including Linda Ronstadt and John Doe."
] | [
"the 1992 film The Bodyguard"
] |
8015445604668085040 | Priyamani | Priyamani - wikipedia Priyamani Jump to : navigation , search Priyamani Priyamani in 2012 Priya Vasudev Mani Iyer ( 1984 - 06 - 04 ) 4 June 1984 ( age 33 ) Bengaluru , Karnataka , India Nationality Indian Occupation Actress , model Years active 2003 -- present Spouse ( s ) Mustafa raj ( m. 2017 ) Priya Vasudev Mani Iyer ( born 4 June 1984 ) , known by her stage name Priyamani , is an Indian film actress and former model , who works in Kannada , Malayalam , Tamil , Telugu and Hindi language films . She has established a career in regional Indian films , and is the recipient of a National Film Award and three Filmfare Awards in different - language films . Priyamani , born and raised in Bangalore , worked as a model before pursuing a career in films . In 2002 , she made her acting debut with a leading role in the Telugu film Evare Atagaadu ( 2003 ) , a box - office flop . Priyamani gained widespread recognition for her role as village girl Muththazhagu in the Tamil film Paruthiveeran in 2007 , receiving National Film Award for Best Actress and Filmfare Award for Best Actress -- Tamil for her performance . During the same year , she achieved commercial success in Telugu cinema with S.S. Rajamouli - directed Yamadonga . In 2008 , Priyamani received further critical acclaim for her role as Malavika in the Malayalam film Thirakkatha -- and won a Filmfare Award for Best Actress -- Malayalam . The following year , she made her Kannada film debut in Raam which proved to be a commercial and critical success . Priyamani made her Hindi film debut through Mani Ratnam 's bilingual in Tamil and Hindi , titled Raavan and Raavanan respectively . In 2012 , her portrayal of conjoined twins in the multilingual film Chaarulatha , based on the Thai film Alone , gained critical praise and a third Best Actress award at Filmfare . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early career 2.2 2007 -- present 3 Personal life 4 Awards 5 Filmography 6 Television 7 Reference Early life ( edit ) Priyamani was born into a Tamil speaking family in Bangalore to Vasudeva Mani Iyer and Latha Mani Iyer . She modelled for Kancheepuram silks , Erode silks and Lakshmi silks during her school years . When she was in the 12th Standard , Tamil Director , Bharathiraja introduced her to the film industry . Her father , who hails from Palakkad from a Tamil family owns a plantation business , and her mother , former national badminton player , Lathamani , who hails from Thiruvananthapuram , was a bank manager at Union Bank of India . She has an elder brother , Vishakh , who is in the plantation business with her father , while at school she actively participated in extracurricular activities and in sports . She is the granddaughter of Carnatic vocalist Kamala Kailas . She is the cousin of film actress Vidya Balan , and the niece of playback singer , Malgudi Shubha . Priyamani did her schooling at Sri Aurobindo Memorial School and attended Bishop Cotton Women 's College in JC Road . After completing her schooling , Priyamani modeled for print advertisements . Priyamani is currently pursuing a degree in Bachelor of Arts in psychology . Career ( edit ) Early career ( edit ) Priyamani made her debut with Telugu film Evare Atagaadu . She then made her debut in the Malayalam film industry with Sathyam , but this film performed poorly at the box office . She was signed by Tamil film director and cinematographer Balu Mahendra to act in the 2005 drama Adhu Oru Kana Kaalam . Before release , Babith said `` Priyamani has come up with an excellent performance in the movie . Her performance would be widely acclaimed . '' Adhu Oru Kana Kaalam was critically acclaimed but failed at the box office . However , she won acclaim for her performance in the film . In 2006 , Priyamani starred in the Telugu film Pellaina Kothalo . The film was a super hit and got her three Telugu films . 2007 -- present ( edit ) Priyamani during the filming of Rakta Charitra Priyamani managed to prove her acting credentials and commercial appeal with 2007 's Paruthiveeran , directed by Ameer Sultan , in which she was co-starred with debutant Karthi Sivakumar . A rural subject which told the story of a notorious young villager in Madurai , the film won critical acclaim and became a surprise box - office blockbuster . Priyamani 's performance was unanimously praised by the critics . She went on to win the National Film Award , followed by South Filmfare Award , Tamil Nadu State Film Award and an award at the Osian 's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema . She had another commercially successful film in Telugu , in the 2007 film Yamadonga and in the Tamil film Malaikottai . She again received critical acclaim in 2008 for her role in the Malayalam film Thirakkatha , in which she played a role based on the turbulent real - life story of late film actress Srividya . She won another Filmfare Award for her performance . In Tamil , she had a single release in 2008 : Thotta . In 2009 she had two Tamil releases , the masala film Arumugam and the remake of the Malayalam blockbuster Classmates , titled Ninaithale Inikkum . The former was a commercial failure : Her Kannada debut film Raam was also a commercial success . All three of her Telugu releases that year , however , ( Drona , Mitrudu , Pravarakhyudu ) did not do well at the box office . In 2010 she acted in the satirical film Pranchiyettan & the Saint which became the longest - running Malayalam film since 2005 . She won a Filmfare nomination for her role as a Mumbai - based interior decorator in the film . She was subsequently signed by director Mani Ratnam for his bilingual film , titled Raavanan and Raavan in Tamil and Hindi respectively . Soon after , she was roped in by Bollywood director - producer Ram Gopal Varma for his trilingual film Rakht Charitra . Varma decided to cast her after seeing her National Award - winning performance in Paruthiveeran . Her Kannada film Vishnuvardhana became a blockbuster hit and later she starred in Anna Bond . Although the film was poorly received by critics and featured on Rediff 's `` Most Disappointing Kannada Films of 2012 '' list , it went on to become a successful venture at the box office . She appeared in an item number in the Bollywood film Chennai Express . She has completed shooting for a Malayalam film , The True Story and the Telugu film , Chandee , in which she plays Ganga the granddaughter of a freedom fighter , who seeks revenge for the problems her family had to face . She was cast opposite Darshan in the Kannada film Ambareesha in ( 2014 ) . In 2014 , she posed for a PETA ad campaign , asking the public to boycott zoos that feature caged tigers . Personal life ( edit ) She got married on 23 August 2017 to Mustafa Raj ( Events Organizer ) in a private ceremony . Awards ( edit ) National Film Award for Best Actress ( 2006 ) - Paruthiveeran Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress ( 2006 ) - Paruthiveeran Filmfare Award for Best Actress -- Tamil ( 2007 ) - Paruthiveeran Vijay Award for Best Actress ( 2007 ) - Paruthiveeran Filmfare Award for Best Actress -- Malayalam ( 2008 ) - Thirakkatha Sandalwood Star Award for Best Supporting Actress ( 2011 ) - Vishnuvardhana Filmfare Award for Best Actress -- Kannada ( 2012 ) - Chaarulatha SIIMA Award for Best Actress - Chaarulatha Suvarna Film Award for Best Actress - Chaarulatha Nominated -- Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Telugu - Mana Oori Ramayanam Filmography ( edit ) Year Film Role Language Notes 2003 Ullam Kavitha Tamil direct - to - television Evare Atagaadu Priyamani Telugu Kangalal Kaidhu Sei Vidya Sadagoppan Tamil Satyam Sona Malayalam 2005 Adhu Oru Kana Kaalam Thulasi Tamil Otta Nanayam Reshma Malayalam 2006 Pellaina Kothalo Lakshmi Telugu Madhu Mercy Tamil 2007 Paruthiveeran Muthazhagu Toss Naina Telugu Yamadonga Maheswari Nava Vasantham Anjali Malaikottai Malar Tamil 2008 Thotta Nalina Hare Ram Anjali Telugu Thirakkatha Malavika Malayalam King Telugu Special appearance 2009 Drona Indhu Mitrudu Puthiya Mukham Anjana Malayalam Arumugam Yamini Tamil Ninaithale Inikkum Meera Pravarakhyudu Sailaja Telugu Raam Pooja Kannada Shambo Shiva Shambo Munimma Telugu Sadhyam Suhani Golimaar Pavithra Raavanan Venilla Tamil Raavan Jamuni Hindi Pranchiyettan and the Saint Padmashree Malayalam Eno Onthara Madhumathi Kannada Rakta Charitra II Bhawani Hindi Ragada Ashtalakshmi Telugu 2011 Raaj Mythili Vishnuvardhana Meera Kannada Kshetram Naga Penchalamma , Sohini Aggarwal Telugu 2012 Ko Ko Cauvery Kannada Anna Bond Meera Grandmaster Deepthi Malayalam Chaarulatha Chaaru , Latha Tamil Kannada 2013 Lakshmi Priya Chennai Express Hindi Special appearance in item song Chandee Ganga / Chandee Telugu 2014 Alice : A True Story Alice / Uma Malayalam Njangalude Veettile Athidhikal Bhavana Ambareesha Smitha Kannada 2016 Kathe Chitrakathe Nirdeshana Puttanna Geethanjali Kalpana 2 Kalpana Dana Kayonu Jhummi Idolle Ramayana Susheela Mana Oori Ramayanam Telugu 2017 Chowka Maria D'Souza Kannada Angulika Vyuha Gayatri Filming Nanna Prakara Dwaja Ashiq Vanna Divasam Unknown Malayalam Television ( edit ) Year Program Role Language Channel Notes 2014 D 4 Dance Judge Malayalam Mazhavil Manorama 2015 D2 - D 4 Dance Malayalam Won , Asiavision Television awards 2015 - Best Celebrity Judge Dancing Star 2 Kannada ETV Kannada 2016 Kings of Dance Judge Tamil Star Vijay D3 - D 4 Dance Malayalam Mazhavil Manorama Won , Asiavision Television awards 2016 - Best Celebrity Judge Dancing Star 3 Kannada Colors Kannada 2017 D4 junior v / s seniors Judge Malayalam Mazhavil Manorama 2017 -- present Dhee 10 Judge Telugu ETV Telugu 2017 Hand of god Eleena Malayalam Mazhavil Manorama Short film 2017 - Present Dance Jodi Dance ( season 2 ) Judge Tamil Zee Tamil Other Shows as guest Year Program Language Channel Notes 2013 Prematho Mee Lakshmi Telugu ETV Telugu 2014 Big Screen Malayalam Kairali TV Onasallapam Malayalam ACV 2015 Bigg Boss 3 Kannada Colors Kannada Majaa Talkies Kannada 2016 Majaa Talkies Kannada Badai Bungalow Malayalam Asianet JB junction Malayalam Kairali TV Get Set Chat Malayalam Kaumudy TV Laughing Villa Malayalam Surya TV Comedy Super Night 2 Malayalam Flowers TV Onnum Onnum Moonu Malayalam Mazhavil Manorama Alitho Saradaga Telugu ETV Telugu 2017 Weekend With Ramesh Kannada Zee Kannada Reference ( edit ) Jump up ^ P.K. Ajith Kumar . `` Director 's actor '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ James , Anu ( 4 June 2015 ) . `` Happy Birthday Priyamani : Celebs Wish ' D4 Dance ' Judge on her Special Day '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Priyamani ... is celebrating her 31st birthday on Thursday , 4 June . Jump up ^ `` Birthday Exclusive : Priyamani '' . Deccan Chronicle . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Priyamani gets engaged '' . The Hindu . 29 May 2016 . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Southern hottie Priyamani '' . NDTVMovies.com . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Priya Mani ` s candid confessions '' . Sify. 27 May 2014 . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` പ്രിയമാണ് എനിക്ക് പ്രണയം ... '' mangalamvarika.com . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nagarajan , Saraswathy ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` Ms. Confidence '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Not going to ask Vidya Balan for advice : Priyamani '' . Deccan Chronicle . Retrieved 18 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Priya Mani -- Interview . Behindwoods.com . Retrieved on 5 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Priya Mani - Interview '' . Behindwoods.com . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Graceful debut '' . Metro Plus Coimbatore . Chennai , India : The Hindu . 22 December 2003 . Retrieved 25 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` He ca n't stop talking about Priya Mani '' . Indiaglitz. 2005 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Style meets substance '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . 2006 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Athu Oru Kanaa Kaalam -- Dreamy desires '' . Indiaglitz . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tamil Movie Review : Athu Oru Kanakalam '' . Behindwoods . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pellaina Kothalo trio returns '' . Rediff. 2009 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Ranganath , Vanaparthy ( 2006 - 12 - 27 ) . `` TOP 10 MOVIES OF 2006 '' . idlebrain.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Paruthi Veeran ' 357 not out ! '' . indiaglitz . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Analysis '' . Indiaglitz. 27 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The next pin - up boy ! '' . Sify. 16 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Paruthi Veeran Tamil Movie Review -- cinema preview stills gallery trailer video clips showtimes . Indiaglitz.com ( 24 February 2007 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Movie Review : Paruthiveeran . Sify.com . Retrieved on 11 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Priya Mani bags National Award for Best Actress '' . Sify . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Paruthi Veeran ' rules the roost at filmfare awards '' . Indiaglitz . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Tamil heroines of 2007 '' . Rediff . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yamadonga 100 days celebrations in New Jersey , USA '' . idlebrain.com . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TOP 10 MOVIES OF 2007 by Ranganath Vanaparthy '' . idlebrain.com . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top five Telugu films of 2007 '' . Rediff . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BOX OFFICE TOP 10 MOVIES OF 2007 '' . Behindwoods . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Malaikottai 's success delights Vishal '' . Times of India . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Malaikottai -- 125 days celebrated '' . Sify . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Search for inspiration '' . Friday Review Thiruvananthapuram . Chennai , India : The Hindu . 11 July 2008 . Retrieved 25 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Ramanjuam , Srinivasa ( 2 August 2009 ) . `` The glowing filmfare night ! '' . The Times Of India . Jump up ^ `` Ninaithale Inikkum is worth a watch '' . Rediff . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Variety is the spice of life '' . Times of India . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Siren of the Week : Priyamani '' . MSN . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Will lady luck shine on Bharath ? '' . Sify . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Suresh Krishna is back with Aahaa '' . chakpak.com . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Prithvi ' 50 days , ' Raam ' 25 weeks ! '' . Indiaglitz . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Puneet Rajkumar : The impeccable aura of the Powerstar continues to dazzle '' . Southscope . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Veeresh , K.M. ( 12 November 2010 ) . `` GANDHINAGAR GOSSIP '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` I do n't want to disappoint my fans : Puneeth '' . Sify . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Priya Mani 's Kannada debut '' . Rediff . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Narasimham , M.L. ( 25 December 2009 ) . `` Of colossal hits and flops '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Tollywood 's report card of 2009 '' . Times of India . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Nair , Unni R. ( 18 March 2011 ) . `` Pranchiyettan And The Saint still running strong '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Raghavan , Nikhil ( 23 January 2009 ) . `` Out in the woods '' . Cinema Plus . Chennai , India : The Hindu . Retrieved 25 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Priyamani was uncertain in acting in Rakta Charitra . Entertainment.oneindia.in ( 23 March 2010 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` South 's biggest blockbusters of 2011 '' . IBN Live . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Rajapur , V.S. ( 29 December 2011 ) . `` Kannada film industry looks up : Success ratio up '' . Hindustan Times . Jump up ^ Kannada Review : ' Only Vishnuvardhana ' is racy . Ibnlive.in.com ( 11 December 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Most Disappointing Kannada Films of 2012 '' . Rediff. 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sandalwood Half Yearly Report : Anna Bond biggest hit so far '' . Filmibeat.com . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Pacheco , Sunitra ( 22 January 2013 ) . `` Shah Rukh Khan 's latkas jhatkas in Chennai Express item number '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I do n't mind being an ' eye candy ' - The Times of India '' . The Times Of India . Jump up ^ A. Sharadhaa ( 12 October 2013 ) . `` Enjoying being the not so nice one '' . The New Indian Express . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Priyamani Turns Tigeress for PETA , '' The Times of India , 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Amala Paul apologises to Jisha 's mother on Mother 's Day '' . thenewsminute.com. 9 May 2016 . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Asks Women to Leave Country After Jisha Rape , Gets Trolled '' . thequint.com . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Priyamani gets engaged '' . The Hindu . 29 May 2016 . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Priyamani in Ambarisha -- The Times of India '' . The Times Of India . Jump up ^ Pasupulate , Karthik ( 20 February 2014 ) . `` Priyamani to play a CBI officer '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Priyamani to play a CBI officer -- The Times of India '' . The Times Of India . Awards for Priyamani National Film Award for Best Actress 1967 -- 1980 Nargis ( 1967 ) Sharada ( 1968 ) Madhabi Mukherjee ( 1969 ) Rehana Sultan ( 1970 ) Waheeda Rehman ( 1971 ) Sharada ( 1972 ) Nandini Bhaktavatsala ( 1973 ) Shabana Azmi ( 1974 ) Sharmila Tagore ( 1975 ) Lakshmi ( 1976 ) Smita Patil ( 1977 ) Sharada ( 1978 ) Shoba ( 1979 ) Smita Patil ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Rekha ( 1981 ) Shabana Azmi ( 1982 ) Shabana Azmi ( 1983 ) Shabana Azmi ( 1984 ) Suhasini ( 1985 ) Monisha ( 1986 ) Archana ( 1987 ) Archana ( 1988 ) Sreelekha Mukherji ( 1989 ) Vijayashanti ( 1990 ) Moloya Goswami ( 1991 ) Dimple Kapadia ( 1992 ) Shobana ( 1993 ) Debashree Roy ( 1994 ) Seema Biswas ( 1995 ) Tabu ( 1996 ) Indrani Haldar and Rituparna Sengupta ( 1997 ) Shabana Azmi ( 1998 ) Kirron Kher ( 1999 ) Raveena Tandon ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Shobana and Tabu ( 2001 ) Konkona Sen Sharma ( 2002 ) Meera Jasmine ( 2003 ) Tara ( 2004 ) Sarika ( 2005 ) Priyamani ( 2006 ) Umashree ( 2007 ) Priyanka Chopra ( 2008 ) Ananya Chatterjee ( 2009 ) Mitalee Jagtap Varadkar and Saranya Ponvannan ( 2010 ) Vidya Balan ( 2011 ) Usha Jadhav ( 2012 ) Geetanjali Thapa ( 2013 ) Kangana Ranaut ( 2014 ) Kangana Ranaut ( 2015 ) Surabhi Lakshmi ( 2016 ) Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress 1967 -- 1980 K.R. Vijaya ( 1967 ) Padmini ( 1968 ) Sowcar Janaki ( 1969 ) K.R. Vijaya ( 1970 ) -- ( 1971 ) -- ( 1972 ) -- ( 1973 ) -- ( 1974 ) -- ( 1975 ) -- ( 1976 ) Latha ( 1977 ) Lakshmi ( 1978 ) Saritha ( 1979 ) Suhasini ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Sridevi ( 1981 ) Saritha ( 1982 ) -- ( 1983 ) -- ( 1984 ) -- ( 1985 ) -- ( 1986 ) -- ( 1987 ) Saritha ( 1988 ) Raadhika ( 1989 ) Revathy ( 1990 ) Kushboo ( 1991 ) Sukanya ( 1992 ) Meena ( 1993 ) Rajashree ( 1994 ) Kushboo ( 1995 ) Shruti ( 1996 ) Meena & Devayani ( 1997 ) Roja ( 1998 ) Simran ( 1999 ) Devayani ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Sneha ( 2001 ) Meena ( 2002 ) Laila ( 2003 ) Jyothika ( 2004 ) Jyothika ( 2005 ) Priyamani ( 2006 ) Jyothika ( 2007 ) Sneha ( 2008 ) Padmapriya Janakiraman ( 2009 ) Amala Paul ( 2010 ) Iniya Lakshmi Menon ( 2012 ) Nayanthara ( 2013 ) Aishwarya Rajesh ( 2014 ) Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Actress 1972 -- 1979 Jayalalithaa ( 1972 ) Jayalalithaa ( 1973 ) Lakshmi ( 1974 ) Sujatha ( 1975 ) Sujatha ( 1976 ) Sujatha ( 1977 ) Latha ( 1978 ) Shoba ( 1979 ) 1980 -- 1999 Saritha ( 1980 ) Sridevi ( 1981 ) Poornima Jayaram ( 1982 ) Lakshmi ( 1983 ) Saritha ( 1984 ) Radha ( 1985 ) Radhika ( 1986 ) Radhika ( 1987 ) Unknown ( 1988 ) Bhanupriya ( 1989 ) Radhika ( 1990 ) Gautami ( 1991 ) Revathi ( 1992 ) Revathi ( 1993 ) Revathi ( 1994 ) Manisha Koirala ( 1995 ) Shruti ( 1996 ) Meena ( 1997 ) Kausalya ( 1998 ) Ramya Krishnan ( 1999 ) 2000 -- 2019 Jyothika ( 2000 ) Laila ( 2001 ) Simran ( 2002 ) Laila ( 2003 ) Sandhya ( 2004 ) Asin ( 2005 ) Bhavana ( 2006 ) Priyamani ( 2007 ) Parvathy ( 2008 ) Pooja ( 2009 ) Anjali ( 2010 ) Anjali ( 2011 ) Samantha ( 2012 ) Nayanthara ( 2013 ) Malavika Nair ( 2014 ) Nayanthara ( 2015 ) Ritika Singh ( 2016 ) Filmfare Award for Best Malayalam Actress 1972 -- 1989 Roja Ramani ( 1972 ) Nanditha Bose ( 1973 ) Lakshmi ( 1974 ) Lakshmi ( 1975 ) Lakshmi ( 1976 ) Sheela ( 1977 ) Jayabharathi ( 1978 ) Srividya ( 1979 ) Srividya ( 1980 ) Jalaja ( 1981 ) Poornima Bhagyaraj ( 1982 ) ( 1983 ) ( 1984 ) ( 1985 ) ( 1986 ) Sharada ( 1987 ) Revathi ( 1988 ) Rekha ( 1989 ) 1990 -- 2009 Shobana ( 1990 ) Amala Akkineni ( 1991 ) Geetha ( 1992 ) Madhavi ( 1993 ) ( 1994 ) Annie ( 1995 ) Manju Warrier ( 1996 ) Manju Warrier ( 1997 ) Manju Warrier ( 1998 ) Manju Warrier ( 1999 ) Samyuktha Varma ( 2000 ) Samyuktha Varma ( 2001 ) Navya Nair ( 2002 ) Meera Jasmine ( 2003 ) Geetu Mohandas ( 2004 ) Meera Jasmine ( 2005 ) Padmapriya Janakiraman ( 2006 ) Meera Jasmine ( 2007 ) Priyamani ( 2008 ) Shweta Menon ( 2009 ) 2010 -- present Mamta Mohandas ( 2010 ) Kavya Madhavan ( 2011 ) Rima Kallingal ( 2012 ) Ann Augustine ( 2013 ) Manju Warrier ( 2014 ) Parvathy ( 2015 ) Nayanthara ( 2016 ) Filmfare Award for Best Kannada Actress 1972 -- 1989 Kalpana ( 1972 ) Jayanthi ( 1973 ) Aarathi ( 1974 ) Aarathi ( 1975 ) Jayanthi ( 1976 ) Manjula ( 1977 ) Shobha ( 1978 ) Aarathi ( 1979 ) Ashwini ( 1980 ) Aarathi ( 1981 ) Saritha ( 1982 ) Suhasini ( 1983 ) Suhasini ( 1984 ) Saritha ( 1985 ) Saritha ( 1986 ) Saritha ( 1989 ) 1990 -- 2009 Suhasini ( 1990 ) Malashri ( 1991 ) Sudha Rani ( 1992 ) Lakshmi ( 1993 ) Shruti ( 1995 ) Shilpa ( 1996 ) Suhasini ( 1997 ) Jayamala ( 1998 ) Tara ( 1999 ) Sudha Rani ( 2000 ) Prema ( 2001 ) Soundarya ( 2002 ) Meena ( 2003 ) Soundarya ( 2004 ) Vidhya Venkatesh ( 2005 ) Ramya ( 2006 ) Rashmi ( 2007 ) Radhika Pandit ( 2008 ) Radhika Pandit ( 2009 ) 2010 -- present Radhika Pandit ( 2010 ) Ramya ( 2011 ) Priyamani ( 2012 ) Amulya ( 2013 ) Shwetha Srivatsav ( 2014 ) Parul Yadav ( 2015 ) Shraddha Srinath ( 2016 ) Biography portal Film portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priyamani&oldid=818439959 '' Categories : 21st - century Indian actresses 1984 births Actresses from Palakkad Actresses in Malayalam cinema Non-Malayali Keralites Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners Filmfare Awards South winners Living people Best Actress National Film Award winners Actresses in Kannada cinema Actresses in Tamil cinema Actresses in Malayalam television Actresses in Telugu television Indian television actresses Actresses in Tamil television Actresses from Bangalore Indian film actresses Actresses in Hindi cinema Actresses in Kannada television Actresses in Telugu cinema Female models from Bangalore Female models from Kerala Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2016 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Русский සිංහල Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 15 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | chennai express one two three four get on the dance floor dancer | [
"Priya Vasudev Mani Iyer (born 4 June 1984), known by her stage name Priyamani, is an Indian film actress and former model, who works in Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu and Hindi language films. She has established a career in regional Indian films, and is the recipient of a National Film Award and three Filmfare Awards in different-language films."
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"Priya Vasudev Mani Iyer"
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4397303393016873613 | Diary of a Wimpy Kid | Diary of a Wimpy Kid - wikipedia Diary of a Wimpy Kid Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the original book . For the book series , see Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( book series ) . For the film , see Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( film ) . For other uses , see Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( disambiguation ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid Cover of the first edition of the book Author Jeff Kinney Original title Diary of a Wimpy Kid Illustrator Jeff Kinney Cover artist Jeff Kinney and Chad W. Beckerman Country United States Language English Series Diary of a Wimpy Kid Genre Comedy , Young adult fiction Publisher Amulet Books Publication date April 1 , 2007 Media type Print ( paperback , hardcover ) Pages 221 ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 330383 - 1 Followed by Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules Diary of a Wimpy Kid is a satirical realistic fiction comedy novel for children and teenagers written and illustrated by Jeff Kinney . It is the first book in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series . The book is about a boy named Greg Heffley and his struggles to fit in as he begins middle school . Diary of a Wimpy Kid first appeared on FunBrain in 2004 , where it was read 20 million times . The abridged hardcover adaptation was released on April 1 , 2007 . The book was named New York Times bestseller among other awards and praise . A film of the same name was released on March 19 , 2010 . The sequel to the film is Rodrick Rules , followed by Dog Days and The Long Haul . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Background 3 Characters 4 Sequels 5 Awards 6 Adaptations 7 References 8 External links Plot As Greg Heffley is getting ready for his first day of middle school , he is teased by his teenage brother Rodrick , because his mom bought him his supplies for school . He has a little brother , a toddler named Manny , who is `` spoiled rotten '' because he gets everything he wants and also gets away with everything he does wrong . His father , named Frank Heffley , does not encourage Greg 's way of life - playing video games all day - rather than going outside and playing sports . During the first day of school , Greg is immediately rejected and is forced to sit with another outcast named Fregley , from whom Greg tries to keep `` a safe distance '' . He is initially unsure whether his best friend Rowley Jefferson will be able to fit in , as he considers Rowley to be immature . However , Greg strongly believes that he can become popular . He and Rowley decide to take part in wrestling at school , although Greg quits after losing a match against Fregley . On Halloween , Greg and Rowley go trick - or - treating , but are challenged by teens who spray Greg and Rowley with a water - filled fire extinguisher . Greg tries to threaten them by saying he 's going to call the police , but the teenagers start to chase them . The two friends escape and go to Greg 's grandmother 's house until the teens leave . After getting few presents for Christmas , Greg decides to play a game with Rowley in which Rowley must ride a bike while Greg tries to knock him off . On one of Greg 's tries , the ball gets under the front wheel , which causes Rowley to fall off and break his arm . When Rowley goes to school with a plaster cast , the girls take care of him ( carrying his books , feeding him food ) which makes Greg jealous . After Rowley 's arm heals , he and Greg decide to enroll in the safety patrol program in which they walk younger kids to their homes . One day , as Greg is walking the kids by himself he chases the young children after scaring them with a stick with worms on it . A neighbour contacts the school and tells them about Greg 's unusual behavior . The principal suspects Rowley , as Greg was wearing Rowley 's jacket . Rowley is suspended from the safety patrol . Greg later decides to confess the truth , but Rowley has already informed on him , resulting in their friendship breaking off . Greg tries to befriend Fregley to make Rowley jealous , although he is uncomfortable around Fregley . Resorting to auditioning for the school play ( based on The Wizard of Oz ) Greg lands the role as a tree , while Patty Farrel is cast as Dorothy , the protagonist of the novel . During the show 's opening performance , Rodrick brings a camera to film the play . Greg becomes too nervous to sing , confusing the other `` trees '' who also fail to sing . Patty gets frustrated and angers Greg , who throws props at Patty , and then everyone gets in the fight , ending the play in chaos . Feeling desolate from being blatantly rejected by everyone , Greg is surprised and a little happy to see Rowley approaching him at recess , until , he discovers that he 's only there to demand back a CD he 'd left with Greg . They get into an awkward fist - fight . While they are fighting , the teens who chased them at halloween are drawn to the chaos crowding around Greg and Rowley tumbling around in the dirt . When the leader of the teen gang scares away the rest of the students , they force Greg and Rowley to eat a moldy piece of cheese that has been left on the school grounds for years . Rowley is the first to eat the cheese - except when it comes to Greg 's turn , he claims that he 's lactose intolerant and that eating cheese will kill him . The principal turns up and the teens disappear . The other students see the cheese in front of Rowley and believe he has eaten from it . Greg takes the blame and claims he ate the cheese . Greg and Rowley mend their friendship . Background Picture of the online version In 2005 , FunBrain and Jeff Kinney released an online version of Diary of a Wimpy Kid . The website made daily entries until June 2005 . The book became an instant hit and the online version received about 20 million views as of 2007 . Many online readers requested a printed version . At the 2006 New York Comic - Con Kinney proposed Diary to Charles Kochman , Editorial Director of the ComicArts division of Abrams Books , who purchased the rights to the book . According to Kochman , the two initially conceived it as a book for adults , believing it would appeal to audiences similar to that of the TV series The Wonder Years . Kochman brought it before the Abrams publishing board , which convinced Kinney and Kochman that it would be better aimed toward children . In 2007 , Diary of a Wimpy Kid , an abridged version of the original online book , was published . Characters Gregory Heffley The main character , Greg , has trouble with family , friends , and his local middle school . He is very concerned about how popular he is at school , and he daydreams a lot about being rich and famous when he grows up . He tries to fit in at his school , but usually he does not succeed . Facing many challenges , Greg attempts to handle them very creatively , but unfortunately his antics often backfire on him . Rowley Jefferson Greg 's best friend has a larger than average frame . He is always willing to do what Greg tells him , including dangerous stunts . Rowley goes on vacations all the time , which annoys Greg . Rowley is a loyal friend , but he sometimes behaves in an immature or childish manner . He also dresses in an unusual way . Manny Heffley Greg 's `` spoiled '' little brother , a three - year - old toddler . He never gets in trouble no matter what , even when he really deserves it . Manny is just getting toilet trained . Rodrick Heffley Rodrick is Greg 's teenage brother and he never misses a chance to be cruel to Greg . He is known for sleeping excessively in the morning and for his rebellious attitude . Rodrick is part of a garage band called `` The Löded Diper '' . Rodrick will do anything to embarrass Greg and will even cause problems for Manny to make everyone 's life miserable . Sequels Author and illustrator Jeff Kinney signs copies of `` Diary Of A Wimpy Kid '' in 2009 . Diary of a Wimpy Kid is the first book in an ongoing book franchise . The second , Rodrick Rules was released February 1 , 2008 and was listed on the New York Times Best Sellers list for 117 weeks . The Last Straw , the third book in the series , released on January 13 , 2009 was on the New York Times Best Sellers list for 65 weeks , peaking at number one . Dog Days was released October 12 , 2009 with 217 pages . The book was ranked at number one on the New York Times Best Sellers List for all 25 weeks of inclusion , making Dog Days the # 1 Best Selling Book of 2009 . The Ugly Truth was released November 9 , 2010 with 217 pages . The sixth , Cabin Fever was released November 15 , 2011 . The seventh , The Third Wheel was released on November 13 , 2012 . The eighth , Hard Luck was released on November 5 , 2013 in the United States and on November 6 in the United Kingdom . The ninth , The Long Haul was released on November 4 , 2014 in the US and November 5 , 2014 in the UK . The tenth , Old School , was released globally on November 3 , 2015 . The eleventh , Double Down , was published on November 1 , 2016 . Awards The book won the Blue Peter Book Award 2012 , revealed live on British kids channel CBBC on March 1 , 2012 . Adaptations Main article : Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( film ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid is a 2010 American comedy directed by Thor Freudenthal and based on Jeff Kinney 's book . The film was released on March 19 , 2010 . It was released on DVD , iTunes , and Blu - ray on August 3 , 2010 . The movie stars Zachary Gordon as Greg Heffley , Robert Capron as Rowley Jefferson , Steve Zahn as Frank Heffley ( Dad ) , Rachael Harris as Susan Heffley ( Mom ) , Devon Bostick as Rodrick Heffley , Chloë Grace Moretz as Angie Steadman , and Connor & Owen Fielding as Manny Heffley , Greg 's brother . References ^ Jump up to : `` Diary of A Wimpy Kid details '' . Amulet Books . 2007 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ The Book is in Stores , April 1 , 2007 Jump up ^ Vorce , Kristin ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` Abrams Books : Making Publishing an Art '' . NYU Pub Posts . Jump up ^ Thomases , Martha ( September 7 , 2008 ) . `` Interview : Harry N. Abrams ' Charles Kochman '' . ComicMix . Jump up ^ Kinney , Jeff ( February 2008 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules . Amulet Books . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 9313 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kinney , Jeff ( January 2009 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Last Straw . Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( series ) . Amulet Books . Jump up ^ Dixler , Elsa . `` The New York Times Best Sellers : Children 's Books '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kinney , Jeff ( October 2010 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Ugly Truth . Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( series ) . Amulet Books . Jump up ^ Kinney , Jeff ( November 2011 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Cabin Fever . Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( series ) . Amulet Books . Jump up ^ `` Latest Diary of a Wimpy Kid Debuts as Global Bestseller '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Peter Book Awards 2012 '' . BookTrust . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( September 29 , 2009 ) . `` First Look : ' Wimpy Kid ' actor embraces being ' a likable jerk ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 3 , 2009 ) . `` Steve Zahn to star in ' Wimpy Kid ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McCarron , Heather ( October 12 , 2009 ) . `` Nothing ' Wimpy ' about local author 's success '' . Milford Daily News . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid Movie main page '' . 20th Century Fox . Jeff Kinney . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Children 's literature portal External links Official website Diary of a Wimpy Kid on FunBrain.com Diary of a Wimpy Kid - Channel One News Interview with Jeff Kinney on Channel One News The Wonderful World of Wimpy - Parade magazine An interview with Jeff Kinney in Parade Magazine ( hide ) The Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney Novels Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules The Last Straw Dog Days The Ugly Truth Cabin Fever The Third Wheel Hard Luck The Long Haul Old School Double Down The Getaway Characters Greg Heffley Film series Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules Dog Days The Long Haul Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diary_of_a_Wimpy_Kid&oldid=814992645 '' Categories : 2007 American novels Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( series ) Novels by Jeff Kinney American young adult novels American novels adapted into films 2007 children 's books Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Ελληνικά فارسی Italiano עברית Latina മലയാളം Nederlands Português Română Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 02 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did diary of a wimpy kid book come out | [
"Diary of a Wimpy Kid first appeared on FunBrain in 2004, where it was read 20 million times.[1] The abridged hardcover adaptation was released on April 1, 2007.[citation needed] The book was named New York Times bestseller among other awards and praise. A film of the same name was released on March 19, 2010. The sequel to the film is Rodrick Rules, followed by Dog Days and The Long Haul."
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"April 1, 2007"
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-5503561420155611661 | Do not go gentle into that good night | Do not go gentle into that good night - wikipedia Do not go gentle into that good night Jump to : navigation , search `` Do not go gentle into that good night '' is a poem in the form of a villanelle , and the most famous work of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas ( 1914 -- 1953 ) . Though first published in the journal Botteghe Oscure in 1951 , it was written in 1947 when he was in Florence with his family . It was published , along with other stories previously written , as part of his In Country Sleep , And Other Poems in 1952 . It has been suggested that it was written for Thomas ' dying father , although he did not die until just before Christmas 1952 . It has no title other than its first line , `` Do not go gentle into that good night '' , a line which appears as a refrain throughout . Its other refrain is `` Rage , rage against the dying of the light '' . The poem currently remains under copyright . Notable Use in popular culture ( edit ) It was used as the text for the 1954 In Memoriam Dylan Thomas ( Dirge - Canons and Song ) for tenor and chamber ensemble , by Igor Stravinsky . The piece was written soon after Thomas ' death and first performed in 1954 . It was the inspiration for three paintings by Swansea - born painter and print - maker Ceri Richards , in 1954 , 1956 , and 1965 , respectively . The title of George R.R. Martin 's 1977 novel Dying of the Light references a line from the poem . It is the subject of a 1979 tone poem for wind ensemble by Elliot del Borgo . In the 1986 film Back to School Thornton Melon played by Rodney Dangerfield recites the poem during an exam board . John Cale set the poem to orchestral music for his album Words for the Dying , released in 1989 . In the 1996 film Independence Day , the President makes a rousing speech as he prepares to lead the attack against the alien invaders , adapting Thomas ' line , saying , `` We will not go quietly into the night '' . It is used as a main inspiration for the protagonist of the 2010 Ally Condie book Matched , the first of a trilogy by that name . In Christopher Nolan 's 2014 movie Interstellar it is used repeatedly by Michael Caine 's character Professor John Brand , as well as by several other supporting characters . Leading actors Matthew McConaughey and Anne Hathaway are sent into hyper sleep with the final words `` Do not go gentle into that good night . '' In 2015 episode of Doctor Who , `` The Magician 's Apprentice '' , Clara Oswald , played by Jenna Coleman , quotes the first line of this poem when she discovers where the Doctor is and what he 's up to . It is cited by G - Eazy in `` Intro '' on his 2015 album When It 's Dark Out . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ COPYRIGHT : from The Poems of Dylan Thomas , published by New Directions . Copyright © 1952 , 1953 Dylan Thomas . Copyright © 1937 , 1945 , 1955 , 1962 , 1966 , 1967 the Trustees for the Copyrights of Dylan Thomas . Copyright © 1938 , 1939 , 1943 , 1946 , 1971 New Directions Publishing Corp . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Dylan Thomas '' . Academy of American Poets . He took his family to Italy , and while in Florence , he wrote In Country Sleep , And Other Poems ( Dent , 1952 ) , which includes his most famous poem , `` Do not go gentle into that good night . '' Jump up ^ Ferris , Paul ( 1989 ) . Dylan Thomas , A Biography . New York : Paragon House . p. 283 . ISBN 1 - 55778 - 215 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Dylan Thomas : Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night '' . BBC Wales . 6 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 27 November 2012 . Retrieved 18 December 2010 . Jump up ^ * Thomas , David N. ( 2008 ) . Fatal Neglect : Who Killed Dylan Thomas ? . Seren . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85411 - 480 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Do not go gentle into that good night Academy of American Poets '' . Poets.org . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Keller , Hans ( 1955 ) . `` In Memoriam Dylan Thomas : Strawinsky 's Schoenbergian Technique '' . Tempo ( 35 ) : 13 -- 20 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Ceri Richards : ' Do not go gentle into that good night ' 1956 '' . tate.org.uk/ . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night '' , Copyright 1979 , Shawnee Press Jump up ^ Schaeffer , John ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Five Songs For Dylan Thomas '' . NPR . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Mair , Jan ( 1998 ) . `` American rules , OK : Difference and otherness in ' Independence Day ' '' . Futures . 30 ( 10 ) : 981 -- 991 . doi : 10.1016 / s0016 - 3287 ( 98 ) 00100 - 1 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Wade , Chris ( 5 November 2014 ) . `` '' Do not go gentle into that good night '' in Interstellar , Back to School , and many other movies : the supercut ( VIDEO ) `` . Slate . Jump up ^ `` The Magician 's Apprentice : The Fact File '' . BBC . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Ben ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) . `` G - Eazy : When It 's Dark Out review -- almost a crossover home run '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Dylan Thomas ( works ) Works A Child 's Christmas in Wales Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog Under Milk Wood ( radio play ) Rebecca 's Daughters ( screenplay ) Poems 18 Poems Deaths and Entrances `` And death shall have no dominion '' `` Do not go gentle into that good night '' `` Fern Hill '' `` In my Craft or Sullen Art '' `` The Force That Through the Green Fuse Drives the Flower '' Related Caitlin Thomas ( wife ) Aeronwy Thomas ( daughter ) Gwilym Marles ( paternal granduncle ) The Kardomah Gang Cultural depictions The Boathouse Dylan Thomas Centre Dylan Thomas Theatre Dylan Thomas Trail Laugharne Set Fire to the Stars ( 2014 film ) A Poet in New York ( 2014 television film ) Dominion ( 2016 film ) Death and mortality in art Themes Carpe diem Consolatio Danse Macabre Death and the Maiden Lamentation of Christ Macabre Memento mori Mono no aware Sic transit gloria mundi Ubi sunt Personifications of death Vanitas Forms Death mask Elegy Funerary art Funerary text Lament Memorial Post-mortem photography Requiem Tomb Tragedy Wreath Artwork Architecture Capuchin Crypt Sedlec Ossuary Film ( category ) The Seventh Seal Literature Ars moriendi Bardo Thodol Book of Job Book of the Dead Hamlet 's soliloquy The Masque of the Red Death Music ( category ) Danse macabre Der Erlkönig Der Tod und das Mädchen Totentanz Painting ( category ) Et in Arcadia ego Gather Ye Rosebuds While Ye May La Calavera Catrina Pyramid of Skulls Skull of a Skeleton with Burning Cigarette The Ambassadors Poetry ( category ) And death shall have no dominion Der Erlkönig Do not go gentle into that good night ( 1 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_not_go_gentle_into_that_good_night&oldid=802370976 '' Categories : Anglo - Welsh literature 1951 poems Poetry by Dylan Thomas Works originally published in Italian magazines Works originally published in literary magazines Poems about death Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 19 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who said do not go gentle into that good night | [
"\"Do not go gentle into that good night\" is a poem in the form of a villanelle, and the most famous work of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas (1914–1953).[1] Though first published in the journal Botteghe Oscure in 1951,[2] it was written in 1947 when he was in Florence with his family. It was published, along with other stories previously written, as part of his In Country Sleep, And Other Poems in 1952.[1]"
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"Welsh poet Dylan Thomas"
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-1362293652422332106 | Timeline of World War I | Timeline of World War I - wikipedia Timeline of World War I Jump to : navigation , search Theatres Western Eastern Italian Caucasian Middle Eastern Balkan African Naval Air Politics Asian and Pacific Gallipoli Contents ( hide ) 1 1914 2 1915 3 1916 4 1917 5 1918 6 1919 7 1920 8 Post-1920 9 Notes 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links 1914 ( edit ) Dates Events June 28 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria , heir to the Austro - Hungarian throne , who was killed in Sarajevo along with his wife Duchess Sophie by Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip . Details July 5 Austria - Hungary seeks German support for a war against Serbia in case of Russian militarism . Germany gives assurances of support . July 23 Beginning of the `` Black Week '' . Austria - Hungary sends an ultimatum to Serbia . The Serbian response is seen as satisfactory everywhere but in Vienna . Details July 28 Austria - Hungary declares war on Serbia . Russia mobilizes . Details The Netherlands declare neutrality . July 31 Germany warns Russia to stop mobilizing . Russia says mobilization is against Austria - Hungary . August 1 Germany declares war on Russia . France mobilizes . Italy declares its neutrality . Denmark , Sweden and Norway unitedly declare their neutrality . Germany and the Ottoman Empire sign a secret alliance treaty . Details August 2 Germany invades Luxembourg . Details Skirmish at Joncherey , first military action on the Western Front August 2 -- 26 Germany besieges and captures fortified Longwy `` the iron gate to Paris '' near the Luxembourg border , opening France to mass German invasion August 3 Germany declares war on France . Belgium denies permission for German forces to pass through to the French border . Switzerland declares its neutrality . August 4 Germany invades Belgium to outflank the French army . Details Britain protests the violation of Belgian neutrality , guaranteed by a treaty ; German Chancellor replies that the treaty is just a chiffon de papier ( a scrap of paper ) . The United Kingdom declares war on Germany . Details The United States declares neutrality . August 4 -- 16 The Germans besiege and then capture the fortresses of Liège , Belgium . Details August 5 First offensive action by Allied troops -- German Steamer SS Pfalz surrenders after being fired on by Fort Nepean , south of Melbourne , Australia Montenegro declares war on Austria - Hungary . The Ottoman Empire closes the Dardanelles . August 6 Austria - Hungary declares war on Russia . Serbia declares war on Germany . August 7 The British Expeditionary Force arrives in France . Details Spain declares `` the strictest neutrality . '' Details August 7 -- September 13 Battle of the Frontiers . The Germans obtain a victory against the British Expeditionary Force and France 's Fifth Army . August 7 -- 10 Battle of Mulhouse , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 8 Montenegro declares war on Germany . August 9 The Togoland Campaign begins . August 11 France declares war on Austria - Hungary . August 12 The United Kingdom declares war on Austria - Hungary . Battle of Halen , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 14 -- 25 Battle of Lorraine , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 16 -- 20 The Serbs defeat the Austro - Hungarians at the Battle of Cer . Details August 17 The Russian army enters East Prussia . Battle of Stallupönen . Details August 20 The Germans attack the Russians in East Prussia , the Battle of Gumbinnen . The attack is a failure in addition to being a deviation from the Schlieffen Plan . Details The Germans occupy Brussels . Battle of Morhange , a phase of the Battle of Lorraine . Battle of Sarrebourg , a phase of the Battle of Lorraine . August 21 Battle of Charleroi , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 21 -- 23 Battle of the Ardennes , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 23 Japan declares war on Germany . Details Battle of Mons , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 23 -- 30 Battle of Tannenberg : the Russian army undergoes a heavy defeat by the Germans . Details August 23 -- September 11 Battle of Lemberg . The Russians capture Lviv . Details August 23 -- 25 Battle of Kraśnik , a phase of the Battle of Lemberg . The Austro - Hungarian First Army defeats the Russian Fourth Army . Details August 24 Action of Elouges . Battle of the Mortagne , a phase of the Battle of Lorraine . August 24 -- September 7 The Germans besiege and capture the Maubeuge Fortress . Details August 24 -- September 28 The Allied Great Retreat to the River Marne . August 25 Japan declares war on Austria - Hungary . Battle of Tepe : The Kamerun Campaign begins . August 26 British and French forces conquer Togoland , a German protectorate in West Africa . Details Battle of Le Grand Fayt . August 26 -- 27 Battle of Le Cateau . Allied retreat . Details August 26 -- 30 Battle of Gnila Lipa , a phase of the Battle of Lemberg . August 26 -- September 2 Battle of Komarow , part of the Battle of Lemberg . Details August 26 - February 18 , 1916 Siege of Mora . August 27 Battle of Étreux . Details August 27 -- November 7 Battle of Tsingtao : British and Japanese forces capture the German - controlled port of Tsingtao in China . Details August 28 The Royal Navy wins the First Battle of Heligoland Bight , North Sea . Details Austria - Hungary declares war on Belgium . August 29 -- 30 Battle of Saint Quentin , also known as Battle of Guise . Orderly Allied retreat . Details August 29 - 31 First Battle of Garua . August 30 New Zealand occupies German Samoa ( later Western Samoa ) . Details September 1 Action at Nery Details Saint Petersburg renamed Petrograd , removing German words `` Burg '' and `` Sankt '' . September 2 -- 11 Austro - Hungarian defeat at the Battle of Rava Russka , a phase of the Battle of Lemberg . Details September 4 -- 13 Battle of Grand Couronne , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . September 5 -- 12 First Battle of the Marne . The German advance on Paris is halted , marking the failure of the Schlieffen Plan . Details Battle of the Ourcq , a phase of the First Battle of the Marne . Battle of the Two Morins . September 6 Battle of Nsanakong . September 6 -- 12 Battle of the Marshes of Saint - Gond , a phase of the First Battle of the Marne . Battle of Vitry , a phase of the First Battle of the Marne . Battle of Revigny , a phase of the First Battle of the Marne . September 6 -- October 4 Battle of Drina . September 7 Fanning Raid . September 7 -- 14 First Battle of the Masurian Lakes : The Russian Army of the Neman withdraws from East Prussia with heavy casualties . Details September 9 Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg lays out Germany 's war aims . Details September 11 Battle of Bita Paka . September 13 Troops from South Africa begin invading German South - West Africa . Details September 14 - 17 Siege of Toma . Most German forces in New Guinea surrender to the Australians then or over the following year . September 13 -- 28 The First Battle of the Aisne ends in a substantial draw . The Race to the Sea begins . Details September 14 Erich von Falkenhayn replaces Helmuth von Moltke the Younger as German Chief of Staff . Details September 15 Boer leader Manie Maritz revolts in South Africa . Details September 19 -- October 11 Battle of Flirey September 20 Battle of Zanzibar , German naval victory . September 22 Bombardment of Papeete German Light Cruiser Emden attacks Madras Details September 22 -- 26 First Battle of Picardy . September 24 The Siege of Przemyśl begins Details September 25 Battle of Sandfontein . September 25 -- 29 First Battle of Albert Details September 28 -- October 10 The Germans besiege and capture Antwerp , Belgium . Details September 29 - 30 Japan occupies the Marshall Islands . September 29 -- October 31 Battle of the Vistula River , also known as Battle of Warsaw . Details October -- July 11 , 1915 Battle of Rufiji Delta , German cruiser Königsberg destroyed . October 1 -- 4 First Battle of Arras . Details October 9 -- November 1 Central powers control Belgrade . Details October 10 -- November 2 Battle of La Bassee . October 12 -- November 2 First Battle of Messines . Details October 13 -- November 2 Battle of Armentieres . October 16 -- 31 Battle of the Yser. French and Belgian forces secure the coastline of Belgium . Details October 19 -- November 22 The First Battle of Ypres ends the Race to the Sea . The Germans are prevented from reaching Calais and Dunkirk . Details October 19 - July 7 , 1915 Clashes between German and Portuguese forces in the Angola - Namibia border , without declaration of war . Details October 28 Battle of Penang . October 29 The Ottoman Empire launches a surprise attack on the Russian Black Sea coast Details November 1 Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire . Battle of Coronel . Von Spee 's German cruiser squadron defeats a Royal Navy squadron under Christopher Cradock . Details November 2 The United Kingdom begins the naval blockade of Germany . Details Serbia declares war on the Ottoman Empire . November 2 -- 16 Bergmann Offensive , first military engagement in the Caucasus of the First World War . November 3 Montenegro declares war on the Ottoman Empire . Battle of Kilimanjaro . November 3 -- 5 Von Lettow - Vorbeck 's German colonial forces defeat the British at the Battle of Tanga , German East Africa . Details November 5 France and the United Kingdom declare war on the Ottoman Empire . November 6 Fao Landing , British and Indians besiege the fortress at Fao . November 9 Battle of Cocos , northeast Indian Ocean . The Australian cruiser Sydney destroys the German cruiser Emden . Details November 11 Sultan Mehmed V declares Jihad on the Allies . Details November 11 -- 21 Battle of Basra . Details November 11 -- December 6 Battle of Łódź ( also known as Silesian Offensive ) . Details November 13 Battle of El Herri : Worst French defeat in Morocco at the hands of the Zayanes . November 16 -- December 15 Battle of Kolubara , Austro - Hungarians leave Serbia . November 19 Bolshevik representatives at the State Duma arrested and exiled to Siberia . December 1 -- 13 Battle of Limanowa . December 3 -- 9 Battle of Qurna . December 8 Battle of the Falklands . Von Spee 's German cruiser squadron is defeated by the Royal Navy . Details December 10 Hill 60 captured by the Germans . Details December 14 Ottomans occupy the Persian border town of Qotur as a bridgehead to the Caucasus , but withdraw after their defeat at Sarikamish . Details December 16 The German fleet shells Scarborough and Hartlepool , England . Details December 18 -- 22 Battle of Givenchy . December 17 -- January 13 , 1915 First Battle of Artois . December 20 Fighting begins at Perthes . December 20 -- 17 March 1915 First Battle of Champagne . Details December 22 Fighting begins at Noyon . Details December 22 -- January 2 , 1915 The Russians win the Battle of Sarikamish , Caucasia . Details December 24 -- 25 In some sectors of the Western Front , an unofficial Christmas truce is observed between German and British forces . Details December 25 -- January 18 , 1915 Battle of Ardahan . 1915 ( edit ) Dates Events January 2 The Russian offensive in the Carpathians begins . It will continue until April 12 . January 4 - 11 Ottomans occupy Urmia and Tabriz by surprise . Details January 8 Japan attempts to impose its Twenty - One Demands on neutral China . January 18 -- 19 Battle of Jassin . January 19 First Zeppelin raid on Great Britain . Details January 19 -- December 22 Battle of Hartmannswillerkopf , series of battles fought to control the peak . January 24 Battle of Dogger Bank between squadrons of the British Grand Fleet and the German Hochseeflotte . Details January 24 -- 26 Chilembwe uprising led by John Chilembwe in Nyasaland . January 28 -- February 3 The Ottomans fail to capture the Suez Canal . Details January 30 The Russians take Tabriz . Details January 31 Battle of Bolimov . First German use of chemical weapons . Details February 4 Germany begins unrestricted submarine warfare against merchant vessels . Details Jan Kemp surrenders . End of the Maritz Rebellion . Battle of Kakamas : German invasion of South Africa repelled . February 7 -- 22 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes . The Russian X Army is defeated . Details February 19 British and French naval attack on the Dardanelles . The Gallipoli Campaign begins . Details March 5 Great Britain and France promise Russia Constantinople . March 7 Ottomans retreat to Qotur , pushed by a Russian counteroffensive . Details March 10 -- March 13 Battle of Neuve Chapelle . After an initial success , a British offensive is halted . Details March 14 Battle of Más a Tierra . The last remnant of the German East Asia Squadron is sunk and its crew interned in neutral Chile . March 22 The Siege of Przemyśl ends . The Russians capture the fortress . Details April 5 -- May 5 First Battle of Woevre . April 12 -- 14 Battle of Shaiba . April 15 Battle of Dilman April 19 -- May 17 The Ottomans besiege the Armenian city of Van . Details April 22 -- May 25 The Second Battle of Ypres , which ends in a stalemate . Germany first uses the poison gas . Details April 22 -- 23 Battle of Gravenstafel , First stage of the Second Battle of Ypres . April 24 Deportation of Armenian intellectuals to Ankara , first act of the Armenian Genocide . April 24 -- May 5 Battle of St Julien , part of the Second Battle of Ypres . April 25 Allied forces land on Gallipoli , landing at Anzac Cove and Cape Helles . Details April 26 Treaty of London between the Entente and Italy . Details Battle of Trekkopjes . April 28 First Battle of Krithia . The Allied advance is repelled . Details April 29 Battle of Gurin . May 1 The Gorlice - Tarnów begins : the German troops under General Mackensen break through the Russian lines in Galicia . Details Battle of Eski Hissarlik . May 3 Troops withdraw from Anzac Cove . Details Italy revokes its commitment to a defensive alliance with Germany and Austria - Hungary . May 6 -- 8 Second Battle of Krithia . The Allied attempts at advancing are thwarted again . Details May 7 The British liner Lusitania is sunk by a German U-boat . Details May 8 -- 13 Battle of Frezenberg Ridge , Part of the Second Battle of Ypres . May 9 -- June 18 Second Battle of Artois . May 9 Battle of Aubers Ridge , a phase of the Second Battle of Artois . May 10 Troops from Hungary rout the Russians at Jarosław . Lviv is again in Austrian hands . May 11 Armistice called at Gallipoli to bury the dead . Details May 12 Windhoek , capital of German South - West Africa , is occupied by South African troops . Details May 15 -- 25 Battle of Festubert . May 16 -- June 23 Battle of Konary . May 23 Italy declares war on Austria - Hungary . Details May 24 -- 25 Battle of Bellewaarde , final phase of the Second Battle of Ypres . May 31 - June 10 Second Battle of Garua . June -- September The Russian Great Retreat from Poland and Galicia . June 3 San Marino declares war on Austria - Hungary . June 4 Third Battle of Krithia . Yet another Allied failure . Details The Russians leave Przemyśl . Details June 21 -- 23 Battle of Bukoba . June 22 Mackensen breaks again through the Russian lines in the Lviv area . Details June 23 -- July 7 First Battle of the Isonzo . Details June 27 The Austro - Hungarians re-enter Lviv . Details June 28 -- July 5 The British win the Battle of Gully Ravine . Details June 29 Battle of Ngaundere July 1 First aerial victory by a synchronized gun - armed fighter aircraft Details Battle of Otavi . July 9 The German forces in South - West Africa surrender . Details July 10 -- 26 Battle of Manzikert . July 18 -- August 3 Second Battle of the Isonzo . Details July 25 Italians capture Cappuccio Wood . Details First Victoria Cross awarded to a British combat pilot Details July 27 - 31 Battle of Kara Killisse . August 5 The Germans occupy Warsaw . Details August 6 -- 10 Battle of Lone Pine , part of the August Offensive . August 6 -- 13 Battle of Krithia Vineyard , part of the August Offensive . August 6 -- 15 Allies land at Suvla Bay , a phase of the August Offensive . Details . August 6 -- 21 Battle of Sari Bair , part of the August Offensive . Last and unsuccessful attempt by the British to seize the Gallipoli peninsula . Details August 7 Battle of the Nek , a phase of the August Offensive . August 7 -- 19 Battle of Chunuk Bair , a phase of the August Offensive . August 21 Scimitar Hill , a phase of the August Offensive . Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire . August 21 -- 29 Battle of Hill 60 , part of the August Offensive . Details August 26 -- September 19 Sventiany Offensive , a phase of the Gorlice - Tarnow Offensive . September 1 Germany suspends unrestricted submarine warfare . Details September 5 -- 8 The Zimmerwald Conference of anti-militarist European socialist parties is held in Zimmerwald , Switzerland . Details September 8 Nicholas II removes Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolayevich as Commander - in - Chief of the Russian Army , personally taking that position . Details September 15 -- November 4 Third Battle of Artois . September 19 The Germans occupy Vilnius . The Gorlice - Tarnów Offensive ends . Details September 25 -- 28 Battle of Loos , a major British offensive , fails . Details September 25 -- October 15 Battle of the Hohenzollern Redoubt , a phase of the Battle of Loos . September 25 -- November 6 Second Battle of Champagne . September 28 Battle of Es Sinn . October 7 -- December 4 Serbia is invaded by Germany , Austria - Hungary , and Bulgaria . Details October 12 Edith Cavell executed . October 14 Bulgaria declares war on Serbia Details October 14 -- November 9 Morava Offensive , a phase of the Central Powers Invasion of Serbia , Bulgarians break through Serbian lines . October 14 -- November 15 Ovche Pole Offensive , a phase of the Central Powers invasion of Serbia , Bulgarians break through Serbian lines . October 15 The United Kingdom declares war on Bulgaria . Montenegro declares war on Bulgaria . October 16 France declares war on Bulgaria . October 17 -- November 21 Battle of Krivolak , first of the Salonika Front . October 18 -- November 4 Third Battle of the Isonzo Details October 19 Italy and Russia declare war on Bulgaria . October 27 Andrew Fisher resigns as Prime Minister of Australia ; he is replaced by Billy Hughes . October 29 René Viviani resigns as Prime Minister of France ; he is replaced by Aristide Briand . November 4 - 6 Battle of Banjo . November 10 Pro-Central Powers Iranians seize Shiraz from pro-Entente forces and arrest all British citizens in the city . Details November 10 -- December 2 Fourth Battle of the Isonzo November 10 -- December 4 Kosovo Offensive , a phase of the Central Powers invasion of Serbia , Serbians pushed into Albania . Details November 14 - 30 Russian forces from the Caucasus occupy Tehran . Details November 17 Armed by Ottomans and Germans , the Libyan Senussi cross the border and attack Egypt from the west . Details November 22 -- 25 Battle of Ctesiphon , in present - day Iraq . Details November 27 The Serbian army collapses . It will retreat to the Adriatic Sea and be evacuated by the Italian and French Navies . Details December -- July , 1916 Battle of Lake Tanganyika . December 6 -- 12 Battle of Kosturino December 7 The First Siege of Kut , Mesopotamia , by the Ottomans begins . Details December 15 Russians occupy Hamadan . Details December 19 Douglas Haig replaces John French as commander of the British Expeditionary Force . Details December 23 Carl Zimmermann orders the retreat of all German forces and civilians in Kamerun to the Spanish colony of Río Muni . 1916 ( edit ) Dates Events January 5 -- 17 Austro - Hungarian offensive against Montenegro , which capitulates . Details January 6 -- 7 Battle of Mojkovac January 6 -- 8 Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad , a phase of the First Siege of Kut . January 9 The Gallipoli Campaign ends in an Allied defeat and an Ottoman victory . Details January 10 -- February 16 Battle of Erzurum . January 11 Corfu occupied by the Allies . Details January 13 Battle of Wadi , a phase of the First Siege of Kut . Details January 21 Battle of Hanna , a phase of the First Siege of Kut . January 24 Reinhard Scheer is appointed commander of Germany 's Hochseeflotte . Details January 27 Conscription introduced in the United Kingdom by the Military Service Act 1916 . Details February 5 -- April 15 Trebizond Campaign . February 12 Battle of Salaita Hill . February 21 The Battle of Verdun begins . February 26 Battle of Agagia : Senussi rebellion suppressed by the British . February 28 German Kamerun ( Cameroon ) surrenders . Details March 1 Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare . Details March 1 -- 15 Fifth Battle of the Isonzo . March 2 -- August 4 Battle of Bitlis . March 8 Battle of Dujaila : a British attempt to relieve Kut failed . Details March 9 Germany declares war on Portugal . Portugal officially enters the war . Details March 11 -- 12 Battle of Latema Nek . March 14 The Manifesto of the Sixteen , declaring Kropotkinist - anarchist support of the Allied war effort , is published . Details March 15 Austria - Hungary declares war on Portugal . March 16 - November 6 British preemptively occupy the Sultanate of Darfur and annex it to the Anglo - Egyptian Sudan . Details March 18 Battle of Kahe . March 18 -- April Lake Naroch Offensive . April 24 -- 29 Easter Rising by Irish rebels for independence from the United Kingdom . Details April 24 -- 30 The Kienthal Conference , the second meeting of the anti-war socialist Zimmerwald Movement , is held in Kienthal , Switzerland . Details April 27 -- 29 Gas attacks at Hulluch . April 29 The British forces under siege at Kut surrender to the Ottomans , first siege of Kut ends . Details May 7 -- 10 Battle of Kondoa Irangi . May 10 Germany suspends unrestricted submarine warfare . Details May 15 -- June 10 Austro - Hungarian Strafexpedition in Trentino . Details May 16 Signing of the Sykes - Picot Agreement between Britain and France defining their proposed spheres in the Middle East . Details May 18 Russian forces in Persia link up with the British in Mesopotamia , but it is too late . Details May 31 -- June 1 Battle of Jutland between Britain 's Grand Fleet and Germany 's Hochseeflotte . Details June 2 -- 14 Battle of Mont Sorrel . June 3 Russians fail to encyrcle Ottoman forces in Persia . Details June 4 The Brusilov Offensive begins . June 5 The Arab Revolt in Hejaz begins . Details The HMS Hampshire is sunk off the Orkney Islands ; Lord Kitchener dies . Details June 10 Italy : Paolo Boselli succeeds Antonio Salandra as Prime Minister . Details The Siege of Medina begins . June 10 -- July 4 Battle of Mecca , Arabs capture the city . Details June 12 Percy Sykes marches on Kerman to link up with the Russian forces in central - northern Persia . June 30 Battle of the Boar 's Head , diversion from the Battle of the Somme which began the next day . July Battle of Taif . Details July 1 The Battle of the Somme begins . Details July 1 -- 3 The Social Democratic Party wins a majority in the parliament of the Russian - ruled Grand Duchy of Finland . Details July 1 -- 13 Second Battle of Albert ( Opening phase of the Battle of the Somme ) . Details July 1 -- 2 British capture Fricourt during the Second Battle of Albert . Details July 2 Ottoman counter-attack into Persia reaches Kermanshah . Details July 2 -- 25 Battle of Erzincan . July 3 -- 7 British capture La Boisselle during the Second Battle of Albert . Details July 3 -- 12 British capture Mametz Wood during the Second Battle of Albert . Details July 3 -- 17 British capture Ovillers during the Second Battle of Albert and Battle of Bazentin Ridge . Details July 4 -- 6 Battle of Kostiuchnowka . July 7 -- 11 British capture Contalmaison during the Second Battle of Albert . Details July 8 -- 14 British capture Trônes Wood during the Second Battle of Albert . Details July 14 -- 17 Battle of Bazentin Ridge ( Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details July 14 -- September 15 Battles for Longueval and Delville Wood ( Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details July 19 -- 20 Battle of Fromelles ( Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme ) . July 23 -- August 7 Battle of Pozières ( Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details July 24 -- August 8 Battle of Kowel . July 30 German agents sabotage munition factories in Jersey City that supply the Allies , causing the Black Tom explosion . August 3 -- 5 Battle of Romani . Ottoman attack on the British in the Sinai peninsula fails . Details August 6 -- 17 Sixth Battle of the Isonzo . The Italians capture Gorizia ( August 9 ) . Details August 6 Battle of Doberdo , part of the Sixth Battle of Isonzo . August 9 -- 18 First battle of Doiran . Details August 10 Ottomans take Hamadan . Details August 24 Battle of Mlali . August 27 Romania enters the war on the Entente 's side . Her army is defeated in a few weeks . August 27 -- December Conquest of Romania by Central Powers . Details August 27 -- November 26 Battle of Transylvania , a phase of the conquest of Romania . August 28 Italy declares war on Germany . August 29 Paul von Hindenburg replaces Erich von Falkenhayn as German Chief of Staff . Details August 30 The Ottoman Empire declares war on Romania . September 1 Bulgaria declares war on Romania . September 2 -- 6 Battle of Turtucaia , a phase of the conquest of Romania . September 3 -- 6 Battle of Guillemont ( intermediate phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details September 5 -- 7 Battle of Dobrich , a phase of the conquest of Romania . September 6 The Central Powers create a unified command . September 7 -- 11 Battle of Kisaki . September 8 - 19 Battle of Tabora . September 9 Battle of Ginchy ( intermediate phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details September 9 - 11 Battle of Dutumi . September 12 -- December 11 Monastir Offensive , set up of the Salonika Front . September 12 -- 14 Battle of Malka Nidzhe , a phase of the Monastir Offensive . September 12 -- 30 Battle of Kaymakchalan , a phase of the Monastir Offensive . September 14 -- 17 Seventh Battle of the Isonzo September 15 -- 22 Battle of Flers - Courcelette ; the British use armored tanks for the first time in history . Details September 17 -- 19 First Battle of Cobadin , a phase of the conquest of Romania . September 20 The Brusilov Offensive ends with a substantial Russian success . Details September 25 -- 28 Battle of Morval ( part of the final stages of the Battle of the Somme ) Details September 26 -- 28 Battle of Thiepval Ridge ( part of the final stages of the Battle of the Somme ) Details September 29 -- October 5 Flamanda Offensive , a phase of the conquest of Romania . October -- November First Battle of the Cerna Bend , a phase of the Monastir Offensive . Details October 1 -- November 5 Battle of Le Transloy ( last stage of the Battle of the Somme ) Details October 1 -- November 11 Battle of Ancre Heights ( last stage of the Battle of the Somme ) . October 9 -- 12 Eighth Battle of the Isonzo . October 14 - January 6 , 1917 Battle of Kibata . October 19 -- 25 Second Battle of Cobadin , a phase of the conquest of Romania . October 24 The French recapture Fort Douaumont near Verdun . Details November 1 -- 4 Ninth Battle of the Isonzo . November 11 Battle of Matamondo . November 13 -- 18 Battle of the Ancre ( closing phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details November 18 The Battle of the Somme ends with enormous casualties and an Anglo - French advantage . Details November 21 HMHS Britannic sinks after hitting a German mine Details Francis Joseph I , Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary , dies and is succeeded by Charles I . Details November 25 David Beatty replaces John Jellicoe as commander of the Grand Fleet . Jellicoe becomes First Lord of the Sea . Details November 25 -- December 3 Battle of Bucharest , a phase of the conquest of Romania . November 28 Prunaru Charge , a phase of the Battle of Bucharest , Romanian cavalry desperately charge into enemy lines . December 1 Battle of the Arges , a phase of the Battle of Bucharest . December 1 -- January 18 , 1917 Allies capture Yanbu . Details December 5 -- 7 United Kingdom : Prime Minister H.H. Asquith resigns and is succeeded by David Lloyd George . Details December 6 The Germans occupy Bucharest . The capital of Romania moved to Iaşi . Details December 13 Robert Nivelle replaces Joseph Joffre as Commander - in - Chief of the French Army . Details December 17 Kaocen Revolt : The Tuareg besiege the French garrison at Agadez . December 18 Battle of Verdun ends with enormous casualties on both sides . December 23 Battle of Magdhaba in the Sinai peninsula . Details December 23 -- 29 Christmas Battles . December 27 Togoland is divided into British and French administrative zones . Details December 30 Grigori Rasputin , Russia 's éminence grise , is assassinated . Details 1917 ( edit ) Dates Events January 3 -- 4 Battle of Behobeho . January 9 Battle of Rafa . The British drive the Ottomans out of Sinai . Details January 11 -- March 13 British raid the Ancre . Details January 16 The German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann sends a telegram to his ambassador in Mexico , instructing him to propose to the Mexican government an alliance against the United States . Details February 1 Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare . Details February 13 Mata Hari is arrested in Paris on charges of spying for the Germans . February 23 Second Battle of Kut . The British recapture the city . Details February 23 -- April 5 The Germans withdraw to the Hindenburg Line . Details March 1 Arz von Straussenberg replaces Conrad von Hötzendorf as Austro - Hungarian Chief of Staff . Details March 3 The French relieve Agadez . March 8 -- 11 The British capture Baghdad . Details March 8 The celebrations of the International Women 's Day in Petrograd spawn severe protests that will evolve into the February Revolution . March 12 Russian troops refuse to fire on demonstrators after 50 are killed in Petrograd 's Znamenskaya Square the day before . Numerous attacks against prisons , courts , police stations and Okhrana offices . Provisional Committee of the Duma formed . Petrograd Soviet formed . March 13 Battle of Nambanje . March 13 -- April 23 Samarrah Offensive , British capture much of Mesopotamia . March 14 China severs relations with Germany . March 15 Nicholas II abdicates . A provisional government is formed . March 16 Lenin arrives in Petrograd from his exile in Switzerland and publishes his April Thesis . March 17 Aristide Briand resigns as Prime Minister of France ; he is replaced by Alexandre Ribot . March 26 First Battle of Gaza . The British attempt to capture the city fails . Details April -- October Stalemate in Southern Palestine . April 2 -- 3 Australians attack Noreuil . Details . April 6 The United States declares war on Germany . Details April 7 Cuba declares war on Germany . Panama declares war on Germany . Scuttling of SMS Cormoran in Guam , the only hostile action between American and German forces in the Pacific . April 9 -- May 17 Second Battle of Arras . The British attack a heavily fortified German line without obtaining any strategic breakthrough . Details April 9 -- 12 The Canadians obtain a significant victory in the Battle of Vimy Ridge , part of the first phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details April 9 -- 14 First Battle of the Scarpe , part of the first phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details April 10 -- 11 First Battle of Bullecourt , part of the first phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details April 11 Brazil severs relations with Germany . April 13 Bolivia severs relations with Germany . April 15 Battle of Lagnicourt , part of the Second phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details April 16 -- May 9 The Second Battle of the Aisne ( also known as Nivelle Offensive ) ends in disaster for both the French army and its commander Robert Nivelle . Details April 17 -- 20 Battle of the Hills ( also known as Third battle of Champagne ) , a diversion to the Second Battle of the Aisne . April 19 Second Battle of Gaza . The Ottoman lines resist a British attack . Details April 22 -- May 8 Second Battle of Doiran . Details April 23 The Ottoman Empire severs relations with the United States . April 23 -- 24 Second Battle of Scarpe , part of the second phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details April 28 -- 29 Battle of Arleux , part of the Second phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details April 29 -- May 20 Series of mutinies in the French army . Details May 3 -- 4 Third battle of the Scarpe , part of the second phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details Mass demonstrations in Petrograd and Moscow to protest Pavel Milyukov 's note affirming Russia 's commitment to the Entente war effort . Details May 3 -- 17 Second Battle of Bullecourt , part of the second phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details May 5 Australian Prime Minister Billy Hughes wins an enlarged majority in federal elections with the pro-conscription Nationalist Party . Details May 5 -- 15 Allied Spring offensive on the Salonika Front . May 5 -- 9 Second Battle of the Cerna Bend , a phase of the Allied Spring Offensive . Details May 12 -- June 6 Tenth Battle of the Isonzo . Details May 15 Philippe Pétain replaces Robert Nivelle as Commander - in - Chief of the French Army . Details May 23 Battle of Mount Hermada in the Karst . Salonika Trial ends : Dragutin Dimitrijevic , chief conspirator of the Sarajevo Assassination , is sentenced to death by Serbia on trumped up charges , as part of negotiations for a peace treaty with Austria - Hungary . June -- October Operation Hush , Abortive British plan to capture coast of Belgium . June 7 -- 14 Second Battle of Messines , the British blow 19 deep mines and recapture Messines Ridge . Details June 10 -- 29 Battle of Mount Ortigara . Details June 12 Constantine I of Greece abdicates . June 13 First successful heavy bomber raid on London done by the Gotha G. IV . June 25 First American troops land in France . Details June 27 Batterie Pommern aka . ' Lange Max ' , world 's largest gun fires for the first time from Koekelare to Dunkirk ( ± 50 km ) . June 30 Greece declares war on the Central powers . Details July 1 -- 2 Battle of Zborov , a phase of the Kerensky Offensive . Details July 1 -- 12 Brief monarchist coup and restoration in China , allegedly promoted by Germany to distance China from the Entente . Details July 1 -- 19 The Kerensky Offensive fails . It is the last Russian initiative in the war . Details July 6 Arab rebels led by Lawrence of Arabia seize the Jordanian port of Aqaba . Details July 11 The Open Letter to Albert I is published by Flemish Movement sympathisers within the Belgian Army on the Yser Front , complaining about official discrimination against Dutch language Details July 16 - 17 Petrograd July Days . July 20 Corfu Declaration about the future Kingdom of Yugoslavia . Details July 21 Alexander Kerensky replaces Georgy Lvov as Minister - President of the Russian Provisional Government . July 22 Siam declares war on Germany and Austria - Hungary . July 22 -- August 1 Battle of Mărăști July 29 Battle of Kiawe Bridge . July 31 The Third Battle of Ypres ( also known as Battle of Passchendaele ) begins . Details July 31 -- August 2 Battle of Pilckem Ridge ( Opening phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . August 2 The German raider SMS Seeadler is wrecked at Mopelia in French Polynesia . August 2 -- 10 Battle of Rumbo . August 4 Liberia declares war on Germany . August 6 -- 20 Battle of Mărăşeşti . Details August 8 -- 20 Second Battle of Oituz . August 14 China declares war on Germany and Austria - Hungary . August 15 -- 25 Battle of Hill 70 ( Continuation of British operations near Lens ) . August 16 -- 18 Second Battle of Langemarck ( Initial phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . Details August 17 China terminates the German and Austro - Hungarian concessions in Tianjin and occupies them . August 18 -- 28 Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo . Details August 20 -- 26 Second Offensive Battle of Verdun . September -- October Operation Albion . German capture of Oesel , Dago and Moon Islands . September 1 -- 3 Battle of Jugla . September 5 The SMS Seeadler 's crew sail to Fiji in a lifeboat and capture the French schooner Lutece , allowing their escape . They rename it Fortuna . September 5 -- 12 The Third Zimmerwald Conference of the anti-war socialist Zimmerwald Movement , is held in Stockholm . Details September 8 - 12 Russia : General Kornilov 's coup attempt fails . Details September 12 Alexandre Ribot resigns as Prime Minister of France ; he is replaced by Paul Painlevé . September 14 Russia declared a republic . September 20 -- 26 Battle of the Menin Road Ridge ( Second phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . September 21 Costa Rica severs relations with Germany . September 26 -- 27 Battle of Polygon Wood ( Second phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . September 28 -- 29 Battle of Ramadi , Mesopotamia . Details October 4 Battle of Broodseinde ( Second phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . October 5 The Fortuna wrecks at Easter Island and its crew is interned by the Chileans . October 6 Peru severs relations with Germany . October 7 Uruguay severs relations with Germany . October 9 Battle of Poelcappelle ( Last phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . October 12 First Battle of Passchendaele ( Last phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . October 15 Mata Hari executed . October 15 -- 18 Battle of Mahiwa . October 23 Battle of Wadi Musa . October 23 -- November 10 Battle of La Malmaison , much - postponed French attack on the Chemin des Dames . Details October 24 -- November 4 Battle of Caporetto . The Austro - Hungarians and Germans break through the Italian lines . The Italian army is defeated and falls back on the Piave River . Details October 26 -- November 10 Second Battle of Passchendaele ( Last phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . October 27 Brazil declares war on Germany . October 27 Battle of Buqqar Ridge . October 30 Italy : Vittorio Emanuele Orlando succeeds Paolo Boselli as Prime Minister . Details October 31 -- November 7 Third Battle of Gaza . The British break through the Ottoman lines . Details October 31 Battle of Beersheba ( opening phase of the Third Battle of Gaza ) . Details November 1 -- 6 Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe . November 2 Balfour Declaration : the British government supports plans for a Jewish `` national home '' in Palestine . Details November 5 The Allies agree to establish a Supreme War Council at Versailles . November 7 October Revolution : Kerensky flees Petrograd just before the Petrograd Soviet seizes the Winter Palace . Charge at Sheria . November 8 Armando Diaz replaces Luigi Cadorna as Commander - in - Chief of the Italian Army . Details Charge at Huj . November 9 -- December 28 First Battle of the Piave : the Austro - Hungarians and Germans try unsuccessfully to cross the river . Details November 10 The Third Battle of Ypres ( also known as Battle of Passchendaele ) ends . Details November 11 -- December 23 First Battle of Monte Grappa , Austro - Hungarian offensive halted . November 13 France : Paul Painlevé is replaced by Georges Clemenceau as Prime Minister . Details Battle of Mughar Ridge . November 14 Battle of Ayun Kara . November 17 Second Battle of Heligoland Bight , North Sea . Details November 17 -- December 30 Battle of Jerusalem . The British enter the city ( December 11 ) . Details November 18 -- 24 Battle of Nebi Samwil , a phase of the Battle of Jerusalem . November 20 -- December 3 First Battle of Cambrai . A British attack and the biggest German attack against the British since 1915 succeed and the battle is a stalemate . Details November 25 Battle of Ngomano , the Germans invade Portuguese East Africa to gain supplies . December 1 Battle of El Burj , a phase of the Battle of Jerusalem . December 6 Halifax Explosion : An accidental colision between the Norwegian supply ship SS Imo and the French cargo ship SS Mont - Blanc , laden with high explosives for the Western Front , leaves 2,000 dead and 9,000 injured in Richmond , Nova Scotia . It is the largest man - made explosion before the invention of atomic weapons . December 7 The United States declares war on Austria - Hungary . December 8 Ecuador severs relations with Germany . December 10 Panama declares war on Austria - Hungary . December 15 Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers , to take effect on December 17 . December 16 Armistice of Erzincan between the Ottomans and the Russian Special Transcaucasian Committee . December 17 Canadian Prime Minister Robert Borden wins an enlarged majority in federal elections with the pro-conscription Unionist Party . Details December 20 -- 21 Battle of Jaffa , a phase of the Battle of Jerusalem . Details 1918 ( edit ) Dates Events January 8 Woodrow Wilson outlines his Fourteen Points . Details February to September Allied forces occupy the Jordan Rift Valley . Details February 9 The Central Powers sign an exclusive protectorate treaty with the Ukrainian People 's Republic as part of the negotiations in Brest - Litovsk . Details February 15 -- 16 Battle of Rarancza . February 18 -- March 3 Operation Faustschlag , last offensive on Eastern Front . February 19 British begin their assault on Jericho . Details February 21 The British capture Jericho . Details Germans capture Minsk . Details February 24 Germans capture Zhytomyr . Details February 25 German troops capture Estonia . Details February 28 Germans capture Pskov and Narva . Details March 2 Germans capture Kiev . Details March 3 At Brest - Litovsk , Leon Trotsky signs the peace treaty with Germany . Details March 4 First known case of what will later be called Spanish Flu : Private Albert Gitchell at Camp Funston , Fort Riley , Kansas . March 7 German artillery bombard the Americans at Rouge Bouquet . Details March 8 -- 12 Battle of Tell ' Asur . March 8 -- 13 Battle of Bakhmach . March 11 Over 100 sick from Spanish Flu in Fort Riley ; first known case outside in Queens , New York . March 21 -- April 5 First phase of the Spring Offensive , Operation Michael ( also known as Second Battle of the Somme ) . The Germans obtain a Pyrrhic victory . Details March 21 -- 23 The Battle of St. Quentin , first phase of Operation Michael and of the Spring Offensive . Details March 21 -- April 2 First Transjordan attack on Amman . March 23 -- August 7 Artillery bombardment of Paris . Details March 24 -- 25 First Battle of Bapaume , a phase of Operation Michael . Details March 25 First Battle of Noyon , a phase of Operation Michael . Details March 26 French Marshal Ferdinand Foch is appointed Supreme Commander of all Allied forces . Details March 26 -- 27 Battle of Rosieres , a phase of Operation Michael . Details Action of Khan Baghdadi . March 25 Penza Agreement : The Czechoslovak Legion is given free passage to Vladivostok to join the Entente in return for surrendering most weapons to the Bolsheviks . March 27 -- 31 First Battle of Amman , a phase Of The First Transjordan Attack . March 28 Third Battle of Arras ( also known as First Battle of Arras ( 1918 ) ) , a phase of Operation Michael . Details March 30 -- April 5 First Battle of Villers - Bretonneux , a phase of Operation Michael . April 1 Royal Air Force founded by combining the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service . April 4 -- 5 Battle of the Avre , final phase of Operation Michael . April 7 -- 29 Second phase of the Spring Offensive , Operation Georgette ( also known as Battle of the Lys ) . The results are disappointing for the Germans . Details April 7 -- 9 Battle of Estaires , first phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 10 -- 11 Third Battle of Messines , a phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 12 -- 13 Battle of Hazebrouck , a phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 13 -- 15 Battle of Bailleul , a phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 14 Ottokar Czernin resigns as Austria - Hungary 's Foreign Minister over the Sixtus Affair . April 17 -- 19 First Battle of Kemmelberg , a phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 18 Battle of Bethune , a phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 21 The Red Baron is shot down over Vaux - sur - Somme . April 23 Guatemala declares war on Germany . April 24 -- 27 Second Battle of Villers - Bretonneux , a phase of Operation Georgette . April 25 -- 26 Second Battle of Kemmelberg , a phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 28 Gavrilo Princip dies in Terezín prison , from tuberculosis . April 29 Battle of Scherpenberg , final phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 30 -- May 4 Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt . May 7 Treaty of Bucharest between Romania and the Central Powers . It will never be ratified . Details May 8 Nicaragua declares war on Germany and Austria - Hungary . May 10 -- 11 Battle of Kaniow . May 14 Clash at Chelyabinsk station between Hungarian POWs heading west to be repatriated and Czechoslovaks going east . Trotsky orders the arrest of the Czechoslovak Legion , but they revolt and seize several towns along the Trans - Siberian Railway . Details May 21 Ottomans invade Armenia . Details May 21 -- 29 Battle of Sardarabad , a phase of the invasion of Armenia . Battle of Abaran , a phase of the invasion of Armenia . May 23 Costa Rica declares war on Germany . May 24 -- 28 Battle of Karakilisa , a phase of the invasion of Armenia . May 27 -- June 6 Third Battle of the Aisne ( also known as Operation Blücher - Yorck , third phase of the Spring Offensive ) . After initial gains , the German advance is halted . Details May 28 Battle of Cantigny . May 29 -- 31 Battle of Skra - di - Legen June 1 -- 26 Battle of Belleau Wood , part of the German Spring Offensive . June 8 Action of Arsuf . Ottomans re-enter Tabriz . Details June 8 The Czechoslovak Legion forms the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly in Samara . Stanislav Čeček calls to join forces with anti-Bolshevik Russians to overthrow the Communist government and reignite the Eastern Front . Details June 8 -- October Germany interferes in the Caucasus . Details June 9 -- 12 Fourth phase of the Spring Offensive , Operation Gneisenau ( also known as Battle of Matz ) . Despite substantial territorial gains , the Germans do not achieve their strategic goals Details June 13 Provisional Siberian Government formed in Omsk . June 13 -- 23 Second Battle of the Piave : the Austro - Hungarian offensive is repelled . Details June 15 - 31 Ottomans occupy Dilman , Khoy and Urmia . Details . June 30 Battle of Moreuil Wood . July 4 Battle of Hamel . July 12 Haiti declares war on Germany . July 14 Battle of Abu Tellul . July 15 -- August 6 Second Battle of the Marne and last German offensive on the Western Front , which fails when the Germans are counterattacked by the French . Details July 15 -- 17 Champagne - Marne Offensive ( consisting of the Fourth Battle of Champagne and the Battle of the Mountain of Reims ) , a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne . last phase of the Spring Offensive and last German offensive of World War I . Details July 17 Nicholas II and his family are executed by the Bolsheviks , out of fear that they might be released by Czechoslovak and White troops . Details July 18 Battle of Chateau - Thierry , a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne . Details July 18 -- 22 Battle of Soissons , a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne . Details July 19 Battle of Tardenois , a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne . Honduras declares war on Germany . August Spanish Flu virus mutates : Simultaneous deadlier outbreaks in Brest , Freetown and Boston . August 5 The Czechoslovak People 's Army of Komuch takes Kazan from the Bolsheviks and captures the Imperial Russian gold reserve . Details August 8 -- November 11 Hundred Days Offensive , last offensive on Western Front . August 8 -- 12 Battle of Amiens , first phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details August 9 -- 12 Battle of Montdidier . August 13 -- September 3 Battle of San Matteo . August 17 -- 29 Second Battle of Noyon , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details August 21 -- September 3 Second Battle of the Somme ( also known as Third battle of the Somme ) , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details August 21 -- 22 Third Battle of Albert , opening phase of the Second Battle of the Somme . Details August 21 -- September 3 Second Battle of Bapaume , a phase of the Second Battle of the Somme . August 26 -- September 3 Fourth Battle of Arras ( also known as Second Battle of Arras ( 1918 ) ) , a phase of the Second Battle of the Somme Details August 26 -- 30 Fourth Battle of the Scarpe ( also known as Battle of the Scarpe ( 1918 ) ) , a phase of the Fourth Battle of Arras . Details August 26 -- September 14 Battle of Baku , last Turkish offensive of the war . August 30 - 31 Battle of Lioma . August 31 -- September 3 Battle of Mont Saint - Quentin , a phase of the Second Battle of the Somme . September 1 -- 2 Battle of Peronne , a phase of the Battle of Mont Saint - Quentin . Details September 2 -- 3 Battle of Drocourt - Queant Line , final phase of the Second Battle of the Somme . Details September 8 - 23 Ufa Conference : Formation of the Provisional All - Russian Government with the support of the Czechoslovak Legion . September 10 Battle of Savy - Dallon , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details September 12 Battle of Havrincourt , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details September 12 -- 19 Battle of Saint - Mihiel , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . September 14 Battle of Vauxaillon , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details September 14 -- 29 Vardar Offensive , final offensive on the Balkan Front . September 15 The Allies ( French and Serbs ) break through the Bulgarian lines at Dobro Polje , a phase of the Vardar Offensive . Details September 18 Battle of Epehy , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . September 18 -- 19 Third Battle of Doiran , a phase of the Vardar Offensive , The Bulgarians halt the British and Greek advance . Details September 18 -- October 17 Battle of the Hindenburg Line , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . The Allies break through the German lines . Details September 19 -- 25 Battle of Megiddo . The British conquer Palestine . Details Battle of Nablus , a phase of the Battle of Meggido . Details Third Transjordan attack , a phase of the Battle of Nablus . Battle of Sharon , a phase of the Battle of Megiddo . September 22 The British capture Jisr ed Damieh in the Battle of Sharon . Details September 25 The British capture Tiberias during the Battle of Sharon . Details September 19 Battle of Tulkarm , a phase of the Battle of Sharon . Battle of Arara , a phase of the Battle of Sharon . September 19 -- 20 Battle of Tabsor , a phase of the Battle of Sharon . September 20 Capture of Jenin , a phase of the Battle of Sharon . British capture both Afulah and Beisan during the Battle of Sharon . Details September 20 -- 21 Battle of Nazareth , a phase of the Battle of Sharon . September 23 Battle of Haifa , a phase of the Battle of Sharon . Details September 25 Battle of Samakh , a phase of the Battle of Sharon . Second Battle of Amman , a phase of the Third Transjordan Attack . September 26 -- November 11 Meuse - Argonne Offensive , the final phase of the Hundred Days Offensive and of World War I . Details September 26 -- October 1 The British enter Damascus . Details September 26 Battle of Somme - Py ( Initial phase of the Meuse - Argonne Offensive ) . Details Charge at Irbid , a phase of the Capture of Damascus . September 26 -- 27 British capture Deraa during the Capture of Damascus . Details September 27 Battle of Jisr Benat Yakub , a phase of the Capture of Damascus . September 27 -- October 1 Battle of the Canal du Nord , a phase of the Battle of the Hindenburg Line . September 28 -- October 2 Fifth Battle of Ypres ( also known as Advance on Flanders ) , a phase of the Battle of the Hindenburg Line . September 29 -- October 10 Battle of St. Quentin Canal , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . September 30 Bulgaria signs an armistice with the Allies . Battle of Saint - Thierry ( Initial phase of the Meuse - Argonne Offensive ) . Details Charge at Kaukab , a phase of the Capture of Damascus . Charge at Kiswe , a phase of the Capture of Damascus . October 3 Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria abdicates and Boris III accedes to the throne . October 3 -- 27 Pursuit to Haritan . Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge . October 8 -- 10 Second Battle of Cambrai ( also known as Battle of Cambrai ( 1918 ) ) , a phase of the Battle of the Hindenburg Line . Details October 14 -- 17 Battle of Montfaucon ( intermediate phase of the Meuse - Argonne Offensive ) . Details October 14 -- 19 Battle of Courtrai , closing phase of the Hundred Days offensive . Details October 15 Battle of Mont - D'Origny , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details October 17 -- 26 Battle of the Selle , closing phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . October 20 Germany suspends submarine warfare . Details Battle of Lys and Escaut ( Which included the Second Battle of Lys and the Battle of the Escaut ) , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details Battle of Serre , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details October 23 -- 30 Battle of Sharqat . October 24 -- November 4 Battle of Vittorio Veneto . The Austro - Hungarian army is routed . The Italians enter Trent and land at Triest . Details October 24 -- 28 Second Battle of Monte Grappa , beginning phase of Vittorio Veneto . October 25 Battle of Aleppo . Details October 29 Wilhelm Groener replaces Erich Ludendorff as Hindenburg 's deputy . Details Germany 's Hochseeflotte mutinies . Details State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs proclaimed . Details October 30 The Ottoman Empire signs the Armistice of Mudros . Details November First Spanish Flu cases in Spain , where reports on the disease are published freely due to the lack of wartime censorship . November 1 Battle of Chesne ( Closing phase of the Meuse - Argonne Offensive ) . Details November 1 -- 2 Battle of Valenciennes , closing phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details November 3 Austria - Hungary signs the armistice with Italy , effective November 4 . November 4 Battle of the Sambre , closing phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details Second Battle of Guise , a phase of the Battle of Sambre . Details Battle of Thierache , a phase of the Battle of Sambre . Details November 6 -- 11 Advance to the Meuse . November 9 Germany : Kaiser William II abdicates ; republic proclaimed . Details November 10 Austria - Hungary : Kaiser Charles I abdicates . Details Romania reanudates the war against the Central Powers . November 11 At 6 am , Germany signs the Armistice of Compiègne . End of fighting at 11 a.m. . Poland proclaimed . November 12 Austria proclaimed a republic . November 14 Czechoslovakia proclaimed a republic . Details German U-boats interned . 3 days after the armistice , fighting ends in the East African theater when General von Lettow - Vorbeck agrees a cease - fire on hearing of Germany 's surrender . Details November 18 Alexander Kolchak seizes control of the Provisional All - Russian Government in a coup . November 21 Germany 's Hochseeflotte surrendered to the United Kingdom . Details November 22 The Germans evacuate Luxembourg . November 25 11 days after agreeing a cease - fire , General von Lettow - Vorbeck formally surrenders his undefeated army at Abercorn in present - day Zambia . Details November 27 The Germans evacuate Belgium . December 1 Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes proclaimed . Details 1919 ( edit ) Dates Events January 5 Hermann Detzner surrenders at the Finschhafen District of New Guinea . January 10 Fakhri Pasha surrenders at Medina . Details January 18 Treaty of Versailles between the Allies and Germany : the Peace Conference opens in Paris . Details January 25 Proposal to create the League of Nations accepted . Details January 27 The Czechoslovak Legion assumes complete control of the Trans - Siberian Railway . June 21 German High Seas Fleet ( 53 ships ) scuttled in Scapa Flow with nine deaths , the last casualties of the war . Details June 28 Treaty of Versailles signed . Details July 8 Germany ratifies the Treaty of Versailles . Details July 21 The United Kingdom ratifies the Treaty of Versailles . Details November 10 -- 11 A Banquet in Honour of The President of the French Republic is hosted by King George V and held at Buckingham Palace during the evening hours of November 10 . The very first Armistice Day is held on the Grounds of Buckingham Palace on the Morning of November 11 . This will set the trend for the later Remembrance Day . Details November 14 The Bolsheviks take Omsk . Kolchak 's retreat east is impeded by the Czechoslovaks denying him use of the Trans - Siberian . 1920 ( edit ) Dates Events January 10 First meeting of the League of Nations held in London . Official end of World War I . Details Free City of Danzig established . Details January 21 The Paris Peace Conference ends . Details February 7 Armistice between the Bolsheviks and the Czechoslovak Legion . The Czechoslovaks surrender the Russian gold reserves and Kolchak , whom they had captured , to Bolshevik sympathizers in Irkutsk in return for free passage to Vladivostok . Kolchak is executed . February 10 A plebiscite returns Northern Schleswig to Denmark . Details April 19 -- 26 Conference of Sanremo , Italy , about League of Nations mandates in former Ottoman territories of the Middle East . Details June 4 Treaty of Trianon between the Allies and Hungary . Details August 10 Treaty of Sèvres between the Allies and the Ottoman Empire . The treaty is not recognized by the Turkish national movement , which considers the Istanbul government illegitimate . Details September 8 Gabriele D'Annunzio proclaims in Fiume the Italian Regency of Carnaro . Details November 1 League of Nations headquarters moved to Geneva , Switzerland . Details November 12 Treaty of Rapallo between Italy and Yugoslavia . Zadar is annexed by Italy and the Free State of Fiume is established . Details November 15 The League of Nations holds its first general assembly . Details Post-1920 ( edit ) Dates Events 1921 October 13 Treaty of Kars between Bolshevik Russia and Turkey . Details 1922 February 6 Washington Naval Treaty , limiting naval tonnage , signed by France , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom and the United States . Details April 10 -- May 19 Genoa Conference . Representatives of 34 countries discuss economics in the wake of the Great War . Details April 16 Treaty of Rapallo between Germany and Bolshevik Russia to normalize diplomatic relations . Details September 11 Treaty of Kars ratified in Yerevan , Armenia . Details 1923 June 16 The Russian Civil War ends . July 24 Treaty of Lausanne between the Allies and Turkey , successor State to the Ottoman Empire . It supersedes the Treaty of Sèvres . Details 1924 January 27 Treaty of Rome between Italy and Yugoslavia . Fiume is annexed by Italy and the neighboring town of Sušak is assigned to Yugoslavia . Details Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Albertini 1953 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Lowe 1994 , p. 202 . Jump up ^ `` Kriegserklärung ( Declaration of War ) , Wiener Zeitung ( Vienna Newspaper ) , July 28 , 1914 , Extraausgabe ( Special Edition ) , Amtlicher Teil ( Official Section ) , 19 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Evans 2004 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany and Czar Nicholas of Russia exchange telegrams - Jul 29 , 1914 - HISTORY.com '' . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` Telegramm des Reichskanzlers an den Kaiserlichen Botschafter in Petersburg von 1 . August 12 : 52 p.m. Dringend ( Telegram from the Imperial Chancellor to the Imperial Ambassador in Petersburg , August 1 , 12 : 52 p.m. Urgent ) , in Auswärtiges Amt ( Foreign Office ) , Das Deutsche Weissbuch , über den Ausbruch des Deutsch - Russisch - Französischen Krieges , Nach dem dem Reichstag Vorgelegten Material ( The German White Book , on the Outbreak of the German - Russian - French War , According to the Documents Provided to the Reichstag ) ( Neumünster / Leipzig : Nordische Velagsanstalt , R. Hieronymus , 1914 ) , 46 , Anlage ( Annex ) 26 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Denmark International Encyclopedia of the First World War ( WW1 ) '' . encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ The Treaty of Alliance Between Germany and Turkey 2 August 1914 , Yale University Jump up ^ `` Der Reichskanzler an den Botschafter in Paris ( The Imperial Chancellor to the Ambassador in Paris ) , August 3 , 1914 , in Auswärtiges Amt ( Foreign Office ) , Die Deutschen Dokumente zum Kriegsausbruch ( German Documents Relating to the Outbreak of the War ) , Band ( vol . ) III , Vom Bekanntwerden der Russischen Allgemeinen Mobilmachung bis Zur Kriegserklärung an Frankreich ( From the Publication of the Russian Mobilization to the Declaration of War Against France ) , ( Charlottenburg : Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft für Politik und Geschichte , 1919 ) , 185 , No. 734 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ `` Note remise par M. ( Julien ) Davignon , Ministre des Affaires étrangères , à M. de Below Saleske , Ministre d'Allemagne , Bruxelles , le 3 août 1914 ( 7 heures du matin ) ( Note Given by M. ( Julien ) Davignon , Minister of Foreign Affairs , to M. de Below Saleske , Minister of Germany , Brussels , August 3 , 1914 , 7 in the morning ) , in Documents Diplomatiques 1914 : La Guerre Européenne ( Paris : Ministère des Affaires Étrangères , 1914 ) , 202 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` August 1914 : the outbreak of war '' . Switzerland and the First World War . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Invasion of Belgium '' . Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Mirror Headlines : The Declaration of War , Published 4 August 1914 '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Historians attempt to find WWI 's first shot deep in Australian waters '' . ABC . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Neiberg 2005 , pp. 54 -- 55 . ^ Jump up to : `` First World War.com - Feature Articles - Who Declared War and When '' . www.firstworldwar.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Halpern 1995 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ http://www.elmundo.es/especiales/primera-guerra-mundial/vivencias/neutralidad-espana.html Jump up ^ https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/35/22/10pereira.pdf Jump up ^ `` Montenegro Declares War on Germany '' . World History Project . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Declaration of War Against Austria - Hungary , Aug. 12 , 1914 The war against Austria - Hungary was declared on August 12 , 1914 , and the Declaration was published in the London Gazette on the following day . Foreign Office , Notice of State of War Between Great Britain and Austria - Hungary , August 12 , 1914 , Supplement to the London Gazette no . 28868 ( August 13 , 1914 ) : 6375 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 605 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 374 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 445 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Farwell 1989 , p. 353 . Jump up ^ `` Austria - Hungary Declares War on Belgium '' . World History Project . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Петроград -- Энциклопедия `` Вокруг света '' `` . www.vokrugsveta.ru . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Creveld 1977 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. xviii . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 316 . Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ `` Foreign Office , Notice of State of War Between Great Britain and Turkey , November 5 , 1914 , London Gazette no . 28965 ( November 6 , 1914 ) : 9011 '' . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 943 . Jump up ^ `` Rusya Fransa ve İngiltere devletleriyle hal - i harb ilanı hakkında irade - i seniyye ( Imperial Decree Concerning the Declaration of a State of War with the States of Russia , France , and the United Kingdom ) , Nov. 11 , 1914 ( 29 Teşrin - i Evvel 1330 ) , Takvim - i Vekayi , Nov. 12 , 1914 ( 30 Teşrin - i Evvel 1330 ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 407 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 578 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1052 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Saturday , 22 August 2009 Michael Duffy ( 2009 - 08 - 22 ) . `` The Battle of Bolimov , 1915 '' . Firstworldwar.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 337 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 564 . ^ Jump up to : `` Italy Declares War on Germany '' . World History Project . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 652 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker 2005 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 721 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1139 . Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ `` Foreign Office , Notice of State of War Between Great Britain and Bulgaria , October 15 , 1915 , London Gazette no . 29333 ( October 19 , 1915 ) : 10257 -- 58 '' . Jump up ^ http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 660 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 464 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1061 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1431 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 366 . Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1092 . Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 467 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1252 . Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 344 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 854 . Jump up ^ http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 855 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 434 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 632 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1286 Jump up ^ http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.history.com/this-day-in-history/china-declares-war-on-germany Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1283 . Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 242 . ^ Jump up to : Gottschall 2003 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 563 . Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998 , p. 478 . Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998 , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1223 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 349 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 674 . See also ( edit ) Diplomatic history of World War I References ( edit ) Albertini , Luigi ( 1953 ) . Origins of the War of 1914 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . OCLC 168712 . Boemeke , Manfred Franz ( 1998 ) . The Treaty of Versailles : A Reassessment After 75 years . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62132 - 1 . Creveld , Martin van ( 1977 ) . Supplying War : Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29793 - 1 . Evans , David ( 2004 ) . The First World War . Teach yourself . London : Hodder Arnold . ISBN 0 - 340 - 88489 - 4 . OCLC 224332259 . Farwell , Byron ( 1989 ) . The Great War in Africa , 1914 -- 1918 . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30564 - 7 . Gottschall , Terrell D. ( 2003 ) . By order of the Kaiser : Otto von Diederichs and the rise of the Imperial German Navy , 1865 -- 1902 . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 309 - 5 . Halpern , Paul G. ( 1995 ) . A Naval History of World War I. Routledge . ISBN 1 - 85728 - 498 - 4 . Keegan , John ( 1998 ) . The First World War . London : Hutchinson . ISBN 9780091801786 . Lowe , John ( 1994 ) . The Great Powers , Imperialism , and the German Problem , 1865 -- 1925 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 10444 - 0 . Neiberg , Michael S ( 2005 ) . Fighting the Great War : A Global History . Cambridge , Mass : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01696 - 3 . OCLC 56592292 . Odgers , George ( 1994 ) . 100 Years of Australians at War . Lansdowne . ISBN 1 - 86302 - 669 - X . Willmott , H.P. ( 2003 ) . World War I. New York : Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 0 - 7894 - 9627 - 5 . OCLC 52541937 . Tucker , Spencer ( 2005 ) . World War I : encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 420 - 2 . Further reading ( edit ) Stephen Pope ; Elizabeth - Anne Wheal ( 1995 ) . `` Select Chronology '' . Dictionary of the First World War . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85052 - 979 - 1 . External links ( edit ) `` WWI Timeline '' . The Great War . USA : Public Broadcasting System . `` WWI Timeline '' . USA : National World War I Museum . `` World War One Timeline '' . UK : BBC . `` New Zealand and the First World War ( timeline ) '' . New Zealand Government . `` Timeline : Australia in the First World War , 1914 - 1918 '' . Australian War Memorial . `` World War I : Declarations of War from around the Globe '' . Law Library of Congress . World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Portal War Peace ( list ) Conflicts ( list ) Ideas of War ( lists ) Civil Wars ( list ) Attacks ( list ) Terrorism ( list ) Massacres ( list ) Warfare ( list ) Battles ( list ) Wars ( list ) Ongoing armed conflicts ( list ) Maps of the world showing all ongoing armed conflicts World War I portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_World_War_I&oldid=814946506 '' Categories : Timelines of military conflicts World War I Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Latviešu 日本 語 Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 20 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the first country to declare war in ww1 | [
"\n\nDates\nEvents\n\n\n\nJune 28\nAssassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, who was killed in Sarajevo along with his wife Duchess Sophie by Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip.[1]\nDetails\n\n\nJuly 5\nAustria-Hungary seeks German support for a war against Serbia in case of Russian militarism. Germany gives assurances of support.[2]\n\n\n\nJuly 23\nBeginning of the \"Black Week\". Austria-Hungary sends an ultimatum to Serbia. The Serbian response is seen as satisfactory everywhere but in Vienna.[3]\nDetails\n\n\nJuly 28\nAustria-Hungary declares war on Serbia.[4] Russia mobilizes.[5]\nDetails\n\n\nThe Netherlands declare neutrality.\n\n\n\nJuly 31\nGermany warns Russia to stop mobilizing. Russia says mobilization is against Austria-Hungary.[6]\n\n\n\nAugust 1\nGermany declares war on Russia.[7][8]\n\n\n\nFrance mobilizes.\n\n\n\nItaly declares its neutrality.\n\n\n\nDenmark, Sweden and Norway unitedly declare their neutrality.[9]\n\n\n\nGermany and the Ottoman Empire sign a secret alliance treaty.[10]\nDetails\n\n\nAugust 2\nGermany invades Luxembourg.\nDetails\n\n\nSkirmish at Joncherey, first military action on the Western Front\n\n\n\nAugust 2–26\nGermany besieges and captures fortified Longwy \"the iron gate to Paris\" near the Luxembourg border, opening France to mass German invasion\n\n\n\nAugust 3\nGermany declares war on France.[11] Belgium denies permission for German forces to pass through to the French border.[12][13]\n\n\n\nSwitzerland declares its neutrality.[14]\n\n\n\nAugust 4\nGermany invades Belgium[15] to outflank the French army.\nDetails\n\n\nBritain protests the violation of Belgian neutrality, guaranteed by a treaty;\nGerman Chancellor replies that the treaty is just a chiffon de papier (a scrap of paper).\nThe United Kingdom declares war on Germany.[16]\nDetails\n\n\nThe United States declares neutrality.\n\n\n\nAugust 4–16\nThe Germans besiege and then capture the fortresses of Liège, Belgium.\nDetails\n\n\nAugust 5\nFirst offensive action by Allied troops – German Steamer SS Pfalz surrenders after being fired on by Fort Nepean, south of Melbourne, Australia[17]\n\n\n\nMontenegro declares war on Austria-Hungary.[18]\n\n\n\nThe Ottoman Empire closes the Dardanelles.\n\n\n\nAugust 6\nAustria-Hungary declares war on Russia.[19]\n\n\n\nSerbia declares war on Germany.[19]\n\n\n\nAugust 7\nThe British Expeditionary Force arrives in France.[20]\nDetails\n\n\nSpain declares \"the strictest neutrality.\"[21][22]\nDetails\n\n\nAugust 7 – September 13\nBattle of the Frontiers. The Germans obtain a victory against the British Expeditionary Force and France's Fifth Army.\n\n\n\nAugust 7–10\nBattle of Mulhouse, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.\n\n\n\nAugust 8\nMontenegro declares war on Germany.[19][23]\n\n\n\nAugust 9\nThe Togoland Campaign begins.\n\n\n\nAugust 11\nFrance declares war on Austria-Hungary.\n\n\n\nAugust 12\nThe United Kingdom declares war on Austria-Hungary.[19][24]\n\n\n\nBattle of Halen, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.\n\n\n\nAugust 14–25\nBattle of Lorraine, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.\n\n\n\nAugust 16–20\nThe Serbs defeat the Austro-Hungarians at the Battle of Cer.[25]\nDetails\n\n\nAugust 17\nThe Russian army enters East Prussia. Battle of Stallupönen.\nDetails\n\n\nAugust 20\nThe Germans attack the Russians in East Prussia, the Battle of Gumbinnen. The attack is a failure in addition to being a deviation from the Schlieffen Plan.[26]\nDetails\n\n\nThe Germans occupy Brussels.\n\n\n\nBattle of Morhange, a phase of the Battle of Lorraine.\n\n\n\nBattle of Sarrebourg, a phase of the Battle of Lorraine.\n\n\n\nAugust 21\nBattle of Charleroi, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.\n\n\n\nAugust 21–23\nBattle of the Ardennes, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.\n\n\n\nAugust 23\nJapan declares war on Germany.[19]\nDetails\n\n\nBattle of Mons, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.\n\n\n\nAugust 23–30\nBattle of Tannenberg: the Russian army undergoes a heavy defeat by the Germans.[27]\nDetails\n\n\nAugust 23 – September 11\nBattle of Lemberg. The Russians capture Lviv.\nDetails\n\n\nAugust 23–25\nBattle of Kraśnik, a phase of the Battle of Lemberg. The Austro-Hungarian First Army defeats the Russian Fourth Army.[28]\nDetails\n\n\nAugust 24\nAction of Elouges.\n\n\n\nBattle of the Mortagne, a phase of the Battle of Lorraine.\n\n\n\nAugust 24 – September 7\nThe Germans besiege and capture the Maubeuge Fortress.\nDetails\n\n\nAugust 24 – September 28\nThe Allied Great Retreat to the River Marne.\n\n\n\nAugust 25\nJapan declares war on Austria-Hungary.[19]\n\n\n\nBattle of Tepe: The Kamerun Campaign begins.\n\n\n\nAugust 26\nBritish and French forces conquer Togoland, a German protectorate in West Africa.[29]\nDetails\n\n\nBattle of Le Grand Fayt.\n\n\n\nAugust 26–27\nBattle of Le Cateau. Allied retreat.\nDetails\n\n\nAugust 26–30\nBattle of Gnila Lipa, a phase of the Battle of Lemberg.\n\n\n\nAugust 26 – September 2\nBattle of Komarow, part of the Battle of Lemberg.\nDetails\n\n\nAugust 26 - February 18, 1916\nSiege of Mora.\n\n\n\nAugust 27\nBattle of Étreux.\nDetails\n\n\nAugust 27 – November 7\nBattle of Tsingtao: British and Japanese forces capture the German-controlled port of Tsingtao in China.\nDetails\n\n\nAugust 28\nThe Royal Navy wins the First Battle of Heligoland Bight, North Sea.\nDetails\n\n\nAustria-Hungary declares war on Belgium.[19][30]\n\n\n\nAugust 29–30\nBattle of Saint Quentin, also known as Battle of Guise. Orderly Allied retreat.\nDetails\n\n\nAugust 29-31\nFirst Battle of Garua.\n\n\n\nAugust 30\nNew Zealand occupies German Samoa (later Western Samoa).\nDetails\n\n\nSeptember 1\nAction at Nery\nDetails\n\n\nSaint Petersburg renamed Petrograd, removing German words \"Burg\" and \"Sankt\".[31]\n\n\n\nSeptember 2–11\nAustro-Hungarian defeat at the Battle of Rava Russka, a phase of the Battle of Lemberg.\nDetails\n\n\nSeptember 4–13\nBattle of Grand Couronne, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.\n\n\n\nSeptember 5–12\nFirst Battle of the Marne. The German advance on Paris is halted, marking the failure of the Schlieffen Plan.[32]\nDetails\n\n\nBattle of the Ourcq, a phase of the First Battle of the Marne.\n\n\n\nBattle of the Two Morins.\n\n\n\nSeptember 6\nBattle of Nsanakong.\n\n\n\nSeptember 6–12\nBattle of the Marshes of Saint-Gond, a phase of the First Battle of the Marne.\n\n\n\nBattle of Vitry, a phase of the First Battle of the Marne.\n\n\n\nBattle of Revigny, a phase of the First Battle of the Marne.\n\n\n\nSeptember 6 – October 4\nBattle of Drina.\n\n\n\nSeptember 7\nFanning Raid.\n\n\n\nSeptember 7–14\nFirst Battle of the Masurian Lakes: The Russian Army of the Neman withdraws from East Prussia with heavy casualties.\nDetails\n\n\nSeptember 9\nTheobald von Bethmann Hollweg lays out Germany's war aims.\nDetails\n\n\nSeptember 11\nBattle of Bita Paka.\n\n\n\nSeptember 13\nTroops from South Africa begin invading German South-West Africa.\nDetails\n\n\nSeptember 14-17\nSiege of Toma. Most German forces in New Guinea surrender to the Australians then or over the following year.\n\n\n\nSeptember 13–28\nThe First Battle of the Aisne ends in a substantial draw. The Race to the Sea begins.\nDetails\n\n\nSeptember 14\nErich von Falkenhayn replaces Helmuth von Moltke the Younger as German Chief of Staff.\nDetails\n\n\nSeptember 15\nBoer leader Manie Maritz revolts in South Africa.\nDetails\n\n\nSeptember 19 – October 11\nBattle of Flirey\n\n\n\nSeptember 20\nBattle of Zanzibar, German naval victory.\n\n\n\nSeptember 22\nBombardment of Papeete\n\n\n\nGerman Light Cruiser Emden attacks Madras\nDetails\n\n\nSeptember 22–26\nFirst Battle of Picardy.\n\n\n\nSeptember 24\nThe Siege of Przemyśl begins\nDetails\n\n\nSeptember 25\nBattle of Sandfontein.\n\n\n\nSeptember 25–29\nFirst Battle of Albert\nDetails\n\n\nSeptember 28 – October 10\nThe Germans besiege and capture Antwerp, Belgium.\nDetails\n\n\nSeptember 29-30\nJapan occupies the Marshall Islands.\n\n\n\nSeptember 29 – October 31\nBattle of the Vistula River, also known as Battle of Warsaw.\nDetails\n\n\nOctober–July 11, 1915\nBattle of Rufiji Delta, German cruiser Königsberg destroyed.\n\n\n\nOctober 1–4\nFirst Battle of Arras.\nDetails\n\n\nOctober 9 – November 1\nCentral powers control Belgrade.\nDetails\n\n\nOctober 10 – November 2\nBattle of La Bassee.\n\n\n\nOctober 12 – November 2\nFirst Battle of Messines.\nDetails\n\n\nOctober 13 – November 2\nBattle of Armentieres.\n\n\n\nOctober 16–31\nBattle of the Yser. French and Belgian forces secure the coastline of Belgium.[33]\nDetails\n\n\nOctober 19 – November 22\nThe First Battle of Ypres ends the Race to the Sea. The Germans are prevented from reaching Calais and Dunkirk.\nDetails\n\n\nOctober 19 - July 7, 1915\nClashes between German and Portuguese forces in the Angola-Namibia border, without declaration of war.\nDetails\n\n\nOctober 28\nBattle of Penang.\n\n\n\nOctober 29\nThe Ottoman Empire launches a surprise attack on the Russian Black Sea coast\nDetails\n\n\nNovember 1\nRussia declares war on the Ottoman Empire.\n\n\n\nBattle of Coronel. Von Spee's German cruiser squadron defeats a Royal Navy squadron under Christopher Cradock.[34]\nDetails\n\n\nNovember 2\nThe United Kingdom begins the naval blockade of Germany.\nDetails\n\n\nSerbia declares war on the Ottoman Empire.[35]\n\n\n\nNovember 2–16\nBergmann Offensive, first military engagement in the Caucasus of the First World War.\n\n\n\nNovember 3\nMontenegro declares war on the Ottoman Empire.\n\n\n\nBattle of Kilimanjaro.\n\n\n\nNovember 3–5\nVon Lettow-Vorbeck's German colonial forces defeat the British at the Battle of Tanga, German East Africa.\nDetails\n\n\nNovember 5\nFrance and the United Kingdom[36] declare war on the Ottoman Empire.[19]\n\n\n\nNovember 6\nFao Landing, British and Indians besiege the fortress at Fao.\n\n\n\nNovember 9\nBattle of Cocos, northeast Indian Ocean. The Australian cruiser Sydney destroys the German cruiser Emden.[37]\nDetails\n\n\nNovember 11\nSultan Mehmed V declares Jihad on the Allies.[38][39]\nDetails\n\n\nNovember 11–21\nBattle of Basra.\nDetails\n\n\nNovember 11 – December 6\nBattle of Łódź (also known as Silesian Offensive).\nDetails\n\n\nNovember 13\nBattle of El Herri: Worst French defeat in Morocco at the hands of the Zayanes.\n\n\n\nNovember 16 – December 15\nBattle of Kolubara, Austro-Hungarians leave Serbia.\n\n\n\nNovember 19\nBolshevik representatives at the State Duma arrested and exiled to Siberia.\n\n\n\nDecember 1–13\nBattle of Limanowa.\n\n\n\nDecember 3–9\nBattle of Qurna.\n\n\n\nDecember 8\nBattle of the Falklands. Von Spee's German cruiser squadron is defeated by the Royal Navy.[40]\nDetails\n\n\nDecember 10\nHill 60 captured by the Germans.\nDetails\n\n\nDecember 14\nOttomans occupy the Persian border town of Qotur as a bridgehead to the Caucasus, but withdraw after their defeat at Sarikamish.\nDetails\n\n\nDecember 16\nThe German fleet shells Scarborough and Hartlepool, England.[41]\nDetails\n\n\nDecember 18–22\nBattle of Givenchy.\n\n\n\nDecember 17 – January 13, 1915\nFirst Battle of Artois.\n\n\n\nDecember 20\nFighting begins at Perthes.\n\n\n\nDecember 20 – 17 March 1915\nFirst Battle of Champagne.\nDetails\n\n\nDecember 22\nFighting begins at Noyon.\nDetails\n\n\nDecember 22 – January 2, 1915\nThe Russians win the Battle of Sarikamish, Caucasia.[42]\nDetails\n\n\nDecember 24–25\nIn some sectors of the Western Front, an unofficial Christmas truce is observed between German and British forces.[43]\nDetails\n\n\nDecember 25 – January 18, 1915\nBattle of Ardahan.\n\n\n"
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2863858989658441117 | Gilligan's Island | Gilligan 's Island - wikipedia Gilligan 's Island Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Gilligan 's Island ( disambiguation ) . Gilligan 's Island Created by Sherwood Schwartz Directed by Rod Amateau Ida Lupino Stanley Z . Cherry Starring Bob Denver Alan Hale Jr . Jim Backus Natalie Schafer Tina Louise Russell Johnson Dawn Wells Opening theme `` The Ballad of Gilligan 's Isle '' Country of origin United States No. of seasons No. of episodes 98 plus a 1963 pilot ( first broadcast in 1992 ) ( list of episodes ) Production Camera setup Film ; Single - camera Running time 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Gladasya Productions United Artists Television CBS Productions Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution ( current ) Release Original network CBS Picture format Black and white ( 1964 -- 1965 ) Color ( 1965 -- 1967 ) Audio format Monaural Original release September 26 , 1964 ( 1964 - 09 - 26 ) -- April 17 , 1967 ( 1967 - 04 - 17 ) Chronology Followed by The New Adventures of Gilligan Bob Denver as Gilligan Alan Hale Jr. as the Skipper Dawn Wells as Mary Ann Gilligan 's Island is an American sitcom created and produced by Sherwood Schwartz via United Artists Television . The show had an ensemble cast that featured Bob Denver , Alan Hale Jr. , Jim Backus , Natalie Schafer , Russell Johnson , Tina Louise , and Dawn Wells . It aired for three seasons on the CBS network from September 26 , 1964 , to April 17 , 1967 . Gilligan 's Island followed the comic adventures of seven castaways as they attempted to survive the island on which they had been shipwrecked . Most episodes revolve around the dissimilar castaways ' conflicts and their unsuccessful attempts , for whose failure Gilligan was frequently responsible , to escape their plight . Gilligan 's Island ran for a total of 98 episodes . The first season , consisting of 36 episodes , was filmed in black and white . These episodes were later colorized for syndication . The show 's second and third seasons ( 62 episodes ) and the three television movie sequels aired between 1978 and 1982 were filmed in color . The show received solid ratings during its original run , then grew in popularity during decades of syndication , especially in the 1970s and 1980s when many markets ran the show in the late afternoon after school . Today , the title character of Gilligan is widely recognized as an American cultural icon . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 1.1 Uncharted island 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 3.1 Pilot episode 3.2 First broadcast episode 3.3 Last broadcast episode 4 Typical plots 5 Production 5.1 Theme song 5.1. 1 Later parody and homage 6 Cancellation 7 Nielsen ratings / television schedule 8 Film sequels 9 Spin - offs 10 Reunions and documentaries 11 Related productions 12 Syndication 13 DVD releases 14 Remastered in High Definition 15 In other media 16 Film remake 17 Ginger or Mary Ann ? 18 References 19 Bibliography 20 External links Premise ( edit ) The two - man crew of the charter boat SS Minnow and five passengers on a `` three - hour tour '' from Honolulu run into a tropical storm and are shipwrecked on an uncharted island somewhere in the Pacific Ocean . Uncharted Island ( edit ) The island was close enough to Hawaii to clearly pick up Hawaiian AM radio transmissions on a portable receiver . The location given in the series varies . In the first - season episode `` ' X ' Marks the Spot '' , the radio warns that the Air Force will test launch an armed missile to strike a location near 140 ° latitude , 10 ° longitude ( note : this is an impossible location -- latitude goes only up to 90 ° , which is at the poles ) The Skipper calculates this as their island 's location , based on their starting point when the storm hit before they `` ... drifted for that three days ... with the prevailing western current ... '' , meaning the deadly missile will hit the island . Later in the first season , the episode `` Big Man on Little Stick '' has the Professor giving the position as `` approximately 110 ° longitude and 10 ° latitude '' . In the third - season episode `` The Pigeon '' , the island is placed about 300 miles ( 480 km ) southeast of Honolulu . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Gilligan 's Island characters Bob Denver is Gilligan , the inept , accident - prone First Mate ( affectionately known as `` Little Buddy '' by `` the Skipper '' ) of the SS Minnow . Denver was not the first choice to play Gilligan ; actor Jerry Van Dyke was offered the role , but he turned it down , believing that the show would never be successful . He chose instead to play the lead in My Mother the Car , which premiered the following year and was cancelled after one season . The producers looked to Bob Denver , the actor who had played Maynard G. Krebs , the goofy but lovable beatnik in The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis . None of the show 's episodes ever specified Gilligan 's full name or clearly indicated whether `` Gilligan '' was the character 's first name or his last . In the DVD collection , Sherwood Schwartz states that he preferred the full name of `` Willy Gilligan '' for the character . Denver , on various television / radio interviews ( The Pat Sajak Show ; KDKA radio ) , said that `` Gil Egan '' was his choice . The actor reasoned that because everyone yelled at the first mate , it ran together as `` Gilligan . '' In the unaired pilot episode , whether Lovey Howell refers to Gilligan as `` Stewart '' or steward is unclear . On Rescue from Gilligan 's Island , the writers artfully dodged Gilligan 's full name when the other names are announced . Little is revealed about Gilligan 's past , except his occasional reference to best friend Skinny Mulligan and a one - time reference to his older brother . Alan Hale Jr. is The Skipper / Captain Jonas Grumby , the captain of the S.S. Minnow . Alan Hale Jr. was a longtime actor in B - Westerns and the look - alike son of Alan Hale Sr. , a legendary movie character actor . Hale so loved his role that , long after the show went off the air , he still appeared in character in his Los Angeles restaurant , Alan Hale 's Lobster Barrel . Although the Skipper was a father figure to Gilligan , Hale was only 14 years older than Denver . Gilligan pushed the Skipper out of the way of a loose depth charge when they were both serving in the United States Navy . Skipper is a World War II veteran , and served in the Seventh Fleet . In one episode , he describes his participation in the Battle of Guadalcanal . In the episode `` They 're Off and Running '' ( season 1 episode 28 ) , Ginger is reading from a horoscope magazine and asks the Skipper his birthday , to which he responds , `` May 5th . '' In moments of exasperation , the Skipper would swat Gilligan on the head with his cap . Just as often , the Skipper endearingly called Gilligan `` Little Buddy '' . While everybody else called him `` Skipper '' , the Howells usually called him `` Captain '' . In addition , Hale wore his Skipper outfit when four other Gilligan 's Island cast members and he appeared on a few celebrity Family Feud shows . Jim Backus is Thurston Howell III , the millionaire . Backus was already a well - known character actor when he took the part . The origin of the super-rich Howell character dates back to 1949 radio when Backus portrayed `` Hubert Updike III '' on The Alan Young Show . Also , in the inaugural 1962 -- 1963 season ( episode 31 ) of The Beverly Hillbillies , Backus basically plays the same character , this time as the eccentric millionaire Martin von Ransohoff . In the classic 1963 comedy It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World , Backus played another Howell - like character , Tyler Fitzgerald , a boozy and rich airplane owner who briefly gets caught up in the race for the stolen money . Backus was perhaps best known as the voice of cartoon character Mr. Magoo . He reused some of the voice inflections and mannerisms of Magoo in the Howell role . He was well known for his ad - libs on the set . The character Howell was a Harvard graduate , a Republican , and a multibillionaire until his losses in the Great Depression left him a mere multimillionaire . Natalie Schafer is `` Lovey '' Wentworth Howell , Thurston 's wife , whom he affectionately called `` Lovey '' . Schafer had it written into her contract that no close - ups would be made of her , but after a while in the series it was forgotten . Schafer was 63 when the pilot was shot , although reportedly no one on the set or in the cast knew her real age and she refused to divulge it . Originally , she only accepted the role because the pilot was filmed on location in Hawaii . She looked at the job as nothing more than a free vacation , as she was convinced that a show this silly would `` never go '' . Tina Louise is Ginger Grant , the movie star . Louise clashed with producer Sherwood Schwartz because she believed that she was hired as the central character . Her character was originally written as a hard - nosed , sharp - tongued temptress , but Louise argued that this portrayal was too harsh and refused to play it as written . A compromise was reached ; Louise agreed to play her as a Marilyn Monroe / Jayne Mansfield type . Louise continued to clash with producers over her role and was the only cast member who refused to return for any of the post-series TV movies , saying that the role had killed her career as a serious actress . She did , however , appear in a reunion of the cast on a late - night television talk show in 1988 and on an episode of Roseanne in 1995 when the Roseanne cast re-enacted Gilligan 's Island . In the first season , Ginger often wore gowns that looked as if they were tailored from Minnow tarpaulins or similar substitute cloth ( some had the name of the vessel stenciled on them ) . In the pilot episode , the character of Ginger , no last name , ( then a secretary ) was played by actress Kit Smythe . Russell Johnson is Professor Roy Hinkley , Ph. D. Actor John Gabriel was originally cast , but the network thought he looked too young to have all the degrees attributed to the Professor . Actually , `` the Professor '' was in fact a high school science teacher , not a university professor . In the first episode , the radio announcer describes him as a research scientist and well known scoutmaster . Johnson , who served as a bombardier in the Pacific during World War II , stated that he had some difficulty remembering his more technically oriented lines . Originally , he was not interested in the role , and was waiting for a TV show of his own , but his agent talked him into auditioning . He had done previous movies like It Came from Outer Space , This Island Earth , and a classic western where he shot Ronald Reagan in the shoulder . Johnson 's role in the series was spoofed in a Bloom County comic strip for the Professor 's technical expertise being unable to get the castaways off the island . This odd contradiction was played up in `` Weird Al '' Yankovic 's parody song , `` Isle Thing '' , when the Professor , who is brilliant enough to `` make a nuclear reactor from a couple of coconuts '' can not `` build a lousy raft '' . Dawn Wells is Mary Ann Summers . Wells was a former Miss Nevada when she auditioned for the role . Her competition included Raquel Welch and Pat Priest . The pilot episode had a different character ( `` Bunny '' ) played by actress Nancy McCarthy . After it was shot , the network decided to recast the roles of the Professor and the two young women . Mary Ann became a simple farm girl from Winfield , Kansas . In 1993 , Wells published Mary Ann 's Gilligan 's Island Cookbook with co-writers Ken Beck and Jim Clark , including a foreword by Bob Denver . In February 2007 , she starred as Lovey Howell in Gilligan 's Island : The Musical , a musical stage adaptation of the TV show . Charles Maxwell was the uncredited voice of the `` Radio Announcer '' ( 1964 -- 1965 ) . The castaways listened to his plot - advancing radio news bulletins in many episodes and usually with perfect timing to tune in at the exact moment the news they needed to hear was being broadcast . Maxwell often paused between sentences , allowing the characters to react to his news and sometimes even responding to their comments . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Gilligan 's Island episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 36 September 26 , 1964 ( 1964 - 09 - 26 ) June 12 , 1965 ( 1965 - 06 - 12 ) 32 September 16 , 1965 ( 1965 - 09 - 16 ) April 28 , 1966 ( 1966 - 04 - 28 ) 30 September 12 , 1966 ( 1966 - 09 - 12 ) April 17 , 1967 ( 1967 - 04 - 17 ) Television films October 14 , 1978 ( 1978 - 10 - 14 ) October 14 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 14 ) Pilot episode ( edit ) The pilot episode , titled `` Marooned '' , was filmed in November 1963 . On November 22 , the day of the assassination of John F. Kennedy , the crew continued to work after hearing the shocking news . The pilot featured seven characters ( as in the series ) , but only four of the characters -- and their associated actors -- were carried forward into the series : Gilligan ( Denver ) , the Skipper ( Hale ) , and the two Howells ( Backus and Schafer ) . As it happens , only these four characters / actors were featured in the opening theme song `` cast list '' used in the pilot , with the remaining three characters only mentioned as `` the other tourists '' , although the earlier part of the song gave brief descriptions of all passengers . Due to the three significant character and casting changes between the pilot episode and the first series episode , the pilot was not shown before the series first aired on 26 September 1964 . The original pilot eventually aired over 29 years later ( on TBS 16 October 1992 ) . The three characters who did not carry forward from the pilot were two secretaries and a high school teacher . In the pilot , the scientifically inclined Professor was instead a high school teacher played by John Gabriel . Ginger the movie star was still red haired Ginger , but worked as a secretary , played by Kit Smythe . Mary Ann the Kansas farm girl was instead Bunny , Ginger 's co-worker , played as a cheerful `` dumb blonde '' by Nancy McCarthy . The pilot 's opening and ending songs were two similar Calypso - styled tracks written by John Williams and performed by Sherwood Schwartz impersonating singer Sir Lancelot . The lyrics of both were quite different from those of the TV series and the pilot 's opening theme song was longer . The short scenes during this initial music include Gilligan taking the Howells ' luggage to the boat before cast - off and Gilligan attempting to give a cup of coffee to the Skipper during the storm that would ultimately maroon the boat . After the opening theme song and credits end , the pilot proper begins with the seven castaways waking up on the beached SS Minnow and continues with them performing various tasks , including exploring the island , attempting to fix the transmitter , building huts , and finding food . Contrary to some descriptions , the pilot 's storylines contained no detailed accounts of the pilot characters ' backgrounds . The pilot concludes with the ending theme song and credits . The background music and even the laugh tracks of the pilot appear all but identical to those used during the series . First broadcast episode ( edit ) The first episode actually broadcast , `` Two on a Raft '' , is sometimes wrongly referred to as the series pilot . This episode begins with the same scene of Gilligan and the Skipper awakening on the boat as in the pilot ( though slightly differently cut , to eliminate most shots of the departed actors ) and continues with the characters sitting on the beach listening to a radio news report about their disappearance . No equivalent scene or background information is in the pilot , except for the description of the passengers in the original theme song . Rather than reshooting the rest of the pilot story for broadcast , the show just proceeded on . The plot thus skips over the topics of the pilot ; the bulk of the episode tells of Gilligan and the Skipper setting off on a raft to try to bring help , but unknowingly landing back on the other side of the same island . The scene with the radio report is one of two scenes that reveal the names of the Skipper ( Jonas Grumby ) and the Professor ( Roy Hinkley ) ; the names are used in a similar radio report early in the series . The name Jonas Grumby appears nowhere else in the series except for an episode in which the Maritime Board of Review blames the Skipper for the loss of the ship . The name Roy Hinkley is used one other time when Mr. Howell introduces the Professor as Roy Huntley and the professor corrects him , to which Mr. Howell replies , `` Brinkley , Brinkley . '' The plot for the pilot episode was eventually recycled into that season 's Christmas episode , `` Birds Gotta Fly , Fish Gotta Talk '' , in which the story of the pilot episode , concerning the practical problems on landing , is related through a series of flashbacks . Footage featuring characters that had been recast was reshot using the current actors . For scenes including only Denver , Hale , Backus , and Schafer , the original footage was reused . Last broadcast episode ( edit ) The last episode of the show , `` Gilligan the Goddess '' , aired on April 17 , 1967 , and ended just like the rest , with the castaways still stranded on the island . It was not known at the time that it would be the series finale , as a fourth season was expected but then cancelled . In its last year , Gilligan 's Island was the lead - in program for the CBS Monday night schedule . It was followed for the first 16 weeks by the sitcom Run , Buddy , Run . The time slot from 7 : 30 to 8 : 30 p.m. Eastern was filled in the 1967 -- 1968 season by Gunsmoke , moved from its traditional Saturday 10 p.m. time slot . Typical plots ( edit ) The shipwrecked castaways desperately want to leave the remote island , and various opportunities are frequently presenting themselves . They typically fail owing to some bumbling error committed by Gilligan ( with the notable exception of `` The Big Gold Strike '' , where everyone except Gilligan is responsible for their failed escape ) . Sometimes this would result in Gilligan saving the others from some unforeseen flaw in their plan . Recurring elements center on one of five primary themes . The first deals with life on the island . A running gag is the castaways ' ability to fashion a vast array of useful objects from bamboo and other local material . Some are simple everyday things , while others are stretches of the imagination . Russell Johnson noted in his autobiography that the production crew enjoyed the challenge of building these props . Some bamboo items include framed huts with thatched grass sides and roofs , along with bamboo closets strong enough to withstand hurricane - force winds and rain ; the communal dining table and chairs , pipes for Gilligan 's hot water , a stethoscope , and a pedal - powered car . Many scenes occur at the dining table , where the castaways enjoy a large number of dishes that Ginger and Mary Ann prepare while the radio provides news and entertainment . Gilligan and the Skipper often catch fish , and the island has citrus trees to avoid scurvy and a good supply of fresh water to drink and to prepare tropical drinks ... While most are explained due to the Professor ( or occasionally Gilligan 's ) ingenuity , sometimes they are also explained due to the being washed up on shore or falling off cargo ships . Naturally , despite their obvious skill and inventiveness , the castaways never quite manage to put together a functional raft out of bamboo ( or repair the holes in the Minnow , though the entire ship fell apart in the eighth episode , `` Goodbye Island '' ) . In the television movie Rescue from Gilligan 's Island , the castaways tie all their huts together and use that as a raft for escape , taking advantage of a tsunami 's propulsion . The second theme involves visitors to the `` uncharted '' island . One challenge to a viewer 's suspension of disbelief is the remarkable frequency with which the island is visited by an assortment of people who repeatedly fail to assist the castaways in leaving the island . Some have hidden motives for not aiding the castaways . Others are simply unable to help , are incompetent , or are foiled in their efforts to help by Gilligan 's bumbling . Gilligan , Ginger and Mr. Howell each had feature episodes in which look - alikes visit the island ( who were played by the actors in dual roles , or made use of spiltscreen camera or stand - ins in the event the doppelgangers appeared on simultaneously ) . The island itself is also home to an unusual assortment of animal life , some native , some visiting . The third recurring theme is the use of dream sequences in which one of the castaways `` dreams '' he or she is some character related to that week 's storyline . All of the castaways appeared as other characters within the dream . In later interviews and memoirs , nearly all of the actors stated that the dream episodes were among their personal favorites . The fourth recurring theme is a piece of news concerning the castaways arriving from the outside world that causes discord among them . Then , a second piece of news arrives that says the first was incorrect . An exception to the latter part of this statement is the episode `` The Postman Cometh '' , where Gilligan and the Skipper hear over the radio that Mary Ann 's boyfriend eloped and the three single men try to cheer her up by wooing her ; Mary Ann actually lied about having a boyfriend , and she created a romance with `` a real creep '' so that the others would think she had someone waiting for her back home . The fifth recurring theme is the appearance or arrival of strange objects , like a WWII mine , a crate of radioactive vegetable seeds or a `` Mars Rover '' that the scientists back in the USA think is sending them pictures of Mars , and in one episode a meteorite . Most of the slapstick comedic sequences between Hale and Denver were heavily inspired by Laurel and Hardy , particularly by Hale breaking the fourth wall by looking directly into the camera expressing his frustration with Denver 's clumsiness as Oliver Hardy often did . Production ( edit ) Filming of the show took place at the CBS Radford Studios complex in Studio City , Los Angeles . The same stage was later used for The Mary Tyler Moore Show and Roseanne , which featured Gilligan 's Island prominently on one episode . The lagoon was drained and used as a parking lot during the show 's off - season and was the last surviving element of the show when it was demolished in 1997 as part of an expansion project . Four different boats played the part of the SS Minnow . One was used in the opening credits and rented in Ala Wai Yacht Harbor in Honolulu . Another boat , the Bluejacket , was used in the opening credits shown during the second and third seasons and eventually turned up for sale on Vancouver Island in August 2006 , after running aground on a reef in the Hecate Strait on the way south from Alaska . One boat was used for beach scenes after being towed to Kauai in Hawaii . The fourth Minnow was built on the CBS Studios set in the second season . The Minnow was named in reference to Newton Minow , chairman of the U.S. FCC , who was most famous for describing television as `` a vast wasteland '' . The final day of filming the pilot was Friday , November 22 , 1963 , the day of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy . The cast and crew found out about the assassination late that morning , Hawaii time . Between the filming of scenes , they crowded around a radio , listening to news bulletins . A reminder of the tragedy appears in the opening sequence of the show 's first season , when the theme song is played . As the Minnow is leaving the harbor and heading out to sea , an American flag flying at half staff can be seen briefly in the background . The United States Coast Guard occasionally received telegrams from concerned citizens , who apparently did not realize it was a scripted show , pleading for them to rescue the people on the deserted island . The Coast Guard simply forwarded these telegrams to producer Sherwood Schwartz . In homage to those telegrams , the film Rescue from Gilligan 's Island showed the successful rescue where Gilligan lights a fire aboard the castaways ' makeshift raft and is chastised for a thoughtless , dangerous action by the others . However , the resultant smoke attracts the attention of a US Coast Guard helicopter , whose pilot commends Gilligan 's fire ; otherwise the castaways would have been adrift and unnoticed . Theme song ( edit ) The music and lyrics for the theme song , `` The Ballad of Gilligan 's Isle '' , were written by Sherwood Schwartz and George Wyle . One version was used for the first season and another for the second and third seasons . In the original song , the Professor and Mary Ann , originally considered `` second - billed co-stars '' , were referred to as `` the rest '' , but with the growing popularity of those characters , their names were inserted into the lyrics . The Gilligan theme song underwent this one major change due to star Bob Denver , who personally went to the studio executives and asked that Johnson and Wells be added to the theme song 's opening credits . When the studio at first refused , saying it would be too expensive to reshoot , Denver insisted , even going so far as to state that if Johnson and Wells were not included , he wanted his name out of the song , as well . The studio caved in , and `` the Professor and Mary Ann '' were added . The first - season version was recorded by the folk group The Wellingtons . The second - season version , which incorporated more of a sea shanty sound , was uncredited , but according to Russell Johnson in his book Here on Gilligan 's Isle , it was performed by a group called the Eligibles . The show 's original pilot episode featured a Calypso theme song by future film composer John Williams , and different lyrics . The original length of the voyage was `` a six - hour ride '' , not `` a three - hour tour '' . John Williams ( or Johnny Williams as he was often listed in the show credits ) also started out as the composer of the incidental music for the show ( from 1964 to 1965 ) , but was replaced by Gerald Fried for the remaining seasons ( 1965 -- 1967 ) . Later parody and homage ( edit ) The band Little Roger and the Goosebumps recorded `` Stairway to Gilligan 's Island , '' a parody of Led Zeppelin 's `` Stairway to Heaven '' , substituting the words to the Gilligan 's Island theme song . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic recorded a song called `` Isle Thing '' , a parody of Tone Lōc 's `` Wild Thing '' , about a rapper whose girlfriend introduces him to the show . Yankovic also used one verse from the closing theme lyrics in `` Amish Paradise '' ( 1996 ) , a parody of Coolio 's `` Gangsta 's Paradise '' ( 1995 ) . The song has also been covered by many bands , including Bowling for Soup for the TBS show The Real Gilligan 's Island . Israel Kamakawiwoʻole also recorded a comic tribute to the theme song on his album E Ala E . Cancellation ( edit ) During the 1966 -- 1967 television season , Gilligan 's Island aired on Monday nights at 7 : 30 p.m. Though the sitcom 's ratings had fallen well out of the top - 30 programs , during the last few weeks of its third season , the series was more than holding its own against its chief competitor , The Monkees , which aired at the same time on NBC - TV . Therefore , CBS assured Sherwood Schwartz that Gilligan 's Island would definitely be picked up for a fourth year . CBS , however , had signaled its intention to cancel the long - running Western series Gunsmoke , which had been airing late on Saturday nights during the 1966 -- 1967 television season . Under pressure from CBS network president William S. Paley and his wife Babe , along with many network affiliates and longtime fans of Gunsmoke , CBS rescheduled the Western to an earlier time slot on Monday evenings at 7 : 30 p.m. As a result , Gilligan 's Island was quietly cancelled at practically the last minute , while the cast members were all on vacation . Some of the cast had bought houses based on Sherwood Schwartz 's verbal confirmation that the series would be renewed for a fourth season . Nielsen ratings / television schedule ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Season Ep # Season premiere Season finale Time slot Rank Rating Households 1 ) 1964 -- 1965 36 September 26 , 1964 June 12 , 1965 Saturday nights at 8 : 30 p.m. # 18 24.7 ( tie ) 13,227,700 2 ) 1965 -- 1966 32 September 16 , 1965 April 28 , 1966 Thursday nights at 8 : 00 p.m. # 22 22.1 11,900,850 3 ) 1966 -- 1967 30 September 12 , 1966 April 17 , 1967 Monday nights at 7 : 30 p.m. # 49 N / A N / A Film sequels ( edit ) In a 1978 made - for - television movie , Rescue from Gilligan 's Island , the castaways do successfully leave the island , but have difficulty reintegrating back into society . During a reunion cruise on the first Christmas after their rescue , fate intervenes and they find themselves wrecked on the same island at the end of the film . It starred the original cast , except for Tina Louise , who refused to participate due to her disputes with the producers and was replaced by Judith Baldwin . The plot involved Soviet agents seeking a memory disc from a spy satellite that landed on the island and facilitated their rescue . In a 1979 sequel , The Castaways on Gilligan 's Island , they are rescued once again , and the Howells convert the island into a getaway resort with the other five castaways as `` silent partners '' . Ginger was again played by Judith Baldwin . In a second sequel , The Harlem Globetrotters on Gilligan 's Island ( 1981 ) , villains played by Martin Landau and then - wife Barbara Bain try to take over the island to gain access to a vein of `` supremium '' , a valuable but volatile element . This time , Ginger was played by Constance Forslund . They are thwarted by the timely intervention of the Harlem Globetrotters . Jim Backus , who was in poor health at the time , only appeared at the very end , arriving back on the island . David Ruprecht played the role of Thurston Howell IV . Spin - offs ( edit ) The New Adventures of Gilligan was a Filmation - produced animated remake that aired on ABC on Saturday mornings from September 7 , 1974 , to September 4 , 1977 , for 24 episodes ( 16 installments airing in 1974 -- 75 and eight new ones combined with repeats in 1975 -- 76 ) . The voices were provided by the original cast except for Ginger and Mary Ann ( both were voiced by Jane Webb ) . Dawn Wells could not participate due to her appearing in an on - the - road play . An additional character was Gilligan 's pet Snubby the Monkey . Gilligan 's Planet was an animated science - fiction version produced by Filmation and starring the voices of the Gilligan 's Island cast , save for Tina Louise ( Dawn Wells voiced both Mary Ann and Ginger ) . In a follow - up to The New Adventures of Gilligan , the castaways escape from the island by building a spaceship , and get shipwrecked on a distant planet . Only 12 episodes aired on CBS between September 18 , 1982 , and September 3 , 1983 . In the episode `` Let Sleeping Minnows Lie '' , they travel to an island , get shipwrecked there , and Gilligan observes , `` First we were stranded on an island , then we were stranded on a planet , and now we 're stranded on an island on a planet . '' Reunions and documentaries ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Good Morning America featured a Gilligan 's Island reunion presided over by guest host Kathie Lee Gifford on November 26 , 1982 . The entire cast was present , save Jim Backus who was unable to attend . Backus appeared via a live video remote from Los Angeles . All seven of the original cast members ( along with Sherwood Schwartz ) reunited on television for one last time on a 1988 episode of The Late Show with Ross Shafer . Gilligan 's Island : Underneath the Grass Skirt is a 1999 documentary featuring Denver and Louise . E ! True Hollywood Story presented a backstage history of the show in 2000 , featuring interviews with some of the stars or their widows . Surviving Gilligan 's Island ( 2001 ) was a docudrama in which Bob Denver , Dawn Wells , and Russell Johnson reminisce about the show . Related productions ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gilligan 's Island : The Musical was first produced in the early 1990s , with a script by Lloyd Schwartz , Sherwood Schwartz 's son , and songs by Schwartz 's daughter and son - in - law , Hope and Laurence Juber . After extensive revisions , since 2001 it has been produced at Gilligan 's Wake is a 2003 parallel novel loosely based on the 1960s CBS sitcom , from the viewpoints of the seven major characters , written by Esquire film and television critic Tom Carson . The title is derived from the title of the TV show and Finnegans Wake , the seminal work of Irish novelist James Joyce . On November 30 , 2004 , the TBS network launched a reality series titled The Real Gilligan 's Island , which placed two groups of people on an island , leaving them to fend for themselves in the manner of Survivor -- the catch being that each islander matched a character type established in the original series ( a klutz , a sea captain , a movie star , a millionaire 's wife , etc . ) . While heavily marketed by TBS , the show turned out to be a flop with a very Survivor - like feel , but little of its success . A second season began June 8 , 2005 , with two - hour episodes for four weeks . TBS announced in July 2005 that a third season of the show would not be produced . Syndication ( edit ) Syndication is handled by Warner Bros. Television ( under Turner Entertainment Co. , which in 1986 acquired UA 's share of the series as part of the classic Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer library ) . It has aired on TBS from 1990 to 2003 , where it also aired with colorization on season one for a while . TNT aired it at some point in the 1990s , and also aired the colorized season one . Nick at Nite later aired the series from 2000 to 2001 . It then shifted to TV Land , where it aired from 2001 to 2003 ( and again from January to June 2014 ) . Then , in 2004 , it aired on Hallmark Channel . As of 2015 , the show aired nationally on both TV Land and MeTV . DVD releases ( edit ) Warner Home Video released all three seasons of Gilligan 's Island on DVD in Region 1 between 2004 and 2005 . The Complete First Season features all 36 episodes unedited with the original theme song . And , unlike other releases of older sitcoms , the episodes are in their original black - and - white format . The special features include the rare pilot episode with commentary with creator Sherwood Schwartz , and three other featurettes . The Complete Second Season includes all 32 season - two episodes and mentions in an interesting way that this season is in color . Bonuses for this set include : a season - two introduction with Russell Johnson and Sherwood Schwartz and audio commentary on the season 's third episode , `` The Little Dictator '' . The Complete Third Season includes all 30 season - three episodes and uses words from the theme song on the back : `` Just sit right back ... for the final season ! '' Special features include a season introduction with Russell Johnson and Sherwood Schwartz , commentary on the season 's fourth episode , `` The Producer '' , guest - starring Phil Silvers , and a 15 - minute documentary entitled Gilligan 's Island : A Pop Culture Phenomenon . The Complete Series Collection contains all the same bonuses and featurettes , no added features for a complete series box set . All these releases were double - sided discs ( which require flipping disc over ) , and came in boxed sets , containing three discs per season . In April 2012 , the series was reissued in new DVD releases , with six episodes per disc and six discs per season , except for season 3 , which only has five . DVD name Ep # Release date The Complete First Season 36 February 3 , 2004 The Complete Second Season 32 January 11 , 2005 The Complete Third Season 30 July 26 , 2005 The Complete Series Collection 98 November 6 , 2007 Remastered in high definition ( edit ) In August 2006 , an executive at Warner Bros. announced plans that Gilligan 's Island , in addition to other classic TV series owned by the studio , would be re-mastered in HD . The original TV series was shot on high resolution film , but scaled down for broadcast . On January 20 , 2014 , TV Land became the first network to air HD remastered episodes of Gilligan 's Island . This marked the first time the WB remastered episodes were seen by fans and the general public . At present , a release on Blu - ray or other physical media has not yet been announced . However the HD remastered episodes of Gilligan 's Island are currently available for purchase through streaming media sources , such as Amazon Video and the iTunes Store . In other media ( edit ) A video game based on the series called The Adventures of Gilligan 's Island was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System in July 1990 . The game features the likenesses of all the original castaways except for Ginger , who is completely absent from the game . A pinball machine , manufactured by BALLY , based on the show was released in May 1991 . Film remake ( edit ) Rights to the series were purchased , with an eye towards creating a movie scheduled for release March 30 , 2012 . When Sherwood Schwartz signed a deal granting all rights to the movie , he reportedly said , `` ( It ) just happened in the last 48 hours . I ca n't take this much excitement at my age . '' Schwartz also said he would love to see Michael Cera as Gilligan and Beyoncé Knowles as Ginger . On December 17 , 2013 , deadline.com reported that Josh Gad would star and co-write the film with Benji Samit and Dan Hernandez . Ginger or Mary Ann ? ( edit ) The question of which of these two characters men prefer has endured long after the end of the series . The question has inspired commercials , essays , videos , and a sermon . By most accounts , the wholesome , down - to - earth Mary Ann has consistently outpolled the glamorous bombshell movie - star Ginger by a sizable margin . Bob Denver admitted he was a Mary Ann fan . According to Bob Denver in a 2001 interview , Wells received 3,000 -- 5,000 fan letters weekly , whereas Louise may have gotten 1,500 or 2,000 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` MeTV Network - Shows - Gilligan 's Island '' . Jump up ^ The 140 ° latitude , 10 ° longitude coordinates are impossible , because latitude ranges from - 90 ° to + 90 ° . Jump up ^ This would place the island in the Gulf of Thailand , which obviously does not comport with the series ' back story . Jump up ^ Flint , Peter B ( January 4 , 1990 ) , `` Alan Hale Jr. , Who Was Skipper On ' Gilligan 's Island , ' Dies at 71 '' , The New York Times , Mr. Hale 's image as the Skipper persisted in the 1980s . After a day of golf , he often headed to Alan Hale 's Lobster Barrel , a West Hollywood , California restaurant , where , wearing his skipper 's cap , he greeted customers . Jump up ^ Stoddard 1996 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Chance , Norman ( 2010 ) . Who Was Who on TV . 1 . Xlibris . p. 546 . Retrieved September 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stoddard 1996 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Stoddard 1996 , pp. 306 -- 7 . Jump up ^ `` MeTV Network - '' . Jump up ^ `` Goodbye Island '' . November 21 , 1964 -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` Denver '' , The New York Times , Sep 7 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Studio Center '' . Seeing-stars.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ WALSTAD , DAVID ( 7 August 1995 ) . `` Civilization Takes Over ' Gilligan 's ' Lagoon : Television : The set of the 1960s sitcom is turned into an employee parking lot as CBS Studio Center adds production facilities . '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gilligan 's Minnow no longer lost '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . August 28 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Legal Tales from Gilligan 's Island '' . Santa Clara Law Review & Jamail Center for Legal Research . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Russell Johnson with Steve Cox , Here on Gilligan 's Isle , page 20 ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ First season opening sequence of Gilligan 's Island From YouTube . Retrieved on November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fore , William F ( 1987 ) . `` Escape From Gilligan 's Island '' . medialit.org . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shales , Tom ( February 8 , 2004 ) , `` Hey , little buddy ! ' Gilligan ' DVD drifts into port '' , The Washington Post , p . N1 , To his credit , star Bob Denver lobbied Schwartz and others to change the lyrics to the theme song after the second season , so all the characters and not just most of them were listed . Instead of the chorus singing ' the movie star , and the rest , ' they sang , ' the movie star , the professor and Mary Ann , here on Gilligan 's isle ! ' Jump up ^ Green . Unofficial Gilligan 's Island Handbook . Jump up ^ Lileth . `` Was the `` Gilligan 's Island '' theme song tampered with ? `` . The Straight Dope . Cecil Adams . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Gilligan 's Island Tidbits '' . The Fifties Web . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Home Town Success Story '' . Bay views . Google Blogger . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Gilligan 's Island Theme '' . Gilligan 's isle . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Gilligan 's Island Full Cast and Crew '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Stairway '' . The Official Gilligan 's Island Fan Club . Retrieved March 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bowling For Soup -- Gilligan 's Island Theme '' . You tube . Google . Jump up ^ Stoddard 1996 , p. 306 . Jump up ^ The Worst TV Shows Ever , Those TV Turkeys We Will Never Forget ... ( No Matter How Hard We Try ) by Bart Andrews with Brad Dunning ( 1980 ) . Jump up ^ `` '' Gilligan 's Island '' coming to HD ? `` . Jump up ^ `` ' Gilligan 's Island ' Docks at TV Land For the First Time in 10 Years '' . January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gilligan 's Island '' . Jump up ^ `` Gilligan 's Island TV Show Creator wants Michael Cera and Beyoncé for New Movie '' . Tvseriesfinale.com . January 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Warner Bros Sets Gilligan 's Island As Star Feature Vehicle For Josh Gad Jump up ^ Gael Fashingbauer Cooper ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` As Dawn Wells turns 74 , the question remains : Ginger or Mary Ann ? '' . Today . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hiassen , Rob ( September 29 , 2007 ) . `` Author has left Ginger and ' Island ' behind . '' . The Baltimore Sun . ( HighBeam subscription may be required ) Jump up ^ Budweiser Ginger or Mary Ann Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 07 Jump up ^ Rev. Jeffrey Symynkywicz ( June 5 , 2005 ) . `` Ginger or Mary Ann ? '' . uustoughtonma.org . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Slotek , Jim ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Russell Johnson on ' Gilligan 's Island ' in 1993 interview '' . Toronto Sun . USA Today carried a Ginger vs. Mary Ann fave poll and Dawn Wells ' character had 85 % of the vote Jump up ^ Silver , Marc ( September 7 , 2005 ) . `` So which one did Gilligan like best ? '' . usnews.com U.S. News and World Report . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Ginger vs. Maryann '' . retroCRUSH . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Denver , Bob ( November 1993 ) . Gilligan , Maynard & Me . Carol Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 1413 - 2 . Green , Joey ( April 1988 ) . Unofficial Gilligan 's Island Handbook . Warner Books . ISBN 0 - 446 - 38668 - 5 . Johnson , Russell ; Cox , Steve ( July 1993 ) . Here on Gilligan 's Isle ( 1st ed . ) . Perennial . ISBN 0 - 06 - 096993 - 8 . Schwartz , Sherwood ( April 15 , 1994 ) . Inside Gilligan 's Island : A Three - Hour Tour Through The Making of A Television Classic . St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 0 - 312 - 10482 - 0 . Stoddard , Sylvia ( May 1996 ) . TV Treasures -- A Companion Guide to Gilligan 's Island . New York : St. Martin 's Paperbacks . ISBN 0 - 312 - 95797 - 1 . Gilligan 's Island -- The Complete First Season ( DVD ) , 2004 , Turner Home Entertainment , UPC 053939673425 . Gilligan 's Island -- The Complete Second Season ( DVD ) , 2005 , Turner Home Entertainment , UPC 053939692624 . Gilligan 's Island -- The Complete Third Season ( DVD ) , 2005 , Turner Home Entertainment , UPC 053939733129 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gilligan 's Island . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gilligan 's Island Gilligan 's Island on IMDb Gilligan 's Island at TV.com Gilligan 's Island : Underneath the Grass Skirt ( 1999 documentary ) on IMDb Gilligan 's Island - related interview videos at the Archive of American Television Sept 2014 interview with Dawn Wells Gilligan 's Island Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Characters Gilligan The Skipper The Professor Ginger Grant Mary Ann Summers Thurston Howell III Lovey Howell Spin - offs The New Adventures of Gilligan Rescue from Gilligan 's Island The Castaways on Gilligan 's Island The Harlem Globetrotters on Gilligan 's Island Gilligan 's Planet Surviving Gilligan 's Island Related Episodes S.S. Minnow The Adventures of Gilligan 's Island Gilligan 's Island pinball machine The Real Gilligan 's Island Gilligan 's Wake Television series produced or created by Sherwood Schwartz Gilligan 's Island It 's About Time The Brady Bunch Dusty 's Trail Big John , Little John The Brady Bunch Hour The Brady Brides Harper Valley PTA Together We Stand The Bradys The Real Gilligan 's Island Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gilligan%27s_Island&oldid=807111222 '' Categories : Gilligan 's Island 1960s American television series 1960s American comedy television series 1964 American television series debuts 1967 American television series endings American television sitcoms Black - and - white television programs CBS network shows English - language television programs Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television series set on fictional islands Television programs adapted into films Television programs adapted into video games Television series created by Sherwood Schwartz Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2013 Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles needing additional references from July 2017 Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends title Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 23 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang the theme to gilligan's island | [
"The first-season version was recorded by the folk group The Wellingtons. The second-season version, which incorporated more of a sea shanty sound, was uncredited, but according to Russell Johnson in his book Here on Gilligan's Isle, it was performed by a group called the Eligibles.[23]",
"The first-season version was recorded by the folk group The Wellingtons. The second-season version, which incorporated more of a sea shanty sound, was uncredited, but according to Russell Johnson in his book Here on Gilligan's Isle, it was performed by a group called the Eligibles.[23]"
] | [
"The Wellingtons",
"Eligibles"
] |
-2285297867047907496 | DSM-5 | DSM - 5 - wikipedia DSM - 5 Jump to : navigation , search For further information , see Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fifth Edition ( DSM - 5 ) Author American Psychiatric Association Country United States Language English Series Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Subject Classification and diagnosis of mental disorders Published May 18 , 2013 Media type Print ( hardcover , softcover ) ; e-book Pages 947 ISBN 978 - 0 - 89042 - 554 - 1 OCLC 830807378 Dewey Decimal 616.89'075 LC Class RC455. 2. C4 Preceded by DSM - IV - TR The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fifth Edition ( DSM - 5 ) is the 2013 update to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , the taxonomic and diagnostic tool published by the American Psychiatric Association ( APA ) . In the United States , the DSM serves as a universal authority for psychiatric diagnoses . Treatment recommendations , as well as payment by health care providers , are often determined by DSM classifications , so the appearance of a new version has significant practical importance . The DSM - 5 was published on May 18 , 2013 , superseding the DSM - IV - TR , which was published in 2000 . The development of the new edition began with a conference in 1999 and proceeded with the formation of a Task Force in 2007 , which developed and field - tested a variety of new classifications . In most respects , the DSM - 5 is not greatly modified from the DSM - IV - TR ; however , some significant differences exist between them . Notable changes in the DSM - 5 include the reconceptualization of Asperger syndrome from a distinct disorder to an autism spectrum disorder ; the elimination of subtypes of schizophrenia ; the deletion of the `` bereavement exclusion '' for depressive disorders ; the renaming of gender identity disorder to gender dysphoria , along with a revised treatment plan ; the inclusion of binge eating disorder as a discrete eating disorder ; the renaming and reconceptualization of paraphilias to paraphilic disorders ; the removal of the axis system ; and the splitting of disorders not otherwise specified into other specified disorders and unspecified disorders . In addition , the DSM - 5 is the first DSM to use an Arabic numeral instead of a Roman numeral in its title , as well as the first `` living document '' version of a DSM . Various authorities criticized the fifth edition both before and after it was formally published . Critics assert , for example , that many DSM - 5 revisions or additions lack empirical support ; inter-rater reliability is low for many disorders ; several sections contain poorly written , confusing , or contradictory information ; and the psychiatric drug industry unduly influenced the manual 's content . Many of the members of work groups for the DSM - 5 had conflicting interests , including ties to pharmaceutical companies . Various scientists have argued that the DSM - 5 forces clinicians to make distinctions that are not supported by solid evidence , distinctions that have major treatment implications , including drug prescriptions and the availability of health insurance coverage . General criticism of the DSM - 5 ultimately resulted in a petition , signed by many mental health organizations , which called for outside review of the DSM - 5 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Changes 1.1 Section I 1.2 Section II : diagnostic criteria and codes 1.2. 1 Neurodevelopmental disorders 1.2. 2 Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders 1.2. 3 Bipolar and related disorders 1.2. 4 Depressive disorders 1.2. 5 Anxiety disorders 1.2. 6 Obsessive - compulsive and related disorders 1.2. 7 Trauma - and stressor - related disorders 1.2. 8 Dissociative disorders 1.2. 9 Somatic symptom and related disorders 1.2. 10 Feeding and eating disorders 1.2. 11 Elimination disorders 1.2. 12 Sleep -- wake disorders 1.2. 13 Sexual dysfunctions 1.2. 14 Gender dysphoria 1.2. 15 Disruptive , impulse - control , and conduct disorders 1.2. 16 Substance - related and addictive disorders 1.2. 17 Neurocognitive disorders 1.2. 18 Personality disorders 1.2. 19 Paraphilic disorders 1.3 Section III : emerging measures and models 1.3. 1 Alternative DSM - 5 model for personality disorders 2 Conditions for further study 3 Development 4 Revisions and updates 5 Criticism 5.1 General 5.2 Borderline personality disorder controversy 5.3 British Psychological Society response 5.4 National Institute of Mental Health 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Changes ( edit ) This part of the article summarizes changes from the DSM - IV to the DSM - 5 . The DSM - 5 is divided into three Sections , using Roman numerals to designate each Section . The same organizational structure is used in this overview , e.g. , Section I ( immediately below ) summarizes relevant changes discussed in the DSM - 5 , Section I . Note that if a specific disorder ( or set of disorders ) can not be seen , e.g. , enuresis and other elimination disorders , mentioned in Section II : diagnostic criteria and codes ( below ) , it means that the diagnostic criteria for those disorders did not change significantly from DSM - IV to DSM - 5 . Section I ( edit ) Section I describes DSM - 5 chapter organization , its change from the multiaxial system , and Section III 's dimensional assessments . The DSM - 5 deleted the chapter that includes `` disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy , childhood , or adolescence '' opting to list them in other chapters . A note under Anxiety Disorders says that the `` sequential order '' of at least some DSM - 5 chapters has significance that reflects the relationships between diagnoses . This introductory section describes the process of DSM revision , including field trials , public and professional review , and expert review . It states its goal is to harmonize with the ICD systems and share organizational structures as much as is feasible . Concern about the categorical system of diagnosis is expressed , but the conclusion is the reality that alternative definitions for most disorders is scientifically premature . The new version replaces the NOS ( Not Otherwise Specified ) categories with two options : other specified disorder and unspecified disorder to increase the utility to the clinician . The first allows the clinician to specify the reason that the criteria for a specific disorder are not met ; the second allows the clinician the option to forgo specification . DSM - 5 has discarded the multiaxial system of diagnosis ( formerly Axis I , Axis II , Axis III ) , listing all disorders in Section II . It has replaced Axis IV with significant psychosocial and contextual features and dropped Axis V ( Global Assessment of Functioning , known as GAF ) . The World Health Organization 's ( WHO ) Disability Assessment Schedule is added to Section III ( Emerging measures and models ) under Assessment Measures , as a suggested , but not required , method to assess functioning . Section II : diagnostic criteria and codes ( edit ) Neurodevelopmental disorders ( edit ) `` Mental retardation '' has a new name : `` intellectual disability ( intellectual developmental disorder ) '' . Phonological disorder and stuttering are now called communication disorders -- which include language disorder , speech sound disorder , childhood - onset fluency disorder , and a new condition characterized by impaired social verbal and nonverbal communication called social ( pragmatic ) communication disorder . Autism spectrum disorder incorporates Asperger disorder , childhood disintegrative disorder , and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified ( PDD - NOS ) -- see Diagnosis of Asperger syndrome § DSM - 5 changes . A new sub-category , motor disorders , encompasses developmental coordination disorder , stereotypic movement disorder , and the tic disorders including Tourette syndrome . Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders ( edit ) All subtypes of schizophrenia were removed from the DSM - 5 ( paranoid , disorganized , catatonic , undifferentiated , and residual ) . A major mood episode is required for schizoaffective disorder ( for a majority of the disorder 's duration after criterion A ( related to delusions , hallucinations , disorganized speech or behavior , and negative symptoms such as avolition ) is met ) . Criteria for delusional disorder changed , and it is no longer separate from shared delusional disorder . Catatonia in all contexts requires 3 of a total of 12 symptoms . Catatonia may be a specifier for depressive , bipolar , and psychotic disorders ; part of another medical condition ; or of another specified diagnosis . Bipolar and related disorders ( edit ) New specifier `` with mixed features '' can be applied to bipolar I disorder , bipolar II disorder , bipolar disorder NED ( not elsewhere defined , previously called `` NOS '' , not otherwise specified ) and MDD . Allows other specified bipolar and related disorder for particular conditions . Anxiety symptoms are a specifier ( called `` anxious distress '' ) added to bipolar disorder and to depressive disorders ( but are not part of the bipolar diagnostic criteria ) . Depressive disorders ( edit ) The bereavement exclusion in DSM - IV was removed from depressive disorders in DSM - 5 . New disruptive mood dysregulation disorder ( DMDD ) for children up to age 18 years . Premenstrual dysphoric disorder moved from an appendix for further study , and became a disorder . Specifiers were added for mixed symptoms and for anxiety , along with guidance to physicians for suicidality . The term dysthymia now also would be called persistent depressive disorder . Anxiety disorders ( edit ) For the various forms of phobias and anxiety disorders , DSM - 5 removes the requirement that the subject ( formerly , over 18 years old ) `` must recognize that their fear and anxiety are excessive or unreasonable '' . Also , the duration of at least 6 months now applies to everyone ( not only to children ) . Panic attack became a specifier for all DSM - 5 disorders . Panic disorder and agoraphobia became two separate disorders . Specific types of phobias became specifiers but are otherwise unchanged . The generalized specifier for social anxiety disorder ( formerly , social phobia ) changed in favor of a performance only ( i.e. , public speaking or performance ) specifier . Separation anxiety disorder and selective mutism are now classified as anxiety disorders ( rather than disorders of early onset ) . Obsessive - compulsive and related disorders ( edit ) A new chapter on obsessive - compulsive and related disorders includes four new disorders : excoriation ( skin - picking ) disorder , hoarding disorder , substance - / medication - induced obsessive - compulsive and related disorder , and obsessive - compulsive and related disorder due to another medical condition . Trichotillomania ( hair - pulling disorder ) moved from `` impulse - control disorders not elsewhere classified '' in DSM - IV , to an obsessive - compulsive disorder in DSM - 5 . A specifier was expanded ( and added to body dysmorphic disorder and hoarding disorder ) to allow for good or fair insight , poor insight , and `` absent insight / delusional '' ( i.e. , complete conviction that obsessive - compulsive disorder beliefs are true ) . Criteria were added to body dysmorphic disorder to describe repetitive behaviors or mental acts that may arise with perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance . The DSM - IV specifier `` with obsessive - compulsive symptoms '' moved from anxiety disorders to this new category for obsessive - compulsive and related disorders . There are two new diagnoses : other specified obsessive - compulsive and related disorder , which can include body - focused repetitive behavior disorder ( behaviors like nail biting , lip biting , and cheek chewing , other than hair pulling and skin picking ) or obsessional jealousy ; and unspecified obsessive - compulsive and related disorder . Trauma - and stressor - related disorders ( edit ) Posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) is now included in a new section titled `` Trauma - and Stressor - Related Disorders . '' The PTSD diagnostic clusters were reorganized and expanded from a total of three clusters to four based on the results of confirmatory factor analytic research conducted since the publication of DSM - IV . Separate criteria were added for children six years old or younger . For the diagnosis of acute stress disorder and PTSD , the stressor criteria ( Criterion A1 in DSM - IV ) was modified to some extent . The requirement for specific subjective emotional reactions ( Criterion A2 in DSM - IV ) was eliminated because it lacked empirical support for its utility and predictive validity . Previously certain groups , such as military personnel involved in combat , law enforcement officers and other first responders , did not meet criterion A2 in DSM - IV because their training prepared them to not react emotionally to traumatic events . Two new disorders that were formerly subtypes were named : reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder . Adjustment disorders were moved to this new section and reconceptualized as stress - response syndromes . DSM - IV subtypes for depressed mood , anxious symptoms , and disturbed conduct are unchanged . Dissociative disorders ( edit ) Depersonalization disorder is now called depersonalization / derealization disorder . Dissociative fugue became a specifier for dissociative amnesia . The criteria for dissociative identity disorder were expanded to include `` possession - form phenomena and functional neurological symptoms '' . It is made clear that `` transitions in identity may be observable by others or self - reported '' . Criterion B was also modified for people who experience gaps in recall of everyday events ( not only trauma ) . Somatic symptom and related disorders ( edit ) Somatoform disorders are now called somatic symptom and related disorders . Patients that present with chronic pain can now be diagnosed with the mental illness somatic symptom disorder with predominant pain ; or psychological factors that affect other medical conditions ; or with an adjustment disorder . Somatization disorder and undifferentiated somatoform disorder were combined to become somatic symptom disorder , a diagnosis which no longer requires a specific number of somatic symptoms . Somatic symptom and related disorders are defined by positive symptoms , and the use of medically unexplained symptoms is minimized , except in the cases of conversion disorder and pseudocyesis ( false pregnancy ) . A new diagnosis is psychological factors affecting other medical conditions . This was formerly found in the DSM - IV chapter `` Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention '' . Criteria for conversion disorder ( functional neurological symptom disorder ) were changed . Feeding and eating disorders ( edit ) Criteria for pica and rumination disorder were changed and can now refer to people of any age . Binge eating disorder graduated from DSM - IV 's `` Appendix B -- Criteria Sets and Axes Provided for Further Study '' into a proper diagnosis . Requirements for bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder were changed from `` at least twice weekly for 6 months to at least once weekly over the last 3 months '' . The criteria for anorexia nervosa were changed ; there is no longer a requirement of amenorrhea . `` Feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood '' , a rarely used diagnosis in DSM - IV , was renamed to avoidant / restrictive food intake disorder , and criteria were expanded . Elimination disorders ( edit ) NO significant changes . Disorders in this chapter were previously classified under disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy , childhood , or adolescence in DSM - IV . Now it is an independent classification in DSM 5 . Sleep -- wake disorders ( edit ) `` Sleep disorders related to another mental disorder , and sleep disorders related to a general medical condition '' were deleted . Primary insomnia became insomnia disorder , and narcolepsy is separate from other hypersomnolence . There are now three breathing - related sleep disorders : obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea , central sleep apnea , and sleep - related hypoventilation . Circadian rhythm sleep -- wake disorders were expanded to include advanced sleep phase syndrome , irregular sleep -- wake type , and non-24 - hour sleep -- wake type . Jet lag was removed . Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and restless legs syndrome are each a disorder , instead of both being listed under `` dyssomnia not otherwise specified '' in DSM - IV . Sexual dysfunctions ( edit ) DSM - 5 has sex - specific sexual dysfunctions . For females , sexual desire and arousal disorders are combined into female sexual interest / arousal disorder . Sexual dysfunctions ( except substance - / medication - induced sexual dysfunction ) now require a duration of approximately 6 months and more exact severity criteria . A new diagnosis is genito - pelvic pain / penetration disorder which combines vaginismus and dyspareunia from DSM - IV . Sexual aversion disorder was deleted . Subtypes for all disorders include only `` lifelong versus acquired '' and `` generalized versus situational '' ( one subtype was deleted from DSM - IV ) . Two subtypes were deleted : `` sexual dysfunction due to a general medical condition '' and `` due to psychological versus combined factors '' . Gender dysphoria ( edit ) Further information : Gender dysphoria DSM - IV gender identity disorder is similar to , but not the same as , gender dysphoria in DSM - 5 . Separate criteria for children , adolescents and adults that are appropriate for varying developmental states are added . Subtypes of gender identity disorder based on sexual orientation were deleted . Among other wording changes , criterion A and criterion B ( cross-gender identification , and aversion toward one 's gender ) were combined . Along with these changes comes the creation of a separate gender dysphoria in children as well as one for adults and adolescents . The grouping has been moved out of the sexual disorders category and into its own . The name change was made in part due to stigmatization of the term `` disorder '' and the relatively common use of `` gender dysphoria '' in the GID literature and among specialists in the area . The creation of a specific diagnosis for children reflects the lesser ability of children to have insight into what they are experiencing and ability to express it in the event that they have insight . Disruptive , impulse - control , and conduct disorders ( edit ) Some of these disorders were formerly part of the chapter on early diagnosis , oppositional defiant disorder ; conduct disorder ; and disruptive behavior disorder not otherwise specified became other specified and unspecified disruptive disorder , impulse - control disorder , and conduct disorders . Intermittent explosive disorder , pyromania , and kleptomania moved to this chapter from the DSM - IV chapter `` Impulse - Control Disorders Not Otherwise Specified '' . Antisocial personality disorder is listed here and in the chapter on personality disorders ( but ADHD is listed under neurodevelopmental disorders ) . Symptoms for oppositional defiant disorder are of three types : angry / irritable mood , argumentative / defiant behavior , and vindictiveness . The conduct disorder exclusion is deleted . The criteria were also changed with a note on frequency requirements and a measure of severity . Criteria for conduct disorder are unchanged for the most part from DSM - IV . A specifier was added for people with limited `` prosocial emotion '' , showing callous and unemotional traits . People over the disorder 's minimum age of 6 may be diagnosed with intermittent explosive disorder without outbursts of physical aggression . Criteria were added for frequency and to specify `` impulsive and / or anger based in nature , and must cause marked distress , cause impairment in occupational or interpersonal functioning , or be associated with negative financial or legal consequences '' . Substance - related and addictive disorders ( edit ) Gambling disorder and tobacco use disorder are new . Substance abuse and substance dependence from DSM - IV - TR have been combined into single substance use disorders specific to each substance of abuse within a new `` addictions and related disorders '' category . `` Recurrent legal problems '' was deleted and `` craving or a strong desire or urge to use a substance '' was added to the criteria . The threshold of the number of criteria that must be met was changed and severity from mild to severe is based on the number of criteria endorsed . Criteria for cannabis and caffeine withdrawal were added . New specifiers were added for early and sustained remission along with new specifiers for `` in a controlled environment '' and `` on maintenance therapy '' . DSM - 5 substance dependencies include : 303.90 Alcohol dependence 304.00 Opioid dependence 304.10 Sedative , hypnotic , or anxiolytic dependence ( including benzodiazepine dependence and barbiturate dependence ) 304.20 Cocaine dependence 304.30 Cannabis dependence 304.40 Amphetamine dependence ( or amphetamine - like ) 304.50 Hallucinogen dependence 304.60 Inhalant dependence 304.80 Polysubstance dependence 304.90 Phencyclidine ( or phencyclidine - like ) dependence 304.90 Other ( or unknown ) substance dependence 305.10 Nicotine dependence There are no more polysubstance diagnoses in DSM - 5 ; the substance ( s ) must be specified . Neurocognitive disorders ( edit ) Dementia and amnestic disorder became major or mild neurocognitive disorder ( major NCD , or mild NCD ) . DSM - 5 has a new list of neurocognitive domains . `` New separate criteria are now presented '' for major or mild NCD due to various conditions . Substance / medication - induced NCD and unspecified NCD are new diagnoses . Personality disorders ( edit ) Personality disorder ( PD ) previously belonged to a different axis than almost all other disorders , but is now in one axis with all mental and other medical diagnoses . However , the same ten types of personality disorder are retained . There is a call for the DSM - 5 to provide relevant clinical information that is empirically based to conceptualize personality as well as psychopathology in personalities . The issue ( s ) of heterogeneity of a PD is problematic as well . For example , when determining the criteria for a PD it is possible for two individuals with the same diagnosis to have completely different symptoms that would not necessarily overlap . There is also concern as to which model is better for the DSM - the diagnostic model favored by psychiatrists or the dimensional model that is favored by psychologists . The diagnostic approach / model is one that follows the diagnostic approach of traditional medicine , is more convenient to use in clinical settings , however , it does not capture the intricacies of normal or abnormal personality . The dimensional approach / model is better at showing varied degrees of personality ; it places emphasis on the continuum between normal and abnormal , and abnormal as something beyond a threshold whether in unipolar or bipolar cases . Paraphilic disorders ( edit ) New specifiers `` in a controlled environment '' and `` in remission '' were added to criteria for all paraphilic disorders . A distinction is made between paraphilic behaviors , or paraphilias , and paraphilic disorders . All criteria sets were changed to add the word disorder to all of the paraphilias , for example , pedophilic disorder is listed instead of pedophilia . There is no change in the basic diagnostic structure since DSM - III - R ; however , people now must meet both qualitative ( criterion A ) and negative consequences ( criterion B) criteria to be diagnosed with a paraphilic disorder . Otherwise they have a paraphilia ( and no diagnosis ) . Section III : Emerging measures and models ( edit ) Alternative DSM - 5 model for personality disorders ( edit ) An alternative hybrid dimensional - categorical model for personality disorders is included to stimulate further research on this modified classification system . Conditions for further study ( edit ) These conditions and criteria are set forth to encourage future research and are not meant for clinical use . Attenuated psychosis syndrome Depressive episodes with short - duration hypomania Persistent complex bereavement disorder Caffeine use disorder Internet gaming disorder Neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure Suicidal behavior disorder Non-suicidal self - injury Development ( edit ) In 1999 , a DSM -- 5 Research Planning Conference ; sponsored jointly by APA and the National Institute of Mental Health ( NIMH ) , was held to set the research priorities . Research Planning Work Groups produced `` white papers '' on the research needed to inform and shape the DSM - 5 and the resulting work and recommendations were reported in an APA monograph and peer - reviewed literature . There were six workgroups , each focusing on a broad topic : Nomenclature , Neuroscience and Genetics , Developmental Issues and Diagnosis , Personality and Relational Disorders , Mental Disorders and Disability , and Cross-Cultural Issues . Three additional white papers were also due by 2004 concerning gender issues , diagnostic issues in the geriatric population , and mental disorders in infants and young children . The white papers have been followed by a series of conferences to produce recommendations relating to specific disorders and issues , with attendance limited to 25 invited researchers . On July 23 , 2007 , the APA announced the task force that would oversee the development of DSM - 5 . The DSM - 5 Task Force consisted of 27 members , including a chair and vice chair , who collectively represent research scientists from psychiatry and other disciplines , clinical care providers , and consumer and family advocates . Scientists working on the revision of the DSM had a broad range of experience and interests . The APA Board of Trustees required that all task force nominees disclose any competing interests or potentially conflicting relationships with entities that have an interest in psychiatric diagnoses and treatments as a precondition to appointment to the task force . The APA made all task force members ' disclosures available during the announcement of the task force . Several individuals were ruled ineligible for task force appointments due to their competing interests . The DSM - 5 field trials included test - retest reliability which involved different clinicians doing independent evaluations of the same patient -- a common approach to the study of diagnostic reliability . About 68 % of DSM - 5 task - force members and 56 % of panel members reported having ties to the pharmaceutical industry , such as holding stock in pharmaceutical companies , serving as consultants to industry , or serving on company boards . Revisions and updates ( edit ) Beginning with the fifth edition , it is intended that diagnostic guidelines revisions will be added incrementally . The DSM - 5 is identified with Arabic rather than Roman numerals , marking a change in how future updates will be created . Incremental updates will be identified with decimals ( DSM - 5.1 , DSM - 5.2 , etc . ) , until a new edition is written . The change reflects the intent of the APA to respond more quickly when a preponderance of research supports a specific change in the manual . The research base of mental disorders is evolving at different rates for different disorders . Criticism ( edit ) General ( edit ) Robert Spitzer , the head of the DSM - III task force , publicly criticized the APA for mandating that DSM - 5 task force members sign a nondisclosure agreement , effectively conducting the whole process in secret : `` When I first heard about this agreement , I just went bonkers . Transparency is necessary if the document is to have credibility , and , in time , you 're going to have people complaining all over the place that they did n't have the opportunity to challenge anything . '' Allen Frances , chair of the DSM - IV task force , expressed a similar concern . Although the APA has since instituted a disclosure policy for DSM - 5 task force members , many still believe the association has not gone far enough in its efforts to be transparent and to protect against industry influence . In a 2009 Point / Counterpoint article , Lisa Cosgrove , PhD and Harold J. Bursztajn , MD noted that `` the fact that 70 % of the task force members have reported direct industry ties -- an increase of almost 14 % over the percentage of DSM - IV task force members who had industry ties -- shows that disclosure policies alone , especially those that rely on an honor system , are not enough and that more specific safeguards are needed '' . David Kupfer , chair of the DSM - 5 task force , and Darrel A. Regier , MD , MPH , vice chair of the task force , whose industry ties are disclosed with those of the task force , countered that `` collaborative relationships among government , academia , and industry are vital to the current and future development of pharmacological treatments for mental disorders '' . They asserted that the development of DSM - 5 is the `` most inclusive and transparent developmental process in the 60 - year history of DSM '' . The developments to this new version can be viewed on the APA website . Public input was requested for the first time in the history of the manual . During periods of public comment , members of the public could sign up at the DSM - 5 website and provide feedback on the various proposed changes . In June 2009 , Allen Frances issued strongly worded criticisms of the processes leading to DSM - 5 and the risk of `` serious , subtle , ( ... ) ubiquitous '' and `` dangerous '' unintended consequences such as new `` false ' epidemics ' '' . He writes that `` the work on DSM - V has displayed the most unhappy combination of soaring ambition and weak methodology '' and is concerned about the task force 's `` inexplicably closed and secretive process '' . His and Spitzer 's concerns about the contract that the APA drew up for consultants to sign , agreeing not to discuss drafts of the fifth edition beyond the task force and committees , have also been aired and debated . The appointment , in May 2008 , of two of the taskforce members , Kenneth Zucker and Ray Blanchard , led to an internet petition to remove them . According to MSNBC , `` The petition accuses Zucker of having engaged in ' junk science ' and promoting ' hurtful theories ' during his career , especially advocating the idea that children who are unambiguously male or female anatomically , but seem confused about their gender identity , can be treated by encouraging gender expression in line with their anatomy . '' According to The Gay City News , `` Dr. Ray Blanchard , a psychiatry professor at the University of Toronto , is deemed offensive for his theories that some types of transsexuality are paraphilias , or sexual urges . In this model , transsexuality is not an essential aspect of the individual , but a misdirected sexual impulse . '' Blanchard responded , `` Naturally , it 's very disappointing to me there seems to be so much misinformation about me on the Internet . ( They did n't distort ) my views , they completely reversed my views . '' Zucker `` rejects the junk - science charge , saying there ' has to be an empirical basis to modify anything ' in the DSM . As for hurting people , ' in my own career , my primary motivation in working with children , adolescents and families is to help them with the distress and suffering they are experiencing , whatever the reasons they are having these struggles . I want to help people feel better about themselves , not hurt them . ' '' In 2011 , psychologist Brent Robbins co-authored a national letter for the Society for Humanistic Psychology that brought thousands into the public debate about the DSM . Approximately 13,000 individuals and mental health professionals signed a petition in support of the letter . Thirteen other American Psychological Association divisions endorsed the petition . In a November 2011 article about the debate in the San Francisco Chronicle , Robbins notes that under the new guidelines , certain responses to grief could be labeled as pathological disorders , instead of being recognized as being normal human experiences . In 2012 , a footnote was added to the draft text which explains the distinction between grief and depression . The DSM - 5 has been criticized for purportedly saying nothing about the biological underpinnings of mental disorders . A book - long appraisal of the DSM - 5 , with contributions from philosophers , historians and anthropologists , was published in 2015 . The financial association of DSM - 5 panel members with industry continues to be a concern for financial conflict of interest . Of the DSM - 5 task force members , 69 % report having ties to the pharmaceutical industry , an increase from the 57 % of DSM - IV task force members . A 2015 essay from an Australian university criticized the DSM - 5 for having poor cultural diversity , stating that recent work done in cognitive sciences and cognitive anthropology is still only accepting western psychology as the norm . Borderline personality disorder Controversy ( edit ) In 2003 , the Treatment and Research Advancements National Association for Personality Disorders ( TARA - APD ) campaigned to change the name and designation of borderline personality disorder in DSM - 5 . The paper How Advocacy is Bringing BPD into the Light reported that `` the name BPD is confusing , imparts no relevant or descriptive information , and reinforces existing stigma . '' Instead , it proposed the name `` emotional regulation disorder '' or `` emotional dysregulation disorder . '' There was also discussion about changing borderline personality disorder , an Axis II diagnosis ( personality disorders and mental retardation ) , to an Axis I diagnosis ( clinical disorders ) . The TARA - APD recommendations do not appear to have affected the American Psychiatric Association , the publisher of the DSM . As noted above , the DSM - 5 does not employ a multi-axial diagnostic scheme , therefore the distinction between Axis I and II disorders no longer exists in the DSM nosology . The name , the diagnostic criteria for , and description of , borderline personality disorder remain largely unchanged from DSM - IV - TR . British psychological Society response ( edit ) The British Psychological Society stated in its June 2011 response to DSM - 5 draft versions , that it had `` more concerns than plaudits '' . It criticized proposed diagnoses as `` clearly based largely on social norms , with ' symptoms ' that all rely on subjective judgements ... not value - free , but rather reflect ( ing ) current normative social expectations '' , noting doubts over the reliability , validity , and value of existing criteria , that personality disorders were not normed on the general population , and that `` not otherwise specified '' categories covered a `` huge '' 30 % of all personality disorders . It also expressed a major concern that `` clients and the general public are negatively affected by the continued and continuous medicalisation of their natural and normal responses to their experiences ... which demand helping responses , but which do not reflect illnesses so much as normal individual variation '' . The Society suggested as its primary specific recommendation , a change from using `` diagnostic frameworks '' to a description based on an individual 's specific experienced problems , and that mental disorders are better explored as part of a spectrum shared with normality : `` ( We recommend ) a revision of the way mental distress is thought about , starting with recognition of the overwhelming evidence that it is on a spectrum with ' normal ' experience , and that psychosocial factors such as poverty , unemployment and trauma are the most strongly - evidenced causal factors . Rather than applying preordained diagnostic categories to clinical populations , we believe that any classification system should begin from the bottom up -- starting with specific experiences , problems or ' symptoms ' or ' complaints ' ... We would like to see the base unit of measurement as specific problems ( e.g. hearing voices , feelings of anxiety etc . ) ? These would be more helpful too in terms of epidemiology . While some people find a name or a diagnostic label helpful , our contention is that this helpfulness results from a knowledge that their problems are recognised ( in both senses of the word ) understood , validated , explained ( and explicable ) and have some relief . Clients often , unfortunately , find that diagnosis offers only a spurious promise of such benefits . Since -- for example -- two people with a diagnosis of ' schizophrenia ' or ' personality disorder ' may possess no two symptoms in common , it is difficult to see what communicative benefit is served by using these diagnoses . We believe that a description of a person 's real problems would suffice . Moncrieff and others have shown that diagnostic labels are less useful than a description of a person 's problems for predicting treatment response , so again diagnoses seem positively unhelpful compared to the alternatives . - British Psychological Society June 2011 response '' National Institute of mental Health ( edit ) National Institute of Mental Health director Thomas R. Insel , MD , wrote in an April 29 , 2013 blog post about the DSM - 5 : `` The goal of this new manual , as with all previous editions , is to provide a common language for describing psychopathology . While DSM has been described as a `` Bible '' for the field , it is , at best , a dictionary , creating a set of labels and defining each . The strength of each of the editions of DSM has been `` reliability '' -- each edition has ensured that clinicians use the same terms in the same ways . The weakness is its lack of validity ... Patients with mental disorders deserve better . '' Insel also discussed an NIMH effort to develop a new classification system , Research Domain Criteria ( RDoC ) , currently for research purposes only . Insel 's post sparked a flurry of reaction , some of which might be termed sensationalistic , with headlines such as `` Goodbye to the DSM - V '' , `` Federal institute for mental health abandons controversial ' bible ' of psychiatry '' , `` National Institute of Mental Health abandoning the DSM '' , and `` Psychiatry divided as mental health ' bible ' denounced '' . Other responses provided a more nuanced analysis of the NIMH Director 's post . In May 2013 , Insel , on behalf of NIMH , issued a joint statement with Jeffrey A. Lieberman , MD , president of the American Psychiatric Association , that emphasized that DSM - 5 `` ... represents the best information currently available for clinical diagnosis of mental disorders . Patients , families , and insurers can be confident that effective treatments are available and that the DSM is the key resource for delivering the best available care . The National Institute of Mental Health ( NIMH ) has not changed its position on DSM - 5 . '' Insel and Lieberman say that DSM - 5 and RDoC `` represent complementary , not competing , frameworks '' for characterizing diseases and disorders . However , epistemologists of psychiatry tend to see the RDoC project as a putative revolutionary system that in the long run will try to replace the DSM , its expected early effect being a liberalization of the research criteria , with an increasing number of research centers adopting the RDoC definitions . See also ( edit ) Psychiatry portal Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ICD - 10 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wakefield , Jerome C. ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) . `` DSM - 5 : An Overview of Changes and Controversies '' . Clinical Social Work Journal . 41 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 154 . doi : 10.1007 / s10615 - 013 - 0445 - 2 . ISSN 0091 - 1674 . Jump up ^ Welch , Steven ; Klassen , Cherisse ; Borisova , Oxana ; Clothier , Holly . `` The DSM - 5 controversies : How should psychologists respond ? '' . Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne. 54 ( 3 ) : 166 -- 175 . doi : 10.1037 / a0033841 . Jump up ^ `` Coalition for DSM - 5 Reform '' . Coalition for DSM - 5 Reform . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Highlights of Changes from DSM - IV - TR to DSM - 5 '' ( PDF ) . American Psychiatric Association . May 17 , 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ American Psychiatric Association ( 2013 ) . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( Fifth ed . ) . Arlington , VA : American Psychiatric Publishing . pp. 5 -- 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89042 - 555 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Neurodevelopmental Disorders '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Autism Spectrum Disorders '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ American Psychiatric Association ( 2013 ) . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( Fifth ed . ) . Arlington , VA : American Psychiatric Publishing . pp. 74 -- 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89042 - 555 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Mixed - Mood Specifier '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Removal of the Bereavement Exclusion From MDD '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder ( DMDD ) '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Friedman , M.J. ; Resick , P.A. ; Bryant , R.A. ; Strain , J. ; Horowitz , M. ; Spiegel , D. ( 2011 ) . `` Classification of trauma and stressor - related disorders in DSM - 5 '' . Depression and Anxiety. 28 ( 9 ) : 737 -- 749 . doi : 10.1002 / da. 20845 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , M.J. ; Resick , P.A. ; Bryant , R.A. ; Brewin , C.R. ( 2011 ) . `` Considering PTSD for DSM - 5 '' . Depression and Anxiety. 28 ( 9 ) : 750 -- 769 . doi : 10.1002 / da. 20767 . PMID 21910184 . Jump up ^ Adler , A.B. ; Wright , K.M. ; Bliese , P.D. ; Eckford , R. ; Hoge , C.W. ( 2008 ) . `` A2 diagnostic criterion for combat - related posttraumatic stress disorder '' . Journal of Traumatic Stress. 21 ( 3 ) : 301 -- 308 . doi : 10.1002 / jts. 20336 . Jump up ^ Hathaway , L.M. ; Boals , A. ; Banks , J.B. ( 2010 ) . `` PTSD symptoms and dominant emotional response to a traumatic event : An examination of DSM - IV criterion A2 '' . Anxiety , Stress , & Coping. 23 ( 1 ) : 119 -- 126 . doi : 10.1080 / 10615800902818771 . Jump up ^ Karam , E.G. ; Andrews , G. ; Bromet , E. ; Petukhova , M. ; Ruscio , A.M. ; Salamoun , M. ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` The Role of Criterion A2 in the DSM - IV Diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder '' . Biological Psychiatry . 68 ( 5 ) : 465 -- 473 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biopsych. 2010.04. 032 . PMC 3228599 . PMID 20599189 . Jump up ^ American Psychiatric Association ( 2013 ) . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( Fifth ed . ) . Arlington , VA : American Psychiatric Publishing . p. 302 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89042 - 555 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Diagnostic Ethics : Harms / Benefits , Somatic Symptom Disorder '' . Psychology Today . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DSM - 5 redefines hypochondriasis -- For Medical Professionals -- Mayo Clinic '' . mayoclinic.org . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justina Pelletier : The Case Continues '' . Mad In America . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Binge Eating Disorder '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` P 01 Gender Dysphoria in Adolescents or Adults '' . American Psychiatric Association . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` P 00 Gender Dysphoria in Children '' . American Psychiatric Association . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Substance Use Disorder '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Highlights of Changes from DSM - IV - TR to DSM - 5 '' ( PDF ) . American Psychiatric Publishing . American Psychiatric Association . 2013 . p. 16 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . The DSM - IV specifier for a physiological subtype has been eliminated in DSM - 5 , as has the DSM - IV diagnosis of polysubstance dependence . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Neurocognitive Disorder '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Personality Disorders '' ( PDF ) . American Psychiatric Association . 2013 . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Krueger , Robert F. ; Hopwood , Christopher J. ; Wright , Aidan G.C. ; Markon , Kristian E. ( 2014 - 09 - 01 ) . `` DSM - 5 and the Path Toward Empirically Based and Clinically Useful Conceptualization of Personality and Psychopathology '' . Clinical Psychology : Science and Practice. 21 ( 3 ) : 245 -- 261 . doi : 10.1111 / cpsp. 12073 . ISSN 1468 - 2850 . Jump up ^ Crocq , Marc - Antoine ( 2013 ) . `` Milestones in the History of Personality Disorders '' ( PDF ) . Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 15 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Paraphilias and Paraphilic Disorders '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to DSM - 5 : Personality Disorders '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ American Psychiatric Association ( 2013 ) . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( Fifth ed . ) . Arlington , VA : American Psychiatric Publishing . pp. 783 -- 808 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89042 - 555 - 8 . Jump up ^ First , Michael B. ( 2002 ) , `` A Research Agenda for DSM - V : Summary of the DSM - V Preplanning White Papers Published in May 2002 '' , DSM - V Prelude Project , American Psychiatric Association , archived from the original on April 13 , 2008 , retrieved May 12 , 2012 Jump up ^ Kupfer , David J. ; First , Michael B. ; Regier , Darrel A. , eds. ( 2002 ) , A Research Agenda for DSM - 5 , Washington , D.C. : American Psychiatric Association , ISBN 9780890422922 , OCLC 49518977 Jump up ^ Regier , Darrel A ; Narrow , William E ; First , Michael B ; Marshall , Tina ( 2002 ) . `` The APA classification of mental disorders : future perspectives '' . Psychopathology. 35 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 166 -- 170 . doi : 10.1159 / 000065139 . PMID 12145504 . ^ Jump up to : `` DSM - 5 Research Planning '' , DSM - V Prelude Project , American Psychiatric Association , DSM - V Research White Papers , archived from the original on April 24 , 2008 , retrieved May 12 , 2012 Jump up ^ Regier , MD , MPH , Darrel A. ( 2007 ) . `` Somatic Presentations of Mental Disorders : Refining the Research Agenda for DSM - V '' ( PDF ) . Psychosomatic Medicine . Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 69 ( 9 ) : 827 -- 828 . doi : 10.1097 / PSY. 0b013e31815afbe4 . PMID 18040087 . Retrieved December 21 , 2007 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Reliability and Prevalence in the DSM - 5 Field Trials , January 12 , 2012 `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cosgrove , Lisa ; Bursztajn , Harold J. ; Krimsky , Sheldon ( 7 May 2009 ) . `` Developing Unbiased Diagnostic and Treatment Guidelines in Psychiatry '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 360 ( 19 ) : 2035 -- 2036 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMc0810237 . ^ Jump up to : `` About DSM - 5 Frequently Asked Questions '' . American Psychiatric Association . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harold , Eve ( March 9 , 2010 ) . `` APA Modifies DSM Naming Convention to Reflect Publication Changes '' ( Release No. 10 - 17 ) . The American Psychiatric Association . Jump up ^ Carey , Benedict ( December 17 , 2008 ) . `` Psychiatrists Revise the Book of Human Troubles '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Psychiatrists Propose Revisions to Diagnosis Manual . via PBS Newshour , February 10 , 2010 ( interviews Frances and Alan Schatzberg on some of the main changes proposed to the DSM - 5 ) Jump up ^ Cosgrove , Lisa ; Krimsky , Sheldon ; Vijayaraghavan , Manisha ; Schneider , Lisa ( April 2006 ) , `` Financial Ties between DSM - IV Panel Members and the Pharmaceutical Industry '' , Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , 75 ( 3 ) : 154 -- 160 , doi : 10.1159 / 000091772 , PMID 16636630 Jump up ^ Cosgrove L , Bursztajn HJ , Kupfer DJ , Regier DA . `` Toward Credible Conflict of Interest Policies in Clinical Psychiatry '' Psychiatric Times 26 : 1 . Jump up ^ `` DSM - V Task Force Member Disclosure Report : David J Kupfer , MD '' ( PDF ) . American Psychiatric Association . and `` DSM - V Task Force Member Disclosure Report : Darrel Alvin Regier M.D '' ( PDF ) . American Psychiatric Association . May 2 , 2011 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DSM - 5 Overview : The Future Manual APA DSM - 5 Archived December 17 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Registration page for DSM - 5 public comment Archived May 1 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , page found June 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Suggestions and ideas for members of the work groups were also solicited through the DSM - 5 website . The proposed draft revisions to DSM - 5 are posted on the website , and anyone can provide feedback to the work groups during periods of public comment . '' Question 4 on the DSM - 5 FAQ Archived September 25 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , page found June 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Frances , Allen ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` A Warning Sign on the Road to DSM - V : Beware of Its Unintended Consequences '' ( Full text ) . Psychiatric Times . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lane , Christopher ( July 24 , 2009 ) . `` The Diagnostic Madness of DSM - V '' . Slate . Jump up ^ Lou Chibbaro , Jr . ( May 30 , 2008 ) . `` Activists alarmed over APA : Head of psychiatry panel favors ' change ' therapy for some trans teens '' . Washington Blade . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Brian ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` What 's ' normal ' sex ? Shrinks seek definition : Controversy erupts over creation of psychiatric rule book 's new edition '' . MSNBC . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Osborne , Duncan ( May 15 , 2008 ) . `` Flap Flares Over Gender Diagnosis '' . Gay City News . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2008 . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Professor co-authors letter about America 's mental health manual '' . Point Park University . December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Erin Allday ( November 26 , 2011 ) . `` Revision of psychiatric manual under fire '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Carey , Benedict ( May 8 , 2012 ) , `` Psychiatry Manual Drafters Back Down on Diagnoses '' , The New York Times , nytimes.com , retrieved May 12 , 2012 Jump up ^ New DSM - 5 Ignores Biology of Mental Illness ; `` The latest edition of psychiatry 's standard guidebook neglects the biology of mental illness . New research may change that . '' May 5 , 2013 Scientific American Jump up ^ Demazeux , Steeves ; Singy , Patrick ( 2015 ) . The DSM - 5 in Perspective : Philosophical Reflections on the Psychiatric Babel . Springer . ISBN 978 - 94 - 017 - 9764 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Cosgrove , Lisa ; Drimsky Lisa ( March 2012 ) . `` A comparison of DSM - iv and DSM - 5 panel members ' financial associations with industry : A pernicous problem persisits '' . PLoS Medicine . 9 ( 3 ) : 1 -- 5 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pmed. 1001190 . PMC 3302834 . PMID 22427747 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Dominic ( 2015 ) . `` Deviant deviance '' : Cultural diversity in DSM - 5 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Treatment and Research Advancements National Association for Personality Disorders ( TARA - APD ) Jump up ^ `` TARA Association for Personality Disorder '' . tara4bpd.org . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ New , Antonia ; Triebwasser Joseph ; Charney Dennis ( October 2008 ) . `` The case for shifting borderline personality disorder to Axis I '' ( PDF ) . Biol. Psychiatry . 64 ( 8 ) : 653 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biopsych. 2008.04. 020 . PMID 18550033 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ American Psychiatric Association ( 2013 ) . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( Fifth ed . ) . Arlington , VA : American Psychiatric Publishing . pp. 663 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89042 - 555 - 8 . Jump up ^ British Psychological Society Response , June 2011 Jump up ^ `` Director 's Biography '' . National Institute of Mental Health . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Insel , Thomas . `` Transforming Diagnosis '' . National Institute of Mental Health . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NIMH Research Domain Criteria ( RDoC ) ( Draft 3.1 ) '' . National Institute of Mental Health . June 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harbinger , New ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Goodbye to the DSM - V '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Federal institute for mental health abandons controversial ' bible ' of psychiatry '' . Verge . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Institute of Mental Health abandoning the DSM '' . Mind Hacks . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Psychiatry divided as mental health ' bible ' denounced '' . NewScientist . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Did the NIMH Withdraw Support for the DSM - 5 ? No '' . PsychCentral . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . `` Mental Health Researchers Reject Psychiatry 's New Diagnostic ' Bible ' '' . Time . May 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . `` THE RATS OF N.I.M.H '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Belluck , Pam ; Carey , Benedict ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` Psychiatry 's Guide Is Out of Touch With Science , Experts Say '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` DSM - 5 and RDoC : Shared Interests '' . National Institute of Mental Health and American Psychiatric Association . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Aragona M. ( 2014 ) Epistemological reflections about the crisis of the DSM - 5 and the revolutionary potential of the RDoC project Dialogues in Philosophy , Mental and Neuro Sciences 7 : 11 - 20 External links ( edit ) `` DSM - V The Future Manual '' . American Psychiatric Association . Archived from the original on 19 November 2008 . `` DSM - 5 Update : Supplement to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fifth Edition '' ( PDF ) . PsychiatryOnline . American Psychiatric Association Publishing . September 2016 . DSM personality disorders DSM - III - R only Sadistic Self - defeating ( masochistic ) DSM - IV only Personality disorder not otherwise specified Appendix B ( proposed ) Depressive Negativistic ( passive -- aggressive ) DSM - 5 ( Categorical model ) Cluster A ( odd ) Paranoid Schizoid Schizotypal Cluster B ( dramatic ) Antisocial Borderline Histrionic Narcissistic Cluster C ( anxious ) Avoidant Dependent Obsessive - compulsive DSM - 5 Alternative hybrid categorical and dimensional model in Section III included to stimulate further research Medical classification Topographical codes Terminologia TA TH TE SNOMED T axis MeSH A axis Diagnostic codes general : ICD 11 ( not yet released ; in development ) 10 9 ICPC - 2 DRC NANDA Read codes SNOMED D axis specialized : ICD - O ICSD ICHD ILDS DSM IV 5 BPA CCMD - 3 Procedural codes HCPCS ( CPT , Level 2 ) ICD 10 PCS 9 - CM Volume 3 ICHI NIC SNOMED P axis OPS - 301 Read codes / OPCS - 4 CCAM LOINC Pharmaceutical codes ATC NDC SNOMED C axis DIN Outcomes codes NOC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DSM-5&oldid=815035340 '' Categories : 2013 non-fiction books Abnormal psychology Clinical psychology Diagnosis classification Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Medical manuals Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from January 2015 Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano Polski Português Română Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 10 : 41 . 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"\nDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition\n(DSM-5)\n\n\n\n\nAuthor\nAmerican Psychiatric Association\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nSeries\nDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders\n\n\nSubject\nClassification and diagnosis of mental disorders\n\n\nPublished\nMay 18, 2013\n\n\nMedia type\nPrint (hardcover, softcover); e-book\n\n\nPages\n947\n\n\nISBN\n978-0-89042-554-1\n\n\nOCLC\n830807378\n\n\n\nDewey Decimal\n\n616.89'075\n\n\nLC Class\nRC455.2.C4\n\n\nPreceded by\nDSM-IV-TR\n\n"
] | [
"May 18, 2013"
] |
4141354039642085759 | Rajasthan Royals | Rajasthan Royals - Wikipedia Rajasthan Royals Jump to : navigation , search Rajasthan Royals Personnel Captain Ajinkya Rahane Coach Paddy Upton Owner Manoj Badale Team information City Jaipur , Rajasthan , India Colours Founded 2008 ( 2008 ) Home ground Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur ( Capacity : 23,185 ) Secondary home ground ( s ) Sardar Patel Stadium , Ahmedabad ( Capacity : 54,000 ) Brabourne Stadium , Mumbai ( Capacity : 25,000 ) History Indian Premier League wins 1 ( 2008 ) CLT20 wins 0 Official website : www.rajasthanroyals.com T20I kit Rajasthan Royals in 2018 The Rajasthan Royals ( often abbreviated as RR ) are a cricket team in the Indian Premier League from the city of Jaipur . Founded in 2008 as one of the initial eight IPL franchises , the Royals are owned by Manoj Badale . The team played its home matches at the Sawai Mansingh Stadium in Jaipur and also had secondary home grounds at the Sardar Patel Stadium at Ahmedabad and the Brabourne Stadium at Mumbai . The Royals are sometimes considered the Moneyball team of the IPL . The Royals are known to unearth obscure , high potential talent . The team won the inaugural edition of the IPL under the captaincy of Shane Warne , despite being written off as a title contender by the media and fans . The Royals were also the runners - up of the 2013 Champions League Twenty20 under Rahul Dravid 's captaincy . On 14 July 2015 the verdict reached by a panel appointed by India 's Supreme Court suspended Rajasthan Royals and Chennai Super Kings for two years over a corruption and match fixing scandal , meaning they could not participate in both the 2016 and 2017 IPL tournaments . Shane Watson is the only player to lead most runs , most wickets , highest score , highest batting average , most sixes , for a team in T20 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Expulsion from the IPL & return 1.2 Ban in 2015 2 Team history 2.1 2008 IPL season 2.2 2009 IPL season 2.3 British Asian Cup 2.4 2010 IPL season 2.5 2011 IPL season 2.6 2012 IPL season 2.7 2013 IPL season 2.8 2013 spot - fixing case 2.9 2014 IPL season 2.10 2018 IPL Season 3 Team identity 3.1 Team anthem 3.2 Mascot 4 Players 5 Home ground 6 Current squad 7 Administration and support staff 8 Seasons 9 Sponsors and Kit Manufacturers 10 Statistics 11 Fixtures and results 11.1 2008 IPL season 11.2 2009 IPL season 11.3 2010 IPL season 11.4 2011 IPL season 11.5 2012 IPL season 11.6 2013 IPL season 11.7 2013 CLT20 season 11.8 2014 IPL season 11.9 2015 IPL season 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Franchise history The Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) announced in September 2007 the establishment of the Indian Premier League , a Twenty20 competition to be started in 2008 . In January 2008 , the BCCI unveiled the owners of eight city - based franchises . The team is one of the eight founding members of the IPL in 2008 . The Jaipur franchise was sold to the Emerging Media for $67 million , making it the least expensive team in the league . The franchise is currently owned and chaired by Manoj Badale . Other investors include Lachlan Murdoch , Aditya S Chellaram , and Suresh Chellaram . The Group acquired the franchise for $67 million . Incidentally , this was the least expensive franchise in the Indian Premier League and probably the least fancied team in the league at the beginning of the tournament . It made a pre-tax profit of $7.5 million in 2009 . Expulsion from the IPL & return In 2010 , the BCCI decided to expel Kings XI Punjab and Rajasthan Royals from the IPL . The expulsion baffled captain Shane Warne who stated that he suspected that there might be some foul play and that the BCCI might possess some ulterior motives . The Rajasthan Royals however filed an appeal against the decision and the two parties went to the Mumbai High Court to decide The Mumbai high - court adjourned that case until 29 October 2010 . Both parties then agreed to adjourn the case again to 15 November because they did n't want it to coincide with Diwali celebrations from 1 to 14 November Later it was announced by the Royals that they told the Bombay High Court that they would be negotiating with an arbitrator to see if they could reconcile with the IPL The arbitrator announced that while the investigation was ongoing the Royals would remain a part of the IPL for six - weeks and the BCCI would not be allowed to change rules which might go against the Royals . The six - week period included the player auction in which Rajasthan Royals participated . After this the Bombay High Court rejected the appeals of the BCCI against keeping the Rajasthan Royals in the IPL for six - weeks while the case was sorted out . It was estimated because of the losses in court cases and damaging reputation the BCCI decided not to pursue any further legal action against Royals ' or Kings XI Punjab and announced they decided to keep them in the IPL . Ban in 2015 In 2015 the team was banned for two years following the Lodha Panel inquiry . Rajasthan Royals became the source of controversy when inappropriate and fictitious bids were made , violating BCCI norms . Ranjit Barthakur and Fraser Castellino were the only two shareholders of the Jaipur IPL , completely unknown to the BCCI at the time . An out of court settlement between the two later ensued . In 2015 Rajasthan Royals were banned for two years by the BCCI , with its owner Raj Kundra banned for life . Team history ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 2008 IPL season Prior to the start of the inaugural IPL season , many considered the Royals as possibly the weakest team in the IPL , giving them little chance of competing well in the tournament . Evidence of the latter opinion seemed to be confirmed when the team lost its first match against the Delhi Daredevils in a 9 wicket loss . The fears were confirmed that the team was likely to struggle , but no one had ever thought that this was the beginning of a new dawn for the team . But the team believed in writing their own script and there was something about their style of cricket , perhaps the simple attitude with which they approached the game . This simplicity was bought about largely by Warne 's captaincy , as he never had the fear to lose and was always calm in dealing with his players and pressure situations . In their first home game ever at Sawai Mansingh Stadium in Jaipur , they played against the Kings XI Punjab and won by 6 wickets as Shane Watson was declared the man of the match for his unbeaten 76 off 49 balls in what was a successful run chase . That was followed by a crucial 3 wicket win against one of the favorites to win the competition , Deccan Chargers in Hyderabad . The victory proved to be a huge morale booster for the side since this was their first away win and second successful run chase on the trot , as Yusuf Pathan made a name for himself with his first man of the match award for his bowling figures of 2 / 20 in 4 overs and a 28 - ball 61 . Watson almost replicated Yusuf 's all - round performance in the following match against the Royal Challengers Bangalore in Bangalore as another run chase was completed . In the 7 wicket victory , ' Watto ' picked 2 / 20 in 4 overs and smashed 61 not out off 41 balls . Their next game was another crucial one , against the Kolkata Knight Riders at home and Rajasthan won convincingly by 45 runs as the diminutive opener from Goa , Swapnil Asnodkar received his first man of the match award for a fine knock of 60 off just 34 balls . They further managed to defeat the Chennai Super Kings in Jaipur , as Pakistan 's Sohail Tanvir continued to show his red hot bowling form in the game , picking 6 wickets for 14 runs in 4 overs , winning the man of the match award for the same . But a minor hiccup followed , as they were thrashed by 7 wickets by the unpredictable Mumbai Indians in Navi Mumbai . However the Royals won their next game by defeating the Kings XI Punjab and continued to win the next five games in a row . The Royals built up an impressive 11 -- 3 record after their fourteen preliminary round matches ; this included a consecutive 5 - game and 6 - game winning streak with an undefeated record on their home ground and a spot at the top of the points table . They were also the first team to book a place in the semifinals with their 65 run win over the Royal Challengers Bangalore . Deccan Chargers were denied their first victory against the Rajasthan Royals , once again due to the burly Yusuf Pathan , who won his second man of the match award for his 37 - ball 68 as Rajasthan prevailed by 8 wickets at home . There were two more home games on the trot , as the Delhi Daredevils were beaten this time by 3 wickets with Watto again performing his all - round magic to bewilder the opposition , as he ended with 2 / 21 in 4 overs and hit a 40 - ball 74 to guide the chase adequately enough in the end . Whereas , the Royal Challengers Bangalore were thrashed by 65 runs , as South Africa 's captain Graeme Smith won the man of the match award for his unbeaten 49 - ball 75 . Their next challenge was to conquer the nerves which can be developed when playing at the Eden Gardens in Kolkata . But the home team was given a proper thumping by Yusuf Pathan who hammered an unbeaten 48 off just 18 balls , and backed it with bowling figures of 1 / 14 in 2 overs as Rajasthan Royals won by 6 wickets . They were however , given a tough fight by the Chennai Super Kings at the MA Chidambaram Stadium in their 10 - run victory . Followed by which , their last home game of the season was against the Mumbai Indians and Warne 's boys ensured that they remained at the top of the points table in the conclusion of the round robin stage , with a 5 - wicket win as Tanvir once again was devastating , picking 4 / 14 in his 4 overs . They did lose to the Kings XI Punjab in the final round robin game , but easily made it to the semifinals and Sohail Tanvir won the first ever Purple Cap in IPL history , for taking the most number of wickets in the tournament . Shane Warne 's captaincy and simultaneous coaching was praised and well received by everyone , including opposition teams . In addition , several players of the Royals team had consistently played well . Their semifinal was against the Delhi Daredevils in Mumbai , which was expected to be a tough contest for them . Yet , Delhi were walloped by 105 runs as Watto made this a one - sided contest following his 29 - ball 52 and 3 / 10 in 3 overs , hence continuing his purple patch in the competition and assuring a place for Rajasthan in the final against MS Dhoni 's Chennai Super Kings in the same city . The final was a cliffhanger , which was ideal to end the first ever IPL tournament . Chennai could play their best possible to attempt stopping an in - form Rajasthan Royals . Although their team total after 20 overs was around 150 , they took the match till the final ball until appropriately . With the scores level with one ball remaining , it was their bowling hero Sohail Tanvir who hit the winning runs to ensure that Rajasthan were crowned the champions of the first season of the IPL , making history in the process . Yusuf Pathan was declared the man of the match in the final as well , for his figures of 3 / 22 in 4 overs and 56 runs and thus became a household name ever since , beating the popularity of his younger brother Irfan Pathan and going on to represent India in the shorter formats of the game . The all - rounder Shane Watson won the man of the tournament award for scoring as many as 472 runs and picking 17 wickets . This was able to make him cement his spot in all formats of the game in the Australian team , and has now become one of the most valuable T20 players in world cricket . It was an incredible victory for an underdog team which had inexperienced , young Indian cricketers mostly who could mainly speak in their mother tongues , which Warne could not understand . Rajasthan Royals qualified for the Champions League T20 that year , but the event was cancelled on the account of the terrorist attacks in Mumbai in November 2008 . The Rajasthan Royals became the winner of the first IPL tournament , when they defeated the Chennai Super Kings by 3 wickets in the final played on 1 June 2008 . With the scores level with one ball remaining , Sohail Tanvir scored the winning run and therefore prevented the match from being decided on a bowl out . Each player and representative on the team was awarded a medal and the team was presented with the DLF Indian Premier League trophy along with a cheque for US $1.2 million prize money . Many of the Royals ' players also took home individual awards for their performance during the tournament ; Yusuf Pathan claimed the Man of the Match award for the final match , Sohail Tanvir finished the tournament in possession of the Purple Cap ( the IPL 's leading wicket taker ) and Australian all - rounder Shane Watson was declared the Man of the Series . 2009 IPL season The Royals came into the tournament in South Africa as the defending champions , but not one of the favourites since Sohail Tanvir was ineligible to play for the team due to the ban imposed by the BCCI on Pakistani players playing in the competition . As well as the fact that Shane Watson , theiaround was unavailable for the whole season as Australia featured in an ODI series against Pakistan in the UAE . Without these two , the team looked slightly weaker than the previous season and players such as the countryman Graeme Smith , fiery pacer Shaun Tait and the aging Shane Warne had to be relied on . Rajasthan began their 2009 campaign against the Royal Challengers Bangalore solemnly . They were bowled out for the Second lowest score ( First lowest score is of RCB against KKR in 2017 they made a score of 49 and were all out ) in the history of the IPL , a paltry 58 as they were thrashed by 75 runs in Newlands , Cape Town by the Kevin Pietersen - led side . They made a short trip to Durban to play the Mumbai Indians but that match was washed out due to rain , which made Rajasthan go at the bottom of the points table at that stage . But on their return to Cape Town , they faced the Kolkata Knight Riders in a match which went to the Super Over , and Rajasthan were only able to win due to Yusuf Pathan 's onslaught off the bowling of Ajantha Mendis , knocking off the required 17 runs in just 4 balls . At the same ground although , they were defeated by the Kings XI Punjab by 27 runs . Yusuf again played a blinder of an innings , an unbeaten 30 - ball 62 to help Rajasthan Royals beat Delhi Daredevils yet again , by 5 wickets . But the team that they met in the final last season , Chennai Super Kings was too good for them in their first clash of the season in Pretoria where Chennai won by 38 runs . However , Yusuf was at his all - round best as the Royals beat the Deccan Chargers by 3 wickets as he bowled well in his 4 overs , with figures of 1 / 19 and contributing 24 runs off 17 balls . They also were able to hammer Kings XI Punjab by 78 runs in their return match in Durban as Graeme Smith made the decibel levels on the ground increase with his 44 - ball 77 . Whereas , they took their revenge against the Royal Challengers Bangalore , prevailing by 7 wickets as the team rode on the unknown Indian pacer , Amit Singh 's spell of 4 / 19 in 4 overs . Then disaster struck . They lost yet another contest to the Chennai Super Kings , by 7 wickets and Deccan Chargers posted their first win against the Rajasthan Royals in the IPL , by a massive margin of 53 runs . The Royals managed to shut out the Mumbai Indians by a mere 2 runs due to Warne 's brilliance but were knocked out of the tournament with back - to - back defeats to the Delhi Daredevils by 14 runs and the bottom - ranked Kolkata Knight Riders by 3 wickets . Seven players were dropped from the team and they were sent back to home . These players were -- Mohammed Kaif , Dinesh Salunkhe , Paras Dogra , Anup Revandkar , Srideep Mangela , Ashraf Makda and Azhar Malik . Rajasthan Royals ended 6th out of the 8 teams in the competition , winning 6 matches out of the 14 they played . The Royals failed to make it to the semifinals after losing their last two matches against Delhi Daredevils and Kolkata Knight Riders . It was a disappointing finish for Warne 's boys , who had won many hearts with their 2008 performance . British Asian Cup On 14 May 2009 it was announced that Rajasthan Royals would meet Middlesex Crusaders in a one - off Twenty20 for the British Asian Cup . It was the first time that an annual charity series to be played between the Twenty20 champions of the two countries . The match took place on 6 July 2009 . The Squads were announced on 3 July 2009 with Rajasthan Royals included Mohammad Kaif and also saw a comeback of Sohail Tanvir . The match was won by Rajasthan Royals by 46 runs after scoring 162 / 5 in 20 overs and successfully defending it by 46 runs ( Middlesex 116 / 7 ) . The MoM was Dimitri Mascarenhas . 2010 IPL season The Royals were back in India after their average outing in South Africa . This time they seemed to be a better outfit as they were to play in conditions which should have suited them the most . But they had to suffer an unfortunate start to the competition , with a narrow 4 run defeat to the Mumbai Indians at the Brabourne Stadium in Mumbai . The highlight of this match though , was Yusuf Pathan hitting the fastest ever hundred in IPL history , off only 37 balls ! Even some of the Mumbai fans were disappointed not to see Rajasthan win , by the end of it all . They went on to lose to the Delhi Daredevils by 6 wickets on one of their new ' home ' grounds , Ahmedabad . And were again bruised badly by the Royal Challengers Bangalore , who won by 10 wickets . The team remained inconsistent throughout the whole season , winning their next four matches consecutively . One of the young Turks of the erstwhile ICL , Abhishek Jhunjhunwala impressed against the franchise representing his home state , Kolkata Knight Riders as his 36 - ball 45 helped the Royals win by 34 runs . Followed by which the Western Australian batsman Adam Voges hit 45 runs off 24 balls to help Rajasthan beat Punjab in Mohali by 31 runs . The team seemed to have adapted to the Ahmedabad conditions better with wins against Deccan Chargers by 8 wickets as Yusuf Pathan continued his good form against the team , while they beat Chennai Super Kings by 17 runs courtesy wicket - keeper batsman Naman Ojha 's 49 - ball 80 . But they lost against Chennai in their return clash as Murali Vijay 's hundred took the game away from them as well as were crushed in Delhi by 67 runs . But they managed to escape a Deccan Chargers attack , with a narrow 2 run victory in Nagpur and continued their unbeaten run in Jaipur though , as the out of sorts Kings XI Punjab were duly beaten by 9 wickets with English opener Michael Lumb winning the man of the match award for his 43 - ball 83 . Once again , Rajasthan Royals ended the tournament miserably with losses to Mumbai Indians and the Royal Challengers Bangalore at home , and the Kolkata Knight Riders in the last round robin game in Kolkata . Consequently , they failed to make it to the playoffs for the second consecutive season as they finished 7th out of the 8 teams in the competition , winning 6 games out of 14 played . 2011 IPL season The Rajasthan Royals , and the Kings XI Punjab were temporarily ejected from the league due to issues with their unreported ownership changes . The teams were reinstated with involvement from the High Court . Their owners were broken into several legal entities when the BCCI required the incorporation of the companies . Kochi was also at risk of ejection for the same reasons before BCCI cleared their new ownership pattern for the tournament . The team management decided to retain the Australian duo of Shane Warne and Shane Watson for the following three seasons of the IPL , although Warne 's future continued to be uncertain . Yet , he decided to make this his final season for the Rajasthan Royals on the insistence of the team owners who felt that he was the ultimate source of inspiration for the team on and off the field . In the auction , the team 's funds were reduced since they were penalised by the BCCI in 2010 and as a result , had to pay a certain amount of bank guarantee as fixed by the High Court . But they possessed an adequate amount of money to buy some of the world 's finest T20 players , which they did not exactly . They managed to buy back Australian fast bowler Shaun Tait for $ USD 300,000 as well as South African bowling all - rounder Johan Botha for $ USD 950,000 . The other star players which they picked were New Zealand batsman Ross Taylor for $ USD 1 million as well as ' The Wall ' Rahul Dravid for half that price . England 's World T20 2010 winning skipper Paul Collingwood was also purchased for a mere $ USD 250,000 . The other players were mostly from the domestic circuits , but were confident individuals following Rajasthan winning the Ranji Trophy that year . Rajasthan Royals began the IPL 2011 in grand fashion , beating the Kumar Sangakkara - led Deccan Chargers by 8 wickets , with the young Indian pacer Siddharth Trivedi adjudged the man of the match for his spell of 3 / 15 and the Royals continued their fine record against the Chargers . While Shane Warne defied age with a fine piece of bowling to assist Rajasthan in defeating a weakened Delhi Daredevils side by 6 wickets , with figures of 2 / 17 . However , their confidence was dented with two back - to - back defeats to the new look Kolkata Knight Riders in a span of three days . In the clash at Jaipur , they lost by 9 wickets courtesy a 100 - run partnership between Gautam Gambhir and Jacques Kallis , Whereas in Kolkata , Lakshmipathy Balaji picked 3 / 15 in 4 overs on a minefield pitch in Eden Gardens to help his team pull of an 8 wicket victory . The match against the Royal Challengers Bangalore in Bangalore was washed out due to rain , which made Rajasthan 's task of making it into the last four much tougher . Shaun Marsh was in great nick and his 42 - ball 71 resulted in the Royals losing to Kings XI Punjab in Mohali by 48 runs . However , they pulled together a string of a hat - trick of home wins , as Rajasthan chased successfully in all the three matches . The first was against the Kochi Tuskers Kerala , winning by 8 wickets . Followed by Mumbai Indians , the No. 1 team then on the points table as they chased down a total of 100 with 7 wickets to spare . And then the Pune Warriors India were undone by Ross Taylors ' 35 - ball 47 not out , as Rajasthan won by 6 wickets . But again it was inconsistency which let the Royals down badly . They were given a proper thumping by the eventual champions Chennai Super Kings in both the matches they played against each other , within a span of five days . The in - form Royal Challengers Bangalore thrashed them by 9 wickets courtesy Chris Gayle while they were bowled out for 97 in their 8 - wicket defeat to the Kochi Tuskers Kerala . Although this time they ended their round robin matches well with a win against the Mumbai Indians in Mumbai and in the process giving Shane Warne a fitting farewell , Rajasthan were dismissed from the competition since they ended at the 6th position out of the 10 teams in the tournament , having again won 6 out of their 14 matches played , with one being a no result . 2012 IPL season Rajasthan Royals finished in seventh place among the point table in season 5 of IPL winning only seven matches out of sixteen . 2013 IPL season Rajasthan Royals qualified for the playoff stage by finishing third in the group stage , thus grabbing a spot in Champions League 2013 . They won against Sunrisers Hyderabad in the eliminator but lost to Mumbai Indians in the second qualifier , which led to their exit from the tournament . Shane Watson was declared the Man of the tournament . 2013 spot - fixing case Main article : 2013 Indian Premier League spot - fixing and betting case On 16 May 2013 , three Rajasthan Royals players Sreesanth , Ankeet Chavan and Ajit Chandila were arrested from Mumbai by Delhi Police along with eleven bookies on charges of spot - fixing in the tournament . The fixing happened in the matches against Pune Warriors on 5 May , Kings XI Punjab on 9 May and Mumbai Indians on 15 May . Later BCCI suspended the three players . 2014 IPL season Rajasthan Royals retained five players -- Sanju Samson , Ajinkya Rahane , Shane Watson , James Faulkner and Stuart Binny -- for the seventh season of the IPL . Rajasthan Royals scored 65 runs off the last 17 balls at a strike rate of 382.35 to win the match against RCB . Shane Watson lead the side and Rahul Dravid played the role of a mentor . 2018 IPL season Rajasthan Royals are making a comeback to IPL after two year suspension . Prior to the 2018 IPL auction , the Royals retained Steve Smith for 12Crs announcing him as captain for 2018 season . Following the ball tampering controversy in March 2018 , Smith stepped down as Royals captain with Ajinkya Rahane appointed . Smith was subsequently banned from playing in the 2018 IPL season . Following Steve Smith 's ban Heinrich Klaasen was announced as replacement . Team identity Team anthem The team anthem is ' Halla Bol ' . In the first IPL season the song was sung by Ila Arun . While in second season , it was sung by huudiya. Currently , this team 's anthem is ' Phir Halla Bol ' , released in 2018 . Mascot The team 's mascot is a lion named Moochu Singh . Players Main article : List of Rajasthan Royals cricketers Traditionally , the Rajasthan Royals usually purchase cricketers who are not very famous , unknown or uncapped i.e. not played for their nation , at cut - throat prices . The Royals are famous for their frugal spending in the IPL auctions , even during the mega-auctions held once in 3 years . They have even bought players who had previously never played first - class cricket such as Dinesh Salunkhe and Pravin Tambe . The team has also purchased leading cricketers at various times in their history like Shane Warne , Graeme Smith , Rahul Dravid , Shanthakumaran Sreesanth , Munaf Patel , Mohammad Kaif , Shaun Tait , Ross Taylor , Justin Langer , Damien Martyn and Brad Hogg to name a few . Many of the cricketers who have played for the Royals , having been bought by them as relatively unknown players , have ended up as leading international cricketers partly due to their strong performances in the IPL and backing from the Royals management . In the initial seasons , such players included Taruwar Kohli , who was acquired by the franchise in 2008 under the Under - 19 player quota and Yusuf Pathan , the elder brother of the Indian all - rounder Irfan Pathan and a relative unknown in cricketing circles unlike his more - celebrated younger brother . Yusuf 's brilliant performances in the initial seasons of the IPL earned him a place in the Indian cricket team , and was a member of the Indian squad which won the 2011 Cricket World Cup . Even Australian Shane Watson , who has played for the Royals ever since its inception , became a permanent , consistent and leading member of the Australian cricket team soon after his brilliant first season with the Royals in 2008 . In the later seasons , these players have included Indian cricketers such as Ajinkya Rahane , wicketkeeper - batsman Sanju Samson , leg - spinner Tambe , whose performances for the Royals earned him a Ranji Trophy debut for Mumbai at the age of 42 , Stuart Binny and Dhawal Kulkarni , as well as international cricketers like James Faulkner , Steve Smith and Tim Southee . Even off - spinner Ajit Chandila , who played only 2 first - class matches and was also convicted in the spot - fixing scandal , was one of the top bowlers for the Royals during the 2012 and 2013 seasons . Home ground Main article : Sawai Mansingh Stadium The home venue of the Royals is the Sawai Mansingh Stadium in Jaipur . The stadium was built during the reign of Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II , who was also known as SMS , hence the name stadium . It is situated at one corner of the Rambagh Circle . The stadium seats 30,000 and is one of the best in India , after the 2006 renovation . But in 2014 , Sardar Patel Stadium in Ahmedabad hosted the Rajasthan Royals home matches . Sawai Mansingh Stadium in Jaipur , is set to host Royals home games in 2018 IPL season after Rajasthan Royals were suspended for 2 years in 2015 and after Stadium is banned to host matches for 4 years . Current squad Players with international caps are listed in bold . * denotes a player who is currently unavailable for selection . * denotes a player who is unavailable for rest of the season . No . Name Nat Birth date Batting style Bowling style Signed year Salary Notes Batsmen N / A Steve Smith ( 1989 - 06 - 02 ) 2 June 1989 ( age 28 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2018 ₹ 12 crore ( US $1.8 million ) Overseas 27 Ajinkya Rahane ( 1988 - 06 - 05 ) 5 June 1988 ( age 29 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2018 ₹ 4 crore ( US $613,000 ) Captain 52 Rahul Tripathi ( 1991 - 03 - 02 ) 2 March 1991 ( age 27 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2018 ₹ 3.4 crore ( US $521,000 ) N / A Prashant Chopra ( 1992 - 10 - 07 ) 7 October 1992 ( age 25 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $31,000 ) N / A Aryaman Birla ( 1997 - 07 - 09 ) 9 July 1997 ( age 20 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm orthodox 2018 ₹ 30 lakh ( US $46,000 ) All - rounders 55 Ben Stokes ( 1991 - 06 - 04 ) 4 June 1991 ( age 26 ) Left - handed Right - arm fast - medium 2018 ₹ 12.5 crore ( US $1.9 million ) Overseas N / A Stuart Binny ( 1984 - 06 - 03 ) 3 June 1984 ( age 33 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2018 ₹ 50 lakh ( US $77,000 ) 21 D'Arcy Short ( 1990 - 08 - 09 ) 9 August 1990 ( age 27 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm orthodox 2018 ₹ 4 crore ( US $613,000 ) Overseas N / A Jofra Archer ( 1995 - 04 - 01 ) 1 April 1995 ( age 23 ) Right - handed Right - arm fast - medium 2018 ₹ 7.2 crore ( US $1.1 million ) Overseas N / A Ankit Sharma ( 1991 - 04 - 20 ) 20 April 1991 ( age 26 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm orthodox 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $31,000 ) 17 Shreyas Gopal ( 1993 - 09 - 04 ) 4 September 1993 ( age 24 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $31,000 ) N / A Mahipal Lomror ( 1999 - 11 - 16 ) 16 November 1999 ( age 18 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm orthodox 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $31,000 ) N / A Jatin Saxena ( 1982 - 08 - 04 ) 4 August 1982 ( age 35 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $31,000 ) Wicket - keepers 8 Sanju Samson ( 1994 - 11 - 11 ) 11 November 1994 ( age 23 ) Right - handed 2018 ₹ 8 crore ( US $1.2 million ) 63 Jos Buttler ( 1990 - 09 - 08 ) 8 September 1990 ( age 27 ) Right - handed 2018 ₹ 4.4 crore ( US $674,000 ) Overseas N / A Heinrich Klaasen ( 1991 - 07 - 30 ) 30 July 1991 ( age 26 ) Right - handed 2018 ₹ 50 lakh ( US $77,000 ) Overseas Replacement for Steve Smith Bowlers 77 Jaydev Unadkat ( 1991 - 10 - 18 ) 18 October 1991 ( age 26 ) Right - handed Left - arm medium 2018 ₹ 11.5 crore ( US $1.8 million ) 91 Dhawal Kulkarni ( 1988 - 12 - 10 ) 10 December 1988 ( age 29 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2018 ₹ 75 lakh ( US $115,000 ) 56 Ben Laughlin ( 1982 - 10 - 03 ) 3 October 1982 ( age 35 ) Right - handed Right - arm fast - medium 2018 ₹ 50 lakh ( US $77,000 ) Overseas N / A Dushmantha Chameera ( 1992 - 01 - 11 ) 11 January 1992 ( age 26 ) Right - handed Right - arm fast 2018 ₹ 50 lakh ( US $77,000 ) Overseas 7 Krishnappa Gowtham ( 1988 - 10 - 20 ) 20 October 1988 ( age 29 ) Right - handed Right - arm off break 2018 ₹ 6.2 crore ( US $950,000 ) N / A Anureet Singh ( 1988 - 03 - 02 ) 2 March 1988 ( age 30 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2018 ₹ 30 lakh ( US $46,000 ) N / A Zahir Khan Pakteen ( 1998 - 12 - 20 ) 20 December 1998 ( age 19 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm chinaman 2018 ₹ 60 lakh ( US $92,000 ) Overseas N / A Sudhesan Midhun ( 1994 - 10 - 07 ) 7 October 1994 ( age 23 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $31,000 ) N / A Ish Sodhi ( 1992 - 10 - 31 ) 31 October 1992 ( age 25 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2018 ₹ 50 lakh ( US $77,000 ) Overseas Replacement for Zahir Khan Pakteen Administration and support staff Owner - Manoj Badale Head of cricket - Zubin Bharucha Team Mentor - Shane Warne Head Coach - Paddy Upton Batting coach - Amol Muzumdar Bowling coach - Sairaj Bahutule Fielding coach - Dishant Yagnik Physiotherapist - John Gloster Seasons Year Indian Premier League Champions League Twenty20 2008 Champions Cancelled ( Q ) 2009 League stage DNQ League stage DNQ 2011 League stage DNQ 2012 League stage DNQ 2013 Playoffs Runners - up 2014 League stage DNQ 2015 Playoffs Tournament defunct 2016 Suspended 2017 Suspended 2018 TBD Sponsors and Kit Manufacturers Year Kit Manufacturers Shirt Sponsor ( Front ) Shirt Sponsor ( Back ) Chest Branding 2008 Reebok Bajaj Allianz Royal Challenge Reebok 2009 UltraTech Cement HDFC Life 7up Puma MOOV 2011 Floriana SuperTech 2012 UltraTech Cement 2013 Rupa 2014 2015 Provogue Lawman Pg3 ( 9 ) 2018 TYKA Sports JK Lakshmi Pro+ Cement Mitsubishi Heavy Industries KEI Wires and Cables Statistics See also : List of Rajasthan Royals records Summary of results Years Matches Wins Losses No Result Success Rate 2008 14 11 0 78.57 % 2009 14 6 7 46.15 % 14 6 8 0 42.86 % 2011 14 6 7 46.15 % 2012 16 7 9 0 43.75 % 2013 16 10 6 0 62.50 % 2014 14 7 7 0 50.00 % 2015 14 6 6 50.00 % 2016 Suspended 2017 Suspended 2018 0 0 0 0 0 Total 116 59 53 50.86 % Fixtures and results 2008 IPL season Captain : Shane Warne No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 000000002008 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 April 2008 Delhi Daredevils in 2008 Delhi Lost by 9 wickets Scorecard 000000002008 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 April 2008 Kings XI Punjab Jaipur Won by 6 wickets Shane Watson 76 * ( 49 ) Scorecard 000000002008 - 04 - 24 - 0000 24 April 2008 Hyderabad Won by 3 wickets Yusuf Pathan 2 / 20 ( 2 overs ) and 61 ( 28 ) Scorecard 000000002008 - 04 - 26 - 0000 26 April 2008 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Won by 7 wickets Shane Watson 2 / 20 ( 4 overs ) and 61 * ( 41 ) Scorecard 5 000000002008 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2008 Kolkata Knight Riders Jaipur Won by 45 runs Swapnil Asnodkar 60 ( 34 ) Scorecard 6 000000002008 - 05 - 04 - 0000 4 May 2008 Chennai Super Kings Jaipur Won by 8 wickets Sohail Tanvir 6 / 14 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 7 000000002008 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 2008 Mumbai Indians Navi Mumbai Lost by 7 wickets Scorecard 8 000000002008 - 05 - 09 - 0000 9 May 2008 Jaipur Won by 8 wickets Yusuf Pathan 68 ( 37 ) Scorecard 9 000000002008 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 2008 Delhi Daredevils in 2008 Jaipur Won by 3 wickets Shane Watson 2 / 21 ( 4 overs ) and 74 ( 40 ) Scorecard 10 000000002008 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 2008 Royal Challengers Bangalore Jaipur Won by 65 runs Graeme Smith 75 * ( 49 ) Scorecard 11 000000002008 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May 2008 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Won by 6 wickets Yusuf Pathan 1 / 14 ( 2 overs ) and 48 * ( 18 ) Scorecard 12 000000002008 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May 2008 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Won by 10 runs Albie Morkel 71 ( 40 ) and 2 / 35 ( 4 overs Scorecard 13 000000002008 - 05 - 26 - 0000 26 May 2008 Mumbai Indians Jaipur Won by 5 Wickets Sohail Tanvir 4 / 14 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 14 000000002008 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 2008 Kings XI Punjab Mohali Lost by 41 Runs Scorecard Semi-Final 000000002008 - 05 - 30 - 0000 30 May 2008 Delhi Daredevils in 2008 Mumbai Won by 105 runs Shane Watson 52 ( 29 ) and 3 / 10 ( 3 overs ) Scorecard Final 000000002008 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2008 Chennai Super Kings Navi Mumbai Won by 3 wickets Yusuf Pathan 56 ( 39 ) and 3 / 22 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard The Royals won the inaugural DLF IPL T - 20 Tournament on 1 June 2008 . MoS -- Shane Watson 472 runs and 17 wickets , Purple Cap Holder Sohail Tanvir 2009 IPL season No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 000000002009 - 04 - 18 - 0000 18 April 2009 Royal Challengers Bangalore Cape Town Lost by 75 runs Scorecard 000000002009 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 April 2009 Mumbai Indians Durban Match abandoned without a ball bowled Scorecard 000000002009 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 2009 Kolkata Knight Riders Cape Town Won ( In The Superover ) Yusuf Pathan 42 ( 21 ) , 18 * ( 4 ) and 0 / 27 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 000000002009 - 04 - 26 - 0000 26 April 2009 Kings XI Punjab Cape Town Lost by 27 runs Scorecard 5 000000002009 - 04 - 28 - 0000 28 April 2009 Delhi Daredevils Pretoria Won by 5 wickets Yusuf Pathan 62 * ( 30 ) Scorecard 6 000000002009 - 04 - 30 - 0000 30 April 2009 Chennai Super Kings Pretoria Lost by 38 runs Scorecard 7 000000002009 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2009 Deccan Chargers Port Elizabeth Won by 3 wickets Yusuf Pathan 24 ( 17 ) and 1 / 19 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 8 000000002009 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2009 Kings XI Punjab Durban Won by 78 Runs Graeme Smith 77 ( 44 ) Scorecard 9 000000002009 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 2009 Royal Challengers Bangalore Pretoria Won by 7 wickets Amit Singh 4 / 19 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 10 000000002009 - 05 - 09 - 0000 9 May 2009 Chennai Super Kings Kimberley Lost by 7 wickets Scorecard 11 000000002009 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 2009 Deccan Chargers Kimberley Lost by 53 runs Scorecard 12 000000002009 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 2009 Mumbai Indians Durban Won by 2 Runs Shane Warne 3 / 24 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 13 000000002009 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 2009 Delhi Daredevils Bloemfontein Lost by 14 runs Scorecard 14 000000002009 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May 2009 Kolkata Knight Riders Durban Lost by 4 wickets Scorecard 2010 IPL season No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 000000002010 - 03 - 13 - 0000 13 March 2010 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Lost by 4 runs Yusuf Pathan 100 ( 37 ) Scorecard 000000002010 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 March 2010 Delhi Daredevils Ahmedabad Lost by 6 wickets Scorecard 000000002010 - 03 - 18 - 0000 18 March 2010 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Lost by 10 wickets Scorecard 000000002010 - 03 - 20 - 0000 20 March 2010 Kolkata Knight Riders Ahmedabad Won by 34 runs Abhishek Jhunjhunwala 45 ( 36 ) Scorecard 5 000000002010 - 03 - 24 - 0000 24 March 2010 Kings XI Punjab Mohali Won by 31 runs Adam Voges 45 ( 24 ) Scorecard 6 000000002010 - 03 - 26 - 0000 26 March 2010 Deccan Chargers Ahmedabad Won by 8 wickets Yusuf Pathan 73 ( 34 ) Scorecard 7 000000002010 - 03 - 28 - 0000 28 March 2010 Chennai Super Kings Ahmedabad Won by 17 runs Naman Ojha 80 ( 49 ) Scorecard 8 000000002010 - 03 - 31 - 0000 31 March 2010 Delhi Daredevils New Delhi Lost by 67 runs Scorecard 9 000000002010 - 04 - 03 - 0000 3 April 2010 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Lost by 23 runs Scorecard 10 000000002010 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 2010 Deccan Chargers Nagpur Won by 2 runs Shane Warne 4 / 21 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 11 000000002010 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 2010 Kings XI Punjab Jaipur Won by 9 wickets Michael Lumb 83 ( 43 ) Scorecard 12 000000002010 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2010 Mumbai Indians Jaipur Lost by 37 runs Scorecard 13 000000002010 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2010 Royal Challengers Bangalore Jaipur Lost by 5 wickets Scorecard 14 000000002010 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 April 2010 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Lost by 8 wickets Scorecard 2011 IPL season No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 000000002011 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 2011 Deccan Chargers Hyderabad Won by 8 wickets Siddharth Trivedi 3 / 15 Scorecard 000000002011 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 2011 Delhi Daredevils Jaipur Won by 6 wickets Shane Warne 2 / 17 Scorecard 000000002011 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 2011 Kolkata Knight Riders Jaipur Lost by 9 wickets Scorecard 000000002011 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 April 2011 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Lost by 8 wickets Scorecard 5 000000002011 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 April 2011 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Match abandoned without a ball bowled due to rain Scorecard 6 000000002011 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 April 2011 Kings XI Punjab Chandigarh Lost by 48 runs Scorecard 7 000000002011 - 04 - 24 - 0000 24 April 2011 Kochi Tuskers Kerala Jaipur Won by 8 wickets Shane Warne 3 / 16 Scorecard 8 000000002011 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2011 Mumbai Indians Jaipur Won by 7 wickets Johan Botha 45 ( 39 ) & 3 / 6 ( 2 overs ) Scorecard 9 000000002011 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2011 Pune Warriors India Jaipur Won by 6 wickets Ross Taylor 47 * ( 35 ) Scorecard 10 000000002011 - 05 - 04 - 0000 4 May 2011 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Lost by 8 wickets Scorecard 11 000000002011 - 05 - 09 - 0000 9 May 2011 Chennai Super Kings Jaipur Lost by 63 runs Scorecard 12 000000002011 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 2011 Royal Challengers Bangalore Jaipur Lost by 9 wickets Scorecard 13 000000002011 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May 2011 Kochi Tuskers Kerala Indore Lost by 8 wickets Scorecard 14 000000002011 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May 2011 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Won by 10 wickets Shane Watson 89 * ( 47 ) & 3 / 19 Scorecard 2012 IPL season Captain : Rahul Dravid No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 000000002012 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2012 Kings XI Punjab Jaipur Won by 31 runs Ajinkya Rahane ( 98 ) Scorecard 000000002012 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 2012 Kolkata Knight Riders Jaipur Won by 22 runs Brad Hodge 44 ( 29 ) Scorecard 000000002012 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2012 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Lost by 27 runs Scorecard 000000002012 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 2012 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Lost by 5 wickets Scorecard 5 000000002012 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 2012 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Won by 59 runs Ajinkya Rahane 103 * Scorecard 6 000000002012 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 April 2012 Deccan Chargers Jaipur Won by 5 wickets Brad Hodge Scorecard 7 000000002012 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 April 2012 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Lost by 7 Wickets Scorecard 8 000000002012 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 2012 Royal Challengers Bangalore Jaipur Lost by 46 runs Scorecard 9 000000002012 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2012 Delhi Daredevils New Delhi Lost by 1 run Scorecard 10 000000002012 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2012 Delhi Daredevils Jaipur Lost by 6 wickets Scorecard 11 000000002012 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2012 Kings XI Punjab Mohali Won by 43 runs Shane Watson Score Card 12 000000002012 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May 2012 Pune Warriors India Pune Won by 7 wickets Shane Watson 90 * ( 51 ) Scorecard 13 000000002012 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May 2012 Chennai Super Kings Jaipur Lost by 4 Wickets Scorecard 14 000000002012 - 05 - 13 - 0000 13 May 2012 Pune Warriors India Jaipur Won by 45 runs Ajit Chandila 4 / 13 Scorecard 15 000000002012 - 05 - 18 - 0000 18 May 2012 Deccan Chargers Hyderabad Lost by 5 Wickets Scorecard 16 000000002012 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May 2012 Mumbai Indians Jaipur Lost by 10 wickets Scorecard 2013 IPL season No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 000000002013 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2013 Delhi Daredevils New Delhi Won by 5 runs Rahul Dravid 65 ( 51 ) Scorecard 000000002013 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 2013 Kolkata Knight Riders Jaipur Won by 19 runs Siddharth Trivedi 4 / 23 Scorecard 000000002013 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2013 Pune Warriors India Pune Lost by 7 wickets Scorecard 000000002013 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2013 Kings XI Punjab Jaipur Won by 6 wickets James Faulkner 2 / 30 Scorecard 5 000000002013 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 April 2013 Mumbai Indians Jaipur won by 87 runs Ajinkya Rahane 68 ( 54 ) Scorecard 6 000000002013 - 04 - 20 - 0000 20 April 2013 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bengaluru Lost by 7 wickets Scorecard 7 000000002013 - 04 - 22 - 0000 22 April 2013 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Lost by 5 wickets Scorecard 8 000000002013 - 04 - 27 - 0000 27 April 2013 Sunrisers Hyderabad Jaipur Won by 8 wickets James Faulkner 5 / 20 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 9 000000002013 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2013 Royal Challengers Bangalore Jaipur Won by 4 wickets Sanju Samson 63 ( 31 ) Scorecard 10 000000002013 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May 2013 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Lost by 8 Wickets Scorecard 11 000000002013 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2013 Pune Warriors India Jaipur Won By 5 Wickets Ajinkya Rahane 67 ( 48 ) Scorecard 12 000000002013 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 2013 Delhi Daredevils Jaipur Won By 9 Wickets Ajinkya Rahane 63 * ( 45 ) Scorecard 13 000000002013 - 05 - 09 - 0000 9 May 2013 Kings XI Punjab Mohali Won By 8 Wickets Kevon Cooper 3 -- 23 Scorecard 14 000000002013 - 05 - 12 - 0000 12 May 2013 Chennai Super Kings Jaipur Won By 5 Wickets Shane Watson 70 ( 34 ) Scorecard 15 000000002013 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May 2013 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Lost by 14 Runs Scorecard 16 000000002013 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 2013 Sunrisers Hyderabad Hyderabad Lost by 23 Runs Scorecard 17 000000002013 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 2013 Sunrisers Hyderabad ( Eliminator ) New Delhi Won by 4 wickets Brad Hodge 54 * ( 29 ) Scorecard 18 000000002013 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May 2013 Mumbai Indians ( Qualifier 2 ) Kolkata Lost by 4 Wickets Scorecard 2013 CLT20 season No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 000000002013 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 2013 Mumbai Indians Jaipur Won by 7 wickets Vikramjeet Malik 3 / 24 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 000000002013 - 09 - 25 - 0000 25 September 2013 Highveld Lions Jaipur Won by 30 runs Pravin Tambe 4 / 15 ( 3 overs ) Scorecard 000000002013 - 09 - 29 - 0000 29 September 2013 Perth Scorchers Jaipur Won by 9 wickets Kevon Cooper 4 / 18 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 000000002013 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 2013 Otago Volts Jaipur Won by 4 wickets Rahul Shukla 3 / 23 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard Semi-Final 000000002013 - 10 - 04 - 0000 4 October 2013 Chennai Super Kings Jaipur Won by 14 runs Pravin Tambe 3 / 10 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard Final 000000002013 - 10 - 06 - 0000 6 October 2013 Mumbai Indians Feroz Shah Kotla Lost by 33 runs Scorecard 2014 IPL season Captain : Shane Watson No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link Phase 1 Matches in United Arab Emirates 000000002014 - 04 - 18 - 0000 18 April 2014 Sunrisers Hyderabad Abu Dhabi Won by 4 Wickets Ajinkya Rahane 59 ( 53 ) Scorecard 000000002014 - 04 - 20 - 0000 20 April 2014 Kings XI Punjab Sharjah Lost by 7 Wickets Scorecard 000000002014 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 2014 Chennai Super Kings Dubai Lost by 7 Runs Scorecard 000000002014 - 04 - 26 - 0000 26 April 2014 Royal Challengers Bangalore Abu Dhabi Won by 6 Wickets Pravin Tambe 4 / 20 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 5 000000002014 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2014 Kolkata Knight Riders Abu Dhabi Match Tied ; Super Over Tied ; Won by Boundary Count James Faulkner 2 * ( 1 ) & 3 / 11 ( 2 overs ) Scorecard Phase 2 Matches in India 6 000000002014 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May 2014 Delhi Daredevils New Delhi Won by 7 Wickets Karun Nair 73 * ( 50 ) Scorecard 7 000000002014 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2014 Kolkata Knight Riders Ahmedabad Won by 10 Runs Pravin Tambe 3 / 26 ( 4 Overs ) Scorecard 8 000000002014 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May 2014 Sunrisers Hyderabad Ahmedabad Lost by 33 Runs Scorecard 9 000000002014 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 2014 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Won by 5 Wickets James Faulkner 41 ( 17 ) & 1 / 42 ( 4 Overs ) Scorecard 10 000000002014 - 05 - 13 - 0000 13 May 2014 Chennai Super Kings Ranchi Lost by 5 Wickets Scorecard 11 000000002014 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May 2014 Delhi Daredevils Ahmedabad Won by 62 Runs Ajinkya Rahane 64 ( 50 ) Scorecard 12 000000002014 - 05 - 19 - 0000 19 May 2014 Mumbai Indians Ahmedabad Lost by 26 Runs Scorecard 13 000000002014 - 05 - 23 - 0000 23 May 2014 Kings XI Punjab Mohali Lost by 17 Runs Scorecard 14 000000002014 - 05 - 25 - 0000 25 May 2014 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Lost by 5 Wickets Scorecard 2015 IPL season No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 000000002015 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 2015 Kings XI Punjab Pune Won by 26 Runs James Faulkner 46 ( 33 ) Scorecard 000000002015 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 2015 Delhi Daredevils Delhi Won by 3 Wickets Deepak Hooda 54 ( 25 ) Scorecard 000000002015 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2015 Mumbai Indians Ahmedabad Won by 7 Wickets Steven Smith 79 * ( 53 ) Scorecard 000000002015 - 04 - 16 - 0000 16 April 2015 Sunrisers Hyderabad Visakhapatnam Won by 6 Wickets Ajinkya Rahane 62 ( 56 ) Scorecard 5 000000002015 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 April 2015 Chennai Super Kings Ahmedabad Won by 8 Wickets Ajinkya Rahane 76 * ( 55 ) Scorecard 6 000000002015 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 April 2015 Kings XI Punjab Ahmedabad Match Tied , Lost Super Over Scorecard 7 000000002015 - 04 - 24 - 0000 24 April 2015 Royal Challengers Bangalore Ahmedabad Lost by 9 Wickets Scorecard 8 000000002015 - 04 - 26 - 0000 26 April 2015 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata `` No Toss '' Match abandoned without a ball bowled Scorecard 9 000000002015 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2015 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bengaluru No Result Scorecard 10 000000002015 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2015 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Lost by 9 Runs Scorecard 11 000000002015 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May 2015 Delhi Daredevils Mumbai Won by 14 Runs Ajinkya Rahane 91 * ( 54 ) Scorecard 12 000000002015 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 2015 Sunrisers Hyderabad Mumbai Lost by 8 Runs Scorecard 13 000000002015 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May 2015 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Lost by 13 Runs Scorecard 14 000000002015 - 05 - 16 - 0000 16 May 2015 Kolkata Knight Riders Mumbai Won by 9 Runs Shane Watson 104 * ( 59 ) & 2 / 38 ( 4 Overs ) Scorecard 15 000000002015 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May 2015 Royal Challengers Bangalore ( Eliminator ) Pune Lost by 72 Runs Scorecard See also List of Rajasthan Royals records References ^ Jump up to : `` Big business and Bollywood grab stakes in IPL '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 24 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rajasthan Royals ' team ethos and values have remained intact since first season '' . cricketcountry.com. 8 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . ibnlive.com Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) . ibnlive.in.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 01 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : ABOUT THE BRAND Archived 27 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Rajasthan champions after cliffhanger '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 1 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Most runs for Rajasthan Royals . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2015 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Most wickets for Rajasthan Royals . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2015 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Highest individual scores for Rajasthan Royals . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2015 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Batting averages . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2015 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Most sixes for Rajasthan Royals . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2015 - 09 - 30 . 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Jump up ^ IPL news : Rajasthan Royals hearing adjourned again Cricket News Indian Premier League 2011 ESPN Cricinfo . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Rajasthan Royals to negotiate with BCCI over expulsion Jump up ^ Rajasthan Royals to be treated as IPL team for six weeks including player auction Jump up ^ The IPL Mess : Bombay High Court upholds Rajasthan 's return Cricket News Indian Premier League 2011 . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ IPL 2011 news : Brian Lara , Rahul Dravid in highest price band for IPL auction Cricket News Indian Premier League 2011 . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` IPL scandal : Chennai Super Kings and Rajasthan Royals suspended '' . BBC News . 14 May 2015 . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Season of the Long Knives '' . Openthemagazine.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ' BCCI Aware Of Rajasthan Royals ' Workings ' '' . ReachNRI . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ' Cricket : business trumps sports ' '' . The Voice of Goa . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rajasthan Royals hit with Rs 1 crore fine as BCCI ends row over ownership ' '' . Daily Mail . 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Raj Kundra Jump up ^ `` ' CSK , RR suspended from IPL for 2 years ; Meiyappan , Kundra banned for life ' '' . Times of India . 14 July 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` IPL preview '' . Setana Sports . 16 April 2008 . Retrieved 27 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Match 3 '' . Cricinfo. 19 April 2008 . Retrieved 27 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rajasthan Royals '' . cricketdawn.com. 12 April 2012 . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warne wants to keep winning '' . Cricinfo. 4 May 2008 . Retrieved 26 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The magic of Shane '' . Cricinfo. 21 May 2008 . Retrieved 26 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Not over till the fat laddie leads '' . Cricinfo . 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Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai in final after tense finish '' . ESPN cricinfo . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Hodge launches Royals into qualifier '' . ESPN cricinfo . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Three IPL players arrested for fraud , cheating -- Delhi Police '' . ESPN cricinfo . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` BCCI suspends trio , Srinivasan says IPL not ' untenable ' '' . ESPN cricinfo . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Royals retain Samson , Binny , Rahane , Watson , Faulkner '' . ESPN cricinfo . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Shane Watson to lead Rajasthan Royals in IPL 7 '' . TimesOfIndia . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Rahul Dravid to stay at Rajasthan Royals as mentor '' . TimesOfIndia . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Smith named Rajasthan Royals captain '' . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Ajinkya Rahane replaces Steve Smith as Rajasthan Royals captain Times of India 26 March 2018 Jump up ^ `` Warner and Smith axed from IPL 2018 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Smith and David Warner banned from IPL 2018 by BCCI over ball - tampering scandal - Firstcricket News , Firstpost '' . FirstCricket . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Gray , James ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) . `` IPL 2018 : Steve Smith and David Warner OUT of competition for ball - tampering in HUGE blow '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ila Arun to say ' Halla Bol ' for IPL team of Rajasthan '' . desirulez.net. 25 Mar 2008 . Retrieved 25 Mar 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rajastha Royals '' . sportwalkindia.com/. 25 Mar 2009 . Retrieved 25 Mar 2009 . Jump up ^ Pravin Tambe set to make Ranji Trophy debut for Mumbai at 42 Jump up ^ `` Tambe proves the value of Royals ' unique culture '' . firstspot.com. 7 May 2014 . Retrieved 7 May 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 8 ). cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` IPL 2018 : Heinrich Klaasen to replace Steve Smith in Rajasthan Royals team '' . The Financial Express . 2018 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . 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7103309690327201740 | Mount St. Helens | Mount St. Helens - wikipedia Mount St. Helens Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the volcano in Washington State . For the mountain in California , see Mount Saint Helena . Mount St. Helens Louwala - Clough 3,000 ft ( 1 km ) high steam plume on May 19 , 1982 , two years after its major eruption Highest point Elevation 8,363 ft ( 2,549 m ) Prominence 4,605 ft ( 1,404 m ) Listing Washington most prominent peaks 11th Washington isolated peaks 11th Washington highest peaks 52nd Coordinates 46 ° 11 ′ 28 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 40 '' W / 46.1912000 ° N 122.1944000 ° W / 46.1912000 ; - 122.1944000 Coordinates : 46 ° 11 ′ 28 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 40 '' W / 46.1912000 ° N 122.1944000 ° W / 46.1912000 ; - 122.1944000 Geography Mount St. Helens Skamania County , Washington , United States Parent range Cascade Range Topo map USGS Mount St. Helens Geology Age of rock < 40,000 yrs Mountain type Active stratovolcano ( Subduction zone ) Volcanic arc Cascade Volcanic Arc Last eruption July 10 , 2008 Climbing First ascent 1853 by Thomas J. Dryer Easiest route Hike via south slope of volcano ( closest area near eruption site ) Mount St. Helens or Louwala - Clough ( known as Lawetlat'la to the indigenous Cowlitz people , and Loowit to the Klickitat ) is an active stratovolcano located in Skamania County , Washington , in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States . It is 50 miles ( 80 km ) northeast of Portland , Oregon and 96 miles ( 154 km ) south of Seattle , Washington . Mount St. Helens takes its English name from the British diplomat Lord St Helens , a friend of explorer George Vancouver who made a survey of the area in the late 18th century . The volcano is located in the Cascade Range and is part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc , a segment of the Pacific Ring of Fire that includes over 160 active volcanoes . This volcano is well known for its ash explosions and pyroclastic flows . Mount St. Helens is most notorious for its major 1980 eruption , the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States . Fifty - seven people were killed ; 250 homes , 47 bridges , 15 miles ( 24 km ) of railways , and 185 miles ( 298 km ) of highway were destroyed . A massive debris avalanche triggered by an earthquake measuring 5.1 on the Richter scale caused an eruption that reduced the elevation of the mountain 's summit from 9,677 ft ( 2,950 m ) to 8,363 ft ( 2,549 m ) , leaving a 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) wide horseshoe - shaped crater . The debris avalanche was up to 0.7 cubic miles ( 2.9 km ) in volume . The Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument was created to preserve the volcano and allow for its aftermath to be scientifically studied . As with most other volcanoes in the Cascade Range , Mount St. Helens is a large eruptive cone consisting of lava rock interlayered with ash , pumice , and other deposits . The mountain includes layers of basalt and andesite through which several domes of dacite lava have erupted . The largest of the dacite domes formed the previous summit , and off its northern flank sat the smaller Goat Rocks dome . Both were destroyed in the 1980 eruption . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geographic setting and description 1.1 General 1.2 Crater Glacier and other new rock glaciers 2 Geologic history 2.1 Ancestral stages of eruptive activity 2.2 Smith Creek and Pine Creek eruptive periods 2.3 Castle Creek and Sugar Bowl eruptive periods 2.4 Kalama and Goat Rocks eruptive periods 2.5 Modern eruptive period 2.5. 1 1980 to 2001 activity 2.5. 2 2004 to 2008 activity 3 Human history 3.1 Importance to Native Americans 3.2 Exploration by Europeans 3.3 European settlement and use of the area 3.4 Human impact from the 1980 eruption 3.5 Protection and later history 4 Climbing and recreation 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Geographic setting and Description General A view of St. Helens and the nearby area from space Mount St. Helens the day before the 1980 eruption , which removed much of the northern face of the mountain , leaving a large crater 3 - D perspective view of Mount St. Helens Mount St. Helens is 34 miles ( 55 km ) west of Mount Adams , in the western part of the Cascade Range . These `` sister and brother '' volcanic mountains are approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) from Mount Rainier , the highest of Cascade volcanoes . Mount Hood , the nearest major volcanic peak in Oregon , is 60 miles ( 100 km ) southeast of Mount St. Helens . Mount St. Helens is geologically young compared with the other major Cascade volcanoes . It formed only within the past 40,000 years , and the pre-1980 summit cone began rising about 2,200 years ago . The volcano is considered the most active in the Cascades within the Holocene epoch ( the last 10,000 or so years ) . Prior to the 1980 eruption , Mount St. Helens was the fifth - highest peak in Washington . It stood out prominently from surrounding hills because of the symmetry and extensive snow and ice cover of the pre-1980 summit cone , earning it the nickname `` Fuji - san of America '' . The peak rose more than 5,000 feet ( 1,500 m ) above its base , where the lower flanks merge with adjacent ridges . The mountain is 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) across at its base , which is at an elevation of 4,400 feet ( 1,300 m ) on the northeastern side and 4,000 feet ( 1,200 m ) elsewhere . At the pre-eruption tree line , the width of the cone was 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) . View of Mt . St. Helens from a commercial airliner , July 2007 Streams that originate on the volcano enter three main river systems : the Toutle River on the north and northwest , the Kalama River on the west , and the Lewis River on the south and east . The streams are fed by abundant rain and snow . The average annual rainfall is 140 inches ( 3,600 mm ) , and the snow pack on the mountain 's upper slopes can reach 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) . The Lewis River is impounded by three dams for hydroelectric power generation . The southern and eastern sides of the volcano drain into an upstream impoundment , the Swift Reservoir , which is directly south of the volcano 's peak . April 30 , 2015 Mount St Helens Although Mount St. Helens is in Skamania County , Washington , access routes to the mountain run through Cowlitz County to the west . State Route 504 , locally known as the Spirit Lake Memorial Highway , connects with Interstate 5 at Exit 49 , 34 miles ( 55 km ) to the west of the mountain . That north -- south highway skirts the low - lying cities of Castle Rock , Longview and Kelso along the Cowlitz River , and passes through the Vancouver , Washington -- Portland , Oregon metropolitan area less than 50 miles ( 80 km ) to the southwest . The community nearest the volcano is Cougar , Washington , in the Lewis River valley 11 miles ( 18 km ) south - southwest of the peak . Gifford Pinchot National Forest surrounds Mount St. Helens . Crater glacier and other new rock glaciers Play media Summit rim of Mount St. Helens Main article : Crater Glacier During the winter of 1980 -- 1981 , a new glacier appeared . Now officially named Crater Glacier , it was formerly known as the Tulutson Glacier . Shadowed by the crater walls and fed by heavy snowfall and repeated snow avalanches , it grew rapidly ( 14 feet ( 4.3 m ) per year in thickness ) . By 2004 , it covered about 0.36 square miles ( 0.93 km ) , and was divided by the dome into a western and eastern lobe . Typically , by late summer , the glacier looks dark from rockfall from the crater walls and ash from eruptions . As of 2006 , the ice had an average thickness of 300 feet ( 100 m ) and a maximum of 650 feet ( 200 m ) , nearly as deep as the much older and larger Carbon Glacier of Mount Rainier . The ice is all post -- 1980 , making the glacier very young geologically . However , the volume of the new glacier is about the same as all the pre -- 1980 glaciers combined . With the recent volcanic activity starting in 2004 , the glacier lobes were pushed aside and upward by the growth of new volcanic domes . The surface of the glacier , once mostly without crevasses , turned into a chaotic jumble of icefalls heavily criss - crossed with crevasses and seracs caused by movement of the crater floor . The new domes have almost separated the Crater Glacier into an eastern and western lobe . Despite the volcanic activity , the termini of the glacier have still advanced , with a slight advance on the western lobe and a more considerable advance on the more shaded eastern lobe . Due to the advance , two lobes of the glacier joined together in late May 2008 and thus the glacier completely surrounds the lava domes . In addition , since 2004 , new glaciers have formed on the crater wall above Crater Glacier feeding rock and ice onto its surface below ; there are two rock glaciers to the north of the eastern lobe of Crater Glacier . Crater Glacier is the only known advancing glacier in the contiguous United States . Geologic history Ancestral stages of eruptive activity Plate tectonics of the Cascade Range The early eruptive stages of Mount St. Helens are known as the `` Ape Canyon Stage '' ( around 40,000 -- 35,000 years ago ) , the `` Cougar Stage '' ( ca . 20,000 -- 18,000 years ago ) , and the `` Swift Creek Stage '' ( roughly 13,000 -- 8,000 years ago ) . The modern period , since about 2500 BCE , is called the `` Spirit Lake Stage '' . Collectively , the pre -- Spirit Lake stages are known as the `` ancestral stages '' . The ancestral and modern stages differ primarily in the composition of the erupted lavas ; ancestral lavas consisted of a characteristic mixture of dacite and andesite , while modern lava is very diverse ( ranging from olivine basalt to andesite and dacite ) . St. Helens started its growth in the Pleistocene 37,600 years ago , during the Ape Canyon stage , with dacite and andesite eruptions of hot pumice and ash . Thirty - six thousand years ago a large mudflow cascaded down the volcano ; mudflows were significant forces in all of St. Helens ' eruptive cycles . The Ape Canyon eruptive period ended around 35,000 years ago and was followed by 17,000 years of relative quiet . Parts of this ancestral cone were fragmented and transported by glaciers 14,000 to 18,000 years ago during the last glacial period of the current ice age . The second eruptive period , the Cougar Stage , started 20,000 years ago and lasted for 2,000 years . Pyroclastic flows of hot pumice and ash along with dome growth occurred during this period . Another 5,000 years of dormancy followed , only to be upset by the beginning of the Swift Creek eruptive period , typified by pyroclastic flows , dome growth and blanketing of the countryside with tephra . Swift Creek ended 8,000 years ago . Smith Creek and Pine Creek eruptive periods A dormancy of about 4,000 years was broken around 2500 BCE with the start of the Smith Creek eruptive period , when eruptions of large amounts of ash and yellowish - brown pumice covered thousands of square miles . An eruption in 1900 BCE was the largest known eruption from St. Helens during the Holocene epoch , judged by the volume of one of the tephra layers from that period . This eruptive period lasted until about 1600 BCE and left 18 inches ( 46 cm ) deep deposits of material 50 miles ( 80 km ) distant in what is now Mt . Rainier National Park . Trace deposits have been found as far northeast as Banff National Park in Alberta , and as far southeast as eastern Oregon . All told there may have been up to 2.5 cubic miles ( 10 km ) of material ejected in this cycle . Some 400 years of dormancy followed . St. Helens came alive again around 1200 BCE -- the Pine Creek eruptive period . This lasted until about 800 BCE and was characterized by smaller - volume eruptions . Numerous dense , nearly red hot pyroclastic flows sped down St. Helens ' flanks and came to rest in nearby valleys . A large mudflow partly filled 40 miles ( 64 km ) of the Lewis River valley sometime between 1000 BCE and 500 BCE . Castle Creek and Sugar Bowl eruptive periods The next eruptive period , the Castle Creek period , began about 400 BCE , and is characterized by a change in composition of St. Helens ' lava , with the addition of olivine and basalt . The pre-1980 summit cone started to form during the Castle Creek period . Significant lava flows in addition to the previously much more common fragmented and pulverized lavas and rocks ( tephra ) distinguished this period . Large lava flows of andesite and basalt covered parts of the mountain , including one around the year 100 BCE that traveled all the way into the Lewis and Kalama river valleys . Others , such as Cave Basalt ( known for its system of lava tubes ) , flowed up to 9 miles ( 14 km ) from their vents . During the first century , mudflows moved 30 miles ( 50 km ) down the Toutle and Kalama river valleys and may have reached the Columbia River . Another 400 years of dormancy ensued . The Sugar Bowl eruptive period was short and markedly different from other periods in Mount St. Helens history . It produced the only unequivocal laterally directed blast known from Mount St. Helens before the 1980 eruptions . During Sugar Bowl time , the volcano first erupted quietly to produce a dome , then erupted violently at least twice producing a small volume of tephra , directed - blast deposits , pyroclastic flows , and lahars . Kalama and Goat Rocks eruptive periods The symmetrical appearance of St. Helens prior to the 1980 eruption earned it the nickname `` Mount Fuji of America '' . The once familiar shape was formed out of the Kalama and Goat Rocks eruptive periods . Roughly 700 years of dormancy were broken in about 1480 , when large amounts of pale gray dacite pumice and ash started to erupt , beginning the Kalama period . The eruption in 1480 was several times larger than the May 18 , 1980 , eruption . In 1482 , another large eruption rivaling the 1980 eruption in volume is known to have occurred . Ash and pumice piled 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) northeast of the volcano to a thickness of 3 feet ( 0.9 m ) ; 50 miles ( 80 km ) away , the ash was 2 inches ( 5 cm ) deep . Large pyroclastic flows and mudflows subsequently rushed down St. Helens ' west flanks and into the Kalama River drainage system . This 150 - year period next saw the eruption of less silica - rich lava in the form of andesitic ash that formed at least eight alternating light - and dark - colored layers . Blocky andesite lava then flowed from St. Helens ' summit crater down the volcano 's southeast flank . Later , pyroclastic flows raced down over the andesite lava and into the Kalama River valley . It ended with the emplacement of a dacite dome several hundred feet ( ~ 200 m ) high at the volcano 's summit , which filled and overtopped an explosion crater already at the summit . Large parts of the dome 's sides broke away and mantled parts of the volcano 's cone with talus . Lateral explosions excavated a notch in the southeast crater wall . St. Helens reached its greatest height and achieved its highly symmetrical form by the time the Kalama eruptive cycle ended , about 1647 . The volcano remained quiet for the next 150 years . The 57 - year eruptive period that started in 1800 was named after the Goat Rocks dome , and is the first time that both oral and written records exist . Like the Kalama period , the Goat Rocks period started with an explosion of dacite tephra , followed by an andesite lava flow , and culminated with the emplacement of a dacite dome . The 1800 eruption probably rivalled the 1980 eruption in size , although it did not result in massive destruction of the cone . The ash drifted northeast over central and eastern Washington , northern Idaho , and western Montana . There were at least a dozen reported small eruptions of ash from 1831 to 1857 , including a fairly large one in 1842 . The vent was apparently at or near Goat Rocks on the northeast flank . Goat Rocks dome was the site of the bulge in the 1980 eruption , and it was obliterated in the major eruption event on May 18 , 1980 that destroyed the entire north face and top 1,300 feet ( 400 m ) of the mountain . Modern eruptive period 1980 to 2001 activity Main article : 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens This composite photograph of the May 18 eruption was taken from 35 miles ( 60 km ) west in Toledo , Washington . The ash - cloud stem is 10 miles ( 16 km ) wide , and the mushroom top is 40 miles ( 64 km ) wide and 15 miles ( 24 km ) high . The footprint of the cloud stem is roughly the same as the devastated area north of the mountain where the forest was knocked down and which three decades later is still relatively barren . On March 20 , 1980 , Mount St. Helens experienced a magnitude 4.2 earthquake ; and , on March 27 , steam venting started . By the end of April , the north side of the mountain had started to bulge . On May 18 , a second earthquake , of magnitude 5.1 , triggered a massive collapse of the north face of the mountain . It was the largest known debris avalanche in recorded history . The magma in St. Helens burst forth into a large - scale pyroclastic flow that flattened vegetation and buildings over 230 square miles ( 600 km ) . More than 1.5 million metric tons of sulfur dioxide was released into the atmosphere . On the Volcanic Explosivity Index scale , the eruption was rated a five , and categorized as a Plinian eruption . Mount St. Helens erupted on May 18 , 1980 , at 08 : 32 Pacific Daylight Time The collapse of the northern flank of St. Helens mixed with ice , snow , and water to create lahars ( volcanic mudflows ) . The lahars flowed many miles down the Toutle and Cowlitz Rivers , destroying bridges and lumber camps . A total of 3,900,000 cubic yards ( 3,000,000 m ) of material was transported 17 miles ( 27 km ) south into the Columbia River by the mudflows . For more than nine hours , a vigorous plume of ash erupted , eventually reaching 12 to 16 miles ( 20 to 27 km ) above sea level . The plume moved eastward at an average speed of 60 miles per hour ( 100 km / h ) with ash reaching Idaho by noon . Ashes from the eruption were found collecting on top of cars and roofs next morning , as far as the city of Edmonton in Alberta , Canada . Lava dome growth profile from 1980 -- 1986 By about 5 : 30 p.m. on May 18 , the vertical ash column declined in stature , and less severe outbursts continued through the night and for the next several days . The St. Helens May 18 eruption released 24 megatons of thermal energy ; it ejected more than 0.67 cubic miles ( 2.79 km ) of material . The removal of the north side of the mountain reduced St. Helens ' height by about 1,300 feet ( 400 m ) and left a crater 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) to 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) wide and 0.5 miles ( 800 m ) deep , with its north end open in a huge breach . The eruption killed 57 people , nearly 7,000 big game animals ( deer , elk , and bear ) , and an estimated 12 million fish from a hatchery . It destroyed or extensively damaged over 200 homes , 185 miles ( 298 km ) of highway and 15 miles ( 24 km ) of railways . Between 1980 and 1986 , activity continued at Mount St. Helens , with a new lava dome forming in the crater . Numerous small explosions and dome - building eruptions occurred . From December 7 , 1989 , to January 6 , 1990 , and from November 5 , 1990 , to February 14 , 1991 , the mountain erupted with sometimes huge clouds of ash . 2004 to 2008 activity Main article : 2004 -- 08 volcanic activity of Mount St. Helens Magma reached the surface of the volcano about October 11 , 2004 , resulting in the building of a new lava dome on the existing dome 's south side . This new dome continued to grow throughout 2005 and into 2006 . Several transient features were observed , such as a lava spine nicknamed the `` whaleback , '' which comprised long shafts of solidified magma being extruded by the pressure of magma beneath . These features were fragile and broke down soon after they were formed . On July 2 , 2005 , the tip of the whaleback broke off , causing a rockfall that sent ash and dust several hundred meters into the air . Appearance of the `` Whaleback '' in February 2005 Mount St. Helens showed significant activity on March 8 , 2005 , when a 36,000 - foot ( 11,000 m ) plume of steam and ash emerged -- visible from Seattle . This relatively minor eruption was a release of pressure consistent with ongoing dome building . The release was accompanied by a magnitude 2.5 earthquake . Another feature to emerge from the dome was called the `` fin '' or `` slab . '' Approximately half the size of a football field , the large , cooled volcanic rock was being forced upward as quickly as 6 ft ( 2 m ) per day . In mid-June 2006 , the slab was crumbling in frequent rockfalls , although it was still being extruded . The height of the dome was 7,550 feet ( 2,300 m ) , still below the height reached in July 2005 when the whaleback collapsed . Thin section of dacite from a dome created in 2004 On October 22 , 2006 , at 3 : 13 p.m. PST , a magnitude 3.5 earthquake broke loose Spine 7 . The collapse and avalanche of the lava dome sent an ash plume 2,000 feet ( 600 m ) over the western rim of the crater ; the ash plume then rapidly dissipated . On December 19 , 2006 , a large white plume of condensing steam was observed , leading some media people to assume there had been a small eruption . However , the Cascades Volcano Observatory of the USGS did not mention any significant ash plume . The volcano was in continuous eruption from October 2004 , but this eruption consisted in large part of a gradual extrusion of lava forming a dome in the crater . On January 16 , 2008 , steam began seeping from a fracture on top of the lava dome . Associated seismic activity was the most noteworthy since 2004 . Scientists suspended activities in the crater and the mountain flanks , but the risk of a major eruption was deemed low . By the end of January , the eruption paused ; no more lava was being extruded from the lava dome . On July 10 , 2008 , it was determined that the eruption had ended , after more than six months of no volcanic activity . 360 ° panorama from the summit of Mount St. Helens as seen in October 2009 . In the foreground is the ice - covered crater rim . Visible in the lower center is the lava dome . Steam rises from several dome vents . Above the dome , in the upper center , lies Mount Rainier and Spirit Lake . Mount Adams appears to the right of Rainier on the horizon as well as Mount Hood and Mount Jefferson on the far right . Also on the far right are glimpses of the Swift Reservoir , Yale Lake , Lake Merwin and the Lewis River . Climbers stand on the crater rim and are visible along the Monitor Ridge climbing route . Human history Importance to Native americans Indigenous American legends were inspired by the volcano 's beauty . American Indian lore contains numerous legends to explain the eruptions of Mount St. Helens and other Cascade volcanoes . The most famous of these is the Bridge of the Gods legend told by the Klickitat people . In their tale , the chief of all the gods and his two sons , Pahto ( also called Klickitat ) and Wy'east , traveled down the Columbia River from the Far North in search for a suitable area to settle . They came upon an area that is now called The Dalles and thought they had never seen a land so beautiful . The sons quarreled over the land , so to solve the dispute their father shot two arrows from his mighty bow -- one to the north and the other to the south . Pahto followed the arrow to the north and settled there while Wy'east did the same for the arrow to the south . The chief of the gods then built the Bridge of the Gods , so his family could meet periodically . When the two sons of the chief of the gods fell in love with a beautiful maiden named Loowit , she could not choose between them . The two young chiefs fought over her , burying villages and forests in the process . The area was devastated and the earth shook so violently that the huge bridge fell into the river , creating the cascades of the Columbia River Gorge . For punishment , the chief of the gods struck down each of the lovers and transformed them into great mountains where they fell . Wy'east , with his head lifted in pride , became the volcano known today as Mount Hood . Pahto , with his head bent toward his fallen love , was turned into Mount Adams . The fair Loowit became Mount St. Helens , known to the Klickitats as Louwala - Clough , which means `` smoking or fire mountain '' in their language ( the Sahaptin called the mountain Loowit ) . The mountain is also of sacred importance to the Cowlitz and Yakama tribes that also historically lived in the area . They find the area above its tree line to be of exceptional spiritual significance , and the mountain ( which they call `` Lawetlat'la '' , roughly translated as `` the smoker '' ) features prominently in their creation myth , and in some of their songs and rituals . In recognition of this cultural significance , over 12,000 acres ( 4,900 ha ) of the mountain ( roughly bounded by the Loowit Trail ) have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Other area tribal names for the mountain include `` nšh _́ ák _́ '' ( `` water coming out '' ) from the Upper Chehalis , and `` aka akn '' ( `` snow mountain '' ) , a Kiksht term . Exploration by Europeans Royal Navy Commander George Vancouver and the officers of HMS Discovery made the Europeans ' first recorded sighting of Mount St. Helens on May 19 , 1792 , while surveying the northern Pacific Ocean coast . Vancouver named the mountain for British diplomat Alleyne Fitzherbert , 1st Baron St Helens on October 20 , 1792 , as it came into view when the Discovery passed into the mouth of the Columbia River . Years later , explorers , traders , and missionaries heard reports of an erupting volcano in the area . Geologists and historians determined much later that the eruption took place in 1800 , marking the beginning of the 57 - year - long Goat Rocks Eruptive Period ( see geology section ) . Alarmed by the `` dry snow , '' the Nespelem tribe of northeastern Washington danced and prayed rather than collecting food and suffered during that winter from starvation . In late 1805 and early 1806 , members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition spotted Mount St. Helens from the Columbia River but did not report either an ongoing eruption or recent evidence of one . They did however report the presence of quicksand and clogged channel conditions at the mouth of the Sandy River near Portland , suggesting an eruption by Mount Hood sometime in the previous decades . In 1829 Hall J. Kelley led a campaign to rename the Cascade Range as the President 's Range and also to rename each major Cascade mountain after a former President of the United States . In his scheme Mount St. Helens was to be renamed Mount Washington . European settlement and Use of the area 19th - century photo of a fur trapper working in the Mount St. Helens area The first authenticated eyewitness report of a volcanic eruption was made in March 1835 by Meredith Gairdner , while working for the Hudson 's Bay Company stationed at Fort Vancouver . He sent an account to the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal , which published his letter in January 1836 . James Dwight Dana of Yale University , while sailing with the United States Exploring Expedition , saw the quiescent peak from off the mouth of the Columbia River in 1841 . Another member of the expedition later described `` cellular basaltic lavas '' at the mountain 's base . Painting by Paul Kane Mount St. Helens erupting at night after his 1847 visit to the area In late fall or early winter of 1842 , nearby settlers and missionaries witnessed the so - called `` Great Eruption '' . This small - volume outburst created large ash clouds , and mild explosions followed for 15 years . The eruptions of this period were likely phreatic ( steam explosions ) . Josiah Parrish in Champoeg , Oregon witnessed Mount St. Helens in eruption on November 22 , 1842 . Ash from this eruption may have reached The Dalles , Oregon , 48 miles ( 80 km ) southeast of the volcano . In October 1843 , future California governor Peter H. Burnett recounted a story of an aboriginal American man who badly burned his foot and leg in lava or hot ash while hunting for deer . The likely apocryphal story went that the injured man sought treatment at Fort Vancouver , but the contemporary fort commissary steward , Napoleon McGilvery , disclaimed knowledge of the incident . British lieutenant Henry J. Warre sketched the eruption in 1845 , and two years later Canadian painter Paul Kane created watercolors of the gently smoking mountain . Warre 's work showed erupting material from a vent about a third of the way down from the summit on the mountain 's west or northwest side ( possibly at Goat Rocks ) , and one of Kane 's field sketches shows smoke emanating from about the same location . On April 17 , 1857 , the Republican , a Steilacoom , Washington , newspaper , reported that `` Mount St. Helens , or some other mount to the southward , is seen ... to be in a state of eruption '' . The lack of a significant ash layer associated with this event indicates that it was a small eruption . This was the first reported volcanic activity since 1854 . Before the 1980 eruption , Spirit Lake offered year - round recreational activities . In the summer there was boating , swimming , and camping , while in the winter there was skiing . Human impact from the 1980 eruption David A. Johnston hours before he was killed by the eruption Fifty - seven people were killed during the eruption . Had the eruption occurred one day later , when loggers would have been at work , rather than on a Sunday , the death toll could have been much higher . 83 - year - old Harry R. Truman , who had lived near the mountain for 54 years , became famous when he decided not to evacuate before the impending eruption , despite repeated pleas by local authorities . His body was never found after the eruption . Another victim of the eruption was 30 - year - old volcanologist David A. Johnston , who was stationed on the nearby Coldwater Ridge . Moments before his position was hit by the pyroclastic flow , Johnston radioed his famous last words : `` Vancouver ! Vancouver ! This is it ! '' Johnston 's body was never found . U.S. President Jimmy Carter surveyed the damage and said , `` Someone said this area looked like a moonscape . But the moon looks more like a golf course compared to what 's up there . '' A film crew , led by Seattle filmmaker Otto Seiber , was dropped by helicopter on St. Helens on May 23 to document the destruction . Their compasses , however , spun in circles and they quickly became lost . A second eruption occurred on May 25 , but the crew survived and was rescued two days later by National Guard helicopter pilots . Their film , The Eruption of Mount St. Helens , later became a popular documentary . Protection and later history View of the hillside at the Johnston Ridge Observatory ( named for David A. Johnston ) , 25 years after the eruption Johnston Ridge from a proximate location in July 2016 , showing continued plant growth In 1982 , President Ronald Reagan and the U.S. Congress established the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument , a 110,000 acres ( 45,000 ha ) area around the mountain and within the Gifford Pinchot National Forest . Following the 1980 eruption , the area was left to gradually return to its natural state . In 1987 , the U.S. Forest Service reopened the mountain to climbing . It remained open until 2004 when renewed activity caused the closure of the area around the mountain ( see Geological history section above for more details ) . Most notable was the closure of the Monitor Ridge trail , which previously let up to 100 permitted hikers per day climb to the summit . On July 21 , 2006 , the mountain was again opened to climbers . In February 2010 , a climber died after falling from the rim into the crater . The mountain is now circled by the Loowit Trail at elevations of 4000 -- 4900 feet ( 1,200 - 1,500 m ) . The northern segment of the trail from the South Fork Toutle River on the west to Windy Pass on the east is a restricted zone where camping , biking , pets , fires , and off - trail excursions are all prohibited . Climbing and recreation Mount St. Helens is a popular climbing destination for both beginning and experienced mountaineers . The peak is climbed year - round , although it is more often climbed from late spring through early fall . All routes include sections of steep , rugged terrain . A permit system has been in place for climbers since 1987 . A climbing permit is required year - round for anyone who will be above 4,800 feet ( 1,500 m ) on the slopes of Mount St. Helens . The standard hiking / mountaineering route in the warmer months is the Monitor Ridge Route , which starts at the Climbers Bivouac . This is the most popular and crowded route to the summit in the summer and gains about 4,600 feet ( 1,400 m ) in approximately 5 miles ( 8 km ) to reach the crater rim . Although strenuous , it is considered non-technical climb that involves some scrambling . Most climbers complete the round trip in 7 to 12 hours . The Worm Flows Route is considered the standard winter route on Mount St. Helens , as it is the most direct route to the summit . The route gains about 5,700 feet ( 1,700 m ) in elevation over about 6 miles ( 10 km ) from trailhead to summit but does not demand the technical climbing that some other Cascade peaks like Mount Rainier do . The `` Worm Flows '' part of the route name refers to the rocky lava flows that surround the route . This route can be accessed via the Marble Mountain Sno - Park and the Swift Ski Trail . See also Mountains portal Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument Cascade Volcanoes Geology of the Pacific Northwest Silver Lake ( Washington ) List of volcanic eruptions by death toll Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Saint Helens '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument '' . USDA Forest Service . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount St. Helens -- From the 1980 Eruption to 2000 '' . Fact Sheet 036 - 00 . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` May 18 , 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens '' . USDA Forest Service . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Mullineaux & Crandell 1981 , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Description of Mount St. Helens '' . USGS . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Harris 1988 , p. 201 . ^ Jump up to : Tilling ( 1990 ) . `` Eruptions of Mount St. Helens : Past , Present , and Future '' . Special Interest Publication . USGS . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Mount St. Helens at 35 '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Brugman , Melinda M. ; Austin Post ( 1981 ) . `` USGS Circular 850 - D : Effects of Volcanism on the Glaciers of Mount St. Helens '' . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Wiggins , Tracy B. ; Hansen , Jon D. ; Clark , Douglas H. ( 2002 ) . `` Growth and flow of a new glacier in Mt . St. Helens Crater '' . Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America . 34 ( 5 ) : 91 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Steve P. ; Paul E. Carrara ; Ren A. Thompson ; Eugene Y . Iwatsubo ( 2004 ) . `` Posteruption glacier development within the crater of Mount St. Helens , Washington , USA '' . Quaternary Research . Elsevier Science ( USA ) . 61 ( 3 ) : 325 -- 329 . Bibcode : 2004QuRes ... 61 ... 325S . doi : 10.1016 / j. yqres. 2003.11. 002 . Jump up ^ McCandless , Melanie ; Plummer , Mitchell ; Clark , Douglas ( 2005 ) . `` Predictions of the growth and steady - state form of the Mount St. Helens Crater Glacier using a 2 - D glacier model '' . Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America . 37 ( 7 ) : 354 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Steve P. ; David W. Ramsey ; James A. Messerich ; Ren A. Thompson ( 2006 - 08 - 08 ) . `` USGS Scientific Investigations Map 2928 : Rebuilding Mount St. Helens '' . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Volcano Review '' ( PDF ) . US Forest Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Steve ( 2008 - 05 - 30 ) . `` MSH08_aerial_new_dome_from_north_05 - 30 - 08 '' . United States Geological Survey . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 07 . - Glacier is still connected south of the lava dome . Jump up ^ Schilling , Steve ( 2008 - 05 - 30 ) . `` MSH08_aerial_st_helens_crater_from_north_05 - 30 - 08 '' . United States Geological Survey . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 07 . - Glacier arms touch on North end of glacier . Jump up ^ Haugerud , R.A. ; Harding , D.J. ; Mark , L.E. ; Zeigler , J. ; Queija , V. ; Johnson , S.Y. ( December 2004 ) . `` Lidar measurement of topographic change during the 2004 eruption of Mount St. Helens , WA '' . American Geophysical Union . 53 : 01 . Bibcode : 2004AGUFM. V53D ... 01H . Jump up ^ `` Projects '' . Glaciercaveexplorers.org . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mount St. Helens - Summary of Volcanic History '' . USDA Forest Service . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1988 , p. 214 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1988 , p. 215 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1988 , p. 216 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount St. Helens Eruptive History '' . USGS . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1988 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of Events Leading Up to the May 18 , 1980 , eruption of Mount St. Helens : March 22 -- 28 '' . USDA Forest Service . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of Events Leading Up to the May 18 , 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens : April 26 -- May 2 '' . USDA Forest Service . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Emission of sulfur dioxide gas from Mount St. Helens , 1980 - 1988 '' . United States Geological Survey . 2008 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Harris 1988 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Kiver and Harris , Geology of U.S. Parklands , 6th edition , page 149 Jump up ^ `` Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument '' . United States Forest Service . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 29 . 24 megatons thermal energy Jump up ^ Myers , Bobbie ( 1992 ) . `` Small Explosions Interrupt 3 - year Quiescence at Mount St. Helens , Washington '' . Earthquakes and Volcanoes. 23 ( 2 ) : 58 -- 73 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ see USGS before and after images Jump up ^ `` Plume in the Evening '' . Mount St. Helens , Washington . USGS . March 8 , 2005 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` New slab growing in Mount St. Helens dome '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ See close - up of the slab . Jump up ^ `` Cascades Volcano Observatory '' . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Small Quake Reported at Mount St. Helens '' . USA Today . January 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` CVO Menu - Mount St. Helens Eruption 2004 '' . Vulcan.wr.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Archie Satterfield , Country Roads of Washington ( Backinprint.com : 2003 ) ISBN 0 - 595 - 26863 - 3 , page 82 Jump up ^ `` The Bridge of the Gods '' . theoutlaws.com . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : USGS . `` Volcanoes and History : Cascade Range Volcano Names '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` NRHP nomination for Lawetlat'la '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Vancouver , George ( 1798 ) . A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean , and Round the World . London . pp. 421 -- 422 . OCLC 54529835 . OL 24592146M . Jump up ^ Pringle 1993 . Jump up ^ Meany , Edmond S. ( 1920 ) . `` Origin of Washington Geographic Names '' . The Washington Historical Quarterly . Washington University State Historical Society . XI : 211 -- 212 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Harris 1988 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ `` The Volcanoes of Lewis and Clark '' . USGS . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Harris 1988 , pp. 220 - 221 . Jump up ^ Harris 1988 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Harris 1988 , pp. 225,227 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1988 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ `` The Victims of the Eruption '' . June 6 , 2006 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ LaFee , Scott ( December 3 , 2003 ) . `` Perish the thought : A life in science sometimes becomes a death , too '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Mount St. Helens : Senator Murray Speaks on the 25th Anniversary of the May 18 , 1980 Eruption '' . U.S. Senate . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument : General Visitor Information '' . USDA Forest Service . Archived from the original on 2004 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Climbing Mount St. Helens '' . USDA Forest Service . Archived from the original on 2004 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Climber dies after rescue attempts fail on Mount St. Helens '' . Seattle News . MyNorthwest.com . Jump up ^ `` Loowit Trail '' . SummitPost.org . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Mount St. Helens Volcanic National Monument : Restricted Area '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Forest Service . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Climbing Mount St. Helens '' . U.S. Forest Service . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Mount St Helens Climbing Permit System '' . U.S. Forest Service . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Monitor Ridge '' . SummitPost . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Monitor Ridge Climbing Route '' . U.S. Forest Service . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Worm Flows Route , Mount St. Helens '' . The Peak Seeker . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Worm Flows , Winter Climbing Route '' . U.S. Forest Service . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . References Harris , Stephen L. ( 1988 ) . `` Mount St. Helens : A Living Fire Mountain '' . Fire Mountains of the West : The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes ( 1st ed . ) . Missoula , Montana : Mountain Press Publishing Company . pp. 201 -- 228 . ISBN 0 - 87842 - 220 - X . Mullineaux , D.R. ; Crandell , D.R. ( 1981 ) . `` The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens , Washington '' . Professional Paper 1250 . USGS . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 28 . Mullineaux , D.R. ( 1996 ) . `` Pre-1980 Tephra - Fall Deposits Erupted From Mount St. Helens '' . Professional Paper 1563 . USGS . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 28 . Pringle , P.T. ( 1993 ) . `` Roadside Geology of Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument and Vicinity '' ( PDF ) . Circular 88 . Washington State Department of Natural Resources , Division of Geology and Earth Resources Information . `` Description : Mount St. Helens Volcano , Washington '' . Vancouver , Washington : USGS / Cascades Volcano Observatory . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 28 . Further reading `` Eruption of Mount St. Helens '' . National Geographic . Vol. 159 no . 1 . January 1981 . pp. 3 -- 65 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mount St. Helens . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mount St. Helens . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Mount St. Helens `` Deep Magma Chambers Seen Beneath Mount St. Helens '' in Science ( journal ) 04 Nov 2015 . Mount Saint Helens May Share Magma with an Entire Field of Volcanoes `` Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument '' . US Forest Service . `` St. Helens '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 18 . Mount St. Helens photographs and current conditions from the United States Geological Survey website USGS : Mount St. Helens Eruptive History Most recent photos ( most aerial ) from the United States Geological Survey University of Washington Libraries : Digital Collections : Mount St. Helens Post-Eruption Chemistry Database This collection contains photographs of Mount St. Helens , post-eruption , taken over the span of three years to provide a look at both the human and the scientific sides of studying the eruption of a volcano . Mount St. Helens Succession Collection This collection consists of 235 photographs in a study of plant habitats following the May 18 , 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens . Audio recording of the May 18 , 1980 eruption Recorded 140 miles ( 225 km ) southwest of the mountain . Believed to be the only audio recording of the eruption . The Royal Geography Society 's Hidden Journeys project : The 1980 Mount St. Helens Eruption . Audio slideshow : Mount St Helens ( 6 : 29 min ) - Volcanologist Sarah Henton discusses the Cascade Mountains and explains the geology and impact of the 1980 Mount St Helens eruption . A 3D model of Mount St. Helens A 3D model of Mount St. Helens on 14 September 1975 , before eruption . 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"On January 16, 2008, steam began seeping from a fracture on top of the lava dome. Associated seismic activity was the most noteworthy since 2004. Scientists suspended activities in the crater and the mountain flanks, but the risk of a major eruption was deemed low.[38] By the end of January, the eruption paused; no more lava was being extruded from the lava dome. On July 10, 2008, it was determined that the eruption had ended, after more than six months of no volcanic activity.[39]"
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"January 16, 2008"
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-717447463944762675 | Original sin | Original sin - wikipedia Original sin Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Eternal sin . For other uses , see Original Sin ( disambiguation ) . Depiction of the sin of Adam and Eve by Jan Brueghel the Elder and Pieter Paul Rubens Original sin , also called ancestral sin , is the Christian doctrine of humanity 's state of sin resulting from the fall of man , stemming from Adam and Eve 's rebellion in Eden , namely the sin of disobedience in consuming from the tree of knowledge of good and evil . This condition has been characterized in many ways , ranging from something as insignificant as a slight deficiency , or a tendency toward sin yet without collective guilt , referred to as a `` sin nature '' , to something as drastic as total depravity or automatic guilt of all humans through collective guilt . The concept of original sin was first alluded to in the 2nd century by Irenaeus , Bishop of Lyon in his controversy with certain dualist Gnostics . Other church fathers such as Augustine also developed the doctrine , seeing it as based on the New Testament teaching of Paul the Apostle ( Romans 5 : 12 -- 21 and 1 Corinthians 15 : 22 ) and the Old Testament verse of Psalms 51 : 5 . Tertullian , Cyprian , Ambrose and Ambrosiaster considered that humanity shares in Adam 's sin , transmitted by human generation . Augustine 's formulation of original sin was popular among Protestant reformers , such as Martin Luther and John Calvin , who equated original sin with concupiscence ( or `` hurtful desire '' ) , affirming that it persisted even after baptism and completely destroyed freedom . The Jansenist movement , which the Catholic Church declared to be heretical , also maintained that original sin destroyed freedom of will . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the doctrine 1.1 Augustine 1.2 Cassian 1.3 Church reaction 1.4 Protestant reformation 1.5 Council of Trent 2 Denominational views 2.1 Roman Catholicism 2.1. 1 Criticism 2.2 Eastern Orthodoxy 2.3 Classical Anglicanism 2.4 Methodism 2.5 Seventh - day Adventism 2.6 Jehovah 's Witnesses 2.7 Mormonism 2.8 Swedenborgianism 2.9 Quakerism 3 In Judaism 4 In Islam 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links History of the doctrine ( edit ) Michelangelo 's painting of the sin of Adam and Eve from the Sistine Chapel ceiling The doctrine of ancestral fault ( προγονικὸν ἁμάρτημα progonikon hamartema ) , i.e. the sins of the forefathers leading to punishment of their descendants , was presented as a tradition of immemorial antiquity in ancient Greek religion by Celsus in his True Doctrine , a polemic attacking Christianity . Celsus is quoted as attributing to `` a priest of Apollo or of Zeus '' the saying that `` the mills of the gods grind slowly , even to children 's children , and to those who are born after them '' . The idea of divine justice taking the form of collective punishment is also ubiquitous in the Hebrew Bible . St Paul 's idea of redemption hinged upon the contrast between the sin of Adam and the death and resurrection of Jesus . `` Therefore , just as sin entered the world through one man , and death through sin , and in this way death came to all people , because all sinned . '' `` For as in Adam all die , so in Christ all will be made alive . '' Up till then the transgression in the Garden of Eden had not been given great significance . As the Jesus scholar , Geza Vermes has said : Paul believed that Adam 's transgression in a mysterious way affected the nature of the human race . The primeval sin , a Pauline creation with no biblical or post-biblical Jewish precedent , was irreparable by ordinary human effort . The formalized Christian doctrine of original sin was first developed in the 2nd century by Irenaeus , the Bishop of Lyon , in his struggle against Gnosticism . Irenaeus contrasted their doctrine with the view that the Fall was a step in the wrong direction by Adam , with whom , Irenaeus believed , his descendants had some solidarity or identity . Irenaeus believed that Adam 's sin had grave consequences for humanity , that it is the source of human sinfulness , mortality and enslavement to sin , and that all human beings participate in his sin and share his guilt . The Greek Fathers emphasized the cosmic dimension of the Fall , namely that since Adam human beings are born into a fallen world , but held fast to belief that man , though fallen , is free . They thus did not teach that human beings are deprived of free will and involved in total depravity , which is one understanding of original sin . During this period the doctrines of human depravity and the inherently sinful nature of human flesh were taught by Gnostics , and orthodox Christian writers took great pains to counter them . Christian apologists insisted that God 's future judgment of humanity implied humanity must have the ability to live righteously . Historian Robin Lane Fox argues that the foundation of the doctrine of original sin as accepted by the Church was ultimately based on a mistranslation of Paul the Apostle 's Epistle to the Romans ( Romans 5 : 12 -- 21 ) by Augustine , in his On the Grace of Christ , and on Original Sin `` . Augustine ( edit ) Augustine of Hippo wrote that original sin is transmitted by concupiscence and enfeebles freedom of the will without destroying it . Augustine of Hippo ( 354 -- 430 ) taught that Adam 's sin is transmitted by concupiscence , or `` hurtful desire '' , resulting in humanity becoming a massa damnata ( mass of perdition , condemned crowd ) , with much enfeebled , though not destroyed , freedom of will . When Adam sinned , human nature was thenceforth transformed . Adam and Eve , via sexual reproduction , recreated human nature . Their descendants now live in sin , in the form of concupiscence , a term Augustine used in a metaphysical , not a psychological sense . Augustine insisted that concupiscence was not a being but a bad quality , the privation of good or a wound . He admitted that sexual concupiscence ( libido ) might have been present in the perfect human nature in paradise , and that only later it became disobedient to human will as a result of the first couple 's disobedience to God 's will in the original sin . In Augustine 's view ( termed `` Realism '' ) , all of humanity was really present in Adam when he sinned , and therefore all have sinned . Original sin , according to Augustine , consists of the guilt of Adam which all humans inherit . As sinners , humans are utterly depraved in nature , lack the freedom to do good , and can not respond to the will of God without divine grace . Justo Gonzalez interprets Augustine 's teaching that grace is irresistible , results in conversion , and leads to perseverance . Augustine articulated his explanation in reaction to Pelagianism , which insisted that humans have of themselves , without the necessary help of God 's grace , the ability to lead a morally good life , and thus denied both the importance of baptism and the teaching that God is the giver of all that is good . Pelagius claimed that the influence of Adam on other humans was merely that of bad example . Augustine held that the effects of Adam 's sin are transmitted to his descendants not by example but by the very fact of generation from that ancestor . A wounded nature comes to the soul and body of the new person from his / her parents , who experience libido ( or concupiscence ) . Augustine 's view was that human procreation was the way the transmission was being effected . He did not blame , however , the sexual passion itself , but the spiritual concupiscence present in human nature , soul and body , even after baptismal regeneration . Christian parents transmit their wounded nature to children , because they give them birth , not the `` re-birth '' . Augustine used Ciceronian Stoic concept of passions , to interpret St. Paul 's doctrine of universal sin and redemption . In that view , also sexual desire itself as well as other bodily passions were consequence of the original sin , in which pure affections were wounded by vice and became disobedient to human reason and will . As long as they carry a threat to the dominion of reason over the soul they constitute moral evil , but since they do not presuppose consent , one can not call them sins . Humanity will be liberated from passions , and pure affections will be restored only when all sin has been washed away and ended , that is in the resurrection of the dead . Augustine believed that the only definitive destinations of souls are heaven and hell . He concluded that unbaptized infants go to hell as a consequence of original sin . The Latin Church Fathers who followed Augustine adopted his position , which became a point of reference for Latin theologians in the Middle Ages . In the later medieval period , some theologians continued to hold Augustine 's view , others held that unbaptized infants suffered no pain at all : unaware of being deprived of the beatific vision , they enjoyed a state of natural , not supernatural happiness . Starting around 1300 , unbaptized infants were often said to inhabit the `` limbo of infants '' . The Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1261 declares : `` As regards children who have died without Baptism , the Church can only entrust them to the mercy of God , as she does in her funeral rites for them . Indeed , the great mercy of God who desires that all men should be saved , and Jesus ' tenderness toward children which caused him to say : ' Let the children come to me , do not hinder them ' , allow us to hope that there is a way of salvation for children who have died without Baptism . All the more urgent is the Church 's call not to prevent little children coming to Christ through the gift of holy Baptism . '' But the theory of Limbo , while it `` never entered into the dogmatic definitions of the Magisterium ... remains ... a possible theological hypothesis '' . Cassian ( edit ) In the works of John Cassian ( c. 360 -- 435 ) , Conference XIII recounts how the wise monk Chaeremon , of whom he is writing , responded to puzzlement caused by his own statement that `` man even though he strive with all his might for a good result , yet can not become master of what is good unless he has acquired it simply by the gift of Divine bounty and not by the efforts of his own toil '' ( chapter 1 ) . In chapter 11 , Cassian presents Chaeremon as speaking of the cases of Paul the persecutor and Matthew the publican as difficulties for those who say `` the beginning of free will is in our own power '' , and the cases of Zaccheus and the good thief on the cross as difficulties for those who say `` the beginning of our free will is always due to the inspiration of the grace of God '' , and as concluding : `` These two then ; viz. , the grace of God and free will seem opposed to each other , but really are in harmony , and we gather from the system of goodness that we ought to have both alike , lest if we withdraw one of them from man , we may seem to have broken the rule of the Church 's faith : for when God sees us inclined to will what is good , He meets , guides , and strengthens us : for ' At the voice of thy cry , as soon as He shall hear , He will answer thee ' ; and : ' Call upon Me ' , He says , ' in the day of tribulation and I will deliver thee , and thou shalt glorify Me ' . And again , if He finds that we are unwilling or have grown cold , He stirs our hearts with salutary exhortations , by which a good will is either renewed or formed in us . '' Cassian did not accept the idea of total depravity , on which Martin Luther was to insist . He taught that human nature is fallen or depraved , but not totally . Augustine Casiday states that , at the same time , Cassian `` baldly asserts that God 's grace , not human free will , is responsible for ' everything which pertains to salvation ' -- even faith '' . Cassian pointed out that people still have moral freedom and one has the option to choose to follow God . Colm Luibhéid says that , according to Cassian , there are cases where the soul makes the first little turn , but in Cassian 's view , according to Casiday , any sparks of goodwill that may exist , not directly caused by God , are totally inadequate and only direct divine intervention ensures spiritual progress ; and Lauren Pristas says that `` for Cassian , salvation is , from beginning to end , the effect of God 's grace '' . Church reaction ( edit ) Opposition to Augustine 's ideas about original sin , which he had developed in reaction to Pelagianism , arose rapidly . After a long and bitter struggle the general principles of Augustine 's teaching were confirmed within Western Christianity by many councils , especially the Second Council of Orange in 529 . However , while the Church condemned Pelagius , it did not endorse Augustine entirely and , while Augustine 's authority was accepted , he was interpreted in the light of writers such as Cassian . Some of the followers of Augustine identified original sin with concupiscence in the psychological sense , but this identification was challenged by the 11th - century Saint Anselm of Canterbury , who defined original sin as `` privation of the righteousness that every man ought to possess '' , thus separating it from concupiscence . In the 12th century the identification of original sin with concupiscence was supported by Peter Lombard and others , but was rejected by the leading theologians in the next century , chief of whom was Thomas Aquinas . He distinguished the supernatural gifts of Adam before the Fall from what was merely natural , and said that it was the former that were lost , privileges that enabled man to keep his inferior powers in submission to reason and directed to his supernatural end . Even after the fall , man thus kept his natural abilities of reason , will and passions . Rigorous Augustine - inspired views persisted among the Franciscans , though the most prominent Franciscan theologians , such as Duns Scotus and William of Ockham , eliminated the element of concupiscence . Protestant Reformation ( edit ) Martin Luther ( 1483 -- 1546 ) asserted that humans inherit Adamic guilt and are in a state of sin from the moment of conception . The second article in Lutheranism 's Augsburg Confession presents its doctrine of original sin in summary form : It is also taught among us that since the fall of Adam all men who are born according to the course of nature are conceived and born in sin . That is , all men are full of evil lust and inclinations from their mothers ' wombs and are unable by nature to have true fear of God and true faith in God . Moreover , this inborn sickness and hereditary sin is truly sin and condemns to the eternal wrath of God all those who are not born again through Baptism and the Holy Spirit . Rejected in this connection are the Pelagians and others who deny that original sin is sin , for they hold that natural man is made righteous by his own powers , thus disparaging the sufferings and merit of Christ . Luther , however , also agreed with the Roman Catholic doctrine of the Immaculate Conception ( that Mary was conceived free from original sin ) by saying : ( Mary ) is full of grace , proclaimed to be entirely without sin . God 's grace fills her with everything good and makes her devoid of all evil . God is with her , meaning that all she did or left undone is divine and the action of God in her . Moreover , God guarded and protected her from all that might be hurtful to her . Protestant Reformer John Calvin ( 1509 -- 1564 ) developed a systematic theology of Augustinian Protestantism by interpretation of Augustine of Hippo 's notion of original sin . Calvin believed that humans inherit Adamic guilt and are in a state of sin from the moment of conception . This inherently sinful nature ( the basis for the Calvinistic doctrine of `` total depravity '' ) results in a complete alienation from God and the total inability of humans to achieve reconciliation with God based on their own abilities . Not only do individuals inherit a sinful nature due to Adam 's fall , but since he was the federal head and representative of the human race , all whom he represented inherit the guilt of his sin by imputation . Redemption by Jesus Christ is the only remedy . John Calvin defined original sin in his Institutes of the Christian Religion as follows : Original sin , therefore , seems to be a hereditary depravity and corruption of our nature , diffused into all parts of the soul , which first makes us liable to God 's wrath , then also brings forth in us those works which Scripture calls `` works of the flesh '' ( Gal 5 : 19 ) . And that is properly what Paul often calls sin . The works that come forth from it -- such as adulteries , fornications , thefts , hatreds , murders , carousings -- he accordingly calls `` fruits of sin '' ( Gal 5 : 19 -- 21 ) , although they are also commonly called `` sins '' in Scripture , and even by Paul himself . Council of Trent ( edit ) The Council of Trent ( 1545 -- 1563 ) , while not pronouncing on points disputed among Catholic theologians , condemned the teaching that in baptism the whole of what belongs to the essence of sin is not taken away , but is only cancelled or not imputed , and declared the concupiscence that remains after baptism not truly and properly `` sin '' in the baptized , but only to be called sin in the sense that it is of sin and inclines to sin . In 1567 , soon after the close of the Council of Trent , Pope Pius V went beyond Trent by sanctioning Aquinas 's distinction between nature and supernature in Adam 's state before the Fall , condemned the identification of original sin with concupiscence , and approved the view that the unbaptized could have right use of will . Denominational views ( edit ) Illuminated parchment , Spain , circa AD 950 -- 955 , depicting the Fall of Man , cause of original sin Roman catholicism ( edit ) The Catechism of the Catholic Church says : By his sin Adam , as the first man , lost the original holiness and justice he had received from God , not only for himself but for all humans . Adam and Eve transmitted to their descendants human nature wounded by their own first sin and hence deprived of original holiness and justice ; this deprivation is called `` original sin '' . As a result of original sin , human nature is weakened in its powers , subject to ignorance , suffering and the domination of death , and inclined to sin ( this inclination is called `` concupiscence '' ) . The Catholic Church teaches that every human person born on this earth is made in the image of God . Within man `` is both the powerful surge toward the good because we are made in the image of God , and the darker impulses toward evil because of the effects of Original Sin '' . Furthermore , it explicitly denies that we inherit guilt from anyone , maintaining that instead we inherit our fallen nature . In this it differs from the Calvinist / Protestant position that each person actually inherits Adam 's guilt , and teaches instead that `` original sin does not have the character of a personal fault in any of Adam 's descendants ... but the consequences for nature , weakened and inclined to evil , persist in man '' . `` In other words , human beings do not bear any ' original guilt ' from Adam and Eve 's particular sin . '' The Church has always held baptism to be `` for the remission of sins '' , and , as mentioned in Catechism of the Catholic Church , 403 , infants too have traditionally been baptized , though not guilty of any actual personal sin . The sin that through baptism was remitted for them could only be original sin , with which they were connected by the very fact of being a human . The first comprehensive theological explanation of this practice of baptizing infants , guilty of no actual personal sin , was given by Saint Augustine of Hippo , not all of whose ideas on original sin have been adopted by the Catholic Church . Indeed , the Church has condemned the interpretation of some of his ideas by certain leaders of the Protestant Reformation . The Catechism of the Catholic Church explains that in `` yielding to the tempter , Adam and Eve committed a personal sin , but this sin affected the human nature that they would then transmit in a fallen state ... original sin is called `` sin '' only in an analogical sense : it is a sin `` contracted '' and not `` committed '' -- a state and not an act '' ( Catechism of the Catholic Church , 404 ) . This `` state of deprivation of the original holiness and justice ... transmitted to the descendants of Adam along with human nature '' ( Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church , 76 ) involves no personal responsibility or personal guilt on their part ( cf . Catechism of the Catholic Church , 405 ) . Personal responsibility and guilt were Adam 's , who because of his sin , was unable to pass on to his descendants a human nature with the holiness with which it would otherwise have been endowed , in this way implicating them in his sin . The doctrine of original sin thus does not impute the sin of the father to his children , but merely states that they inherit from him a `` human nature deprived of original holiness and justice '' , which is `` transmitted by propagation to all mankind '' . In the theology of the Catholic Church , original sin is regarded as the general condition of sinfulness , that is the absence of holiness and perfect charity into which humans are born , distinct from the actual sins that a person commits . This teaching explicitly states that `` original sin does not have the character of a personal fault in any of Adam 's descendants '' . In other words , human beings do not bear any `` original guilt '' from Adam 's particular sin , which is his alone . The prevailing view , also held in Eastern Orthodoxy , is that human beings bear no guilt for the sin of Adam . The Catholic Church teaches : `` By our first parents ' sin , the devil has acquired a certain domination over man , even though man remains free . '' The Catholic doctrine of the Immaculate Conception of Mary is that Mary was conceived free from original sin : `` the most Blessed Virgin Mary was , from the first moment of her conception , by a singular grace and privilege of almighty God and by virtue of the merits of Jesus Christ , Savior of the human race , preserved immune from all stain of original sin '' . The doctrine sees her as an exception to the general rule that human beings are not immune from the reality of original sin . Criticism ( edit ) Soon after the Second Vatican Council , biblical theologian Herbert Haag raised the question : Is original sin in Scripture ? According to his exegesis , Genesis 2 : 25 indicates that Adam and Eve were created from the beginning naked of the divine grace , an originary grace that , then , they would never have had and even less would have lost due to the subsequent events narrated . On the other hand , while supporting a continuity in the Bible about the absence of preternatural gifts ( Latin : dona praeternaturalia ) with regard to the ophitic event , Haag never makes any reference to the discontinuity of the loss of access to the tree of life . Eastern Orthodoxy ( edit ) The Eastern Orthodox version of original sin is the view that sin originates with the Devil , `` for the devil sinneth from the beginning ( 1 John iii. 8 ) '' . They acknowledge that the introduction of ancestral sin into the human race affected the subsequent environment for humanity ( see also traducianism ) . However , they never accepted Augustine of Hippo 's notions of original sin and hereditary guilt . Orthodox Churches accept the teachings of John Cassian , as do Catholic Churches eastern and western , in rejecting the doctrine of total depravity , by teaching that human nature is `` fallen '' , that is , depraved , but not totally . Augustine Casiday states that Cassian `` baldly asserts that God 's grace , not human free will , is responsible for ' everything which pertains to salvation ' -- even faith '' . Cassian points out that people still have moral freedom and one has the option to choose to follow God . Colm Luibhéid says that , according to Cassian , there are cases where the soul makes the first little turn , while Augustine Casiday says that , in Cassian 's view , any sparks of goodwill that may exist , not directly caused by God , are totally inadequate and only direct divine intervention ensures spiritual progress . and Lauren Pristas says that `` for Cassian , salvation is , from beginning to end , the effect of God 's grace '' . Eastern Orthodoxy accepts the doctrine of ancestral sin : `` Original sin is hereditary . It did not remain only Adam and Eve 's . As life passes from them to all of their descendants , so does original sin . '' `` As from an infected source there naturally flows an infected stream , so from a father infected with sin , and consequently mortal , there naturally proceeds a posterity infected like him with sin , and like him mortal . '' The Orthodox Church in America makes clear the distinction between `` fallen nature '' and `` fallen man '' and this is affirmed in the early teaching of the Church whose role it is to act as the catalyst that leads to true or inner redemption . Every human person born on this earth bears the image of God undistorted within themselves . In the Orthodox Christian understanding , they explicitly deny that humanity inherited guilt from anyone . Rather , they maintain that we inherit our fallen nature . While humanity does bear the consequences of the original , or first , sin , humanity does not bear the personal guilt associated with this sin . Adam and Eve are guilty of their willful action ; we bear the consequences , chief of which is death . '' The view of the Eastern Orthodox Church varies on whether Mary is free of all actual sin or concupiscence . Some Patristic sources imply that she was cleansed from sin at the Annunciation , while the liturgical references are unanimous that she is all - holy from the time of her conception . Classical anglicanism ( edit ) The original formularies of the Church of England also continue in the Reformation understanding of original sin . In the Thirty - Nine Articles , Article IX `` Of Original or Birth - sin '' states : Original Sin standeth not in the following of Adam , ( as the Pelagians do vainly talk ) ; but it is the fault and corruption of the Nature of every man , that naturally is ingendered of the offspring of Adam ; whereby man is very far gone from original righteousness , and is of his own nature inclined to evil , so that the flesh lusteth always contrary to the spirit ; and therefore in every person born into this world , it deserveth God 's wrath and damnation . And this infection of nature doth remain , yea in them that are regenerated ; whereby the lust of the flesh , called in the Greek , Φρονεμα σαρκος , which some do expound the wisdom , some sensuality , some the affection , some the desire , of the flesh , is not subject to the Law of God . And although there is no condemnation for them that believe and are baptized , yet the Apostle doth confess , that concupiscence and lust hath of itself the nature of sin . However , more recent doctrinal statements ( e.g. the 1938 report Doctrine in the Church of England ) permit a greater variety of understandings of this doctrine . The 1938 report summarizes : Man is by nature capable of communion with God , and only through such communion can he become what he was created to be . `` Original sin '' stands for the fact that from a time apparently prior to any responsible act of choice man is lacking in this communion , and if left to his own resources and to the influence of his natural environment can not attain to his destiny as a child of God . Methodism ( edit ) The Methodist Church upholds Article VII in the Articles of Religion in the Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church : Original sin standeth not in the following of Adam ( as the Pelagians do vainly talk ) , but it is the corruption of the nature of every man , that naturally is engendered of the offspring of Adam , whereby man is very far gone from original righteousness , and of his own nature inclined to evil , and that continually . Seventh - day adventism ( edit ) Seventh - day Adventists believe that humans are inherently sinful due to the fall of Adam , but they do not totally accept the Augustinian / Calvinistic understanding of original sin , taught in terms of original guilt , but hold more to what could be termed the `` total depravity '' tradition . Seventh - day Adventists have historically preached a doctrine of inherited weakness , but not a doctrine of inherited guilt . According to Augustine and Calvin , humanity inherits not only Adam 's depraved nature but also the actual guilt of his transgression , and Adventists look more toward the Wesleyan model . In part , the Adventist position on original sin reads : The nature of the penalty for original sin , i.e. , Adam 's sin , is to be seen as literal , physical , temporal , or actual death -- the opposite of life , i.e. , the cessation of being . By no stretch of the scriptural facts can death be spiritualised as depravity . God did not punish Adam by making him a sinner . That was Adam 's own doing . All die the first death because of Adam 's sin regardless of their moral character -- children included . Early Adventists Pioneers ( such as George Storrs and Uriah Smith ) tended to de-emphasise the morally corrupt nature inherited from Adam , while stressing the importance of actual , personal sins committed by the individual . They thought of the `` sinful nature '' in terms of physical mortality rather than moral depravity . Traditionally , Adventists look at sin in terms of willful transgressions , and that Christ triumphed over sin . Adventism believes that Christ is both our Substitute and our Example . They base their belief on texts such as `` Whosoever committeth sin transgresseth also the law : for sin is the transgression of the law . '' ( 1 John 3 : 4 ) Though believing in the concept of inherited sin from Adam , there is no dogmatic Adventist position on original sin . Related articles dealing with the subject are publicly available on the General Conference of the Seventh - day Adventist Church 's official website on theological doctrine , the Biblical Research Institute . Jehovah 's Witnesses ( edit ) According to the theology of the Christian Congregation of Jehovah 's Witnesses , all humans are born sinners , because of inheriting sin , corruption , and death from Adam . They teach that Adam was originally created perfect and sinless , but with free will ; that the Devil , who was originally a perfect angel , but later developed feelings of pride and self - importance , seduced Eve , and then through her , persuaded Adam to disobey God , and to obey the Devil instead , rebelling against God 's sovereignty , thereby making themselves sinners , and because of that , transmitting a sinful nature to all of their future offspring . Instead of destroying the Devil right away , as well as destroying the disobedient couple , God decided to test the loyalty of the rest of humankind , and to prove that man can not be independent of God successfully , that man is lost without God 's laws and standards , and can never bring peace to the earth , and that Satan was a deceiver , murderer , and liar . Witnesses believe that all men possess `` inherited sin '' from the `` one man '' Adam and they teach that verses such as Romans 5 : 12 - 22 , Psalm 51 : 5 , Job 14 : 4 , and 1st Corinthians 15 : 22 show that man is born corrupt , and dies because of inherited sin and imperfection , that inherited sin is the reason and cause for sickness and suffering , made worse by the Devil 's wicked influence . They believe Jesus is the `` second Adam '' , being the sinless Son of God and the Messiah , and that he came to undo Adamic sin ; and that salvation and everlasting life can only be obtained through faith and obedience to the second Adam . They believe that `` sin '' is `` missing the mark '' of God 's standard of perfection , and that everyone is born a sinner , due to being the offspring of sinner Adam . Mormonism ( edit ) The Book of Mormon , a text sacred to Mormonism , explains that the opportunity to live here in a world where we can learn good and bad is a gift from God , and not a punishment for Adam 's and Eve 's choice . As Mormon founder Joseph Smith taught , humans had an essentially godlike nature , and were not only holy in a premortal state , but had the potential to progress eternally to become like God . He wrote as one of his church 's Articles of Faith , `` We believe that men will be punished for their own sins , and not for Adam 's transgression . '' Later Mormons took this creed as a rejection of the doctrine of original sin and any notion of inherited sinfulness . Thus , while modern Mormons will agree that the fall of Adam brought consequences to the world , including the possibility of sin , they generally reject the idea that any culpability is automatically transmitted to Adam and Eve 's offspring . Children under the age of eight are regarded as free of all sin and therefore do not require baptism . Children who die prior to age eight are believed to be saved in the highest degree of heaven . Swedenborgianism ( edit ) In Swedenborgianism , exegesis of the first 11 chapters of Genesis from The First Church , has a view that Adam is not an individual person . Rather , he is a symbolic representation of the `` Most Ancient Church '' , having a more direct contact with heaven than all other successive churches . Swedenborg 's view of original sin is referred to as hereditary evil , which passes from generation to generation . It can not be completely abolished by an individual man , but can be tempered when someone reforms their own life , and are thus held accountable only for their own sins . Quakerism ( edit ) Most Quakers ( also known as the Religious Society of Friends ) , including the founder of Quakerism , George Fox , believe in the doctrine of Inward light , a doctrine which states that there is `` that of God in everyone '' . This has led to a common belief among many liberal and universalist Quakers affiliated with the Friends General Conference and Britain Yearly Meeting , based on the ideas of Quaker Rufus Jones among others , that rather than being burdened by original sin , human beings are inherently good , and the doctrine of universal reconciliation , that is , that all people will eventually be saved and reconciled with God . However , this rejection of the doctrine of original sin or the necessity of salvation is not something that most conservative or evangelical Quakers affiliated with Friends United Meeting or Evangelical Friends Church International tend to agree with . Although the more conservative and evangelical Quakers also believe in the doctrine of inward light , they interpret it in a manner consistent with the doctrine of original sin , namely , that people may or may not listen to the voice of God within them and be saved , and people who do not listen will not be saved , thus there can not be any universal reconciliation under the more conservative Quaker theology . Many more liberal Quaker meetings have no official creed and allow individual Quakers to have a wide variety of different beliefs , although following the recommendations of one 's yearly meeting 's Faith and Practice book is strongly recommended even though not mandatory . Also , not all local Quaker meetings are entirely liberal or conservative and some have members adhering to different Quaker traditions , and a Quaker meeting can be affiliated with both liberal and conservative umbrella organizations . For instance , New York Yearly Meeting , which is mostly liberal , is affiliated with both the liberal Friends General Conference as well as the conservative Friends United Meeting , even though they adhere much more to the liberal teachings of Friends General Conference than the conservative teachings of Friends United Meeting . Thus , at any given Quaker meeting , individual Quakers may have differing views on a wide variety of theological issues including original sin , with more conservative Quaker meetings having everyone believe in original sin while at more liberal Quaker meetings there is typically a variety of beliefs and usually a majority of people would not believe in original sin but a minority would believe in original sin . In Judaism ( edit ) The doctrine of `` inherited sin '' is not found in most of mainstream Judaism . Although some in Orthodox Judaism place blame on Adam for overall corruption of the world , and though there were some Jewish teachers in Babylon who believed that death was a punishment brought upon humanity on account of Adam 's sin , that is not the dominant view in most of Judaism today . Modern Judaism generally teaches that humans are born sin - free and untainted , and choose to sin later and bring suffering to themselves . Jewish theologians are divided in regard to the cause of what is called `` original sin '' . Some teach that it was due to Adam 's yielding to temptation in eating of the forbidden fruit and has been inherited by his descendants ; the majority of chazalic opinions , however , do not hold Adam responsible for the sins of humanity , teaching that , in Genesis 8 : 21 and 6 : 5 - 8 , God recognized that Adam did not willfully sin . However , Adam is recognized by some as having brought death into the world by his disobedience . Because of his sin , his descendants will live a mortal life , which will end in death of their bodies . In Islam ( edit ) The concept of inherited sin does not exist in Islam . Islam teaches that Adam and Eve sinned , but then sought forgiveness and thus were forgiven by God . The Qur'an says that after Adam and Eve sinned , they asked for repentance and it was granted : They said : `` Our Lord , we have wronged ourselves souls . If You forgive us not and bestow not upon us Your mercy , we shall certainly be of the losers . -- Surat al - Aʻrāf : 23 Thus did Adam disobey his Lord , so he went astray . Then his Lord chose him , and turned to him with forgiveness , and gave him guidance . -- Surat Ṭā Hāʼ : 121 -- 122 The Qur'an further says about individual responsibility : That no burdened person ( with sins ) shall bear the burden ( sins ) of another . And that man can have nothing but what he does ( of good and bad ) . And that his deeds will be seen , Then he will be recompensed with a full and the best ( fair ) recompense . -- Surat an - Najm : 38 -- 41 See also ( edit ) Christianity portal Religion portal Actual sin Ancestral sin Christian views on sin Deadly sin Divine grace Fall of man Hamartiology Immaculate Conception Incurvatus in se Internal sin Justification ( theology ) Mortal sin Pandora 's box Prevenient grace Problem of evil Sin The Antichrist ( book ) Theodicy and the Bible # The Fall and freedom of the will Venial sin Yetzer hara References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Examples : Alexander Golitzin , On the Mystical Life by Saint Symeon ( St Vladimir 's Seminary Press 1995 ISBN 978 - 0 - 88141 - 144 - 7 ) , p. 119 Adam L. Tate , Conservatism and Southern Intellectuals , 1789 -- 1861 ( University of Missouri Press 2005 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1567 - 3 ) , p. 190 Marcelle Bartolo - Abel , God 's Gift to Humanity ( Apostolate -- The Divine Heart 2011 ISBN 978 - 0 - 9833480 - 1 - 6 ) , p. 32 Ann Hassan , Annotations to Geoffrey Hill 's Speech ! Speech ! ( Punctum Books 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4681 - 2984 - 7 , p. 62 ^ Jump up to : ODCC 2005 , p . Original sin . Jump up ^ Brodd , Jefferey ( 2003 ) . World Religions . Winona , MN : Saint Mary 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88489 - 725 - 5 . Jump up ^ Peter Nathan . `` The Original View of Original Sin '' . Vision.org . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Original Sin Explained and Defended : Reply to an Assemblies of God Pastor '' . Philvaz.com . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Preamble and Articles of Faith Archived 20 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . - V. Sin , Original and Personal - Church of the Nazarene . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Are Babies Born with Sin ? - Topical Bible Studies . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Original Sin - Psalm 51 : 5 - Catholic News Agency . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Jansenius and Jansenism '' . Newadvent.org. 1 October 1910 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ὀψὲ , φησι , θεῶν ἀλέουσι μύλοι , και Ἐς παίδων παῖδας τοί κεν μετόπισθη γένωνται . Gagné , Renaud ( 2013 ) . Ancestral Fault in Ancient Greece . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 03980 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ten Plagues of Egypt , destruction of Shechem , etc. and most notably the punishments inflicted on the Israelites for lapsing from Yahwism ; explicitly in Isaiah 14 : 21 , Exodus 20 : 5 , Exodus 34 : 6 - 7 , Jeremiah 32 : 18 . Krašovec , Jože , Reward , punishment , and forgiveness : the thinking and beliefs of ancient Israel in the light of Greek and modern views , BRILL , 1999 , p 113 . Jump up ^ Rom. 5 : 12 Jump up ^ 1 Cor. 15 : 22 Jump up ^ Vermes , Geza ( 2012 ) . Christian Beginnings from Nazareth to Nicea . Allen Lane , Penguin Books . p. 100 . Jump up ^ J.N.D. Kelly . Early Christian Doctrines ( San Francisco : Harper Collins , 1978 ) p. 171 , referred to in Daniel L. Akin , A Theology for the Church , p. 433 Jump up ^ Daniel L. Akin , A Theology for the Church ( B&H Publishing 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8054 - 2640 - 3 ) , p. 433 Jump up ^ A.J. Wallace , R.D. Rusk , Moral Transformation : The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation ( New Zealand : Bridgehead , 2011 ) , pp. 255 , 258 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4563 - 8980 - 2 Jump up ^ H.E.W. Turner , The Patristic Doctrine of the Redemption : A Study of the Development of Doctrine During the First Five Centuries ( Eugene , Oregon : Wipf & Stock Publishers , 2004 ) p. 71 Jump up ^ Bernhard Lohse , A Short History of Christian Doctrine ( Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : Fortress Press , 1966 ) , p. 104 Jump up ^ A.J. Wallace , R.D. Rusk , Moral Transformation : The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation ( New Zealand : Bridgehead , 2011 ) , p. 258 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4563 - 8980 - 2 Jump up ^ Arthur C. McGiffert , A History of Christian Thought : Volume 1 , Early and Eastern ( New York ; London : C. Scribner 's sons , 1932 ) , p. 101 Jump up ^ A.J. Wallace , R.D. Rusk , Moral Transformation : The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation ( New Zealand : Bridgehead , 2011 ) , pp. 258 -- 259 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4563 - 8980 - 2 Jump up ^ Fox , Robin Lane ( 2006 ) . The Unauthorized Version : Truth and Fiction in the Bible . London : Penguin . ISBN 9780141022963 . Jump up ^ Augustine taught that Adam 's sin was both an act of foolishness ( insipientia ) and of pride and disobedience to God of Adam and Eve . He thought it was a most subtle job to discern what came first : self - centeredness or failure in seeing truth . Augustine wrote to Julian of Eclanum : Sed si disputatione subtilissima et elimatissima opus est , ut sciamus utrum primos homines insipientia superbos , an insipientes superbia fecerit ( Contra Julianum , V , 4.18 ; PL 44 , 795 ) . This particular sin would not have taken place if Satan had not sown into their senses `` the root of evil '' ( radix Mali ) : Nisi radicem mali humanus tunc reciperet sensus ( Contra Julianum , I , 9.42 ; PL 44 , 670 ) Jump up ^ `` Original Sin '' . Biblical Apologetic Studies . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Augustine of Hippo ( 354 -- 430 ) taught that Adam 's sin is transmitted by concupiscence , or `` hurtful desire '' , sexual desire and all sensual feelings resulting in humanity becoming a massa damnata ( mass of perdition , condemned crowd ) , with much enfeebled , though not destroyed , freedom of will . Jump up ^ William Nicholson . A Plain But Full Exposition of the Catechism of the Church of England , page 118 . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas Aquinas explained Augustine 's doctrine pointing out that the libido ( concupiscence ) , which makes the original sin pass from parents to children , is not a libido actualis , i.e. sexual lust , but libido habitualis , i.e. a wound of the whole of human nature : Libido quae transmittit peccatum originale in prolem , non est libido actualis , quia dato quod virtute divina concederetur alicui quod nullam inordinatam libidinem in actu generationis sentiret , adhuc transmitteret in prolem originale peccatum . Sed libido illa est intelligenda habitualiter , secundum quod appetitus sensitivus non continetur sub ratione vinculo originalis iustitiae . Et talis libido in omnibus est aequalis ( STh Ia -- IIae q. 82 a . 4 ad 3 ) . Jump up ^ Non substantialiter manere concupiscentiam , sicut corpus aliquod aut spiritum ; sed esse affectionem quamdam malae qualitatis , sicut est languor . ( De nuptiis et concupiscentia , I , 25 . 28 ; PL 44 , 430 ; cf . Contra Julianum , VI , 18.53 ; PL 44 , 854 ; ibid . VI , 19.58 ; PL 44 , 857 ; ibid. , II , 10.33 ; PL 44 , 697 ; Contra Secundinum Manichaeum , 15 ; PL 42 , 590 . Jump up ^ Augustine wrote to Julian of Eclanum : Quis enim negat futurum fuisse concubitum , etiamsi peccatum non praecessisset ? Sed futurus fuerat , sicut aliis membris , ita etiam genitalibus voluntate motis , non libidine concitatis ; aut certe etiam ipsa libidine -- ut non vos de illa nimium contristemus -- non qualis nunc est , sed ad nutum voluntarium serviente ( Contra Julianum , IV . 11 . 57 ; PL 44 , 766 ) . See also his late work : Contra secundam Iuliani responsionem imperfectum opus , II , 42 ; PL 45 , 1160 ; ibid. II , 45 ; PL 45 , 1161 ; ibid. , VI , 22 ; PL 45 , 1550 -- 1551 . Cf . Schmitt , É. ( 1983 ) . Le mariage chrétien dans l'oeuvre de Saint Augustin . Une théologie baptismale de la vie conjugale . Études Augustiniennes . Paris . p. 104 . Jump up ^ Justo L. Gonzalez ( 1970 -- 1975 ) . A History of Christian Thought : Volume 2 ( From Augustine to the eve of the Reformation ) . Abingdon Press . Jump up ^ Sexual desire is , according to bishop of Hippo , only one -- though the strongest -- of many physical realisations of that spiritual libido : Cum igitur sint multarum libidines rerum , tamen , cum libido dicitur neque cuius rei libido sit additur , non fere assolet animo occurrere nisi illa , qua obscenae partes corporis excitantur . Haec autem sibi non solum totum corpus nec solum extrinsecus , verum etiam intrinsecus vindicat totumque commovet hominem animi simul affectu cum carnis appetitu coniuncto atque permixto , ut ea voluptas sequatur , qua maior in corporis voluptatibus nulla est ; ita ut momento ipso temporis , quo ad eius pervenitur extremum , paene omnis acies et quasi vigilia cogitationis obruatur . ( De civitate Dei , XIV , 16 ; CCL 48 , 438 -- 439 ( 1 -- 10 ) ) . See also : Schmitt , É. ( 1983 ) . Le mariage chrétien dans l'oeuvre de Saint Augustin . Une théologie baptismale de la vie conjugale . Études Augustiniennes . Paris . p. 97 ... See also Augustine 's : De continentia , 8.21 ; PL 40 , 363 ; Contra Iulianum VI , 19.60 ; PL 44 , 859 ; ibid. IV , 14.65 , z. 2 , s . 62 ; PL 44 , 770 ; De Trinitate , XII , 9 . 14 ; CCL 50 , 368 ( verse : IX 1 -- 8 ) ; De Genesi contra Manicheos , II , 9.12 , s . 60 ; CSEL 91 , 133 ( v. 31 -- 35 ) ) . Jump up ^ Regeneratus quippe non regenerat filios carnis , sed generat ; ac per hoc in eos non quod regeneratus , sed quod generatus est , trajicit . ( De gratia Christi et de peccato originali , II , 40.45 ; CSEL 42 , 202 ( 23 -- 25 ) ; PL 44 , 407 . Jump up ^ Cf . De civitate Dei , ch . IX and XIV ; On the Gospel of John , LX ( Christ 's feelings at the death of Lazarus , Jn 11 ) Jump up ^ J. Brachtendorf ( 1997 ) . `` Cicero and Augustine on the Passions '' : 307 . hdl : 2042 / 23075 . Jump up ^ `` Infernum '' , literally `` underworld '' , later identified as limbo . Jump up ^ `` Past Roman Catholic statements about Limbo and the destination of unbaptised infants who die ? '' . Religioustolerance.org . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Study by International Theological Commission ( 19 January 2007 ) , The Hope of Salvation for Infants Who Die Without Being Baptized , 19 -- 21 Jump up ^ Study by International Theological Commission ( 19 January 2007 ) , The Hope of Salvation for Infants Who Die Without Being Baptized , 22 -- 25 Jump up ^ Mark 10 : 14 ; cf. 1 Tim 2 : 4 Jump up ^ Study by International Theological Commission ( 19 January 2007 ) , The Hope of Salvation for Infants Who Die Without Being Baptized , secondary preliminary paragraph ; cf . paragraph 41 . Jump up ^ Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers : Series II / Volume XI / John Cassian / Conferences of John Cassian , Part II / Conference XIII / Chapter 11 s : Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers : Series II / Volume XI / John Cassian / Conferences of John Cassian , Part II / Conference XIII / Chapter 11 ^ Jump up to : Geoffrey Rudolph Elton , Reformation Europe ( Wiley - Blackwell 1999 ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 21384 - 0 ) , p. 136 ^ Jump up to : Augustine Casiday , Tradition and Theology in St John Cassian ( Oxford University Press 2007 ISBN 0 - 19 - 929718 - 5 ) , p. 103 ^ Jump up to : John Cassian . Conferences . Books.google.com . p. 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : STUDIA HISTORIAE ECCLESIASTICAE May / Mei 2009 Volume XXXV No / Nr 1 ^ Jump up to : Lauren Pristas , The Theological Anthropology of John Cassian Jump up ^ A.J. Wallace , R.D. Rusk , Moral Transformation : The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation ( New Zealand : Bridgehead , 2011 ) , pp. 284 -- 285 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4563 - 8980 - 2 Jump up ^ Edwin Zackrison , In the Loins of Adam ( iUniverse 2004 ISBN 9780595307166 ) , p. 73 Jump up ^ Justo L. González , A History of Christian Thought ( Abingdon Press 2010 ISBN 9781426721915 ) , vol. 2 , p. 58 Jump up ^ In Catholic theology , the meaning of the word `` concupiscence '' is the movement of the sensitive appetite contrary to the operation of the human reason . The apostle St Paul identifies it with the rebellion of the ' flesh ' against the ' spirit ' . `` Concupiscence stems from the disobedience of the first sin . It unsettles man 's moral faculties and , without being in itself an offence , inclines man to commit sins '' ( Catechism of the Catholic Church , n . 2515 ) . Jump up ^ Theodore G. Tappert , The Book of Concord : The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church , ( Philadelphia : Fortress Press , 1959 ) , 29 . Jump up ^ Luther 's Works , American edition , vol. 43 , p. 40 , ed. H. Lehmann , Fortress , 1968 Jump up ^ John Calvin , The Institutes of the Christian Religion , II. 1.8 , LCC , 2 vols. , trans . Ford Lewis Battles , ed . John T. McNeill ( Philadelphia : Westminster , 1960 ) , 251 ( page 217 of CCEL edition ) . Cf . Institutes of the Christian Religion at the Christian Classics Ethereal Library Jump up ^ `` Paul III Council of Trent - 5 '' . Ewtn.com . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church - IntraText '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church - IntraText '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Man , The Image of God Paperback - Christoph Cardinal Schoenborn : Ignatius Press '' . Ignatius.com . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Morality '' . Usccb.org. 14 August 2015 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Catechism of the Catholic Church , 405 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 404 Jump up ^ Item 407 in section 1.2. 1.7 . Emphasis added . Jump up ^ Pius IX , Ineffabilis Deus ( 1854 ) quoted in Catechism of the Catholic Church , 491 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Haag , Herbert ( 1969 ) . Is original sin in Scripture ? . New York : Sheed and Ward . German or . ed. : 1966 . Jump up ^ ( in German ) Haag , Herbert ( 1966 ) . pp. 9 , 49ff . Jump up ^ Catechism of St. Philaret , questions 157 Jump up ^ The term `` ancestral sin '' is also used , as in Greek προπατορικὴ ἁμαρτία ( e.g. Πόλεμος και φτώχεια -- η ορθόδοξη άποψη , Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Η νηστεία της Σαρακοστής , Πώς στράφηκε ο Λούθηρος κατά του Μοναχισμού -- του Γεωργίου Φλωρόφσκυ ) or προπατορικὸ ἁμάρτημα ( e.g. , Απαντήσεις σε ερωτήματα δογματικά -- Ανδρέα Θεοδώρου , εκδ . Αποστολικής Διακονίας , 1997 , σελ. 156 -- 161 , Θεοτόκος και προπατορικό αμάρτημα ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Stavros Moschos . `` Original Sin And Its Consequences '' . Biserica.org . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ The Longer Catechism of The Orthodox , Catholic , Eastern Church , 168 Jump up ^ `` Do Not Resent , Do Not React , Keep Inner Stillness Glory to God for All Things '' . Fatherstephen.wordpress.com. 4 January 2010 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Fr . John Matusiak , http://www.oca.org/QA.asp?ID=4&SID=3 Jump up ^ Mother Mary and Ware , Kallistos , `` The Festal Menaion '' , p. 47 . St. Tikhon 's Seminary Press , 1998 . Jump up ^ Laurent Cleenewerck , His Broken Body ( Euclid University Press 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 61518361 - 9 ) , p. 410 Jump up ^ `` The Thirty - Nine Articles '' . Anglicans Online . 1 December 2015 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Doctrine in the Church of England , 1938 , London : SPCK ; p. 64 Jump up ^ The United Methodist Church : The Articles of Religion of the Methodist Church -- Article V -- Of the Sufficiency of the Holy Scriptures for Salvation Archived 10 July 2012 at Archive.is Jump up ^ The SDA Bible Commentary , vol. 5 , p. 1131 . Jump up ^ Woodrow W. Whidden . `` Adventist Theology : The Wesleyan Connection '' ( PDF ) . Bibelschule.info . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ E.G. White , Signs of the Times , 29 August 1892 ^ Jump up to : Gerhard Pfandl . `` Some thoughts on Original Sin '' ( PDF ) . Biblical Research Institute Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ `` Questions on Doctrine 50th Anniversary Conference '' ( DOC ) . Qod.andrews.edu. 27 October 2007 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Biblical Research Institute '' . Adventistbiblicalresearch.org . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jehovah 's Witnesses -- Proclaimers of God 's Kingdom . Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society . 1993 . pp. 144 -- 145 . ^ Jump up to : What Does the Bible Really Teach ? . Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society . 2005 . p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Watchtower 1973 , page 724 '' -- `` Declaration and resolution '' , The Watchtower , 1 December 1973 , page 724 . Jump up ^ Penton , M.J. ( 1997 ) . Apocalypse Delayed . University of Toronto Press . pp. 26 -- 29 . ISBN 9780802079732 . Jump up ^ `` Angels -- How They Affect Us '' . The Watchtower : 7 . 15 January 2006 . Jump up ^ ADAM -- jw.org . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Adam 's Sin -- The Time for True Submission to God -- jw.org . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Book of Mormon , 2 Nephi 2 : 11 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Articles of Faith 1 : 2 Jump up ^ Merrill , Byron R. ( 1992 ) . `` Original sin '' . In Ludlow , Daniel H. Encyclopedia of Mormonism . New York : Macmillan Publishing . pp. 1052 -- 1053 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 879602 - 0 . OCLC 24502140 . Jump up ^ Moroni 8 ; `` Chapter 20 : Baptism '' , Gospel Principles , ( Salt Lake City , Utah : LDS Church , 2011 ) pp. 114 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Doctrine and Covenants 137 : 10 . Jump up ^ Swedenborg & 1749 -- 56 , p. 410 . Jump up ^ Emanuel Swedenborg . Arcana Coelestia , Vol. 1 of 8 . Books.google.com . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Swedenborg & 1749 -- 56 , p. 96 , n . 313 : `` But as to hereditary evil , the case is this . Everyone who commits actual sin thereby induces on himself a nature , and the evil from it is implanted in his children , and becomes hereditary . It thus descends from every parent , from the father , grandfather , great - grandfather , and their ancestors in succession , and is thus multiplied and augmented in each descending posterity , remaining with each person , and being increased in each by his actual sins , and never being dissipated so as to become harmless except in those who are being regenerated by the Lord . Every attentive observer may see evidence of this truth in the fact that the evil inclinations of parents remain visibly in their children , so that one family , and even an entire race , may be thereby distinguished from every other . '' . Jump up ^ Swedenborg & 1749 - 56 , p. 229 , n. 719 : `` There are evils in man which must be dispersed while he is being regenerated , that is , which must be loosened and attempered by goods ; for no actual and hereditary evil in man can be so dispersed as to be abolished . It still remains implanted ; and can only be so far loosened and attempered by goods from the Lord that it does not injure , and does not appear , which is an arcanum hitherto unknown . Actual evils are those which are loosened and attempered , and not hereditary evils ; which also is a thing unknown . '' . Jump up ^ Swedenborg & 1749 - 56 , p. 336 , n. 966 : `` It is to be observed that in the other life no one undergoes any punishment and torture on account of his hereditary evil , but only on account of the actual evils which he himself has committed . '' . Jump up ^ John L. Nickals , ed. ( 1975 ) . Journal of George Fox . Religious Society of Friends . p. 774 . light of Christ , xl , xliii , xliv , 12 , 14 , 16 , 29 , 33 -- 5 , 60 , 64 , 76 , 80 , 88 , 92 , 115 , 117 , 135 , 143 -- 4 , 150 , 155 , 173 , 174 -- 6 , 188 , 191 , 205 , 225 -- 6 , 234 -- 7 , 245 , 274 -- 5 , 283 -- 4 , 294 -- 6 , 303 -- 5 , 309 , 312 , 317 - 335 , 339 -- 40 , 347 -- 8 , 361 , 471 -- 2 , 496 -- 7 , 575 , 642 Jump up ^ http://www.nyym.org/?q=NYYMAffiliations Jump up ^ http://www.nyym.org/?q=faith_and_practice ^ Jump up to : Babylonian Talmud Shabbat 55b Jump up ^ Judaism 's Rejection Of Original Sin -- Kolatch , Alfred J. , The Jewish Book of Why / The Second Jewish Book of Why . NY : Jonathan David Publishers , 1989 . Jump up ^ Judaism 's Rejection Of Original Sin While there were some Jewish teachers in Talmudic times who believed that death was a punishment brought upon humanity on account of Adam 's sin , the dominant view was that man sins because he is not a perfect being , and not , as Christianity teaches , because he is inherently sinful . Jump up ^ SIN : -- Jewish Encyclopedia . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Shaul Magid ( 2008 ) . From Metaphysics to Midrash : Myth , History , and the Interpretation of Scripture in Lurianic Kabbala . Indiana University Press . p. 238 . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Islamic beliefs about human nature '' . ReligionFacts. 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Islamic beliefs about human nature '' . ReligionFacts. 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ John L. Esposito ( 2004 ) . The Oxford dictionary of Islam . Oxford University Press . p. 295 Bibliography ( edit ) Brachtendorf , J. ( 1997 ) . `` Cicero and Augustine on the Passions '' ( PDF ) . Revue des Etudes Augustiniennes . Paris : Institut d'études augustiniennes. 43 : 289 -- 308 . Catechism , U.S. Catholic Church ( 2003 ) . Catechism of the Catholic Church : with modifications from the Editio Typica . ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 50819 - 3 . Kelly , J.N.D. ( 2000 ) . Early Christian doctrines ( 5th rev . ed . ) . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 5252 - 8 . Cross , Frank Leslie ; Livingstone , Elizabeth A. , eds. ( 2005 ) . `` Original sin '' . The Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church ( 3rd rev . ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280290 - 3 . Swedenborg , Emanuel ( 1749 -- 56 ) . Arcana Coelestia , Vol. 1 of 8 . John F. Potts ( trans . ) ( 2008 Reprint ed . ) . Forgotten Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60620 - 107 - 7 . Trapè , Agostino ( 1987 ) . S. Agostino , introduzione alla dottrina della grazia . Collana di Studi Agostiniani 4 . I - Natura e Grazia . Roma : Nuova Biblioteca agostiniana . p. 422 . ISBN 88 - 311 - 3402 - 7 . Turner , H.E.W. The patristic doctrine of redemption : a study of the development of doctrine during the first five centuries / by H.E.W. Turner . ( 2004 Reprint ed . ) . Eugene , Or. : Wipf & Stock Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59244 - 930 - 9 . Wallace , A.J. ; R.D. Rusk ( 2010 ) . Moral transformation : the original Christian paradigm of salvation . New Zealand : Bridgehead Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4563 - 8980 - 2 . Woo , B. Hoon ( 2014 ) . `` Is God the Author of Sin ? -- Jonathan Edwards 's Theodicy '' . Puritan Reformed Journal . 6 ( 1 ) : 98 -- 123 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Original sin Article `` Original Sin '' in Catholic Encyclopedia The Book of Concord The Defense of the Augsburg Confession , Article II : Of Original Sin ; from an early Protestant perspective , part of the Augsburg Confession . Original Sin According To St. Paul by John S. Romanides Ancestral Versus Original Sin by Father Antony Hughes , St. Mary Antiochian Orthodox Church , Cambridge , Massachusetts Original Sin by Michael Bremmer Catholic Church Council of Trent ( June 17 , 1546 ) . `` Canones et Decreta Dogmatica Concilii Tridentini : Fifth Session , Decree concerning Original Sin '' . at www.ccel.org . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Catholic virtue ethics Great Commandment ; `` On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets . '' -- Matthew 22 : 35 - 40 Cardinal virtues Prudence ( Prudentia ) Justice ( Iustitia ) Fortitude ( Fortitudo ) Temperance ( Temperantia ) Sources : Plato Republic , Book IV Cicero St Ambrose St Augustine of Hippo St Thomas Aquinas CCC , 1805 -- 1809 Theological virtues Faith ( Fides ) Hope ( Spes ) Charity ( Caritas ) Sources : Paul the Apostle 1 Corinthians 13 CCC , 1812 -- 1829 Seven heavenly virtues Chastity ( Castitas ) Temperance ( Temperantia ) Charity ( Caritas ) Diligence ( Industria ) Patience ( Patientia ) Kindness ( Humanitas ) Humility ( Humilitas ) Source : Church Fathers Seven deadly sins Lust ( Luxuria ) Gluttony ( Gula ) Greed ( Avaritia ) Sloth ( Acedia ) Wrath ( Ira ) Envy ( Invidia ) Pride ( Superbia ) Source : Prudentius , Psychomachia People : Evagrius Ponticus St John Cassian Pope St Gregory I Dante Alighieri Peter Binsfeld Related concepts Ten Commandments Four last things Sin Christian views on sin Original sin Christian views on the Old Covenant Hamartiology ( Latin names in bracketed italics ) Catholic philosophy Catholic social teaching Catholicism portal Philosophy portal Hamartiology Adam Good and evil The Fall Original sin Christian views on sin Imputation of sin Other views on sin Logical order of God 's decrees Theodicy Total depravity See also Apologetics Soteriology Demonology Adam and Eve Source Genesis creation narrative in the Book of Genesis Adam Eve Lucifer Offspring Cain and Abel Aclima Seth Awan Azura Television `` Probe 7 , Over and Out '' ( 1963 ) Film Mama 's Affair ( 1921 ) Good Morning , Eve ! ( 1934 ) The Broken Jug ( 1937 ) The Original Sin ( 1948 ) The Private Lives of Adam and Eve ( 1960 ) El pecado de Adán y Eva ( 1969 ) La Biblia en pasta ( 1984 ) The Annunciation ( 1984 ) Adipapam ( 1988 ) Adam ( 1992 ) Man 's Best Friend ( 1998 ) Babs ( 2000 ) The Last Eve ( 2005 ) Year One ( 2009 ) The Tragedy of Man ( 2011 ) Adam and Dog ( 2011 ) Tropico ( 2013 ) Plays Le Jeu d'Adam ( 12th century ) The Broken Jug ( 1808 ) The Tragedy of Man ( 1861 ) The Creation of the World and Other Business ( 1972 ) Musicals The Apple Tree ( 1966 ) Dude ( 1972 ) Up from Paradise ( 1973 ) Children of Eden ( 1991 ) Compositions The Creation ( 1798 ) structure La mort d'Adam ( 1809 ) Ève ( 1875 ) Genesis Suite ( 1945 ) Lilith ( 2001 ) Literature Apocalypse of Adam Book of Moses Book of Abraham Books of Adam Book of the Penitence of Adam Cave of Treasures `` El y Ella '' Genesis A and Genesis B Harrowing of Hell Life of Adam and Eve Testament of Adam Testimony of Truth ( 3rd century ) Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan ( 6th century ) `` Old Saxon Genesis '' ( 9th century ) `` Adam lay ybounden '' ( 15th century ) Paradise Lost ( 1667 ) Le Dernier Homme ( 1805 ) Extracts from Adam 's Diary ( 1904 ) Eve 's Diary ( 1905 ) The Book of Genesis ( 2009 ) Art Bernward Doors ( 1015 ) Tapestry of Creation ( 11th century ) Expulsion from the Garden of Eden ( 1425 ) Vienna Diptych ( 15th century ) The Last Judgment ( 1482 ) The Garden of Earthly Delights ( 1504 ) Adam and Eve ( 1507 ) Paradise and Hell ( 1510 ) The Creation of Adam ( 1512 ) The Haywain Triptych ( 1516 ) Eve , the Serpent and Death ( 1510s or 1520s ) Adam and Eve ( 1528 ) The Fall of Man ( 1550 ) Maps of Ancient Israel The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man ( 1617 ) The Fall of Man ( 1628 ) The Four Seasons ( 1660s ) The Koren Picture - Bible ( 1692 -- 1696 ) The First Mourning ( 1888 ) Eve ( 1931 ) Adam and Eve ( 1932 ) The Serpent Chooses Adam and Eve ( 1958 ) Adam and Eve ( 1992 ) Songs `` Dese Bones G'wine Rise Again '' `` Adam - ondi - Ahman '' ( 1835 ) `` Forbidden Fruit '' ( 1915 ) `` The Garden of Eden '' ( 1956 ) `` Let 's Give Adam and Eve Another Chance '' ( 1970 ) `` Man Gave Names to All the Animals '' ( 1979 ) Albums The Cainian Chronicle ( 1996 ) Visions of Eden ( 2006 ) Other cultures Adam -- God doctrine Adam and Eve ( LDS Church ) Adam in Islam Adam in rabbinic literature Al - A'raf Book of Moses Endowment Manu ( Hinduism ) Mashya and Mashyana Serpent seed Tree of Jiva and Atman Tree of life ( Quran ) Our Lady of Endor Coven Geography Adam - ondi - Ahman Tomb of Eve Biology Mitochondrial Eve Y - chromosomal Adam The Real Eve Story within a story Doraemon : Nobita 's Diary of the Creation of the World Island of Love The Visitors Games Demon : The Fallen ( 2002 ) Related theology Fall of man Original sin Garden of Eden Tree of the knowledge of good and evil Serpents in the Bible Forbidden fruit Apple Fig leaf Figs in the Bible Adam 's ale Adamic language Rosh Hashanah Camael Shamsiel Tree of life Allegorical interpretations of Genesis Other Pre-Adamite Generations of Adam Cave of the Patriarchs `` In - A-Gadda - Da - Leela '' `` Simpsons Bible Stories '' Second Time Lucky Adam and Eve cylinder seal Timeline of Genesis patriarchs Genealogies of Genesis Carnal knowledge Legend of the Rood Ystorya Adaf Snakes for the Divine Ransom theory of atonement Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&oldid=803547915 '' Categories : Christian philosophy Christian hamartiology Christian anthropology Adam and Eve Christian terminology Sin Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with German - language external links Accuracy disputes from June 2015 Webarchive template archiveis links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use dmy dates from August 2017 Use dmy dates from July 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles containing Latin - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 05 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the doctrine of original sin begin | [
"The concept of original sin was first alluded to in the 2nd century by Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyon in his controversy with certain dualist Gnostics[citation needed]. Other church fathers such as Augustine also developed the doctrine,[2] seeing it as based on the New Testament teaching of Paul the Apostle (Romans 5:12–21 and 1 Corinthians 15:22) and the Old Testament verse of Psalms 51:5.[4][5][6][7][8] Tertullian, Cyprian, Ambrose and Ambrosiaster considered that humanity shares in Adam's sin, transmitted by human generation. Augustine's formulation of original sin was popular among Protestant reformers, such as Martin Luther and John Calvin, who equated original sin with concupiscence (or \"hurtful desire\"), affirming that it persisted even after baptism and completely destroyed freedom.[2] The Jansenist movement, which the Catholic Church declared to be heretical, also maintained that original sin destroyed freedom of will.[9]"
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"2nd century"
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2033514598627167338 | Chrisley Knows Best | Chrisley Knows Best - wikipedia Chrisley Knows Best Jump to : navigation , search Chrisley Knows Best Genre Reality Starring Michael Todd Chrisley Julie Chrisley Lindsie Chrisley - Campbell ( Season 1 - 5 ) Kyle Chrisley ( Season 1 ) Chase Chrisley Savannah Chrisley Grayson Chrisley Chloe Chrisley ( Season 1 - 3 ) Faye Chrisley Jackson Campbell Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 76 ( including specials ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Adam Greener Jim Sayer Stephanie Bloch Chambers Producer ( s ) Annie Kate Pons Camera setup Multiple Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Maverick Television All3Media America Release Original network USA Network Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release March 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 11 ) -- present External links Website www.usanetwork.com/chrisleyknowsbest Chrisley Knows Best is an American reality television series airing on the USA Network . It centers around the lives of wealthy Georgia real estate mogul Todd Chrisley and his family . The show formerly took place in Roswell and Alpharetta , Georgia , both near Atlanta . The show is currently in its fifth season , which was filmed mainly in Nashville , Tennessee . In the summer of 2017 , it was announced that a sixth season of Chrisley Knows Best would air . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Production 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2014 ) 3.4 Season 3 ( 2015 ) 3.5 Season 4 ( 2016 ) 3.6 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 3.7 Specials 4 Reception 5 Broadcast and streaming 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Todd and Savannah Chrisley interviewed by RumorFix at KIIS - FM 's Jingle Ball 2014 . Todd Chrisley , a father who has made all of his money in real estate . He can sometimes get quite angry , especially at his son Chase . He is a germophobe and tries to avoid things like dirt and animals . Julie Chrisley , Todd 's wife . She enjoys cooking . Chloe Chrisley , Todd 's infant granddaughter , she did not appear after the Chrisleys moved to Nashville Kyle Chrisley , Chloe 's father . Kyle has previously had a drug problem , and did not appear outside of the first season . Lindsie Chrisley Campbell , Todd 's daughter with Therese , and mother of Jackson . Chase Chrisley , Todd and Julie 's son . He is often made fun of and humiliated by Todd . Chase and his friend Parker are often up to some sort of mischief that they think will get them rich . He is a germophobe , like Todd . Savannah Chrisley , Todd and Julie 's daughter , a beauty pageant competitor . She often gets in car crashes , which once resulted in her not getting a new car . Grayson Chrisley , Todd and Julie 's youngest child . Grayson will often do things to make Todd mad , like opening up a can of pop without Todd 's permission . Jackson Campbell , the son of Lindsie and her husband , Will , from whom she is separated . Faye Chrisley , Todd 's mother . Faye enjoys to just stay home most of the time . She used to live with a woman named Catherine , who passed away in 2016 at the age of 96 . Production ( edit ) The series is executive produced by Adam Greener , Jim Sayer , and Stephanie Chambers . Maverick TV and All3Media America are the production companies behind the series . On April 14 , 2014 , the USA Network ordered a 12 - episode second season of Chrisley Knows Best . It is also USA Network 's youngest - skewing original series . On October 20 , 2014 , the series was renewed for a 12 - episode third season . On February 5 , 2015 , the episode order was increased by 6 episodes for a total of 18 for season 3 . On July 7 , 2016 , USA renewed the show for a fifth season . That same day , the network announced that the second half of season 4 will premiere in August bringing it to a total of 26 episodes . On July 25th , 2017 , a sixth season was picked up of Chrisley Knows Best , and on that same day it was confirmed that Season 5 will start back airing on September 12 , 2017 , and a sixth season will begin filming in November 2017 . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 8 March 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 11 ) April 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 22 ) 12 October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) December 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 16 ) 19 June 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 02 ) December 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 23 ) 26 March 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) 5 26 February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 2017 ( 2017 ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) The first season averaged 1.16 million viewers . No. in series No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) `` Patriarch of Perfection '' March 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 11 ) 1.03 `` Not So Sweet Sixteen '' March 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 11 ) 0.94 `` Jugs and Ammo '' March 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 18 ) 1.03 `` Two Men and a Baby '' March 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 25 ) 1.13 5 5 `` Todd - tervention '' April 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 01 ) 0.93 6 6 `` Big Apple Blowup '' April 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 08 ) 1.25 7 7 `` Date Night '' April 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 15 ) 1.47 8 8 `` Hey Chloe , It 's Your Birthday ! '' April 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 22 ) 1.47 Season 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) The second season averaged 1.49 million viewers . No. in series No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 9 `` Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter '' October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) 1.62 10 `` Misadventures in Babysitting '' October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) 1.61 11 `` Father 's Day '' October 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 21 ) 1.57 12 `` Confessions of a Beauty Queen '' October 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 21 ) 1.58 13 5 `` Chase Turns 18 '' October 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 28 ) 1.25 14 6 `` Anger Management '' November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) 1.42 15 7 `` California Chrisleys '' November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) 1.45 16 8 `` Workin ' for a Livin ' '' November 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) 1.35 17 9 `` The Great Outdoors '' November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 1.14 18 10 `` Marriage Redux '' December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) 1.78 19 11 `` Houseguest From Hell '' December 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) 1.69 20 12 `` Still Chrisley After All These Years '' December 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 16 ) 1.47 Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) The third season averaged 1.61 million viewers . No. in series No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 21 `` Savannah 's Big Id - ea '' June 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 02 ) 2.10 22 `` Life 's A Pitch '' June 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 02 ) 2.25 23 `` Getting Testy '' June 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 09 ) 1.71 24 `` My Chrisley Valentine '' June 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 09 ) 1.74 25 5 `` Dollars & Sense '' June 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 16 ) 1.29 26 6 `` Chrisleys On Campus '' June 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 16 ) 1.45 27 7 `` Nurse Todd '' June 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 23 ) 1.40 28 8 `` College Bootcamp '' June 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 30 ) 1.29 29 9 `` Rules of Engagement '' July 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 07 ) 1.59 30 10 `` Failure To Launch '' July 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 14 ) 1.53 31 11 `` Midlife Chrisley '' July 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 21 ) 1.77 32 12 `` Dude Ranch '' July 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 21 ) 1.88 33 13 `` Chrisleys Take London '' November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) 1.86 34 14 `` Lord Chrisley '' November 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 17 ) 1.60 35 15 `` Love and Marriage '' November 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 24 ) 1.37 36 16 `` Sports Day '' December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) 1.27 37 17 `` Hometown Hero '' December 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) 1.69 38 18 `` The Graduates '' December 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 15 ) 1.33 39 19 `` Leaving the Nest '' December 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 23 ) 1.48 Season 4 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) The fourth season averaged 1.62 million viewers . No. in series No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 40 `` Crowning Achievements '' March 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) 1.43 41 `` The Wrath of Todd '' March 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) 1.50 42 `` Todd Unleashed '' March 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 22 ) 1.51 43 `` Lights , Camera , Chase '' March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) 1.41 44 5 `` Runaway Faye '' April 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) 1.42 45 6 `` Moving On '' April 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 12 ) 1.46 46 7 `` Too Close for Comfort '' May 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) 1.69 47 8 `` Smoothie Operator '' May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 1.51 48 9 `` Chase in Charge '' May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 1.20 49 10 `` Family Matters '' May 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 31 ) 1.44 50 11 `` Goat Farm Yourself '' June 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 07 ) 1.50 51 12 `` Todd Goes Country '' June 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 14 ) 1.27 52 13 `` Hawaii Love You So '' August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 1.85 53 14 `` Do n't Kale Yourself '' August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 1.79 54 15 `` Todd 's Not Dead '' August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 1.94 55 16 `` Colon All Cards '' September 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) 1.82 56 17 `` You Ca n't Handle the Truce '' September 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) 1.92 57 18 `` Review and Renew '' September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) 1.72 58 19 `` Go Flip Yourself '' September 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) 1.83 59 20 `` Message in a Bottle Rocket '' October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) 1.71 60 21 `` Crowning Around '' October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) 1.84 61 22 `` Pretty in Print '' October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) 1.72 62 23 `` Truth or Chair '' October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) 1.88 63 24 `` Rent Controlled '' October 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) 1.57 64 25 `` A Very Grisly Chrisley '' November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) 1.68 65 26 `` The House That Built Todd '' November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) 1.60 Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) The 5th season averaged 1.95 million viewers so far . No. in series No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 66 `` 50 Shades of Faye '' February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 1.97 67 `` Client - Hell '' February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) 1.83 68 `` Bunions , Bulldogs and Hedgehogs , Oh My ! '' March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) 2.01 69 `` Market Crash '' March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 1.95 70 5 `` Mannequin Challenge '' March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) 1.80 71 6 `` O Grayson , Where Art Thou ? '' March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 2.01 72 7 `` Matchmakers and Batchbakers '' April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 2.07 73 8 `` Dancing Tween '' April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 1.95 74 9 `` Moms Just Wanna Have Fun '' September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) 1.87 75 10 `` Twisted Sisters '' September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) TBA 76 11 `` Prank Master '' September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) TBA Specials ( edit ) No . Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) `` A Very Chrisley Christmas '' December 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 17 ) 1.57 A holiday special featuring never before seen footage from season two . `` A Very Chrisley Christmas 2 '' December 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 22 ) 1.84 Reception ( edit ) The show has received mixed reviews . Tom Gliatto of People gave the show a rating of 75 % and gave a positive review , saying `` This is the best ' family ' reality series since Honey Boo Boo or even The Osbournes from several eons ago '' . Hillary Busis of Entertainment Weekly gave a mixed review , saying `` If you can get past the canned lines and sub-sitcom storylines , the Chrisley crew can be fun '' . Brian Lowry of Variety gave a mixed review , saying `` As intriguing in the details as it is uncomfortable to watch , ' Chrisley Knows Best , ' a self - consciously sitcom - like reality show , initially seems to be just another knockoff designed to cash in on the ' Duck Dynasty ' demo . Cut through the deep - fried window dressing , though , and this USA series is almost entirely devoted to its subtext , intended to elicit sniggering regarding that which goes unsaid about the show 's wealthy father of five , whom his son - in - law understandably dubs ' flamboyant . ' Played as epic farce , the skein should have a disparate range of appeal , but let 's hope the Chrisleys do n't mind being laughed at , not with '' . Broadcast and streaming ( edit ) Chrisley Knows Best is broadcast on USA Network in the United States . In the UK , it airs on ITVBe . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Moran , Lee . `` Multimillionaire father reveals family 's ostentatious lifestyle in ' Chrisley Knows Best ' '' . NY Daily Magazine . Jump up ^ `` TV 's Craziest Dad Talks `` Cootie - Cutters '' and Parenting Tips `` . eonline.com . Jump up ^ `` USA Network Orders Reality Series Centered on Wealthy Atlanta Family '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/08/chrisley-knows-season-6-renewal-bigger-season-5-new-after-show-1202147099/ Jump up ^ `` USA Greenlights Reality Family Comedy '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` USA Network Orders Reality Series Centered on Wealthy Atlanta Family '' . Hollywood Reporter . ^ Jump up to : Ng , Philiana ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` USA Renews ' Chrisley Knows Best ' Reality Series for Second Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chrisley Knows Best ' Renewed for Third Season by USA '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on 23 October 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chrisley Knows Best ' Gets Order For 6 More Episodes By USA '' . byNellieAndreeva . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night + ' The Game ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` The Voice '' Leads Originals in Viewers , Demos `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Teen Mom 2 ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Justified ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' Wins Night + ' Teen Mom II ' , ' The Little Couple ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Are You the One ? ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night , ' The Game ' , ' The Little Couple ' , ' Inside Amy Schumer ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Leads Night + ' The Game ' , Women 's NCAA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' Wins Night , ' Teen Mom Reunion ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Fargo ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Lead Night + ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' The Game ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' BET Hip Hop Awards ' , ' Chrisley Knows Best ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Face Off ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chrisley Knows Best - Episode Guide for Season 2 '' . Zap2it . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Tops Night + ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Ink Master ' , ' Tosh. 0 ′ & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on 24 October 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' 19 Kids & Counting ' , ' Ink Master ' , ' Face Off ' , ' Awkward ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Tops Night + ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , Election Coverage & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' 30 for 30 ′ , ' 19 Kids & Counting ' , ' Chrisley Knows Best ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Faking It ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com - Page 326741 '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Tops Night + College Basketball , ' Anarchy Afterword ' , ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com - Page 329402 '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Curse of Oak Island ' Wins Night , ' Ink Master ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' Bad Girls Club ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Faking It ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com - Page 332601 '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Tops Night + ' Anarchy Afterword ' , ' Moonshiners ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com - Page 334890 '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' Anarchy Afterword ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Benched ' , ' Ground Floor ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com - Page 337693 '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Ink Master ' Tops Night + ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' The Curse of Oak Island ' , NBA Basketball & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com - Page 340381 '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.2. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.9. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.16. 2015 -- Now Updated with Top 40 Demographic Chart - Showbuzz Daily '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Page not found - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com - Page 421913 '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Tops Night + ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com - Page 424853 '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : Shark Week Wins Night , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Chrisley Knows Best ' , ' Proof ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com - Page 428275 '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' WWE Tough Enough ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com - Page 431285 '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Wins Night , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Total Divas ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com - Page 434626 '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 11.10. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXPANDED SHOWBUZZDAILY Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 11.17. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 11.24. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chrisley Knows Best '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 31 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.1. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.8. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.15. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.23. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.15. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.22. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.29. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.5. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.12. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.10. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.17. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.24. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.31. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.7. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.14. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.23. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.30. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.6. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.13. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.20. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.27. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.4. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.11. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.18. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.25. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.1. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.21. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.4. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Tops Night + ' The Daily Show ' , ' The Colbert Report ' , ' Mob Wives ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com - Page 340794 '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.22. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chrisley Knows Bests Review '' . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian . `` TV Review : ' Chrisley Knows Best ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Chrisley Knows Best on IMDb Chrisley Knows Best at Metacritic Chrisley Knows Best at TV Guide Chrisley Knows Best at TV.com USA Network original programming Former 1970s debuts NBA on USA NHL on USA USA Thursday Game of the Week 1980s debuts Airwolf Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( 1985 ) American Bandstand Bumper Stumpers Chain Reaction Commander USA 's Groovie Movies Dance Party USA The Dick Cavett Show Jackpot Love Me , Love Me Not Night Flight PGA Tour on USA Radio 1990 Southwest Championship Wrestling Tuesday Night Fights Tuesday Night Titans U.S. Open Tennis Championship USA Cartoon Express USA Saturday Nightmares USA Up All Night WWF All American Wrestling WWF Prime Time Wrestling 1990s debuts Beyond Reality Campus Cops Claude 's Crib Crush Duckman Eco-Challenge Farmclub.com Free 4 All G vs E The Huntress La Femme Nikita Lost on Earth Manhattan , AZ Mortal Kombat : Defenders of the Realm The Net Night Flight Pacific Blue Quicksilver Silk Stalkings Strip Poker Swamp Thing : The Series USA Action Extreme Team USA High The War Next Door Weird Science World League of American Football WWF Action Zone WWF Heat WWF LiveWire WWF Mania 2000s debuts The 4400 Burn Notice Cannonball Run 2001 Cover Me Combat Missions Cool Money D.C. Sniper : 23 Days of Fear The Dead Zone Dr. Steve - O Frankenstein Helen of Troy In Plain Sight Kojak The Last Ride Law & Order : Criminal Intent Monk Nashville Star Peacemakers Psych Royal Pains Spartacus The Starter Wife miniseries TV series Stealing Christmas Smush Three Wise Guys To Love and Die Touching Evil Traffic Underfunded White Collar 2010s debuts Benched Common Law Complications Covert Affairs Dig Donny ! Eyewitness Fairly Legal Graceland Necessary Roughness Political Animals Rush Satisfaction Sirens WWE Tough Enough Current Chrisley Knows Best ( since 2014 ) Colony ( since 2016 ) Falling Water ( since 2016 ) First Impressions ( since 2016 ) Mr. Robot ( since 2015 ) Playing House ( since 2014 ) Queen of the South ( since 2016 ) Shooter ( since 2016 ) The Sinner ( since 2017 ) Suits ( since 2011 ) Team Ninja Warrior ( since 2017 ) Westminster Dog Show WWE Raw ( 1993 -- 2000 , since 2005 ) WWE SmackDown ( since 2016 ) Upcoming Damnation ( 2017 ) Unsolved ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrisley_Knows_Best&oldid=801548856 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2014 American television series debuts English - language television programs American reality television series Television shows set in Atlanta Television shows set in Georgia ( U.S. state ) USA Network shows Television series by All3Media Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2015 Episode list using the default LineColor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 10 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the dad on chrisley knows best | [
"Todd Chrisley, a father who has made all of his money in real estate. He can sometimes get quite angry, especially at his son Chase. He is a germophobe and tries to avoid things like dirt and animals."
] | [
"Todd Chrisley"
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7778355574006499685 | Ovule | Ovule - wikipedia Ovule For animal ovules , see Ovum . `` Micropyle ( botany ) '' and `` Ovular '' redirect here . For the structure in animals , see Micropyle ( zoology ) . For the shape , see oval . Location of ovules inside a Helleborus foetidus flower In seed plants , the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells . It consists of three parts : The integument ( s ) , forming its outer layer ( s ) , the nucellus ( or remnant of the megasporangium ) , and the female gametophyte ( formed from a haploid megaspore ) in its center . The female gametophyte -- specifically termed a megagametophyte -- is also called the embryo sac in angiosperms . The megagametophyte produces an egg cell ( or several in some groups ) for the purpose of fertilization . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location within the plant 2 Ovule parts and development 2.1 Integuments , micropyle and chalaza 2.2 Nucellus , megaspore and perisperm 2.3 Megagametophyte 2.4 Zygote , embryo and endosperm 2.5 Types of gametophytes 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links Location within the plant ( edit ) In flowering plants , the ovule is located inside the portion of the flower called the gynoecium . The ovary of the gynoecium produces one or more ovules and ultimately becomes the fruit wall . Ovules are attached to the placenta in the ovary through a stalk - like structure known as a funiculus ( plural , funiculi ) . Different patterns of ovule attachment , or placentation , can be found among plant species , these include : Apical placentation : The placenta is at the apex ( top ) of the ovary . Simple or compound ovary . Axile placentation : The ovary is divided into radial segments , with placentas in separate locules . Ventral sutures of carpels meet at the centre of the ovary . Placentae are along fused margins of carpels . Two or more carpels . ( e.g. Hibiscus , Citrus , Solanum ) Basal placentation : The placenta is at the base ( bottom ) of the ovary on a protrusion of the thalamus ( receptacle ) . Simple or compound carpel , unilocular ovary . ( e.g. Sonchus , Helianthus , Compositae ) Free - central placentation : Derived from axile as partitions are absorbed , leaving ovules at the central axis . Compound unilocular ovary . ( e.g. Stellaria , Dianthus ) Marginal placentation : Simplest type . There is only one elongated placenta on one side of the ovary , as ovules are attached at the fusion line of the carpel 's margins . This is conspicuous in legumes . Simple carpel , unilocular ovary . ( e.g. Pisum ) Parietal placentation : Placentae on inner ovary wall within a non-sectioned ovary , corresponding to fused carpel margins . Two or more carpels , unilocular ovary . ( e.g. Brassica ) Superficial : Similar to axile , but placentae are on inner surfaces of multilocular ovary ( e.g. Nymphaea ) Ovule structure ( anatropous ) 1 : nucleus 2 : chalaza 3 : funiculus 4 : raphe Ovule orientation may be anatropous , such that when inverted the micropyle faces the placenta ( this is the most common ovule orientation in flowering plants ) , amphitropous , campylotropous , or orthotropous . In gymnosperms such as conifers , ovules are borne on the surface of an ovuliferous ( ovule - bearing ) scale , usually within an ovulate cone ( also called megastrobilus ) . In some extinct plants ( e.g. Pteridosperms ) , megasporangia and perhaps ovules were borne on the surface of leaves . In other extinct taxa , a cupule ( a modified leaf or part of a leaf ) surrounds the ovule ( e.g. Caytonia or Glossopteris ) . Ovule parts and development ( edit ) Plant ovules : Gymnosperm ovule on left , angiosperm ovule ( inside ovary ) on right Models of different ovules , Botanical Museum Greifswald The ovule appears to be a megasporangium with integuments surrounding it . Ovules are initially composed of diploid maternal tissue , which includes a megasporocyte ( a cell that will undergo meiosis to produce megaspores ) . Megaspores remain inside the ovule and divide by mitosis to produce the haploid female gametophyte or megagametophyte , which also remains inside the ovule . The remnants of the megasporangium tissue ( the nucellus ) surround the megagametophyte . Megagametophytes produce archegonia ( lost in some groups such as flowering plants ) , which produce egg cells . After fertilization , the ovule contains a diploid zygote and then , after cell division begins , an embryo of the next sporophyte generation . In flowering plants , a second sperm nucleus fuses with other nuclei in the megagametophyte forming a typically polyploid ( often triploid ) endosperm tissue , which serves as nourishment for the young sporophyte . Integuments , micropyle and chalaza ( edit ) An integument is a protective cell layer surrounding the ovule . Gymnosperms typically have one integument ( unitegmic ) while angiosperms typically have two ( bitegmic ) . The evolutionary origin of the inner integument ( which is integral to the formation of ovules from megasporangia ) has been proposed to be by enclosure of a megasporangium by sterile branches ( telomes ) . Elkinsia , a preovulate taxon , has a lobed structure fused to the lower third of the megasporangium , with the lobes extending upwards in a ring around the megasporangium . This might , through fusion between lobes and between the structure and the megasporangium , have produced an integument . The origin of the second or outer integument has been an area of active contention for some time . The cupules of some extinct taxa have been suggested as the origin of the outer integument . A few angiosperms produce vascular tissue in the outer integument , the orientation of which suggests that the outer surface is morphologically abaxial . This suggests that cupules of the kind produced by the Caytoniales or Glossopteridales may have evolved into the outer integument of angiosperms . The integuments develop into the seed coat when the ovule matures after fertilization . The integuments do not enclose the nucellus completely but retain an opening at the apex referred to as the micropyle . The micropyle opening allows the pollen ( a male gametophyte ) to enter the ovule for fertilization . In gymnosperms ( e.g. , conifers ) , the pollen is drawn into the ovule on a drop of fluid that exudes out of the micropyle , the so - called pollination drop mechanism . Subsequently , the micropyle closes . In angiosperms , only a pollen tube enters the micropyle . During germination , the seedling 's radicle emerges through the micropyle . Located opposite from the micropyle is the chalaza where the nucellus is joined to the integuments . Nutrients from the plant travel through the phloem of the vascular system to the funiculus and outer integument and from there apoplastically and symplastically through the chalaza to the nucellus inside the ovule . In chalazogamous plants , the pollen tubes enter the ovule through the chalaza instead of the micropyle opening . Nucellus , megaspore and perisperm ( edit ) The nucellus ( plural : nucelli ) is part of the inner structure of the ovule , forming a layer of diploid ( sporophytic ) cells immediately inside the integuments . It is structurally and functionally equivalent to the megasporangium . In immature ovules , the nucellus contains a megasporocyte ( megaspore mother cell ) , which undergoes sporogenesis via meiosis . In the megasporocyte of Arabidopsis thaliana , meiosis depends on the expression of genes that facilitate DNA repair and homologous recombination . In gymnosperms , three of the four haploid spores produced in meiosis typically degenerate , leaving one surviving megaspore inside the nucellus . Among angiosperms , however , a wide range of variation exists in what happens next . The number ( and position ) of surviving megaspores , the total number of cell divisions , whether nuclear fusions occur , and the final number , position and ploidy of the cells or nuclei all vary . A common pattern of embryo sac development ( the Polygonum type maturation pattern ) includes a single functional megaspore followed by three rounds of mitosis . In some cases , however , two megaspores survive ( for example , in Allium and Endymion ) . In some cases all four megaspores survive , for example in the Fritillaria type of development ( illustrated by Lilium in the figure ) there is no separation of the megaspores following meiosis , then the nuclei fuse to form a triploid nucleus and a haploid nucleus . The subsequent arrangement of cells is similar to the Polygonum pattern , but the ploidy of the nuclei is different . After fertilization , the nucellus may develop into the perisperm that feeds the embryo . In some plants , the diploid tissue of the nucellus can give rise to the embryo within the seed through a mechanism of asexual reproduction called nucellar embryony . Megagametophyte ( edit ) Megagametophyte formation of the genera Polygonum and Lilium . Triploid nuclei are shown as ellipses with three white dots . The first three columns show the meiosis of the megaspore , followed by 1 - 2 mitoses . Ovule with megagametophyte : egg cell ( yellow ) , synergids ( orange ) , central cell with two polar nuclei ( bright green ) , and antipodals ( dark green ) The haploid megaspore inside the nucellus gives rise to the female gametophyte , called the megagametophyte . In gymnosperms , the megagametophyte consists of around 2000 nuclei and forms archegonia , which produce egg cells for fertilization . In flowering plants , the megagametophyte ( also referred to as the embryo sac ) is much smaller and typically consists of only seven cells and eight nuclei . This type of megagametophyte develops from the megaspore through three rounds of mitotic divisions . The cell closest to the micropyle opening of the integuments differentiates into the egg cell , with two synergid cells by its side that are involved in the production of signals that guide the pollen tube . Three antipodal cells form on the opposite ( chalazal ) end of the ovule and later degenerate . The large central cell of the embryo sac contains two polar nuclei . Zygote , embryo and endosperm ( edit ) The pollen tube releases two sperm nuclei into the ovule . In gymnosperms , fertilization occurs within the archegonia produced by the female gametophyte . While it is possible that several egg cells are present and fertilized , typically only one zygote will develop into a mature embryo as the resources within the seed are limited . In flowering plants , one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg cell to produce a zygote , the other fuses with the two polar nuclei of the central cell to give rise to the polyploid ( typically triploid ) endosperm . This double fertilization is unique to flowering plants , although in some other groups the second sperm cell does fuse with another cell in the megagametophyte to produce a second embryo . The plant stores nutrients such as starch , proteins , and oils in the endosperm as a food source for the developing embryo and seedling , serving a similar function to the yolk of animal eggs . The endosperm is also called the albumen of the seed . Embryos may be described by a number of terms including Linear ( embryos have axile placentation and are longer than broad ) , or rudimentary ( embryos are basal in which the embryo is tiny in relation to the endosperm ) . Types of gametophytes ( edit ) Megagametophytes of flowering plants may be described according to the number of megaspores developing , as either monosporic , bisporic , or tetrasporic . See also ( edit ) Gynoecium Ovum Alternation of generations Meiosis Oogenesis Placentation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kotpal , Tyagi , Bendre , & Pande . Concepts of Biology XI . Rastogi Publications , 2nd ed . New Delhi 2007 . ISBN 8171338968 . Fig. 38 Types of placentation , page 2 - 127 Jump up ^ Herr , J.M. Jr. , 1995 . The origin of the ovule . Am. J. Bot. 82 ( 4 ) : 547 - 64 ^ Jump up to : Stewart , W.N. ; Rothwell , G.W. ( 1993 ) . Paleobotany and the evolution of plants . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521382947 . Jump up ^ Frohlich and Chase , 2007 . After a dozen years of progress , the origin of angiosperms is still a great mystery . Nature 450 : 1184 - 1189 ( 20 December 2007 ) doi : 10.1038 / nature06393 ; Jump up ^ Seeliger K , Dukowic - Schulze S , Wurz - Wildersinn R , Pacher M , Puchta H ( 2012 ) . `` BRCA2 is a mediator of RAD51 - and DMC1 - facilitated homologous recombination in Arabidopsis thaliana '' . New Phytol. 193 ( 2 ) : 364 -- 75 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 8137.2011. 03947. x . PMID 22077663 . Jump up ^ Gifford , E.M. ; Foster , A.S. ( 1989 ) , Morphology and evolution of vascular plants , New York : W.H. Freeman and Company Jump up ^ The Seed Biology Place : Structural seed types based on comparative internal morphology Bibliography ( edit ) P.H. Raven , R.F. Evert , S.E. Eichhorn ( 2005 ) : Biology of Plants , 7th Edition , W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers , New York , ISBN 0 - 7167 - 1007 - 2 Peter K. Endress. Angiosperm ovules : diversity , development , evolution . Ann Bot ( 2011 ) 107 ( 9 ) : 1465 - 1489 . doi : 10.1093 / aob / mcr120 External links ( edit ) Morfología de Plantas Vasculares ( in Spanish ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ovule diagrams . 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"In flowering plants, the ovule is located inside the portion of the flower called the gynoecium. The ovary of the gynoecium produces one or more ovules and ultimately becomes the fruit wall. Ovules are attached to the placenta in the ovary through a stalk-like structure known as a funiculus (plural, funiculi). Different patterns of ovule attachment, or placentation, can be found among plant species, these include:[1]\n"
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"gynoecium"
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-4581910764848004907 | List of best-selling albums | List of best - selling albums - wikipedia List of best - selling albums Jump to : navigation , search This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . This is a list of the world 's best - selling albums of recorded music . The criteria are that the figure must have been published by a reliable source and the album must have sold at least 20 million copies worldwide . This list can contain any types of albums , including studio albums , greatest hits , compilations , various artists , soundtracks and remixes . The figures given do not take into account the resale of used albums . All albums included on this list have their available claimed figures supported by at least 30 % in certified copies . The percentage amount of certified sales needed increases the newer the album is , so albums released before 1975 are only expected to have their claimed figures supported by at least 30 % in certified copies . However , newer albums , such as 21 and Come Away with Me , are expected to have their claimed figures supported by at least 70 % in certified copies . Certified copies are sourced from available online databases of local music industry associations . This is the reason why albums that would otherwise make the list , such as The Sound of Music , Parallel Lines , In - A-Gadda - Da - Vida , Spirits Having Flown , Janet , Believe , Private Dancer , Human Clay , Laundry Service and Back to Black , have not been included . As a result of the methodology that the American and Canadian certification - awarding bodies ( the RIAA and Music Canada respectively ) use , each disc in a multi-disc set is counted as one unit toward certification , leading to many double albums on the list -- such as Pink Floyd 's The Wall and the Beatles ' The Beatles -- being certified with a number double the number of copies sold there . Such albums have the certifications for the number of copies ( not discs ) shipped indicated . Conversely , the American certification level for double albums that fit onto one compact disc , such as the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack reflect the actual number of copies sold . Michael Jackson 's Thriller , estimated to have sold 66 million copies worldwide , is the best - selling album . Although sales estimates for Thriller have been as high as 120 million copies , these sales figures are unreliable . Jackson also currently has the highest number of albums on the list with five , while The Beatles and Madonna each have three . Groupings are based on different sales benchmarks , the highest being for claims of at least 40 million copies , and the lowest being for claims of 20 -- 29 million copies . Albums are listed in order of number of copies sold and thereafter by the artist 's first name . Markets ' order within the table is based on the number of compact discs sold in each market , largest market at the top and smallest at the bottom . Contents ( hide ) 1 Legend 2 40 million copies or more 3 30 -- 39 million copies 4 20 -- 29 million copies 5 Timeline of the highest selling albums 6 Best - selling album by year worldwide 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Legend Colors Studio albums Greatest hits and compilations Soundtracks Live albums 40 million copies or more * All sales figures are shown in millions Artist Album Released Genre Total certified copies ( from available markets ) * Claimed sales * Ref ( s ) Michael Jackson Thriller 1982 Pop , Rock , R&B 7001463190000000000 ♠ 47.3 ( show ) US : 33 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 4.2 million GER : 1.5 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 2 million AUS : 1.12 million MEX : 1.6 million NLD : 800,000 ITA : 100,000 SWE : 400,000 ARG : 500,000 SWI : 300,000 AUT : 400,000 FIN : 119,061 NZ : 180,000 HKG : 15,000 66 AC / DC Back in Black 1980 Hard rock 7001259000000000000 ♠ 26.1 ( show ) US : 22 million UK : 300,000 GER : 1 million FRA : 600,000 CAN : 1 million AUS : 840,000 ITA : 50,000 ARG : 160,000 SWI : 100,000 AUT : 50,000 50 Pink Floyd The Dark Side of the Moon 1973 Progressive rock 7001242100000000000 ♠ 24.2 ( show ) US : 15 million UK : 4.2 million GER : 1 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 2 million AUS : 980,000 ITA : 100,000 ARG : 120,000 POL : 70,000 AUT : 100,000 NZ : 240,000 45 Whitney Houston / Various artists The Bodyguard 1992 R&B , Soul , Pop , Soundtrack 7001273460000000000 ♠ 27.4 ( show ) US : 17 million JPN : 2 million UK : 2.1 million GER : 1.5 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 350,000 BRA : 750,000 NLD : 100,000 SWE 100,000 SPA : 500,000 ARG : 240,000 SWI : 250,000 AUT : 200,000 NOR : 200,000 FIN : 92,500 44 Meat Loaf Bat Out of Hell 1977 Hard rock , Progressive rock 7001215050000000000 ♠ 21.5 ( show ) US : 14 million UK : 3 million GER : 500,000 CAN : 2 million AUS : 1.68 million NZ : 255,000 43 Eagles Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) 1976 Rock , Soft rock , Folk rock 7001321800000000000 ♠ 32.2 ( show ) US : 29 million UK : 600,000 CAN : 2 million AUS : 560,000 IFPI HKG : 15,000 42 Bee Gees / Various artists Saturday Night Fever 1977 Disco 7001205700000000000 ♠ 20.6 ( show ) US : 15 million UK : 2.1 million GER : 1.5 million FRA : 200,000 CAN : 1 million AUS : 770,000 HKG : 15,000 40 Fleetwood Mac Rumours 1977 Soft rock 7001279300000000000 ♠ 27.9 ( show ) US : 20 million UK : 3.3 million GER : 1.25 million FRA : 300,000 CAN : 2 million AUS : 910,000 NZ : 150,000 HKG : 15,000 40 30 -- 39 million copies * All sales figures are shown in millions Artist Album Released Genre Total certified copies ( from available markets ) * Claimed sales * Ref ( s ) Shania Twain Come On Over 1997 Country , Pop 7001295790000000000 ♠ 29.6 ( show ) US : 20 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 3.3 million GER : 750,000 FRA : 300,000 CAN : 2 million AUS : 1.05 million BRA : 100,000 MEX : 100,000 NLD : 400,000 ITA : 50,000 SWE 180,000 SPA : 100,000 BEL : 100,000 ARG : 120,000 SWI : 150,000 AUT : 25,000 NOR : 300,000 DEN : 100,000 FIN : 38,958 NZ : 315,000 39 Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin IV 1971 Hard rock , Heavy metal , Folk 7001290200000000000 ♠ 29.0 ( show ) US : 23 million UK : 1.8 million GER : 750,000 FRA : 600,000 CAN : 2 million AUS : 630,000 BRA : 100,000 NLD : 100,000 ARG : 60,000 SWI : 50,000 37 Adele 21 2011 Pop , Soul 7001252610000000000 ♠ 25.3 ( show ) US : 14 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 4.8 million GER : 1.6 million CAN : 800,000 AUS : 980,000 MEX : 300,000 NLD : 450,000 ITA : 480,000 SWE : 120,000 SPA : 300,000 ARG : 80,000 BEL : 180,000 POL : 200,000 SWI : 40,000 NOR : 30,000 AUT : 20,000 RUS : 10,000 DEN : 150,000 POR : 40,000 FIN : 83,234 IRE : 270,000 GRE : 6,000 HUN : 12,000 NZ : 180,000 CHI : 20,000 VEN : 10,000 35 Michael Jackson Bad Pop , Funk , Rock 7001183560000000000 ♠ 23.6 ( show ) US : 10 million JPN : 1,000,000 UK : 4 million GER : 2 million FRA : 1 million ITA : 1 million CAN : 700,000 AUS : 420,000 MEX : 350,000 SWE 200,000 SPA : 300,000 AUT : 200,000 FIN : 51,287 NZ : 135,000 IFPI HKG : 15,000 35 Mariah Carey Music Box 1993 Pop , R&B 7001183560000000000 ♠ 19.3 ( show ) US : 10 million JPN : 2,200,000 UK : 1.5 million FRA : 1.4 million GER : 1 million AUS : 860,000 CAN : 700,000 NLD : 600,000 SPA : 400,000 SWI : 200,000 AUT : 100,000 BRA : 100,000 SWE : 100,000 NZ : 75,000 NOR : 50,000 FIN : 47,382 32 Alanis Morissette Jagged Little Pill 1995 Alternative rock 7001247559000000000 ♠ 24.4 ( show ) US : 16 million UK : 3 million GER : 1 million FRA : 300,000 CAN : 2 million AUS : 980,000 NLD : 400,000 SWE 200,000 BRA : 100,000 ARG : 60,000 POL : 50,000 SWI : 50,000 NOR : 50,000 AUT : 100,000 FIN : 65,860 33 Celine Dion Falling into You Pop , Soft rock 7001201770000000000 ♠ 20.2 ( show ) US : 11 million JPN : 800,000 UK : 2.1 million GER : 1.25 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 910,000 BRA : 100,000 NLD : 600,000 SWE : 200,000 SPA : 200,000 BEL : 200,000 ARG : 60,000 POL : 100,000 SWI : 150,000 NOR : 150,000 AUT : 100,000 FIN : 51,952 NZ : 180,000 HUN : 25,000 32 The Beatles Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band 1967 Rock 7001130700000000000 ♠ 13.1 ( show ) US : 11 million GER : 500,000 CAN : 800,000 AUS : 280,000 BRA : 100,000 ARG : 300,000 NZ : 90,000 32 Eminem The Marshall Mathers LP 2000 Rap , Hip Hop 7001150750000000000 ♠ 15.1 ( show ) US : 11,000,000 AUS : 280,000 UK : 2,400,000 GER : 400,000 SWI : 80,000 CAN : 640,000 NZ : 75,000 FRA : 200,000 32 Eagles Hotel California 1976 Rock , Soft rock , Folk rock 7001214810000000000 ♠ 21.5 ( show ) US : 16 million UK : 1.8 million GER : 500,000 FRA : 1 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 560,000 SPA : 400,000 SWI : 100,000 AUT : 25,000 FIN : 30,933 NZ : 135,000 HKG : 15,000 32 Michael Jackson Dangerous 1991 Rock , Funk , Pop 7001163020000000000 ♠ 19.4 ( show ) US : 7 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 2 million GER : 2 million FRA : 2 million CAN : 600,000 AUS : 700,000 BRA : 350,000 MEX : 600,000 NLD : 300,000 SWE 300,000 SPA : 600,000 SWI : 250,000 AUT : 200,000 FIN : 61,896 NZ : 90,000 CHI : 125,000 MAL : 175,000 32 Various artists Dirty Dancing Pop , Rock , R&B 7001178775000000000 ♠ 17.9 ( show ) US : 11 million UK : 1.5 million GER : 2 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 770,000 BRA : 100,000 NLD : 100,000 SWE 100,000 POL : 50,000 SWI : 250,000 HKG : 7,500 32 Celine Dion Let 's Talk About Love 1997 Pop , Soft rock 7001192560000000000 ♠ 19.3 ( show ) US : 10 million JPN : 1 million UK : 1.8 million GER : 1.5 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 420,000 NLD : 500,000 SWE : 240,000 SPA : 400,000 BEL : 200,000 ARG : 120,000 POL : 200,000 SWI : 300,000 NOR : 200,000 AUT : 100,000 FIN : 97,744 NZ : 135,000 HKG : 40,000 URY : 3,000 31 The Beatles 2000 Rock 7001226020000000000 ♠ 22.6 ( show ) US : 12 million JPN : 2 million UK : 2.4 million GER : 1.65 million FRA : 600,000 CAN : 1 million AUS : 700,000 BRA : 250,000 ITA : 50,000 SWE 160,000 SPA : 500,000 ARG : 120,000 POL : 100,000 SWI : 150,000 NOR : 150,000 AUT : 150,000 DEN : 200,000 POR : 120,000 FIN : 77,466 NZ : 225,000 31 Madonna The Immaculate Collection Pop , Dance 7001203000000000000 ♠ 19.4 ( show ) US : 10 million JPN : 800,000 UK : 3.6 million GER : 750,000 FRA : 1 million CAN : 700,000 AUS : 840,000 BRA : 500,000 NLD : 300,000 SWE 50,000 SPA : 300,000 ARG : 180,000 SWI : 50,000 AUT : 50,000 DEN : 50,000 FIN : 92,500 NZ : 105,000 30 The Beatles Abbey Road 1969 Rock 7001144350000000000 ♠ 14.4 ( show ) US : 12 million GER : 500,000 FRA : 150,000 CAN : 1 million AUS : 210,000 ARG : 500,000 NZ : 75,000 30 Bruce Springsteen Born in the U.S.A. 1984 Rock 7001195580000000000 ♠ 19.6 ( show ) US : 15 million UK : 900,000 GER : 1 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 1 million AUS : 910,000 FIN : 108,913 NZ : 240,000 30 Dire Straits Brothers in Arms 1985 Rock , Pop 7001176610000000000 ♠ 17.7 ( show ) US : 9 million UK : 4.1 million GER : 500,000 FRA : 1 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 1.19 million ARG : 30,000 SWI : 350,000 FIN : 116,784 NZ : 360,000 HKG : 15,000 30 James Horner Titanic : Music from the Motion Picture 1997 Soundtrack 7001181385000000000 ♠ 18.1 ( show ) US : 11 million JPN : 1 million UK : 900,000 GER : 1.25 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 350,000 NLD : 175,000 SWE 160,000 SPA : 400,000 BEL : 150,000 POL : 140,000 ARG : 60,000 SWI : 200,000 AUT : 100,000 NOR : 100,000 FIN : 73,509 NZ : 60,000 HKG : 20,000 30 Metallica Metallica 1991 Thrash metal , Heavy metal 7001204800000000000 ♠ 21.2 ( show ) US : 16 million UK : 600,000 GER : 500,000 FRA : 300,000 CAN : 1 million AUS : 840,000 MEX : 600,000 NLD : 200,000 ITA : 100,000 SWE 100,000 ARG : 300,000 POL : 100,000 SWI : 100,000 NOR : 50,000 AUT : 100,000 FIN : 112,856 NZ : 150,000 30 Nirvana Nevermind 1991 Grunge , Alternative rock 7001167020000000000 ♠ 16.7 ( show ) US : 10 million JPN : 600,000 UK : 1.2 million GER : 1 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 350,000 BRA : 250,000 MEX : 200,000 ITA : 100,000 SWE 200,000 ARG : 300,000 BEL : 150,000 POL : 100,000 SWI : 50,000 AUT : 50,000 FIN : 46,830 NZ : 105,000 30 Pink Floyd The Wall 1979 Progressive rock 7001175650000000000 ♠ 17.6 ( show ) US : 11.5 million UK : 600,000 GER : 2 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 770,000 ITA : 100,000 ARG : 200,000 POL : 70,000 SWI : 100,000 NZ : 210,000 HKG : 15,000 30 Santana Supernatural 1999 Rock 7001205400000000000 ♠ 20.5 ( show ) US : 15 million JPN : 200,000 UK : 600,000 GER : 1 million FRA : 600,000 CAN : 1 million AUS : 280,000 BRA : 250,000 MEX : 300,000 NLD : 200,000 SWE 80,000 SPA : 300,000 BEL : 100,000 ARG : 120,000 POL : 100,000 SWI : 200,000 AUT : 100,000 FIN : 50,291 NZ : 60,000 30 Guns N ' Roses Appetite for Destruction Hard rock 7001215550000000000 ♠ 21.6 ( show ) US : 18 million JPN : 200,000 UK : 900,000 GER : 500,000 FRA : 200,000 CAN : 1 million BRA : 250,000 MEX : 100,000 ITA : 50,000 SWE 50,000 ARG : 180,000 SWI : 50,000 AUT : 50,000 FIN : 25,000 30 20 -- 29 million copies * All sales figures are shown in millions Artist Album Released Genre Claimed sales * Ref ( s ) ABBA Gold : Greatest Hits 1992 Pop 29 Bon Jovi Slippery When Wet 1986 Hard rock , Glam metal 28 Various artists Grease : The Original Soundtrack from the Motion Picture 1978 Soundtrack 28 Linkin Park Hybrid Theory 2000 Nu metal , Rap metal , Alternative metal 27 Eminem The Eminem Show 2002 Rap , Hip Hop 27 Norah Jones Come Away with Me 2002 Jazz 27 Madonna True Blue 1986 Pop 25 Bob Marley & The Wailers Legend : The Best of Bob Marley & The Wailers 1984 Reggae 25 Carole King Tapestry 1971 Pop 25 Phil Collins No Jacket Required 1985 Pop , Rock 25 Queen Greatest Hits 1981 Rock 25 Simon & Garfunkel Bridge over Troubled Water 1970 Folk rock 25 U2 The Joshua Tree Rock 25 Mariah Carey Daydream 1995 Pop , R&B , Rock 25 Britney Spears ... Baby One More Time 1999 Pop 25 Whitney Houston Whitney Houston 1985 Pop , R&B 25 Backstreet Boys Backstreet 's Back / Backstreet Boys 1997 Pop 24 Backstreet Boys Millennium 1999 Pop 24 Spice Girls Spice Pop 23 Ace of Base Happy Nation / The Sign 1993 Pop 23 Oasis ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? 1995 Britpop , Rock 22 Madonna Like a Virgin 1984 Pop , Dance 21 Eminem Encore Rap , Hip Hop 21 Bon Jovi Cross Road 1994 Hard rock , Glam metal 21 Adele 25 2015 Soul , Pop , R&B 20 Boston Boston 1976 Hard rock 20 Britney Spears Oops ! ... I Did It Again 2000 Pop 20 Eric Clapton Unplugged 1992 Acoustic blues , Folk rock 20 Def Leppard Hysteria Pop , Hard rock 20 George Michael Faith Pop , R&B , Funk , Soul 20 Green Day Dookie 1994 Pop punk , Punk rock , Alternative rock 20 Lionel Richie Ca n't Slow Down Pop , R&B , Soul 20 Michael Jackson HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I 1995 Pop , Rock , R&B 20 Michael Jackson Off the Wall 1979 Soul , Disco , R&B 20 Prince & the Revolution Purple Rain 1984 Pop , Rock , R&B , Soundtrack 20 Shania Twain The Woman in Me 1995 Country , Pop 20 Supertramp Breakfast in America 1979 Progressive rock , Art rock 20 Tracy Chapman Tracy Chapman Folk rock 20 Various artists Flashdance : Original Soundtrack from the Motion Picture Soundtrack 20 Whitney Houston Whitney Pop , R&B 20 Timeline of the highest selling albums The inclusion or exclusion of items from this list , or length of this list , is disputed . Please discuss this issue on the talk page . ( July 2013 ) Timeline of the highest - selling album record Year record set Artist Album Record setting sales ( millions ) Total sales ( millions ) References 1945 Various Artists Oklahoma ! ( 78 rpm album ) 0.5 1.0 1956 Various Artists Oklahoma ! ( LP album ) 1.75 2.5 1956 / 1957 Various Artists My Fair Lady 5 1960 Various Artists South Pacific 2.25 1963 Vaughn Meader The First Family 7.5 1968 Various Artists The Sound of Music 8 1973 Carole King Tapestry 10 + 1975 / 1976 Various Artists The Sound of Music 10 -- 15 1976 Carole King Tapestry 13.5 25 1979 Bee Gees / Various Artists Saturday Night Fever 25 -- 27 40 1984 Michael Jackson Thriller 35 51 -- 65 Notes It is unclear whether this sales figure refers to worldwide sales or US sales . The exact year in which Tapestry regained the title of `` best - selling album of all - time '' , if it ever regained it at all , is unclear . The album 's 1976 sales claim is therefore only listed to be inclusive , as it is plausible that Tapestry had overtaken The Sound of Music in sales during this time period . Best - selling album by year worldwide The charts of the best - selling albums by year in the world are compiled by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry annually since 2001 . These charts are published in their two annual reports , the Digital Music Report and the Recording Industry in Numbers . Units sold include physical copies and digital downloads . Year Album Artist ( s ) Sales ( millions ) Ref ( s ) Hybrid Theory Linkin Park 8.5 2002 The Eminem Show Eminem 13.9 2003 Come Away with Me Norah Jones 18.0 Confessions Usher 12.0 2005 X&Y Coldplay 8.3 2006 High School Musical Various Artists 7.0 2007 High School Musical 2 6.0 2008 Viva la Vida Coldplay 6.8 2009 I Dreamed a Dream Susan Boyle 8.3 Recovery Eminem 5.7 2011 21 Adele 18.1 2012 8.3 2013 Midnight Memories One Direction 4.0 2014 Frozen Various Artists 10.0 2015 25 Adele 17.4 2016 Lemonade Beyoncé 2.5 See also List of best - selling albums by country List of best - selling music artists List of best - selling remix albums List of best - selling singles Lists of albums List of best - selling albums of the 21st century Notes Jump up ^ To be on this list , albums released : before 1975 are required to have their claimed sales figures supported by 30 % in certified units . between 1975 and 1990 are required to have their claimed figures supported by 30 -- 50 % in certified units . ( That is 1.33 % for each additional year after 1975 . ) between 1990 and 2000 are required to have their claimed figures supported by 50 -- 60 % in certified units . ( That is 1 % for each additional year after 1990 . ) in 2000 and onwards are required to have their claimed figures supported by 60 -- 80 % in certified units . ( That is 1.33 % for each additional year after 2000 . ) References ^ Jump up to : `` Best - selling album '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Colin Stutz ( ed . ) . `` Michael Jackson 's ' Thriller ' Becomes First - Ever 30 Times Multi-Platinum Album : Exclusive '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Leopold , Todd ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Michael Jackson , pop music legend , dead at 50 '' . CNN . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gitlin , Martin ( March 1 , 2011 ) . The Baby Boomer Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 196 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38218 - 5 . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . 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Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` Def Leppard setting off ' Hysteria ' with Las Vegas run '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Alice , Vincent ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` George Michael : 50 years in numbers '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Adam , Chandler ( February 1 , 2014 ) . `` Green Day 's Album ' Dookie ' Is 20 Years Old Today '' . Yahoo ! Music . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Matthew ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` Lionel Richie and You Are '' . ABC News ( Australia ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson : list of his records '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Luchina ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` 10 Things About Michael Jackson 's ' Thriller ' 30 Years After Its Release '' . ABC News . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` Stevie Nicks : Prince asked me to write Purple Rain lyrics '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ How the Left Lost Teen Spirit -- ( and how They 're Getting it Back ) . Akashic Books . May 1 , 2005 . p. 228 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9719206 - 8 - 2 . Retrieved April 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Doran , John ( October 29 , 2010 ) . `` Supertramp : Breakfast in America review '' . BBC . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wernick , Adam ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Tracy Chapman 's new greatest hits album celebrates a quietly powerful legacy '' . Public Radio International . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 Movie Soundtracks '' . Time . February 21 , 2011 . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Jonathan P. ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` This Day in Black History : June 27 , 1987 '' . BET . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Murrells , Joseph ( 1978 ) . The Book of Golden Discs . Barrie & Jenkins . ISBN 9780214204807 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . first time that a complete score of a Broadway musical was put on wax , by 1945 sales were at half a million Jump up ^ Heck , Peter . `` '' Oklahoma ! '' may not be the only Broadway musical with an exclamation mark in its title -- but if any musical deserves it , this Rodgers and Hammerstein classic does. `` . Church Hill , USA : Church Hill Theatre . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Patrick ( November 11 , 2011 ) . Robertson 's Book of Firsts : Who Did What for the First Time . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . ISBN 9781608197385 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McHugh , Dominic ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` Loverly : The Life and Times of My Fair Lady '' . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marks , Peter ( June 12 , 2009 ) . `` The Broadway cast album : province of a devoted few '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gross , Mike ( January 15 , 1966 ) . `` Billboard Vol. 78 , No. 3 : Show Albums Win Longevity Sweepsatakes '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Murrells , Joseph ( 1978 ) . The Book of Golden Discs . Barrie & Jenkins . ISBN 9780214204807 . 1 million copies were sold by 1958 , 2.25 million by 1960 , almost 3 million by 1963 Jump up ^ Rolontz , Bob ( February 2 , 1963 ) . `` Billboard Vol. 75 , No. 5 : The ' First Family ' Story -- WOW ! '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fox , Margalit ( October 30 , 2004 ) . `` Vaughn Meader , Star as Kennedy Mimicker , Dies at 68 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beatles Record - Busting LP May Be All - Time Biggest '' . Rolling Stone . December 21 , 1968 . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2009 . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Paula and John Keely ( 1976 ) . Carole King . Creative Education . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87191 - 465 - 1 . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Solid Gold : The Popular Record Industry . Transaction Publishers . 1975 . p. 468 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4128 - 3479 - 7 . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Julie Andrews '' . Allmusic . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weller , Sheila ( April 2008 ) . `` The Rebel Angels '' . Los Angeles Times . Vanity Fair . p. 6 . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McWhirter , Norris ( 1980 ) . Guinness Book of World Records 1981 . Sterling Publishing Company . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8069 - 0196 - 1 . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 ... 25 million copies sold worldwide by May 1 , 1979 Jump up ^ Jerome , Jim ( May 14 , 1979 ) . `` Al Coury Is the Frankenstein of the Record Business : at R.s.o. , He Makes Monsters '' . People . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ World Book , Inc ( 1987 ) . The World Book Encyclopedia , Volume 11 . World Book . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7166 - 0087 - 9 . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jet Vol. 67 , No. 17 : Michael Jackson Dominated Headlines with His Music '' . Jet. 1984 -- 1985 . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 - 2005 Top 50 Albums '' . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2006 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adele heads IFPI 2011 global countdown '' . Music Week . March 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Debunking Norah Jones ' word - of - mouth success . '' . Slate . February 10 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Albums of 2003 '' ( PDF ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 20 , 2006 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bertelsmann Annual Report 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Bertelsmann Music Group . 2005 . Retrieved March 14 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay top 2005 's global charts '' . BBC News . March 31 , 2006 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Records ' High School Musical Audio Franchise Makes Global Chart History for Second Consecutive Year '' . Business Wire . June 16 , 2008 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' High School Musical ' Takes Global Top Spot In 07 '' . Billboard . June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Viva La Vida top selling global album of 2008 '' . IFPI . February 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2009 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI publishes Recording Industry in Numbers 2010 '' . IFPI. April 28 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ten million and counting for the unstoppable Adele '' . Music Week . September 7 , 2011 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Music Report 2013 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Music Report 2014 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Music Report 2015 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI. April 14 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Global Music Report 2016 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI. April 12 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Global Music Report 2017 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI. April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has the number one album of all time | [
"\n\nArtist\nAlbum\nReleased\nGenre\nTotal certified copies\n(from available markets)*\nClaimed sales*\nRef(s)\n\n\nMichael Jackson\nThriller\n1982\nPop, Rock, R&B\n7001463190000000000♠\n\n47.3 [show]\n\n\nUS: 33 million[7]\nJPN: 100,000[8]\nUK: 4.2 million[9]\nGER: 1.5 million[10]\nFRA: 1 million[11]\nCAN: 2 million[12]\nAUS: 1.12 million[13]\nMEX: 1.6 million[14]\nNLD: 800,000[15]\nITA: 100,000[16]\nSWE: 400,000[17]\nARG: 500,000[18]\nSWI: 300,000[19]\nAUT: 400,000[20]\nFIN: 119,061[21]\nNZ: 180,000[22][23]\nHKG: 15,000[24]\n\n\n\n\n66\n[1][2][3][4]\n\n\nAC/DC\nBack in Black\n1980\nHard rock\n7001259000000000000♠\n\n26.1 [show]\n\n\nUS: 22 million[7]\nUK: 300,000[9]\nGER: 1 million[10]\nFRA: 600,000[11]\nCAN: 1 million[12]\nAUS: 840,000[13]\nITA: 50,000[16]\nARG: 160,000[25]\nSWI: 100,000[19]\nAUT: 50,000[20]\n\n\n\n\n50\n[26]\n\n\nPink Floyd\nThe Dark Side of the Moon\n1973\nProgressive rock\n7001242100000000000♠\n\n24.2 [show]\n\n\nUS: 15 million[7]\nUK: 4.2 million[9]\nGER: 1 million[10]\nFRA: 400,000[11]\nCAN: 2 million[12]\nAUS: 980,000[13]\nITA: 100,000[16]\nARG: 120,000[25]\nPOL: 70,000[27]\nAUT: 100,000[20]\nNZ: 240,000[28]\n\n\n\n\n45\n[29][30]\n\n\nWhitney Houston / Various artists\nThe Bodyguard\n1992\nR&B, Soul, Pop, Soundtrack\n7001273460000000000♠\n\n27.4 [show]\n\n\nUS: 17 million[7]\nJPN: 2 million[31]\nUK: 2.1 million[9]\nGER: 1.5 million[10]\nFRA: 1 million[11]\nCAN: 1 million[12]\nAUS: 350,000[13]\nBRA: 750,000[32]\nNLD: 100,000[15]\nSWE 100,000[17]\nSPA: 500,000[33]\nARG: 240,000[25]\nSWI: 250,000[19]\nAUT: 200,000[20]\nNOR: 200,000[34]\nFIN: 92,500[21]\n\n\n\n\n44\n[35]\n\n\nMeat Loaf\nBat Out of Hell\n1977\nHard rock, Progressive rock\n7001215050000000000♠\n\n21.5 [show]\n\n\nUS: 14 million[7]\nUK: 3 million[9]\nGER: 500,000[10]\nCAN: 2 million[12]\nAUS: 1.68 million[13]\nNZ: 255,000[28]\n\n\n\n\n43\n[36]\n\n\nEagles\nTheir Greatest Hits (1971–1975)\n1976\nRock, Soft rock, Folk rock\n7001321800000000000♠\n\n32.2 [show]\n\n\nUS: 29 million[7]\nUK: 600,000[9]\nCAN: 2 million[12]\nAUS: 560,000[13]\nIFPI HKG: 15,000[24]\n\n\n\n\n42\n[37][38]\n\n\nBee Gees / Various artists\nSaturday Night Fever\n1977\nDisco\n7001205700000000000♠\n\n20.6 [show]\n\n\nUS: 15 million[7]\nUK: 2.1 million[9]\nGER: 1.5 million[10]\nFRA: 200,000[11]\nCAN: 1 million[12]\nAUS: 770,000[39]\nHKG: 15,000[24]\n\n\n\n\n40\n[40][41]\n\n\nFleetwood Mac\nRumours\n1977\nSoft rock\n7001279300000000000♠\n\n27.9 [show]\n\n\nUS: 20 million[7]\nUK: 3.3 million[9]\nGER: 1.25 million[10]\nFRA: 300,000[42]\nCAN: 2 million[12]\nAUS: 910,000[13]\nNZ: 150,000[43]\nHKG: 15,000[24]\n\n\n\n\n40\n[44][45]\n\n"
] | [
"Michael Jackson"
] |
1881557756014042153 | Tell Me a Story (TV series) | Tell Me a Story ( TV series ) - wikipedia Tell Me a Story ( TV series ) Tell Me a Story Genre Psychological thriller Created by Kevin Williamson Based on Érase una vez by Marcos Osorio Vidal Starring Billy Magnussen Kim Cattrall Danielle Campbell Paul Wesley James Wolk Dania Ramirez Sam Jaeger Davi Santos Zabryna Guevara Dorian Missick Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Production Executive producer ( s ) Kevin Williamson Aaron Kaplan Dana Honor Liz Friedlander Camera setup Single - camera Production company ( s ) Outerbanks Entertainment Kapital Entertainment Release Original network CBS All Access Tell Me a Story is an upcoming American psychological thriller web television series , based on the Mexican television series Érase una vez created by Marcos Osorio Vidal , that is set to premiere on October 31 , 2018 , on CBS All Access . The series was developed for American audiences by Kevin Williamson and stars Billy Magnussen , Kim Cattrall , Danielle Campbell , Paul Wesley , James Wolk , Dania Ramirez , Sam Jaeger , Davi Santos , Zabryna Guevara , and Dorian Missick . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Release 5 References 6 External links Premise ( edit ) Tell Me a Story takes `` the world 's most beloved fairy tales and reimagines them as a dark and twisted psychological thriller . Set in modern day New York City , the first season of this serialized drama interweaves The Three Little Pigs , Little Red Riding Hood , and Hansel and Gretel into an epic and subversive tale of love , loss , greed , revenge and murder . '' Cast and characters ( edit ) Billy Magnussen as Nick Kim Cattrall as Colleen Danielle Campbell as Kayla Paul Wesley as Eddie James Wolk as Jordan Dania Ramirez as Hannah Sam Jaeger as Tim Davi Santos as Gabe Zabryna Guevara as Detective Renee Garcia Dorian Missick as Sam Spencer Grammer Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On November 30 , 2017 , it was announced that CBS All Access had given Tell Me a Story a series order . The show is being developed for American audiences by Kevin Williamson and is based on the Mexican television series Érase una vez created by Marcos Osorio Vidal . Williamson is also set to write the series and executive produce it alongside Aaron Kaplan and Dana Honor . The series is being produced by Kaplan 's production company Kapital Entertainment . On May 9 , 2018 , it was reported that Liz Friedlander would direct and executive produce the first two episodes . On August 5 , 2018 , it was announced during the Television Critics Association 's annual summer press tour that the series would premiere on October 31 , 2018 . Casting ( edit ) In May 2018 , it was announced that Billy Magnussen and Kim Cattrall had been cast in the series ' lead roles . In June 2018 , it was reported that Danielle Campbell , Paul Wesley , James Wolk , Dania Ramirez , and Sam Jaeger had joined the main cast . In July 2018 , it was announced that Davi Santos , Zabryna Guevara , and Dorian Missick had been cast in series regular roles . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for season one began on June 28 , 2018 in New York City , New York . Release ( edit ) On July 19 , 2018 , the series held a panel at San Diego Comic - Con in San Diego , California moderated by Entertainment Weekly 's Henry Goldblatt and featuring executive producer Kevin Williamson as well as series stars Paul Wesley and James Wolk . The panel included the premiere of an exclusive teaser trailer for the series . On August 5 , 2018 , a `` sneak peek '' trailer for the series was released . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ; Petski , Denise ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tell Me A Story ' : Billy Magnussen To Star In CBS All Access Thriller Series ; Liz Friedlander To Direct '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` CBS All Access Orders ' Tell Me A Story ' Dark Fairytale Thriller Series From Kevin Williamson & Kapital Entertainment '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Williamson Fairy - Tale Thriller Lands CBS All Access Series Order '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burt , Kayti ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Tell Me A Story : Kevin Williamson to adapt Spanish series '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` CBS All Access Orders Dark Fairytale Series From ' Dawson 's Creek ' Creator '' . Variety . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Greg ( August 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tell Me A Story ' Trailer : Dark Fairy Tales Come Knocking This Halloween On CBS All Access -- TCA '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` Kim Cattrall to Star in CBS All Access Series ' Tell Me a Story ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tell Me A Story ' : Danielle Campbell To Star In Kevin Williamson 's CBS All Access Drama Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Paul Wesley To Co-Star In CBS All Access Series ' Tell Me A Story ' , Reuniting With ' The Vampire Diaries ' EP Kevin Williamson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tell Me A Story ' : James Wolk To Star In Kevin Williamson 's CBS All Access Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` Dania Ramirez To Co-Star In CBS All Access Thriller Series ' Tell Me A Story ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tell Me A Story ' : Sam Jaeger To Star In CBS All Access Thriller Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tell Me A Story ' : Davi Santos To Co-Star In Kevin Williamson 's CBS All Access Drama Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tell Me A Story ' : Zabryna Guevara & Dorian Missick Cast In Kevin Williamson 's CBS All Access Drama Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday , June 28 Filming Locations for Shameless , Marvelous Mrs. Maisel , The Kitchen , & more ! - On Location Vacations '' . On Location Vacations . June 28 , 2018 . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Friday , June 29 Filming Locations for Venom , The Chi , John Wick 3 , The Deuce , & more ! - On Location Vacations '' . On Location Vacations . June 29 , 2018 . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Comic - Con 2018 TV Schedule : When Are Your Favorite Shows Taking Over San Diego ? '' . Variety . June 25 , 2018 . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tell Me a Story ' Will Showcase a Darker ( and More Age - Appropriate ) Version of Paul Wesley '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Tell Me a Story on IMDb CBS All Access original programming Current The Good Fight ( since 2017 ) Star Trek : Discovery ( since 2017 ) After Trek ( since 2017 ) No Activity ( since 2017 ) Strange Angel ( since 2018 ) Former Big Brother : Over the Top ( 2016 ) Upcoming One Dollar ( 2018 ) Tell Me a Story ( 2018 ) Star Trek : Short Treks ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tell_Me_a_Story_(TV_series)&oldid=854724775 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series English - language television programs Upcoming drama television series CBS All Access original programming Television shows set in New York City Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 10 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does tell me a story air on cbs | [
"Tell Me a Story is an upcoming American psychological thriller web television series, based on the Mexican television series Érase una vez created by Marcos Osorio Vidal, that is set to premiere on October 31, 2018, on CBS All Access. The series was developed for American audiences by Kevin Williamson and stars Billy Magnussen, Kim Cattrall, Danielle Campbell, Paul Wesley, James Wolk, Dania Ramirez, Sam Jaeger, Davi Santos, Zabryna Guevara, and Dorian Missick.\n"
] | [
"on October 31, 2018"
] |
-8137660948316413303 | Justify (horse) | Justify ( horse ) - wikipedia Justify ( horse ) Justify Justify and his connections after the 2018 Preakness Stakes Sire Scat Daddy Grandsire Johannesburg Dam Stage Magic Damsire Ghostzapper Sex Colt Foaled March 28 , 2015 Country United States Color Chestnut Breeder John D. Gunther Owner WinStar Farm ( Majority Owner ) , China Horse Club , Head of Plains Partners , Starlight Racing Trainer Bob Baffert Record 6 : 6 - 0 - 0 Earnings $3,798,000 Major wins Santa Anita Derby ( 2018 ) Triple Crown wins : Kentucky Derby ( 2018 ) Preakness Stakes ( 2018 ) Belmont Stakes ( 2018 ) Awards 13th American Triple Crown winner ( 2018 ) Justify ( foaled March 28 , 2015 ) is a retired American Thoroughbred racehorse who became the thirteenth American Triple Crown winner in 2018 . He first attracted attention with a win in his first start on February 18 , 2018 , followed by two more victories , including the Grade I Santa Anita Derby , to qualify for the 2018 Kentucky Derby . Justify then won that race , the 2018 Preakness Stakes , and the 2018 Belmont Stakes to win the Triple Crown . He was retired undefeated several weeks after the Belmont . Justify is only the second horse to win the American Triple Crown with an undefeated record , following Seattle Slew . Justify is descended from Seattle Slew , Secretariat , Count Fleet , War Admiral , Omaha , and Gallant Fox , all of whom also won the American Triple Crown . He is also a descendant of English Triple Crown winner Nijinsky . Of the 13 American Triple Crown winners , Justify is the first who did not race as a two - year - old . Contents 1 Background 2 Racing career 2.1 Kentucky Derby 2.2 Preakness Stakes 2.3 Belmont Stakes 2.3. 1 Controversy 2.4 Injury 3 Statistics 4 Pedigree 5 References 6 See also Background ( edit ) Justify is a chestnut colt with a large white blaze on his forehead . He was bred in Kentucky by Canadian John D. Gunther , who runs Glennwood Farm with his daughter Tanya . Although the Gunthers have a small breeding operation , their 2015 foals also included Without Parole , a Group I winner at Royal Ascot , and Vino Rosso , a graded stakes winner who raced against Justify in both the Kentucky Derby and Belmont Stakes . Gunther also bred Justify 's dam , Stage Magic , a stakes - placed daughter of Ghostzapper . Justify was part of the second - last crop of Scat Daddy , who won the Champagne Stakes and Florida Derby . Although Scat Daddy ran in America on the dirt , as a stallion he first made his reputation in Europe as a turf sire , with Group 1 winners including Lady Aurelia and Caravaggio His stud fee when he was bred to Stage Magic in 2014 was only $35,000 , though it was scheduled to increase to $100,000 in 2016 . Scat Daddy died prematurely at the age of eleven in December 2015 . Justify was sold at the 2016 Keeneland September Yearling Sales for $500,000 to a recently formed partnership between WinStar Farm ( 60 % ownership ) , China Horse Club ( 25 % ) and SF Racing ( 15 % ) , the latter run by employees of George Soros 's investment firm . David Hanley , general manager of WinStar , said that Justify stood out at the sales . `` He was a beautiful yearling -- had great balance and leg , great shoulder , and lovely length and neck , and power , '' he said . `` For a big horse , he was very light on his feet , with good action and good energy . '' In early March 2018 , SF Racing sold a share to Starlight Racing , then Sol Kumin 's Head of Plains partners also bought a share in late March . Justify grew into a large horse , standing 16.3 hands ( 67 inches , 170 cm ) at the withers and weighing 1,380 pounds ( 630 kg ) . He was initially sent to trainer Rodolphe Brisset at Keeneland but pulled a muscle and was given time to recover and grow into his frame . In January 2018 , he was sent to Santa Anita to be trained by Bob Baffert . Racing career ( edit ) Justify did not make his first start until February 18 , 2018 , in a maiden special weight race for three - year - olds at Santa Anita Park over seven furlongs . Going off as the 1 - 2 favorite , he broke poorly then rushed up to challenge for the early lead . After completing the first quarter mile in a quick 21.80 seconds , he began to open up an advantage on the rest of the field , ultimately winning by 9 ⁄ lengths . The impressive win earned a Beyer Speed Figure of 104 and caused the Thoroughbred Daily News to designate the colt as a `` Rising Star '' . `` It 's not too late , '' said Baffert regarding the colt 's chances of qualifying for the Kentucky Derby . `` I 've got a plan ... We 're looking ( for a graded stakes race ) . He 's shown his brilliance in the morning . '' Justify made his next start on March 11 in an allowance race at Santa Anita , run at a distance of one mile . As the overwhelming 1 - 20 favorite , he broke slowly and settled behind the early leaders , On the far turn , he quickened and swept to an easy 6 ⁄ length win . `` I did n't ask him to move , '' said jockey Mike Smith , riding the colt for the first time . `` He came off that turn like it was a stroll . Just very , very impressed . I hate to compare him to other horses right now , but does n't he remind you of an Easy Goer way back in the day . Just a big ol ' red horse with a big , powerful stride . '' Despite never having raced in stakes company , Justify was subsequently ranked as one of the leading contenders for the Kentucky Derby , moving into seventh place in the March 12 NTRA poll . However , the colt first needed to qualify by earning points in the 2018 Road to the Kentucky Derby . Baffert originally planned to run stablemate McKinzie in the Santa Anita Derby and ship Justify to Oaklawn Park for the Arkansas Derby . But when McKinzie suffered a setback due to injury , Baffert decided to keep Justify at his home base for the Santa Anita Derby . On April 7 , Justify entered the Santa Anita Derby as part of a field of seven horses . His main rival was Bolt d'Oro , a multiple stakes winner and another top contender on the Derby trail . The two horses were almost evenly matched in the betting , with Justify going off as the slight favorite . He went to the early lead then set a comfortable pace down the backstretch , moving with a `` freak stride '' that helped him conserve energy . Around the final turn , the field started to close the gap , with Bolt d'Oro getting to within 1 ⁄ lengths in mid-stretch . Justify responded to the challenge and drew away for a three - length lead despite drifting somewhat down the stretch . Kentucky Derby ( edit ) The win moved Justify to the top position in the NTRA 3 - year - old poll and made him the favorite for the Derby . To win the race though , he would have to overcome the so - called `` Curse of Apollo '' -- no horse had won the Kentucky Derby without racing as a two - year - old since Apollo in 1882 . Baffert pointed to the horse 's natural ability but acknowledged the colt was still green . Furthermore , the field for the 2018 Kentucky Derby was considered one of the best in recent memory , with most of the major prep race winners given serious consideration by handicappers . In addition to Justify , the field included graded stakes winners Good Magic ( Breeders ' Cup Juvenile and Blue Grass Stakes ) , Mendelssohn ( Breeders ' Cup Juvenile Turf and UAE Derby ) , Audible ( Florida Derby ) , Magnum Moon ( Arkansas Derby ) , Noble Indy ( Louisiana Derby ) , Vino Rosso ( Wood Memorial ) , My Boy Jack ( Lexington Stakes ) , Free Drop Billy ( Breeders ' Futurity ) , Firenze Fire ( Champagne Stakes ) and Bolt d'Oro . Play media Justify in starting gate for Kentucky Derby The 2018 Kentucky Derby was held on May 5 on a rainy day at Churchill Downs . Although the surface had been sealed earlier in the day to minimize the effect of the rain on the footing , the track was still labeled as sloppy . Justify broke well and used his early speed to establish good position near the rail going into the first turn , running a length behind Promises Fulfilled in a fast opening quarter of 22.24 seconds . These two maintained their position for the first three - quarters of a mile , completed in 1 : 11 , followed closely by Bolt d'Oro , Flameaway , and Good Magic . Going into the final turn , Promises Fulfilled dropped back while first Bolt d'Oro and then Good Magic were put to a drive . Justify responded to the challenge and opened up a lead of 1 ⁄ lengths at the top of the stretch , widening to 2 ⁄ lengths at the finish line . Good Magic held on for second while Audible closed late to finish third . Justify came out of the race almost untouched by the mud due to his front - running style . The day after however , he appeared to be somewhat lame in his left hind leg -- a condition that Baffert attributed to `` scratches or whatever '' from the wet track . The sensitivity was later determined to have been caused by a heel bruise . To protect the heel , Justify was shod with a three - quarter horseshoe before he resumed galloping on May 10 . Preakness Stakes ( edit ) Justify narrowly wins in a blanket finish at the 2018 Preakness The track conditions for the 2018 Preakness Stakes , run on May 19 at Pimlico Racetrack in Baltimore , were even worse than for the Derby . After heavy rain over several days , the track was sloppy . The rain finally stopped shortly before the race but then a heavy fog descended , limiting visibility to about a sixteenth of a mile . The start was once again critical , and Justify broke well to go take the early lead . To his inside , Good Magic rushed up to challenge him and the two matched strides around the first turn and down the backstretch while setting moderate fractions . They picked up the pace rounding the final turn and opened a gap on the rest of the field . However in mid-stretch , Tenfold started closing ground rapidly to Justify 's outside while Bravazo , who had trailed by five lengths in mid-stretch , was moving fastest of all in the center of the track . Justify dug in to win by half a length over Bravazo , with Tenfold just a neck farther back in third , another neck in front of Good Magic . The win earned Justify a Beyer Speed Figure of 97 , the lowest of his career . Baffert felt that the colt had suffered a bit of a `` bounce '' , or regression , from a peak performance in the Derby . He was still impressed by Justify 's performance , pointing out that the colt had been pushed hard by Good Magic and had also reacted greenly by jumping several puddles during the race . `` You ca n't bring it all the time , '' he said . `` This will set him up for the next one . '' On May 24 , ESPN.com and the New York Times reported that Justify 's breeding rights had been sold prior to the running of the Preakness to Coolmore Stud ( which had owned his sire Scat Daddy ) for $60 million . Reportedly , a bonus of $25 million would kick in if Justify subsequently won the Triple Crown . WinStar Farm replied that they had received many inquiries but nothing would be finalized in the `` foreseeable future '' . Belmont Stakes ( edit ) Baffert was the trainer of the last Triple Crown winner , American Pharoah in 2015 , and followed a similar training regimen with Justify at Churchill Downs until shipping to New York a few days before the Belmont . Baffert noted that one of the main differences between the two horses was their attitude : American Pharoah is known as a kind , easy going horse whereas Justify is more dominant . `` You have to watch him , '' said Baffert . `` He likes to push you around . He 's not a mean horse , but his patience level with people is , like , five seconds . '' Justify wins the Belmont Stakes . The 2018 Belmont Stakes was run on June 9 over a fast track before a sold - out crowd of 90,000 . Justify drew post position one , which meant that a poor start would have resulted in him getting trapped on the rail . However , Justify broke well and Smith sent him to the lead with a quick opening quarter of 23.37 . He then slowed down the pace as they moved around the first turn and down the backstretch , leading by two lengths over Restoring Hope as he completed the mile in 1 : 38.09 . Around the far turn , Vino Rosso mounted a drive to move into second place , while Gronkowski and Hofburg started closing on Vino Rosso from far back . Despite drifting out slightly in the stretch , Justify increased a one length lead over the challengers after the final turn to win by 1 ⁄ lengths over Gronkowski . He completed the mile and a half race in 2 : 28.18 . Baffert was elated following the race . `` It 's just amazing , I 'm so proud to be an American , very emotional and a lot of help upstairs , '' he told Forbes . `` It never gets old . American Pharoah was my first love , but wow , Mike Smith deserves something like this . This horse is just amazing , he could have won every race on the undercard today . '' The win made Justify the thirteenth winner of the American Triple Crown , and just the second horse to accomplish the feat while still undefeated . Justify 's owners received a total of $2.94 million for winning all three Triple Crown races . Controversy ( edit ) Following the Belmont Stakes , observers questioned the tactics of jockey Florent Geroux aboard Restoring Hope , who was also trained by Baffert . Restoring Hope broke slowly from the starting gate but quickly headed for the lead in between horses , cutting in front of Noble Indy and drifting wide entering the first turn . He then veered left , pushing Bravazo towards the rail . Some of those connected to other horses in the race believed that Geroux 's actions helped give Justify an advantage by giving him an uncontested lead . Mike Repole , the co-owner of Vino Rosso and Noble Indy , told the Daily Racing Form that he was confused by seeing Restoring Hope `` rush up like he was a Quarter Horse '' . Vino Rosso 's rider John Velasquez said he felt like Geroux was trying to protect Justify . On the other hand , D. Wayne Lukas , the trainer of Bravazo , found the situation `` strange '' , but did not think Restoring Hope 's actions affected the outcome of the race . In response , Baffert said that his original plan was to have Restoring Hope sit behind Justify in second . Geroux stated that he wanted to be towards the front early but Restoring Hope became rank . `` When he broke a step slow - he 's kind of an aggressive horse to ride , he pulls very hard - I wanted to make sure I put him in the clear . I did n't want to break , get the horse covered up and then the horse starts getting aggressive behind horses . It would have been even worse if he was behind horses . '' Gary West , the owner of Restoring Hope , told the New York Post that he was unaware of any plan to have the colt near the pace . `` Maybe the horse was completely out of control and Florent had no choice . I will never know . '' The Belmont Park stewards spoke to Geroux about his ride the Thursday following the race . Geroux said he felt like the stewards were only talking to him because of the media attention . `` I did n't bother anybody , I did n't shut anybody off . If there was something , I think they would have contacted me right away to review the race , '' he said . Injury ( edit ) After the Belmont , Justify was returned to Churchill Downs where he was paraded before a large crowd on June 16 . He was then shipped back to Santa Anita , where he was paraded on June 23 . Baffert kept Justify in light training to give the colt time to recover from the grueling Triple Crown campaign . In early July , Baffert noticed a slight filling in the ankle of Justify 's left front leg . The filling subsided but then reappeared a few days later , so Baffert decided to send the colt for a detailed evaluation . Justify was officially retired from racing on July 25 , 2018 . Statistics ( edit ) Date Age Distance Race Grade Track Odds Field Finish Winning time Winning ( losing ) margin Jockey Ref Feb 18 , 2018 7 furlongs Maiden Special Weight Maiden Santa Anita 0.50 * 5 1 : 21.86 9 ⁄ lengths Drayden Van Dyke Mar 11 , 2018 1 mile Allowance Optional Claiming Allowance Santa Anita 0.05 * 5 1 : 35.73 6 ⁄ lengths Mike E. Smith Apr 7 , 2018 1 ⁄ miles Santa Anita Derby Grade I Santa Anita 0.90 * 7 1 : 49.72 3 lengths Mike E. Smith May 5 , 2018 1 ⁄ miles Kentucky Derby Grade I Churchill Downs 2.90 * 20 2 : 04.20 2 ⁄ lengths Mike E. Smith May 19 , 2018 1 ⁄ miles Preakness Stakes Grade I Pimlico 0.40 * 8 1 : 55.93 ⁄ length Mike E. Smith June 9 , 2018 1 ⁄ miles Belmont Stakes Grade I Belmont Park 0.80 * 10 2 : 28.18 1 ⁄ length Mike E. Smith An asterisk after the odds indicates that Justify was the post-time favorite . Pedigree ( edit ) Pedigree of Justify , chestnut colt , March 28 , 2015 Sire Scat Daddy Johannesburg 1999 Hennessy Storm Cat Island Kitty Myth Ogygian Yarn Love Style 1999 Mr. Prospector Raise a Native Gold Digger Likeable Style Nijinsky Personable Lady Dam Stage Magic 2007 Ghostzapper 2000 Awesome Again Deputy Minister Primal Force Baby Zip Relaunch Thirty Zip Magical Illusion 2001 Pulpit A.P. Indy Preach Voodoo Lily Baldski Cap the Moment ( family : 1 - h ) Justify is inbred 3 x 5 x 5 to Mr. Prospector , meaning this sire appears once in the third generation of the pedigree and twice in the fifth - generation as the sire of full sisters Yarn and Preach . Justify also has six crosses to Northern Dancer through Storm Cat , Yarn , Nijinsky , Deputy Minister , Preach , and Baldski . Further back , Justify 's pedigree contains multiple crosses to some of the greatest sires of the twentieth century , including Native Dancer , Nearco , and Man o ' War . Justify 's pedigree includes several Triple Crown winners . He is a fifth generation descendant of Seattle Slew through A.P. Indy ; a sixth generation descendant of Secretariat through both Storm Cat and A.P. Indy ; descends from Count Fleet through Mr. Prospector and Primal Force , and has multiple crosses to War Admiral through Ogygian 's daughter Myth , Personable Lady , and A.P. Indy . Even farther back in his pedigree are Omaha and Gallant Fox . Nijinsky , who appears several times in Justify 's pedigree , won the English Triple Crown in 1970 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Justify - Equibase Profile '' . Equibase . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Ed . `` Lightly raced Justify early Kentucky Derby favorite '' . Newsday . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justify born of Canadian father - daughter team 's horse - breeding passion - CBC News '' . Jump up ^ `` Tales from the Crib : Justify '' . www.kentuckyderby.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Frary , Tom . `` Frankel 's Without Parole Remains Unbeaten In the St James 's Palace '' . thoroughbreddailynews.com . Jump up ^ `` Mendelssohn scores more Grade 1 success for late Scat Daddy '' . Racing Post . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Culpepper , Chuck ( 4 May 2018 ) . `` The Kentucky Derby field is dominated by a horse that died in 2015 '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hoppert , Melissa ; Goldstein , Matthew ( 7 June 2018 ) . `` A Secretive Investor in Triple Crown Contender Justify : George Soros '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justify 's Victory Rewards Partnership Group '' ( PDF ) . The BloodHorse . pp. 11 -- 12 . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Starlight Acquires Interests in Audible , Justify '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kumin Buys Into Audible , Justify '' . www.thoroughbreddailynews.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , Liz ( 9 June 2018 ) . `` Justify triumphs in Belmont Stakes to win the Triple Crown '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Frakes , Jason . `` Bob Baffert on Triple Crown talk for Justify : ' Not yet , not yet ' '' . The Courier - Journal . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TDN Rising Stars - Writeup Page '' . www.thoroughbreddailynews.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justify Romps Again , Sets Sights on Derby '' . www.thoroughbreddailynews.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Plenty of Movement in NTRA 3 - Year - Old Poll '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` After Work , Justify All - In for Santa Anita Derby '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justify Powers to Santa Anita Derby Victory '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart for the Santa Anita Derby '' ( PDF ) . Equibase . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Ed . `` Lightly raced Justify early Kentucky Derby favorite '' . Newsday . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Quality Runs Deep in Kentucky Derby Field '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart of the 2018 Kentucky Derby '' . www.equibase.com . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justify Untouchable in Kentucky Derby '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Privman , Jay . `` Curse of Apollo lifted as Justify cruises in Kentucky Derby '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justify makes history in wettest ever Kentucky Derby '' . New York Post . 5 May 2018 . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Sun staff . `` Preakness notes : ' Diaper rash ' - like condition not expected to derail Derby winner Justify '' . baltimoresun.com . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Kellie ( 10 May 2018 ) . `` Justify ' galloped perfect ' in first track exercise since Kentucky Derby '' . Brisnet . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Sheinin , Dave ( 18 May 2018 ) . `` Justify enters Preakness Stakes chasing history in weather that could be biblical '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justify wins Preakness ; Triple Crown in sight '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Balan , Jeremy . `` Justify Emerges From the Fog to Win Preakness '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart of the 2018 Preakness Stakes '' . Equibase . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Privman , Jay . `` For Baffert , a familiar routine ahead of Triple Crown bid '' . www.drf.com . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hoppert , Melissa ; Drape , Joe . `` Justify 's Breeding Rights Are Said to Be Sold to Coolmore for $60 Million '' . New York Times . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WinStar Issues Statement '' . bloodhorse.com . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Liz ( 7 June 2018 ) . `` Justify 's path to cusp of Triple Crown is unusual . But so is training a 1,380 - pound athlete '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart of the Belmont Stakes '' . Equibase . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wincze Hughes , Alicia . `` Justify 13th Triple Crown Winner After Belmont Victory '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Tim . `` Belmont Stakes 2018 Results : Justify Triple Crown Winner , Final Order , Final Payouts And Total Purse '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Bieler , Des ( 2018 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Did Justify get undue help from another Bob Baffert horse in winning at Belmont ? '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Horsemen question Geroux 's ride on Restoring Hope '' . www.drf.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Belmont controversy erupts : Did alliance ensure a Justify victory ? '' . New York Post . 2018 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Stewards talk to Geroux over Belmont Stakes ride '' . www.drf.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Justify Parades Before Thousands at Churchill Downs '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Triple Crown Winner Justify Parades at Santa Anita '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justify to Undergo Evaluation '' . bloodhorse.com . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Triple Crown Winner Justify Retires from Racing '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 26 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chart for Race 2 , Santa Anita , February 18 , 2018 '' . Equibase . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chart for Race 5 , Santa Anita , March 11 , 2018 '' . Equibase . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justify 's Pedigree '' . Equineline . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Experience Justify 's pedigree with this video tour of his greatest ancestors '' . www.kentuckyderby.com . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Man o ' War 's Century Of Influence - Horse Racing News Paulick Report '' . www.paulickreport.com . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pedigree of A.P. Indy '' . www.pedigreequery.com . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pedigree of Storm Cat '' . www.pedigreequery.com . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pedigree of Primal Force '' . pedigreequery.com . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Personable Lady Horse Pedigree '' . www.pedigreequery.com . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pedigree of Nijinsky '' . Pedigreequery . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pedigree of Storm Bird '' . Pedigreequery . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . See also ( edit ) List of leading Thoroughbred racehorses Media related to Justify ( horse ) at Wikimedia Commons Kentucky Derby winners 1875 Aristides 1876 Vagrant 1877 Baden - Baden 1878 Day Star 1879 Lord Murphy 1880 Fonso 1881 Hindoo 1882 Apollo 1883 Leonatus 1884 Buchanan 1885 Joe Cotton 1886 Ben Ali 1887 Montrose 1888 Macbeth II 1889 Spokane 1890 Riley 1891 Kingman 1892 Azra 1893 Lookout 1894 Chant 1895 Halma 1896 Ben Brush 1897 Typhoon II 1898 Plaudit 1899 Manuel 1900 Lieut . Gibson 1901 His Eminence 1902 Alan - a-Dale 1903 Judge Himes 1904 Elwood 1905 Agile 1906 Sir Huon 1907 Pink Star 1908 Stone Street 1909 Wintergreen 1910 Donau 1911 Meridian 1912 Worth 1913 Donerail 1914 Old Rosebud 1915 Regret ♥ 1916 George Smith 1917 Omar Khayyam 1918 Exterminator 1919 Sir Barton ₩ 1920 Paul Jones 1921 Behave Yourself 1922 Morvich 1923 Zev 1924 Black Gold 1925 Flying Ebony 1926 Bubbling Over 1927 Whiskery 1928 Reigh Count 1929 Clyde Van Dusen 1930 Gallant Fox ₩ 1931 Twenty Grand 1932 Burgoo King 1933 Brokers Tip 1934 Cavalcade 1935 Omaha ₩ 1936 Bold Venture 1937 War Admiral ₩ 1938 Lawrin 1939 Johnstown 1940 Gallahadion 1941 Whirlaway ₩ 1942 Shut Out 1943 Count Fleet ₩ 1944 Pensive 1945 Hoop Jr . 1946 Assault ₩ 1947 Jet Pilot 1948 Citation ₩ 1949 Ponder 1950 Middleground 1951 Count Turf 1952 Hill Gail 1953 Dark Star 1954 Determine 1955 Swaps 1956 Needles 1957 Iron Liege 1958 Tim Tam 1959 Tomy Lee 1960 Venetian Way 1961 Carry Back 1962 Decidedly 1963 Chateaugay 1964 Northern Dancer 1965 Lucky Debonair 1966 Kauai King 1967 Proud Clarion 1968 Forward Pass ( Dancer 's Image disqualified ) 1969 Majestic Prince 1970 Dust Commander 1971 Canonero II 1972 Riva Ridge 1973 Secretariat ₩ 1974 Cannonade 1975 Foolish Pleasure 1976 Bold Forbes 1977 Seattle Slew ₩ 1978 Affirmed ₩ 1979 Spectacular Bid 1980 Genuine Risk ♥ 1981 Pleasant Colony 1982 Gato Del Sol 1983 Sunny 's Halo 1984 Swale 1985 Spend A Buck 1986 Ferdinand 1987 Alysheba 1988 Winning Colors ♥ 1989 Sunday Silence 1990 Unbridled 1991 Strike the Gold 1992 Lil E. Tee 1993 Sea Hero 1994 Go for Gin 1995 Thunder Gulch 1996 Grindstone 1997 Silver Charm 1998 Real Quiet 1999 Charismatic 2000 Fusaichi Pegasus 2001 Monarchos 2002 War Emblem 2003 Funny Cide 2004 Smarty Jones 2005 Giacomo 2006 Barbaro 2007 Street Sense 2008 Big Brown 2009 Mine That Bird 2010 Super Saver 2011 Animal Kingdom 2012 I 'll Have Another 2013 Orb 2014 California Chrome 2015 American Pharoah ₩ 2016 Nyquist 2017 Always Dreaming 2018 Justify ₩ Legend -- ₩ = Triple Crown winners , ♥ = Filly Preakness Stakes winners 1873 Survivor 1874 Culpepper 1875 Tom Ochiltree 1876 Shirley 1877 Cloverbrook 1878 Duke of Magenta 1879 Harold 1880 Grenada 1881 Saunterer 1882 Vanguard 1883 Jacobus 1884 Knight of Ellerslie 1885 Tecumseh 1886 The Bard 1887 Dunboyne 1888 Refund 1889 Buddhist 1890 Montague 1894 Assignee 1895 Belmar 1896 Margrave 1897 Paul Kauvar 1898 Sly Fox 1899 Half Time 1900 Hindus 1901 The Parader 1902 Old England 1903 Flocarline ♥ 1904 Bryn Mawr 1905 Cairngorm 1906 Whimsical ♥ 1907 Don Enrique 1908 Royal Tourist 1909 Effendi 1910 Layminster 1911 Watervale 1912 Colonel Holloway 1913 Buskin 1914 Holiday 1915 Rhine Maiden ♥ 1916 Damrosch 1917 Kalitan 1918 War Cloud 1918 Jack Hare , Jr . 1919 Sir Barton ₩ 1920 Man o ' War 1921 Broomspun 1922 Pillory 1923 Vigil 1924 Nellie Morse ♥ 1925 Coventry 1926 Display 1927 Bostonian 1928 Victorian 1929 Dr. Freeland 1930 Gallant Fox ₩ 1931 Mate 1932 Burgoo King 1933 Head Play 1934 High Quest 1935 Omaha ₩ 1936 Bold Venture 1937 War Admiral ₩ 1938 Dauber 1939 Challedon 1940 Bimelech 1941 Whirlaway ₩ 1942 Alsab 1943 Count Fleet ₩ 1944 Pensive 1945 Polynesian 1946 Assault ₩ 1947 Faultless 1948 Citation ₩ 1949 Capot 1950 Hill Prince 1951 Bold 1952 Blue Man 1953 Native Dancer 1954 Hasty Road 1955 Nashua 1956 Fabius 1957 Bold Ruler 1958 Tim Tam 1959 Royal Orbit 1960 Bally Ache 1961 Carry Back 1962 Greek Money 1963 Candy Spots 1964 Northern Dancer 1965 Tom Rolfe 1966 Kauai King 1967 Damascus 1968 Forward Pass 1969 Majestic Prince 1970 Personality 1971 Canonero II 1972 Bee Bee Bee 1973 Secretariat ₩ 1974 Little Current 1975 Master Derby 1976 Elocutionist 1977 Seattle Slew ₩ 1978 Affirmed ₩ 1979 Spectacular Bid 1980 Codex 1981 Pleasant Colony 1982 Aloma 's Ruler 1983 Deputed Testamony 1984 Gate Dancer 1985 Tank 's Prospect 1986 Snow Chief 1987 Alysheba 1988 Risen Star 1989 Sunday Silence 1990 Summer Squall 1991 Hansel 1992 Pine Bluff 1993 Prairie Bayou 1994 Tabasco Cat 1995 Timber Country 1996 Louis Quatorze 1997 Silver Charm 1998 Real Quiet 1999 Charismatic 2000 Red Bullet 2001 Point Given 2002 War Emblem 2003 Funny Cide 2004 Smarty Jones 2005 Afleet Alex 2006 Bernardini 2007 Curlin 2008 Big Brown 2009 Rachel Alexandra ♥ 2010 Lookin At Lucky 2011 Shackleford 2012 I 'll Have Another 2013 Oxbow 2014 California Chrome 2015 American Pharoah ₩ 2016 Exaggerator 2017 Cloud Computing 2018 Justify ₩ Legend -- ₩ = Triple Crown Winners , ♥ = Filly Belmont Stakes winners 1867 Ruthless ♥ 1868 General Duke 1869 Fenian 1870 Kingfisher 1871 Harry Bassett 1872 Joe Daniels 1873 Springbok 1874 Saxon 1875 Calvin 1876 Algerine 1877 Cloverbrook 1878 Duke Of Magenta 1879 Spendthrift 1880 Grenada 1881 Saunterer 1882 Forester 1883 George Kinney 1884 Panique 1885 Tyrant 1886 Inspector B 1887 Hanover 1888 Sir Dixon 1889 Eric 1890 Burlington 1891 Foxford 1892 Patron 1893 Commanche 1894 Henry of Navarre 1895 Belmar 1896 Hastings 1897 Scottish Chieftain 1898 Bowling Brook 1899 Jean Bereaud 1900 Ildrim 1901 Commando 1902 Masterman 1903 Africander 1904 Delhi 1905 Tanya ♥ 1906 Burgomaster 1907 Peter Pan 1908 Colin 1909 Joe Madden 1910 Sweep 1913 Prince Eugene 1914 Luke McLuke 1915 The Finn 1916 Friar Rock 1917 Hourless 1918 Johren 1919 Sir Barton ₩ 1920 Man o ' War 1921 Grey Lag 1922 Pillory 1923 Zev 1924 Mad Play 1925 American Flag 1926 Crusader 1927 Chance Shot 1928 Vito 1929 Blue Larkspur 1930 Gallant Fox ₩ 1931 Twenty Grand 1932 Faireno 1933 Hurryoff 1934 Peace Chance 1935 Omaha ₩ 1936 Granville 1937 War Admiral ₩ 1938 Pasteurized 1939 Johnstown 1940 Bimelech 1941 Whirlaway ₩ 1942 Shut Out 1943 Count Fleet ₩ 1944 Bounding Home 1945 Pavot 1946 Assault ₩ 1947 Phalanx 1948 Citation ₩ 1949 Capot 1950 Middleground 1951 Counterpoint 1952 One Count 1953 Native Dancer 1954 High Gun 1955 Nashua 1956 Needles 1957 Gallant Man 1958 Cavan 1959 Sword Dancer 1960 Celtic Ash 1961 Sherluck 1962 Jaipur 1963 Chateaugay 1964 Quadrangle 1965 Hail To All 1966 Amberoid 1967 Damascus 1968 Stage Door Johnny 1969 Arts and Letters 1970 High Echelon 1971 Pass Catcher 1972 Riva Ridge 1973 Secretariat ₩ 1974 Little Current 1975 Avatar 1976 Bold Forbes 1977 Seattle Slew ₩ 1978 Affirmed ₩ 1979 Coastal 1980 Temperence Hill 1981 Summing 1982 Conquistador Cielo 1983 Caveat 1984 Swale 1985 Creme Fraiche 1986 Danzig Connection 1987 Bet Twice 1988 Risen Star 1989 Easy Goer 1990 Go and Go 1991 Hansel 1992 A.P. Indy 1993 Colonial Affair 1994 Tabasco Cat 1995 Thunder Gulch 1996 Editor 's Note 1997 Touch Gold 1998 Victory Gallop 1999 Lemon Drop Kid 2000 Commendable 2001 Point Given 2002 Sarava 2003 Empire Maker 2004 Birdstone 2005 Afleet Alex 2006 Jazil 2007 Rags to Riches ♥ 2008 Da ' Tara 2009 Summer Bird 2010 Drosselmeyer 2011 Ruler on Ice 2012 Union Rags 2013 Palace Malice 2014 Tonalist 2015 American Pharoah ₩ 2016 Creator 2017 Tapwrit 2018 Justify ₩ Legend - ₩ = Triple Crown Winners , ♥ = Filly Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justify_(horse)&oldid=853932963 '' Categories : 2015 racehorse births Racehorses bred in Kentucky Northern Dancer bloodline Racehorses trained in the United States Thoroughbred family 1 - h Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing winners Kentucky Derby winners Preakness Stakes winners Belmont Stakes winners Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Português Scots Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 21 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who owns justify the winner of the triple crown | [
"Justify\nJustify and his connections after the 2018 Preakness StakesSire\nScat DaddyGrandsire\nJohannesburgDam\nStage MagicDamsire\nGhostzapperSex\nColtFoaled\nMarch 28, 2015Country\nUnited StatesColor\nChestnutBreeder\nJohn D. GuntherOwner\nWinStar Farm (Majority Owner), China Horse Club, Head of Plains Partners, Starlight RacingTrainer\nBob BaffertRecord\n6: 6-0-0Earnings\n$3,798,000[1]Major wins\nSanta Anita Derby (2018)\n\nTriple Crown wins: Kentucky Derby (2018) Preakness Stakes (2018) Belmont Stakes (2018)Awards\n13th American Triple Crown winner (2018)",
"Justify\nJustify and his connections after the 2018 Preakness StakesSire\nScat DaddyGrandsire\nJohannesburgDam\nStage MagicDamsire\nGhostzapperSex\nColtFoaled\nMarch 28, 2015Country\nUnited StatesColor\nChestnutBreeder\nJohn D. GuntherOwner\nWinStar Farm (Majority Owner), China Horse Club, Head of Plains Partners, Starlight RacingTrainer\nBob BaffertRecord\n6: 6-0-0Earnings\n$3,798,000[1]Major wins\nSanta Anita Derby (2018)\n\nTriple Crown wins: Kentucky Derby (2018) Preakness Stakes (2018) Belmont Stakes (2018)Awards\n13th American Triple Crown winner (2018)",
"Justify\nJustify and his connections after the 2018 Preakness StakesSire\nScat DaddyGrandsire\nJohannesburgDam\nStage MagicDamsire\nGhostzapperSex\nColtFoaled\nMarch 28, 2015Country\nUnited StatesColor\nChestnutBreeder\nJohn D. GuntherOwner\nWinStar Farm (Majority Owner), China Horse Club, Head of Plains Partners, Starlight RacingTrainer\nBob BaffertRecord\n6: 6-0-0Earnings\n$3,798,000[1]Major wins\nSanta Anita Derby (2018)\n\nTriple Crown wins: Kentucky Derby (2018) Preakness Stakes (2018) Belmont Stakes (2018)Awards\n13th American Triple Crown winner (2018)",
"Justify\nJustify and his connections after the 2018 Preakness StakesSire\nScat DaddyGrandsire\nJohannesburgDam\nStage MagicDamsire\nGhostzapperSex\nColtFoaled\nMarch 28, 2015Country\nUnited StatesColor\nChestnutBreeder\nJohn D. GuntherOwner\nWinStar Farm (Majority Owner), China Horse Club, Head of Plains Partners, Starlight RacingTrainer\nBob BaffertRecord\n6: 6-0-0Earnings\n$3,798,000[1]Major wins\nSanta Anita Derby (2018)\n\nTriple Crown wins: Kentucky Derby (2018) Preakness Stakes (2018) Belmont Stakes (2018)Awards\n13th American Triple Crown winner (2018)"
] | [
"WinStar Farm (Majority Owner)",
"China Horse Club",
"Head of Plains Partners",
"Starlight Racing"
] |
5200143529064163490 | The Danny Thomas Show | The Danny Thomas show - wikipedia The Danny Thomas show Jump to : navigation , search The Danny Thomas Show Danny Thomas and Marjorie Lord , 1962 Also known as Make Room For Daddy Genre Sitcom Directed by Sheldon Leonard William Asher Danny Thomas Starring Danny Thomas Jean Hagen Marjorie Lord Sherry Jackson Rusty Hamer Angela Cartwright Composer ( s ) Herbert W. Spencer Earle Hagen ( MSI ) Country of origin United States No. of seasons 11 No. of episodes 90 ( MRFD ) 254 ( TDTS ) 344 ( total ) 24 ( MRFG ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Louis F. Edelman Producer ( s ) Sheldon Leonard Charles Stewart Running time 23 -- 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Marterto Enterprises ( 1953 -- 1962 ) T&L Productions ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Release Original network ABC ( 1953 -- 1957 ) CBS ( 1957 -- 1964 ) Original release September 29 , 1953 ( 1953 - 09 - 29 ) -- April 27 , 1964 ( 1964 - 04 - 27 ) Chronology Followed by Make Room for Granddaddy Related shows I Love Lucy The Andy Griffith Show The Joey Bishop Show The Dick Van Dyke Show The Danny Thomas Show ( called Make Room for Daddy for its first three seasons ) is an American sitcom which ran from 1953 to 1957 on ABC and from 1957 to 1964 on CBS . Episodes regularly featured music by Danny Thomas , guest stars and occasionally other cast members as part of the plot . In March 1953 , Danny Thomas first signed the contract for the show with ABC and chose Desilu Studios to film it using its three - camera method . Two proposed titles during preproduction were The Children 's Hour and Here Comes Daddy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Series changes 2 Cast 2.1 Supporting 2.2 Notable guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Theme song 5 Spin - off and crossovers 6 Sequel 7 Reruns 8 DVD releases 9 References 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Thomas with television daughter Terry ( Sherry Jackson ) Thomas played the role of Danny Williams , a successful comedian and nightclub entertainer at the Copa Club , based on the iconic New York City nightclub the Copacabana . Jean Hagen played his serious and loving wife Margaret . Their daughter Terry was played by Sherry Jackson , and their son Rusty by Rusty Hamer . The show 's premise involved Danny rarely having time to spend with his family and Margaret having to deal with the children virtually on her own . She often felt neglected by Danny , and on several occasions felt like leaving him . Margaret was a society woman and strict with the children , but loved her family . Louise Beavers made several appearances during this era as the Williams ' maid , Louise Evans , and often was at odds with Danny and sided with Margaret in most of the couple 's arguments . Nana Bryant often appeared as Margaret 's kind mother , of whom Danny and the children were fond , but Margaret , who had been raised by her aunt and uncle because of her mother often being away on stage tours , was not as warm to her mother . ( Bryant died in late 1955 , and rather than the character being recast , it simply disappeared . When Louise Beavers became ill in 1955 , Amanda Randolph assumed the role of Louise . ) Series changes ( edit ) For its first three years , Make Room For Daddy garnered decent ratings , but failed to make the list of the top 30 programs . Shortly after the third season finished filming , Jean Hagen left the show over dissatisfaction with her role and frequent clashes with Danny Thomas . Thomas was upset with her for leaving , and felt the show would not last without her . However , he decided to push on . At the start of the fourth season , the series title was changed to The Danny Thomas Show . Both Thomas and producer Sheldon Leonard were faced with a serious dilemma -- how to explain Hagen 's absence . To have `` Danny '' and `` Margaret '' divorce in that era would have been unacceptable to television audiences , so it was explained that Margaret suddenly had died off - screen . It was a risky move because until this time , no character on a TV situation comedy had died . Danny now was a widower juggling a performing career while raising two children on his own . He had Louise and his friends often looking after the children while he was touring . He decided to move them to a boarding school , but later relented and the family moved into a new apartment . During the fourth season , the Danny character dated a few other women and nearly got engaged to a widowed singer until he found out she did not like children . By season 's end , the ratings had suffered and it was decided that a wife and mother was needed to complete the family unit . In a four - part story arc that began airing in April 1957 , son Rusty fell ill with the measles and Danny hired Kathy O'Hara ( Marjorie Lord ) , a young Irish nurse , to look after him . Kathy was a widow with a little girl ( played by Lelani Sorenson ) . Danny and Kathy became fast friends and , not surprisingly , Danny quickly fell in love with her , as did the kids . In the season finale , the two became engaged . In a curious twist , ABC at this point canceled the series , which proved to be fortunate . In the spring of 1957 , I Love Lucy , which had reigned as the top - rated show for almost all of its six - year run on CBS , was ending production . When CBS heard that ABC was cancelling The Danny Thomas Show , it picked it up as part of its 1957 - 58 schedule . The Danny Thomas Show made its debut on CBS on Monday , October 7 , 1957 at 9 : 00 p.m. , inheriting the time slot vacated by I Love Lucy . The fifth - season premiere episode , `` Lose Me In Las Vegas , '' had Danny and Kathy already married and on their honeymoon . The Williams family moved into a larger brand - new apartment and , with the change of network , the producers also changed Kathy 's daughter . Lelani Sorenson was dropped from the cast and replaced by Angela Cartwright as Linda . Linda then was adopted by Danny , and the show 's ratings dramatically increased . In fact , at the end of its fifth season , The Danny Thomas Show posted its highest rating , ranking at No. 2 . During this season , Amanda Randolph was sick and rarely appeared as Louise , who was said to be recovering from the flu , with Kathy doing most of the housework . In the early part of the sixth season , Sherry Jackson left the show and the character of Terry was said to have gone to a girls school in Paris . Jackson commented on her close friendship with Jean Hagen and why she left the series , saying , `` The major perk was Jean Hagen . I adored her . We had a great time . She and I were best buddies ; she was my only friend from the Make Room for Daddy cast . What made me specifically want to leave the show ? I had a five - year contract , Jean had a three - year contract . Jean was thoroughly fed up with the series and made it clear that she did n't want to come back . When she left , I was devastated . I did n't want to continue , either . I wanted to break my contract . They would n't let me leave , but gave me less to do ; that 's why I 'm in fewer shows from ages 14 -- 16 . '' In Season 7 , the character of Terry was brought back , but recast with Penney Parker . Terry was featured in a seven - episode story arc that had her engaged and eventually married to Pat Hannigan ( Pat Harrington , Jr . ) , a nightclub friend of Danny 's . After the wedding , the Hannigans moved to California and Terry was rarely mentioned , never to be seen on the show again . In the last two seasons , with Thomas and Lord tired of their roles , Danny and Kathy both regularly traveled , and for much of the tenth season they toured Europe ( with a handful of episodes featuring location footage ) . Rusty and Linda were looked after by Danny 's manager , Charlie Halper ( Sid Melton ) and his wife Bunny ( Pat Carroll ) . During the 11th and final season , Thomas decided to retire from the show and the program ended in the spring of 1964 , finishing as still one of the most popular television programs and ranking at number nine . Cast ( edit ) Danny and Margaret Williams Milton Berle spends some time with Linda and Rusty after Danny and he quit show business . Danny Thomas as Danny Williams Jean Hagen as Margaret Williams ( 1953 -- 1956 ) Marjorie Lord as Kathy `` Clancey '' O'Hara Williams ( 1957 -- 1964 ) Rusty Hamer as Rusty Williams Angela Cartwright as Linda Williams ( 1957 -- 1964 ) Sherry Jackson as Terry Williams ( 1953 -- 1958 ) Penney Parker as Terry Williams ( 1959 -- 1960 ) Louise Beavers as Louise ( 1953 -- 1955 ) Amanda Randolph as Louise ( 1955 -- 1964 ) Supporting ( edit ) Uncle Tonoose ( Hans Conried ) gets a lecture from his older brother , Tufik ( played by Danny Thomas ) . The supporting cast included : Sid Melton as Charlie Halper Pat Carroll as Bunny Halper ( 1961 -- 1964 ) Sheldon Leonard as Phil Brokaw ( 1957 -- 1961 ) Ben Lessy as Benny ( 1953 -- 1959 ) Mary Wickes as Liz O'Neal ( 1955 -- 1957 ) Pat Harrington , Jr. as Pat Hannigan ( 1959 -- 1960 ) Jesse White as Jesse Leeds ( 1953 -- 1957 ) Notable guest stars ( edit ) Hans Conried had frequent guest appearances as Danny 's eccentric Lebanese `` Uncle Tonoose '' . ( In real life , Thomas was Lebanese , Conried was not . ) Other frequent guests included Bill Dana as Jose Jimenez , Annette Funicello as an Italian exchange student named Gina Manelli , and Thomas ' protégée Italian teenaged singer Piccola Pupa . Other notable guest stars included band leader and musician Harry James , who appeared in the episode `` The Trumpet Player '' , and the legendary Jimmy Durante , who appeared as himself in the episode `` Danny and Durante '' . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Danny Thomas Show episodes Season Title Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Network Rank Rating Tied with Make Room for Daddy 30 September 29 , 1953 ( 1953 - 09 - 29 ) April 20 , 1954 ( 1954 - 04 - 20 ) ABC N / A N / A N / A 30 September 28 , 1954 ( 1954 - 09 - 28 ) April 26 , 1955 ( 1955 - 04 - 26 ) N / A N / A N / A 30 September 13 , 1955 ( 1955 - 09 - 13 ) April 17 , 1956 ( 1956 - 04 - 17 ) N / A N / A N / A The Danny Thomas Show 30 October 1 , 1956 ( 1956 - 10 - 01 ) April 25 , 1957 ( 1957 - 04 - 25 ) N / A N / A N / A 5 33 October 7 , 1957 ( 1957 - 10 - 07 ) May 26 , 1958 ( 1958 - 05 - 26 ) CBS 35.3 N / A 6 33 October 6 , 1958 ( 1958 - 10 - 06 ) May 25 , 1959 ( 1959 - 05 - 25 ) 5 32.8 N / A 7 33 October 5 , 1959 ( 1959 - 10 - 05 ) May 23 , 1960 ( 1960 - 05 - 23 ) 31.1 N / A 8 32 October 3 , 1960 ( 1960 - 10 - 03 ) May 22 , 1961 ( 1961 - 05 - 22 ) 12 25.9 N / A 9 31 October 2 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 02 ) May 7 , 1962 ( 1962 - 05 - 07 ) 8 26.1 N / A 10 32 October 1 , 1962 ( 1962 - 10 - 01 ) May 6 , 1963 ( 1963 - 05 - 06 ) 7 28.7 Ben Casey 11 30 September 30 , 1963 ( 1963 - 09 - 30 ) April 27 , 1964 ( 1964 - 04 - 27 ) 9 26.7 N / A Theme song ( edit ) The theme music was various versions ( changing over the years ) of the traditional Irish song , `` Danny Boy '' . Spin - off and crossovers ( edit ) The series was responsible for the creation of another long - running sitcom , The Andy Griffith Show . In the seventh season , Danny Thomas is arrested by Sheriff Andy Taylor ( Andy Griffith ) and detained in the small town of Mayberry in an episode entitled `` Danny Meets Andy Griffith '' . The episode aired on February 15 , 1960 , and The Andy Griffith Show premiered later that year on October 3 . The series also crossed over to several other series , including The Lucy - Desi Comedy Hour and The Joey Bishop Show . Morey Amsterdam guest - starred as Buddy Sorrell of The Dick Van Dyke Show in the episode `` The Women Behind the Jokes '' . Some episodes featured Bill Dana as Jose Jimenez , which led to the spinoff series The Bill Dana Show . Danny Thomas played himself in one episode . Sequel ( edit ) The Make Room for Granddaddy cast Guest star Diana Ross with Roosevelt Grier and Thomas in 1971 The show ended in 1964 , but Danny Thomas , Marjorie Lord , Angela Cartwright , Rusty Hamer , Sherry Jackson , Amanda Randolph and Hans Conried returned in 1965 for a two - hour - long `` reunion '' special on NBC , The Danny Thomas TV Family Reunion , considered the first TV reunion show , and Make More Room for Daddy , which aired as an episode of The Danny Thomas Hour in November 1967 . Shortly after filming the second special in 1967 , Randolph died suddenly of a stroke at the age of 70 . A CBS reunion special , Make Room for Granddaddy , was aired in 1969 . The special did so well that it was picked up as a series by CBS , but Thomas considered its assigned time slot to be too quiet and pulled the show . ABC brought it back on a weekly basis in 1970 , in Make Room for Granddaddy . For the series premiere , Sherry Jackson reprised her role of oldest daughter Terry . No mention was made of her husband Pat Hannigan . Instead , for this new version of the series , Terry 's husband was named Bill , who was a soldier . In this episode , Terry left her son , six - year - old Michael ( played by Michael Hughes ) , in the care of grandparents Danny and Kathy so she could join Bill , who was stationed overseas . In addition to Lord , Hamer and Cartwright , the only other returning regulars were Sid Melton as Charley Halper and Hans Conried as Uncle Tonoose . During that season , new characters were played by Stanley Myron Handelman and former football player Roosevelt Grier . The show lasted only one year , producing 24 episodes ; its cancellation came at a time when the networks were purging content favoring older , rural and other less affluent viewers after to the loss of a half - hour of daily program time in 1971 . According to Lord , the series faced many obstacles , including the unprofessionalism and inexperience of the child actor Michael Hughes , the absence of Sheldon Leonard as producer / director to control Thomas and improve the quality of the scripts , and the fact that ABC switched the time slot of the show from Wednesday nights at 8 : 00 pm to Thursday nights at 9 : 00 pm . As a result , the ratings went from mediocre to poor . Reruns ( edit ) Reruns of the ABC episodes were aired weekdays on NBC from October 4 , 1960 to March 26 , 1965 . CBS aired primetime repeats April 19 through September 6 , 1965 , on Monday nights at 9 : 30 p.m ( Eastern time ) . Subsequently , most of the CBS episodes were then syndicated and offered to local stations . The first four seasons from ABC were not put into syndication . From February 1 , 1987 to 1991 , the show 's fifth through ninth seasons were shown on Nick at Nite . TV Land has also shown several of the Marjorie Lord episodes . GoodLife Television aired the majority of the episodes from the fourth season through the seventh season ( and select episodes from seasons eight and nine ) . Me - TV aired the show from Labor Day of 2012 to December 31 , 2014 . In 2014 , the series joined the weekday line up of Cozi TV , where it currently airs all 1957 - 1964 episodes featuring Marjorie Lord . Episodes of the show can be seen on TVS Nostalgia Network.Com . George Carlin referred to the reruns as `` Daddy has had room made for '' . DVD releases ( edit ) On September 28 , 2004 , Questar released the complete fifth season on Region 1 DVD . The set includes two special episodes : the fourth - season finale , `` Danny 's Proposal '' , and the pilot for The Andy Griffith Show . The complete sixth season on DVD was released on January 22 . 2008 . It was released by a different company than the one that had handled the fifth - season package , and contained uncut episodes with vintage second - run opening titles from the early 1960s NBC network daytime reruns . Several of the early episodes with Jean Hagen can be purchased on discount DVDs , as these episodes have entered public domain because of lapsed copyright . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The I Love Lucy Book by Bart Andrews ( revised and updated Broadway Books trade paperback edition , 2001 ) , ISBN 0 - 385 - 19033 - 6 , p. 116 Jump up ^ Weiner , Ed ; Editors of TV Guide ( 1992 ) . The TV Guide TV Book : 40 Years of the All - Time Greatest Television Facts , Fads , Hits , and History . New York : Harper Collins . p. 173 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 096914 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ClassicTVHits.com TV Ratings : 1957 - 1958 Jump up ^ `` Sherry Jackson '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . p. 1681 - 1683 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ The Danny Thomas Show , `` Danny Meets Andy Griffith '' Jump up ^ The Danny Thomas Show / Make Room For Daddy and I Love Lucy / The Lucy - Desi Comedy Hour Jump up ^ The Joey Bishop Show , `` This Is Your Life '' Jump up ^ Geoffrey Mark Fidelman , The Lucy Book , Renaissance Books , page 269 . ) Jump up ^ DVD details , Make Room for Daddy season five Jump up ^ DVD details , Make Room for Daddy season six Jump up ^ Make Room for Daddy , Volume 1 Jump up ^ Make Room for Daddy , Volume 2 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Danny Thomas Show . Make Room For Daddy / The Danny Thomas Show on IMDb Make Room For Daddy / The Danny Thomas Show at TV.com Make Room for Granddaddy on IMDb Make Room for Granddaddy at TV.com Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series The Red Skelton Show ( 1952 ) I Love Lucy ( 1953 ) I Love Lucy ( 1954 ) Make Room for Daddy ( 1955 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1956 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1957 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1958 ) The Jack Benny Program ( 1959 ) The Art Carney Special ( 1960 ) The Jack Benny Program ( 1961 ) The Bob Newhart Show ( 1962 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1963 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1964 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1965 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1966 ) The Monkees ( 1967 ) Get Smart ( 1968 ) Get Smart ( 1969 ) My World and Welcome to It ( 1970 ) All in the Family ( 1971 ) All in the Family ( 1972 ) All in the Family ( 1973 ) M * A * S * H ( 1974 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1975 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1976 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1977 ) All in the Family ( 1978 ) Taxi ( 1979 ) Taxi ( 1980 ) Taxi ( 1981 ) Barney Miller ( 1982 ) Cheers ( 1983 ) Cheers ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years ( 1988 ) Cheers ( 1989 ) Murphy Brown ( 1990 ) Cheers ( 1991 ) Murphy Brown ( 1992 ) Seinfeld ( 1993 ) Frasier ( 1994 ) Frasier ( 1995 ) Frasier ( 1996 ) Frasier ( 1997 ) Frasier ( 1998 ) Ally McBeal ( 1999 ) Will & Grace ( 2000 ) Sex and the City ( 2001 ) Friends ( 2002 ) Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2003 ) Arrested Development ( 2004 ) Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2005 ) The Office ( 2006 ) 30 Rock ( 2007 ) 30 Rock ( 2008 ) 30 Rock ( 2009 ) Modern Family ( 2010 ) Modern Family ( 2011 ) Modern Family ( 2012 ) Modern Family ( 2013 ) Modern Family ( 2014 ) Veep ( 2015 ) Veep ( 2016 ) Veep ( 2017 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding New Series Make Room for Daddy / The United States Steel Hour ( 1954 ) Playhouse 90 ( 1957 ) The Seven Lively Arts ( 1958 ) Room 222 ( 1970 ) All in the Family ( 1971 ) Elizabeth R ( 1972 ) America : A Personal History of the United States ( 1973 ) Mayberry , North Carolina TV series The Andy Griffith Show Episodes Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. Episodes Characters Mayberry R.F.D. Episodes Telefilm Return to Mayberry Main characters Andy Taylor Opie Taylor Bee Taylor Barney Fife Elinor `` Ellie '' Walker Sam Jones Gomer Pyle Goober Pyle Recurring characters Ernest T. Bass Otis Campbell Helen Crump Briscoe Darling Jr . The Darlings Clara Edwards Warren Ferguson The Fun Girls Floyd Lawson Flora Malherbe Howard Sprague Thelma Lou Related programs No Time for Sergeants The Danny Thomas Show The Jim Nabors Hour The New Andy Griffith Show Related topics Mount Airy Pilot Mountain Desilu Productions Rural purge `` What it Was , Was Football '' Mayberry Machiavelli Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Danny_Thomas_Show&oldid=843509466 '' Categories : 1953 American television series debuts 1964 American television series endings 1970 American television series debuts 1971 American television series endings 1950s American sitcoms 1960s American sitcoms 1970s American sitcoms American Broadcasting Company network shows American television sitcoms Television series about families Black - and - white television programs CBS network shows English - language television programs Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series winners Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 16 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what happened to the mother on make room for daddy | [
"For its first three years, Make Room For Daddy garnered decent ratings, but failed to make the list of the top 30 programs. Shortly after the third season finished filming, Jean Hagen left the show over dissatisfaction with her role and frequent clashes with Danny Thomas. Thomas was upset with her for leaving, and felt the show would not last without her. However, he decided to push on. At the start of the fourth season, the series title was changed to The Danny Thomas Show. Both Thomas and producer Sheldon Leonard were faced with a serious dilemma—how to explain Hagen's absence. To have \"Danny\" and \"Margaret\" divorce in that era would have been unacceptable to television audiences, so it was explained that Margaret suddenly had died off-screen. It was a risky move because until this time, no character on a TV situation comedy had died."
] | [
"Margaret suddenly had died off-screen"
] |
2127685444849173453 | List of Presidents of the Indian National Congress | List of Presidents of the Indian National Congress - wikipedia List of Presidents of the Indian National Congress This article is part of a series on the Indian National Congress About Presidents History Election history Committees All India Central Election Pradesh Working Frontals Mahila Minority Students Youth Trade The Indian National Congress ( INC ) is one of the two major parties in the political system of Republic of India . The President of the Indian National Congress is the elected head of the party responsible for managing the party 's relationship with the general public , developing and communicating party policy especially on election platforms . The President of the All India Congress Committee , and therefore of the Indian National Congress Party ( INC ) as a whole , is known as the Congress President . Since the party was established in 1885 , 60 people have served as president . The first , Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee presided over the first session of the Indian National Congress held at Bombay in 1885 from 28 December to 31 December . The most recently serving president is Rahul Gandhi . The president of INC at the time of India 's independence was J.B. Kripalani . Annie Besant was the first woman president of INC whereas , Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman president . There are six members of Nehru -- Gandhi family who have been Congress Presidents . Contents 1 History 2 Presidents 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) During 1885 -- 1933 , the presidency had a term of 1 year only . Traditionally , the post rotated between prominent members of the party , successive terms for the same person being frowned upon . During Jawaharlal Nehru 's premiership , he rarely held the Presidency of INC , even though he was always head of the Legislative Party . Indira Gandhi however , institutionalized the practice of having the same person as the Congress President and the Prime Minister after the first Congress split of 1969 . Her son Rajiv Gandhi continued that practice . Narasimha Rao too held both the Congress President and the Prime Minister 's posts . Sitaram Kesri held the post after INC was voted out . But as the INC never returned to power under his leadership , he did n't hold the two posts together . During 2000 -- 09 , INC did not host a conference for the first time in history . In 2004 , when the INC was voted back into power , Manmohan Singh became the first Prime Minister , not to be the president of the party . Sonia Gandhi is the longest serving president of the Congress party , having held the office for nineteen years from 1998 to 2017 . Her son Rahul Gandhi is the current Congress President . Presidents ( edit ) No . Name of President Picture Life span Year of Presidency Place of Conference W.C. Bonnerjee 29 December 1844 -- 1906 1885 Bombay Dadabhai Naoroji 4 September 1825 -- 1917 1886 Calcutta Badruddin Tyabji 10 October 1844 -- 1906 1887 Madras George Yule 1829 -- 1892 1888 Allahabad 5 William Wedderburn 1838 -- 1918 1889 Bombay 6 Pherozeshah Mehta 4 August 1845 -- 1915 1890 Calcutta 7 Anandacharlu August 1843 -- 1908 1891 Nagpur 8 Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee 29 December 1844 -- 1906 1892 Allahabad 9 Dadabhai Naoroji 4 September 1825 -- 1917 1893 Lahore 10 Alfred Webb 1834 -- 1908 1894 Madras 11 Surendranath Banerjee 10 November 1848 -- 1925 1895 Poona 12 Rahimtulla M. Sayani 5 April 1847 -- 1902 1896 Calcutta 13 C. Sankaran Nair 11 July 1857 -- 1934 1897 Amravati 14 Anandamohan Bose 23 September 1847 -- 1906 1898 Madras 15 Romesh Chunder Dutt 13 August 1848 -- 1909 1899 Lucknow 16 N.G. Chandavarkar 2 December 1855 -- 1923 1900 Lahore 17 Dinshaw Edulji Wacha 2 August 1844 -- 1936 1901 Calcutta 18 Surendranath Banerjee 10 November 1825 -- 1917 1902 Ahmedabad 19 Lalmohan Ghosh 1848 -- 1909 1903 Madras 20 Henry Cotton 1845 -- 1915 1904 Bombay 21 Gopal Krishna Gokhale 9 May 1866 -- 1915 1905 Benares 22 Dadabhai Naoroji 4 September 1825 -- 1917 1906 Calcutta 23 Rashbihari Ghosh 23 December 1845 -- 1921 1907 Surat 24 Rashbihari Ghosh 23 December 1845 -- 1921 1908 Madras 25 Madan Mohan Malaviya 25 December 1861 -- 1946 1909 Lahore 26 William Wedderburn 1838 -- 1918 1910 Allahabad 27 Bishan Narayan Dar 1864 -- 1916 1911 Calcutta 28 Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar 1857 -- 1921 1912 Bankipore 29 Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur ? -- 1919 1913 Karachi 30 Bhupendra Nath Bose 1859 -- 1924 1914 Madras 31 Lord Satyendra Prasanna Sinha March 1863 -- 1928 1915 Bombay 32 Ambica Charan Mazumdar 1850 -- 1922 1916 Lucknow 33 Annie Besant 1 October 1847 -- 1933 1917 Calcutta 34 Madan Mohan Malaviya 25 December 1861 -- 1946 1918 Delhi 35 Syed Hasan Imam 31 August 1871 -- 1933 1918 Bombay ( Special Session ) 36 Motilal Nehru 6 May 1861 -- 6 February 1931 1919 Amritsar 37 Lala Lajpat Rai 28 January 1865 -- 17 November 1928 1920 Calcutta ( Special Session ) 38 C. Vijayaraghavachariar 1852 -- 19 April 1944 1920 Nagpur 39 Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das ( President ) Hakim Ajmal Khan ( Acting President ) 1863 -- 29 December 1927 1921 Ahmedabad 40 Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das 5 November 1870 -- 16 June 1925 1922 Gaya 41 Mohammad Ali Jouhar 10 December 1878 -- 4 January 1931 1923 Kakinada 42 Abul Kalam Azad 1888 -- 22 February 1958 1923 Delhi ( Special Session ) 43 Mohandas Gandhi 2 October 1869 -- 30 January 1948 1924 Belgaum 44 Sarojini Naidu 13 February 1879 -- 2 March 1949 1925 Kanpur 45 S. Srinivasa Iyengar September 11 , 1874 -- 19 May 1941 1926 Gauhati 46 Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari 25 December 1880 -- 10 May 1936 1927 Madras 47 Motilal Nehru 6 May 1861 -- 6 February 1931 1928 Calcutta 48 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1929 & 30 Lahore 49 Vallabhbhai Patel 31 October 1875 -- 15 December 1950 1931 Karachi 50 Madan Mohan Malaviya 25 December 1861 -- 1946 1932 Delhi 51 Nellie Sengupta 1886 -- 1973 1933 Calcutta 52 Rajendra Prasad 3 December 1884 -- 28 February 1963 1934 & 35 Bombay 53 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1936 Lucknow 54 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1936 Faizpur 55 Subhas Chandra Bose 23 January 1897 -- 18 August 1945 1938 Haripura 56 Subhas Chandra Bose ( resigned ) Rajendra Prasad replaced Bose after the session . 23 January 1897 -- 18 August 1945 1939 Tripuri near Jabalpur 57 Abul Kalam Azad 1888 -- 22 February 1958 1940 -- 46 Ramgarh 58 J.B. Kripalani 1888 -- 19 March 1982 1947 Meerut 59 Pattabhi Sitaraimayya 24 December 1880 -- 17 December 1959 1948 & 49 Jaipur 60 Purushottam Das Tandon 1 August 1882 -- 1 July 1961 1950 Nasik 61 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1951 & 52 Delhi 62 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1953 Hyderabad 63 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1954 Calcutta 64 U.N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 -- 1977 1955 Avadi 65 U.N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 -- 1977 1956 Amritsar 66 U.N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 -- 1977 1957 Indore 67 U.N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 -- 1977 1958 Gauhati 68 U.N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 -- 1977 1959 Nagpur 69 Indira Gandhi 19 November 1917 -- 31 October 1984 1959 Delhi ( Special Session ) 70 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 19 May 1913 -- 1 June 1996 1960 Bangalore 71 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 19 May 1913 -- 1 June 1996 1961 Bhavnagar 72 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 19 May 1913 -- 1 June 1996 1962 & 63 Patna 73 K. Kamaraj 15 July 1903 -- 2 October 1975 1964 Bhubaneswar 74 K. Kamaraj 15 July 1903 -- 2 October 1975 1965 Durgapur 75 K. Kamaraj 15 July 1903 -- 2 October 1975 1966 & 67 Jaipur 76 S. Nijalingappa 10 December 1902 -- 9 August 2000 1968 Hyderabad 77 S. Nijalingappa 10 December 1902 -- 9 August 2000 1969 Faridabad 78 Jagjivan Ram 5 April 1908 -- 6 July 1986 1970 & 71 Bombay 79 Shankar Dayal Sharma 19 August 1918 -- 26 December 1999 1972 -- 74 Calcutta 80 Devakanta Barua 22 February 1914 -- 1996 1975 -- 77 Chandigarh 81 Indira Gandhi 19 November 1917 -- 31 October 1984 1978 -- 83 Delhi 82 Indira Gandhi 19 November 1917 -- 31 October 1984 1983 & 84 Calcutta 83 Rajiv Gandhi 20 August 1944 -- 21 May 1991 1985 -- 91 Bombay 84 P.V. Narasimha Rao 28 June 1921 -- 23 December 2004 1992 -- 96 Tirupati 85 Sitaram Kesri November 1919 -- 24 October 2000 1996 -- 98 Calcutta 86 Sonia Gandhi 9 December 1946 1998 -- 2017 Calcutta 87 Rahul Gandhi 19 June 1970 2017 - Present Delhi See also ( edit ) List of Presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sonia Gandhi ( Indian politician ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) ( 1 ) Official Indian National Congress website Indian National Congress Seva Dal Minority Congress Mahila Congress Youth Congress National Students Union of India ( NSUI ) Indian National Trade Union Congress ( INTUC ) History Statewise Election history of Congress Party Nehru -- Gandhi family Congress Radio 10 Janpath The Emergency Bofors scandal INA Defence Committee Indian National Congress ( Organisation ) Breakaway parties Congress Karma Parishad Congress core group Internal Organisations Congress President Working President Congress Working Committee Central Election Committee All India Congress Committee Pradesh Congress Committees ( PCC , RCC & TCC ) Andaman & Nicobar TCC Andhra Arunachal Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Chandigarh TCC Dadra & Nagar Haveli TCC Daman & Diu TCC Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Jammu & Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Lakshadweep Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Mumbai RCC Nagaland Odisha Puducherry PCC Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Presidents Banerjee Naoroji Tyabji Yule Wedderburn Mehta Charlappa Banerjee Naoroji Webb Banerjee Sayani Nair A.M. Bose Dutt Chandavarkar Wacha Banerjee L. Ghosh H. Cotton Gokhale Naoroji R. Ghosh ( 1907 -- 1908 ) Malaviya Wedderburn Dar Mudholkar Bahadur B.N. Bose Sinha Mazumdar Besant Malaviya Imam M. Nehru Rai C. Vijayaraghavachariar Khan Das M. Ali A.K. Azad Mahatma Gandhi Naidu Iyengar Ansari Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru S.V. Patel Malaviya ( 1932 -- 1933 ) Nellie Sengupta Rajendra Prasad ( 1934 -- 1935 ) Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1936 -- 1937 ) S.C. Bose ( 1938 -- 1939 ) A.K. Azad ( 1940 -- 1946 ) J.B. Kripalani Sitaramayya ( 1948 -- 1949 ) Tandon Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1951 -- 1954 ) Dhebar ( 1955 -- 1959 ) Indira Gandhi Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1960 -- 1963 ) K. Kamaraj ( 1964 -- 1967 ) S. Nijalingappa ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Jagjivan Ram ( 1970 -- 1971 ) S.D. Sharma ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Baruah ( 1975 -- 1977 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1978 -- 1984 ) Rajiv Gandhi ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Narasimha Rao ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Kesri ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Sonia Gandhi ( 1998 -- 2017 ) Rahul Gandhi ( 2017 - present ) Leaders in the Lok Sabha Gandhi Rao Pawar S. Gandhi Mukherjee Shinde Kharge Leaders in the Rajya Sabha Manmohan Singh Vora Patel Sharma Azad Ramesh Antony Digvijaya Chidambaram Singhvi Sibal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress&oldid=856940608 '' Categories : Presidents of the Indian National Congress 1885 establishments in India Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 14 : 32 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who was the first president of i n c | [
"\n\n\nNo.\n\nName of President\n\nPicture\n\nLife span\n\nYear of Presidency\n\nPlace of Conference\n\n\n1\n\nW. C. Bonnerjee\n\n\n\n29 December 1844 – 1906\n\n1885\n\nBombay\n\n\n2\n\nDadabhai Naoroji\n\n\n\n4 September 1825 – 1917\n\n1886\n\nCalcutta\n\n\n3\n\nBadruddin Tyabji\n\n\n\n10 October 1844 – 1906\n\n1887\n\nMadras\n\n\n4\n\nGeorge Yule\n\n\n\n1829–1892\n\n1888\n\nAllahabad\n\n\n5\n\nWilliam Wedderburn\n\n\n\n1838–1918\n\n1889\n\nBombay\n\n\n6\n\nPherozeshah Mehta\n\n\n\n4 August 1845 – 1915\n\n1890\n\nCalcutta\n\n\n7\n\nAnandacharlu\n\n\n\nAugust 1843 – 1908\n\n1891\n\nNagpur\n\n\n8\n\nWomesh Chunder Bonnerjee\n\n\n\n29 December 1844 – 1906\n\n1892\n\nAllahabad\n\n\n9\n\nDadabhai Naoroji\n\n\n\n4 September 1825 – 1917\n\n1893\n\nLahore\n\n\n10\n\nAlfred Webb\n\n\n\n1834–1908\n\n1894\n\nMadras\n\n\n11\n\nSurendranath Banerjee\n\n\n\n10 November 1848 – 1925\n\n1895\n\nPoona\n\n\n12\n\nRahimtulla M. Sayani\n\n\n\n5 April 1847 – 1902\n\n1896\n\nCalcutta\n\n\n13\n\nC. Sankaran Nair\n\n\n\n11 July 1857 – 1934\n\n1897\n\nAmravati\n\n\n14\n\nAnandamohan Bose\n\n\n\n23 September 1847 – 1906\n\n1898\n\nMadras\n\n\n15\n\nRomesh Chunder Dutt\n\n\n\n13 August 1848 – 1909\n\n1899\n\nLucknow\n\n\n16\n\nN. G. Chandavarkar\n\n\n\n2 December 1855 – 1923\n\n1900\n\nLahore\n\n\n17\n\nDinshaw Edulji Wacha\n\n\n\n2 August 1844 – 1936\n\n1901\n\nCalcutta\n\n\n18\n\nSurendranath Banerjee\n\n\n\n10 November 1825 – 1917\n\n1902\n\nAhmedabad\n\n\n19\n\nLalmohan Ghosh\n\n\n\n1848–1909\n\n1903\n\nMadras\n\n\n20\n\nHenry Cotton\n\n\n\n1845–1915\n\n1904\n\nBombay\n\n\n21\n\nGopal Krishna Gokhale\n\n\n\n9 May 1866 – 1915\n\n1905\n\nBenares\n\n\n22\n\nDadabhai Naoroji\n\n\n\n4 September 1825 – 1917\n\n1906\n\nCalcutta\n\n\n23\n\nRashbihari Ghosh\n\n\n\n23 December 1845 – 1921\n\n1907\n\nSurat\n\n\n24\n\nRashbihari Ghosh\n\n\n\n23 December 1845 – 1921\n\n1908\n\nMadras\n\n\n25\n\nMadan Mohan Malaviya\n\n\n\n25 December 1861 – 1946\n\n1909\n\nLahore\n\n\n26\n\nWilliam Wedderburn\n\n\n\n1838–1918\n\n1910\n\nAllahabad\n\n\n27\n\nBishan Narayan Dar\n\n\n\n1864–1916\n\n1911\n\nCalcutta\n\n\n28\n\nRaghunath Narasinha Mudholkar\n\n\n\n1857–1921\n\n1912\n\nBankipore\n\n\n29\n\nNawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur\n\n\n\n?–1919\n\n1913\n\nKarachi\n\n\n30\n\nBhupendra Nath Bose\n\n\n\n1859–1924\n\n1914\n\nMadras\n\n\n31\n\nLord Satyendra Prasanna Sinha\n\n\n\nMarch 1863 – 1928\n\n1915\n\nBombay\n\n\n32\n\nAmbica Charan Mazumdar\n\n\n\n1850–1922\n\n1916\n\nLucknow\n\n\n33\n\nAnnie Besant\n\n\n\n1 October 1847 – 1933\n\n1917\n\nCalcutta\n\n\n34\n\nMadan Mohan Malaviya\n\n\n\n25 December 1861 – 1946\n\n1918\n\nDelhi\n\n\n35\n\nSyed Hasan Imam\n\n\n\n31 August 1871 – 1933\n\n1918\n\nBombay (Special Session)\n\n\n36\n\nMotilal Nehru\n\n\n\n6 May 1861 – 6 February 1931\n\n1919\n\nAmritsar\n\n\n37\n\nLala Lajpat Rai\n\n\n\n28 January 1865 – 17 November 1928\n\n1920\n\nCalcutta (Special Session)\n\n\n38\n\nC. Vijayaraghavachariar\n\n\n\n1852 – 19 April 1944\n\n1920\n\nNagpur\n\n\n39\n\nDeshbandhu Chittaranjan Das (President)\nHakim Ajmal Khan (Acting President)\n\n\n\n\n1863 – 29 December 1927\n\n1921\n\nAhmedabad\n\n\n40\n\nDeshbandhu Chittaranjan Das\n\n\n\n5 November 1870 – 16 June 1925\n\n1922\n\nGaya\n\n\n41\n\nMohammad Ali Jouhar\n\n\n\n10 December 1878 – 4 January 1931\n\n1923\n\nKakinada\n\n\n42\n\nAbul Kalam Azad\n\n\n\n1888 – 22 February 1958\n\n1923\n\nDelhi (Special Session)\n\n\n43\n\nMohandas Gandhi\n\n\n\n2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948\n\n1924\n\nBelgaum\n\n\n44\n\nSarojini Naidu\n\n\n\n13 February 1879 – 2 March 1949\n\n1925\n\nKanpur\n\n\n45\n\nS. Srinivasa Iyengar\n\n\n\nSeptember 11, 1874 – 19 May 1941\n\n1926\n\nGauhati\n\n\n46\n\nMukhtar Ahmed Ansari\n\n\n\n25 December 1880 – 10 May 1936\n\n1927\n\nMadras\n\n\n47\n\nMotilal Nehru\n\n\n\n6 May 1861 – 6 February 1931\n\n1928\n\nCalcutta\n\n\n48\n\nJawaharlal Nehru\n\n\n\n14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964\n\n1929 & 30\n\nLahore\n\n\n49\n\nVallabhbhai Patel\n\n\n\n31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950\n\n1931\n\nKarachi\n\n\n50\n\nMadan Mohan Malaviya\n\n\n\n25 December 1861 – 1946\n\n1932\n\nDelhi\n\n\n51\n\nNellie Sengupta\n\n\n\n1886–1973\n\n1933\n\nCalcutta\n\n\n52\n\nRajendra Prasad\n\n\n\n3 December 1884 – 28 February 1963\n\n1934 & 35\n\nBombay\n\n\n53\n\nJawaharlal Nehru\n\n\n\n14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964\n\n1936\n\nLucknow\n\n\n54\n\nJawaharlal Nehru\n\n\n\n14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964\n\n1936\n\nFaizpur\n\n\n55\n\nSubhas Chandra Bose\n\n\n\n23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945\n\n1938\n\nHaripura\n\n\n56\n\nSubhas Chandra Bose (resigned) Rajendra Prasad replaced Bose after the session.\n\n\n\n23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945\n\n1939\n\nTripuri near Jabalpur\n\n\n57\n\nAbul Kalam Azad\n\n\n\n1888 – 22 February 1958\n\n1940–46\n\nRamgarh\n\n\n58\n\nJ. B. Kripalani\n\n\n\n1888 – 19 March 1982\n\n1947\n\nMeerut\n\n\n59\n\nPattabhi Sitaraimayya\n\n\n\n24 December 1880 – 17 December 1959\n\n1948 & 49\n\nJaipur\n\n\n60\n\nPurushottam Das Tandon\n\n\n\n1 August 1882 – 1 July 1961\n\n1950\n\nNasik\n\n\n61\n\nJawaharlal Nehru\n\n\n\n14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964\n\n1951 & 52\n\nDelhi\n\n\n62\n\nJawaharlal Nehru\n\n\n\n14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964\n\n1953\n\nHyderabad\n\n\n63\n\nJawaharlal Nehru\n\n\n\n14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964\n\n1954\n\nCalcutta\n\n\n64\n\nU. N. Dhebar\n\n\n\n21 September 1905 – 1977\n\n1955\n\nAvadi\n\n\n65\n\nU. N. Dhebar\n\n\n\n21 September 1905 – 1977\n\n1956\n\nAmritsar\n\n\n66\n\nU. N. Dhebar\n\n\n\n21 September 1905 – 1977\n\n1957\n\nIndore\n\n\n67\n\nU. N. Dhebar\n\n\n\n21 September 1905 – 1977\n\n1958\n\nGauhati\n\n\n68\n\nU. N. Dhebar\n\n\n\n21 September 1905 – 1977\n\n1959\n\nNagpur\n\n\n69\n\nIndira Gandhi\n\n\n\n19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984\n\n1959\n\nDelhi (Special Session)\n\n\n70\n\nNeelam Sanjiva Reddy\n\n\n\n19 May 1913 – 1 June 1996\n\n1960\n\nBangalore\n\n\n71\n\nNeelam Sanjiva Reddy\n\n\n\n19 May 1913 – 1 June 1996\n\n1961\n\nBhavnagar\n\n\n72\n\nNeelam Sanjiva Reddy\n\n\n\n19 May 1913 – 1 June 1996\n\n1962 & 63\n\nPatna\n\n\n73\n\nK. Kamaraj\n\n\n\n15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975\n\n1964\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\n74\n\nK. Kamaraj\n\n\n\n15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975\n\n1965\n\nDurgapur\n\n\n75\n\nK. Kamaraj\n\n\n\n15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975\n\n1966 & 67\n\nJaipur\n\n\n76\n\nS. Nijalingappa\n\n\n\n10 December 1902 – 9 August 2000\n\n1968\n\nHyderabad\n\n\n77\n\nS. Nijalingappa\n\n\n\n10 December 1902 – 9 August 2000\n\n1969\n\nFaridabad\n\n\n78\n\nJagjivan Ram\n\n\n\n5 April 1908 – 6 July 1986\n\n1970 & 71\n\nBombay\n\n\n79\n\nShankar Dayal Sharma\n\n\n\n19 August 1918 – 26 December 1999\n\n1972–74\n\nCalcutta\n\n\n80\n\nDevakanta Barua\n\n\n\n22 February 1914 – 1996\n\n1975–77\n\nChandigarh\n\n\n81\n\nIndira Gandhi\n\n\n\n19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984\n\n1978–83\n\nDelhi\n\n\n82\n\nIndira Gandhi\n\n\n\n19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984\n\n1983 & 84\n\nCalcutta\n\n\n83\n\nRajiv Gandhi\n\n\n\n20 August 1944 – 21 May 1991\n\n1985–91\n\nBombay\n\n\n84\n\nP. V. Narasimha Rao\n\n\n\n28 June 1921 – 23 December 2004\n\n1992–96\n\nTirupati\n\n\n85\n\nSitaram Kesri\n\n\n\nNovember 1919 – 24 October 2000\n\n1996–98\n\nCalcutta\n\n\n86\n\nSonia Gandhi\n\n\n\n9 December 1946\n\n1998–2017\n\nCalcutta\n\n\n87\n\nRahul Gandhi\n\n\n\n19 June 1970\n\n2017 -Present\n\nDelhi\n"
] | [
"W. C. Bonnerjee"
] |
4357344260510809450 | Gone with the Wind (film) | Gone with the Wind ( film ) - wikipedia Gone with the Wind ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Gone with the Wind Theatrical pre-release poster Directed by Victor Fleming Produced by David O. Selznick Screenplay by Sidney Howard Based on Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell Starring Clark Gable Vivien Leigh Leslie Howard Olivia de Havilland Music by Max Steiner Cinematography Ernest Haller Edited by Hal C. Kern James E. Newcom Production companies Selznick International Pictures Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Distributed by Loew 's Inc . Release date December 15 , 1939 ( 1939 - 12 - 15 ) ( Atlanta premiere ) Running time 221 minutes 234 -- 238 minutes ( with overture , intermission , entr'acte , and exit music ) Country United States Language English Budget $3.85 million Box office > $390 million Gone with the Wind is a 1939 American epic historical romance film , adapted from Margaret Mitchell 's 1936 novel of the same name . The film was produced by David O. Selznick of Selznick International Pictures and directed by Victor Fleming . Set in the American South against the backdrop of the American Civil War and the Reconstruction era , the film tells the story of Scarlett O'Hara , the strong - willed daughter of a Georgia plantation owner , from her romantic pursuit of Ashley Wilkes , who is married to his cousin , Melanie Hamilton , to her marriage to Rhett Butler . The leading roles are played by Vivien Leigh ( Scarlett ) , Clark Gable ( Rhett ) , Leslie Howard ( Ashley ) , and Olivia de Havilland ( Melanie ) . Production was difficult from the start . Filming was delayed for two years because of Selznick 's determination to secure Gable for the role of Rhett Butler , and the `` search for Scarlett '' led to 1,400 women being interviewed for the part . The original screenplay was written by Sidney Howard and underwent many revisions by several writers in an attempt to get it down to a suitable length . The original director , George Cukor , was fired shortly after filming began and was replaced by Fleming , who in turn was briefly replaced by Sam Wood while Fleming took some time off because he was exhausted . The film received positive reviews upon its release , in December 1939 , although some reviewers found it overlong . The casting was widely praised , and many reviewers found Leigh especially suited to her role as Scarlett . At the 12th Academy Awards , it received ten Academy Awards ( eight competitive , two honorary ) from thirteen nominations , including wins for Best Picture , Best Director ( Fleming ) , Best Adapted Screenplay ( posthumously awarded to Sidney Howard ) , Best Actress ( Leigh ) , and Best Supporting Actress ( Hattie McDaniel , becoming the first African American to win an Academy Award ) . It set records for the total number of wins and nominations at the time . The film was immensely popular , becoming the highest - earning film made up to that point , and held the record for over a quarter of a century . When adjusted for monetary inflation , it is still the most successful film in box - office history . Gone with the Wind has been criticized as historical revisionism glorifying slavery , and it has been credited with triggering changes in the way in which African Americans are depicted cinematically . It was re-released periodically throughout the 20th century and became ingrained in popular culture . The film is regarded as one of the greatest films of all time ; it has placed in the top ten of the American Film Institute 's list of the top 100 American films since the list 's inception , in 1998 ; and , in 1989 , the United States Library of Congress selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Screenplay 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Preview , premiere and initial release 4.2 Later releases 4.3 Television and home video 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Academy Awards 5.3 Reactions from African - Americans 5.4 Audience response 5.5 Critical re-evaluation 5.6 Industry recognition 6 Analysis 6.1 Racial criticism 6.2 Depiction of marital rape 7 Legacy 7.1 In popular culture 7.2 Sequel 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Part 1 On the eve of the American Civil War in 1861 , Scarlett O'Hara lives at Tara , her family 's cotton plantation in Georgia , with her parents and two sisters . Scarlett learns that Ashley Wilkes -- whom she secretly loves -- is to be married to his cousin , Melanie Hamilton , and the engagement is to be announced the next day at a barbecue at Ashley 's home , the nearby plantation Twelve Oaks . At the Twelve Oaks party , Scarlett privately declares her feelings to Ashley , but he rebuffs her by responding that he and Melanie are more compatible . Scarlett is incensed when she discovers another guest , Rhett Butler , has overheard their conversation . The barbecue is disrupted by the declaration of war and the men rush to enlist . As Scarlett watches Ashley kiss Melanie goodbye , Melanie 's younger brother Charles proposes to her . Although she does not love him , Scarlett consents and they are married before he leaves to fight . Scarlett and Rhett at the charity dance Scarlett is widowed when Charles dies from a bout of pneumonia and measles while serving in the Confederate Army . Scarlett 's mother sends her to the Hamilton home in Atlanta to cheer her up , although the O'Haras ' outspoken housemaid Mammy tells Scarlett she knows she is going there only to wait for Ashley 's return . Scarlett , who should not attend a party while in mourning , attends a charity bazaar in Atlanta with Melanie where she meets Rhett again , now a blockade runner for the Confederacy . Celebrating a Confederate victory and to raise money for the Confederate war effort , gentlemen are invited to bid for ladies to dance with them . Rhett makes an inordinately large bid for Scarlett and , to the disapproval of the guests , she agrees to dance with him . The tide of war turns against the Confederacy after the Battle of Gettysburg in which many of the men of Scarlett 's town are killed . Scarlett makes another unsuccessful appeal to Ashley while he is visiting on Christmas furlough , although they do share a private and passionate kiss in the parlor on Christmas Day , just before he returns to war . Eight months later , as the city is besieged by the Union Army in the Atlanta Campaign , Scarlett and her young house slave Prissy must deliver Melanie 's baby without medical assistance after she goes into premature labor . Afterwards , Scarlett calls upon Rhett to take her home to Tara with Melanie , her baby , and Prissy ; he collects them in a horse and wagon , but once out of the city chooses to go off to fight , leaving Scarlett and the group to make their own way back to Tara . Upon her return home , Scarlett finds Tara deserted , except for her father , her sisters , and two former slaves : Mammy and Pork . Scarlett learns that her mother has just died of typhoid fever and her father has become incompetent . With Tara pillaged by Union troops and the fields untended , Scarlett vows she will do anything for the survival of her family and herself . Part 2 As the O'Haras work in the cotton fields , Scarlett 's father is killed after he is thrown from his horse in an attempt to chase away a scalawag from his land . With the defeat of the Confederacy Ashley also returns , but finds he is of little help at Tara . When Scarlett begs him to run away with her , he confesses his desire for her and kisses her passionately , but says he can not leave Melanie . Unable to pay the taxes on Tara implemented by Reconstructionists , Scarlett dupes her younger sister Suellen 's fiancé , the middle - aged and wealthy mill owner Frank Kennedy , into marrying her , by saying Suellen got tired of waiting and married another beau . Frank , Ashley , Rhett and several other accomplices make a night raid on a shanty town after Scarlett is attacked while driving through it alone , resulting in Frank 's death . With Frank 's funeral barely over , Rhett proposes to Scarlett and she accepts . They have a daughter whom Rhett names Bonnie Blue , but Scarlett , still pining for Ashley and chagrined at the perceived ruin of her figure , lets Rhett know that she wants no more children and that they will no longer share a bed . One day at Frank 's mill , Scarlett and Ashley are seen embracing by Ashley 's sister , India , and harboring an intense dislike of Scarlett she eagerly spreads rumors . Later that evening , Rhett , having heard the rumors , forces Scarlett to attend a birthday party for Ashley ; incapable of believing anything bad of her beloved sister - in - law , Melanie stands by Scarlett 's side so that all know that she believes the gossip to be false . After returning home from the party , Scarlett finds Rhett downstairs drunk , and they argue about Ashley . Rhett kisses Scarlett against her will , stating his intent to have sex with her that night , and carries the struggling Scarlett to the bedroom . The next day , Rhett apologizes for his behavior and offers Scarlett a divorce , which she rejects , saying that it would be a disgrace . When Rhett returns from an extended trip to London , Scarlett informs him that she is pregnant , but an argument ensues which results in her falling down a flight of stairs and suffering a miscarriage . As she is recovering , tragedy strikes when Bonnie dies while attempting to jump a fence with her pony . Scarlett and Rhett visit Melanie , who has suffered complications arising from a new pregnancy , on her deathbed . As Scarlett consoles Ashley , Rhett returns to their home in Atlanta ; realizing that Ashley only ever truly loved Melanie , Scarlett dashes after Rhett to find him preparing to leave for good . She pleads with him , telling him she realizes now that it was him she loved all along and never really Ashley , but Rhett says they lost any chance at reconciliation after Bonnie 's death . Scarlett begs him to stay but Rhett rebuffs her and walks out the door and into the early morning fog , leaving her weeping on the staircase and vowing to one day win back his love . Cast ( edit ) Despite receiving top - billing in the opening credits , Gable -- along with Leigh , Howard , and de Havilland who receive second , third and fourth billing respectively -- has a relatively low placing in the cast list , due to its unusual structure . Rather than ordered by conventional billing , the cast is broken down into three sections : the Tara plantation , Twelve Oaks , and Atlanta . The cast 's names are ordered according to the social rank of the characters ; therefore Thomas Mitchell , who plays Gerald O'Hara , leads the cast list as the head of the O'Hara family , while Barbara O'Neil as his wife receives the second credit and Vivien Leigh as the eldest daughter the third credit , despite having the most screen time . Similarly , Howard C. Hickman as John Wilkes is credited over Leslie Howard who plays his son , and Clark Gable , who plays only a visitor at Twelve Oaks , receives a relatively low credit in the cast list , despite being presented as the `` star '' of the film in all the promotional literature . Following the death of Mary Anderson -- who played Maybelle Merriwether -- in April 2014 , there are only two surviving credited cast members from the film : Olivia de Havilland who played Melanie Wilkes and Mickey Kuhn , who played her son Beau Wilkes . Clark Gable Vivien Leigh Leslie Howard Olivia de Havilland Tara plantation Thomas Mitchell as Gerald O'Hara Barbara O'Neil as Ellen O'Hara ( his wife ) Vivien Leigh as Scarlett O'Hara ( daughter ) Evelyn Keyes as Suellen O'Hara ( daughter ) Ann Rutherford as Carreen O'Hara ( daughter ) George Reeves as Brent Tarleton ( actually as Stuart ) Fred Crane as Stuart Tarleton ( actually as Brent ) Hattie McDaniel as Mammy ( house servant ) Oscar Polk as Pork ( house servant ) Butterfly McQueen as Prissy ( house servant ) Victor Jory as Jonas Wilkerson ( field overseer ) Everett Brown as Big Sam ( field foreman ) At Twelve Oaks Howard Hickman as John Wilkes Alicia Rhett as India Wilkes ( his daughter ) Leslie Howard as Ashley Wilkes ( his son ) Olivia de Havilland as Melanie Hamilton ( their cousin ) Rand Brooks as Charles Hamilton ( Melanie 's brother ) Carroll Nye as Frank Kennedy ( a guest ) Clark Gable as Rhett Butler ( a visitor from Charleston ) In Atlanta Laura Hope Crews as Aunt Pittypat Hamilton Eddie Anderson as Uncle Peter ( her coachman ) Harry Davenport as Doctor Meade Leona Roberts as Mrs. Meade Jane Darwell as Mrs. Merriwether Ona Munson as Belle Watling Minor supporting roles Paul Hurst as the Yankee deserter Cammie King Conlon as Bonnie Blue Butler J.M. Kerrigan as Johnny Gallagher Jackie Moran as Phil Meade Lillian Kemble - Cooper as Bonnie 's nurse in London Marcella Martin as Cathleen Calvert Mickey Kuhn as Beau Wilkes Irving Bacon as the Corporal William Bakewell as the mounted officer Isabel Jewell as Emmy Slattery Eric Linden as the amputation case Ward Bond as Tom , the Yankee captain Cliff Edwards as the reminiscent soldier Yakima Canutt as the renegade Louis Jean Heydt as the hungry soldier holding Beau Wilkes Olin Howland as the carpetbagger businessman Robert Elliott as the Yankee major Mary Anderson as Maybelle Merriwether Production ( edit ) Before publication of the novel , several Hollywood executives and studios declined to create a film based on it , including Louis B. Mayer and Irving Thalberg at Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer ( MGM ) , Pandro Berman at RKO Pictures , and David O. Selznick of Selznick International Pictures . Jack L. Warner liked the story , but Warner Bros. 's biggest star Bette Davis was uninterested , and Darryl Zanuck of 20th Century - Fox did not offer enough money . Selznick changed his mind after his story editor Kay Brown and business partner John Hay Whitney urged him to buy the film rights . In July 1936 -- a month after it was published -- Selznick bought the rights for $50,000 . Casting ( edit ) Publicity photo of Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh as Rhett and Scarlett The casting of the two lead roles became a complex , two - year endeavor . For the role of Rhett Butler , Selznick wanted Clark Gable from the start , but Gable was under contract to MGM , who never loaned him to other studios . Gary Cooper was considered , but Samuel Goldwyn -- to whom Cooper was under contract -- refused to loan him out . Warner offered a package of Bette Davis , Errol Flynn , and Olivia de Havilland for lead roles in return for the distribution rights . By this time , Selznick was determined to get Gable and eventually struck a deal with MGM . Selznick 's father - in - law , MGM chief Louis B. Mayer , offered in August 1938 to provide Gable and $1,250,000 for half of the film 's budget but for a high price : Selznick would have to pay Gable 's weekly salary , and half the profits would go to MGM while Loew 's , Inc -- MGM 's parent company -- would release the film . The arrangement to release through MGM meant delaying the start of production until the end of 1938 , when Selznick 's distribution deal with United Artists concluded . Selznick used the delay to continue to revise the script and , more importantly , build publicity for the film by searching for the role of Scarlett . Selznick began a nationwide casting call that interviewed 1,400 unknowns . The effort cost $100,000 and was useless for the film , but created `` priceless '' publicity . Early frontrunners included Miriam Hopkins and Tallulah Bankhead , who were regarded as possibilities by Selznick prior to the purchase of the film rights ; Joan Crawford , who was signed to MGM , was also considered as a potential pairing with Gable . After a deal was struck with MGM , Selznick held discussions with Norma Shearer -- who was MGM 's top female star at the time -- but she withdrew herself from consideration . Katharine Hepburn lobbied hard for the role with the support of her friend , George Cukor , who had been hired to direct , but she was vetoed by Selznick who felt she was not right for the part . Many famous -- or soon - to - be-famous -- actresses were considered , but only thirty - one women were actually screen - tested for Scarlett including Ardis Ankerson , Jean Arthur , Tallulah Bankhead , Diana Barrymore , Joan Bennett , Nancy Coleman , Frances Dee , Ellen Drew ( as Terry Ray ) , Paulette Goddard , Susan Hayward ( under her real name of Edythe Marrenner ) , Vivien Leigh , Anita Louise , Haila Stoddard , Margaret Tallichet , Lana Turner and Linda Watkins . Although Margaret Mitchell refused to publicly name her choice , the actress who came closest to winning her approval was Miriam Hopkins , who Mitchell felt was just the right type of actress to play Scarlett as written in the book . However , Hopkins was in her mid-thirties at the time and was considered too old for the part . Four actresses , including Jean Arthur and Joan Bennett , were still under consideration by December 1938 ; however , only two finalists , Paulette Goddard and Vivien Leigh , were tested in Technicolor , both on December 20 . Goddard almost won the role , but controversy over her marriage with Charlie Chaplin caused Selznick to change his mind . Selznick had been quietly considering Vivien Leigh , a young English actress who was still little known in America , for the role of Scarlett since February 1938 when Selznick saw her in Fire Over England and A Yank at Oxford . Leigh 's American agent was the London representative of the Myron Selznick talent agency ( headed by David Selznick 's brother , one of the owners of Selznick International ) , and she had requested in February that her name be submitted for consideration as Scarlett . By the summer of 1938 the Selznicks were negotiating with Alexander Korda , to whom Leigh was under contract , for her services later that year . Selznick 's brother arranged for them to meet for the first time on the night of December 10 , 1938 , when the burning of Atlanta was filmed . In a letter to his wife two days later , Selznick admitted that Leigh was `` the Scarlett dark horse '' , and after a series of screen tests , her casting was announced on January 13 , 1939 . Just before the shooting of the film , Selznick informed newspaper columnist Ed Sullivan : `` Scarlett O'Hara's parents were French and Irish . Identically , Miss Leigh 's parents are French and Irish . '' Screenplay ( edit ) Of original screenplay writer Sidney Howard , film historian Joanne Yeck writes , `` reducing the intricacies of Gone with the Wind 's epic dimensions was a herculean task ... and Howard 's first submission was far too long , and would have required at least six hours of film ; ... ( producer ) Selznick wanted Howard to remain on the set to make revisions ... but Howard refused to leave New England ( and ) as a result , revisions were handled by a host of local writers '' . Selznick dismissed director George Cukor three weeks into filming and sought out Victor Fleming , who was directing The Wizard of Oz at the time . Fleming was dissatisfied with the script , so Selznick brought in famed writer Ben Hecht to rewrite the entire screenplay within five days . Hecht returned to Howard 's original draft and by the end of the week had succeeded in revising the entire first half of the script . Selznick undertook rewriting the second half himself but fell behind schedule , so Howard returned to work on the script for one week , reworking several key scenes in part two . David O. Selznick in 1940 `` By the time of the film 's release in 1939 , there was some question as to who should receive screen credit , '' writes Yeck . `` But despite the number of writers and changes , the final script was remarkably close to Howard 's version . The fact that Howard 's name alone appears on the credits may have been as much a gesture to his memory as to his writing , for in 1939 Sidney Howard died at age 48 in a farm - tractor accident , and before the movie 's premiere . '' Selznick , in a memo written in October 1939 , discussed the film 's writing credits : `` ( Y ) ou can say frankly that of the comparatively small amount of material in the picture which is not from the book , most is my own personally , and the only original lines of dialog which are not my own are a few from Sidney Howard and a few from Ben Hecht and a couple more from John Van Druten . Offhand I doubt that there are ten original words of ( Oliver ) Garrett 's in the whole script . As to construction , this is about eighty per cent my own , and the rest divided between Jo Swerling and Sidney Howard , with Hecht having contributed materially to the construction of one sequence . '' According to Hecht biographer , William MacAdams , `` At dawn on Sunday , February 20 , 1939 , David Selznick ... and director Victor Fleming shook Hecht awake to inform him he was on loan from MGM and must come with them immediately and go to work on Gone with the Wind , which Selznick had begun shooting five weeks before . It was costing Selznick $50,000 each day the film was on hold waiting for a final screenplay rewrite and time was of the essence . Hecht was in the middle of working on the film At the Circus for the Marx Brothers . Recalling the episode in a letter to screenwriter friend Gene Fowler , he said he had n't read the novel but Selznick and director Fleming could not wait for him to read it . They would act out scenes based on Sidney Howard 's original script which needed to be rewritten in a hurry . Hecht wrote , `` After each scene had been performed and discussed , I sat down at the typewriter and wrote it out . Selznick and Fleming , eager to continue with their acting , kept hurrying me . We worked in this fashion for seven days , putting in eighteen to twenty hours a day . Selznick refused to let us eat lunch , arguing that food would slow us up . He provided bananas and salted peanuts ... thus on the seventh day I had completed , unscathed , the first nine reels of the Civil War epic . '' MacAdams writes , `` It is impossible to determine exactly how much Hecht scripted ... In the official credits filed with the Screen Writers Guild , Sidney Howard was of course awarded the sole screen credit , but four other writers were appended ... Jo Swerling for contributing to the treatment , Oliver H.P. Garrett and Barbara Keon to screenplay construction , and Hecht , to dialogue ... '' Filming ( edit ) Play media The `` burning '' of Atlanta from the film trailer Principal photography began January 26 , 1939 , and ended on July 1 , with post-production work continuing until November 11 , 1939 . Director George Cukor , with whom Selznick had a long working relationship , and who had spent almost two years in pre-production on Gone with the Wind , was replaced after less than three weeks of shooting . Selznick and Cukor had already disagreed over the pace of filming and the script , but other explanations put Cukor 's departure down to Gable 's discomfort at working with him . Emanuel Levy , Cukor 's biographer , claimed that Clark Gable had worked Hollywood 's gay circuit as a hustler and that Cukor knew of his past , so Gable used his influence to have him discharged . Vivien Leigh and Olivia de Havilland learned of Cukor 's firing on the day the Atlanta bazaar scene was filmed , and the pair went to Selznick 's office in full costume and implored him to change his mind . Victor Fleming , who was directing The Wizard of Oz , was called in from MGM to complete the picture , although Cukor continued privately to coach Leigh and De Havilland . Another MGM director , Sam Wood , worked for two weeks in May when Fleming temporarily left the production due to exhaustion . Although some of Cukor 's scenes were later reshot , Selznick estimated that `` three solid reels '' of his work remained in the picture . As of the end of principal photography , Cukor had undertaken eighteen days of filming , Fleming ninety - three , and Wood twenty - four . Cinematographer Lee Garmes began the production , but on March 11 , 1939 -- after a month of shooting footage that Selznick and his associates regarded as `` too dark '' -- was replaced with Ernest Haller , working with Technicolor cinematographer Ray Rennahan . Garmes completed the first third of the film -- mostly everything prior to Melanie having the baby -- but did not receive a credit . Most of the filming was done on `` the back forty '' of Selznick International with all the location scenes being photographed in California , mostly in Los Angeles County or neighboring Ventura County . Tara , the fictional Southern plantation house , existed only as a plywood and papier - mâché facade built on the Selznick studio lot . For the burning of Atlanta , new false facades were built in front of the Selznick backlot 's many old abandoned sets , and Selznick himself operated the controls for the explosives that burned them down . Sources at the time put the estimated production costs at $3.85 million , making it the second most expensive film made up to that point , with only Ben - Hur ( 1925 ) having cost more . Although legend persists that the Hays Office fined Selznick $5,000 for using the word `` damn '' in Butler 's exit line , in fact the Motion Picture Association board passed an amendment to the Production Code on November 1 , 1939 , that forbade use of the words `` hell '' or `` damn '' except when their use `` shall be essential and required for portrayal , in proper historical context , of any scene or dialogue based upon historical fact or folklore ... or a quotation from a literary work , provided that no such use shall be permitted which is intrinsically objectionable or offends good taste . '' With that amendment , the Production Code Administration had no further objection to Rhett 's closing line . Music ( edit ) `` Tara 's Theme '' from the film trailer To compose the score , Selznick chose Max Steiner , with whom he had worked at RKO Pictures in the early 1930s . Warner Bros. -- who had contracted Steiner in 1936 -- agreed to lend him to Selznick . Steiner spent twelve weeks working on the score , the longest period that he had ever spent writing one , and at two hours and thirty - six minutes long it was also the longest that he had ever written . Five orchestrators were hired , including Hugo Friedhofer , Maurice de Packh , Bernard Kaun , Adolph Deutsch and Reginald Bassett . The score is characterized by two love themes , one for Ashley 's and Melanie 's sweet love and another that evokes Scarlett 's passion for Ashley , though notably there is no Scarlett and Rhett love theme . Steiner drew considerably on folk and patriotic music , which included Stephen Foster tunes such as `` Louisiana Belle , '' `` Dolly Day , '' `` Ringo De Banjo , '' `` Beautiful Dreamer , '' `` Old Folks at Home , '' and `` Katie Belle , '' which formed the basis of Scarlett 's theme ; other tunes that feature prominently are : `` Marching through Georgia '' by Henry Clay Work , `` Dixie , '' `` Garryowen '' and `` The Bonnie Blue Flag . '' The theme that is most associated with the film today is the melody that accompanies Tara , the O'Hara plantation ; in the early 1940s , `` Tara 's Theme '' formed the musical basis of the song `` My Own True Love '' by Mack David . In all , there are ninety - nine separate pieces of music featured in the score . Due to the pressure of completing on time , Steiner received some assistance in composing from Friedhofer , Deutsch and Heinz Roemheld , and in addition , two short cues -- by Franz Waxman and William Axt -- were taken from scores in the MGM library . Release ( edit ) Preview , premiere and initial release ( edit ) On September 9 , 1939 , Selznick , his wife , Irene , investor John `` Jock '' Whitney and film editor Hal Kern drove out to Riverside , California to preview it at the Fox Theatre . The film was still a rough cut at this stage , missing completed titles and lacking special optical effects . It ran for four hours and twenty - five minutes , but would later be cut down to under four hours for its proper release . A double bill of Hawaiian Nights and Beau Geste was playing , and after the first feature it was announced that the theater would be screening a preview ; the audience were informed they could leave but would not be readmitted once the film had begun , nor would phone calls be allowed once the theater had been sealed . When the title appeared on the screen the audience cheered , and after it had finished it received a standing ovation . In his biography of Selznick , David Thomson wrote that the audience 's response before the film had even started `` was the greatest moment of ( Selznick 's ) life , the greatest victory and redemption of all his failings '' , with Selznick describing the preview cards as `` probably the most amazing any picture has ever had . '' When Selznick was asked by the press in early September how he felt about the film , he said : `` At noon I think it 's divine , at midnight I think it 's lousy . Sometimes I think it 's the greatest picture ever made . But if it 's only a great picture , I 'll still be satisfied . '' The premiere of the film at Loew 's Grand , Atlanta About 300,000 people came out in Atlanta for the film 's premiere at the Loew 's Grand Theatre on December 15 , 1939 . It was the climax of three days of festivities hosted by Mayor William B. Hartsfield , which included a parade of limousines featuring stars from the film , receptions , thousands of Confederate flags and a costume ball . Eurith D. Rivers , the governor of Georgia , declared December 15 a state holiday . An estimated three hundred thousand residents and visitors to Atlanta lined the streets for up to seven miles to watch a procession of limousines bring the stars from the airport . Only Leslie Howard and Victor Fleming chose not to attend : Howard had returned to England due to the outbreak of World War II , and Fleming had fallen out with Selznick and declined to attend any of the premieres . Hattie McDaniel was also absent , as she and the other black cast members were prevented from attending the premiere due to Georgia 's Jim Crow laws , which would have kept them from sitting with their white colleagues . Upon learning that McDaniel had been barred from the premiere , Clark Gable threatened to boycott the event , but McDaniel convinced him to attend . President Jimmy Carter would later recall it as `` the biggest event to happen in the South in my lifetime . '' Premieres in New York and Los Angeles followed , the latter attended by some of the actresses that had been considered for the part of Scarlett , among them Paulette Goddard , Norma Shearer and Joan Crawford . From December 1939 to July 1940 , the film played only advance - ticket road show engagements at a limited number of theaters at prices upwards of $1 -- more than double the price of a regular first - run feature -- with MGM collecting an unprecedented 70 percent of the box office receipts ( as opposed to the typical 30 -- 35 percent of the period ) . After reaching saturation as a roadshow , MGM revised its terms to a 50 percent cut and halved the prices , before it finally entered general release in 1941 at `` popular '' prices . Along with its distribution and advertising costs , total expenditure on the film was as high as $7 million . 1967 re-release poster Later releases ( edit ) In 1942 , Selznick liquidated his company for tax reasons , and sold his share in Gone with the Wind to his business partner , John Whitney , for $500,000 . In turn , Whitney sold it on to MGM for $2.8 million , so that the studio owned the film outright . MGM immediately re-released the film in spring 1942 , and again in 1947 and 1954 ; the 1954 reissue was the first time the film was shown in widescreen , compromising the original Academy ratio and cropping the top and bottom to an aspect ratio of 1.75 : 1 . In doing so , a number of shots were optically re-framed and cut into the three - strip camera negatives , forever altering five shots in the film . A 1961 release commemorated the centennial anniversary of the start of the Civil War , and included a gala `` premiere '' at the Loew 's Grand Theater . It was attended by Selznick and many other stars of the film , including Vivien Leigh and Olivia de Havilland ; Clark Gable had died the previous year . For its 1967 re-release , it was blown up to 70mm , and issued with updated poster artwork featuring Gable -- with his white shirt ripped open -- holding Leigh against a backdrop of orange flames . There were further re-releases in 1971 , 1974 and 1989 ; for the fiftieth anniversary reissue in 1989 , it was given a complete audio and video restoration . It was released theatrically one more time in the United States , in 1998 . In 2013 , a 4K digital restoration was released in the United Kingdom to coincide with Vivien Leigh 's centenary . In 2014 , special screenings were scheduled over a two - day period at theaters across the United States to coincide with the film 's 75th anniversary . Television and home video ( edit ) The film received its world television premiere on the HBO cable network on June 11 , 1976 , and played on the channel for a total of fourteen times throughout the rest of the month . It made its network television debut in November later that year : NBC paid $5 million for a one - off airing , and it was broadcast in two parts on successive evenings . It became at that time the highest - rated television program ever presented on a single network , watched by 47.5 percent of the households sampled in America , and 65 percent of television viewers , still the record for the highest rated film to ever air on television . In 1978 , CBS signed a deal worth $35 million to broadcast the film twenty times over as many years . Turner Entertainment acquired the MGM film library in 1986 , but the deal did not include the television rights to Gone with the Wind , which were still held by CBS . A deal was struck in which the rights were returned to Turner Entertainment and CBS 's broadcast rights to The Wizard of Oz were extended . It was used to launch two cable channels owned by Turner Broadcasting System : Turner Network Television ( 1988 ) and Turner Classic Movies ( 1994 ) . It debuted on videocassette in March 1985 , where it placed second in the sales charts , and has since been released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc formats . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Upon its release , consumer magazines and newspapers generally gave Gone with the Wind excellent reviews . However , while its production values , technical achievements , and scale of ambition were universally recognized , some reviewers of the time found the film to be too long and dramatically unconvincing . Frank S. Nugent for The New York Times best summed up the general sentiment by acknowledging that while it was the most ambitious film production made up to that point , it probably was not the greatest film ever made , but he nevertheless found it to be an `` interesting story beautifully told '' . Franz Hoellering of The Nation was of the same opinion : `` The result is a film which is a major event in the history of the industry but only a minor achievement in motion - picture art . There are moments when the two categories meet on good terms , but the long stretches between are filled with mere spectacular efficiency . '' `` The result is a film which is a major event in the history of the industry but only a minor achievement in motion - picture art . '' -- Franz Hoellering , reviewer for The Nation While the film was praised for its fidelity to the novel , this aspect was also singled out as the main factor in contributing to the lengthy running time . John C. Flinn wrote for Variety that Selznick had `` left too much in '' , and that as entertainment , the film would have benefited if repetitious scenes and dialog from the latter part of the story had been trimmed . The Manchester Guardian felt that the film 's one serious drawback was that the story lacked the epic quality to justify the outlay of time and found the second half , which focuses on Scarlett 's `` irrelevant marriages '' and `` domestic squabbles , '' mostly superfluous , and the sole reason for their inclusion had been `` simply because Margaret Mitchell wrote it that way '' . The Guardian believed that if `` the story had been cut short and tidied up at the point marked by the interval , and if the personal drama had been made subservient to a cinematic treatment of the central theme -- the collapse and devastation of the Old South -- then Gone With the Wind might have been a really great film . '' Likewise , Hoellering also found the second half of the film to be weaker than the first half : identifying the Civil War to be the driving force of the first part while the characters dominate in the second part , he concluded this is where the main fault of the picture lay , commenting that `` the characters alone do not suffice '' . Despite many excellent scenes , he considered the drama to be unconvincing and that the `` psychological development '' had been neglected . Much of the praise was reserved for the casting , with Vivien Leigh in particular being singled out for her performance as Scarlett . Nugent described her as the `` pivot of the picture '' and believed her to be `` so perfectly designed for the part by art and nature that any other actress in the role would be inconceivable '' . Similarly , Hoellering found her `` perfect '' in `` appearance and movements '' ; he felt her acting best when she was allowed to `` accentuate the split personality she portrays '' and thought she was particularly effective in such moments of characterization like the morning after the marital rape scene . Flinn also found Leigh suited to the role physically and felt she was best in the scenes where she displays courage and determination , such as the escape from Atlanta and when Scarlett kills a Yankee deserter . Leigh won in the Best Actress category for her performance at the 1939 New York Film Critics Circle Awards . Of Clark Gable 's performance as Rhett Butler , Flinn felt the characterization was `` as close to Miss Mitchell 's conception -- and the audience 's -- as might be imagined '' , a view which Nugent concurred with , although Hoellering felt that Gable did n't quite convince in the closing scenes , as Rhett walks out on Scarlett in disgust . Of the other principal cast members , both Hoellering and Flinn found Leslie Howard to be `` convincing '' as the weak - willed Ashley , with Flinn identifying Olivia de Havilland as a `` standout '' as Melanie ; Nugent was also especially taken with de Havilland 's performance , describing it as a `` gracious , dignified , tender gem of characterization '' . Hattie McDaniel 's performance as Mammy was singled out for praise by many critics : Nugent believed she gave the best performance in the film after Vivien Leigh , with Flinn placing it third after Leigh 's and Gable 's performances . Academy Awards ( edit ) At the 12th Academy Awards , Gone with the Wind set a record for Academy Award wins and nominations , winning in eight of the competitive categories it was nominated in , from a total of thirteen nominations . It won for Best Picture , Best Actress , Best Supporting Actress , Best Director , Best Screenplay , Best Cinematography , Best Art Direction , and Best Editing , and received two further honorary awards for its use of equipment and color ( it also became the first color film to win Best Picture ) . Its record of eight competitive wins stood until Gigi ( 1958 ) won nine , and its overall record of ten was broken by Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) which won eleven . Gone with the Wind also held the record for most nominations until All About Eve ( 1950 ) secured fourteen . It was the longest American sound film made up to that point , and may still hold the record of the longest Best Picture winner depending on how it is interpreted . The running time for Gone with the Wind is just under 221 minutes , while Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) runs for just over 222 minutes ; however , including the overture , intermission , entr'acte , and exit music , Gone with the Wind lasts for 234 minutes ( although some sources put its full length at 238 minutes ) while Lawrence of Arabia comes in slightly shorter at 232 minutes with its additional components . Hattie McDaniel became the first African - American to win an Academy Award -- beating out her co-star Olivia de Havilland who was also nominated in the same category -- but was racially segregated from her co-stars at the awards ceremony at the Coconut Grove ; she and her escort were made to sit at a separate table at the back of the room . Meanwhile , screenwriter Sidney Howard became the first posthumous Oscar winner and Selznick personally received the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award for his career achievements . Academy Awards and nominations Award Recipient ( s ) Result Best Picture Selznick International Pictures Won Best Director Victor Fleming Won Best Adapted Screenplay Sidney Howard Won Best Actor Clark Gable Nominated Best Actress Vivien Leigh Won Best Supporting Actress Hattie McDaniel Won Best Supporting Actress Olivia de Havilland Nominated Best Cinematography , Color Ernest Haller and Ray Rennahan Won Best Film Editing Hal C. Kern and James E. Newcom Won Best Art Direction Lyle Wheeler Won Best Visual Effects Jack Cosgrove , Fred Albin and Arthur Johns Nominated Best Music , Original Score Max Steiner Nominated Best Sound Recording Thomas T. Moulton ( Samuel Goldwyn Studio Sound Department ) Nominated Special Award William Cameron Menzies For outstanding achievement in the use of color for the enhancement of dramatic mood in the production of Gone with the Wind . Honorary Technical Achievement Award Don Musgrave and Selznick International Pictures For pioneering in the use of coordinated equipment in the production Gone with the Wind . Honorary Reactions from African - Americans ( edit ) Hattie McDaniel , the first African - American Oscar winner Black commentators criticised the film for its depiction of black people and as a glorification of slavery . Carlton Moss , a black dramatist , complained in an open letter that whereas The Birth of a Nation was a `` frontal attack on American history and the Negro people '' , Gone with the Wind was a `` rear attack on the same '' . He went on to dismiss it as a `` nostalgic plea for sympathy for a still living cause of Southern reaction '' . Moss further criticized the stereotypical black characterizations , such as the `` shiftless and dull - witted Pork '' , the `` indolent and thoroughly irresponsible Prissy '' , Big Sam 's `` radiant acceptance of slavery '' , and Mammy with her `` constant haranguing and doting on every wish of Scarlett '' . Following Hattie McDaniel 's Oscar win , Walter Francis White , leader of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People , accused her of being an Uncle Tom . McDaniel responded that she would `` rather make seven hundred dollars a week playing a maid than seven dollars being one '' ; she further questioned White 's qualification to speak on behalf of blacks , since he was light - skinned and only one - eighth black . Opinion in the black community was generally divided upon release , with the film being called by some a `` weapon of terror against black America '' and an insult to black audiences , and demonstrations were held in various cities . Even so , some sections of the black community recognized McDaniel 's achievements to be representative of progression : some African - Americans crossed picket lines and praised McDaniel 's warm and witty characterization , while others hoped that the industry 's recognition of her work would lead to increased visibility on screen for other black actors . In its editorial congratulation to McDaniel on winning her Academy Award , Opportunity : A Journal of Negro Life used the film as reminder of the `` limit '' put on black aspiration by old prejudices . Malcolm X would later recall that `` when Butterfly McQueen went into her act , I felt like crawling under the rug '' . Audience response ( edit ) Upon its release , Gone with the Wind broke attendance records everywhere . At the Capitol Theatre in New York alone , it was averaging eleven thousand admissions per day in late December , and within four years of its release had sold an estimated sixty million tickets across the United States -- sales equivalent to just under half the population at the time . It repeated its success overseas , and was a sensational hit during the Blitz in London , opening in April 1940 and playing for four years . By the time MGM withdrew it from circulation at the end of 1943 its worldwide distribution had returned a gross rental ( the studio 's share of the box office gross ) of $32 million , making it the most profitable film ever made up to that point . Line up to see Gone with the Wind in Pensacola , Florida ( 1947 ) Even though it earned its investors roughly twice as much as the previous record - holder , The Birth of a Nation , the box - office performances of the two films were likely much closer . The bulk of the earnings from Gone with the Wind came from its roadshow and first - run engagements , which represented 70 percent and 50 percent of the box - office gross respectively , before entering general release ( which at the time typically saw the distributor 's share set at 30 -- 35 percent of the gross ) . In the case of The Birth of a Nation , its distributor , Epoch , sold off many of its distribution territories on a `` states rights '' basis -- which typically amounted to 10 percent of the box - office gross -- and Epoch 's accounts are only indicative of its own profits from the film , and not the local distributors . Carl E. Milliken , secretary of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Association , estimated that The Birth of a Nation had been seen by fifty million people by 1930 . When it was re-released in 1947 , it earned an impressive $5 million rental in the United States and Canada , and was one of the top ten releases of the year . Successful re-releases in 1954 and 1961 enabled it to retain its position as the industry 's top earner , despite strong challenges from more recent films such as Ben - Hur , but it was finally overtaken by The Sound of Music in 1966 . The 1967 reissue was unusual in that MGM opted to roadshow it , a decision that turned it into the most successful re-release in the history of the industry . It generated a box - office gross of $68 million , making it MGM 's most lucrative picture after Doctor Zhivago from the latter half of the decade . MGM earned a rental of $41 million from the release , with the U.S. and Canadian share amounting to over $30 million , placing it second only to The Graduate for that year . Including its $6.7 million rental from the 1961 reissue , it was the fourth highest - earner of the decade in the North American market , with only The Sound of Music , The Graduate and Doctor Zhivago making more for their distributors . A further re-release in 1971 allowed it to briefly recapture the record from The Sound of Music , bringing its total worldwide gross rental to about $116 million by the end of 1971 -- more than trebling its earnings from its initial release -- before losing the record again the following year to The Godfather . Across all releases , it is estimated that Gone with the Wind has sold over 200 million tickets in the United States and Canada , generating more theater admissions in that territory than any other film . The film was phenomenally successful in Western Europe too , generating approximately 35 million tickets in the United Kingdom and over 16 million in France , respectively becoming the biggest and sixth - biggest ticket - sellers in those markets . In total , Gone with the Wind has grossed over $390 million globally at the box office ; in 2007 Turner Entertainment estimated the gross to be equivalent to approximately $3.3 billion when adjusted for inflation to current prices , while Guinness World Records arrived at a figure of $3.44 billion in 2014 , making it the most successful film in cinema history . The film remains immensely popular with audiences into the 21st century , having been voted the most popular film in two nationwide polls of Americans undertaken by Harris Interactive in 2008 , and again in 2014 . The market research firm surveyed over two thousand U.S. adults , with the results weighted by age , sex , race / ethnicity , education , region and household income so their proportions matched the composition of the adult population . Critical re-evaluation ( edit ) AFI 100 Years ... series * AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 4 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- # 2 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains Rhett Butler , Hero -- Nominated Scarlett O'Hara , Hero -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Frankly , my dear , I do n't give a damn . '' -- # 1 `` After all , tomorrow is another day ! '' -- # 31 `` As God is my witness , I 'll never be hungry again . '' -- # 59 `` Fiddle - dee - dee . '' -- Nominated `` I do n't know nothin ' ' bout birthin ' babies . '' -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- # 2 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- # 43 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- # 6 AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- # 4 Epic film American Film Institute In revisiting the film in the 1970s , Arthur Schlesinger noted that Hollywood films generally age well , revealing an unexpected depth or integrity , but in the case of Gone with the Wind time has not treated it kindly . Richard Schickel posits that one measure of a film 's quality is to ask what you can remember of it , and the film falls down in this regard : unforgettable imagery and dialogue are simply not present . Stanley Kauffmann , likewise , also found the film to be a largely forgettable experience , claiming he could only remember two scenes vividly . Both Schickel and Schlesinger put this down to it being `` badly written '' , in turn describing the dialogue as `` flowery '' and possessing a `` picture postcard '' sensibility . Schickel also believes the film fails as popular art , in that it has limited rewatch value -- a sentiment that Kauffmann also concurs with , stating that having watched it twice he hopes `` never to see it again : twice is twice as much as any lifetime needs '' . Both Schickel and Andrew Sarris identify the film 's main failing is in possessing a producer 's sensibility rather than an artistic one : having gone through so many directors and writers the film does not carry a sense of being `` created '' or `` directed '' , but rather having emerged `` steaming from the crowded kitchen '' , where the main creative force was a producer 's obsession in making the film as literally faithful to the novel as possible . Sarris concedes that despite its artistic failings , the film does hold a mandate around the world as the `` single most beloved entertainment ever produced '' . Judith Crist observes that , kitsch aside , the film is `` undoubtedly still the best and most durable piece of popular entertainment to have come off the Hollywood assembly lines '' , the product of a showman with `` taste and intelligence '' . Schlesinger notes that the first half of the film does have a `` sweep and vigor '' that aspire to its epic theme , but -- finding agreement with the film 's contemporary criticisms -- the personal lives take over in the second half , and it ends up losing its theme in unconvincing sentimentality . Kauffmann also finds interesting parallels with The Godfather , which had just replaced Gone with the Wind as the highest - grosser at the time : both were produced from `` ultra-American '' best - selling novels , both live within codes of honor that are romanticized , and both in essence offer cultural fabrication or revisionism . The critical perception of the film has shifted in the intervening years , which resulted in it being ranked 235th in Sight & Sound 's prestigious decennial critics poll in 2012 , and in 2015 sixty - two international film critics polled by the BBC voted it the 97th best American film . Industry recognition ( edit ) The film has featured in several high - profile industry polls : in 1977 it was voted the most popular film by the American Film Institute ( AFI ) , in a poll of the organization 's membership ; the AFI also ranked the film fourth on its `` 100 Greatest Movies '' list in 1998 , with it slipping down to sixth place in the tenth anniversary edition in 2007 . Film directors ranked it 322nd in the 2012 edition of the decennial Sight & Sound poll , and in 2016 it was selected as the ninth best `` directorial achievement '' in a Directors Guild of America members poll . In 2014 , it placed fifteenth in an extensive poll undertaken by The Hollywood Reporter , which ballotted every studio , agency , publicity firm and production house in the Hollywood region . Gone with the Wind was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress in 1989 for being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Analysis ( edit ) Racial criticism ( edit ) Gone with the Wind has been criticized as having perpetuated Civil War myths and black stereotypes . David Reynolds writes that `` The white women are elegant , their menfolk noble or at least dashing . And , in the background , the black slaves are mostly dutiful and content , clearly incapable of an independent existence . '' Reynolds likened Gone with the Wind to The Birth of a Nation and other re-imaginings of the South during the era of segregation , in which white Southerners are portrayed as defending traditional values and the issue of slavery is largely ignored . The film has been described as a `` regression '' that promotes the myth of the black rapist and the honourable and defensive role of the Ku Klux Klan during Reconstruction , and as a `` social propaganda '' film offering a `` white supremacist '' view of the past . From 1972 to 1996 , the Atlanta Historical Society held a number of Gone with the Wind exhibits , among them a 1994 exhibit titled , `` Disputed Territories : Gone with the Wind and Southern Myths '' . One of the questions explored by the exhibit was `` How True to Life Were the Slaves in GWTW ? '' This section showed slave experiences were diverse and concluded that the `` happy darky '' was a myth , as was the belief that all slaves experienced violence and brutality . W. Bryan Rommel Ruiz has argued that despite factual inaccuracies in its depiction of the Reconstruction period , Gone with the Wind nevertheless reflects contemporary interpretations that were common in the early 20th century . One such viewpoint is reflected in a brief scene in which Mammy fends off a leering freedman : a government official can be heard offering bribes to the emancipated slaves for their votes . The inference is taken to be that freedmen are ignorant about politics and unprepared for freedom , unwittingly becoming the tools of corrupt Reconstruction officials . While perpetuating some Lost Cause myths , the film makes concessions in regard to others . After the attack on Scarlett in the shanty town , a group of men including Scarlett 's husband Frank , Rhett Butler and Ashley raid the town ; in the novel they belong to the Ku Klux Klan , representing the common trope of protecting the white woman 's virtue , but the filmmakers consciously neutralize the presence of the Klan in the film by referring to it only as a `` political meeting '' . Thomas Cripps reasons that the film in some respects undercuts racial stereotypes ; in particular , the film created greater engagement between Hollywood and black audiences , with dozens of movies making small gestures in recognition of the emerging trend . Only a few weeks after its initial run , a story editor at Warner wrote a memorandum to Walter Wanger about Mississippi Belle , a script that contained the worst excesses of plantation films , suggesting that Gone with the Wind had made the film `` unproducible '' . More than any film since The Birth of a Nation , it unleashed a variety of social forces that foreshadowed an alliance of white liberals and blacks who encouraged the expectation that blacks would one day achieve equality . According to Cripps , the film eventually became a template for measuring social change . In 2017 , Gone with the Wind was pulled from the schedule at the Orpheum Theatre in Memphis , Tennessee after a 34 - year run of annual showings due to its perceived racially insensitive content . Depiction of marital rape ( edit ) One of the most notorious and widely condemned scenes in Gone with the Wind depicts what is now legally defined as `` marital rape '' . The scene begins with Scarlett and Rhett at the bottom of the staircase , where he begins to kiss her , refusing to be told ' no ' by the struggling and frightened Scarlett ; Rhett overcomes her resistance and carries her up the stairs to the bedroom , where the audience is left in no doubt that she will `` get what 's coming to her '' . The next scene , the following morning , shows Scarlett glowing with barely suppressed sexual satisfaction ; Rhett apologizes for his behavior , blaming it on his drinking . The scene has been accused of combining romance and rape by making them indistinguishable from each other , and of reinforcing a notion about forced sex : that women secretly enjoy it , and it is an acceptable way for a man to treat his wife . Molly Haskell has argued that nevertheless , women are mostly uncritical of the scene , and that by and large it is consistent with what women have in mind if they fantasize about being raped . Their fantasies revolve around love and romance rather than forced sex ; they will assume that Scarlett was not an unwilling sexual partner and wanted Rhett to take the initiative and insist on having sexual intercourse . Legacy ( edit ) First Archivist of the United States R.D.W. Connor receiving the film Gone with the Wind from Senator Walter F. George of Georgia ( on the left ) and Loew 's Eastern Division Manager Carter Barron , 1941 In popular culture ( edit ) Gone with the Wind and its production have been explicitly referenced , satirized , dramatized and analyzed on numerous occasions across a range of media , from contemporaneous works such as Second Fiddle -- a 1939 film spoofing the `` search for Scarlett '' -- to current television shows , such as The Simpsons . The Scarlett O'Hara War ( a 1980 television dramatization of the casting of Scarlett ) , Moonlight and Magnolias ( a 2007 play by Ron Hutchinson that dramatizes Ben Hecht 's five - day re-write of the script ) , and `` Went with the Wind ! '' ( a sketch on The Carol Burnett Show that parodied the film in the aftermath of its television debut in 1976 ) are among the more noteworthy examples of its enduring presence in popular culture . It was also the subject of a 1988 documentary , The Making of a Legend : Gone with the Wind , detailing the film 's difficult production history . In 1990 , the United States Postal Service issued a stamp depicting Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh embracing in a scene from the film . Sequel ( edit ) Following publication of her novel , Margaret Mitchell was inundated with requests for a sequel but claimed to not have a notion of what happened to Scarlett and Rhett , and that she had `` left them to their ultimate fate '' . Mitchell continued to resist pressure from Selznick and MGM to write a sequel until her death in 1949 . In 1975 , her brother , Stephens Mitchell ( who assumed control of her estate ) , authorized a sequel to be jointly produced by MGM and Universal Studios on a budget of $12 million . Anne Edwards was commissioned to write the sequel as a novel which would then be adapted into a screenplay , and published in conjunction with the film 's release . Edwards submitted a 775 - page manuscript entitled Tara , The Continuation of Gone with the Wind , set between 1872 and 1882 focusing on Scarlett 's divorce from Rhett ; MGM was not satisfied with the story and the deal collapsed . The idea was revived in the 1990s , when a sequel was finally produced in 1994 , in the form of a television miniseries . Scarlett was based upon the novel by Alexandra Ripley , itself a sequel to Mitchell 's book . British actors Joanne Whalley and Timothy Dalton were cast as Scarlett and Rhett , and the series follows Scarlett 's relocation to Ireland after again becoming pregnant by Rhett . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring slavery References ( edit ) Explanatory notes Jump up ^ Loews was the parent company of MGM . ^ Jump up to : The credits at the start of the film contain an error : George Reeves is listed `` as Brent Tarleton '' , but plays Stuart , while Fred Crane is listed `` as Stuart Tarleton '' , but plays Brent . Jump up ^ From a private letter from journalist and on - set technical advisor Susan Myrick to Margaret Mitchell in February 1939 : George ( Cukor ) finally told me all about it . He hated ( leaving the production ) very much he said but he could not do otherwise . In effect he said he is an honest craftsman and he can not do a job unless he knows it is a good job and he feels the present job is not right . For days , he told me he has looked at the rushes and felt he was failing ... the thing did not click as it should . Gradually he became convinced that the script was the trouble ... David ( Selznick ) , himself , thinks HE is writing the script ... And George has continually taken script from day to day , compared the ( Oliver ) Garrett - Selznick version with the ( Sidney ) Howard , groaned and tried to change some parts back to the Howard script . But he seldom could do much with the scene ... So George just told David he would not work any longer if the script was not better and he wanted the Howard script back . David told George he was a director -- not an author and he ( David ) was the producer and the judge of what is a good script ... George said he was a director and a damn good one and he would not let his name go out over a lousy picture ... And bull - headed David said `` OK get out ! '' Selznick had already been unhappy with Cukor ( `` a very expensive luxury '' ) for not being more receptive to directing other Selznick assignments , even though Cukor had remained on salary since early 1937 . In a confidential memo written in September 1938 , Selznick flirted with the idea of replacing him with Victor Fleming. Louis B. Mayer had been trying to have Cukor replaced with an MGM director since negotiations between the two studios began in May 1938 . In December 1938 , Selznick wrote to his wife about a phone call he had with Mayer : `` During the same conversation , your father made another stab at getting George off of Gone With the Wind . '' Jump up ^ Time also reports that Hell 's Angels ( 1930 ) -- directed by Howard Hughes -- cost more , but this was later revealed to be a fallacy ; the accounts for Hell 's Angels show it cost $2.8 million , but Hughes publicized it as costing $4 million , selling it to the media as the most expensive film ever made up to that point . Citations ^ Jump up to : `` Gone With the Wind '' . The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures . American Film Institute . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gomery , Douglas ; Pafort - Overduin , Clara ( 2011 ) . Movie History : A Survey ( 2nd ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . p. 144 . ISBN 9781136835254 . Jump up ^ Noland , Claire ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Mary Anderson dies at 96 ; actress had role in ' Gone With the Wind ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Friedrich , Otto ( 1986 ) . City of Nets : A Portrait of Hollywood in the 1940s . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . pp. 17 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20949 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Book Purchase '' . Gone With The Wind Online Exhibit . University of Texas at Austin : Harry Ransom Center . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Search for Scarlett : Chronology '' . Gone With The Wind Online Exhibit . University of Texas at Austin : Harry Ransom Center . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , Gavin ( February 1973 ) . `` The Making of Gone With The Wind , Part I '' . The Atlantic Monthly . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) -- Notes '' . TCM database . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Frank ; Stafford , Jeff . `` Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) -- Articles '' . TCM database . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Search for Scarlett : Girls Tested for the Role of Scarlett '' . Gone With The Wind Online Exhibit . University of Texas at Austin : Harry Ransom Center . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Haver , Ronald ( 1980 ) . David O. Selznick 's Hollywood . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 42595 - 5 . Jump up ^ Pratt , William ( 1977 ) . Scarlett Fever . New York : Macmillan Publishers . pp. 73 -- 74 , 81 -- 83 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 598560 - 5 . Jump up ^ Walker , Marianne ( 2011 ) . Margaret Mitchell and John Marsh : The Love Story Behind Gone With the Wind . Peachtree Publishers . pp. 405 -- 406 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56145 - 617 - 8 . Jump up ^ Selznick , David O. ( January 7 , 1939 ) . `` The Search for Scarlett : Vivien Leigh -- Letter from David O. Selznick to Ed Sullivan '' . Gone With The Wind Online Exhibit . University of Texas at Austin : Harry Ransom Center . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Yeck , Joanne ( 1984 ) . Dictionary of Literary Biography . American Screenwriters . Gale . ^ Jump up to : Bartel , Pauline ( 1989 ) . The Complete Gone with the Wind Trivia Book : The Movie and More . Taylor Trade Publishing . pp. 64 -- 69 , 127 & 161 -- 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87833 - 619 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Selznick , David O. ( 1938 -- 1939 ) . Behlmer , Rudy , ed . Memo from David O. Selznick : the creation of Gone with the wind and other motion picture classics , as revealed in the producer 's private letters , telegrams , memorandums , and autobiographical remarks . New York : Modern Library ( published 2000 ) . pp. 179 -- 180 & 224 -- 225 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 75531 - 6 . Jump up ^ MacAdams , William ( 1990 ) . Ben Hecht . New York : Barricade Books . pp. 199 -- 201 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56980 - 028 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Myrick , Susan ( 1982 ) . White Columns in Hollywood : Reports from the GWTW Sets . 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The speed of sound : Hollywood and the talkie revolution , 1926 -- 1930 . Simon & Schuster . p. 253 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 81162 - 8 . Jump up ^ Leff , Leonard J. ; Simmons , Jerold L. ( 2001 ) . The Dame in the Kimono : Hollywood , Censorship , and the Production Code . University Press of Kentucky . p. 108 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Laurence E. ( 1998 ) . The Invisible Art of Film Music : A Comprehensive History . Scarecrow Press . pp. 52 -- 53 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 880157 - 56 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bell , Alison ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` Inland Empire cities were once ' in ' with Hollywood for movie previews '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomson , David ( 1992 ) . Showman : The Life of David O. Selznick . New York : Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 56833 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , Gavin ( March 1973 ) . `` The Making of Gone With The Wind , Part II '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 265 ( 6 ) . pp. 56 -- 72 . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris , Warren G. 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Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` Academy Awards : Best Picture -- Facts & Trivia '' . Filmsite.org . AMC Networks . p. 2 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kim , Wook ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` 17 Unusual Oscar Records -- Longest Film ( Running Time ) to Win an Award : 431 Minutes '' . Time . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Haskell , Molly ( 2010 ) . Frankly , My Dear : Gone With the Wind Revisited . Icons of America . Yale University Press . pp. 213 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16437 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Lupack , Barbara Tepa ( 2002 ) . Literary Adaptations in Black American Cinema : From Oscar Micheaux to Toni Morrison . University of Rochester Press . pp. 209 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58046 - 103 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , David ( 2009 ) . America , Empire of Liberty : A New History . Penguin UK . pp. 241 -- 242 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 190856 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Young , John ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar ' vs. ' Gone With the Wind '' . Entertainment Weekly . 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As of the end of 1971 , GWTW stood as the all - time money - drawing movie , with a take of $116 million , and , with this year 's reissues , it should continue to run ahead of the second place contender and all - time kaffee - mit - schlag spectacle . Jump up ^ `` Domestic Grosses -- Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gone with the Wind tops film list '' . BBC News . November 28 , 2004 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Ultimate Film Chart '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 250 tous les temps en France ( Reprises incluses ) '' . JP 's Box - Office . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gone with the Wind '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Highest box office film gross -- inflation adjusted '' . Guinness World Records . 2014 . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corso , Regina A. ( February 21 , 2008 ) . `` Frankly My Dear , The Force is With Them as Gone With the Wind and Star Wars are the Top Two All Time Favorite Movies '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Harris Interactive . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shannon - Missal , Larry ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Gone but Not Forgotten : Gone with the Wind is Still America 's Favorite Movie '' ( Press release ) . Harris Interactive . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... The Complete Lists '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , Arthur ( March 1973 ) . `` Time , alas , has treated Gone With the Wind cruelly '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 231 ( 3 ) . p. 64 . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Schickel , Richard ( March 1973 ) . `` Glossy , Sentimental , Chuckle - headed '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 231 ( 3 ) . p. 71 . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kauffman , Stanley ( March 1973 ) . `` The Romantic Is Still Popular '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 231 ( 3 ) . p. 61 . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sarris , Andrew ( March 1973 ) . `` This moviest of All Movies '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 231 ( 3 ) . p. 58 . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crist , Judith ( March 1973 ) . `` Glorious Excesses '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 231 ( 3 ) . p. 67 . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Votes for Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) '' . British Film Institute . 2012 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ BBC Culture ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` The 100 greatest American films '' . BBC . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies '' . American Film Institute . June 1998 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) '' . American Film Institute . June 20 , 2007 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 80 Best - Directed Films '' . Directors Guild of America . Spring 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood 's 100 Favorite Films '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Film Preservation Board : Film Registry -- Complete National Film Registry Listing '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Film Preservation Board : Film Registry -- Nominate '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vera , Hernán ; Gordon , Andrew Mark ( 2003 ) . Screen Saviors : Hollywood Fictions of Whiteness . Rowman & Littlefield . p. viii & 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 9947 - 6 . Jump up ^ Silk , Catherine ; Silk , Johnk ( 1990 ) . Racism and Anti-Racism in American Popular Culture : Portrayals of African - Americans in Fiction and Film . Manchester University Press . p. 141 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 3070 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dickey , Jennifer W. ( 2014 ) . A Tough Little Patch of History : Gone with the Wind and the politics of memory . University of Arkansas Press . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55728 - 657 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , W. Bryan Rommel ( 2010 ) . American History Goes to the Movies : Hollywood and the American Experience . Taylor & Francis . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 83373 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Smyth , J.E. ( 2006 ) . Reconstructing American Historical Cinema : From Cimarron to Citizen Kane . University Press of Kentucky . p. 164 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 7147 - 0 . Jump up ^ Savitsky , Sasha ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gone With the Wind ' screenings pulled from Memphis theater for racially ' insensitive ' content '' . Fox News . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guardian staff and agencies ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Theatre in Memphis pulls ' racially insensitive ' Gone With the Wind '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , John ; Haenni , Sabine , eds. ( 2009 ) . Fifty Key American Films . Routledge Key Guides . Routledge . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 89113 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hickok , Eugene W. , Jr. ( 1991 ) . The Bill of Rights : Original Meaning and Current Understanding . University of Virginia Press . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 1336 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Paludi , Michele A. ( 2012 ) . The Psychology of Love . Women 's Psychology . 2 . ABC - CLIO . p. xxvi . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39315 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Allison , Julie A. ; Wrightsman , Lawrence S. ( 1993 ) . Rape : The Misunderstood Crime ( 2 ed . ) . Sage Publications . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8039 - 3707 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Pagelow , Mildred Daley ; Pagelow , Lloyd W. ( 1984 ) . Family Violence . Praeger special studies . ABC - CLIO . p. 420 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 91623 - 7 . Jump up ^ Frus , Phyllis ( 2001 ) . `` Documenting Domestic Violence in American Films '' . In Slocum , J. David . Violence in American Cinema . Afi Film Readers . Routledge . p. 231 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 92810 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nugent , Frank S. ( July 1 , 1939 ) . `` Second Fiddle ( 1939 ) The Screen ; ' Second Fiddle , ' With Tyrone Power and Sonja Heine , Opens at the Roxy -- Reports on New Foreign Films '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gómez - Galisteo , M. Carmen ( 2011 ) . The Wind Is Never Gone : Sequels , Parodies and Rewritings of Gone with the Wind . McFarland & Company . p. 173 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5927 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Scarlett O'Hara War ( 1980 ) '' . Allmovie . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Charles ( October 8 , 2007 ) . `` Moonlight and Magnolias : Comedy captures the birth of a movie classic '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thames , Stephanie . `` The Making Of A Legend : Gone With The Wind ( 1988 ) -- Articles '' . TCM database . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McAllister , Bill ( March 5 , 1990 ) . `` Postal Service Goes Hollywood , Puts Legendary Stars on Stamp '' . The Daily Gazette . p . B9 . Jump up ^ `` Scarlett ( 1994 ) '' . Allmovie . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Further reading Bridges , Herb ( 1999 ) . Gone with the Wind : The Three - Day Premiere in Atlanta . Mercer University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86554 - 672 - 1 . Cameron , Judy ; Christman , Paul J ( 1989 ) . The Art of Gone with the Wind : The Making of a Legend . Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 046740 - 9 . Harmetz , Aljean ( 1996 ) . On the Road to Tara : The Making of Gone with the Wind . New York : Harry N. Abrams . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 3684 - 3 . Lambert , Gavin ( 1973 ) . GWTW : The Making of Gone With the Wind . New York : Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 51284 - 8 . Vertrees , Alan David ( 1997 ) . Selznick 's Vision : Gone with the Wind and Hollywood Filmmaking . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 78729 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gone with the Wind ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gone with the Wind ( film ) Gone with the Wind on IMDb Gone with the Wind at the TCM Movie Database Gone with the Wind at the TCM Mediaroom Gone with the Wind at Rotten Tomatoes William Hartsfield and Russell Bellman premiere films at the Atlanta History Center . Producing Gone with the Wind web exhibition at the Harry Ransom Center Gone with the Wind article series at The Atlantic Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell Characters Scarlett O'Hara Rhett Butler Ashley Wilkes Melanie Hamilton India Wilkes Adaptations Gone with the Wind ( film ) Scarlett ( musical ) Autant en emporte le vent Gone with the Wind ( musical ) Related works The Making of a Legend : Gone with the Wind Scarlett ( novel ) Scarlett ( miniseries ) The Wind Done Gone Rhett Butler 's People The Scarlett O'Hara War `` Went with the Wind ! '' Related `` Frankly , my dear , I do n't give a damn '' Tara plantation Twelve Oaks Margaret Mitchell House and Museum Suntrust Bank v. Houghton Mifflin Co . Filmography of David O. Selznick Roulette ( 1924 ) Forgotten Faces ( 1928 ) Chinatown Nights ( 1929 ) Betrayal ( 1929 ) The Man I Love ( 1929 ) The Four Feathers ( 1929 ) Street of Chance ( 1930 ) What Price Hollywood ? ( 1932 ) A Bill of Divorcement ( 1932 ) Rockabye ( 1932 ) The Animal Kingdom ( 1932 ) Topaze ( 1933 ) Our Betters ( 1933 ) Christopher Strong ( 1933 ) Dinner at Eight ( 1933 ) Night Flight ( 1933 ) Meet the Baron ( 1933 ) Dancing Lady ( 1933 ) Viva Villa ! ( 1934 ) Manhattan Melodrama ( 1934 ) David Copperfield ( 1935 ) Vanessa : Her Love Story ( 1935 ) Reckless ( 1935 ) Anna Karenina ( 1935 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1935 ) Little Lord Fauntleroy ( 1936 ) The Garden of Allah ( 1936 ) A Star Is Born ( 1937 ) The Prisoner of Zenda ( 1937 ) Nothing Sacred ( 1937 ) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( 1938 ) The Young in Heart ( 1938 ) Made for Each Other ( 1939 ) Intermezzo : A Love Story ( 1939 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) Reward Unlimited ( 1944 , short ) Since You Went Away ( 1944 ) I 'll Be Seeing You ( 1945 ) Spellbound ( 1945 ) Duel in the Sun ( 1946 ) The Paradine Case ( 1948 ) Portrait of Jennie ( 1948 ) The Third Man ( 1949 ) Gone to Earth ( 1950 ) Stazione Termini ( 1954 ) Light 's Diamond Jubilee ( 1954 , TV ) A Farewell to Arms ( 1957 ) Films directed by Victor Fleming When the Clouds Roll by ( 1919 ) The Mollycoddle ( 1920 ) Mama 's Affair ( 1921 ) Woman 's Place ( 1921 ) The Lane That Had No Turning ( 1922 ) Red Hot Romance ( 1922 ) Anna Ascends ( 1922 ) Dark Secrets ( 1923 ) Law of the Lawless ( 1923 ) To the Last Man ( 1923 ) The Call of the Canyon ( 1923 ) Code of the Sea ( 1924 ) Empty Hands ( 1924 ) The Devil 's Cargo ( 1925 ) Adventure ( 1925 ) A Son of His Father ( 1925 ) Lord Jim ( 1925 ) The Blind Goddess ( 1926 ) Mantrap ( 1926 ) The Way of All Flesh ( 1927 ) Hula ( 1927 ) The Rough Riders ( 1927 ) Abie 's Irish Rose ( 1928 ) The Awakening ( 1928 ) Wolf Song ( 1929 ) The Virginian ( 1929 ) Common Clay ( 1930 ) Renegades ( 1930 ) Around the World in 80 Minutes with Douglas Fairbanks ( 1931 ) Red Dust ( 1932 ) The Wet Parade ( 1932 ) Treasure Island ( 1934 ) Reckless ( 1935 ) The Farmer Takes a Wife ( 1935 ) Captains Courageous ( 1937 ) Test Pilot ( 1938 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1941 ) Tortilla Flat ( 1942 ) A Guy Named Joe ( 1943 ) Adventure ( 1945 ) Joan of Arc ( 1948 ) Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) VIAF : 316751645 LCCN : n79066095 GND : 4157913 - 6 SUDOC : 029532302 BNF : cb121139094 ( data ) BNE : XX3849848 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)&oldid=833079963 '' Categories : 1939 films English - language films Works based on Gone with the Wind 1930s historical films 1930s romance films 1930s romantic drama films American films American Civil War films American epic films Epic films based on actual events American romantic drama films Best Picture Academy Award winners Culture of Atlanta Films scored by Max Steiner Films about American slavery Films about revenge Films based on American novels Films directed by Victor Fleming Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films produced by David O. Selznick Films set in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films set in Atlanta Films set in London Films set in the 1860s Films set in the 19th century Films shot in California Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Rape in film Romantic epic films Selznick International Pictures films United States National Film Registry films Historical romance films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2015 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Good articles Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 15 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did gone with the wind won 10 academy awards | [
"The film received positive reviews upon its release, in December 1939, although some reviewers found it overlong. The casting was widely praised, and many reviewers found Leigh especially suited to her role as Scarlett. At the 12th Academy Awards, it received ten Academy Awards (eight competitive, two honorary) from thirteen nominations, including wins for Best Picture, Best Director (Fleming), Best Adapted Screenplay (posthumously awarded to Sidney Howard), Best Actress (Leigh), and Best Supporting Actress (Hattie McDaniel, becoming the first African American to win an Academy Award). It set records for the total number of wins and nominations at the time. The film was immensely popular, becoming the highest-earning film made up to that point, and held the record for over a quarter of a century. When adjusted for monetary inflation, it is still the most successful film in box-office history."
] | [
"At the 12th Academy Awards"
] |
-4795510147987890230 | Red Sails in the Sunset (song) | Red Sails in the Sunset ( song ) - wikipedia Red Sails in the Sunset ( song ) `` Red Sails in the Sunset '' is a popular song . Published in 1935 , its music was written by Hugh Williams ( pseudonym for Wilhelm Grosz ) with lyrics by prolific songwriter Jimmy Kennedy . The song was inspired by the `` red sails '' of Kitty of Coleraine , a yacht Kennedy often saw off the northern coast of Ireland and by his adopted town Portstewart , a seaside resort in County Londonderry . The title of the song provides the inspiration for the Red Sails Festival held annually in Portstewart , Northern Ireland . Kennedy wrote the song while staying in Portstewart . The song was used in the Broadway production of Provincetown Follies which ran from November 3 until December 19 , 1935 at the Provincetown Playhouse . Popular versions in 1935 were by Bing Crosby , Guy Lombardo , Mantovani and Jack Jackson . Another early version was recorded by Al Bowlly with Ray Noble and his Orchestra on September 18 , 1935 . Louis Armstrong also had a hit with the song in 1936 . The song was revived by Nat King Cole in 1951 . This version was released by Capitol Records as catalog number 1468 . It first reached the Billboard magazine Best Seller chart on July 13 , 1951 and lasted 2 weeks on the chart , peaking at # 24 . Another version was released in 1954 on MGM 11977 by Sam `` The Man '' Taylor and His Orchestra , with Sam on tenor saxophone . An instrumental version of the song became the signature tune of the Philippine radio drama series Dear Kuya Cesar , broadcast on DZMM radio ( ABS - CBN ) in the sixties and hosted by Cesar Lacbu Nucum , a.k.a. Kuya Cesar . The song was also the signature tune of Suzette Tarri , a British actress and comedian popular on stage and radio in the 1930s and 1940s . Recorded versions ( edit ) Bing Crosby recorded November 12 , 1935 for Decca Records with Victor Young and His Orchestra . Jack Jackson ( 1935 ) Guy Lombardo ( recorded October 11 , 1935 for Decca Records 585 ) Leslie ( Hutch ) Hutchinson ( Parlophone R 233 September 1935 ) Anona Winn ( featured with enormous success per sheet music 1935 ) Henry `` Red '' Allen 11 / 8 / 1935 Vocalion 3097 Al Bowlly acc . by orchestra directed by Ray Noble 1935 Vera Lynn ( 1935 ) Mantovani ( 1935 ) Tony Martin ( EP ABC - Paramount 90842 / 25 cm 10 '' ABC - Paramount 1501 ) Louis Armstrong ( 1936 ) Albert Ammons ( 1946 ) Nat King Cole ( 1951 ) Patti Page ( 1955 in `` The Patti Page Show '' ) Vaughn Monroe ( 1957 ) Rou Yun ( 柔 雲 ) ( 1956 in Mandarin Chinese under title name of 夕陽 紅 帆 & Chinese lyrics by Szeto Ming 司徒 明 ) Tab Hunter ( 1957 ) Big Joe Turner ( 1957 ) Paul Anka ( 1958 ) Emile Ford ( 1960 ) The Platters ( 1960 ) - top 40 hit - reaching No. 36 . The Jarmels ( 1961 ) The Beatles ( Star - Club , Hamburg c. 1962 ) Dinah Washington ( 1962 ) The Three Sounds ( 1962 ) Earl Grant ( 1962 ) Fats Domino ( 1963 ) ; Domino 's rendition would be the last top 40 hit of his career , reaching No. 35 Connie Francis ( 1963 ) The Searchers ( 1964 , Swedish Radio Sessions 1964 - 1967 ) Stevie Wonder ( instrumental ) on his 1964 album Stevie at the Beach Takeshi Terauchi & Bunnys ( instrumental ) on their 1967 album The World Is Waiting For Terry Dean Martin c. 1968 Perry Como ( 1969 ) The Five Keys Jimmy McGriff ( 1971 ) Johnny Lee ( No. 22 country hit in 1976 ) Crazy Cavan and the Rhythm Rockers ( 1979 ) Frank Patterson Dave Brubeck ( 1999 ) Engelbert Humperdinck ( 2000 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ J.J. Kennedy The Man Who Wrote The Teddy Bears ' Picnic : How Irish - born lyricist ... - 2011 146788569X `` However , before he wrote anything with Carr , Jimmy Kennedy had more very successful songs with Will Grosz , including possibly his most famous ballad , Red Sails in the Sunset . Red Sails in the Sunset sold more copies than any other UK song in 1935 , with notable recordings by Lew Stone , Ambrose , Joe Loss and virtually all the other orchestras . Top vocalists included Vera Lynn , Gracie Fields , Al Bowlly and Greta Keller . In America it was voted the No. 2 song of the year by NBC 's new and influential radio network show , Your Hit Parade , . Jump up ^ `` Red Sails in the Sunset by Bing Crosby '' Jump up ^ `` Internet Broadway Database '' . ibdb.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 571 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 33 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ It was also recorded by Tab Hunter in 1957 . A rock - and - roll reworking of the song was often sung by the Beatles during their early years of night club engagements . Vaughn Monroe also recorded this song in the late 1940s Whitburn , Joel ( 1973 ) . Top Pop Records 1940 - 1955 . Record Research . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vera Lynn ' Red Sails in the Sunset ' '' on YouTube Jump up ^ `` ' 夕陽 紅 帆 ' by Rou Yun 柔 雲 '' on YouTube Jump up ^ Joe Turner - RED SAILS IN THE SUNSET on YouTube External links ( edit ) Joe Turner - RED SAILS IN THE SUNSET - 1957 on YouTube The Platters Wayne Miller Valerie Victoria Frank Pizarro Cheo Bourne Cornell Gunter Barbara Randolph Herb Reed Zola Taylor Sonny Turner Tony Williams Singles `` Only You ( And You Alone ) '' `` The Great Pretender '' `` ( You 've Got ) The Magic Touch '' `` My Prayer '' `` You 'll Never Never Know '' `` Twilight Time '' `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' `` Enchanted '' `` Harbor Lights '' `` Ebb Tide '' `` Red Sails in the Sunset '' `` If I Did n't Care '' `` I 'll Never Smile Again '' `` It 's Magic '' Johnny Lee Notable singles `` Red Sails in the Sunset '' `` Country Party '' `` Lookin ' for Love '' `` One in a Million '' `` Pickin ' Up Strangers '' `` Prisoner of Hope '' `` Bet Your Heart on Me '' `` Be There for Me Baby '' `` When You Fall in Love '' `` Cherokee Fiddle '' `` Sounds Like Love '' `` Hey Bartender '' `` My Baby Do n't Slow Dance '' `` The Yellow Rose '' ( with Lane Brody ) `` You Could 've Heard a Heart Break '' `` Rollin ' Lonely '' `` Save the Last Chance '' Related articles Full Moon Records Asylum Records Warner Bros. Records Fats Domino Studio albums Rock and Rollin ' with Fats Domino ( 1955 ) Fats Domino Rock and Rollin ' ( 1956 ) Tribute albums That 's Fats : A Tribute to Fats Domino ( 1996 ) Goin ' Home : A Tribute to Fats Domino ( 2007 ) Songs `` The Fat Man '' `` Ai n't That a Shame '' `` Bo Weevil '' `` I 'm in Love Again '' `` Blueberry Hill '' `` Blue Monday '' `` I 'm Walkin ' '' `` I Want You to Know '' `` Walking to New Orleans '' `` My Girl Josephine '' `` It Keeps Rainin ' '' `` Red Sails in the Sunset '' Related Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sails_in_the_Sunset_(song)&oldid=841307972 '' Categories : 1935 songs Songs with lyrics by Jimmy Kennedy Songs with music by Wilhelm Grosz Louis Armstrong songs Jimmy Velvit songs Johnny Lee ( singer ) songs Talk About Wikipedia Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 01 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song red sails in the sunset | [
"\"Red Sails in the Sunset\" is a popular song. Published in 1935, its music was written by Hugh Williams (pseudonym for Wilhelm Grosz) with lyrics by prolific songwriter Jimmy Kennedy.[1] The song was inspired by the \"red sails\" of Kitty of Coleraine, a yacht Kennedy often saw off the northern coast of Ireland and by his adopted town Portstewart, a seaside resort in County Londonderry.[2]\n",
"\"Red Sails in the Sunset\" is a popular song. Published in 1935, its music was written by Hugh Williams (pseudonym for Wilhelm Grosz) with lyrics by prolific songwriter Jimmy Kennedy.[1] The song was inspired by the \"red sails\" of Kitty of Coleraine, a yacht Kennedy often saw off the northern coast of Ireland and by his adopted town Portstewart, a seaside resort in County Londonderry.[2]\n"
] | [
"its music was written by Hugh Williams (pseudonym for Wilhelm Grosz)",
"lyrics by prolific songwriter Jimmy Kennedy"
] |
2016497229402021037 | List of Vice-Presidents of India | List of Vice-Presidents of India - wikipedia List of Vice-Presidents of India India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFoS IPS ) Central Civil Services ( IRS IFS IA&AS IPoS IRAS IRTS IRPS ICAS IDAS IDES ICLS IIS ITrS IP&TAFS IOFS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas Vice-Presidents of India ( by state of birth ) The Vice-President of India is the second highest constitutional office in the Indian Government after the President . In accordance with Article 65 of the Indian Constitution , the Vice-President discharges the functions of the President when a contingency arises due to the resignation , removal , death or the inability of the President to discharge his functions . He is also the ex officio chairperson of the Rajya Sabha , the upper house of the Parliament of India . The Vice President is elected by an electoral college consisting of all the members of both houses of the Parliament in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote via a secret ballot conducted by the Election Commission of India . Once elected the Vice President continues in office for a five - year term , but can continue in office irrespective of the expiry of the term , until a successor assumes office . The Vice President can be removed by a resolution passed by an effective majority in the Rajya Sabha . There have been 13 vice-president , since the inception of the post in 1950 . The first Vice-president of India took oath at Rashtrapati Bhavan on 13 May 1952 On 11 August 2017 Venkaiah Naidu was sworn in as the 15th Vice-President of India , thus becoming the 13th person to hold the office . Contents 1 List 2 See also 3 Footnotes and References 4 External links List ( edit ) The complete list of Vice-Presidents of India includes the persons sworn into the office as Vice-President of India , following the adoption of the Constitution of India in 1950 . Some of whom later became presidents . Colour key Vice President was an Independent candidate Vice President was an candidate of Indian National Congress ( INC ) Vice President was an candidate of the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) Vice President was an candidate of the Janata Dal ( JD ) No Name ( birth -- death ) Portrait Elected ( % votes ) Took office Left office Term ( in years ) Notes President ( s ) Candidate of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan ( 1888 -- 1975 ) 1952 ( Unopposed ) 1957 ( Unopposed ) 13 May 1952 12 May 1962 10 Radhakrishnan was a prominent scholar . Besides being awarded the Bharat Ratna he also held the position of vice-chancellor in the Banaras Hindu University and the Andhra college . He served as the Vice-President for two terms . Rajendra Prasad Independent Zakir Husain ( 1897 -- 1969 ) 1962 ( 97.59 ) 13 May 1962 12 May 1967 5 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Independent Varahagiri Venkata Giri ( 1894 -- 1980 ) 1967 ( 71.45 ) 13 May 1967 3 May 1969 Zakir Husain Independent Gopal Swarup Pathak ( 1896 -- 1982 ) 1969 -- 31 August 1969 30 August 1974 5 Varahagiri Venkata Giri ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed ( 1974 ) Independent 5 Basappa Danappa Jatti ( 1912 -- 2002 ) ( 78.70 ) 31 August 1974 30 August 1979 5 Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Indian National Congress 6 Mohammad Hidayatullah ( 1905 -- 1992 ) 1979 ( Unopposed ) 31 August 1979 30 August 1984 5 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1979 -- 1982 ) Giani Zail Singh ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Independent 7 Ramaswamy Venkataraman ( 1910 -- 2009 ) 1984 ( 71.05 ) 31 August 1984 24 July 1987 Giani Zail Singh Indian National Congress 8 Shankar Dayal Sharma ( 1918 -- 1999 ) ( Unopposed ) 3 September 1987 24 July 1992 5 Ramaswamy Venkataraman Indian National Congress 9 Kocheril Raman Narayanan ( 1920 -- 2005 ) 1992 ( 99.86 ) 21 August 1992 24 July 1997 5 Shankar Dayal Sharma Indian National Congress 10 Krishan Kant ( 1927 -- 2002 ) 1997 ( 61.76 ) 21 August 1997 27 July 2002 Kocheril Raman Narayanan ( 1997 -- 2002 ) A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( 2002 ) Janata Dal 11 Bhairon Singh Shekhawat ( 1923 -- 2010 ) 2002 ( 59.82 ) 19 August 2002 21 July 2007 5 A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Bharatiya Janata Party 12 Mohammad Hamid Ansari ( 1937 -- ) 2007 ( 60.51 ) 2012 ( 67.31 ) 11 August 2007 11 August 2017 10 Pratibha Patil ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Pranab Mukherjee ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Ram Nath Kovind ( 2017 ) Indian National Congress 13 Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu ( 1949 -- ) 2017 ( 67.89 ) 11 August 2017 Incumbent -- Ram Nath Kovind Bharatiya Janata Party Notes † Died in office Timeline See also ( edit ) Vice-President of India President of India List of Presidents of India List of Prime Ministers of India Footnotes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` VPI & Constitution Vice President of India Government of India '' . vicepresidentofindia.nic.in . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Media Division , Election Commission of India . `` Background information of Vice Presidential election for 2012 '' ( PDF ) . eci.nic.in . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Venkaiah Naidu sworn in as Vice-President '' . The Hindu . PTI. 2017 - 08 - 11 . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ List of Presidents / Vice Presidents Archived 2008 - 12 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Vice-President of India ( official website ) Vice-presidential elections in India 1952 1957 1962 1967 1969 1979 1984 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vice-Presidents_of_India&oldid=862937046 '' Categories : Lists of vice presidents Vice-Presidents of India Lists of political office - holders in India Lists relating to the Indian presidency Lists of legislative speakers in India Vice presidents Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা فارسی ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی संस्कृतम् தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2018 , at 17 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the only second vice president of india to have worked under three different president | [
"\n\n\n№\n\nName(birth–death)\n\nPortrait\n\nElected(% votes)\n\nTook office\n\nLeft office\n\nTerm (in years)\n\nNotes\n\nPresident(s)\n\nCandidate of\n\n\n1\n\nSarvepalli Radhakrishnan(1888–1975)\n\n\n\n1952(Unopposed)\n\n1957(Unopposed)\n\n\n13 May 1952\n\n12 May 1962\n\n10\n\nRadhakrishnan was a prominent scholar. Besides being awarded the Bharat Ratna he also held the position of vice-chancellor in the Banaras Hindu University and the Andhra college. He served as the Vice-President for two terms.\n\nRajendra Prasad\n\n \n\nIndependent\n\n\n2\n\nZakir Husain (1897–1969)\n\n\n\n1962(97.59)\n\n13 May 1962\n\n12 May 1967\n\n5\n\n\n\nSarvepalli Radhakrishnan\n\n \n\nIndependent\n\n\n3\n\nVarahagiri Venkata Giri (1894–1980)\n\n\n\n1967(71.45)\n\n13 May 1967\n\n3 May 1969\n\n2\n\n\n\nZakir Husain\n\n \n\nIndependent\n\n\n4\n\nGopal Swarup Pathak (1896–1982)\n\n\n\n1969—\n\n31 August 1969\n\n30 August 1974\n\n5\n\n\n\nVarahagiri Venkata Giri (1969–1974)\n\nFakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1974)\n\n\n \n\nIndependent\n\n\n5\n\nBasappa Danappa Jatti (1912–2002)\n\n\n\n1974(78.70)\n\n31 August 1974\n\n30 August 1979\n\n5\n\n\n\nFakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1974–1977) \n Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1977–1979)\n\n \n\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n6\n\nMohammad Hidayatullah (1905–1992)\n\n\n\n1979(Unopposed)\n\n31 August 1979\n\n30 August 1984\n\n5\n\n\n\nNeelam Sanjiva Reddy (1979–1982) \n Giani Zail Singh (1982–1984)\n\n \n\nIndependent\n\n\n7\n\nRamaswamy Venkataraman (1910–2009)\n\n\n\n1984(71.05)\n\n31 August 1984\n\n24 July 1987\n\n3\n\n\n\nGiani Zail Singh\n\n \n\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n8\n\nShankar Dayal Sharma (1918–1999)\n\n\n\n1987(Unopposed)\n\n3 September 1987\n\n24 July 1992\n\n5\n\n\n\nRamaswamy Venkataraman\n\n \n\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n9\n\nKocheril Raman Narayanan (1920–2005)\n\n\n\n1992(99.86)\n\n21 August 1992\n\n24 July 1997\n\n5\n\n\n\nShankar Dayal Sharma\n\n \n\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n10\n\nKrishan Kant(1927–2002)\n\n\n\n1997(61.76)\n\n21 August 1997\n\n27 July 2002\n\n4\n\n\n\nKocheril Raman Narayanan (1997–2002)\n A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2002)\n\n \n\nJanata Dal\n\n\n11\n\nBhairon Singh Shekhawat (1923–2010)\n\n\n\n2002(59.82)\n\n19 August 2002\n\n21 July 2007\n\n5\n\n\n\nA. P. J. Abdul Kalam\n\n \n\nBharatiya Janata Party\n\n\n12\n\nMohammad Hamid Ansari (1937–)\n\n\n\n2007(60.51)\n2012(67.31)\n\n11 August 2007\n\n11 August 2017\n\n10\n\n\n\nPratibha Patil (2007–2012)\n Pranab Mukherjee (2012–2017)\n Ram Nath Kovind (2017)\n\n \n\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n13\n\nMuppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu (1949–)\n\n\n\n2017(67.89)\n\n11 August 2017\n\nIncumbent\n\n—\n\n\n\nRam Nath Kovind\n\n \n\nBharatiya Janata Party\n"
] | [
"Mohammad Hamid Ansari"
] |
-7220340568087652338 | A Place to Call Home (TV series) | A Place to Call Home ( TV series ) - Wikipedia A Place to Call Home ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search A Place to Call Home Genre Period drama Created by Bevan Lee Starring Marta Dusseldorp Noni Hazlehurst Brett Climo Craig Hall David Berry Abby Earl Arianwen Parkes - Lockwood Aldo Mignone Frankie J. Holden Sara Wiseman Jenni Baird Matt Levett Composer ( s ) Michael Yezerski Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of series 5 No. of episodes 57 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) John Holmes Julie McGauran Penny Win Producer ( s ) Chris Martin - Jones Cinematography John Stokes Running time 42 -- 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Seven Productions Distributor Endemol Release Original network Seven Network ( 2013 -- 14 ) SoHo ( 2015 ) Showcase ( 2016 -- present ) Picture format PAL ( 576i ) HDTV 1080i Audio format Stereo Original release 28 April 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) -- present External links Website A Place to Call Home is an Australian television drama series created by Bevan Lee for the Seven Network . It premiered on 28 April 2013 . Set in rural New South Wales in the period following the Second World War , it follows Sarah Adams ( Marta Dusseldorp ) , who has returned to Australia after twenty years abroad to start a new life and ends up clashing with wealthy matriarch Elizabeth Bligh ( Noni Hazlehurst ) . The main cast also consists of Brett Climo ( George Bligh ) , Craig Hall ( Dr. Jack Duncan ) , David Berry ( James Bligh ) , Abby Earl ( Anna Poletti ) , Arianwen Parkes - Lockwood ( Olivia Bligh ) , Aldo Mignone ( Gino Poletti ) , Sara Wiseman ( Carolyn Bligh ) , Jenni Baird as ( Regina Bligh ) and Frankie J. Holden ( Roy Briggs ) . It has been described as a `` compelling melodrama about love and loss set against the social change of the 1950s '' . The sixth and final season will air in August 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main current cast 1.2 Main departed cast 1.3 Recurring 2 Production 3 Release 3.1 Broadcast 3.1. 1 International 3.2 Home media 3.2. 1 Box sets 3.2. 2 Notes 3.3 Soundtrack 4 Reception 4.1 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Cast and Characters ( edit ) Main current cast ( edit ) Marta Dusseldorp as Sarah Adams , who despite a strictly religious Catholic upbringing , had moved to Paris to be with the man she loved and to adopt his Jewish faith . However , a new life awaits her when she comes to work for the local hospital near the Bligh family , whom she met while serving as a nurse on the ship taking them all back to Australia from Europe . Later , she is astonished to hear a report that her husband is still alive following World War II , and her life again spins into troubled times . Noni Hazlehurst as Elizabeth Bligh , the headstrong and stubborn matriarch of the Bligh family . She is at first rude and cruel to Sarah , but she grudgingly mellows over time . Later in the series , she leaves for Sydney to live with her daughter Carolyn , and to become a better person . Brett Climo as Elizabeth 's son , George Bligh , a good - hearted man who takes Sarah under his protection and gradually falls in love with her . He is Elaine 's widower ; at the beginning of the series , he appears to be father to James and Anna ; eventually it emerges that Anna is actually a secret child of his sister Carolyn and their friend Jack , taken in by George and Elaine to spare Carolyn any scandal . His worst flaw may be his trust in people who seek to take advantage of him . Craig Hall as Jack Duncan , the secret past lover of Carolyn , who now faces many challenges in his work as a doctor in a hospital run by the Bligh family . He is a genuine person despite his personal problems and would do anything to help others . David Berry as James Bligh ( regular : seasons 1 -- 4 ; recurring : season 5 ) , the only son of George and Elaine , who grows up unaware of his `` sister '' Anna 's true background . He marries Olivia , but is tormented by the realisation that he is gay , and tries to commit suicide . He later feels betrayed when his wife has an affair , but returns to Ash Park to live for his young son . Arianwen Parkes - Lockwood as Olivia Bligh , James ' wife , a newlywed from England at the start of the series . She develops anger toward James for his indifference to her desperate need for affection , but does try to come to terms with his `` condition '' . Abby Earl as Anna Bligh , the secret child of Carolyn and Jack , who was raised believing she was daughter of George and Elaine . Anna marries a local farmer , Gino , after rebelling against the Bligh family . However the marriage faces difficulties when Gino goes into debt , and his attempts to expand the farm fail . Frankie J. Holden as Roy Briggs , a kindly old farmer who lives alone at the series start . He is very generous toward Sarah from the time she arrives in town , eventually offering her a refuge in his small home . They develop an easy , informal , mutually - supportive friendship . Sara Wiseman as Carolyn Bligh ( regular : season 2 -- present ; recurring : season 1 ) . Much like her secret daughter Anna , Carolyn was the rebel child of her generation . For a long time , she gave up on her relationship with the Bligh family , and has had little contact for years . Once her secret is revealed , she is reunited with her long - separated daughter Anna and they develop an even closer relationship than before . Later on Carolyn works for Sir Richard Bennett , encountering new problems . Tim Draxl as Doctor Henry Fox ( regular : season 3 -- present ) , the doctor who helps to save George 's life after he is shot . Henry then goes on to befriend James , and they realize their mutual attraction to each other is stronger than mere friendship . Henry falls under the devious control of Regina , when she blackmails him into supplying her with morphine for her addiction . Deborah Kennedy as Doris Collins ( regular : season 4 -- present ; recurring : seasons 1 -- 3 ) , the most widely - known member of the Inverness village , who seems omnipresent on her bicycle . Although she means well , her gossiping ways can sometimes make her seem rude and intrusive . Sarah dislikes her at first , but as time goes on , finds her helpful as someone who always knows who has done what in the village . Main departed cast ( edit ) Aldo Mignone as Gino Poletti ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) , the young , handsome Italian farmer who has set Anna 's heart on fire . He has a real passion for farming and trying to please everybody , but his ambitious business decisions are not very successful . Jenni Baird as Regina Standish ( season 1 -- 5 ) , the widowed , formerly wealthy and still money - hungry sister of George 's late wife , Elaine . Regina is the opposite of who Elaine had been : cold , bitter , and scheming , she despises Jews and openly displays religious intolerance toward Sarah . Regina has now set her sights on the widower George 's inheritance , and would take extreme actions to achieve her goals regardless of anyone she sees as an obstacle . After being committed in an asylum for the murder of Millie Davis and a policeman , Regina was let go in 1958 . She returned to the town and helped Sarah and George fight Sir Richard 's cruel intentions . She committed suicide at the end of season 5 , overdosing on morphine and making her death appear to be homicide . Dominic Allburn as Harry Polson ( regular : season 1 ; recurring : season 4 ) , Amy 's gay brother . He has a brief romantic involvement with James , but when much of the village learns of Harry 's true nature , he leaves Inverness for a new life elsewhere . Later , when he returns after having been severely beaten , Sarah helps him to settle back into a more stable life at Inverness . Matt Levett as Andrew Swanson ( regular : season 2 ; recurring : season 1 ) , a somewhat entitled heir apparent who tries to win the hand of Anna Bligh . Ben Winspear as Doctor Rene Nordmann ( regular : season 3 ; recurring : season 2 ) , the long - lost first love and husband of Sarah Adams . First seen only in flashback , Rene had been arrested by the Nazi occupiers of Paris , and had disappeared without a trace . Later , when Sarah is amazed to learn that he is still alive , she travels to Paris to rescue him from the deep psychological damage caused by his long ordeal of imprisonment and torture . Rene has great difficulty adjusting to normal life , and still seems to carry his imprisonment within him . Brenna Harding as Rose O'Connell ( regular : season 4 ; recurring : season 3 ) Robert Coleby as Douglas Goddard , a retiree who ran a club for Australian war veterans . He married Elizabeth Bligh but died in season 5 . Recurring ( edit ) Heather Mitchell as Prudence Swanson , the wealthy friend of Elizabeth . Prudence socializes with Elizabeth whenever she comes to visit Sydney . As a member of Sydney 's upper class , she is very aristocratic and looks down her nose at Sarah when she arrives for a garden party . Judi Farr as Peg Maloney , the aunt of Sarah Adams , who writes to her frequently from her home in Sydney . She and Sarah have grown very close , and when Sarah later decides to take a difficult action , she asks Peg for help . Dina Panozzo as Carla Poletti , the mother of Gino . She is very critical of the relationship with Anna and her son , saying that it will never work because she is not Catholic . But when George accedes , she does so as well . Krew Boylan and then Amy Mathews as Amy Polson , the maid of the Bligh household . When Regina suspects that James is gay she manipulates Amy into spying for her , which eventually forces Elizabeth to fire Amy with great sorrow . Angelo D'Angelo as Amo Poletti , the father of Gino Jacinta Acevski as Alma Grey Scott Grimley as Norman Parker ( driver ) Rick Donald as Lloyd Ellis - Parker , a talented portrait artist on temporary assignment , who seems to offer Olivia the romantic affection she desperately craves . Michael Sheasby as Bert Ford , a local yobbo who always seems to be looking for a fight . His suspicion of outsiders and religious intolerance make Sarah a natural target , as are the Italian Poletti family . Bert disappears under mysterious circumstances , but his unknown fate continues to haunt his former victims . Mark Lee as Sir Richard Bennett , a rich and powerful , but unprincipled owner of a major city newspaper . He is used to taking whatever he wishes to possess , including the people around him . Conrad Coleby as Matthew Goddard , Douglas ' son who returns to town after his father 's death . He starts dating Olivia and later asks her to marry him . Production ( edit ) Development for A Place to Call Home began after Bevan Lee completed his `` domestic trilogy '' ( Always Greener , Packed to the Rafters and Winners & Losers ) . He took inspiration from film director Douglas Sirk 's 1950s films such as Written on the Wind ( 1956 ) and All That Heaven Allows ( 1955 ) . Lee told The Age that he wanted to create a romance - driven melodrama based in the 1950s because people 's lives in the present are `` relatively bland '' . He said : `` At the end of the day , conflict is drama and we live in relatively conflict - free society . I had to go to a place where there was pain and damage and hurt ; after the war there was . '' The script is co-written by Lee and Trent Atkinson . Noni Hazlehurst ( Elizabeth Bligh ) was the first cast member to be announced for A Place to Call Home , on 18 June 2012 . Marta Dusseldorp ( Sarah Adams ) , Brett Climo ( George Bligh ) and Frankie J. Holden ( Roy Briggs ) were announced a month later , with Dusseldorp leading the overall cast . Newcomers David Berry ( James Bligh ) , Arianwen Parkes - Lockwood ( Olivia Bligh ) , Abby Earl ( Anna Bligh ) and Aldo Mignone ( Gino Poletti ) , made up the rest of the main cast . A Place to Call Home is set primarily in both the fictional estate `` Ash Park '' and the nearby fictional town of `` Inverness '' in country New South Wales . Inverness was also used as the country setting of Always Greener . Camden and the Southern Highlands in New South Wales serves as the backdrop for Inverness . Ash Park is actually Camelot , a heritage - listed property located at Kirkham , on the outskirts of Camden . Sydney , the capital city of New South Wales , is a third location where major events occur , but most city scenes are filmed indoors , aside from some establishing shots such as historic footage of the Sydney Harbour Bridge . Filming for the first season began on 9 July 2012 and concluded on 12 December 2012 . Season one was shot on a Sony F65 camera , the first Australian television production to do so . In June 2013 , Erin McWhirter of TV Week announced that A Place to Call Home had been renewed for another season . Abby Earl told McWhirter , `` We 're locked in pre-production in August and then we start filming in September , so there 's plenty of time for me to get back in Anna 's shoes . '' The second season started on 11 May 2014 and concluded on 13 July 2014 . TV Week confirmed that a third season had been commissioned . However , in June 2014 , the magazine reported that Channel Seven had declined the option to renew the series , and that the cast and crew had been told that they would not be required for a third season . On 15 October 2014 , it was announced that Foxtel had finalised a deal with Channel Seven that would see a third season written by Bevan Lee , produced by Seven Productions , but aired on Foxtel . On 25 October 2014 , The Daily Telegraph announced that A Place to Call Home was renewed for another two seasons and would return in late 2015 , airing on Foxtel channel , SoHo . It was also announced that all the original cast and crew members would return . On 16 August 2015 it was announced via the official Facebook page that season 3 would premiere on 27 September 2015 on SoHo . Season 4 premiered on Foxtel 's Showcase channel on 11 September 2016 . Season 5 was announced by Foxtel on 16 November 2016 . The timeline of season 5 skips ahead from 1954 to the year 1958 . Production of A Place to Call Home resumed in February 2017 with principal photography continuing through July 2017 . Season 5 premiered on Foxtel 's Showcase Channel in Australia starting on 8 October 2017 . A sixth and final season was announced by Foxtel on 6 December 2017 to be aired in 2018 . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) Main article : List of A Place to Call Home episodes Series overview Series Episodes Originally aired OzTAM ratings First aired Last aired Network Rank Average viewership 13 28 April 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) 21 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 21 ) Seven Network 8 1,480,000 10 11 May 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) 13 July 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 13 ) 7 1,150,000 10 27 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 29 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 29 ) SoHo 168,000 12 11 September 2016 27 November 2016 Showcase 139,000 5 12 8 October 2017 24 December 2017 104,000 6 10 August 2018 TBA TBA TBA When Seven Network revealed its new television series lineup for 2012 , A Place to Call Home was mentioned alongside other titles . Seven Network 's Angus Ross said that it would potentially premiere in late 2012 , but would not be rushed to air by a certain date unless `` casting and other elements '' were right . The first season of A Place to Call Home consisted of thirteen episodes . The pilot episode was originally broadcast on 28 April 2013 , in the 8 : 30 pm time slot ( previously occupied by Downton Abbey ) . International ( edit ) Shortly after airing in Australia A Place to Call Home started broadcasting on TV One in New Zealand . Series one and two began airing on BBC2 in the United Kingdom on 17 November 2014 , series three on 25 February 2016 , and series four on 13 February 2017 . The fifth series was promoted to a BBC1 daytime slot , and began airing daily on 13 March 2018 . The first five seasons are available for streaming in the U.S. on Acorn TV . The show is also distributed to television stations by American Public Television . Home Media ( edit ) Title Set details DVD release dates Blu - ray release dates Special features Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region B A Place to Call Home -- Season 1 Discs : 4 Episodes : 13 3 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 03 ) 23 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 23 ) 8 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 08 ) Photo gallery ( region 2 only ) Interviews with the Cast ( region 4 only ) A Place to Call Home -- Season 2 Discs : 3 Episodes : 10 30 June 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 30 ) 23 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 23 ) 17 July 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 17 ) Interviews Young to Old : Sarah 's Transformation Character Profiles ( region 1 & 2 only ) A Place to Call Home -- Season 2 : Revised Edition Discs : 3 Episodes : 10 N / A N / A 29 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 29 ) N / A Interviews Young to Old : Sarah 's Transformation Season 3 Character Profiles Season 3 Trailer A Place to Call Home -- Season 2 : Collector 's Edition Discs : 1 Episodes : 3 N / A N / A 29 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 29 ) N / A Interviews Young to Old : Sarah 's Transformation Season 3 Character Profiles Season 3 Trailer A Place to Call Home -- Season 3 Discs : 3 Episodes : 10 5 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) 14 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 7 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) N / A New season 2 finale Picture gallery Season 3 episode recaps ( region 4 only ) A Place to Call Home -- Season 4 Discs : 3 Episodes : 12 28 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) 6 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) 26 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) N / A Region 1 : Cast and crew interviews ( region 1 only ) Behind - the - scenes featurettes ( region 1 only ) Photo gallery A Place to Call Home -- Season 5 Discs : 3 Episodes : 12 3 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 2 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 02 ) 28 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) N / A Q and A with Jenni Baird ( region 1 only ) Box sets ( edit ) Title Set details DVD release dates Special features Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 A Place to Call Home -- Season 1 & 2 Discs : 7 Episodes : 23 N / A N / A 29 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 29 ) Interviews Young to Old : Sarah 's Transformation Season 3 Character Profiles Season 3 Trailer A Place to Call Home -- Complete Seasons One to Three Discs : 10 Episodes : 33 N / A 14 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 1 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) Interviews Young to Old : Sarah 's Transformation Season 3 Character Profiles Season 3 Trailer New season 2 finale ( region 2 & 4 ) Picture gallery ( region 2 & 4 ) Season 3 episode recaps A Place to Call Home -- Complete Seasons 1 -- 4 Discs : 13 Episodes : 45 N / A 6 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) 26 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) Alternative series two finale ( region 2 ) A Place to Call Home -- Complete Seasons 1 -- 5 Discs : 16 Episodes : 57 TBA TBA 28 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) Region 4 : Interviews Young to Old : Sarah 's Transformation Season 3 Character Profiles Season 3 Trailer New Season 2 Finale Season 3 Episode Recaps Photo Gallery Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 2 discs in the UK . Blu - ray includes 3 discs . Jump up ^ Blu - ray and UK release includes 2 discs . Jump up ^ 2 discs in the UK . Jump up ^ 2 discs in the UK . Jump up ^ 4 discs in the U.S. and 2 in the UK . Jump up ^ 6 discs in the UK . Jump up ^ 8 discs in the UK . Soundtrack ( edit ) A Place to Call Home -- Music from Seasons 1 -- 5 was released on 20 October 2017 ( show ) Disc 1 No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` A Place to Call Home Theme '' ( season 2 ) Michael Yezerski 1 : 43 2 . `` Motherland '' ( season 1 ) Michael Yezerski 2 : 44 3 . `` Ebb Tide '' ( season 1 ) Stuie French featuring Shanley Del 2 : 45 4 . `` Music ! Music ! Music ! '' ( season 1 ) Teresa Brewer 2 : 46 5 . `` Heart and Soul '' ( season 1 ) The Four Aces featuring Al Alberts 2 : 19 6 . `` We 're Going to have a Baby '' ( season 1 ) Michael Yezerski 1 : 58 7 . `` Bewitched , Bothered and Bewildered '' ( season 1 ) Ella Fitzgerald 7 : 05 8 . `` It 's Coming '' ( season 2 ) Michael Yezerski 3 : 03 9 . `` The Anniversary Waltz '' ( season 1 ) Vera Lynn 2 : 46 10 . `` You Belong to Me '' ( season 1 ) Jo Stafford 3 : 15 11 . `` Mona Lisa '' ( season 1 ) Michael Yezerski featuring Glenn Cunningham 1 : 51 12 . `` When I Fall in Love '' ( season 2 ) Nat King Cole 3 : 13 13 . `` Mr. & Mrs. James Bligh '' ( season 1 ) Michael Yezerski 1 : 53 14 . `` A Kiss to Build a Dream On '' ( season 2 ) Louis Armstrong 3 : 05 15 . `` Lullaby of Broadway '' ( season 1 ) Doris Day with the Norman Luboff Choir and the Buddy Cole Quartet 2 : 30 16 . `` Ash Park Morning '' ( season 1 ) Michael Yezerski 1 : 19 17 . `` Rag Mop '' ( season 1 ) The Ames Brothers 2 : 41 18 . `` Botch - a-Me ( Ba - Ba - Baciami Piccina ) '' ( season 1 ) Rosemary Clooney 2 : 20 19 . `` Sh - Boom '' ( Single Version ; season 2 ) The Crew Cuts 2 : 50 20 . `` Sway '' ( season 1 ) Stuie French featuring Paul Fisher 2 : 44 21 . `` Paris '' ( season 2 ) Michael Yezerski 2 : 16 22 . `` I Believe '' ( season 2 ) Michael Yezerski featuring Martha Marlow 1 : 56 23 . `` Are You Awake ? '' ( season 2 ) Michael Yezerski 1 : 46 24 . `` No Other Love '' ( season 2 ) Michael Yezerski featuring Alex Oomens 3 : 41 25 . `` Side by Side '' ( season 1 ) Kay Starr 2 : 55 26 . `` You 're Nobody till Somebody Loves You '' ( season 1 ) The Mills Brothers 2 : 25 27 . `` Undecided '' ( season 1 ) The Ames Brothers 3 : 01 28 . `` At Last '' ( season 1 ) Etta James 3 : 04 29 . `` Amazing Grace '' ( season 1 ) Michael Yezerski featuring Mahalia Barnes 1 : 50 Reception ( edit ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Australian Cinematographers Society Awards Year Category Nominee ( s ) Work Result Ref 2014 Telefeatures , TV Drama & Mini Series Award of Distinction John Stokes Season 1 , Episode 9 : `` Cane Toad '' Won Equity Ensemble Awards Year Category Nominee ( s ) Work Result Ref 2014 Most Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Cast Season 1 Nominated Logie Awards Year Category Nominee Work Result Ref 2014 Most Outstanding Drama Series N / A A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Popular Actress Marta Dusseldorp A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Popular New Talent Abby Earl A Place to Call Home Nominated 2016 Best Actress Marta Dusseldorp A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Outstanding Supporting Actor David Berry A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Outstanding Supporting Actress Jenni Baird A Place to Call Home Nominated Best Drama Program N / A A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Outstanding Drama Series N / A A Place to Call Home Nominated 2017 Best Actress Marta Dusseldorp A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Outstanding Supporting Actress Jenni Baird A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Outstanding Drama Series N / A A Place to Call Home Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Blake , Elissa ( 21 April 2013 ) . `` A Marta for her cause '' . The Age . Fairfax Media . Archived from the original on 23 April 2013 . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 8 July 2012 ) . `` More cast for A Place to Call Home '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 6 June 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 19 March 2018 ) . `` A Place to Call Home to end with 6th season '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Characters '' . Yahoo ! 7 . 4 May 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 18 April 2013 ) . `` A Place to Call Home Drama Launch '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Blundell , Graeme ( 20 April 2013 ) . `` Home truths revealed in Bevan Lee 's new family drama '' . The Australian . News Limited ( News Corporation ) . Archived from the original on 5 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Craven , Peter ( 18 April 2013 ) . `` Dressed with vintage appeal '' . The Age . Fairfax Media . Archived from the original on 31 May 2013 . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 25 April 2013 ) . `` A Place to Call Home '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 18 June 2012 ) . `` Noni Hazlehurst to call Seven home again '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( 9 July 2012 ) . `` Marta finds a home at Seven '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Archived from the original on 8 December 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Yeap , Sue ( 9 July 2012 ) . `` New Seven blockbuster cranks up '' . The West Australian . Seven West Media Limited ( Kohlberg Kravis Roberts ) . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ B , Alicia ( 10 June 2012 ) . `` New Seven Show - A Place to Call Home '' . Throng.com.au . Archived from the original on 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Chancellor , Jonathan ( 28 April 2013 ) . `` Camelot at Camden is captivating as A Place to Call Home location on Channel 7 's new 1950s drama series '' . Property Observer . Private Media Pty Ltd . Archived from the original on 5 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Leys , Nick ( 17 April 2013 ) . `` Seven has high hopes for Bevan Lee 's A Place To Call Home '' . The Australian . News Limited ( News Corporation ) . Archived from the original on 6 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Place to Call Home production details '' . Inside Film . 4 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Swift , Brendan ( 11 March 2013 ) . `` First Aus TV drama shot with Sony F65 : A Place to Call Home '' . Inside Film . Archived from the original on 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ McWhirter , Erin ( 22 -- 28 June 2013 ) . `` TV Insider '' . TV Week . Bauer Media Group ( 25 ) : 25 . Jump up ^ Vnuk , Helen ( 10 -- 16 May 2014 ) . `` Home comforts '' . TV Week . Bauer Media Group ( 19 ) : 97 . Jump up ^ Williams , Glen ( 14 -- 20 June 2014 ) . `` No place to call home '' . TV Week . Bauer Media Group ( 22 ) : 11 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( 15 October 2014 ) . `` New Place for A Place to Call Home '' . Sunday Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 15 October 2014 . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Harris , Amy ( 25 October 2014 ) . `` Foxtel breathes new life into A Place To Call Home after Seven signs deal to keep the show alive '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Returning : A Place to Call Home '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ McWhirter , Erin ( 6 December 2017 ) . `` A Place To Call Home : Season 6 confirmed for 2018 '' . Foxtel . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV ratings : 2013 '' . Government of Australia . Screen Australia . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV ratings : 2014 '' . Government of Australia . Screen Australia . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Zautsen , Daniel ( 9 August 2016 ) . `` A Place to Call Home , filmed at Camelot in Kirkham , will return for its fourth series on Foxtel 's showcase '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 22 September 2011 ) . `` Seven Reveals 2012 Highlights '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 25 March 2013 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 6 February 2012 ) . `` Programmers Wrap 2012 : Seven Network '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Place to Call Home - TV ONE '' . TV One ( Television New Zealand , Ltd ) . Archived from the original on 11 April 2015 . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Two - A Place to Call Home - Episode guide '' . Archived from the original on 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Programmers ' APT Marketplace choices include Aussie romantic drama and MST3K Archived 24 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : American DVD releases : Lambert , David ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` A Place to Call Home -- ' Season 1 ' of the Australian Show Coming to These Shores '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Lambert , David ( 16 April 2015 ) . `` A Place to Call Home -- ' Season 2 ' DVDs : Finalized Date , Details , Front Cover Art '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Lambert , David ( 16 February 2016 ) . `` A Place to Call Home -- The Sexy ' Season 3 ' is Coming to DVD this Spring '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 19 February 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Lambert , David ( 22 February 2017 ) . `` A Place to Call Home -- The ' Season 4 ' DVD 's Press Release Arrives from RLJ / Acorn '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Lambert , David ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` A Place to Call Home -- Front - of - the - Package Artwork is Now Available for ' Season 5 ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : British DVD releases : `` A Place to Call Home Series One ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` A Place to Call Home Series Two ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` A Place to Call Home Series 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` A Place to Call Home Series 4 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . `` A Place To Call Home : Series 5 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . British box set releases : `` A Place to Call Home -- Series 1 -- 3 Complete ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` A Place to Call Home -- Series 1 -- 4 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Australian DVD releases : `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 1 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 23 July 2013 . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . `` A Place To Call Home ; S2 '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 6 May 2014 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . `` A Place To Call Home -- Season 2 -- Revised Edition '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 24 December 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . `` A Place To Call Home -- Season 2 Collector 's Disc -- New Final Episode '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 28 September 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 3 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 2 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 4 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 5 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Australian Blu - ray releases : `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 1 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 20 July 2013 . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . `` A Place To Call Home ; S2 '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 6 May 2014 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Australian box set releases : `` A Place To Call Home -- Season 1 -- 2 '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 1 -- 3 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 1 -- 4 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 1 -- 5 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Place To Call Home '' . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Place To Call Home : Seasons 1 -- 5 ( Music From The Television Series ) -- Otv '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Congratulations to all our National Award Winners '' . Australian Cinematographers Society ( ACS ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Equity Ensemble Awards - Winners Announced '' . TV Tonight . 30 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 27 April 2014 ) . `` Logie Awards 2014 : Winners '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 8 May 2016 ) . `` 2016 Logie Awards : Winners '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 9 May 2016 . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website A Place to Call Home on IMDb Current Australian drama television series ABC Rake ( 2010 -- ) Jack Irish ( 2012 -- ) Glitch ( 2015 -- ) Cleverman ( 2016 -- ) Harrow ( 2018 -- ) ABC3 Nowhere Boys ( 2013 -- ) Seven Network Home and Away ( 1988 -- ) 800 Words ( 2015 -- ) Wanted ( 2016 -- ) Nine Network Doctor Doctor ( 2016 -- ) Eleven Neighbours ( 1985 -- ) Showcase Wentworth ( 2013 -- 2016 on SoHo , 2017 -- on Showcase ) The Kettering Incident ( 2016 -- on Showcase ) A Place to Call Home ( 2013 -- 14 on Seven Network , 2015 on SoHo , 2016 -- on Showcase ) Secret City ( 2016 -- on Showcase ) Stan Wolf Creek ( 2016 -- ) Future shows Bite Club ( 2018 - on Nine Network ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Place_to_Call_Home_(TV_series)&oldid=843477713 '' Categories : 2010s Australian television series 2013 Australian television series debuts 2014 Australian television series endings 2015 Australian television series debuts Australian drama television series Australian LGBT - related television shows Australian subscription television series Costume drama television series English - language television programs Period television series Seven Network shows SoHo ( Australian TV channel ) shows Showcase Australia shows Television series by Endemol Television series by Seven Productions Television series revived after cancellation Television series set in the 1950s Television shows set in New South Wales Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from September 2013 Use Australian English from September 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 11 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does a place to call home return in 2018 | [
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2175066917685554144 | Bull riding | Bull riding - wikipedia Bull riding This is the current revision of this page , as edited by KolbertBot ( talk contribs ) at 12 : 12 , 27 August 2017 ( Bot : HTTP → HTTPS ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 12 : 12 , 27 August 2017 by KolbertBot ( talk contribs ) ( Bot : HTTP → HTTPS ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Bull riding Bull riding is a rodeo sport that involves a rider getting on a bucking bull and attempting to stay mounted while the animal attempts to buck off the rider . In the American style of the sport , the rider must stay on top of the bucking bull while holding onto the bull rope with one hand for eight seconds and not touching the bull with his free hand . A bull rope is a fiber rope wrapped around the chest of the bull directly behind the bull 's front legs , which the rider grips while riding . If he does that , it is a qualified ride . If he gets bucked off before eight seconds , it is a no score . In most bull riding circuits , four judges mark scores for the rider and the bull . Two judges score the rider based on his ability up to 25 points each for up to a total of 50 points . The other two judges score the bull on his bucking performance for up to 25 points each for a total of up to 50 points . Thus , the ride is scored up to 100 points . Most professional riders score between the mid-70s and high 80s . American bull riding has been called `` the most dangerous eight seconds in sports . '' Outside of the United States , bull riding traditions with varying rules and histories also exist in Canada , Mexico , Guatemala , El Salvador , Honduras , Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Panama , Cuba , Brazil , Argentina , Chile , Australia and New Zealand with the majority of them following similar rules , especially with the Professional Bull Riders organization . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Rules and regulations 2.1 Points and scoring 3 Equipment 3.1 Rider equipment 3.2 Bull equipment 3.3 The arena 4 North America 5 Australia and New Zealand 6 Animal welfare 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The taming of bulls has ancient roots in contests dating as far back as Minoan culture . Bull riding itself has its direct roots in Mexican contests of equestrian and ranching skills now collectively known as charreada . During the 16th century , a hacienda contest called jaripeo developed . Originally considered a variant of bull fighting , in which riders literally rode a bull to death , the competition evolved into a form where the bull was simply ridden until it stopped bucking . By the mid-19th century , charreada competition was popular on Texas and California cattle ranches where Anglo and Hispanic ranch hands often worked together . Many early Texas rangers , who had to be expert horsemen and later went on to become ranchers , learned and adapted Hispanic techniques and traditions to ranches in the United States . Many also enjoyed traditional Mexican celebrations , and H.L. Kinney , a rancher , promoter and former Texas Ranger staged what is thought to be the first Anglo - American organized bullfight in the southwest in 1852 . This event also included a jaripeo competition and was the subject of newspaper reports from as far away as the New Orleans Daily Delta . However , popular sentiment shifted away from various blood sports and both bullfighting and prize fighting were banned by the Texas legislature in 1891 . In the same time period , however , Wild West Shows began to add steer riding to their exhibitions , choosing to use castrated animals because steers were easier to handle and transport than bulls . Additionally , informal rodeos began as competitions between neighboring ranches in the American Old West . The location of the first formal Rodeo is debated . Deer Trail , Colorado claims the first rodeo in 1869 but so does Cheyenne , WY in 1872 . Although steer riding contests existed into the 1920s , the sport did not gain popularity until bulls were returned to the arena and replaced steers as the mount of choice . The first - known rodeo to use brahma bulls was in Columbia , Mississippi , produced in 1935 by Canadian brothers Earl and Weldon Bascom with Jake Lybbert and Waldo Ross . This rodeo was the first to feature a bull riding event at a night rodeo held outdoors under electric lights . A pivotal moment for modern bull riding , and rodeo in general , came with the founding of the Rodeo Cowboy Association ( RCA ) in 1936 , which later became the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association ( PRCA ) . Through this organization many hundreds of rodeos are held each year . Since that time , the popularity of all aspects of the rodeo has risen . In addition to the PRCA , which has PRCA ProRodeo with bull riding and the Xtreme Bulls events for bull riding only , there are two separate organizations that promote and produce shows for stand - alone professional bull riding in the United States : Championship Bull Riding ( CBR ) and Professional Bull Riders ( PBR ) . CBR tours all over the United States and its major league tour , the Road to Cheyenne Tour , is broadcast on Fox Sports Networks . The CBR world championships take place at Cheyenne Frontier Days . The Professional Bull Riders ( PBR ) stages a large number of events in the United States , Canada , Mexico , Brazil , and Australia . For many years the annual PBR World Finals were held at the Thomas and Mack Center in Las Vegas , Nevada . However , starting in 2016 , the Finals are now held at the T - Mobile Arena in Las Vegas . The PBR 's major league tour , the Built Ford Tough Series , is broadcast on CBS Sports Network , with the primary broadcast network televising selected bonus rounds ( known as 15 / 15 bucking battles ) . From these roots , bull riding as a competitive sport has spread to a number of other nations worldwide . Rules and regulations ( edit ) Bull riding at the Calgary Stampede . The `` bullfighter '' or `` rodeo clown '' is standing just to the right of the bull Each bull has a unique name and number used to help identify it . A sufficient number of bulls , each judged to be of good strength , health , agility , and age , are selected to perform . The rider and bull are matched randomly before the competition , although starting in 2008 , some ranked riders are allowed to choose their own bulls from a bull draft for selected rounds in PBR events . A rider mounts a bull and grips a flat braided rope . After they secure a good grip on the rope , the rider nods to signal they are ready . The bucking chute ( a small enclosure which opens from the side ) is opened and the bull storms out into the arena . The rider must attempt to stay on the bull for at least eight seconds , while only touching the bull with their riding hand . The other hand must remain free for the duration of the ride . Originally , the rules required a 10 - second ride , but that was changed to the current eight seconds . The bull bucks , rears , kicks , spins , and twists in an effort to throw the rider off . This continues for a number of seconds until the rider bucks off or dismounts after completing the ride . A loud buzzer or whistle announces the completion of an eight - second ride . Throughout the ride , bullfighters , also popularly known as rodeo clowns , stay near the bull to aid the rider if necessary . When the ride ends , either intentionally or not , the bullfighters distract the bull to protect the rider from harm . Many competitions have a format that involves multiple rounds , sometimes called `` go - rounds '' . Generally , events span two to three nights . The rider is given a chance to ride one bull per night . The total points scored by the end of the event are recorded , and after the first or first two go rounds , the top 20 riders are given a chance to ride one more bull . This final round is called the `` short go '' . After the end of the short go , the rider with the most total points wins the event . Points and scoring ( edit ) The ride is scored from 0 -- 100 points . Both the rider and the bull are awarded points . There are usually two judges , each judge scoring the bull from 0 -- 50 points , and the rider from 0 -- 50 points . The combined point totals from both judges make up the final score for the ride . This system was spearheaded by former PRCA president Dale Smith . Scores of zero are quite common as many riders lose control of the animal almost immediately after the bull leaves the bucking chute . Many experienced professionals are able to earn scores of 75 or more . Scores above 80 are considered excellent , and a score in the 90s exceptional . Judges award points based on several key aspects of the ride . Judges look for constant control and rhythm in the rider in matching their movements with the bull . Points are usually deducted if a rider is constantly off balance . For points actually to be awarded the rider must stay mounted for a minimum of 8 seconds , and they are scored only for actions during those 8 seconds . The ability to control the bull well allows riders to gain extra style points . These are often gained by spurring the animal . A rider is disqualified for touching the bull , the rope , or themselves with their free arm . Bulls have more raw power and a different style of movement from bucking horses . One move particular to bulls is a belly roll or sunfishing , in which the bull is completely off the ground and kicks either his hind feet or all four feet to the side in a twisting , rolling motion . Bulls also are more likely than horses to spin in tight , quick circles , while they are less likely to run or to jump extremely high and `` break in two '' . For the bull , judges look at the animal 's overall agility , power and speed ; its back end kicks ; and its front end drops . In general , if a bull gives a rider a very hard time , more points will be awarded . If a rider fails to stay mounted for at least 8 seconds the bull is still awarded a score . The PBR , CBR , PRCA , IPRA and PRS record bulls ' past scores so that the best bulls can be brought to the finals , ensuring that riders will be given a chance to score highly . All five organizations also award one bull the `` Bucking Bull of the Year '' award , decided by scores and the number of riders it has bucked off . The award brings prestige to the ranch at which the bull was raised . If a rider scores sufficiently low due to poor bull performance , the judges may offer the rider the option of a re-ride . By taking the option , the rider gives up the score received , waits until all other riders have ridden , and rides again . This can be risky because the rider loses their score and risks being bucked off and receiving no score . A re-ride may also be given if a bull stumbles or runs into the fence or gate . Equipment ( edit ) Rider equipment ( edit ) Bull riders use many pieces of equipment both functionally and to ensure maximum safety , both to themselves and to the animals involved . The primary piece of equipment used is the bull rope . The bull rope is a braided rope made of polypropylene , grass , or some combination . A handle is braided into the center of the rope and is usually stiffened with leather . One side of the rope is tied in an adjustable knot that can be changed for the size of bull . The other side of the rope ( the tail ) is a flat braid and is usually coated with rosin to keep it from sliding through the rider 's hand . A metallic bell is strapped to the knot and hangs directly under the bull throughout the ride . In addition to the sound the bell produces , it also gives the rope some weight , allowing it to fall off the bull once a rider has dismounted . Chaps are probably the most noticeable piece of bull rider clothing , as their distinctive coloring and patterns add flair to the sport . Usually made of leather , chaps also provide protection for the rider 's legs and thighs . Bull riders are required to wear a protective vest , most usually wear one made of high impact foam that allows the shock to disperse over a wide area , thereby reducing pain and injury . To prevent a rope burn , riders must wear a protective glove , usually of leather . This glove must be fastened to the rider 's hand since the force the animal is able to exert could tear the glove away . The rider often applies rosin to the glove , which allows for additional grip . Cowboy boots are also worn . The dull and loosely locked spurs help keep the rider balanced and is crucial piece of equipment to the sport as a whole . The bulls are unharmed by the rowels , as their hide is roughly seven times thicker than a human being 's skin . Truly skilled riders will often spur the bull in the hope of achieving extra style points from the judges . Cowboy hats remain the primary headwear used . While the professional organizations permit protective helmets and masks , some riders continue to believe that this equipment can detrimentally affect balance , and many professionals still avoid wearing them . However , the trend is changing , as more champion riders begin to wear helmets for added safety . Public health researchers found evidence suggesting that bull riding helmets are protective , when riders wearing one particular type of helmet suffered approximately 50 % fewer head and facial injuries . In 2004 , at the 1st International Rodeo Research and Clinical Care Conference in Calgary , Alberta , Canada , a group of top rodeo medicine researchers and clinical care providers came to a consensus on the use of helmets declaring that all youth rodeo participants should wear helmets , and that helmets should be recommended for adult bull riders . For competitors under the age of 18 , protective headgear incorporating a helmet and ice hockey style face mask are worn . While optional at the upper levels of the sport , it has become mandatory at younger levels , and riders who use helmets and face masks as youths tend to continue to wearing them as they reach adulthood and turn professional . Bull equipment ( edit ) This bull is wearing a flank strap . The flank strap is a rope made of a soft cotton rope at least 5 / 8 '' in diameter is acceptable as a flank strap and does not require extra padding with sheepskin or neoprene . It is tied around the bull 's flank . Contrary to popular belief , the flank strap is not tied around the bull 's testicles . This rope is to encourage the bull to use its hind legs more in a bucking motion , as this is a true test of a rider 's skill in maintaining the ride . If it is applied improperly a rider may request to ride again , as the bull will not buck well if the flank strap is too tight . The flank strap is applied by the stock contractor or his designate . The arena ( edit ) The arenas used in professional bull riding vary . Some are rodeo arenas that are used only for bull riding and other rodeo events . Others are event centers that play host to many different sports . Common to all arenas is a large , open area that gives the bulls , bull riders , and bull fighters plenty of room to maneuver . The area is fenced , usually 6 to 7 feet high , to protect the audience from escaped bulls . There are generally exits on each corner of the arena for riders to get out of the way quickly . Riders can also hop onto the fence to avoid danger . One end of the arena contains the bucking chutes from which the bulls are released . There is also an exit chute where the bulls can exit the arena . North america ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , most professional bull riders start out riding in high school rodeo or other junior associations . From there , riders may go on the college rodeo circuit or to one of several semi-pro associations including the Southern Extreme Bull Riding Association ( SEBRA ) , the Southern States Bull Riders Association ( SSBR ) , the International Bull Riders Association ( IBR ) , the Professional Championship Bull Riders Tour ( PCB ) , Bull Riders Canada ( BRC ) , the American Bull Riders Tour ( ABT ) , the International Professional Rodeo Association ( IPRA ) , the United Professional Rodeo Association ( UPRA ) , the Southern Rodeo Association ( SRA ) , the Professional Western Rodeo Association ( PWRA ) , the Canadian Cowboys Association ( CCA ) , among others . Bull riders compete in these organizations as they are climbing the ladder to the professional ranks and to supplement their income . The top bull riders in the world compete on the Professional Bull Riders ( PBR ) , Championship Bull Riding ( CBR ) and Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association ( PRCA ) circuits . Most of the riders who compete in the CBR tour also compete in the PRCA 's rodeos and ' Xtreme Bulls ' tour ( a small series of one day bull riding events sanctioned by the PRCA ) , while only a handful of PBR riders also compete in the PRCA . Professional bull riders can win in excess of $100,000 a year while competing in any of these three organizations . In Mexico , there are several local American - style bull riding organizations . Australia and New Zealand ( edit ) There are approximately 200 rodeos and bushmen 's carnivals held annually across Australia . At most of these events bull riding is one of the featured competitions . Initially bullocks and steers were used for roughriding events and these were owned by local graziers that lent them for these events . Nowadays bulls are used for the open events and stock contractors supply the various roughriding associations . Contract stock has produced a more uniform range of bucking stock which is also quieter to handle . The competitions are run and scored in a similar style to that used in the United States . In May 1992 the National Rodeo Council of Australia ( NRCA ) was formed to promote and further the sport of rodeo and has represented the following associations , which also control bull riding : Australian Bushmen 's Campdraft & Rodeo Association ( ABCRA ) Australian Professional Bull Riders Association ( APBA ) Central Rodeo Cowboys Association ( CRCA ) Indigenous Rodeo Riders Australia ( IRRA ) National Student Rodeo Association ( NSRA ) National Rodeo Association ( NRA ) Northern Cowboys Association ( NCA ) Queensland Rodeo Association ( QRA ) Rodeo Services Association ( RSA ) West Coast Rodeo Circuit ( WCRC ) There are strict standards for the selection , care and treatment of rodeo livestock , arenas , plus equipment requirements and specifications . Chainsaw was one of Australia 's most famous bucking bulls . Only nine contestants scored on him and he won the Australian national title of Bull of the Year a world record eight times during 1987 to 1994 . Some of Australia 's best bull riders travel and compete internationally in Canada , New Zealand and the United States . Some of Australia 's leading bull riders conduct bull riding clinics to assist learners and novice riders . A World Challenge of Professional Bull Riders ( PBR ) was held on 29 May 2010 at the Brisbane Entertainment Centre ( BEC ) . The 2010 PBR Finals were held over two nights at the Australian Equine and Livestock Events Centre ( AELEC ) , with five top - ranked professional bull riders from the United States and 25 of Australia 's best bull riders contesting the event . Rodeo is also popular in country regions of New Zealand where approximately 32 rodeos , which include bull riding contests , are held each summer . Animal welfare ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Rodeo § Animal treatment controversies . There is debate between animal rights / welfare organizations and bull riding enthusiasts over many aspects of the sport . One source of controversy is the flank strap . The flank strap is placed around a bull 's flank , just in front of the hind legs , to encourage bucking . Critics say that the flank strap encircles or otherwise binds the genitals of the bull . However , the flank strap is anatomically impossible to place over the testicles . Many point out that the bull 's genes are valuable and that there is a strong economic incentive to keep the animal in good reproductive health . Further , particularly in the case of bulls , an animal that is sick and in pain usually will not want to move at all , will not buck as well , and may even lie down in the chute or ring rather than buck . Critics also claim that electric cattle prods ( `` hot shots '' ) are used to injure and torture bulls , while supporters of bull riding claim that the cattle prod simply gets the bull out of the chute quickly and is only a moderate irritation due to the thickness of the animal 's hide . Cattle prods have not been used in the Professional Bull Riders ( PBR ) tour for several years . However , in smaller associations , a cattle prod is still sometimes used to ensure that the animal leaves the chute as soon as the rider nods their head . Cattle prods are not allowed by any major association . Spurs are also a source of controversy , though modern rodeo rules place strict regulations on the type and use of spurs and participants point out that they are a tool commonly used in other non-rodeo equestrian disciplines . Spurs used in bull riding do not have a fixed rowel , nor can they be sharpened . The PBR currently allows only two types of rowels to ensure the safety of the animals . Bull riding has the highest rate of injury to humans of any rodeo sport . It accounts for approximately 50 % of all traumatic injuries to rodeo contestants , and the bullfighters have the highest injury rate of any non-contestant group . See also ( edit ) Steer riding Mechanical bull Bronc riding Jineteada gaucha References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Facing the Bull : The Most Dangerous Eight Seconds in Sports '' . news.nationalgeographic.com . National Geographic News . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubke , Jane & Kubke Jessica 2006 . `` Bull Riding '' . The Rosen Publishing Group ^ Jump up to : LeCompte , Mary Lou . ( 1985 ) `` The Hispanic influence on Rodeo '' ( PDF ) . ( 109 KB ) . Journal of Sport History . volume 12 . Issue 1 . Jump up ^ Melody Groves ( 2006 ) , Ropes , reins , and rawhide , ISBN 0 - 8263 - 3822 - 4 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 3822 - 8 https://books.google.com/books?id=ztGsU7ISp50C&pg=PA51&dq=Cowboy+Up:+The+History+of+Bull+Riding&client=firefox-a#PPA4,M1 Jump up ^ REVIEW - JOURNAL , BETSY HELFAND LAS VEGAS ( 1 November 2016 ) . `` Here are 5 reasons to pay attention to the PBR at T - Mobile Arena '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Ride : The History and Lore of Rodeo - Joel H. Bernstein - Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bull Riding Basics '' Professional Bull Rider , Inc . Archived February 10 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Web site accessed February 27 , 2008 Jump up ^ Brandenburg1998 / Brandenburg MA , Archer P ( April 1998 ) . `` A Survey Analysis to Assess the Effectiveness of the Bull Tough Helmet in Preventing Head Injuries in Bull Riders '' ( PDF ) . Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine . 31 : 360 -- 366 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Brandenburg MA , Archer P. Mechanisms of Head Injury in Bull Riders with and without the Bull Tough Helmet - A Case Series . J Okla State Med Assoc , 2005 ; 98 ( 12 ) : 591 - 95 ( 1 ). pdf url = http://www.bulltough.com/Medical%20Studies%20PDFs/Bull_Riding_Injury_Mechanisms%7Cdate=November 2016 Jump up ^ Butterwick2005 / Butterwick DJ , Brandenburg MA ( April 2005 ) . `` Agreement Statement from the 1st International Rodeo Research and Clinical Care Conference Calgary , Alberta , Canada July 7 - 9 , 2004 '' . Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine . 15 ( 12 ) : 192 -- 195 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. jsm. 0000160553.87755. 2a . Jump up ^ Texas law mandates competitors under 18 in rodeos , including bull riding , must wear a helmet . Jump up ^ flank ropes Jump up ^ Hicks Jenny , `` Australian Cowboys , Roughriders & Rodeos '' , CQU Press , Rockhampton , QLD , 2000 Jump up ^ NCRA . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Code of practice for the welfare of rodeo and rodeo school livestock Archived October 11 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Isa Rotary Rodeo . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 31 ... Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ PBRA Archived 2011 - 07 - 15 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Jock Phillips . ' Rural recreation - Rural horse sports ' , Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand , updated 1 - Mar - 09 URL : http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/rural-recreation/7 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Livestock Welfare Rules '' . www.prorodeo.com . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Mullen , Frank X . Jr . `` Rodeo injuries : Mess with the bull , you get the horns '' Reno Gazette - Journal 21 June 2005 External links ( edit ) Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association Professional Bull Riders Championship Bull Riding International Bull Riders Professional Championship Bullriders American Bullriders Tour PBR - Australia International Professional Rodeo Association Professional Roughstock Series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bull_riding&oldid=797497717 '' Categories : Rodeo events Bucking bulls Bull sports Bull riders Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons العربية Deutsch Frysk Norsk Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 12 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the flank strap go on a bull | [
"The flank strap is a rope made of a soft cotton rope at least 5/8” in diameter is acceptable as a flank strap and does not require extra padding with sheepskin or neoprene. It is tied around the bull's flank.[12] Contrary to popular belief, the flank strap is not tied around the bull's testicles. This rope is to encourage the bull to use its hind legs more in a bucking motion, as this is a true test of a rider's skill in maintaining the ride. If it is applied improperly a rider may request to ride again, as the bull will not buck well if the flank strap is too tight. The flank strap is applied by the stock contractor or his designate."
] | [
"around the bull's flank"
] |
1555797058327216876 | Supreme Court of India | Supreme court of India - Wikipedia Supreme court of India Supreme Court of India Seal of the Supreme Court Established 1 October 1937 ; 81 years ago ( 1937 - 10 - 01 ) ( as Federal Court of India ) 28 January 1950 ; 68 years ago ( 1950 - 01 - 28 ) ( as Supreme Court of India ) Country India Location Tilak Marg , New Delhi , Delhi Coordinates 28 ° 37 ′ 20 '' N 77 ° 14 ′ 23 '' E / 28.622237 ° N 77.239584 ° E / 28.622237 ; 77.239584 Coordinates : 28 ° 37 ′ 20 '' N 77 ° 14 ′ 23 '' E / 28.622237 ° N 77.239584 ° E / 28.622237 ; 77.239584 Motto यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः ॥ ( IAST : Yato Dharmastato Jayaḥ ) Where there is truth ( dharma ) , there is victory ( justice ) Composition method Collegium System Authorized by Constitution of India Judge term length Mandatory retirement at 65 years of age No. of positions 31 ( 30 + 1 ; sanctioned strength ) 24 ( 23 + 1 ; present strength ) Website www.sci.gov.in Chief Justice of India Currently Ranjan Gogoi Since 3 October 2018 Lead position ends 17 November 2019 This article is part of a series on Judiciary of India Law of India Administration ( show ) Ministry of Law and Justice Department of Legal Affairs Legislative Department Department of Justice Law Commission of India Civil courts ( show ) Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India Judges of the supreme court High courts in India Chief justices of high courts in India Judges of high courts District courts / additional district judge 's courts Civil judge ( sr . division ) 's courts Civil judge ( jr . division ) 's courts Criminal courts ( show ) Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India Judges of the supreme court High courts in India Chief justices of high courts in India Judges of high courts Session courts / courts of additional sessions judge Courts of assistant sessions judges Chief judicial magistrates Additional chief judicial magistrates Chief metropolitan magistrates Judicial magistrate of first classs / metropolitan magistrates Special judicial magistrates Judicial magistrate of second classs Courts of executive magistrates ( show ) Divisional commissioners District magistrates Additional district magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Special executive magistrates Legal profession ( show ) Bar Council Attorney General of India Solicitor General of India Additional solicitors general Advocates in India All India Bar Examination Legal education ( show ) Legal education in India Autonomous law schools in India List of law schools in India The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the Constitution of India , the highest constitutional court , with the power of constitutional review . Consisting of the Chief Justice of India and a maximum of 30 other judges , it has extensive powers in the form of original , appellate and advisory jurisdictions . As the final court of appeal of the country , it takes up appeals primarily against verdicts of the high courts of various states of the Union and other courts and tribunals . It safeguards fundamental rights of citizens and settles disputes between various governments in the country . As an advisory court , it hears matters which may specifically be referred to it under the constitution by President of India . It also may take cognisance of matters on its own ( or suo moto ) , without anyone drawing its attention to them . The law declared by the supreme court becomes binding on all courts within India and also by the union and state governments . Per Article 142 , it is the duty of the president to enforce the decrees of the supreme court . Contents 1 History 2 Court building architecture 2.1 Mother and Child Sculpture 2.2 Seal 3 Constitution of the court 3.1 Registry 3.2 Supreme court advocates 4 Composition 4.1 Size of the court 4.2 Eligibility of a judge of the Supreme Court 4.3 Court demographics 5 Judicial independence 5.1 Appointments and the Collegium 5.2 Tenure 5.3 Salary 5.4 Oath of affirmation 5.5 Removal 5.6 Post-retirement 5.7 Review petition 5.8 Powers to punish for contempt 6 Rules 7 Roster system 8 Reporting and citation 9 Right to Information 10 Facilities in the campus 11 Landmark judgments 11.1 Land reform 11.2 Emergency ( 1975 -- 1977 ) 11.3 Post-1980 : an assertive court 11.4 Recent important cases 11.4. 1 2G spectrum case 11.4. 2 Black money 11.4. 3 Minority reservations 11.4. 4 Online / postal ballot for Indian citizen living abroad ( NRIs ) 11.4. 5 T.S.R. Subramanian vs. Union of India 11.4. 6 Recognition of transgender as ' third gender ' in law 11.4. 7 Relief to over 35,000 public servants 12 Criticism 12.1 Corruption 12.2 Pending cases 12.3 Rule of law 12.4 Four judges vs chief justice 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) In 1861 the Indian High Courts Act 1861 was enacted to create high courts for various provinces and abolished supreme courts at Calcutta , Madras and Bombay and also the sadar adalats in presidency towns which had acted as the highest court in their respective regions . These new high courts had the distinction of being the highest courts for all cases till the creation of Federal Court of India under the Government of India Act 1935 . The Federal Court had jurisdiction to solve disputes between provinces and federal states and hear appeal against judgements of the high courts . The first CJI of India was H.J. Kania . The Supreme Court of India came into being on 28 January 1950 . It replaced both the Federal Court of India and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council which were then at the apex of the Indian court system . Supreme court initially had its seat at Chamber of Princes in the parliament building where the previous Federal Court of India sat from 1937 to 1950 . The first Chief Justice of India was H.J. Kania . In 1958 , the supreme court moved to its present premises . Originally , the Constitution of India envisaged a supreme court with a chief justice and seven judges ; leaving it to parliament to increase this number . In formative years , the supreme court met from 10 to 12 in the morning and then 2 to 4 in the afternoon for 28 days in a month . Court building architecture ( edit ) Central Wing of the court where the chief justice 's courtroom is located The building is shaped to symbolize scales of justice with its centre - beam being the Central Wing of the building comprising the chief justice 's court , the largest of the courtrooms , with two court halls on either side . The Right Wing of the structure has the bar -- room , the offices of the Attorney General of India and other law officers and the library of the court . The Left Wing has the offices of the court . In all , there are 15 courtrooms in the various wings of the building . Left side of the supreme court building The foundation stone of the supreme court 's building was laid on 29 October 1954 by Dr. Rajendra Prasad , the first President of India . The main block of the building has been built on a triangular plot of 17 acres and has been designed in an Indo - British style by the chief architect Ganesh Bhikaji Deolalikar , the first Indian to head the Central Public Works Department . It has a 27.6 m ( 90 ft 7 in ) high dome and a spacious colonnaded verandah . The court moved into the building in 1958 . In 1979 , two new wings -- the East Wing and the West Wing -- were added to the complex . 1994 saw the last extension . Mother and child sculpture ( edit ) Mother and Child Sculpture On 20 February 1980 , a black bronze sculpture of 210 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) height was installed in the lawn of the supreme court . It portrays Mother India in the form of the figure of a lady , sheltering the young Republic of India represented by the symbol of a child , who is upholding the laws of land symbolically shown in the form of an open book . On the book , a balance beam is shown , which represents dispensation of equal justice to all . The sculpture was made by the renowned artist Chintamoni Kar . The sculpture is just behind the statue of Mahatma Gandhi . Seal ( edit ) The design of the Court 's seal is reproduced from the wheel that appears on the abacus of the Sarnath Lion capital of Asoka with 24 spokes . The inscription in Sanskrit , यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः ( IAST : Yato Dharmastato Jayaḥ , means `` whence law ( dharma ) , thence victory '' . It is also referred as the wheel of righteousness , encompassing truth , goodness and equity . Constitution of the court ( edit ) Supreme Court building with the sculpture in the foreground Registry ( edit ) The registry of the supreme court is headed by the Secretary - General who is assisted by 8 registrars , several additional and deputy registrars , etc. , with 1770 employees in all ( 221 gazetted officers , 805 non-gazetted and 744 Class IV employees ) Article 146 of the constitution deals with the appointments of officers and servants of the supreme court registry . Supreme court advocates ( edit ) Main article : Advocates - on - Record Supreme Court Rules , 2013 entitle only those advocates who are registered with the supreme court , called advocates - on - record to appear , act and plead for a party in the court . Those advocates who are designated as ' senior advocates ' by the supreme court or any of the high courts can appear for clients along with an advocate - on - record . Any other advocate can appear for a party along with or under instructions from an advocate - on - record . Composition ( edit ) Size of the court ( edit ) Initially the Constitution of India provided for a supreme court with a chief justice and 7 judges . In the early years , a full bench of the supreme court sat together to hear the cases presented before them . As the work of the court increased and cases began to accumulate , parliament increased the number of judges from the original 8 in 1950 to 10 in 1956 , 13 in 1960 , 17 in 1977 , 26 in 1986 and 31 in 2008 ( current strength ) . As the number of the judges has increased , they sit in smaller benches of two or three ( referred to as a division bench ) -- coming together in larger benches of five or more ( referred to as a constitution bench ) when required to settle fundamental questions of law . A bench may refer a case before it to a larger bench , should the need arise . Eligibility of a judge of the supreme court ( edit ) A citizen of India not exceeding 65 years age per Article 124 of the constitution who has been a judge of one high court or more ( continuously ) , for at least five years , or an advocate there , for at least ten years , or a distinguished jurist , in the opinion of the president , power conferred by clause ( 2 ) of article 124 of the Constitution of India is eligible to be recommended for appointment , a judge of the supreme court . Court demographics ( edit ) I am proud to be an Indian . India is the only country where a member of the minority Parsi community with a population of 1 , 67,000 , like myself , can aspire to attain the post of the Chief Justice of India . These things do not happen in our neighbouring countries . -- Former Chief Justice of India , S.H. Kapadia , In practice , judges of the supreme court have been selected so far , mostly from amongst judges of the high courts . Barely seven justices -- S.M. Sikri , S. Chandra Roy , Kuldip Singh , Santosh Hegde , R.F. Nariman , U.U. Lalit , L. Nageswara Rao and Indu Malhotra -- have been appointed to the supreme court directly from the bar ( i.e. who were practising advocates ) . The supreme court saw its first woman judge when Justice M. Fathima Beevi was sworn into office in 1989 . The seventh and the most recent woman judge in the court is Justice Indu Malhotra . In 1968 , Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah became the first Muslim Chief Justice of India . In 2000 , Justice K.G. Balakrishnan became the first judge from the dalit community . In 2007 he also became the first dalit Chief Justice of India . In 2010 , Justice S.H. Kapadia coming from a Parsi minority community became the Chief Justice of India . In 2017 , Justice Jagdish Singh Khehar became the first Sikh Chief Justice of India . Indu Malhotra is the first women justice to be selected directly from bar . Judicial independence ( edit ) The constitution seeks to ensure the independence of supreme court judges in various ways . Per Article 50 of directive principles of state policy , the state shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive . Independence of the judiciary , the supremacy of the constitution and rule of law are the features of the basic structure of the constitution . Supreme court and high courts are empowered to frame suo moto cases without receiving the formal petitions / complaints on any suspected injustice including actions / acts indulging in contempt of court and contempt of the constitution by the executive , legislators , citizens , etc . The main purpose of supreme court is to decide constitutional issues . It is the duty of the judiciary to frame suo moto cases or to probe the cases / petitions at the earliest against the executive or legislature when laws are implemented violating the basic foundation and basic structure of the constitution as the Article 38 ( 1 ) of directive principles ensures that the state / judiciary shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing a social order in which social , economic and political justice is animated / informed in all institutions of life . B.R. Ambedkar clarified as given below in the Constituent Assembly debates on Article 38 ( 1 ) high lighting its inevitable implementation . ... The word ' strive ' which occurs in the Draft Constitution , in judgement , is very important . We have used it because our intention is even when there are circumstances which prevent the Government , or which stand in the way of the Government giving effect to these Directive Principles , they shall , even under hard and unpropitious circumstances , always strive in the fulfilment of these Directives . That is why we have used the word ' strive ' . Otherwise , it would be open for any Government to say that the circumstances are so bad , that the finances are so inadequate that we can not even make an effort in the direction in which the Constitution asks us to go . Appointments and the collegium ( edit ) As per the constitution , as held by the court in the Three Judges Cases -- ( 1982 , 1993 , 1998 ) , a judge is appointed to the supreme court by the president on the recommendation of the collegium -- a closed group of the Chief Justice of India , the four most senior judges of the court and the senior-most judge hailing from the high court of a prospective appointee . This has resulted in a Memorandum of Procedure being followed , for the appointments . Judges used to be appointed by the president on the advice of the union cabinet . After 1993 ( the Second Judges ' Case ) , no minister , or even the executive collectively , can suggest any names to the president , who ultimately decides on appointing them from a list of names recommended only by the collegium of the judiciary . Simultaneously , as held in that judgment , the executive was given the power to reject a recommended name . However , according to some , the executive has not been diligent in using this power to reject the names of bad candidates recommended by the judiciary . The collegium system has come under a fair amount of criticism . In 2015 , the parliament passed a law to replace the collegium with a National Judicial Appointments Commission ( NJAC ) . This was struck down as unconstitutional by the supreme court , in the Fourth Judges ' Case , as the new system would undermine the independence of the judiciary . Putting the old system of the collegium back , the court invited suggestions , even from the general public , on how to improve the collegium system , broadly along the lines of -- setting up an eligibility criteria for appointments , a permanent secretariat to help the collegium sift through material on potential candidates , infusing more transparency into the selection process , grievance redressal and any other suggestion not in these four categories , like transfer of judges . This resulted in the court asking the government and the collegium to finalize the memorandum of procedure incorporating the above . Once , in 2009 , the recommendation for the appointment of a judge of a high court made by the collegium of that court , had come to be challenged in the supreme court . The court held that who could become a judge was a matter of fact , and any person had a right to question it . But who should become a judge was a matter of opinion and could not be questioned . As long as an effective consultation took place within a collegium in arriving at that opinion , the content or material placed before it to form the opinion could not be called for scrutiny in court . Tenure ( edit ) Supreme court judges retire at the age of 65 . However , there have been suggestions from the judges of the Supreme Court of India to provide for a fixed term for the judges including the Chief Justice of India . Salary ( edit ) Article 125 of the Indian constitution leaves it to the Indian parliament to determine the salary , other allowances , leave of absence , pension , etc. of the supreme court judges . However , the parliament can not alter any of these privileges and rights to the judge 's disadvantage after his / her appointment . A judge of the supreme court draws a salary of ₹ 250,000 ( US $3,500 ) per month -- equivalent to the most - senior civil servant of the Indian government , Cabinet Secretary of India -- while the chief justice earns ₹ 280,000 ( US $3,900 ) per month . Oath of affirmation ( edit ) As Per Article 124 and third Schedule of the constitution , the chief justice ( or a judge ) of the Supreme Court of India is required to make and subscribe in the presence of the president an oath or affirmation that he / she will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established , that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India , that I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability , knowledge and judgement perform the duties of my office without fear or favour , affection or ill - will and that I will uphold the Constitution and the laws . Removal ( edit ) Per Article 124 ( 4 ) of the constitution , President can remove a judge on proved misbehaviour or incapacity when parliament approves with a majority of the total membership of each house in favour of impeachment and not less than two thirds of the members of each house present . For initiating impeachment proceedings against a judge , at least 50 members of Rajya Sabha or 100 members of Lok Sabha shall issue the notice as per Judges ( Inquiry ) Act , 1968 . Then a judicial committee would be formed to frame charges against the judge , to conduct the fair trial and to submit its report to parliament . When the judicial committee report finds the judge guilty of misbehaviour or incapacity , further removal proceedings would be taken up by the parliament if the judge is not resigning himself . The judge upon proven guilty is also liable for punishment as per applicable laws or for contempt of the constitution by breaching the oath under disrespecting constitution Post-retirement ( edit ) A Person who has retired as a judge of the supreme court is debarred from practicing in any court of law or before any other authority in India . Review petition ( edit ) Further information : Review petition Article 137 of the Constitution of India lays down provision for the power of the supreme court to review its own judgements . As per this Article , subject to the provisions of any law made by parliament or any rules made under Article 145 , the supreme court shall have power to review any judgment pronounced or order made by it . Under Order XL of the supreme court Rules , that have been framed under its powers under Article 145 of the constitution , the supreme court may review its judgment or order but no application for review is to be entertained in a civil proceeding except on the grounds mentioned in Order XLVII , Rule 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure . Powers to punish for contempt ( edit ) Under Articles 129 and 142 of the constitution the supreme court has been vested with power to punish anyone for contempt of any court in India including itself . The supreme court performed an unprecedented action when it directed a sitting minister of state in Maharashtra government , Swaroop Singh Naik , to be jailed for 1 - month on a charge of contempt of court on 12 May 2006 . This was the first time that a serving minister was ever jailed . Rules ( edit ) The Constitution of India under Article 145 empowers the supreme court to frame its own rules for regulating the practice and procedure of the court as and when required ( with the approval of the president ) . Accordingly , `` Supreme Court Rules , 1950 '' were framed . The 1950 Rules were replaced by the Supreme Court Rules , 1966 . In 2014 , supreme court notified the Supreme Court Rules , 2013 replacing the 1966 Rules effective from 19 August 2014 . Roster system ( edit ) The supreme court decided to follow a new roster system from February 5 , 2018 for allocation of matters to judges . Under the new roster system , the CJI will hear all special leave petitions ( SLPs ) , and matters related to public interest , social justice , elections , arbitration , and criminal matters , among others . The other collegium / senior judges to hear matters related to labour disputes , taxation matters , compensation matters , consumer protection matters , maritime law matters , mortgage matters , personal law matters , family law matters , land acquisition matters , service matters , company matters etc . Reporting and citation ( edit ) Supreme Court Reports is the official journal of reportable supreme court decisions . It is published under the authority of the Supreme Court of India by the Controller of Publications , Government of India , Delhi . In addition , there are many other reputed private journals that report supreme court decisions . Some of these other important journals are : SCR ( The Supreme Court Reports ) , SCC ( Supreme Court Cases ) , AIR ( All India Reporter ) , SCALE , etc . Right to information ( edit ) See also : Right to Information Act In the year 2010 , the supreme court filed an appeal before itself challenging the judgement of the Delhi high court holding that the office of the chief justice of India came under the ambit of the RTI Act and was liable to reveal information under it . Though the supreme court is in favour of bringing CJI office under RTI act , the judgement of the pending case is not yet pronounced . Facilities in the campus ( edit ) Legal - aid , court - fee vendors , first - aid post , dental clinic , physiotherapy unit and pathology lab ; rail - reservation counter , canteen , post office and a branch and 3 ATMs of UCO Bank , supreme court Museum can be availed by litigants and visitors . Landmark judgments ( edit ) Land reform ( edit ) After some of the courts overturned state laws for redistributing land from zamindar ( landlord ) estates on the ground that the laws violated the zamindars ' fundamental rights , the parliament passed the 1st amendment to the constitution in 1951 , followed by the 4th amendment in 1955 , to uphold its authority to redistribute land . The supreme court countered these amendments in 1967 when it ruled in Golaknath v. State of Punjab that the parliament did not have the power to abrogate fundamental rights , including the provisions on private property . The 25th amendment to the constitution in 1971 curtailed the right of a citizen to property as a fundamental right and gave authority to the government to infringe private property , which led to a furor amongst the zamindars . Emergency ( 1975 -- 1977 ) ( edit ) The independence of judiciary was severely curtailed during the Indian Emergency ( 1975 -- 1977 ) of Indira Gandhi . The constitutional rights of imprisoned persons were restricted under Preventive detention laws passed by the parliament . In the case of Shiva Kant Shukla ( Additional District Magistrate of Jabalpur v. Shiv Kant Shukla ) , popularly known as the Habeas Corpus case , a bench of five senior-most judges of supreme court ruled in favour of state 's right for unrestricted powers of detention during the emergency . Justices A.N. Ray , P.N. Bhagwati , Y.V. Chandrachud , and M.H. Beg , stated in the majority decision : ( under the declaration of emergency ) no person has any locus to move any writ petition under Art . 226 before a High Court for habeas corpus or any other writ or order or direction to challenge the legality of an order of detention . The only dissenting opinion was from Justice H.R. Khanna , who stated : detention without trial is an anathema to all those who love personal liberty ... A dissent is an appeal to the brooding spirit of the law , to the intelligence of a future day , when a later decision may possibly correct the error into which the dissenting judge believes the court to have been betrayed . It is believed that before delivering his dissenting opinion , Justice Khanna had mentioned to his sister : `` I have prepared my judgment , which is going to cost me the Chief Justice - ship of India . '' In January 1977 , Justice Khanna was superseded despite being the most senior judge at the time and thereby Government broke the convention of appointing only the senior most judge to the position of Chief Justice of India . Justice Khanna remains a legendary figure among the legal fraternity in India for this decision . The New York Times , wrote of this opinion : `` The submission of an independent judiciary to absolutist government is virtually the last step in the destruction of a democratic society ; and the Indian supreme court 's decision appears close to utter surrender . '' During the emergency period , the government also passed the 39th amendment , which sought to limit judicial review for the election of the prime minister ; only a body constituted by parliament could review this election . Subsequently , the parliament , with most opposition members in jail during the emergency , passed the 42nd Amendment which prevented any court from reviewing any amendment to the constitution with the exception of procedural issues concerning ratification . A few years after the emergency , however , the supreme court rejected the absoluteness of the 42nd amendment and reaffirmed its power of judicial review in Minerva Mills v. Union of India ( 1980 ) . Post-1980 : an assertive court ( edit ) See also : Judicial Activism In India After Indira Gandhi lost elections in 1977 , the new government of Morarji Desai , and especially law minister Shanti Bhushan ( who had earlier argued for the detenues in the Habeas Corpus case ) , introduced a number of amendments making it more difficult to declare and sustain an emergency , and reinstated much of the power to the supreme court . It is said that the basic structure doctrine , created in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala , was strengthened in Indira Gandhi 's case and set in stone in Minerva Mills v. Union of India . The supreme court 's creative and expansive interpretations of Article 21 ( Life and Personal Liberty ) , primarily after the Emergency period , have given rise to a new jurisprudence of public interest litigation that has vigorously promoted many important economic and social rights ( constitutionally protected but not enforceable ) including , but not restricted to , the rights to free education , livelihood , a clean environment , food and many others . Civil and political rights ( traditionally protected in the Fundamental Rights chapter of the Indian constitution ) have also been expanded and more fiercely protected . These new interpretations have opened the avenue for litigation on a number of important issues . Recent important cases ( edit ) Among the important pronouncements of the supreme court post 2000 is the Coelho case I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu ( Judgment of 11 January 2007 ) . A unanimous bench of 9 judges reaffirmed the basic structure doctrine . It held that a constitutional amendment which entails violation of any fundamental rights which the court regards as forming part of the basic structure of the constitution , then the same can be struck down depending upon its impact and consequences . The judgment clearly imposes further limitations on the constituent power of parliament with respect to the principles underlying certain fundamental rights . The judgment in Coelho has in effect restored the decision in Golak Nath regarding non-amendability of the constitution on account of infraction of fundamental rights , contrary to the judgment in the Kesavananda Bharati case . Another important decision was of the five - judge bench in Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India ; where the constitutional validity of Central Educational Institutions ( Reservations in Admissions ) Act , 2006 was upheld , subject to the `` creamy layer '' criteria . Importantly , the court refused to follow the ' strict scrutiny ' standards of review followed by the United States supreme court . At the same time , the court has applied the strict scrutiny standards in Anuj Garg v. Hotel Association of India ( 2007 ) ( ( 1 ) ) a 2G spectrum case ( edit ) Further information : 2G spectrum case The supreme court declared allotment of spectrum as `` unconstitutional and arbitrary '' and quashed all the 122 licenses issued in 2008 during tenure of A. Raja ( then minister for communications & IT ) , the main official accused in the 2G case . Black money ( edit ) Further information : Indian black money The government refused to disclose details of about 18 Indians holding accounts in LGT Bank , Liechtenstein , evoking a sharp response from a bench comprising justices B Sudershan Reddy and SS Nijjar . The court ordered Special investigation team ( SIT ) to probe the matter . Lack of enthusiasm made the court create a special investigative team ( SIT ) . Minority reservations ( edit ) The supreme court refused to stay the Andhra Pradesh High Court judgement quashing 4.5 % sub-quota for minorities under OBC reservation quota of 27 % . Online / postal ballot for Indian citizen living abroad ( NRIs ) ( edit ) Three judge bench presided by chief justice , Justice Altamas Kabir issued notice to the Centre and the Election Commission of India ( EC ) on the PIL filed by a group of NRIs for online / postal ballot for the Indian citizens living abroad . T.S.R. Subramanian vs. Union of India ( edit ) Main article : T.S.R. Subramanian vs Union of India While hearing T.S.R. Subramanian vs Union of India , a division bench of the supreme court ruled that -- Officers of the Indian Administrative Service ( IAS ) , officers other All India Services , and other civil servants not required to follow oral instructions , as they ' undermine credibility ' . Civil Services Board ( CSB ) , headed by the Cabinet Secretary at national level , and Chief Secretary at state level , be set up to recommend transfer / postings of the officers of the All India Services ( IAS , IFoS and IPS ) . Transfers of Group ' B ' officers to be done by Head of Department ( HoDs ) . No interference of Ministers in state , other than the Chief Minister , in transfer / postings of civil servants . These rulings were received mostly positively , and were termed as a ' major reform ' . Recognition of transgender as ' third gender ' in law ( edit ) Main article : National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India In April 2014 , Justice K.S. Radhakrishnan declared transgender to be the ' third gender ' in Indian law , in the case , National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India . The ruling said : Seldom , our society realises or cares to realise the trauma , agony and pain which the members of Transgender community undergo , nor appreciates the innate feelings of the members of the Transgender community , especially of those whose mind and body disown their biological sex . Our society often ridicules and abuses the Transgender community and in public places like railway stations , bus stands , schools , workplaces , malls , theatres , hospitals , they are sidelined and treated as untouchables , forgetting the fact that the moral failure lies in the society 's unwillingness to contain or embrace different gender identities and expressions , a mindset which we have to change . Justice Radhakrishnan said that transgender people should be treated consistently with other minorities under the law , enabling them to access jobs , healthcare and education . He framed the issue as one of human rights , saying that , `` These TGs , even though insignificant in numbers , are still human beings and therefore they have every right to enjoy their human rights '' , concluding by declaring that : ( 1 ) Hijras , eunuchs , apart from binary gender , be treated as `` third gender '' for the purpose of safeguarding their rights under Part III of our constitution and the laws made by the parliament and the State Legislature . ( 2 ) Transgender persons ' right to decide their self - identified gender is also upheld and the Centre and State Governments are directed to grant legal recognition of their gender identity such as male , female or as third gender . Relief to over 35,000 public servants ( edit ) In B. Prabhakara Rao vs. State of A.P. involved sudden reduction in age of superannuation from 58 years to 55 years of over 35,000 public servants of State Government , public sector undertakings , statutory bodies , educational institutions and Tirupathi - Tirumalai Devasthanams ( TTD ) . They lost first round of litigation in the supreme court . Realising the mistake , fresh legislation was brought restoring the original age of superannuation of 58 years but providing that the benefit of new legislation would not extend to those whose reduction of age of superannuation had been upheld . In challenge to this law , Subodh Markandeya argued that all that was required was to strike down naughty `` not '' -- which found favour with the supreme court bringing relief to over 35,000 public servants . Criticism ( edit ) Corruption ( edit ) The year 2008 saw the supreme court embroiled in several controversies , from serious allegations of corruption at the highest level of the judiciary , expensive private holidays at the tax payers expense , refusal to divulge details of judges ' assets to the public , secrecy in the appointments of judges ' , to refusal to make information public under the Right to Information Act . The chief justice K.G. Balakrishnan invited a lot of criticism for his comments on his post not being that of a public servant , but that of a constitutional authority . He later went back on this stand . The judiciary has come in for serious criticisms from former presidents Pratibha Patil and A.P.J. Abdul Kalam for failure in handling its duties . Former prime minister Manmohan Singh , has stated that corruption is one of the major challenges facing the judiciary , and suggested that there is an urgent need to eradicate this menace . The Cabinet Secretary of India introduced the judges Inquiry ( Amendment ) Bill 2008 in parliament for setting up of a panel called the National Judicial Council , headed by the Chief Justice of India , that will probe into allegations of corruption and misconduct by High Court and supreme court judges . Pending cases ( edit ) According to supreme court newsletter , there are 58,519 cases pending in the supreme court , out of which 37,385 are pending for more than a year , at the end of 2011 . Excluding connected cases , there are still 33,892 pending cases . As per the latest pendency data made available by the supreme court , the total number of pending cases in the supreme court as on 1 November 2017 is 55,259 which includes 32,160 admission matters ( miscellaneous ) and 23,099 regular hearing matters . In May , 2014 , former Chief Justice of India , Justice R.M. Lodha , proposed to make Indian judiciary work throughout the year ( instead of the present system of having long vacations , specially in the higher courts ) in order to reduce pendency of cases in Indian courts ; however , as per this proposal there is not going to be any increase in the number of working days or working hours of any of the judges and it only meant that different judges would be going on vacation during different periods of the year as per their choice ; but , the Bar Council of India rejected this proposal mainly because it would have inconvenienced the advocates who would have to work throughout the year . More over , various time frames specified in ' code of civil procedure ' are also diluted by supreme court judgements to give the courts right to endlessly adjourn the cases . Rule of law ( edit ) Supreme court has not taken up the trail of many pending cases , since April 2014 ( more than three years ) , challenging the validity of the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 which was enacted by the parliament without following the stipulated procedure in the constitution and is claimed detrimental to the basic foundation of the constitution on which the basic structure of the constitution is resting . The basic foundation of the constitution is the dignity and the freedom of its citizens which is of supreme importance and can not be destroyed by any legislation of the parliament . Whereas the fair trial to examine the validity of the ninety - ninth constitutional amendment dated 31 December 2014 , to form National Judicial Appointments Commission for the purpose of appointing the judges of the supreme court and high courts , was conducted on utmost priority and supreme court delivered its judgement on 16 October 2015 ( within a year ) quashing the constitutional amendment as unconstitutional and ultra virus stating the said amendment is interfering with the independence of the judiciary . Disposal of the various petitions filed against Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 is also equally important as it has alienated the basic rights of a vast section of Indian citizens and also against federal character of the constitution which is part of the basic structure of the constitution . Supreme court is also wasting its valuable time by not taking up the case in toto but conducted a piecemeal trail by delivering its judgement to dispose the petitions related with apportionment of assets between the newly formed states Telangana and Andhra Pradesh . Supreme court is also conducting piecemeal trail of the petitions filed by the states regarding water sharing of rivers and bifurcation of the common high court without considering the earlier pending petitions challenging the validity of the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 which is the basic cause of all these disputes . Under checks and balances as provided in the constitution , it is the duty of the judiciary / supreme court to establish the rule of law at the earliest by rectifying any misuse of the constitution by the parliament and the executive without colluding with them and to remove perceptions of people that rule of law is side lined and a section of its citizens are subjected to discrimination . Four judges vs. Chief Justice ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Supreme Court of India crisis On 12 January 2018 , four senior judges of the supreme court ; Jasti Chelameswar , Ranjan Gogoi , Madan Lokur and Kurian Joseph addressed a press conference criticizing Chief Justice Dipak Misra 's style of administration and the manner in which he allocated cases among judges of the supreme court . However , people close to Misra refuted the allegations that allocation of cases was unfair . On 20 April 2018 , seven opposition parties submitted a petition seeking impeachment of Dipak Misra to the Vice President Venkaiah Naidu , with signatures from seventy - one parliamentarians . On 23 April 2018 , the petition was rejected by Vice President Venkaiah Naidu , primarily on the basis that the complaints were about administration and not misbehaviour , and that thus impeachment would seriously interfere with the constitutionally protected independence of the judiciary . See also ( edit ) Government of India portal Law portal National Judicial Appointments Commission Attorney General of India List of Chief Justices of India List of former justices of the Supreme Court of India List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India Solicitor General of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chief Justice & Judges '' . www.sci.gov.in . Supreme Court of India . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rule of law index 2016 '' . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Supreme Court of India '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 December 2014 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : History of the Supreme Court of India Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Supreme Court of India '' . Supreme Court of India . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ name = `` History PDF '' Jump up ^ `` Constitution '' . Supreme Court of India . 28 January 1950 . 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Jump up ^ `` ' Democratize the position of CJI and High Court Chief Justices ' , says Justice AP Shah '' . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Middle Income Group Legal Aid Society '' . Archived from the original on 5 December 2014 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Types Of Legal Services Provided '' . National Legal Services Authority . Archived from the original on 14 February 2015 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Legal Services Committee '' . Archived from the original on 11 November 2014 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golaknath vs. State of Punjab '' . Official Supreme Court Judis site . Archived from the original on 25 October 2014 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ VR Krishna Iyer ( 27 June 2000 ) . `` Emergency -- Darkest hour in India 's judicial history '' . The Indian Express . Archived from the original on 23 August 2007 . Retrieved 16 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Jos . Peter D ' Souza ( June 2001 ) . `` A.D.M. Jabalpur vs Shukla : When the Supreme Court struck down the Habeas Corpus '' . PUCL Bulletin . Retrieved 16 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Anil B. Divan ( 15 March 2004 ) . `` Cry Freedom '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 16 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Ramachandra Guha . India after Gandhi : The history of the world 's largest democracy . Macmillan / Picador , 2007 . p. 500 . Jump up ^ `` Personal law should be subject to fundamental rights : Jaitley '' . Jump up ^ Shelton , Dinah ; Kiss , Alexandre ( 2005 ) . Judicial handbook on Environmental Law ( PDF ) . United Nations Environment Programme . p. 8 . ISBN 92 - 807 - 2555 - 6 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ 2G scam : SC scraps 122 licences granted under Raja 's tenure , trial court to decide on Chidambaram 's role -- Times Of India . Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com ( 2 February 2012 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't let Hasan Ali leave country : SC '' . The Times of India . 11 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pranab Mukherjee refuses to spill names of LGT Bank account - holders '' . The Times of India . 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court : the balancing act '' . 8 December 2011 . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court upholds AP court order quashing minority sub-quota '' . The Hindu . 13 June 2012 . Jump up ^ NEW DELHI , 22 Feb 2013 DHNS ( 22 February 2013 ) . `` SC notice to Centre , EC on online voting for NRIs '' . Deccanherald.com . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WRIT PETITION ( CIVIL ) NO ( s ) . 80 OF 2013 , NAGENDER CHINDAM & ORS . vs. UNION OF INDIA & ANR '' . Supreme Court of India . 21 February 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Venkatesan , J. ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Oral instructions undermine accountability : Supreme Court '' . The Hindu . New Delhi . ISSN 0971 - 751X . OCLC 13119119 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Balaji , R. ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Chance to say ' No , minister ' '' . The Telegraph . New Delhi . OCLC 271717941 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nagpal , Deepak ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` IAS officers will no more act on oral orders : Supreme Court '' . Zee News . New Delhi . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fix bureaucrats ' tenure , free them from political influence : SC '' . Firstpost . New Delhi . November 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Venkatesan , J. ( October 31 , 2018 ) . `` In major reform , SC orders fixed tenure for bureaucrats '' . The Hindu . New Delhi . ISSN 0971 - 751X . OCLC 13119119 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jain , Bharti ( 31 January 2014 ) . `` 2 - year fixed postings for IAS , IPS and forest service '' . Times of India . New Delhi . OCLC 23379369 . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Quarterly Newsletter -- Oct -- Dec 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 February 2013 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Number of pending matters in Supreme Court as on 1st April 2014 '' . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Proposal to make judiciary work throughout the year '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What causes judicial delay ? Judgments diluting time frames in Code of Civil Procedure worsen the problem of adjournments '' . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Shailesh Gandhi , Ex Central Information Commissioner . `` Do n't need 70,000 judges . Just fill vacancies to cut backlog '' . Blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 3 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court admits petition against formation of Telangana '' . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Invalid Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 '' . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SC declares NJAC unconstitutional , upholds Collegium '' . THE HINDU. 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Assets division between Telangana and Andhra Pradesh of Erstwhile Andhra Pradesh State Education Council of Higher Education '' ( PDF ) . March 2016 . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Issue of Telangana 's share in Krishna water may be referred to Tribunal : Centre to Supreme Court '' . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hyderabad High Court bifurcation : Centre approves judges ' proposal '' . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rule of law : Justice in the dock '' . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Govt meddling in Supreme Court : Justice Chelameswar says CJI Dipak Misra has to take it forward '' . Retrieved 31 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Bagriya , Ashok ; Sinha , Bhadra ( 12 January 2018 ) . `` Turmoil in Supreme Court as four judges speak out against Chief Justice Dipak Misra '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chief Justice Dipak Misra Faces Impeachment Motion , 71 Have Signed : 10 Facts '' . NDTV . Archived from the original on 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Phukan , Sandeep ( 23 April 2018 ) . `` Venkaiah Naidu rejects impeachment motion against CJI '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Decision to reject impeachment motion against CJI was not hasty : Venkaiah Naidu '' . The Times of India . PTI. 23 April 2018 . Archived from the original on 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 10 reasons why Venkaiah Naidu rejected the impeachment notice against CJI Dipak Misra '' . The Times of India . 23 April 2018 . Archived from the original on 24 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Supreme Court of India . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the supreme court of india first inaugurated | [
"Established\n1 October 1937; 81 years ago (1937-10-01) (as Federal Court of India)28 January 1950; 68 years ago (1950-01-28)(as Supreme Court of India)"
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"1 October 1937"
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-1438753676573638734 | Conductor (rail) | Conductor ( Rail ) - wikipedia Conductor ( Rail ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the railroad or tram crew member . For the power system often called the `` conductor rail '' , see Third rail . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A conductor on an Amtrak train A conductor ( American and Canadian English ) or guard ( Commonwealth English ) is a train crew member responsible for operational and safety duties that do not involve actual operation of the train . The conductor title is most common in North American railway operations , but the role is common worldwide under various job titles . In Commonwealth English , a conductor is also known as guard or train manager . The responsibilities of a conductor in North America and of a guard in Commonwealth English typically include the following : Making sure the train stays on schedule Ensuring that any cars and cargo are picked up and dropped off properly Completing en - route paperwork Ensuring the train follows applicable safety rules and practices Controlling the train 's movement while operating in reverse Coupling or uncoupling cars Assisting with setting out or picking up of rolling stock Carrying out running repairs Ticket collection and other customer service duties Opening and closing train doors Some rapid transit systems employ conductors to make announcements and open and close doors -- as opposed to a train operator performing those duties . The conductor often stays in the center of the train where they can best view the platform . While advances in automation allow most transit systems to use one person train operation ( OPTO ) , a few , such as the New York City Subway , Toronto Transit Commission and Sydney Trains continue to employ conductors . Conductor is also a crew member in some bus , trolleybus or tram operations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Conductors in North America 1.1 Remote control locomotives 1.2 Train hosts 2 Train guard ( United Kingdom , Australia , and New Zealand ) 2.1 United Kingdom 2.2 Australia 2.2. 1 New South Wales 2.2. 1.1 Greater Sydney area 2.2. 1.2 Regional trains 2.2. 2 Queensland 2.2. 3 Victoria 2.2. 4 South Australia 2.2. 5 Western Australia 2.3 New Zealand 3 Conductors / guards in Europe 3.1 Switzerland 3.2 Netherlands / Belgium 3.3 Hungary 4 Railway guards in Asia 4.1 India 5 Tram ( streetcar ) conductor 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Further reading Conductors in North America ( edit ) In North America , the conductor manages a freight , passenger , or other types of train , and directly supervises the train crew , which can include a brakeman , flagman , ticket collector , assistant conductor , and on board service personnel . All crew members work under the conductor . The conductor , engineer , and additional engine crew members ( fireman , pilot engineer ) share responsibility for safe and efficient train operation and adherence to railway rules and procedures . On some railroads , union contracts specify that conductors must progress to engineer . Other conductors duties include : Jointly coordinate with the engineer and dispatcher the train 's movement authority , and verifying this authority is not exceeded Communicate and coordinating with other parties -- yardmasters , trainmasters , dispatchers , on board service personnel , etc . Be alert to wayside signals , switch position , and other conditions that affect safe train movement Mechanically inspect rolling stock Assist the engineer in testing the train 's air brakes Signal the engineer when to start or stop moving Keep a log of the journey Check tickets and collect fares on passenger trains Attend to passenger needs Keep records of consignment notes and waybills Direct , coordinate , and usually manually perform , shunting or switching Passenger trains may employ one or more assistant conductors who assist the conductor and engineer in the safe and prompt movement of the train , to share the workload , and accept delegated responsibility . If a train crew 's route , or tour of duty , exceeds a single shift , or conflicts with a legal or contractual limit on the number of work hours , more than one crew may be assigned , each with its own conductor . Onboard service crew members on passenger trains normally remain on duty for the entire run , including assigned meal and sleep breaks . Since nearly the beginning of railroading in North America , the conductor on freight trains rode aboard a caboose , along with the rear flagman and the rear brakeman , and performed duties from there . Advances in technology and pressure to reduce operating costs made cabooses redundant , and in most cases they have been eliminated . This relocated the conductor from the rear of the train to the locomotive ( or locomotives ) at the head of the train . In most cases , these same conditions gradually eliminated members of the train crew under the conductor -- head and rear brakemen , flagmen , and others . Most freight trains on most railroads today have a crew of two : one conductor and one engineer . Railroad companies continue to press for reduced operating and labor costs and this threatens to eliminate conductors . Railroads rationalize that since the engineer is already qualified as a conductor , he can easily assume the duties of a conductor . In fact , on most railroads , engineers begin as brakemen / assistant conductors , then become conductors , and finally engineers . Some railroads already implement such a strategy , notably the Montana Rail Link , and operate with an engineer , and an assistant engineer . However , most railroads are contractually obligated to employ at least one conductor in addition to the engineer , via crew consist agreements negotiated with the major rail unions , primarily the United Transportation Union ( UTU ) . Therefore , eliminating the conductor position would require that the railroads and unions negotiate a new agreement . If the railroads were successful , conductors already trained and certified as engineers would theoretically be able to work as engineers . Those that have not yet progressed to engineer would have to be trained as engineers as positions became available . Others would have to accept other positions or possibly lose their jobs . The primary union for engineers , the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers does not support this movement , claiming that requiring its members to operate trains alone would be unsafe . The conductors ' union , the United Transportation Union , also opposes this initiative , despite historical differences with the engineers ' union . Remote control locomotives ( edit ) By the late 1990s , remote control locomotives were increasingly popular on North American railroads for switching duties in rail yards . This system allows the conductor to directly control the locomotive ( s ) via a wireless remote unit , as opposed to radioing commands to an engineer in the cab . Some Class I Rail Yards utilize RCO packs for their conductors , while others do not , depending on the size and type of Yard . Class I Railroads train conductors on the use of RCO packs with classroom and hands - on instruction , culminating with on - the - job training and certification as a RCO operator . Currently , Class I railroads such as Norfolk Southern require RCO qualified conductors to work from job boards that perform RCO operations exclusively ( when in a yard that utilizes RCO switching ) . This ensures the extra training and pay these conductors receive will provide the company with maximum value for the investment . Train hosts ( edit ) As there is no explicit Federal requirement for a two - person train crew in the United States , the Utah Transit Authority originally planned their FrontRunner service to be operated by an operator only , with revenue collected by a proof - of - payment system . Before operation began , the FRA required FrontRunner to employ a second crewmember on each train to assist with emergency evacuation , disabled access , and other safety - sensitive situations . FrontRunner classified this job as a train host , with a focus on customer service rather than railroad operations . Some other services , such as Amtrak 's Downeaster , also use train hosts ( paid or volunteer ) to assist the conductor with non-revenue - related customer service duties . Train guard ( United kingdom , Australia , and New Zealand ) ( edit ) See also : Revenue protection inspector In the UK , Australia and New Zealand , the person with ultimate responsibility for operation of a train is usually called the guard , a term that derives from stagecoach days . Until the latter part of the 20th century , guards on passenger trains in these countries did not have routine responsibilities for ticket inspection or sale . Their jobs focused more on safe operation of their trains , timekeeping , handling parcels , and other consignments . A dedicated ' travelling ticket inspector ' handled fare duties . In recent years , passenger train guards have been assigned more responsibility for on - train revenue collection and ticket inspection . As well as ticketing and customer care , guards must be trained in `` emergency protection '' duties , should an emergency arise , along with other operational roles . This involves using emergency kit such as detonators , track circuit clips and flags to prevent other trains colliding with , for example a derailed train . If in a crash the driver became incapacitated , the guard is the only person left who can protect the train . Other day - to - day duties include operating the public address system and train doors . United kingdom ( edit ) Under British Railways , there were several grades of guard , depending on whether the guard worked on freight or passenger trains -- and a purely operational guard grade worked freight and passenger trains without customer contact . When the guard has significant customer contact , the position is usually classified as conductor - guard or conductor . Since British Rail , there have been a number of titles for a guard 's grade but , with a few exceptions , all now perform some sort of customer - facing role . On long - distance expresses , the conductor 's title is sometimes enhanced to senior conductor , in line with the implied prestige of operating these trains . Historically , under British Rail , long distance intercity trains were normally worked by the most senior guards at the depot , hence the name senior conductor . Several more recent private UK passenger train operators have further renamed the senior conductor 's passenger facing title to `` train manager '' . In the UK , technological improvements and economic pressure have made some trains lose their guards and become driver - only operated ( DOO ) . British Rail first brought this in on some commuter services in London and Glasgow , as well as on almost all non-passenger trains . In 2003 , a controversial amendment to the UK operational rule book moved part of the guard 's safety and operational role to the driver . With rail service privatisation , train operating companies ( TOC ) attempted to bring in DOO to other network areas -- c2c operating from London Fenchurch Street is an example of this . Pressure after several fatal train crashes reversed this trend to the point that some TOCs have restored guards to services previously stripped of them , First Great Western did this to certain services it acquired when it took over operation of Thames Trains . Currently , several titles describe a guard : train manager , train host , conductor , and South West Trains and Merseyrail still use the term guard . The role of the guard is set out by a mixture of the Railway Rule Book and train operating companies . Australia ( edit ) In Australia , there is today a mixture of driver - only operated trains and trains with a guard depending largely on state - based railway legislation . New South Wales ( edit ) All passenger trains in New South Wales operate with a driver and guard . Guards were removed from freight trains in the 1980s , but these still operate with a two - man locomotive crew . Greater Sydney area ( edit ) Sydney Trains -- which operates all metropolitan trains -- and NSW TrainLink intercity trains have a train guard . The guard is ultimately responsible for the safety of all passengers on the train . They control the operation of doors and Public Address , perform platform duties , provide basic customer service , operate the train to timetable and accept and deliver internal mail . On Sydney Trains , the guard is normally located in the middle of the train , but on the newer Waratah trains , and on NSW TrainLink intercity services they normally work from the rear . The guard is not responsible for inspecting tickets - this role is performed by Transport Officers and NSW Police . Regional trains ( edit ) On NSW TrainLink regional Xplorer and XPT services the train guard is known as a Passenger Service Supervisor ( PSS ) . While still responsible for the safety of passengers , the PSS is also in charge of delivering customer service and a number of value - add functions on the train including ticket inspections and manning the cafe alongside Passenger Attendants . On Xplorer trains , the driver operates the doors when the PSS gives clearance to depart . On XPT trains , the PSS performs the platform duties of a guard in conjunction with the driver . Queensland ( edit ) Passenger trains are operated by Queensland Rail , and all operate with both driver and guard for suburban passenger services , or Passenger Services Supervisor for long distance passenger services . Victoria ( edit ) Trains in metropolitan Melbourne have been driver - only since the early 1990s . When the city 's rail franchise was offered to the current operator , Metro Trains Melbourne , a proposal existed to reinstate guards on some peak train services , however this option was spurned in favour of hiring additional platform staff . Regional trains operated by V / Line are operated by a driver and conductor . The conductor performs platform duties and -- on locomotive - hauled trains -- operates the train doors . They are responsible for passenger safety and also perform ticket inspection duties . South Australia ( edit ) Adelaide Metro 's metropolitan rail network is configured for driver - only operation , but also operate with Passenger Service Assistants ( PSA ) . This is safety role , but with a focus on customer service and revenue protection . Normally , the train driver operates the doors , but PSAs are also able to . Western Australia ( edit ) TransPerth trains are all driver - only operated . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand , inner - city commuter rail networks are staffed by a driver and a train manager ( guard ) as a minimum . In Wellington , where ticketing is still paper - based , each train has between one and three passenger operators ( ticket collectors ) . The exact number of passenger operators depends on how many multiple units or carriages make up the train . In Auckland , off - board ticketing and smartcard systems have reduced the staff level to driver and train manager only . Auckland train managers are now not responsible for revenue on trains , as Revenue Protection officers carry out these roles . Conductors / guards in europe ( edit ) A Russian train conductor in front of the express train `` Repin '' Switzerland ( edit ) In general , conductors in Switzerland collect or punch tickets , fine people the first charge of 100 CHF for not having a valid fare , and make announcements on the public address system . They also may fine passengers if they take a longer trip than normal . For example , if one takes a train to Bern via Biel , having departed from Geneva , which is a longer trip than taking the InterCity via Lausanne , the conductor can fine the passenger a supplementary fare . They sound a warning when the train 's doors are going to close . Many conductors , especially those on night shift and on isolated regional lines , are being trained in self - defence against would - be assailants . Netherlands / Belgium ( edit ) In Belgium and The Netherlands , train conductors have multiple tasks involving train safety and customer services . Belgian / Dutch train conductors are responsible for the departure of the train . In each station they give the permission to move on by giving a ready signal to the train driver . Therefore , train conductors in Belgium and The Netherlands always close ( and in some scenarios also open ) the doors . They are also responsible for performing safety tasks in case of an emergency or accident , such as fire , evacuation , etc . Because of these tasks , there has to be at least one conductor on each passenger train ; a train without a conductor is uncommon , but still appears on some regional Dutch trains . The departure trains always have one conductor who is conductor - in - chief . He is responsible for the entire train , the on - board crew and the passengers . Some longer trains may have additional conductors who are under command of the conductor - in - chief . Besides the safety tasks , conductors also collect and punch tickets , fine people for not having a valid fare and make announcements to the passengers . Hungary ( edit ) Hungarian conductor Hungarian MÁV conductor In Hungary a conductor may assist the train driver in testing the train 's air brakes , and sometimes they have to lead the shunting , mostly when the trains are switching lines . Hungarian train conductors are responsible for the departure of the trains . In each station they give the permission to move on by giving a ready signal to the train driver . During the day they use a disc ( which is white and has a green border ) to give the ready signal to the train driver . After sunset they give signals with flashlights . Train drivers are not allowed to move the train without the conductor in chief giving them the ready signal . Conductors , along with train drivers , are responsible for keeping the trains on schedule . There is always at least one conductor in chief on passenger trains in Hungary . No passenger trains may depart without one , as only they have the right to give the departure signal . Some longer trains may have additional conductors who are under the command of the conductor in chief . If there is more than one conductor on a train , then the signal procedure is as follows : After all passengers have left or entered the train and the departure time has arrived , the conductor in chief asks the other conductor for his ready signal . If it is safe to depart he gives a ready signal to the conductor in chief who then gives the same signal to the train driver . As in Belgium and in the Netherlands conductors also collect and punch tickets , fine people for not having a valid fare and make announcements to the passengers . They also sell tickets on the trains ; if the passengers have entered the train at a station where a ticket office is operating they can buy a ticket only with payment of a fine . However , if the passengers got on at a station or stop where they did n't have an option to buy a ticket , they can buy from the conductor without having to pay a fine . Railway guards in asia ( edit ) India ( edit ) In India guards are posted on all passenger trains and goods trains and no passenger - carrying train is allowed to move without a guard . The passenger train guard , generally called a mail guard , is completely responsible for the train , its schedule , and safety of passengers and the locomotive pilot . These guards wear a specific uniform ( generally white ) . During the day , the guard uses the traditional green flag to signal the pilot to depart , and the red flag to stop , assisted by two - way radios . After sunset , the guard uses lamp signals in place of the flags . A couple of minutes before signalling departure to the pilot , the guard blows a whistle to warn passengers to board the train . After ensuring all passengers are safe to travel , the guard signals the green flag by waving it from the brake van . In an emergency , the guard uses the red flag to indicate a stop , and may directly apply brakes to stop the train . The pilot is not allowed to move the train without a signal from the guard , as the guard is in charge of the train . Passenger guards also accept heavy parcels and luggage boxes that passengers can not carry in coaches . Some perishable goods like vegetables and milk are also transported under the guard 's supervision , and he is responsible for their proper loading and unloading . Keeping the passenger train on schedule is an important guard function . Guards carry a first aid box with their belongings , along with other important items , all in a medium - sized duty box ( generally painted red ) . The name , designation and base location of the Guard are printed in white on the box . A designated passenger train , halting at all stations , carries a large heavy cast iron cash safe in the guard 's brake van , where cash receipts from ticket sales is deposited in a leather pouch by the station manager ( earlier called the station master ) . Since the late 1990s , all guards are provided with two - way radios so that they can communicate with the locomotive pilot , and other trains if required . The radio has not yet replaced the traditional red and green flags . Tram ( streetcar ) conductor ( edit ) Streetcar conductor 1919 in Flint , Michigan Many antique or heritage trams ( streetcars ) , which operated through the earlier part of the 20th century , were designed for operation by a crew of two or more . The conductor primarily collected fares and signaled the driver when safe to depart from stopping places . The conductor also assisted with shunting when necessary , changing the trolley pole and attended to passengers ' needs . Modern vehicle design and ticketing arrangements have largely eliminated the need for conductors on street railways and Light Rail systems . In recent years a number of modern tram or Light Rail systems have introduced ( or re-introduced ) conductors to minimise fare evasion and to provide customer care , supervision and security functions , even in situations where a second crew member is not strictly needed . In Britain , The Midland Metro and Sheffield Supertram modern Light Rail systems have both started using conductors due to problems with ticket machine reliability . Nottingham Express Transit started with conductors . Manchester Metrolink and Croydon Tramlink both rely on ticket machines at stops . Systems of ticket checking and selling by a conductor : takes place while entering , the vehicle can not leave until this is ( almost ) finished takes place after entering an entrance lobby , while the vehicle already moves , after which the passenger moves to the seating area of the car the passengers get seated and the conductor comes to them Modern mass transit systems which operate with conductors on trams include : - System Location Glenelg Tram Adelaide , Australia GVB Amsterdam Amsterdam , Netherlands Midland Metro Birmingham / Wolverhampton , United Kingdom Blackpool tramway Blackpool , United Kingdom - on pre-World War II vehicles Nottingham Express Transit Nottingham , United Kingdom RET Rotterdam , Netherlands Sheffield Supertram Sheffield , United Kingdom Sydney Light Rail Sydney , Australia See also ( edit ) Freight conductor Manual fare collection Railroad engineer Revenue Protection Inspector AEC Routemaster New Routemaster Bus conductor Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Further reading ( edit ) William P. Daniels ( ed . ) , Proceedings of the Grand Division of the Order of Railway Conductors ( Formerly Conductors ' Brotherhood ) : From Organization to the Eighteenth Session , Inclusive , 1868 - 1885 . Cedar Rapids , IA : Standard Co. for the Order of Railway Conductors , 1888 . Railway Conductor 's Monthly / The Railway Conductor Vol. 1 ( 1884 ) Vol. 2 ( 1885 ) Vol. 3 ( 1886 ) Vol. 4 ( 1887 ) Vol. 5 ( 1888 ) Vol. 6 ( 1889 ) Vol. 7 ( 1890 ) Vol. 8 ( 1891 ) Vol. 9 ( 1892 ) Vol. 10 ( 1893 ) Vol. 11 ( 1894 ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Railway conductors . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conductor_(rail)&oldid=824982376 '' Categories : Transport occupations Railway occupations Public transport fare collection Bus transport Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Français Norsk Polski Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 19 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the conductor sit on a train | [
"Since nearly the beginning of railroading in North America, the conductor on freight trains rode aboard a caboose, along with the rear flagman and the rear brakeman, and performed duties from there. Advances in technology and pressure to reduce operating costs made cabooses redundant, and in most cases they have been eliminated. This relocated the conductor from the rear of the train to the locomotive (or locomotives) at the head of the train. In most cases, these same conditions gradually eliminated members of the train crew under the conductor—head and rear brakemen, flagmen, and others."
] | [
"the locomotive (or locomotives) at the head of the train"
] |
-3904837202042554972 | I Am Number Four | I Am Number Four - wikipedia I Am Number Four Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For the film based on this book , see I Am Number Four ( film ) . I Am Number Four The American cover of I Am Number Four : Book 1 Author Pittacus Lore , aka James Frey & Jobie Hughes Country United States Language English Series Lorien Legacies Genre Young adult Science fiction Publisher HarperCollins Publication date August 3 , 2010 Pages 440 ISBN 0 - 06 - 196955 - 9 Followed by The Power of Six I Am Number Four is a young adult science fiction novel by Pittacus Lore ( the pseudonym of James Frey and Jobie Hughes ) and the first book in the Lorien Legacies series . The book was published by HarperCollins on August 3 , 2010 , and spent seven successive weeks at # 1 on the children 's chapter of the New York Times bestseller list . DreamWorks Pictures bought the rights to the film in June 2009 ; it was released on February 18 , 2011 and was the first DreamWorks movie to be distributed by Disney 's Touchstone Pictures . The novel is the first of a seven - book series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot synopsis 2 Reception 3 References 4 External links Plot synopsis ( edit ) A prelude of the killing of one of the Garde children -- No. 3 -- by Mogadorians . This story is about a 15 - year - old boy named John Smith . He has been on the run from the age of 4 , and he is from a planet called Lorien . Most of the book is told in the first person by Number Four , who takes the name John Smith . As the story begins , he and his guardian or Cepân , Henri , learn of the death of Number Three and move to Paradise , Ohio , assuming new identities aka John Smith . There , John befriends conspiracy theorist Sam Goode and `` adopts '' a dog identified by its name tag as `` Bernie Kosar '' . He also meets and is attracted to a fellow student , Sarah Hart , who is working as a photographer . Sarah 's ex-boyfriend , football player Mark James , is a bully who torments both John and Sam . During the Halloween festival Sam mentions that he knows about Mogadorians from a magazine , They Walk Among Us , a revelation that alarms both John and Henri . Mark and his friends organize a nasty surprise during the haunted hayride : Sarah , John and Sam are left stranded in the woods , where Mark plans to beat John up . John uses his `` legacies '' , which are akin to superpowers , to fend off his attackers and rescues Sarah . In the darkness Sarah does not see John use his legacies , and he emphatically warns Mark not to talk ( or to let his friends talk ) about what happened and that he will punish Mark severely if Mark or any of his friends talk . Sarah and John 's relationship develops . Henri continues training John to use his legacies , now with an increasing sense of urgency . Henri is unsettled , and tells John that it is not safe to stay . He is also concerned as John is late in developing his telekinesis , a power that he will need to fight the Mogadorians . Later , it is revealed that Sam has seen enough to arouse his suspicions , but John allays them by bluffingly ' admitting ' to being an alien . He finds out more about the magazine Sam reads by borrowing a copy . Sam speaks of his belief that his father has been abducted by aliens . Henri discovers where the magazine is printed , and drives the two - hour car trip to Athens , Ohio , to find out more . John attends a Thanksgiving dinner with Sarah 's family , but worries about Henri , who does not answer text messages . In his agitated state , John 's telekinetic power manifests , though uncontrolled , and he leaves . He calls Sam for help , and they take Sam 's father 's long - unused truck and head for Athens , where they succeed in rescuing Henri . During the rescue , Sam is made fully aware of John 's and Henri 's alien secret , and John 's legacies develop significantly . On their return , Henri insists they leave Paradise . John refuses , using his new found powers to express his adamance , and Henri relents . A few months pass , during which John trains in the use of his legacies . Henri gradually relaxes as John becomes more adept . At a party at Mark 's house , a major fire breaks out , trapping Sarah , so John uses his powers to rescue her . He then reveals his secret to Sarah , and they lie to the police and a reporter about what happened . Later on , John also lies to Henri , in order not to reveal how much he has told Sarah . But John 's lies are revealed when a video is released on YouTube . Henri is furious , and demands they leave immediately . John again uses his powers to stop him , and desperately races to the school , knowing that Sarah is in danger . He finds Sarah , but the Mogadorians have already arrived . The Mogadorians have brought an enormous beast called Piken , and smaller , but still deadly , creatures called Krauls . These creatures are sent to track and kill the Loric . John and Sarah are joined by Number Six ( who has been looking for them since Three 's death ) and later by Henri , Mark , and Bernie Kosar ( `` the dog '' ) . John sends Mark off , exhorting him to protect Sarah . A furious battle ensues , during which Six exhibits powers of invisibility and control of the weather , and Bernie Kosar is revealed to be a Chimæra . Sam arrives partway through the battle . John kills a soldier , Bernie Kosar battles a Piken , and at key moments John is helped by his human friends , but in the end they are depleted and weakened by numbers and power . Six is wounded and taken to relative safety . John uses an ability he was barely aware of to communicate with a beast brought by the Mogadorians and to turn it against them . Henri is killed , but before dying exhorts John to read a letter he left for him . John survives , though he is very weak , and the Mogadorians are defeated . Promising to return for Sarah , John leaves Paradise , along with Number Six , Sam , and Bernie Kosar . Reception ( edit ) I Am Number Four has received mixed reviews . Kirkus Reviews wrote , `` If it were a Golden Age comic , this tale of ridiculous science , space dogs and humanoid aliens with flashlights in their hands might not be bad . '' The Chicago Tribune said , `` There 's genuine suspense ... it 's easy to get lost in the world of the sweet teen from another planet . '' Booklist reviewed it as , `` Terrifically propulsive . '' Publishers Weekly wrote , `` For those looking for an undemanding , popcorn - ready read , this `` guy -- okay , alien -- gets the girl and saves the world '' adventure should do the trick . '' School Library Journal wrote , `` With its interesting premises and a fast - pace telling , the story will grab readers who are willing to suspend quite a bit of disbelief . Others , who like their science fiction with a bit more science and internal logic , will have to search elsewhere . '' The Horn Book reviewed it as , `` Riveting . '' It was on the number one spot of the New York Times Best Sellers List for 7 weeks and was on it for a total of 17 weeks . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rich , Motoko . `` James Frey and Co-Writer Sell Series to HarperCollins '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers '' . The New York Times . January 30 , 2011 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rich , Mokoto ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` James Frey Collaborating on a Novel for Young Adults , First in a Series '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ book Jump up ^ `` I AM NUMBER FOUR by Pittacus Lore Kirkus Reviews '' . Kirkus Reviews . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Am Number Four - Pittacus Lore - Hardcover '' . HarperCollins US . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Book Review : I Am Number Four by Pittacus Lore '' . PublishersWeekly.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Official website I Am Number Four on Facebook I Am Number Four on Twitter ( hide ) Lorien Legacies James Frey Main series I Am Number Four The Power of Six The Rise of Nine The Fall of Five The Revenge of Seven The Fate of Ten United As One Film I Am Number Four ( film ) About the series List of Lorien Legacies characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Am_Number_Four&oldid=817479687 '' Categories : 2010 American novels American young adult novels American novels adapted into films American science fiction novels 2010s science fiction novels Children 's science fiction novels Lorien Legacies Novels by James Frey HarperCollins books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 17 : 36 . About Wikipedia | what is the main character's name in i am number four | [
"A prelude of the killing of one of the Garde children—No. 3—by Mogadorians. This story is about a 15-year-old boy named John Smith. He has been on the run from the age of 4, and he is from a planet called Lorien."
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"John Smith"
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-5537192114421233097 | Munich Agreement | Munich Agreement - wikipedia Munich Agreement `` Treaty of Munich '' redirects here . For the Austro - Bavarian agreement after the Napoleonic Wars , see Treaty of Munich ( 1816 ) . For the annual global security meeting held in Munich , see Munich Conference on Security Policy . After the summit , British prime minister Neville Chamberlain declared that the Munich agreement meant `` peace for our time '' . Radio broadcast of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain 's return to Great Britain after signing the Munich Agreement . Recording is 9 minutes , 23 seconds long . Events leading to World War II Treaty of Versailles 1919 Treaty of Trianon 1920 Treaty of Rapallo 1920 March on Rome 1922 Corfu incident 1923 Occupation of the Ruhr 1923 -- 1925 Mein Kampf 1925 Pacification of Libya 1923 -- 1932 Dawes Plan 1924 Locarno Treaties 1925 Chinese Civil War 1927 -- 1936 Young Plan 1929 Great Depression 1929 -- 1941 Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1931 Nazis rise to power in Germany 1933 Franco - Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance May 1935 Soviet - Czechoslovakia Treaty of Mutual Assistance May 1935 Second Italo - Ethiopian War 1935 -- 36 Remilitarization of the Rhineland 1936 Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 39 Anti-Comintern Pact 1936 Second Sino - Japanese War 1937 Anschluss Mar. 1938 Munich crisis Sep. 1938 German occupation of Czechoslovakia Mar. 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania Mar. 1939 Slovak -- Hungarian War Mar. 1939 British guarantee to Poland Mar. 1939 Invasion of Albania Apr. 1939 German ultimatum to Rumania Apr. 1939 Soviet - British - French Moscow negotiations Apr. - Aug. 1939 Pact of Steel May 1939 Danzig Corridor Crisis May 1939 Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Aug. 1939 Invasion of Poland Sep. 1939 Territorial evolution of Germany in the 20th century Pre-World War II ( show ) Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) Silesian Uprisings ( 1918 -- 1919 ) Polish Corridor Return of the Saar Basin ( 1935 ) Remilitarization of the Rhineland ( 1936 ) Anschluss with Austria ( 1938 ) Munich Agreement ( 1938 ) Seizure of Czechoslovakia ( 1939 ) Treaty of the Cession of the Memel Territory to Germany ( 1939 ) World War II ( show ) Großdeutschland Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany Tehran Conference ( 1943 ) Yalta Conference ( 1945 ) Post-World War II ( show ) Potsdam Conference ( 1945 ) Dutch annexations ( 1949 ) Belgian annexations ( 1949 ) Treaty of Zgorzelec ( 1950 ) Return of Heligoland ( 1952 ) Saar Treaty ( 1956 ) `` Little Reunification '' with Saarland ( 1957 ) Return of Selfkant ( 1963 ) Treaty of Warsaw ( 1970 ) Two Plus Four Treaty ( 1990 ) German - Polish Border Treaty ( 1990 ) Areas ( show ) Former eastern territories of Germany Adjacent countries ( show ) Territorial evolution of Poland Territorial changes of the Baltic states The Munich Agreement was a settlement permitting Nazi Germany 's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia along the country 's borders mainly inhabited by German speakers , for which a new territorial designation , the `` Sudetenland '' , was coined . The agreement was signed in Munich , Germany on the early hours of 30 September 1938 ( but dated 29 September ) after being negotiated among the major powers of Europe , excluding the Soviet Union . The purpose of the conference was to discuss the future of the Sudetenland in the face of demands made by Adolf Hitler . The agreement was signed by Germany , France , the United Kingdom and Italy , but not Czechoslovakia , which was not invited to the conference The Sudetenland was of immense strategic importance to Czechoslovakia , as most of its border defenses and banks were situated there , as well as heavy industrial districts . The Agreement was soon followed by dismemberment of the Czech state . Today , it is widely regarded as a failed act of appeasement , and the term has become `` a byword for the futility of appeasing expansionist totalitarian states '' . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Demands for autonomy 1.2 Sudeten crisis 2 Resolution 3 Reactions 3.1 Opinions about the agreement 4 The `` ghost of Munich '' 5 Consequences of the Munich agreement 5.1 Czechoslovakia after Munich 5.1. 1 The first Vienna Award to Hungary 5.1. 2 German invasion of the remainder of Czechoslovakia 5.1. 3 Strengthening of Wehrmacht 's armament 5.1. 4 The birth of German resistance within the military 5.2 International politics 5.2. 1 Italian colonial demands from France 6 Quotations from key participants 7 Legal nullification 8 Legacy 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Bibliography 10.3 Further reading 11 External links Background ( edit ) Demands for autonomy ( edit ) Czech districts with an ethnic German population in 1934 of 25 % or more ( pink ) , 50 % or more ( red ) , and 75 % or more ( dark red ) in 1935 Konrad Henlein , leader of the Sudeten German Party ( SdP ) , a branch of the Nazi Party of Germany in Czechoslovakia Edvard Beneš , the second President of Czechoslovakia and leader of the Czechoslovak government - in - exile Czechoslovakia was created in 1918 following the collapse of the Austro - Hungarian Empire at the end of World War I . The Treaty of Versailles recognized the independence of Czechoslovakia with a population that included three million German - speaking people , 24 percent of the total population of the country . The Germans lived mostly in an area called Sudetenland bordering on Germany and the newly created country of Austria . The Sudeten Germans were not consulted about whether they wished to be citizens of Czechoslovakia . Although the constitution guaranteed equality for all citizens , there was a tendency among political leaders to transform the country `` into an instrument of Czech and Slovak nationalism '' . Some progress was made to integrate the Germans and other minorities , but they continued to be under - represented in the government and the army . Moreover , the Great Depression beginning in 1929 impacted the highly industrialized and export - oriented Sudeten Germans more than it did the Czech and Slovak populations . By 1936 , 60 percent of the unemployed people in Czechoslovakia were Germans . In 1933 Sudeten German leader Konrad Henlein founded the Sudeten German Party ( SdP ) which was `` militant , populist , and openly hostile '' to the Czechoslovakian government and soon captured two - thirds of the vote in districts with a heavy German population . Historians differ as to whether the SdP was from its beginning a Nazi front organization , or evolved into one . By 1935 , the SdP was the second largest political party in Czechoslovakia as German votes concentrated on this party while Czech and Slovak votes were spread among several parties . Shortly after the Anschluss of Austria to Germany , Henlein met with Hitler in Berlin on 28 March 1938 , where he was instructed to raise demands unacceptable to the Czechoslovak government led by president Edvard Beneš . On 24 April , the SdP issued a series of demands upon the government of Czechoslovakia , that were known as the Carlsbad Program . Among the demands , Henlein demanded autonomy for Germans living in Czechoslovakia . The Czechoslovak government responded by saying that it was willing to provide more minority rights to the German minority but it refused to grant them autonomy . With tension high between Germans and the Czechoslovakian government , on 15 September 1938 President Beneš offered secretly to give 6,000 square kilometres ( 2,300 sq mi ) of Czechoslovakian territory to Germany in exchange for a German agreement to admit 1.5 to 2.0 million Sudeten Germans which Czechoslovakia would expel . Hitler did not reply . Sudeten crisis ( edit ) See also : Sudetendeutsches Freikorps As the previous appeasement of Hitler had shown , the governments of both France and Britain were intent on avoiding war . The French government did not wish to face Germany alone and took its lead from Britain 's Conservative government of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain . Chamberlain considered the Sudeten German grievances justified and believed Hitler 's intentions were limited . Both Britain and France , therefore , advised Czechoslovakia to accede to Germany 's demands . Beneš resisted and on 19 May initiated a partial mobilization in response to possible German invasion . On 20 May , Hitler presented his generals with a draft plan of attack on Czechoslovakia codenamed Operation Green , insisting that he would not `` smash Czechoslovakia '' militarily without `` provocation , '' `` a particularly favourable opportunity '' or `` adequate political justification . '' On 28 May , Hitler called a meeting of his service chiefs where he ordered an acceleration of U-boat construction and brought forward the construction of his first two battleships , Bismarck and Tirpitz , to spring 1940 , and demanded that the increase in the firepower of the battlecruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau be accelerated . While recognizing that this would still be insufficient for a full - scale naval war with Britain , Hitler hoped it would be a sufficient deterrent . Ten days later , Hitler signed a secret directive for war against Czechoslovakia , to begin not later than 1 October . On 22 May , Juliusz Łukasiewicz , the Polish ambassador to France , told the French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet that if France moved against Germany in defense of Czechoslovakia : `` We shall not move . '' Łukasiewicz also told Bonnet that Poland would oppose any attempt by Soviet forces to defend Czechoslovakia from Germany . Daladier told Jakob Surits , the Soviet ambassador to France : `` Not only can we not count on Polish support but we have no faith that Poland will not strike us in the back . '' Hitler 's adjutant , Fritz Wiedemann , recalled after the war that he was `` very shocked '' by Hitler 's new plans to attack Britain and France 3 -- 4 years after `` deal ( ing ) with the situation '' in Czechoslovakia . General Ludwig Beck , chief of the German general staff , noted that Hitler 's change of heart in favour of quick action was due to Czechoslovak defences still being improvised , which would no longer be the case 2 -- 3 years later , and British rearmament not coming into effect until 1941 / 42 . General Alfred Jodl noted in his diary that the partial Czechoslovak mobilisation of 21 May had led Hitler to issue a new order for Operation Green on 30 May , and that this was accompanied by a covering letter from Keitel stating that the plan must be implemented by 1 October at the very latest . In the meantime , the British government demanded that Beneš request a mediator . Not wishing to sever his government 's ties with Western Europe , Beneš reluctantly accepted . The British appointed Lord Runciman , the former Liberal cabinet minister , who arrived in Prague on 3 August with instructions to persuade Beneš to agree to a plan acceptable to the Sudeten Germans . On 20 July , French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet , told the Czechoslovak Ambassador in Paris that while France would declare her support in public to help the Czechoslovak negotiations , it was not prepared to go to war over the Sudetenland question . During August the German press was full of stories alleging Czechoslovak atrocities against Sudeten Germans , with the intention of forcing the Western Powers into putting pressure on the Czechoslovaks to make concessions . Hitler hoped the Czechoslovaks would refuse and that the Western Powers would then feel morally justified in leaving the Czechoslovaks to their fate . In August , Germany sent 750,000 soldiers along the border of Czechoslovakia officially as part of army maneuvers . On 4 or 5 September , Beneš submitted the Fourth Plan , granting nearly all the demands of the Munich Agreement . The Sudeten Germans were under instruction from Hitler to avoid a compromise , and after the SdP held demonstrations that provoked police action in Ostrava on 7 September in which two of their parliamentary deputies were arrested , the Sudeten Germans used this incident and false allegations of other atrocities as an excuse to break off further negotiations . Adolf Hitler greets British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain on the steps of the Berghof , 15 September 1938 On 12 September , Hitler made a speech at a Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg on the Sudeten crisis in which he condemned the actions of the government of Czechoslovakia . Hitler denounced Czechoslovakia as being a fraudulent state that was in violation of international law 's emphasis of national self - determination , claiming it was a Czech hegemony where neither the Germans , the Slovaks , the Hungarians , the Ukrainians , nor the Poles of the country actually wanted to be in a union with the Czechs . Hitler accused Czechoslovakia 's President Edvard Beneš of seeking to gradually exterminate the Sudeten Germans , claiming that since Czechoslovakia 's creation over 600,000 Germans were intentionally forced out of their homes under the threat of starvation if they did not leave . He alleged that Beneš ' government was persecuting Germans along with Hungarians , Poles , and Slovaks , and accused Beneš of threatening these nationalities with being branded traitors if they were not loyal to the country . He stated that he , as the head of state of Germany , would support the right of the self - determination of fellow Germans in the Sudetenland . He condemned Beneš for his government 's recent execution of several German protesters . He accused Beneš of being belligerent and threatening behaviour towards Germany which , if war broke out , would result in Beneš forcing Sudeten Germans to fight against their will against Germans from Germany . Hitler accused the government of Czechoslovakia of being a client regime of France , claiming that the French Minister of Aviation Pierre Cot had said `` We need this state as a base from which to drop bombs with greater ease to destroy Germany 's economy and its industry '' . Chamberlain greeted by Adolf Hitler at the beginning of the Bad Godesberg meeting on 24 September 1938 On 13 September , after internal violence and disruption in Czechoslovakia ensued , Chamberlain asked Hitler for a personal meeting to find a solution to avert a war . Chamberlain arrived by plane in Germany on 15 September and then arrived at Hitler 's residence in Berchtesgaden for the meeting . The Sudeten German leader Henlein flew to Germany on the same day . On that day , Hitler and Chamberlain held discussions in which Hitler insisted that the Sudeten Germans must be allowed to exercise the right of national self - determination and be able to join Sudetenland with Germany ; Hitler also expressed concern to Chamberlain about what he perceived as British `` threats '' . Chamberlain responded that he had not issued `` threats '' and in frustration asked Hitler `` Why did I come over here to waste my time ? '' . Hitler responded that if Chamberlain was willing to accept the self - determination of the Sudeten Germans , he would be willing to discuss the matter . Chamberlain and Hitler held discussions for three hours , after which the meeting adjourned and Chamberlain flew back to the UK and met with his cabinet to discuss the issue . After the meeting , French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier flew to London on 16 September to meet British officials to discuss a course of action . The situation in Czechoslovakia became more tense that day with the Czechoslovak government issuing an arrest warrant for the Sudeten German leader Henlein , who had arrived in Germany a day earlier to take part in the negotiations . The French proposals ranged from waging war against Germany to supporting the Sudetenland being ceded to Germany . The discussions ended with a firm British - French plan in place . Britain and France demanded that Czechoslovakia cede to Germany all those territories where the German population represented over fifty percent of the Sudetenland 's total population . In exchange for this concession , Britain and France would guarantee the independence of Czechoslovakia . The proposed solution was rejected by both Czechoslovakia and opponents of it in Britain and France . A 1938 terrorist action of Sudetendeutsches Freikorps Czechoslovak Army soldiers on patrol in the Sudetenland in September 1938 On 17 September 1938 Hitler ordered the establishment of Sudetendeutsches Freikorps , a paramilitary organization that took over the structure of Ordnersgruppe , an organization of ethnic - Germans in Czechoslovakia that had been dissolved by the Czechoslovak authorities the previous day due to its implication in a large number of terrorist activities . The organization was sheltered , trained and equipped by German authorities and conducted cross border terrorist operations into Czechoslovak territory . Relying on the Convention for the Definition of Aggression , Czechoslovak president Edvard Beneš and the government - in - exile later regarded 17 September 1938 as the beginning of the undeclared German - Czechoslovak war . This understanding has been assumed also by the contemporary Czech Constitutional court . On 18 September , Italy 's Duce Benito Mussolini made a speech in Trieste , Italy , where he declared `` If there are two camps , for and against Prague , let it be known that Italy has chosen its side '' , with the clear implication being that Mussolini supported Germany in the crisis . General Hans Oster , deputy head of the Abwehr met with other German military officers on 20 September 1938 to discuss final plans of a plot to overthrow the Nazi regime . On 20 September , German opponents to the Nazi regime within the military met to discuss the final plans of a plot they had developed to overthrow the Nazi regime . The meeting was led by General Hans Oster , the deputy head of the Abwehr ( Germany 's counter-espionage agency ) . Other members included Captain Friedrich Wilhelm Heinz , and other military officers leading the planned coup d'etat met at the meeting . Protest in Prague against German aggression , 22 September 1938 On 22 September , Chamberlain , about to board his plane to go to Germany for further talks , told the press who met him there that `` My objective is peace in Europe , I trust this trip is the way to that peace . '' Chamberlain arrived in Cologne , where he received a lavish grand welcome with a German band playing `` God Save the King '' and Germans giving Chamberlain flowers and gifts . Chamberlain had calculated that fully accepting German annexation of all of the Sudetenland with no reductions would force Hitler to accept the agreement . Upon being told of this , Hitler responded `` Does this mean that the Allies have agreed with Prague 's approval to the transfer of the Sudetenland to Germany ? '' , Chamberlain responded `` Precisely '' , to which Hitler responded by shaking his head , saying that the Allied offer was insufficient . He told Chamberlain that he wanted Czechoslovakia to be completely dissolved and its territories redistributed to Germany , Poland , and Hungary , and told Chamberlain to take it or leave it . Chamberlain was shaken by this statement . Hitler went on to tell Chamberlain that since their last visit on the 15th , Czechoslovakia 's actions , which Hitler claimed included killings of Germans , had made the situation unbearable for Germany . Later in the meeting , a prearranged deception was undertaken in order to influence and put pressure on Chamberlain : one of Hitler 's aides entered the room to inform Hitler of more Germans being killed in Czechoslovakia , to which Hitler screamed in response `` I will avenge every one of them . The Czechs must be destroyed . '' The meeting ended with Hitler refusing to make any concessions to the Allies ' demands . Later that evening , Hitler grew worried that he had gone too far in pressuring Chamberlain , and telephoned Chamberlain 's hotel suite , saying that he would accept annexing only the Sudetenland , with no designs on other territories , provided that Czechoslovakia begin the evacuation of ethnic Czechs from the German majority territories by 26 September at 8 : 00am . After being pressed by Chamberlain , Hitler agreed to have the ultimatum set for 1 October ( the same date that Operation Green was set to begin ) . Hitler then said to Chamberlain that this was one concession that he was willing to make to the Prime Minister as a `` gift '' out of respect for the fact that Chamberlain had been willing to back down somewhat on his earlier position . Hitler went on to say that upon annexing the Sudetenland , Germany would hold no further territorial claims upon Czechoslovakia and would enter into a collective agreement to guarantee the borders of Germany and Czechoslovakia . Meanwhile , a new Czechoslovak cabinet , under General Jan Syrový , was installed and on 23 September a decree of general mobilization was issued which was accepted by the public with a strong enthusiasm - within 24 hours , one million men joined the army to defend the country . The Czechoslovak army , modern , experienced and possessing an excellent system of frontier fortifications , was prepared to fight . The Soviet Union announced its willingness to come to Czechoslovakia 's assistance , provided that the Soviet Army would be able to cross Polish and Romanian territory . Both countries refused to allow the Soviet army to use their territories . In the early hours of 24 September , Hitler issued the Godesberg Memorandum , which demanded that Czechoslovakia cede the Sudetenland to Germany no later than 28 September , with plebiscites to be held in unspecified areas under the supervision of German and Czechoslovak forces . The memorandum also stated that if Czechoslovakia did not agree to the German demands by 2 pm on 28 September , Germany would take the Sudetenland by force . On the same day , Chamberlain returned to Britain and announced that Hitler demanded the annexation of the Sudetenland without delay . The announcement enraged those in Britain and France who wanted to confront Hitler once and for all , even if it meant war , and its supporters gained strength . The Czechoslovak Ambassador to the United Kingdom , Jan Masaryk , was elated upon hearing of the support for Czechoslovakia from British and French opponents of Hitler 's plans , saying `` The nation of Saint Wenceslas will never be a nation of slaves . '' Neville Chamberlain with Benito Mussolini , September 1938 On 25 September , Czechoslovakia agreed to the conditions previously agreed upon by Britain , France , and Germany . The next day , however , Hitler added new demands , insisting that the claims of ethnic Germans in Poland and Hungary also be satisfied . On 26 September , Chamberlain sent Sir Horace Wilson to carry a personal letter to Hitler declaring that the Allies wanted a peaceful resolution to the Sudeten crisis . Later that evening , Hitler made his response in a speech at the Sportpalast in Berlin ; he gave Czechoslovakia a deadline of 28 September at 2 : 00pm to cede the Sudetenland to Germany or face war . On 28 September at 10 : 00am , four hours before the deadline and with no agreement to Hitler 's demand by Czechoslovakia , the British ambassador to Italy , Lord Perth , called Italy 's Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano to request an urgent meeting . Perth informed Ciano that Chamberlain had instructed him to request that Mussolini enter the negotiations and urge Hitler to delay the ultimatum . At 11 : 00am , Ciano met Mussolini and informed him of Chamberlain 's proposition ; Mussolini agreed with it and responded by telephoning Italy 's ambassador to Germany and told him `` Go to the Fuhrer at once , and tell him that whatever happens , I will be at his side , but that I request a twenty - four hour delay before hostilities begin . In the meantime , I will study what can be done to solve the problem . '' Hitler received Mussolini 's message while in discussions with the French ambassador . Hitler told the ambassador `` My good friend , Benito Mussolini , has asked me to delay for twenty - four hours the marching orders of the German army , and I agreed . Of course , this was no concession , as the invasion date was set for 1 October 1938 . '' Upon speaking with Chamberlain , Lord Perth gave Chamberlain 's thanks to Mussolini as well as Chamberlain 's request that Mussolini attend a four - power conference of Britain , France , Germany , and Italy in Munich on 29 September to settle the Sudeten problem prior to the deadline of 2 : 00pm . Mussolini agreed . Hitler 's only request was to make sure that Mussolini be involved in the negotiations at the conference . When United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt learned the conference had been scheduled , he telegraphed Chamberlain , `` Good man '' . Resolution ( edit ) Sequence of events following the Munich Agreement : 1 . Germany occupies the Sudetenland ( October 1938 ) . 2 . Poland annexes Zaolzie , an area with a Polish plurality , over which the two countries had fought a war in 1919 ( October 1938 ) . 3 . Hungary occupies border areas ( southern third of Slovakia and southern Carpathian Ruthenia ) with Hungarian minorities in accordance with the First Vienna Award ( November 1938 ) . 4 . On March 15 , 1939 , during the German invasion of the remaining Czech territories , Hungary annexes Carpathian Ruthenia ( which had been autonomous since October 1938 ) . 5 . Germany establishes the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia with a puppet government , on March 16 , 1939 . 6 . Meanwhile , during the German invasion of Czech territories , a pro-Hitler Catholic - fascist government splits off the remaining territories of Czechoslovakia and declares the Slovak Republic , an Axis client state . From left to right : Chamberlain , Daladier , Hitler , Mussolini , and Ciano pictured before signing the Munich Agreement , which gave the Sudetenland to Germany . A deal was reached on 29 September , and at about 1 : 30 am on 30 September 1938 , Adolf Hitler , Neville Chamberlain , Benito Mussolini and Édouard Daladier signed the Munich Agreement . The agreement was officially introduced by Mussolini although in fact the Italian plan was nearly identical to the Godesberg proposal : the German army was to complete the occupation of the Sudetenland by 10 October , and an international commission would decide the future of other disputed areas . Czechoslovakia was informed by Britain and France that it could either resist Nazi Germany alone or submit to the prescribed annexations . The Czechoslovak government , realizing the hopelessness of fighting the Nazis alone , reluctantly capitulated ( 30 September ) and agreed to abide by the agreement . The settlement gave Germany the Sudetenland starting 10 October , and de facto control over the rest of Czechoslovakia as long as Hitler promised to go no further . On 30 September after some rest , Chamberlain went to Hitler and asked him to sign a peace treaty between the United Kingdom and Germany . After Hitler 's interpreter translated it for him , he happily agreed . On 30 September , upon his return to Britain , Chamberlain delivered his controversial `` peace for our time '' speech to crowds in London . The Führerbau in Munich , site of the 1938 Munich Agreement Present - day view of the Hitler 's office in the Führerbau where the 1938 Munich Agreement was signed . Note the original fireplace and ceiling lamp . Reactions ( edit ) Czechs expelled from the border looking for new home , October 1938 . Sudeten Germans cheering the arrival of the German Army into the Sudetenland in October 1938 . Though the British and French were pleased , as were the Nazi military and German diplomatic leadership , a British diplomat in Berlin claimed he had been informed by reliable sources that soon after the meeting with Chamberlain Hitler had furiously said : `` Gentlemen , this has been my first international conference and I can assure you that it will be my last '' . The British diplomat claimed his sources relayed that Hitler viewed Chamberlain as `` an impertinent busybody who spoke the ridiculous jargon of an outmoded democracy . '' In his postwar memoirs , Winston Churchill , a staunch opponent of appeasement , lumped Poland and Hungary , both of which subsequently annexed parts of Czechoslovakia containing Polish and Hungarian nationals , with Germany as `` vultures upon the carcass of Czechoslovakia . '' The agreement was generally applauded . Prime Minister Édouard Daladier of France , did not believe , as one scholar put it , that a European War was justified `` to maintain three million Germans under Czech sovereignty . '' Gallup Polls in Britain , France , and the United States indicated that the majority of people supported the agreement . President Beneš of Czechoslovakia was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize in 1939 . Even Winston Churchill was reported at the time as commenting that he would have done the same as Chamberlain . The New York Times headline on the Munich agreement read `` Hitler gets less than his Sudeten demands '' and reported that a `` joyful crowd '' hailed Daladier on his return to France and that Chamberlain was `` wildly cheered '' on his return to Britain . Australian Prime Minister Joseph Lyons said `` We owe heartfelt thanks to all responsible for the outcome , and appreciate very much the efforts of President Roosevelt and Signor Mussolini to bring about the Munich conference of the Powers at which a united desire for peace has been shown . '' A political cartoon from Poland depicts The Soviet Union in the form of `` Ivan '' being kicked out of Europe : `` It seems Europe has stopped respecting me '' Czech refugees expelled from the Sudetenland at the Refugees Office October 1938 Joseph Stalin was upset by the results of the Munich conference . The Soviets , who had a mutual military assistance treaty with Czechoslovakia , felt betrayed by France , who also had a mutual military assistance treaty with Czechoslovakia . The British and French , however , mostly used the Soviets as a threat to dangle over the Germans . Stalin concluded that the West had actively colluded with Hitler to hand over a Central European country to the Nazis , causing concern that they might do the same to the Soviet Union in the future , allowing the partition of the USSR between the western powers and the fascist Axis . This belief led the Soviet Union to reorient its foreign policy towards a rapprochement with Germany , which eventually led to the signing of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact in 1939 . The Czechoslovaks were dismayed with the Munich settlement . They were not invited to the conference , and felt been betrayed by the United Kingdom and France . Czechs and Slovaks call the Munich Agreement the Munich Diktat ( Czech : Mnichovský diktát ; Slovak : Mníchovský diktát ) . The phrase `` Munich Betrayal '' ( Czech : Mnichovská zrada ; Slovak : Mníchovská zrada ) is also used because the military alliance Czechoslovakia had with France proved useless . The slogan `` About us , without us ! '' ( Czech : O nás bez nás ! ) summarizes the feelings of the people of Czechoslovakia ( now Slovakia and Czech Republic ) towards the Agreement . With Sudetenland gone to Germany , Czecho - Slovakia ( as the state was now renamed ) lost its defensible border with Germany and its fortifications . Without them its independence became more nominal than real . Czechoslovakia also lost 70 % of its iron / steel industry , 70 % of its electrical power and 3.5 million citizens to Germany as a result of the settlement . The Sudeten Germans celebrated what they saw as their liberation . The imminent war , it seemed , had been avoided . Before the Munich Agreement Hitler 's determination to invade Czechoslovakia on 1 October 1938 had provoked a major crisis in the German command structure . The Chief of the General Staff , General Ludwig Beck , protested in a lengthy series of memos that it would start a world war that Germany would lose , and urged Hitler to put off the projected war . Hitler called Beck 's arguments against war `` kindische Kräfteberechnungen '' ( `` childish force calculations '' ) . On 4 August 1938 , a secret Army meeting was held . Beck read his lengthy report to the assembled officers . They all agreed something had to be done to prevent certain disaster . Beck hoped they would all resign together but no one resigned except Beck . His replacement , General Franz Halder , sympathised with Beck and they both conspired with several top generals , Admiral Wilhelm Canaris ( Chief of German Intelligence ) , and Graf von Helldorf ( Berlin 's Police Chief ) to arrest Hitler the moment he gave the invasion order . This plan would only work if Britain issued a strong warning and a letter to the effect that they would fight to preserve Czechoslovakia . This would help to convince the German people that certain defeat awaited Germany . Agents were therefore sent to England to tell Chamberlain that an attack on Czechoslovakia was planned , and of their intention to overthrow Hitler if this occurred . The proposal was rejected by the British Cabinet and no such letter was issued . Accordingly , the proposed removal of Hitler did not go ahead . On this basis it has been argued that the Munich Agreement kept Hitler in power , although whether it would have been any more successful than the 1944 plot is doubtful . Map of the Sudetenland Reichsgau Opinions about the Agreement ( edit ) The British population had expected imminent war and the `` statesman - like gesture '' of Chamberlain was at first greeted with acclaim . Chamberlain was greeted as a hero by the royal family and invited on the balcony at Buckingham Palace before he had presented the agreement to Parliament . The generally positive reaction quickly soured despite royal patronage . But there was opposition from the start ; Clement Attlee and the Labour Party opposed the agreement , in alliance with two Conservative MPs , Duff Cooper and Vyvyan Adams , who had been seen up to then as a die hard and reactionary element in the Conservative Party . As the threat of Germany and a European war became more evident , opinions changed . Chamberlain was excoriated for his role as one of the `` Men of Munich '' , in books such as the 1940 Guilty Men . A rare wartime defence of the Munich Agreement came in 1944 from Viscount Maugham , who had been Lord Chancellor at the time . Maugham viewed the decision to establish a Czechoslovak state including substantial German and Hungarian minorities as a `` dangerous experiment '' in the light of previous disputes and ascribed the Munich Agreement largely to France 's need to extricate itself from its treaty obligations in the light of its unpreparedness for war . After the war , Churchill 's memoir of the period , The Gathering Storm ( 1948 ) , asserted that Chamberlain 's appeasement of Hitler at Munich had been wrong , and recorded Churchill 's pre-war warnings of Hitler 's plan of aggression and the folly of Britain 's persisting with disarmament after Germany had achieved air parity with Britain . Although Churchill recognized that Chamberlain acted from noble motives , he argued that Hitler should have been resisted over Czechoslovakia and that efforts should have been made to involve the Soviet Union on their side . Daladier believed Hitler 's ultimate goals were a threat . He told the British in a late April 1938 meeting that Hitler 's real aim was to eventually secure `` a domination of the Continent in comparison with which the ambitions of Napoleon were feeble . '' He went on to say : `` Today it is the turn of Czechoslovakia . Tomorrow it will be the turn of Poland and Romania . When Germany has obtained the oil and wheat it needs , she will turn on the West . Certainly we must multiply our efforts to avoid war . But that will not be obtained unless Great Britain and France stick together , intervening in Prague for new concessions but declaring at the same time that they will safeguard the independence of Czechoslovakia . If , on the contrary , the Western Powers capitulate again they will only precipitate the war they wish to avoid . '' Perhaps discouraged by the arguments of the military and civilian members of the French government regarding their unprepared military and weak financial situation , as well as traumatised by France 's bloodbath in the First World War that he was personally a witness to , Daladier ultimately let Chamberlain have his way . On his return to Paris , Daladier , who was expecting a hostile crowd , was acclaimed . American historian William Shirer , in his The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich ( 1960 ) , took the view that although Hitler was not bluffing about his intention to invade , Czechoslovakia would have been able to offer significant resistance . Shirer believed that Britain and France had sufficient air defences to avoid serious bombing of London and Paris and would have been able to pursue a rapid and successful war against Germany . He quotes Churchill as saying the Munich agreement meant that `` Britain and France were in a much worse position compared to Hitler 's Germany '' . After Adolf Hitler personally inspected the Czech fortifications , he privately said to Joseph Goebbels , `` we would have shed a lot of blood '' and that it was fortunate that there had been no fighting . Adolf Hitler drives through the crowd in Cheb , October 1938 . The `` ghost of Munich '' ( edit ) In the United States and the United Kingdom , the words `` Munich '' and `` appeasement '' are synonymous with demanding forthright , often military , action to resolve an international crisis and characterizing a political opponent who advocates negotiation as `` weak . '' In 1950 , President Truman invoked `` Munich '' to justify his military action in the Korean War . `` The world learned from Munich that security can not be bought by appeasement , '' he said . Nearly every subsequent crisis has been accompanied by cries of `` Munich '' from politicians and the media . In 1960 , conservative Senator Barry Goldwater used `` Munich '' to describe a domestic political issue , saying that an attempt by the Republican Party to appeal to liberals was `` The Munich of the Republican Party . In 1962 , General Curtis LeMay told President John F. Kennedy that his refusal to bomb Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis was `` almost as bad as the appeasement at Munich . '' In 1965 , President Lyndon Johnson , in justifying increased U.S. military action in Vietnam said , `` We learned from Hitler and Munich that success only feeds the appetite for aggression . '' Citing Munich has continued to be commonplace into the 21st century , especially for opposition politicians and conservatives . During negotiations for the Iran nuclear agreement by Secretary of State John Kerry a Texas Republican congressman characterized the negotiation as `` worse than Munich . '' Kerry himself invoked Munich in a speech in France advocating military action in Syria by saying , `` This is our Munich moment . '' `` Munich and appeasement , '' in the words of scholars Frederik Logevall and Kenneth Osgood , `` have become among the dirtiest words in American politics , synonymous with naivete and weakness , and signifying a craven willingness to barter away the nation 's vital interests for empty promises . '' They commented that the success of U.S. foreign policy often depends upon a president withstanding `` the inevitable charges of appeasement that accompany any decision to negotiate with hostile powers . '' Those presidents who challenged the `` tyranny of Munich '' have often achieved policy breakthroughs and those who had cited Munich as a principle of U.S. foreign policy had often led the nation into its `` most enduring tragedies . '' Consequences of the Munich Agreement ( edit ) On 5 October , Beneš resigned as President of Czechoslovakia , realising that the fall of Czechoslovakia was inevitable . Following the outbreak of World War II , he formed a Czechoslovak government - in - exile in London . On 6 December 1938 , the French - German non-aggression pact was signed in Paris by the French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet and the German Foreign Minister Ribbentrop . Czechoslovakia after Munich ( edit ) The first Vienna Award to Hungary ( edit ) Main article : First Vienna Award Admiral Horthy during the Hungarians ' triumphant entry into Košice , November 1938 Second Polish Republic annexed the Zaolzie area of Czechoslovakia inhabited mostly by ethnic Poles , October 1938 . `` For 600 years we have been waiting for you ( 1335 - 1938 ) . '' Ethnic Polish band welcoming the annexation of Zaolzie by the Polish Republic in Karviná , October 1938 In early November 1938 , under the First Vienna Award , which was a result of the Munich agreement , Czechoslovakia ( and later Slovakia ) -- after it had failed to reach a compromise with Hungary and Poland -- was forced by Germany and Italy to cede southern Slovakia ( one third of Slovak territory ) to Hungary , while Poland independently gained small territorial cessions shortly after ( Zaolzie ) . As a result , Bohemia , Moravia and Silesia lost about 38 % of their combined area to Germany , with some 2.8 million German and 513,000 - 750,000 Czech inhabitants . Hungary , in turn , received 11,882 km ( 4,588 sq mi ) in southern Slovakia and southern Ruthenia ; according to a 1941 census , about 86.5 % of the population in this territory was Hungarian . Slovakia lost 10,390 km ( 4,010 sq mi ) and 854,218 inhabitants for Hungary ( according to a Czechoslovak 1930 census about 59 % were Hungarians and 31.9 % were Slovaks and Czechs ) . Meanwhile , Poland annexed the town of Český Těšín with the surrounding area ( some 906 km ( 350 sq mi ) , with 250,000 inhabitants ; Poles made up about 36 % of the population - a drop from 69 % in 1910 ) and two minor border areas in northern Slovakia , more precisely in the regions Spiš and Orava. ( 226 km ( 87 sq mi ) , 4,280 inhabitants , only 0.3 % Poles ) . Soon after Munich , 115,000 Czechs and 30,000 Germans fled to the remaining rump of Czechoslovakia . According to the Institute for Refugee Assistance , the actual count of refugees on 1 March 1939 stood at almost 150,000 . On 4 December 1938 , there were elections in Reichsgau Sudetenland , in which 97.32 % of the adult population voted for NSDAP . About a half million Sudeten Germans joined the Nazi Party which was 17.34 % of the German population in Sudetenland ( the average NSDAP participation in Nazi Germany was 7.85 % ) . This means the Sudetenland was the most `` pro-Nazi '' region in the Third Reich . Because of their knowledge of the Czech language , many Sudeten Germans were employed in the administration of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia as well as in Nazi organizations ( Gestapo , etc . ) . The most notable was Karl Hermann Frank : the SS and Police general and Secretary of State in the Protectorate . German invasion of the remainder of Czechoslovakia ( edit ) Main article : German occupation of Czechoslovakia In 1937 , the Wehrmacht had formulated a plan called `` Operation Green '' ( Fall Grün ) for the invasion of Czechoslovakia which was implemented as `` Operation Southeast '' on 15 March 1939 . On 14 March Slovakia seceded from Czechoslovakia and became a separate pro-Nazi state . On the following day , Carpathian Ruthenia proclaimed independence as well , but after three days was completely occupied by Hungary . Czechoslovak president Emil Hácha traveled to Berlin and was left waiting , while orders to invade were already given . During the meeting with Adolf Hitler , Hácha was threatened with the bombing of Prague if he refused to order Czech troops to lay down their arms . This induced a heart attack , from which he was revived by an injection from Hitler 's doctor . He then agreed to sign the communique accepting the German occupation of the remainder of Bohemia and Moravia `` which in its unctuous mendacity was remarkable even for the Nazis '' . Churchill 's prediction was fulfilled as German armies entered Prague and proceeded to occupy the rest of the country , which was transformed into a protectorate of the Reich . By seizing Bohemia and Moravia the Third Reich gained all the skilled labour force and heavy industry placed there as well as all the weapons of the Czechoslovak army . At the time of Hitler 's later attack on France , roughly 25 % of all German weapons came from the protectorate Böhmen und Mähren . The Third Reich also gained the whole Czechoslovak gold treasure , including gold stored in the Bank of England . Of a total 227 tons of gold found after the war in salt mines , only 18.4 tons were returned to Czechoslovakia in 1982 , although most of this gold came from Czechoslovakia . Czechoslovakia was also forced to `` sell '' to the Wehrmacht war material for 648 million of pre-war Czechoslovak crowns . This debt was never repaid . Germans even took the precaution of sending their troops over borders as early as the afternoon of 14 March , causing an incident between 13th ( Silesian ) Czechoslovak Battalion and the 8th Infantry Division of the Nazi army in Místek . After a while the Germans decided to pull out as the escalation could endanger `` peaceful '' takeover . Chamberlain claimed the Prague annexation was a `` completely different category '' , moving beyond the legitimate Versailles grievances . Meanwhile , concerns arose in Great Britain that Poland ( now substantially encircled by German possessions ) would become the next target of Nazi expansionism , which was made apparent by the dispute over the Polish Corridor and the Free City of Danzig . This resulted in the signing of an Anglo - Polish military alliance , and the consequent refusal of the Polish government to accept German negotiation proposals over the Polish Corridor and the status of Danzig . Prime Minister Chamberlain felt betrayed by the Nazi seizure of Czechoslovakia , realizing his policy of appeasement towards Hitler had failed , and began to take a much harder line against the Nazis . Amongst other things he immediately began to mobilize the British Empire 's armed forces to a war footing . France did the same . Italy saw itself threatened by the British and French fleets and started its own invasion of Albania in April 1939 . Although no immediate action followed , Hitler 's invasion of Poland on 1 September officially began World War II . Significant industrial potential and military equipment of the former Czechoslovakia had been efficiently absorbed into the Third Reich . Strengthening of Wehrmacht 's armament ( edit ) Since most of the border defenses were located in the territory ceded as a consequence of the Munich Agreement , the remaining part of Czechoslovakia was entirely open to further invasion , despite having relatively large stockpiles of modern weaponry . In a speech delivered in the Reichstag , Hitler expressed the importance of the occupation for strengthening of German military , noting that by occupying Czechoslovakia , Germany gained 2,175 field guns and cannons , 469 tanks , 500 anti-aircraft artillery pieces , 43,000 machine guns , 1,090,000 military rifles , 114,000 pistols , about a billion rounds of small - arms ammunition and three million rounds of anti-aircraft ammunition . This amount of weaponry would be sufficient to arm about half of the then Wehrmacht . Czechoslovak weaponry later played major part in the German conquest of Poland and France , the latter country having urged Czechoslovakia to surrender to Germany in 1938 . The birth of German resistance within the military ( edit ) Main article : Oster Conspiracy In Germany the Sudeten crisis led to the so - called Oster Conspiracy . General Hans Oster , deputy head of the Abwehr , and prominent figures within the German military who opposed the regime for its behaviour that was threatening to bring Germany into a war that they believed it was not ready to fight , discussed overthrowing Hitler and the Nazi regime through a planned storming of the Reich Chancellery by forces loyal to the plot . International politics ( edit ) Italian colonial demands from France ( edit ) In October 1938 in the aftermath of the Munich Agreement , Italy demanded concessions from France to yield to Italy : a free port at Djibouti , control of the Addis Ababa - Djibouti railroad , Italian participation in the management of Suez Canal Company , some form of French - Italian condominium over Tunisia , and the preservation of Italian culture in French - held Corsica with no French assimilation of the people . Italy opposed the French monopoly over the Suez Canal because under the French - dominated Suez Canal Company all Italian merchant traffic to its colony of Italian East Africa was forced to pay tolls upon entering the canal . Mussolini hoped that in light of Italy 's role in settling the Munich Agreement that prevented the outbreak of war , that Britain would react by putting pressure on France to yield to Italy 's demands to preserve the peace . France refused to accept Italy 's demands as it was widely suspected that Italy 's true intentions were territorial acquisition of Nice , Corsica , Tunisia , and Djibouti and not the milder official demands put forth . Relations between Italy and France deteriorated with France 's refusal to accept Italy 's demands . France responded to Italy 's demands with threatening naval maneuvers as a warning to Italy . As tensions between Italy and France grew , Hitler made a major speech on 30 January 1939 in which he promised German military support in the case of an unprovoked war against Italy . Quotations from key participants ( edit ) ' The Funeral of British Honour ' To the Editor of the Manchester Guardian Sir , The flowers piled before 10 , Downing Street are very fitting for the funeral of British honour and , it may be , of the British Empire . For sheer degradation the frenzies of last Friday beat even the night of Mafeking . I appreciate the Prime Minister 's love of peace . I know the horrors of war -- a great deal better than he can . But when he returns from saving our skins from a blackmailer at the price of other people 's flesh , and waves , laughing with glee , a piece of paper with Herr Hitler 's name on it , if it were not ghastly , it would be grotesque . No doubt he has never read Mein Kampf in German . But to forget , so utterly , the Reichstag fire , and the occupation of the Rhineland , and 30 June 1934 , and the fall of Austria ! We have lost the courage to see things as they are . And yet Herr Hitler has kindly put down for us in black and white that programme he is so faithfully carrying out . ( For he keeps his threats , though not his promises . ) Alliance with Italy and England ; the annihilation of France ; the conquest for the German plough of the Ukraine ; a Reich of 250,000,000 . And then ? I may be wrong . No one can tell . There are no sure prophecies in politics , as even Bismarck owned . But just because all roads lead none knows whither , all the more reason to keep the straight path of honour . This is the really unpardonable thing in the conduct of Mr. Chamberlain . Even if what he did were the right thing to do , this was not the way to do it . Any really great man who had felt forced to sacrifice a small nation that trusted in him would at least have returned full of anguish and of shame . But Mr. Chamberlain , though he had good intentions , has no finer sense of honour . He lent himself with complacency to the shrieking adulation of a London that had lost all dignity , without one thought for the agony of Prague . Leaders should have some touch of finer mettle . Mr. Chamberlain , canting of `` peace with honour , '' has debased the moral currency of England . And not for the first time ; and not , I fear , for the last . Meanwhile , the past is past , however shameful . What now ? If we have any respect we shall remedy at once that outrageous omission by which all Sudetens in Czech prisons are to be liberated , while no word is said of the Czechs dragged across the frontier into German captivity or arrested in Germany . Secondly , we shall compensate Czechoslovakia for the property we have forced her to leave to the invader -- the machinery in Czech - owned factories , the fortifications , and their artillery , -- which belonged to the Czech State as a whole , not to the Sudetens , as indefeasibly as the very streets of Prague . Thirdly , unless we propose to barricade ourselves behind pieces of paper kindly autographed by Herr Hitler , we shall look a little better to our defences , even if it means conscription in the near future . ( From a letter by F.L. Lucas of King 's College , Cambridge , British anti-appeasement campaigner , to the Manchester Guardian , 4 October 1938 ) German occupation of Prague , 15 March 1939 Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia The daily newspapers carried long columns of the names of the executed Czechs , 1944 . Germany stated that the incorporation of Austria into the Reich resulted in borders with Czechoslovakia that were a great danger to German security , and that this allowed Germany to be encircled by the Western Powers . Neville Chamberlain , announced the deal at Heston Aerodrome as follows : ... the settlement of the Czechoslovak problem , which has now been achieved is , in my view , only the prelude to a larger settlement in which all Europe may find peace . This morning I had another talk with the German Chancellor , Herr Hitler , and here is the paper which bears his name upon it as well as mine . Some of you , perhaps , have already heard what it contains but I would just like to read it to you : ' ... We regard the agreement signed last night and the Anglo - German Naval Agreement as symbolic of the desire of our two peoples never to go to war with one another again . ' Later that day he stood outside 10 Downing Street and again read from the document and concluded : My good friends , for the second time in our history a British Prime Minister has returned from Germany bringing peace with honour . I believe it is peace for our time . '' ( Chamberlain 's reference to Disraeli 's return from the Congress of Berlin in 1878 ) Chamberlain in a letter to his sister Hilda , on 2 October 1938 , wrote : I asked Hitler about one in the morning while we were waiting for the draftsmen whether he would care to see me for another talk .... I had a very friendly and pleasant talk , on Spain , ( where he too said he had never had any territorial ambitions ) economic relations with S.E. Europe , and disarmament . I did not mention colonies , nor did he . At the end I pulled out the declaration which I had prepared beforehand and asked if he would sign it . As the interpreter translated the words into German , Hitler said Yes , I will certainly sign it . When shall we do it ? I said `` now '' , and we went at once to the writing table and put our signatures to the two copies which I had brought with me . '' Winston Churchill , denouncing the Agreement in the House of Commons ( 5 October 1938 ) , declared : We have suffered a total and unmitigated defeat ... you will find that in a period of time which may be measured by years , but may be measured by months , Czechoslovakia will be engulfed in the Nazi régime . We are in the presence of a disaster of the first magnitude ... we have sustained a defeat without a war , the consequences of which will travel far with us along our road ... we have passed an awful milestone in our history , when the whole equilibrium of Europe has been deranged , and that the terrible words have for the time being been pronounced against the Western democracies : `` Thou art weighed in the balance and found wanting '' . And do not suppose that this is the end . This is only the beginning of the reckoning . This is only the first sip , the first foretaste of a bitter cup which will be proffered to us year by year unless by a supreme recovery of moral health and martial vigour , we arise again and take our stand for freedom as in the olden time . Prior to the conference on 13 August 1938 Churchill wrote in a letter to Lloyd George : England has been offered a choice between war and shame . She has chosen shame , and will get war . Legal nullification ( edit ) During the Second World War , British Prime Minister Churchill , who opposed the agreement when it was signed , became determined that the terms of the agreement would not be upheld after the war and that the Sudeten territories should be returned to postwar Czechoslovakia . On 5 August 1942 , Foreign Minister Anthony Eden sent the following note to Jan Masaryk : In the light of recent exchanges of view between our Governments , I think it may be useful for me to make the following statement about the attitude of His Majesty 's Government in the United Kingdom as regards Czecho - Slovakia . In my letter of the 18th July , 1941 , I informed your Excellency that the King had decided to accredit an Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Dr. Beneš as President of the Czecho - Slovak Republic . I explained that this decision implied that His Majesty 's Government in the United Kingdom regarded the juridical position of the President and Government of the Czecho - Slovak Republic as identical with that of the other Allied heads of States and Governments established in this country . The status of His Majesty 's representative has recently been raised to that of an Ambassador . The Prime Minister had already stated in a message broadcast to the Czecho - Slovak people on the 30th September , 1940 , the attitude of His Majesty 's Government in regard to the arrangements reached at Munich in 1938 . Mr. Churchill then said that the Munich Agreement had been destroyed by the Germans . This statement was formally communicated to Dr. Beneš on the 11th November , 1940 . The foregoing statement and formal act of recognition have guided the policy of His Majesty 's Government in regard to Czecho - Slovakia , but in order to avoid any possible misunderstanding , I desire to declare on behalf of His Majesty 's Government in the United Kingdom that as Germany has deliberately destroyed the arrangements concerning Czecho - Slovakia reached in 1938 , in which His Majesty 's Government in the United Kingdom participated , His Majesty 's Government regard themselves as free from any engagements in this respect . At the final settlement of the Czecho - Slovak frontiers to be reached at the end of the war they will not be influenced by any changes effected in and since 1938 . To which Masaryk replied as follows : I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your note of the 5th August , 1942 , and I avail myself of this opportunity to convey to your Excellency , on behalf of the Czecho - Slovak Government and of myself , as well as in the name of the whole Czecho - Slovak people who are at present suffering so terribly under the Nazi yoke , the expression of our warmest thanks . Your Excellency 's note emphasises the fact that the formal act of recognition has guided the policy of His Majesty 's Government in regard to Czecho - Slovakia , but , in order to avoid any possible misunderstanding , His Majesty 's Government now desire to declare that , as Germany has deliberately destroyed the arrangements concerning Czecho - Slovakia reached in 1938 , in which His Majesty 's Government in the United Kingdom participated , His Majesty 's Government regard themselves as free from any engagements in this respect . At the final settlement of the Czecho - Slovak frontiers to be reached at the end of the war , they will not be influenced by any changes effected in and since 1938 . My Government accept your Excellency 's note as a practical solution of the questions and difficulties of vital importance for Czecho - Slovakia which emerged between our two countries as the consequence of the Munich Agreement , maintaining , of course , our political and juridical position with regard to the Munich Agreement and the events which followed it as expressed in the note of the Czecho - Slovak Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the 16th December , 1941 . We consider your important note of the 5th August , 1942 , as a highly significant act of justice towards Czecho - Slovakia , and we assure you of our real satisfaction and of our profound gratitude to your great country and nation . Between our two countries the Munich Agreement can now be considered as dead . Following Allied victory and the surrender of the Third Reich in 1945 , the Sudetenland was returned to Czechoslovakia , while the German speaking majority was expelled . Legacy ( edit ) The West German politics of staying neutral in the Arab -- Israeli conflict following the Munich massacre and the subsequent hijacking of Lufthansa Flight 615 in 1972 , rather than taking the decided pro-Israel position of earlier governments , led to Israeli comparisons with the Munich Agreement and the Appeasement . See also ( edit ) Appeasement of Hitler Neville Chamberlain 's European Policy German occupation of Czechoslovakia Lesson of Munich Treaty of Prague ( 1973 ) Western betrayal Sudetenland Medal Causes of World War II References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ William L. Shirer ( 11 October 2011 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany . Simon and Schuster . pp. 382 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 5168 - 3 . Jump up ^ William L. Shirer ( 11 October 2011 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany . Simon and Schuster . pp. 421 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 5168 - 3 . Jump up ^ William L. Shirer ( 11 October 2011 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany . Simon and Schuster . pp. 422 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 5168 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Munich Agreement '' , Encyclopaedia Britannica . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Statistický lexikon obcí v Republice československé I. Země česká . Prague. 1934 . Statistický lexikon obcí v Republice československé II . Země moravskoslezská . Prague. 1935 . Jump up ^ Douglas , R.M. ( 2012 ) , Orderly and Humane , New Haven : Yale University Press , p. 9 Jump up ^ Douglas , pp. 7 - 12 ^ Jump up to : Eleanor L. Turk . The History of Germany . Westport , Connecticut , USA : Greenwood Press , 1999 . ISBN 9780313302749 . Pp. 123 . Jump up ^ Douglas , pp. 12 - 13 Jump up ^ Noakes & Pridham 2010 , pp. 100 -- 101 , Vol. 3 . Jump up ^ Douglas , p. 18 ^ Jump up to : Noakes & Pridham 2010 , p. 102 , Vol. 3 . Jump up ^ Noakes & Pridham 2010 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Noakes & Pridham 2010 , p. 1001 -- 1002 . Jump up ^ Noakes & Pridham 2010 , p. 102 . ^ Jump up to : Noakes & Pridham 2010 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Paul N. Hehn ( 2005 ) . A Low , Dishonest Decade : The Great Powers , Eastern Europe and the Economic Origins of World War II , 1930 - 1941 . Bloomsbury Academic . p. 89 . Jump up ^ Noakes & Pridham 2010 , p. 102 - 3 . Jump up ^ Noakes & Pridham 2010 , p. 104 , Vol. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Bell 1986 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Noakes & Pridham 2010 , p. 201 . ^ Jump up to : Noakes & Pridham 2010 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Noakes & Pridham 2010 , p. 105 , Vol. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Adolf Hitler , Max Domarus . The Essential Hitler : Speeches and Commentary . Bolchazy - Carducci Publishers , 2007 . ISBN 9780865166271 . Pp. 626 . ^ Jump up to : Adolf Hitler , Max Domarus . The Essential Hitler : Speeches and Commentary . Bolchazy - Carducci Publishers , 2007 . ISBN 9780865166271 . Pp. 627 . ^ Jump up to : Bell 1986 , p. 239 . ^ Jump up to : Santi Corvaja , Robert L. Miller . Hitler & Mussolini : The Secret Meetings . New York , New York , USA : Enigma Books , 2008 . ISBN 9781929631421 . Pp. 71 . Jump up ^ Santi Corvaja , Robert L. Miller . Hitler & Mussolini : The Secret Meetings . New York , New York , USA : Enigma Books , 2008 . ISBN 9781929631421 . Pp. 71 -- 72 . ^ Jump up to : Santi Corvaja , Robert L. Miller . Hitler & Mussolini : The Secret Meetings . New York , New York , USA : Enigma Books , 2008 . ISBN 9781929631421 . Pp. 72 . Jump up ^ President Beneš ' declaration made on 16 December 1941 Jump up ^ Note of the Czechoslovak government - in - exile dated 22 February 1944 Jump up ^ Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic ( 1997 ) , Ruling No. II . ÚS 307 / 97 ( in Czech ) , Brno Stran interpretace `` kdy země vede válku '' , obsažené v čl . I Úmluvy o naturalizaci mezi Československem a Spojenými státy , publikované pod č. 169 / 1929 Sb . za účelem zjištění , zda je splněna podmínka státního občanství dle restitučních předpisů , Ústavní soud vychází z již v roce 1933 vypracované definice agrese Společnosti národů , která byla převzata do londýnské Úmluvy o agresi ( CONVENITION DE DEFINITION DE L'AGRESSION ) , uzavřené dne 4 . 7 . 1933 Československem , dle které není třeba válku vyhlašovat ( čl. II bod 2 ) a dle které je třeba za útočníka považovat ten stát , který první poskytne podporu ozbrojeným tlupám , jež se utvoří na jeho území a jež vpadnou na území druhého státu ( čl. II bod 5 ) . V souladu s nótou londýnské vlády ze dne 22 . 2 . 1944 , navazující na prohlášení prezidenta republiky ze dne 16 . 12 . 1941 dle § 64 odst. 1 bod 3 tehdejší Ústavy , av souladu s citovaným čl. II bod 5 má Ústavní soud za to , že dnem , kdy nastal stav války , a to s Německem , je den 17 . 9 . 1938 , neboť tento den na pokyn Hitlera došlo k utvoření `` Sudetoněmeckého svobodného sboru '' ( Freikorps ) z uprchnuvších vůdců Henleinovy strany a několik málo hodin poté už tito vpadli na československé území ozbrojeni německými zbraněmi . Jump up ^ Nigel Jones . Countdown to Valkyrie : The July Plot to Assassinate Hitler . Pp. 73 - 74 . ^ Jump up to : Santi Corvaja , Robert L. Miller . Hitler & Mussolini : The Secret Meetings . New York , New York , USA : Enigma Books , 2008 . ISBN 9781929631421 . Pp. 73 . Jump up ^ Haslam , Jonathan ( 1983 ) . Soviet Foreign Policy , 1930 - 33 . The Impact of the Depression . New York : St. Martin 's Press . Jump up ^ Santi Corvaja , Robert L. Miller . Hitler & Mussolini : The Secret Meetings . New York , New York , USA : Enigma Books , 2008 . ISBN 9781929631421 . Pp. 73 -- 74 . ^ Jump up to : Santi Corvaja , Robert L. Miller . Hitler & Mussolini : The Secret Meetings . New York , New York , USA : Enigma Books , 2008 . ISBN 9781929631421 . Pp. 74 . Jump up ^ Dallek , Robert ( 1995 ) . Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy , 1932 - 1945 : With a New Afterword . Oxford University Press . p. 166 . ISBN 9780199826667 . Jump up ^ Gilbert & Gott 1967 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ http://www.britannia.com/history/docs/peacetime.html Jump up ^ Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick 1959 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Winston S. Churchill ( 2002 ) . The Gathering Storm : The Second World War , Volume 1 . RosettaBooks LCC . pp. 289 -- 290 . Jump up ^ Douglas , pp. 14 -- 15 Jump up ^ The New York Times , https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0930.html#article , accessed 10 Jan 2018 Jump up ^ `` Empire Comment on the Agreement '' . The Manchester Guardian . 1 Oct 1938 . p. 7 . We owe heartfelt thanks to all responsible for the outcome , and appreciate very much the efforts of President Roosevelt and Signor Mussolini to bring about the Munich conference of the Powers at which a united desire for peace has been shown . Jump up ^ Klaus Hildebrand 1991 . ^ Jump up to : Shirer , William L. 1960 . Jump up ^ Terry Parssinen 2004 . Jump up ^ Viscount Maugham 1944 . Jump up ^ Shirer , William L. 1969 , p. 339 -- 340 . Jump up ^ Shirer , William L. 1960 , p. 520 . Jump up ^ See Joseph Goebbels diary , 2 Oct 1938 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Munich Analogy - The Korean War , ' Encyclopedia of the New American Nation http://www.americanforeignrelations.com/E-N/The-Munich-Analogy-The-korean-war.html . accessed 11 Jan 2018 Jump up ^ `` The Conservative 1960s '' ( December 1995 ) , The Atlantic , p. 6 , https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1995/12/the-conservative-1960s/376506/ , accessed 11 Jan 2018 Jump up ^ Wheatcroft , Geoffrey , ( 3 December 2013 ) , `` On the Use and Abuse of Munich , '' https://newrepublic.com/article/115803/munich-analogies-are-inaccurate-cliched-and-dangerous , accessed 11 Jan 2018 Jump up ^ Logevall , Fredrik and Osgood , Dennis ( July -- August 2010 , `` The Ghost of Munich : America 's Appeasement Complex , '' World Affairs , http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/ghost-munich-americas-appeasement-complex , accessed 11 Jan 2018 Jump up ^ Wheatcroft Jump up ^ Logevall and Osgood Jump up ^ France Signs `` No - War '' Pact with Germany , Chicago Tribune , 7 December 1938 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 December 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.bohumildolezal.cz/texty/u074-08.htm Jump up ^ http://www.forumhistoriae.sk/documents/10180/70153/hetenyi.pdf Jump up ^ Irena Bogoczová , Jana Raclavska . `` Report about the national and language situation in the area around Czeski Cieszyn / Český Těšín in the Czech Republic '' . Czeski Cieszyn / Český Těšín Papers . Nr 7 , EUR.AC research . November 2006 . p. 2 . ( source : Zahradnik . `` Struktura narodowościowa Zaolzia na podstawie spisów ludności 1880 - 1991 '' . Třinec 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Siwek nd . Jump up ^ Forced displacement of Czech population under Nazis in 1938 and 1943 , Radio Prague Jump up ^ Zimmermann , Volker 1999 . Jump up ^ Herzstein , Robert Edwin 1980 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Noakes , J. and Pridham , G. ( eds ) ( 2010 ) ( 2001 ) Nazism 1919 - 1945 , Vol 3 , Foreign Policy , War and Racial Extermination , University of Exeter Press , Exeter , p. 119 Jump up ^ McDonough , 2002 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Motl , Stanislav ( 2007 ) , Kam zmizel zlatý poklad republiky ( 2nd ed . ) , Prague : Rybka publishers ^ Jump up to : H. James Burgwyn . Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period , 1918 - 1940 . Westport , Connecticut , USA : Praeger Publishers , 1997 . p182 - 183 . Jump up ^ `` French Army breaks a one - day strike and stands on guard against a land - hungry Italy '' , LIFE , 19 Dec 1938 . pp. 23 . Jump up ^ H. James Burgwyn . Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period , 1918 - 1940 . Westport , Connecticut , USA : Praeger Publishers , 1997 . p185 . Jump up ^ Reinhard Müller 1943 , p. 116 - 130 . ^ Jump up to : The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations Jump up ^ `` Neville Chamberlain '' . UK government . Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 23 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` National Churchill Museum '' . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ > `` The Churchill Center '' . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ League of Nations Treaty Series , p. 378 -- 380 . Jump up ^ `` Deutsche Feigheit '' . Der Spiegel ( in German ) . 11 November 1972 . Archived from the original on 19 October 2013 . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Books Noakes , J. ; Pridham , G. ( 2010 ) ( 2001 ) . Nazism 1919 -- 1945 : Foreign Policy War , and Racial Extermination. 2 ( 2nd ed . ) . Devon : University of Exeter Press . Bell , P.M.H. ( 1986 ) . The Second World War in Europe . Harlow , Essex : Longman . Gilbert , Martin ; Gott , Richard ( 1967 ) . The Appeasers . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick ( 1959 ) . The Inner Circle . Macmillan . Shirer , William L. ( 1960 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . Pan . Shirer , William L. ( 1969 ) . The Collapse of the Third Republic : An Inquiry into the Fall of France in 1940 . De Capo Press . Klaus Hildebrand ( 1991 ) . Das Dritte Reich ( in German ) . München : Oldenbourg Grundriss der Geschichte . S. 36 Terry Parssinen ( 2004 ) . The Oster Conspiracy of 1938 : The Unknown Story of the Military Plot to Kill Hitler . Pimlico Press . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 307 - 9 . Viscoumt Maugham ( 1944 ) . The Truth about the Munich Crisis . William Heinemann Ltd . Zimmerman , Volker ( 1999 ) . Die Sudetendeutschen im NS - Staat . Politik und Stimmung der Bevölkerung im Reichsgau Sudetenland ( 1938 -- 1945 ) ( in German ) . Essen . ISBN 3 - 88474 - 770 - 3 . Reinhard Müller ( 1943 ) . Deutschland ( in German ) . München and Berlin : : Sechster Teil , R. Oldenbourg Verlag . Herzstein , Robert Edwin ( 1980 ) . The Nazis . World War II series . New York : Time - Life Books . McDonough , F. ( 2002 ) . Hitler , Chamberlain and Appeasement . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Web Siwek , Tadeusz ( n.d. ) . `` Statystyczni i niestatystyczni Polacy w Republice Czeskiej '' ( in Polish ) . Wspólnota Polska . Other League of Nations Treaty Series . 204 . Journals Dray , W.H. ( 1978 ) . Concepts of Causation in A.J.P. Taylor 's Account of the Origins of the Second World War . 17 . History and Theory . JSTOR 2504843 . Jordan , Nicole . `` Léon Blum and Czechoslovakia , 1936 - 1938 . '' French History 5 # 1 ( 1991 ) : 48 - 73 . Thomas , Martin . `` France and the Czechoslovak crisis . '' Diplomacy and Statecraft 10.23 ( 1999 ) : 122 - 159 . Further reading ( edit ) Madeleine Albright with Bill Woodward , Prague Winter : A personal Story of Remembrance and War , 1937 -- 1948 , Harper , 2012 Peter Bugge , Czech Democracy 1918 -- 1938 . Paragon or Parody ? , in Bohemia , Vol 47 , no . 1 2006 / 2007 Cole , Robert A. `` Appeasing Hitler : The Munich Crisis of 1938 : A Teaching and Learning Resource , '' New England Journal of History ( 2010 ) 66 # 2 pp 1 -- 30 . Faber , David . Munich , 1938 : Appeasement and World War II ( 2009 ) excerpt and text search Miller , Daniel E. Forging Political Compromise : Antonín Švehla and the Czechoslovak Republican Party , 1918 -- 1933 , University or Pittsburgh Press , 1999 Orzoff , Andrea Battle for the Castne : Myth of Czechoslovakia in Europe , 1914 -- 1948 , Oxford University Press , 2009 Riggs , Bruce Timothy . `` Geoffrey Dawson , editor of `` The Times '' ( London ) , and his contribution to the appeasement movement '' ( PhD dissertation , U of North Texas , 1993 ) online , bibliography pp 229 -- 33 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Munich Agreement . The Munich Agreement -- Text of the Munich Agreement on - line The Munich Agreement in contemporary radio news broadcasts -- Actual radio news broadcasts documenting evolution of the crisis The Munich Agreement Original reports from The Times British Pathe newsreel ( includes Chamberlain 's speech at Heston aerodrome ) ( Adobe Flash ) Peace : And the Crisis Begins from a broadcast by Dorothy Thompson , 1 October 1938 Post-blogging the Sudeten Crisis -- A day by day summary of the crisis Text of the 1942 exchange of notes nullifying the Munich agreement Photocopy of The Munich Agreement from Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts in Berlin ( text in German ) and from The National Archives in London ( map ) . Map of Europe during Munich Agreement at omniatlas Dr. Quigley explains how Nazi Germany seized a stronger Czechoslovakia Munich Agreement Nazi Germany 's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia 's Sudetenland ( 30 September 1938 ) Prelude Sudeten German Party ( founded October 1933 ) Czechoslovak parliamentary election ( May 1935 ) Hossbach Memorandum ( November 1937 ) Anschluss ( March 1938 ) May Crisis ( May 1938 ) Runciman Mission ( August 1938 ) Bled agreement ( August 1938 ) Runciman Report ( September 1938 ) Godesberg Memorandum ( September 1938 ) Oster Conspiracy ( September 1938 ) Aftermath First Vienna Award ( November 1938 ) Slovak parliamentary election ( December 1938 ) German occupation of Czechoslovakia ( March 1939 ) Slovak Republic ( established March 1939 ) Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ( established March 1939 ) Carpatho - Ukraine ( established March 1939 ) Hungarian invasion of Carpatho - Ukraine ( March 1939 ) Slovak -- Hungarian War ( March 1939 ) Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact ( August 1939 ) German invasion of Poland ( September 1939 ) Slovak invasion of Poland ( September 1939 ) Outbreak of World War II ( September 1939 ) Czechoslovak government - in - exile ( established October 1939 ) Post-war Expulsion of Germans ( 1945 -- 48 ) Potsdam Agreement ( August 1945 ) Beneš decrees ( 1940 -- 45 ; ratified March 1946 ) Treaty of Prague ( 1973 ) Related topics Appeasement : European foreign policy of the Chamberlain ministry ( 1937 -- 40 ) `` Peace for our time '' Western betrayal : Arms and the Covenant Why England Slept Lesson of Munich Causes of World War II Germans in Czechoslovakia ( 1918 -- 38 ) History of Czechoslovakia ( 1918 -- 38 ) People Britain Frank Ashton - Gwatkin Stanley Baldwin Neville Chamberlain Nevile Henderson Ramsay MacDonald Walter Runciman Czechoslovakia Edvard Beneš František Chvalkovský Emil Hácha ( NS ) Ivan Kerno Jan Syrový Jozef Tiso ( SĽS ) Avgustyn Voloshyn ( OUN - M ) France Georges Bonnet Édouard Daladier Alexis Leger Germany Hermann Göring Franz Halder Konrad Henlein ( SdP ) Adolf Hitler Joachim von Ribbentrop Hungary Gyula Gömbös Miklós Horthy Kálmán Kánya Pál Teleki Italy Galeazzo Ciano Benito Mussolini Poland Józef Beck Władysław Bortnowski Events preceding World War II in Europe Category Commons Diplomatic history of World War II Conferences U.S. - British Staff Conference ( 1941 ) Atlantic Conference ( 1941 ) First Moscow Conference ( 1941 ) Arcadia Conference ( 1941 -- 1942 ) Second Washington Conference ( 1942 ) Second Moscow Conference ( 1942 ) Third Washington Conference ( 1943 ) First Quebec Conference ( 1943 ) Third Moscow Conference ( 1942 ) Cairo Conference ( 1943 ) Casablanca Conference ( 1943 ) Tehran Conference ( 1943 ) Second Cairo Conference ( 1943 ) Commonwealth Prime Ministers ' Conference ( 1944 ) Dumbarton Oaks Conference ( 1944 ) Second Quebec Conference ( 1944 ) Fourth Moscow Conference ( 1944 ) Bretton Woods Conference ( 1944 ) Malta Conference ( 1945 ) Yalta Conference ( 1945 ) United Nations Conference on International Organization ( 1945 ) Potsdam Conference ( 1945 ) Declarations and treaties Munich Agreement ( 1938 ) Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact ( 1939 ) Pact of Steel ( 1939 ) Anglo - Thai Non-Aggression Pact ( 1940 ) Destroyers for Bases Agreement ( 1940 ) Franco - Italian Armistice ( 1940 ) Moscow Peace Treaty ( 1940 ) Tripartite Pact ( 1940 ) Anglo - Soviet Agreement ( 1941 ) Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre ( 1941 ) German -- Turkish Treaty of Friendship ( 1941 ) Paris Protocols ( 1941 ) Anglo - Soviet Treaty of 1942 ( 1942 ) Armistice of Cassibile ( 1943 ) Cairo Declaration ( 1943 ) Declaration of the Four Nations ( 1943 ) Sino - American Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China ( 1943 ) Sino - British Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China ( 1943 ) Moscow Armistice ( 1944 ) Nuremberg Charter ( 1945 ) Potsdam Agreement ( 1945 ) Potsdam Declaration ( 1945 ) United Nations Charter ( 1945 ) Paris Peace Treaties ( 1947 ) Treaty of San Francisco ( 1951 ) Organizations Anglo - French Supreme War Council Sino - American Cooperative Organization European Advisory Commission Council of Foreign Ministers Czechoslovakia in World War II Government Government - in - exile Edvard Beneš president Jan Šrámek prime minister Jan Masaryk foreign minister František Moravec chief of intelligence Protectorate Nazi Konstantin von Neurath , Reinhard Heydrich , Kurt Daluege , Wilhelm Frick Reichsprotektor Karl Hermann Frank chief of police Civilian Emil Hácha president Alois Eliáš , Jaroslav Krejčí , Richard Bienert prime minister Emanuel Moravec First Slovak Republic Jozef Tiso president Vojtech Tuka prime minister Resistance Actions Anthropoid ( 1942 ) Slovak National Uprising ( 1944 ) Prague uprising ( 1945 ) Czech Radio Groups Bratislava Working Group Council of Three ( cs ) Czech National Council ( cs ) Jan Hus partisan brigade ( cs ) Jan Žižka partisan brigade Obrana národa Out Distance Slovak partisans Slovak Insurgent Air Force ÚVOD ( cs ; de ; pl ) Military Battles Čajánek 's barracks ( 1939 ) Dukla Pass ( 1944 ) Bratislava -- Brno Offensive ( 1945 ) Prague Offensive ( 1945 ) Slivice War crimes 17 November ( 1939 ) The Holocaust ( 1941 - 5 ) Terezín Sereď Auschwitz Lublin Family camp ( cs ; de ; it ) Heydrichiáda ( cs ) ( 1942 ) Kobylisy Lidice Životice ( 1944 ) Kremnička ( cs ; sk ) ( 1944 - 5 ) Ploština ( 1945 ) Units Western Czechoslovak Legion RAF Squadrons 310 311 312 313 11th Infantry Battalion 1st Armoured Brigade Soviet 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps 1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division ( cs ; ru ; sk ; sl ) Axis Hlinka Guard Emergency Divisions ( cs ; pl ; sk ) Government Army ( Disputed ) Slovak Air Force Slovak Army Topics Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II Fall Grün History of the Jews in Czechoslovakia Czechia Slovakia Carpathian Ruthenia Munich Agreement Sudetenland Sudeten Germans Western betrayal Category Commons GND : 4170659 - 6 NDL : 00567914 NKC : unn2007414778 VIAF : 192819380 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Munich_Agreement&oldid=854047897 '' Categories : Munich Agreement 1938 conferences 1938 in France 1938 in Germany 1938 in Italy 1938 in the United Kingdom Partition ( politics ) Treaties concluded in 1938 Treaties of Nazi Germany Treaties of the French Third Republic Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy ( 1861 -- 1946 ) Treaties of the United Kingdom Territorial evolution of Hungary 1930s in Munich Hidden categories : CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles containing Czech - language text Articles containing Slovak - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 16 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what territory did germany gain at the munich conference | [
"The Munich Agreement was a settlement permitting Nazi Germany's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia along the country's borders mainly inhabited by German speakers, for which a new territorial designation, the \"Sudetenland\", was coined. The agreement was signed in Munich, Germany on the early hours of 30 September 1938 (but dated 29 September) after being negotiated among the major powers of Europe, excluding the Soviet Union. The purpose of the conference was to discuss the future of the Sudetenland in the face of demands made by Adolf Hitler. The agreement was signed by Germany, France, the United Kingdom and Italy, but not Czechoslovakia, which was not invited to the conference The Sudetenland was of immense strategic importance to Czechoslovakia, as most of its border defenses and banks were situated there,[1][2] as well as heavy industrial districts.[3] The Agreement was soon followed by dismemberment of the Czech state.\n"
] | [
"portions of Czechoslovakia along the country's borders mainly inhabited by German speakers, for which a new territorial designation, the \"Sudetenland\", was coined"
] |
-2617166727894811753 | T. R. Knight | T.R. Knight - wikipedia T.R. Knight Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) T.R Knight Knight in January 2008 Theodore Raymond Knight ( 1973 - 03 - 26 ) March 26 , 1973 ( age 45 ) Minneapolis , Minnesota , United States Occupation Actor Spouse ( s ) Patrick B. Leahy ( m . 2013 ) Theodore Raymond `` T.R. '' Knight ( born March 26 , 1973 ) is an American actor . He is best known for his role as Dr. George O'Malley on the ABC medical drama Grey 's Anatomy . Having acted on stage since the age of five , Knight had starred on Broadway , off - Broadway , and theatre productions in his home state of Minnesota . He received a Drama Desk Award nomination for his performance in MCC Theater 's Scattergood in 2003 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Stage 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Knight was born in Minneapolis , Minnesota , where he became involved with the Guthrie Theater at the age of five . He attended Annunciation Catholic School in Minneapolis , for grades K - 8 . Knight received the Conners Foundation Scholarship as a freshman and apprenticed at the Children 's Theatre Company . He also worked at the local Red Owl supermarket alongside his brother . After finishing high school at the Academy of Holy Angels in Richfield , Knight enrolled at the University of Minnesota for a brief period of time . He dropped out and soon landed leading roles at the Guthrie Theater . Career ( edit ) Knight moved to New York City and appeared on the stage . He played opposite Patti LuPone in the 2001 Broadway revival of Noises Off . He performed in 2003 as Damis in Tartuffe . He performed in the 2003 Off - Broadway production of Scattergood , receiving a Drama Desk Award nomination as Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play . Knight also starred Off - Broadway at Primary Stages in the 2004 drama Boy . On television , Knight was a regular cast member of the short - lived Nathan Lane / Laurie Metcalf 2003 CBS television series , Charlie Lawrence . In 2005 , Knight was cast as Dr. George O'Malley on the ABC medical drama Grey 's Anatomy . Introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , O'Malley worked his way up to resident level , while his relationships with his colleagues Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) and Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) formed a focal point of the series . When Knight auditioned for the show , he expected a one - season run . In 2009 , after the conclusion of the fifth season , it was confirmed that Knight would not be returning for the show 's sixth season . The actor said the reason for his departure was due to a `` breakdown in communication '' with executive producer Shonda Rhimes , his character 's lack of screen time , and his decision to come out as gay . Knight received generally positive reviews for his performance as O'Malley , and garnered a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards . His being written out of the show by O'Malley's death via an act of heroism received mixed feedback . Knight starred as Leo Frank in the new musical Parade , which opened October 4 , 2009 , at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles . He returned to Broadway in David Mamet 's A Life in the Theatre in 2010 , where he played the role of John , opposite Patrick Stewart . Personal Life ( edit ) On October 5 , 2013 , Knight married Patrick B. Leahy , a ballet dancer and writer , in Hudson , New York . They had been together for three years . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role . Notes 2000 Dear , Home Letters from World War I Soldier 2002 Garmento Daniel 2006 Last Request Jeffrey 2013 42 Harold Parrot 2015 A Year and Change Kenny 2017 Hello Again Carl ( The Husband ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2003 Charlie Lawrence Ryan Lemming 6 episodes 2003 Frasier Alex Episode : `` Maris Returns '' 2003 Law & Order : Criminal Intent Neil Colby Episode : `` F.P.S. '' CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Zero Adams Episode : `` XX '' 2005 -- 2009 Grey 's Anatomy Dr. George O'Malley 102 episodes Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated -- Golden Nymph Award for Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series 2006 Sesame Street Private `` I '' Episode : `` Baby Bear Writes a Story Called ' The 3 Astro Bears ' '' 2011 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Gabriel Thomas / Brian Smith Episode : `` Double Strands '' 2012 -- 13 The Good Wife Jordan Karahalios 7 episodes 2016 11.22. 63 Johnny Clayton 4 episodes 2017 The Catch Tommy Vaughan 6 episodes 2017 When We Rise Chad Griffin 4 episodes 2017 Genius J. Edgar Hoover 3 episodes Stage ( edit ) Broadway Source : Playbill Vault Noises Off ( 2001 revival ) as Tim Allgood Tartuffe ( 2003 revival ) as Damis A Life in the Theatre ( 2010 ) as John It 's Only a Play ( 2015 ) as Frank Finger Off - Broadway Source : Internet Off - Broadway Database Marvin 's Room ( 1998 ) This Lime Tree Bower ( 1999 ) as Joe Macbeth ( 1999 ) as Donalbain / Messenger `` The Refreshment of the Spirit '' ( 2000 ) Right Way to Sue ( 2001 at HERE Mainstage ) as Franklin / Various characters The Hologram Theory ( 2000 ) at MCGinn / Cazale Theater as Tweety The Lake 's End ( 2003 ) Scattergood ( 2003 ) as Brendan Hilliard Voices of Peace and Dissent ( 2003 ) at Worth Street Theatre Boy ( 2004 ) as title character The Marriage of Bette & Boo ( 2007 ) Sold ( 2011 ) as Michael Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) as Mercutio Pocatello ( 2014 ) ( Playwrights Horizons ) Readings Truth or Consequences ( Staged Reading ) The Fool ( 2002 ) ( Staged Reading ) White People ( Staged Reading ) The Scholar ( Staged Reading ) Lend Me A Tenor ( 2009 ) ( Staged Reading ) On a Clear Day ( 2010 ) ( Staged Reading ) Torch Song Trilogy ( 2011 ) ( Staged Reading ) June Moon ( 2011 ) ( Roundabout PlayReading Series ) Honeymoon in Vegas ( 2011 ) ( Staged Reading ) as Jack Singer The Miser ( 2012 ) ( Reading ) Regional What Did n't Happen ( 2000 ) ( Workshop at Vassar ) Earth to Bucky ( 2003 ) at Bay Street Theater as Bucky Parade ( musical ) ( 2009 ) as Leo Frank at Mark Taper Forum - Los Angeles , CA The Seagull ( 2012 ) ( radio theater ) as Konstantin Gavrilovich Treplev , James Bridges Theater at UCLA - Los Angeles , CA Guthrie Theater - Minneapolis , MN A Christmas Carol ( 1978 -- 1980 , 1996 ) as Tiny Tim , Dick Wilkins / Others Philadelphia , Here I Come ! ( 1996 ) as Joe She Stoops to Conquer ( 1996 ) Racing Demon as Ewan Gilmour ( 1997 ) A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1997 ) as Francis Flute Much Ado About Nothing ( 1998 ) as Watchman Ah , Wilderness ! ( 1999 ) as Richard Miller Amadeus ( 2001 ) as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Jungle Theater - Minneapolis , MN Journey 's End as 2nd Lt. Jimmy Raleigh ( 1995 ) Minnesota History Theatre - St. Paul , MN Civil Ceremony as Samuel ( 1996 ) Illusion Theatre - Minneapolis , MN Angelheaded Hipster : Howl for Allen ( 1997 ) as Allen Ginsberg Women 's Club of Minneapolis - Minneapolis , MN The Laramie Project ( 2008 ) Chanhassen Dinner Theatres - Chanhassen , MN Brighton Beach Memoirs ( 1993 ) as Eugene Morris Jerome Theatre in the Round - Minneapolis , MN Gemini ( 1992 ) as Randy Off - Broadway Musical Theatre - New Hope , MN Oliver ! ( 1985 ) as Oliver References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hollywood at Church : Where the A-List Prays '' . Hollywood Reporter. 2012 - 12 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biography . T.R. Knight '' infoplease.com , accessed March 31 , 2015 Jump up ^ Walsh , Jim . `` An improvisational life '' Archived 2015 - 04 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . southwestjournal.com , September 23 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Papatola , Dominic P. `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' star comes home for a project near to his heart '' twincities.com , October 12 , 2008 Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` Bway Run of Noises Off Revival Ends Sept. 1 '' playbill.com , September 1 , 2002 Jump up ^ Isherwood , Charles . `` Review . ' Tartuffe ' '' Variety , January 9 , 2003 Jump up ^ Weber , Bruce . `` Theater Review . A Dedicated Pupil for a Professor of Seduction '' The New York Times , March 5 , 2003 Jump up ^ Murray , Matthew . `` 2003 Drama Desk Awards Presented '' theatermania.com , May 18 , 2003 Jump up ^ `` Boy Listing '' Archived 2012 - 10 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Internet Off - Broadway Database , accessed March 31 , 2015 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Nathan Lane 's `` Charlie Lawrence '' Pulled from CBS Schedule '' playbill.com , JUly 1 , 2003 Jump up ^ T.R. Knight reveals why he left ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' cnn.com , July 23 , 2009 Jump up ^ Trisha Yearwood 's Chicken Pizza ( 2006 - 10 - 19 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Grey 's Anatomy star T.R. Knight Confirms He 's Gay - T.R. Knight '' . People.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Charles . `` Theater Review '' latimes.com , October 4 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` T.R. Knight Returning to Broadway '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Blum , Haley ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Former ' Grey 's ' star T.R. Knight weds boyfriend '' . USA Today . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Blumm , K.C. ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` T.R. Knight Ties the Knot '' . People Magazine . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` T.R. Knight Broadway '' playbillvault.com , accessed March 31 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` T.R. Knight Listing '' Archived 2005 - 11 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Internet Off - Broadway Database , accessed March 31 , 2015 Jump up ^ under DAVID CASTANEDA ( Lighting Design ) Jump up ^ under directing credits Jump up ^ Cherry Lane Theatre , http://www.cherrylanetheatre.org/ ( 2014 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Mentor Project Programs '' . Cherry Lane Theatre . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Murray , Matthew . `` Review '' talkinbroadway.com , May 21 , 2001 Jump up ^ Hofler , Robert . `` Review '' Variety , April 3 , 2000 Jump up ^ Simonson , Robert . `` Worth Street Revives ' Voices of Peace and Dissent ' Aug. 16 , 23 and 30 '' playbill.com , August 11 , 2004 Jump up ^ Hernandez , Ernio ( April 2 , 2004 ) . `` T.R. Knight to Star as Boy in World Premiere Julia Jordan Play at Primary Stages '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` DIVA TALK : News of Betty , Bernadette , Patti , Karen , Audra & Ute : Who Could Ask for Anything More ? '' playbill.com , April 12 , 2002 Jump up ^ `` T.R. Knight to Exit ' Grey 's Anatomy ' ; Eyes Tenor on Broadway '' broadway.com , June 17 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` ' June Moon ' Listing '' archive.roundabouttheatre.org , accessed March 31 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` ' Honeymoon in Vegas ' Reading '' broadwayworld.com , 2011 Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` Investors Check Out ' Honeymoon in Vegas ' Workshop '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . Red Bull Readings to Feature T.R. Knight , Jan Maxwell , Lily Rabe , Michael Urie and More '' Archived 2014 - 12 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com ( webcache.googleusercontent.com ) , October 2 , 2012 Jump up ^ Rizzo , Frank . An Historic Murder In Verse And Song '' Hartford Courant , July 6 , 2000 Jump up ^ Klein , Alvin . `` THEATER ; Three Lost Souls , Yearning for a Way Out '' The New York Times , July 20 , 2003 Jump up ^ `` Culture Monster '' . The Los Angeles Times . June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bacalzo , Dan . `` Calista Flockhart , T.R. Knight , Dakin Matthews to Head Up L.A. Theatre Works ' Seagull ' '' theatermania.com , August 28 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Actor TR Knight To Return For Minn. 's Guthrie Gala '' minnesota.cbslocal.com , May 3 , 2013 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to T.R. Knight . T.R. Knight on IMDb T.R. Knight on TVguide.com T.R. Knight at Broadway.com ABC Bio Articles 2001 interview at Broadway.com 2004 article from Playbill 2006 interview at ABC News 2006 article from Minneapolis Star Tribune Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series 2000 The West Wing Alan Alda Stockard Channing Kristin Chenoweth Dulé Hill Allison Janney Moira Kelly Rob Lowe Joshua Malina Mary McCormack Janel Moloney Richard Schiff Martin Sheen Jimmy Smits John Spencer Bradley Whitford Buffy the Vampire Slayer Amber Benson Marc Blucas David Boreanaz Nicholas Brendon Charisma Carpenter Emma Caulfield Sarah Michelle Gellar Seth Green Alyson Hannigan Anthony Stewart Head James Marsters Michelle Trachtenberg 2005 Rescue Me Denis Leary John Scurti Daniel Sunjata Mike Lombardi Steven Pasquale Andrea Roth Callie Thorne Adam Ferrara Larenz Tate James McCaffrey Dean Winters 2006 Grey 's Anatomy Justin Chambers Eric Dane Patrick Dempsey Katherine Heigl T.R. Knight Sandra Oh James Pickens Jr . Ellen Pompeo Sara Ramirez Kate Walsh Isaiah Washington Chandra Wilson 2007 Mad Men Bryan Batt Anne Dudek Michael Gladis Jon Hamm Christina Hendricks January Jones Vincent Kartheiser Robert Morse Elisabeth Moss Kiernan Shipka Maggie Siff John Slattery Rich Sommer Aaron Staton 2009 True Blood Chris Bauer Mehcad Brooks Anna Camp Nelsan Ellis Michelle Forbes Mariana Klaveno Ryan Kwanten Todd Lowe Michael McMillian Stephen Moyer Anna Paquin Jim Parrack Carrie Preston William Sanderson Alexander Skarsgård Sam Trammell Rutina Wesley Deborah Ann Woll 2012 The Walking Dead Andrew Lincoln Sarah Wayne Callies Laurie Holden Norman Reedus Steven Yeun Lauren Cohan Chandler Riggs Melissa McBride Scott Wilson Danai Gurira Michael Rooker David Morrissey 2013 Orange Is the New Black Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael J. Harney Michelle Hurst Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs 2014 The Knick Clive Owen André Holland Jeremy Bobb Juliet Rylance Eve Hewson Michael Angarano Chris Sullivan Cara Seymour Eric Johnson David Fierro Maya Kazan Leon Addison Brown Grainger Hines Matt Frewer 2015 American Crime Felicity Huffman Timothy Hutton W. Earl Brown Richard Cabral Regina King Caitlin Gerard Benito Martinez Penelope Ann Miller Elvis Nolasco Johnny Ortiz 2016 Outlander Caitriona Balfe Sam Heughan Tobias Menzies Lotte Verbeek Laura Donnelly Steven Cree Duncan Lacroix Grant O'Rourke Gary Lewis Graham McTavish Stephen Walters Simon Callow Nell Hudson Dominique Pinon Stanley Weber Richard Rankin Sophie Skelton Andrew Gower Rosie Day Clive Russell Frances de la Tour Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series 2000 : The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 Hill Janney Kelly Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2001 : The West Wing , season 2 / season 3 Hill Janney Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2002 : Six Feet Under , season 2 Ambrose Conroy Griffiths Hall Krause Rodríguez St. Patrick 2003 : Six Feet Under , season 3 Ambrose Conroy Foster Griffiths Hall Krause Macdissi Machado Rodríguez St. Patrick Taylor Wilson 2004 : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , season 4 / season 5 Dourdan Eads Fox Guilfoyle Hall Helgenberger Petersen Szmanda 2005 : Lost , season 1 / season 2 Akinnuoye - Agbaje Andrews de Ravin Fox Garcia Grace Holloway Kelley D.D. Kim Y. Kim Lilly Monaghan O'Quinn Perrineau Rodriguez Somerhalder Watros 2006 : Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 Chambers Dane Dempsey Heigl Knight Oh Pickens Pompeo Ramirez Walsh Washington Wilson 2007 : The Sopranos , season 6 , part II Antonacci Bracco Falco Gandolfini Grimaldi Iler Imperioli Nascarella Schirripa Servitto Sigler Sirico Turturro Van Zandt Vincent 2008 : Mad Men , season 2 Batt Brie Gladis Hamm Hart Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Moses Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Staton 2009 : Mad Men , season 3 Alemanni Batt Gilmore Gladis Hamm Harris Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Morse Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Stanley Staton Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) VIAF : 41602365 LCCN : no2006103298 GND : 1059470780 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T._R._Knight&oldid=832898145 '' Categories : 1973 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male stage actors American male television actors American Roman Catholics Gay actors LGBT entertainers from the United States LGBT people from Minnesota LGBT Roman Catholics Male actors from Minneapolis University of Minnesota alumni Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links BLP articles lacking sources from October 2011 All BLP articles lacking sources Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using religion Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 15 : 50 . About Wikipedia | actor who plays george in grey's anatomy | [
"Theodore Raymond \"T. R.\" Knight (born March 26, 1973) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Dr. George O'Malley on the ABC medical drama Grey's Anatomy. Having acted on stage since the age of five, Knight had starred on Broadway, off-Broadway, and theatre productions in his home state of Minnesota. He received a Drama Desk Award nomination for his performance in MCC Theater's Scattergood in 2003."
] | [
"Theodore Raymond \"T. R.\" Knight"
] |
-65791316089147087 | FIFA World Cup anthems and songs | FIFA World Cup anthems and songs - wikipedia FIFA World Cup anthems and songs hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require copy editing for grammar , style , cohesion , tone , or spelling . You can assist by editing it . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) FIFA World Cup anthems and songs are tunes and songs adopted officially to be used as warm - ups to the event , to accompany the championships during the event and as a souvenir reminder of the events as well as for advertising campaigns leading for the World Cup , giving the singers exceptional universal world coverage and notoriety . The songs chosen are usually multilingual using English , the official language of the organising country , as well as other world languages , most notably Spanish . The official versions also results in cover versions in many other languages by the original artist or by local artists . Contents ( hide ) 1 Anthems and Songs 2 Official albums 3 See also 4 References Anthems and songs ( edit ) World Cup Country Title Language Performer ( s ) Writer ( s ) & Producer ( s ) Official Audio ( s ) &Video ( s ) Live Performance 1962 Chile `` El Rock del Mundial '' Spanish Los Ramblers Jorge Rojas Astorga Audio 1966 England `` World Cup Willie ( Where in this World are We Going ) '' English Lonnie Donegan Audio 1970 Mexico `` Fútbol México 70 '' Spanish Los Hermanos Zavala Roberto do Nascimento Audio Germany `` Futbol '' Polish , English , German Russian , Spanish Maryla Rodowicz Jonasz Kofta , Leszek Bogdanowicz Audio Live Performance - Opening Ceremony 1978 Argentina `` El Mundial '' Buenos Aires Municipal Symphony Ennio Morricone Audio 1982 Spain `` Mundial ' 82 '' Spanish Plácido Domingo Audio 1986 Mexico `` A Special Kind of Hero '' English Stephanie Lawrence Rick Wakeman 1986 World Cup Official Film `` Hot Hot Hot '' English Arrow Alphonsus Cassell and Leston Paul Music Video `` El mundo unido por un balón '' ( Official Song ) Spanish Juan Carlos Abara Spanish Audio 1990 Italy `` Un'estate italiana ( To Be Number One ) '' Italian , English Edoardo Bennato and Gianna Nannini ( Italian ) Giorgio Moroder Project ( English ) Edoardo Bennato , Giorgio Moroder , Gianna Nannini and Tom Whitlock Official Music Video ( Italian - 1 ) Official Music Video ( Italian - 2 ) Official Music Video ( English - 1 ) Official Music Video ( English - 2 ) Live Performance - Opening Ceremony ( Italian ) Live Performance - Opening Ceremony ( English ) 1994 United States `` Gloryland '' English Daryl Hall and Sounds of Blackness Charlie Skarbek and Rick Blaskey Official Music Video - 1 Official Music Video - 2 Music Video ( Instrumental - 1 ) Music Video ( Instrumental - 2 ) Audio Live Performance - Opening Ceremony `` We Are the Champions '' English Queen Official Music Video Official Lyric Video 1998 France `` La Cour des Grands ( Do You Mind If I Play ) '' ( Official Anthem ) French , English Youssou N'Dour & Axelle Red Official Music Video Live Performance - Opening Ceremony `` La Copa de la Vida ( The Cup of Life ) '' ( Official Song ) English , Spanish Ricky Martin Desmond Child and Robi Rosa Official Music Video ( English ) Official Music Video ( Spanish ) `` Carnaval de Paris '' Dario G Dario G Official Music Video `` Together Now '' English , Spanish Jean Michel Jarre and Tetsuya Komuro Jean Michel Jarre , Tetsuya Komuro and Olivia Lufkin Official Music Video 2002 South Korea Japan ( Jointly Hosted ) `` Anthem '' ( Official Anthem ) Vangelis Vangelis / Takkyu Ishino Music Video Audio ( Synthesized ) Music Video ( Remixed ) `` Boom '' ( Official Song ) English Anastacia Anastacia , Glen Ballard Official Music Video `` Let 's Get Together Now '' ( Official Local Song ) Japanese , Korean Voices of KOREA / JAPAN Live Performance - Opening Ceremony Live Performance - Closing Ceremony `` Vamos Al Mundial '' ( Univision Version ) Spanish Jennifer Peña Claudia Garcia Official Music Video 2006 Germany `` Zeit dass sich was dreht ( Celebrate The Day ) '' ( Official Anthem ) German , French , Bambara English Herbert Grönemeyer featuring Amadou & Mariam Herbert Grönemeyer Official Music Video Live Performance - Opening Ceremony `` The Time of Our Lives '' ( Official Song ) English , Spanish Il Divo featuring Toni Braxton Jörgen Elofsson & Steve Mac Official Music Video `` Hips Do n't Lie ( Bamboo mix ) '' English , Spanish Shakira featuring Wyclef Jean Jerry Duplessis , Omar Alfanno & LaTavia Parker Official Music Video Love Generation ( song ) English Bob Sinclar featuring Gary Pine Duane Harden , Christophe le Friant , Gary Pine , Jay Woodhouse , JG Schreiner , Alain Wisniak Official Music Video `` Arriba , Arriba '' Spanish Ana Barbara , Mariana Seoane , Anaís Martínez , Pablo Montero Music Video South Africa `` Sign of a Victory '' ( Official Anthem ) English R. Kelly featuring Soweto Spiritual Singers R. Kelly Official Music Video `` Waka Waka '' ( Official Song ) English , Spanish , Fang Shakira featuring Freshlyground Shakira , Freshlyground Official Music Video Live Performance - Closing Ceremony `` Wavin ' Flag '' ( Coca - Cola official promotional anthem ) English K'Naan K'naan , Bruno Mars , Philip Lawrence , Jean Daval Official Music Video `` Wavin ' Flag '' ( Spanish Celebration Mix ) English , Spanish K'Naan , David Bisbal Official Music Video 2014 Brazil `` Dar um Jeito ( We Will Find a Way ) '' ( Official Anthem ) English , Portuguese , Spanish Carlos Santana featuring Wyclef & Avicii & Alexandre Pires Alexandre Pires , Arash Pournouri , Rami Yacoub , Carl Falk Tim Bergling , Arnon Woolfson , Diogo Vianna , Wyclef Jean Official Music Video `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) '' ( Official Song ) English , Portuguese , Spanish Pitbull featuring Jennifer Lopez & Claudia Leitte Jennifer Lopez , Claudia Leitte , Pitbull , Thomas Troelsen Danny Mercer , Sia Furler , Lukasz Gottwald , Henry Walter , Nadir Khayat Official Music Video `` Tatu Bom de Bola '' ( Official Mascot Song ) Portuguese Arlindo Cruz Arlindo Cruz Official Music Video `` La La La ( Brasil 2014 ) '' English , Portuguese , Spanish Shakira featuring Carlinhos Brown Shakira , Carlinhos Brown , Jay Singh , Lukasz Gottwald Mathieu Jomphe - Lepine , Max Martin Henry Walter , Raelene Arreguin , John J Conte Jr . Official Music Video `` Magic in the Air '' French Magic System and Chawki Magic System ( A'Salfo , Manadja , Goudé , Tino ) , RedOne , Alex PChawki Official Music Video `` Adrenalina '' ( Univision version ) Spanish Wisin , Ricky Martin and J - LO Juan Luis Morera , José Torres , Carlos E. Ortiz Official Music Video `` Time of Our Lives '' ( The Official BeIN Sports Song ) Arabic , French , English Ahmed Chawki RedOne Official Music Video `` The World Is Ours '' ( Coca - Cola official promotional anthem ) English David Correy , Monobloco Official Music Video `` La Copa de Todos '' ( Coca - Cola promotional anthem Spanish mix ) Spanish , English David Correy , Paty Cantú , Wisin , Monobloco Official Music Video 2018 Russia `` Live It Up '' ( Official Song ) English , Spanish Nicky Jam featuring Will Smith and Era Istrefi Nicky Jam , Will Smith , Era Istrefi Diplo Official Audio Official Music Video `` Komanda 2018 '' ( Команда 2018 , Team 2018 ) Russian Polina Gagarina featuring Egor Kreed and DJ Smash DJ Smash Official Music Video `` Colors '' ( Coca - Cola promotional anthem ) and also ( Spanglish version ) & ( Pakistani version ) English , Spanish , Urdu Jason Derulo , Maluma , Qurat - ul - Ain Balouch Jason Derulo , Robin Weisse , Jamie Sanderson , Nija Charles , Ishmael Sadiq Montague , Geoffrey Earley , Diamond Platnumz Sermstyle , ISM Official Music Video Official Spanish Music Video Official Pakistani Music Video Official Swahili Music Video `` Positivo '' ( Telemundo Version ) Spanish J Balvin and Michael Brun J Balvin , Michael Brun , Fernando Lugo Official Promo Official Music Video `` United by Love '' English , Russian , Spanish Natalia Oreiro Ettore Grenci , Sonia Molina , Diego Córdoba Official Lyrics Video Official Music Video Official albums ( edit ) 1994 -- Gloryland World Cup USA 94 1998 -- Music of the World Cup : Allez ! Ola ! Ole ! 2002 -- The Official Album of the 2002 FIFA World Cup 2006 -- Voices from the FIFA World Cup 2010 -- Listen Up ! The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup Album 2014 -- One Love , One Rhythm -- The 2014 FIFA World Cup Official Album See also ( edit ) UEFA European Championship anthems and songs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Songs '' . World Cup Theme Songs . 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Theme Song '' . WorldcupThemeSong . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Catalina Uribe . `` Soccer songs : A look at all the World Cup anthems '' . Terra Networks . Jump up ^ Laing , Dave ( 16 September 2010 ) . `` Arrow obituary '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Hot , Hot , Hot - Arrow - Song Info - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull 's ' We Are One ( Ole , Ola ) ' Featuring Jennifer Lopez , Claudia Leitte Named FIFA 'S Official World Cup Song '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Launches `` The World 's Cup '' Celebrating the Power of the 2014 FIFA World Cup TM to Bring Everyone Together `` . The Coca - Cola Company . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Banjarmasin Post . `` VIDEO Lirik Lagu Piala Dunia Rusia 2018 , Jason Derulo ' Colors ' dan Polina Gagarina ' Komanda ' '' ( in Indonesian ) . Jump up ^ Aguila , Justino ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Epic , Ultra & United : 2018 World Cup Anthems to Fire You Up , Latin - style ! '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ TSIOULCAS , ANASTASIA ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` This Year 's World Cup Songs , Ranked '' . NPR . Jump up ^ `` Natalia Oreiro no se conforma con una y sacó otra canción para el Mundial '' . El Observador ( Uruguay ) . June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mundial Rusia 2018 : Natalia Oreiro fue por más y lanzó una nueva canción para la copa del mundo '' . La Nación . June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Could any of this year 's World Cup songs be made worse by a Chris Waddle rap ? '' . The Big Issue . Jump up ^ Saw , Yadana ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` The Beautiful Game : yet the songs sound the same '' . Radio New Zealand . FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Music of FIFA World Cup Official albums `` Gloryland ( 1994 ) '' `` Allez ! Ola ! Ole ! ( 1998 ) '' `` The Official Album ( 2002 ) '' `` Voices ( 2006 ) '' `` Listen Up ! ( 2010 ) '' `` One Love , One Rhythm ( 2014 ) '' Official anthems `` La Cour des Grands ( Do You Mind If I Play ) ( 1998 ) '' `` Anthem ( 2002 ) '' `` Celebrate the Day ( 2006 ) '' `` Sign of a Victory ( 2010 ) '' `` Dar um Jeito ( We Will Find a Way ) ( 2014 ) '' Official songs `` A Special Kind of Hero ( 1986 ) '' `` Un'estate italiana ( To Be Number One ) ( 1990 ) '' `` Gloryland ( 1994 ) '' `` The Cup of Life ( La Copa de la Vida ) ( 1998 ) '' `` Boom ( 2002 ) '' `` The Time of Our Lives ( 2006 ) '' `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) ( 2010 ) '' `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) ( 2014 ) '' `` Live It Up ( 2018 ) '' Other official songs `` Hot Hot Hot ( 1986 ) '' `` World in Motion ( 1990 ) '' `` Put ' Em Under Pressure ( 1990 ) '' `` We Are the Champions ( 1994 ) '' `` Together Now ( 1998 ) '' `` Let 's Get Together Now ( 2002 ) '' `` We 're on the Ball '' `` Oh Africa '' `` Vida '' `` Olé '' `` La La La ( Brazil 2014 ) ( 2014 ) '' Other songs / Non-official songs `` Back Home '' `` Argentine Melody ( Cancion de Argentina ) '' `` Nessun dorma '' `` Shibobo '' `` Top of the World ( Olé , Olé , Olé ) '' `` Vindaloo '' `` Carnaval de Paris '' `` Tema da Vitória '' `` 3 Lions ' 98 '' `` A Little Less Conversation ( JXL version ) '' `` Who Do You Think You Are Kidding Jurgen Klinsmann ? '' `` We Are the Champions ( Ding a Dang Dong ) '' `` Allez Ola Olé '' `` Everywhere You Go '' `` Wavin ' Flag ( Coca - Cola Celebration Mix ) ( 2010 ) '' `` Shout for England `` Adrenalina ( Univision version ) FIFA World Cup symbols Albums ( official ) 1994 : Gloryland 1998 : Allez ! Ola ! Ole ! 2002 : The Official Album 2006 : Voices 2010 : Listen Up ! 2014 : One Love , One Rhythm Anthems ( official ) 1998 : `` La Cour des Grands ( Do You Mind If I Play ) '' 2002 : `` Anthem '' 2006 : `` Celebrate the Day '' 2010 : `` Sign of a Victory '' 2014 : `` Dar um Jeito ( We Will Find a Way ) '' 2018 : `` Komanda '' 2022 : TBA Songs ( official ) 1962 : `` El Rock del Mundial '' 1966 : `` World Cup Willie ( Where in this World are We Going ) '' 1970 : `` Fútbol México 70 '' 1974 : `` Futbol '' 1978 : `` El Mundial '' 1982 : `` Mundial ' 82 '' 1986 : `` A Special Kind of Hero '' 1990 : `` Un'estate italiana '' 1994 : `` Gloryland '' 1998 : `` The Cup of Life '' 2002 : `` Boom '' 2006 : `` The Time of Our Lives '' 2010 : `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' 2014 : `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) '' 2018 : `` Live It Up '' 2022 : TBA Films ( official ) 1954 : German Giants 1958 : Hinein ! 1962 : Viva Brazil 1966 : Goal ! 1970 : The World at Their Feet 1974 : Heading for glory 1978 : Campeones 1982 : G'olé ! 1986 : Hero 1990 : Soccer Shoot - Out 1994 : Two Billion Hearts 1998 : La Coupe de la Gloire 2002 : Seven Games from Glory 2006 : The Grand Finale 2010 : The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup Film in 3D 2014 : Brasil ! : FIFA World Cup Brazil 2018 : TBA 2022 : TBA Mascots ( official ) 1966 : World Cup Willie 1970 : Juanito 1974 : Tip and Tap 1978 : Gauchito 1982 : Naranjito 1986 : Pique 1990 : Ciao 1994 : Striker , the World Cup Pup 1998 : Footix 2002 : Ato , Kaz , and Nik 2006 : Goleo VI and Pille 2010 : Zakumi 2014 : Fuleco 2018 : Zabivaka 2022 : TBA Balls ( official ) 1970 : Telstar 1974 : Telstar Durlast 1978 : Tango Durlast 1982 : Tango España 1986 : Azteca 1990 : Etrusco Unico 1994 : Questra 1998 : Tricolore 2002 : Fevernova 2006 : + Teamgeist 2010 : Jabulani 2014 : Brazuca 2018 : Telstar 18 2022 : TBA Video games 1986 : World Cup Carnival 1990 : World Cup Soccer : Italia ' 90 World Cup Italia ' 90 1994 : World Cup USA ' 94 1998 : World Cup 98 Jikkyou World Soccer : World Cup France ' 98 World Soccer Jikkyou Winning Eleven 3 : World Cup France ' 98 2002 : 2002 FIFA World Cup 2006 : 2006 FIFA World Cup 2010 : 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa 2014 : 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil 2018 : FIFA 18 FIFA World Cup DLC 2022 : TBA Instruments 2010 : Vuvuzela 2014 : Caxirola 2018 : Spoon 2022 : TBA Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup_anthems_and_songs&oldid=850362934 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup songs Football songs and chants Hidden categories : CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) Articles needing additional references from July 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from June 2018 All articles needing copy edit Wikipedia external links cleanup from June 2018 Wikipedia spam cleanup from June 2018 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Magyar Polski Português Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 12 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the world cup anthem for 2018 | [
"\n\nWorld Cup\n\nCountry\n\nTitle\n\nLanguage\n\nPerformer(s)\n\nWriter(s) & Producer(s)\n\nOfficial Audio(s)&Video(s)\n\nLive Performance\n\n\n 1962\n Chile\n\"El Rock del Mundial\"\nSpanish\nLos Ramblers\nJorge Rojas Astorga\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1966\n England\n\"World Cup Willie (Where in this World are We Going)\"\nEnglish\nLonnie Donegan\n\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1970\n Mexico\n\"Fútbol México 70\"\nSpanish\nLos Hermanos Zavala\nRoberto do Nascimento\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1974\n Germany\n\"Futbol\"\nPolish, English, GermanRussian, Spanish\nMaryla Rodowicz\nJonasz Kofta, Leszek Bogdanowicz\nAudio\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n 1978\n Argentina\n\"El Mundial\"\n\nBuenos Aires Municipal Symphony\nEnnio Morricone\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1982\n Spain\n\"Mundial '82\"\nSpanish\n\n\nPlácido Domingo\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1986\n Mexico\n\"A Special Kind of Hero\"[3]\nEnglish\nStephanie Lawrence\nRick Wakeman\n1986 World Cup Official Film\n\n\n\n\n\"Hot Hot Hot\"[4]\nEnglish\nArrow\nAlphonsus Cassell and Leston Paul[5]\nMusic Video\n\n\n\n\n\"El mundo unido por un balón\" (Official Song)\nSpanish\nJuan Carlos Abara\nSpanish\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1990\n Italy\n\"Un'estate italiana (To Be Number One)\"\nItalian, English\nEdoardo Bennato and Gianna Nannini (Italian)Giorgio Moroder Project (English)\nEdoardo Bennato, Giorgio Moroder, Gianna Nannini and Tom Whitlock\nOfficial Music Video (Italian-1)Official Music Video (Italian-2)Official Music Video (English-1)Official Music Video (English-2)\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony (Italian)\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony (English) \n\n\n\n 1994\n United States\n\"Gloryland\"\nEnglish\nDaryl Hall and Sounds of Blackness\nCharlie Skarbek and Rick Blaskey\nOfficial Music Video-1Official Music Video-2Music Video (Instrumental-1)Music Video (Instrumental-2)Audio\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n\"We Are the Champions\"\nEnglish\nQueen\n\nOfficial Music Video\nOfficial Lyric Video\n\n\n\n\n\n 1998\n France\n\"La Cour des Grands (Do You Mind If I Play)\" (Official Anthem)\nFrench, English\nYoussou N'Dour & Axelle Red\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n\"La Copa de la Vida (The Cup of Life)\" (Official Song)\nEnglish, Spanish\nRicky Martin\nDesmond Child and Robi Rosa\nOfficial Music Video (English)Official Music Video (Spanish)\n\n\n\n\n\"Carnaval de Paris\"\n\nDario G\nDario G\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Together Now\"\nEnglish, Spanish\nJean Michel Jarre and Tetsuya Komuro\nJean Michel Jarre, Tetsuya Komuro and Olivia Lufkin\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n 2002\n South Korea Japan(Jointly Hosted)\n\"Anthem\" (Official Anthem)\n\nVangelis\nVangelis / Takkyu Ishino\nMusic VideoAudio (Synthesized)Music Video (Remixed)\n\n\n\n\n\"Boom\" (Official Song)\nEnglish\nAnastacia\nAnastacia, Glen Ballard\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Let's Get Together Now\" (Official Local Song)\nJapanese, Korean\nVoices of KOREA/JAPAN\n\n\n\nLive Performance - Opening CeremonyLive Performance - Closing Ceremony\n\n\n\"Vamos Al Mundial\" (Univision Version)\nSpanish\nJennifer Peña\nClaudia Garcia\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n 2006\n Germany\n\"Zeit dass sich was dreht (Celebrate The Day)\" (Official Anthem)\nGerman, French, BambaraEnglish\nHerbert Grönemeyer featuring Amadou & Mariam\nHerbert Grönemeyer\nOfficial Music Video\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n\"The Time of Our Lives\" (Official Song)\nEnglish, Spanish\nIl Divo featuring Toni Braxton\nJörgen Elofsson & Steve Mac\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Hips Don't Lie (Bamboo mix)\"\nEnglish, Spanish\nShakira featuring Wyclef Jean\nJerry Duplessis, Omar Alfanno & LaTavia Parker\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\nLove Generation (song)\n\nEnglish\n\nBob Sinclar featuring Gary Pine\n\nDuane Harden, Christophe le Friant, Gary Pine, Jay Woodhouse, JG Schreiner, Alain Wisniak\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Arriba, Arriba\"\nSpanish\nAna Barbara, Mariana Seoane, Anaís Martínez, Pablo Montero\n\nMusic Video\n\n\n\n\n 2010\n South Africa\n\"Sign of a Victory\" (Official Anthem)\nEnglish\nR. Kelly featuring Soweto Spiritual Singers\nR. Kelly\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Waka Waka\" (Official Song)\nEnglish, Spanish, Fang\nShakira featuring Freshlyground\nShakira, Freshlyground\nOfficial Music Video\n\nLive Performance - Closing Ceremony\n\n\n\"Wavin' Flag\" (Coca-Cola official promotional anthem)\nEnglish\nK'Naan\nK'naan, Bruno Mars, Philip Lawrence, Jean Daval\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Wavin' Flag\" (Spanish Celebration Mix)\n\nEnglish, Spanish\n\nK'Naan, David Bisbal\n\n\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n 2014\n Brazil\n\"Dar um Jeito (We Will Find a Way)\" (Official Anthem)\nEnglish, Portuguese, Spanish\nCarlos Santana featuring Wyclef & Avicii & Alexandre Pires\nAlexandre Pires, Arash Pournouri, Rami Yacoub, Carl FalkTim Bergling, Arnon Woolfson, Diogo Vianna, Wyclef Jean\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"We Are One (Ole Ola)\" (Official Song)[6]\nEnglish, Portuguese, Spanish\nPitbull featuring Jennifer Lopez & Claudia Leitte\nJennifer Lopez, Claudia Leitte, Pitbull, Thomas Troelsen Danny Mercer, Sia Furler, Lukasz Gottwald, Henry Walter, Nadir Khayat\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Tatu Bom de Bola\" (Official Mascot Song)\nPortuguese\nArlindo Cruz\nArlindo Cruz\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"La La La (Brasil 2014)\"\nEnglish , Portuguese, Spanish\nShakira featuring Carlinhos Brown\nShakira, Carlinhos Brown, Jay Singh, Lukasz GottwaldMathieu Jomphe-Lepine, Max Martin Henry Walter, Raelene Arreguin, John J Conte Jr.\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Magic in the Air\"\nFrench\nMagic System and Chawki\nMagic System (A'Salfo, Manadja,Goudé, Tino), RedOne, Alex PChawki\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Adrenalina\" (Univision version)\nSpanish\nWisin, Ricky Martin and J-LO\nJuan Luis Morera, José Torres, Carlos E. Ortiz\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Time of Our Lives\" (The Official BeIN Sports Song)\nArabic, French, English\nAhmed Chawki\nRedOne\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"The World Is Ours\"[7] (Coca-Cola official promotional anthem)\n\nEnglish\n\nDavid Correy, Monobloco\n\n\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"La Copa de Todos\" (Coca-Cola promotional anthem Spanish mix)\n\nSpanish, English\n\nDavid Correy, Paty Cantú, Wisin, Monobloco\n\n\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n 2018\n Russia\n\"Live It Up\" (Official Song) \nEnglish, Spanish\nNicky Jam featuring Will Smith and Era Istrefi\nNicky Jam, Will Smith, Era Istrefi\nDiplo\n\n\nOfficial Audio\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Komanda 2018\" (Команда 2018, Team 2018) [8]\n\nRussian\nPolina Gagarina featuring Egor Kreed and DJ Smash\n\nDJ Smash\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Colors\" (Coca-Cola promotional anthem) and also (Spanglish version) & (Pakistani version)\nEnglish,\nSpanish, Urdu\n\n\nJason Derulo, Maluma, Qurat-ul-Ain Balouch\nJason Derulo, Robin Weisse, Jamie Sanderson, Nija Charles, Ishmael Sadiq Montague, Geoffrey Earley, Diamond Platnumz\nSermstyle, ISM\n\n\nOfficial Music Video\nOfficial Spanish Music Video\nOfficial Pakistani Music Video\nOfficial Swahili Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Positivo\" (Telemundo Version)\nSpanish\nJ Balvin and Michael Brun\nJ Balvin, Michael Brun, Fernando Lugo\n\nOfficial PromoOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"United by Love\"[9][10][11][12][13][14]\nEnglish, Russian, Spanish\nNatalia Oreiro\nEttore Grenci, Sonia Molina, Diego Córdoba\nOfficial Lyrics Video\nOfficial Music Video \n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nWorld Cup\n\nCountry\n\nTitle\n\nLanguage\n\nPerformer(s)\n\nWriter(s) & Producer(s)\n\nOfficial Audio(s)&Video(s)\n\nLive Performance\n\n\n 1962\n Chile\n\"El Rock del Mundial\"\nSpanish\nLos Ramblers\nJorge Rojas Astorga\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1966\n England\n\"World Cup Willie (Where in this World are We Going)\"\nEnglish\nLonnie Donegan\n\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1970\n Mexico\n\"Fútbol México 70\"\nSpanish\nLos Hermanos Zavala\nRoberto do Nascimento\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1974\n Germany\n\"Futbol\"\nPolish, English, GermanRussian, Spanish\nMaryla Rodowicz\nJonasz Kofta, Leszek Bogdanowicz\nAudio\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n 1978\n Argentina\n\"El Mundial\"\n\nBuenos Aires Municipal Symphony\nEnnio Morricone\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1982\n Spain\n\"Mundial '82\"\nSpanish\n\n\nPlácido Domingo\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1986\n Mexico\n\"A Special Kind of Hero\"[3]\nEnglish\nStephanie Lawrence\nRick Wakeman\n1986 World Cup Official Film\n\n\n\n\n\"Hot Hot Hot\"[4]\nEnglish\nArrow\nAlphonsus Cassell and Leston Paul[5]\nMusic Video\n\n\n\n\n\"El mundo unido por un balón\" (Official Song)\nSpanish\nJuan Carlos Abara\nSpanish\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1990\n Italy\n\"Un'estate italiana (To Be Number One)\"\nItalian, English\nEdoardo Bennato and Gianna Nannini (Italian)Giorgio Moroder Project (English)\nEdoardo Bennato, Giorgio Moroder, Gianna Nannini and Tom Whitlock\nOfficial Music Video (Italian-1)Official Music Video (Italian-2)Official Music Video (English-1)Official Music Video (English-2)\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony (Italian)\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony (English) \n\n\n\n 1994\n United States\n\"Gloryland\"\nEnglish\nDaryl Hall and Sounds of Blackness\nCharlie Skarbek and Rick Blaskey\nOfficial Music Video-1Official Music Video-2Music Video (Instrumental-1)Music Video (Instrumental-2)Audio\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n\"We Are the Champions\"\nEnglish\nQueen\n\nOfficial Music Video\nOfficial Lyric Video\n\n\n\n\n\n 1998\n France\n\"La Cour des Grands (Do You Mind If I Play)\" (Official Anthem)\nFrench, English\nYoussou N'Dour & Axelle Red\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n\"La Copa de la Vida (The Cup of Life)\" (Official Song)\nEnglish, Spanish\nRicky Martin\nDesmond Child and Robi Rosa\nOfficial Music Video (English)Official Music Video (Spanish)\n\n\n\n\n\"Carnaval de Paris\"\n\nDario G\nDario G\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Together Now\"\nEnglish, Spanish\nJean Michel Jarre and Tetsuya Komuro\nJean Michel Jarre, Tetsuya Komuro and Olivia Lufkin\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n 2002\n South Korea Japan(Jointly Hosted)\n\"Anthem\" (Official Anthem)\n\nVangelis\nVangelis / Takkyu Ishino\nMusic VideoAudio (Synthesized)Music Video (Remixed)\n\n\n\n\n\"Boom\" (Official Song)\nEnglish\nAnastacia\nAnastacia, Glen Ballard\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Let's Get Together Now\" (Official Local Song)\nJapanese, Korean\nVoices of KOREA/JAPAN\n\n\n\nLive Performance - Opening CeremonyLive Performance - Closing Ceremony\n\n\n\"Vamos Al Mundial\" (Univision Version)\nSpanish\nJennifer Peña\nClaudia Garcia\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n 2006\n Germany\n\"Zeit dass sich was dreht (Celebrate The Day)\" (Official Anthem)\nGerman, French, BambaraEnglish\nHerbert Grönemeyer featuring Amadou & Mariam\nHerbert Grönemeyer\nOfficial Music Video\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n\"The Time of Our Lives\" (Official Song)\nEnglish, Spanish\nIl Divo featuring Toni Braxton\nJörgen Elofsson & Steve Mac\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Hips Don't Lie (Bamboo mix)\"\nEnglish, Spanish\nShakira featuring Wyclef Jean\nJerry Duplessis, Omar Alfanno & LaTavia Parker\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\nLove Generation (song)\n\nEnglish\n\nBob Sinclar featuring Gary Pine\n\nDuane Harden, Christophe le Friant, Gary Pine, Jay Woodhouse, JG Schreiner, Alain Wisniak\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Arriba, Arriba\"\nSpanish\nAna Barbara, Mariana Seoane, Anaís Martínez, Pablo Montero\n\nMusic Video\n\n\n\n\n 2010\n South Africa\n\"Sign of a Victory\" (Official Anthem)\nEnglish\nR. Kelly featuring Soweto Spiritual Singers\nR. Kelly\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Waka Waka\" (Official Song)\nEnglish, Spanish, Fang\nShakira featuring Freshlyground\nShakira, Freshlyground\nOfficial Music Video\n\nLive Performance - Closing Ceremony\n\n\n\"Wavin' Flag\" (Coca-Cola official promotional anthem)\nEnglish\nK'Naan\nK'naan, Bruno Mars, Philip Lawrence, Jean Daval\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Wavin' Flag\" (Spanish Celebration Mix)\n\nEnglish, Spanish\n\nK'Naan, David Bisbal\n\n\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n 2014\n Brazil\n\"Dar um Jeito (We Will Find a Way)\" (Official Anthem)\nEnglish, Portuguese, Spanish\nCarlos Santana featuring Wyclef & Avicii & Alexandre Pires\nAlexandre Pires, Arash Pournouri, Rami Yacoub, Carl FalkTim Bergling, Arnon Woolfson, Diogo Vianna, Wyclef Jean\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"We Are One (Ole Ola)\" (Official Song)[6]\nEnglish, Portuguese, Spanish\nPitbull featuring Jennifer Lopez & Claudia Leitte\nJennifer Lopez, Claudia Leitte, Pitbull, Thomas Troelsen Danny Mercer, Sia Furler, Lukasz Gottwald, Henry Walter, Nadir Khayat\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Tatu Bom de Bola\" (Official Mascot Song)\nPortuguese\nArlindo Cruz\nArlindo Cruz\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"La La La (Brasil 2014)\"\nEnglish , Portuguese, Spanish\nShakira featuring Carlinhos Brown\nShakira, Carlinhos Brown, Jay Singh, Lukasz GottwaldMathieu Jomphe-Lepine, Max Martin Henry Walter, Raelene Arreguin, John J Conte Jr.\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Magic in the Air\"\nFrench\nMagic System and Chawki\nMagic System (A'Salfo, Manadja,Goudé, Tino), RedOne, Alex PChawki\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Adrenalina\" (Univision version)\nSpanish\nWisin, Ricky Martin and J-LO\nJuan Luis Morera, José Torres, Carlos E. Ortiz\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Time of Our Lives\" (The Official BeIN Sports Song)\nArabic, French, English\nAhmed Chawki\nRedOne\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"The World Is Ours\"[7] (Coca-Cola official promotional anthem)\n\nEnglish\n\nDavid Correy, Monobloco\n\n\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"La Copa de Todos\" (Coca-Cola promotional anthem Spanish mix)\n\nSpanish, English\n\nDavid Correy, Paty Cantú, Wisin, Monobloco\n\n\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n 2018\n Russia\n\"Live It Up\" (Official Song) \nEnglish, Spanish\nNicky Jam featuring Will Smith and Era Istrefi\nNicky Jam, Will Smith, Era Istrefi\nDiplo\n\n\nOfficial Audio\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Komanda 2018\" (Команда 2018, Team 2018) [8]\n\nRussian\nPolina Gagarina featuring Egor Kreed and DJ Smash\n\nDJ Smash\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Colors\" (Coca-Cola promotional anthem) and also (Spanglish version) & (Pakistani version)\nEnglish,\nSpanish, Urdu\n\n\nJason Derulo, Maluma, Qurat-ul-Ain Balouch\nJason Derulo, Robin Weisse, Jamie Sanderson, Nija Charles, Ishmael Sadiq Montague, Geoffrey Earley, Diamond Platnumz\nSermstyle, ISM\n\n\nOfficial Music Video\nOfficial Spanish Music Video\nOfficial Pakistani Music Video\nOfficial Swahili Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Positivo\" (Telemundo Version)\nSpanish\nJ Balvin and Michael Brun\nJ Balvin, Michael Brun, Fernando Lugo\n\nOfficial PromoOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"United by Love\"[9][10][11][12][13][14]\nEnglish, Russian, Spanish\nNatalia Oreiro\nEttore Grenci, Sonia Molina, Diego Córdoba\nOfficial Lyrics Video\nOfficial Music Video \n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nWorld Cup\n\nCountry\n\nTitle\n\nLanguage\n\nPerformer(s)\n\nWriter(s) & Producer(s)\n\nOfficial Audio(s)&Video(s)\n\nLive Performance\n\n\n 1962\n Chile\n\"El Rock del Mundial\"\nSpanish\nLos Ramblers\nJorge Rojas Astorga\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1966\n England\n\"World Cup Willie (Where in this World are We Going)\"\nEnglish\nLonnie Donegan\n\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1970\n Mexico\n\"Fútbol México 70\"\nSpanish\nLos Hermanos Zavala\nRoberto do Nascimento\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1974\n Germany\n\"Futbol\"\nPolish, English, GermanRussian, Spanish\nMaryla Rodowicz\nJonasz Kofta, Leszek Bogdanowicz\nAudio\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n 1978\n Argentina\n\"El Mundial\"\n\nBuenos Aires Municipal Symphony\nEnnio Morricone\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1982\n Spain\n\"Mundial '82\"\nSpanish\n\n\nPlácido Domingo\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1986\n Mexico\n\"A Special Kind of Hero\"[3]\nEnglish\nStephanie Lawrence\nRick Wakeman\n1986 World Cup Official Film\n\n\n\n\n\"Hot Hot Hot\"[4]\nEnglish\nArrow\nAlphonsus Cassell and Leston Paul[5]\nMusic Video\n\n\n\n\n\"El mundo unido por un balón\" (Official Song)\nSpanish\nJuan Carlos Abara\nSpanish\nAudio\n\n\n\n\n 1990\n Italy\n\"Un'estate italiana (To Be Number One)\"\nItalian, English\nEdoardo Bennato and Gianna Nannini (Italian)Giorgio Moroder Project (English)\nEdoardo Bennato, Giorgio Moroder, Gianna Nannini and Tom Whitlock\nOfficial Music Video (Italian-1)Official Music Video (Italian-2)Official Music Video (English-1)Official Music Video (English-2)\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony (Italian)\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony (English) \n\n\n\n 1994\n United States\n\"Gloryland\"\nEnglish\nDaryl Hall and Sounds of Blackness\nCharlie Skarbek and Rick Blaskey\nOfficial Music Video-1Official Music Video-2Music Video (Instrumental-1)Music Video (Instrumental-2)Audio\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n\"We Are the Champions\"\nEnglish\nQueen\n\nOfficial Music Video\nOfficial Lyric Video\n\n\n\n\n\n 1998\n France\n\"La Cour des Grands (Do You Mind If I Play)\" (Official Anthem)\nFrench, English\nYoussou N'Dour & Axelle Red\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n\"La Copa de la Vida (The Cup of Life)\" (Official Song)\nEnglish, Spanish\nRicky Martin\nDesmond Child and Robi Rosa\nOfficial Music Video (English)Official Music Video (Spanish)\n\n\n\n\n\"Carnaval de Paris\"\n\nDario G\nDario G\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Together Now\"\nEnglish, Spanish\nJean Michel Jarre and Tetsuya Komuro\nJean Michel Jarre, Tetsuya Komuro and Olivia Lufkin\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n 2002\n South Korea Japan(Jointly Hosted)\n\"Anthem\" (Official Anthem)\n\nVangelis\nVangelis / Takkyu Ishino\nMusic VideoAudio (Synthesized)Music Video (Remixed)\n\n\n\n\n\"Boom\" (Official Song)\nEnglish\nAnastacia\nAnastacia, Glen Ballard\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Let's Get Together Now\" (Official Local Song)\nJapanese, Korean\nVoices of KOREA/JAPAN\n\n\n\nLive Performance - Opening CeremonyLive Performance - Closing Ceremony\n\n\n\"Vamos Al Mundial\" (Univision Version)\nSpanish\nJennifer Peña\nClaudia Garcia\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n 2006\n Germany\n\"Zeit dass sich was dreht (Celebrate The Day)\" (Official Anthem)\nGerman, French, BambaraEnglish\nHerbert Grönemeyer featuring Amadou & Mariam\nHerbert Grönemeyer\nOfficial Music Video\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n\"The Time of Our Lives\" (Official Song)\nEnglish, Spanish\nIl Divo featuring Toni Braxton\nJörgen Elofsson & Steve Mac\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Hips Don't Lie (Bamboo mix)\"\nEnglish, Spanish\nShakira featuring Wyclef Jean\nJerry Duplessis, Omar Alfanno & LaTavia Parker\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\nLove Generation (song)\n\nEnglish\n\nBob Sinclar featuring Gary Pine\n\nDuane Harden, Christophe le Friant, Gary Pine, Jay Woodhouse, JG Schreiner, Alain Wisniak\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Arriba, Arriba\"\nSpanish\nAna Barbara, Mariana Seoane, Anaís Martínez, Pablo Montero\n\nMusic Video\n\n\n\n\n 2010\n South Africa\n\"Sign of a Victory\" (Official Anthem)\nEnglish\nR. Kelly featuring Soweto Spiritual Singers\nR. Kelly\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Waka Waka\" (Official Song)\nEnglish, Spanish, Fang\nShakira featuring Freshlyground\nShakira, Freshlyground\nOfficial Music Video\n\nLive Performance - Closing Ceremony\n\n\n\"Wavin' Flag\" (Coca-Cola official promotional anthem)\nEnglish\nK'Naan\nK'naan, Bruno Mars, Philip Lawrence, Jean Daval\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Wavin' Flag\" (Spanish Celebration Mix)\n\nEnglish, Spanish\n\nK'Naan, David Bisbal\n\n\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n 2014\n Brazil\n\"Dar um Jeito (We Will Find a Way)\" (Official Anthem)\nEnglish, Portuguese, Spanish\nCarlos Santana featuring Wyclef & Avicii & Alexandre Pires\nAlexandre Pires, Arash Pournouri, Rami Yacoub, Carl FalkTim Bergling, Arnon Woolfson, Diogo Vianna, Wyclef Jean\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"We Are One (Ole Ola)\" (Official Song)[6]\nEnglish, Portuguese, Spanish\nPitbull featuring Jennifer Lopez & Claudia Leitte\nJennifer Lopez, Claudia Leitte, Pitbull, Thomas Troelsen Danny Mercer, Sia Furler, Lukasz Gottwald, Henry Walter, Nadir Khayat\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Tatu Bom de Bola\" (Official Mascot Song)\nPortuguese\nArlindo Cruz\nArlindo Cruz\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"La La La (Brasil 2014)\"\nEnglish , Portuguese, Spanish\nShakira featuring Carlinhos Brown\nShakira, Carlinhos Brown, Jay Singh, Lukasz GottwaldMathieu Jomphe-Lepine, Max Martin Henry Walter, Raelene Arreguin, John J Conte Jr.\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Magic in the Air\"\nFrench\nMagic System and Chawki\nMagic System (A'Salfo, Manadja,Goudé, Tino), RedOne, Alex PChawki\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Adrenalina\" (Univision version)\nSpanish\nWisin, Ricky Martin and J-LO\nJuan Luis Morera, José Torres, Carlos E. Ortiz\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Time of Our Lives\" (The Official BeIN Sports Song)\nArabic, French, English\nAhmed Chawki\nRedOne\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"The World Is Ours\"[7] (Coca-Cola official promotional anthem)\n\nEnglish\n\nDavid Correy, Monobloco\n\n\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"La Copa de Todos\" (Coca-Cola promotional anthem Spanish mix)\n\nSpanish, English\n\nDavid Correy, Paty Cantú, Wisin, Monobloco\n\n\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n 2018\n Russia\n\"Live It Up\" (Official Song) \nEnglish, Spanish\nNicky Jam featuring Will Smith and Era Istrefi\nNicky Jam, Will Smith, Era Istrefi\nDiplo\n\n\nOfficial Audio\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Komanda 2018\" (Команда 2018, Team 2018) [8]\n\nRussian\nPolina Gagarina featuring Egor Kreed and DJ Smash\n\nDJ Smash\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"Colors\" (Coca-Cola promotional anthem) and also (Spanglish version) & (Pakistani version)\nEnglish,\nSpanish, Urdu\n\n\nJason Derulo, Maluma, Qurat-ul-Ain Balouch\nJason Derulo, Robin Weisse, Jamie Sanderson, Nija Charles, Ishmael Sadiq Montague, Geoffrey Earley, Diamond Platnumz\nSermstyle, ISM\n\n\nOfficial Music Video\nOfficial Spanish Music Video\nOfficial Pakistani Music Video\nOfficial Swahili Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Positivo\" (Telemundo Version)\nSpanish\nJ Balvin and Michael Brun\nJ Balvin, Michael Brun, Fernando Lugo\n\nOfficial PromoOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\n\n\"United by Love\"[9][10][11][12][13][14]\nEnglish, Russian, Spanish\nNatalia Oreiro\nEttore Grenci, Sonia Molina, Diego Córdoba\nOfficial Lyrics Video\nOfficial Music Video \n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"\"Colors\"",
"\"Positivo\" (Telemundo Version)",
"\"United by Love\""
] |
-5686454125961165403 | DevOps | DevOps - wikipedia DevOps This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 24 August 2018 . Software development Core activities Processes Requirements Design Engineering Construction Testing Debugging Deployment Maintenance Paradigms and models Agile Cleanroom Incremental Prototyping Spiral V model Waterfall Methodologies and frameworks ASD DevOps DAD DSDM FDD IID Kanban Lean SD LeSS MDD MSF PSP RAD RUP SAFe Scrum SEMAT TSP UP XP Supporting disciplines Configuration management Documentation Software quality assurance ( SQA ) Project management User experience Practices ATDD BDD CCO CI CD DDD PP Stand - up TDD Tools Compiler Debugger Profiler GUI designer Modeling IDE Build automation Release automation Infrastructure as Code Testing Standards and Bodies of Knowledge BABOK CMMI IEEE standards ISO 9001 ISO / IEC standards PMBOK SWEBOK ITIL Glossaries Artificial intelligence Computer science Electrical and electronics engineering DevOps ( a clipped compound of `` development '' and `` operations '' ) is a software engineering culture and practice that aims at unifying software development ( Dev ) and software operation ( Ops ) . The main characteristic of the DevOps movement is to strongly advocate automation and monitoring at all steps of software construction , from integration , testing , releasing to deployment and infrastructure management . DevOps aims at shorter development cycles , increased deployment frequency , and more dependable releases , in close alignment with business objectives . Contents 1 Definitions and history 2 Toolchain 3 Relationship to other approaches 3.1 Agile 3.2 Continuous delivery 3.3 DataOps 3.4 Site reliability engineering 3.5 Systems administration 4 Goals 4.1 Views on the benefits claimed for DevOps 5 Cultural change 5.1 DevOps as a job title 5.2 Building a DevOps culture 6 Deployment 6.1 Architecturally significant requirements 6.2 Scope of adoption 6.3 DevOps automation 6.4 DevOps transformation 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Definitions and history ( edit ) Venn diagram showing DevOps as the intersection of development ( software engineering ) , operations and quality assurance ( QA ) In 2009 Patrick Debois coined the term by naming a conference `` devopsdays '' which started in Belgium and has now spread to other countries . The term DevOps has been used in multiple contexts . A definition proposed by Bass , Weber , and Zhu , is : DevOps is a set of practices intended to reduce the time between committing a change to a system and the change being placed into normal production , while ensuring high quality . In recent years , more tangential DevOps initiatives have also evolved , such as OpsDev , WinOps , , DevSecOps , and BizDevOps . Toolchain ( edit ) Illustration showing stages in a DevOps toolchain See also : DevOps toolchain As DevOps is intended to be a cross-functional mode of working , rather than a single DevOps tool there are sets ( or `` toolchains '' ) of multiple tools . Such DevOps tools are expected to fit into one or more of these categories , reflective of key aspects of the development and delivery process : Code -- code development and review , source code management tools , code merging Build -- continuous integration tools , build status Test -- continuous testing tools that provide feedback on business risks Package -- artifact repository , application pre-deployment staging Release -- change management , release approvals , release automation Configure -- infrastructure configuration and management , Infrastructure as Code tools Monitor -- applications performance monitoring , end -- user experience Note that there exist different interpretations of the DevOps toolchain ( e.g. Plan , Create , Verify , Package , Release , Configure , and Monitor ) . Some categories are more essential in a DevOps toolchain than others ; especially continuous integration ( e.g. Jenkins ) and infrastructure as code ( e.g. Puppet ) . Relationship to other approaches ( edit ) Agile ( edit ) Main article : Agile software development The need for DevOps arose from the increasing success of agile software development , as that led to organizations wanting to release their software faster and more frequently . As they sought to overcome the strain this put on their release management processes , they had to adopt patterns such as application release automation , continuous integration tools , and continuous delivery . Continuous delivery ( edit ) Main article : Continuous delivery Continuous delivery and DevOps have common goals and are often used in conjunction , but there are subtle differences . While continuous delivery is focused on automating the processes in software delivery , DevOps also focuses on the organization change to support great collaboration between the many functions involved . DevOps and continuous delivery share a common background in agile methods and lean thinking : small and frequent changes with focused value to the end customer . They are well communicated and collaborated internally , thus helping achieve faster time to market , with reduced risks . DataOps ( edit ) Main article : DataOps The application of continuous delivery and DevOps to data analytics has been termed DataOps . DataOps seeks to integrate data engineering , data integration , data quality , data security , and data privacy with operations . It applies principles from DevOps , Agile Development and the statistical process control , used in lean manufacturing , to improve the cycle time of extracting value from data analytics . Site reliability engineering ( edit ) Main article : Site reliability engineering In 2003 , Google developed site reliability engineering , a new approach for releasing new features continuously into large - scale high - availability systems while maintaining high - quality end user experience . While SRE predates the development of DevOps , they are generally viewed as being related to each other . Some aspects of DevOps have taken a similar approach . Systems administration ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2018 ) DevOps is often viewed as an approach to applying systems administration work to cloud technology . Goals ( edit ) The goals of DevOps span the entire delivery pipeline . They include : Improved deployment frequency ; Faster time to market ; Lower failure rate of new releases ; Shortened lead time between fixes ; Faster mean time to recovery ( in the event of a new release crashing or otherwise disabling the current system ) . Simple processes become increasingly programmable and dynamic , using a DevOps approach . DevOps aims to maximize the predictability , efficiency , security , and maintainability of operational processes . Very often , automation supports this objective . DevOps integration targets product delivery , continuous testing , quality testing , feature development , and maintenance releases in order to improve reliability and security and provide faster development and deployment cycles . Many of the ideas ( and people ) involved in DevOps came from the enterprise systems management and agile software development movements . Views on the benefits claimed for DevOps ( edit ) Companies that practice DevOps have reported significant benefits , including : significantly shorter time to market , improved customer satisfaction , better product quality , more reliable releases , improved productivity and efficiency , and the increased ability to build the right product by fast experimentation . However , a study released in January 2017 by F5 of almost 2,200 IT executives and industry professionals found that only one in five surveyed think DevOps had a strategic impact on their organization despite rise in usage . The same study found that only 17 % identified DevOps as key , well below software as a service ( 42 % ) , big data ( 41 % ) and public cloud infrastructure as a service ( 39 % ) . Cultural change ( edit ) DevOps initiatives can create cultural change in companies by transforming the way operations , developers , and testers collaborate during the development and delivery processes . Getting these groups to work cohesively is a critical challenge in enterprise DevOps adoption . DevOps as a job Title ( edit ) While DevOps describes an approach to work rather than a distinct role ( like system administrator ) , job advertisements are increasingly using terms like `` DevOps Engineer '' . While DevOps reflects complex topics , the DevOps community uses analogies to communicate important concepts , much like `` The Cathedral and the Bazaar '' from the open source community . Cattle not Pets : the paradigm of disposable server infrastructure . 10 deployments per day : the story of Flickr adopting DevOps . Building a DevOps Culture ( edit ) DevOps T - shirt worn at a computer conference . DevOps principles demand strong interdepartmental communication -- team - building and other employee engagement activities are often used -- to create an environment that fosters this communication and cultural change , within an organization . Team -- building activities can include board games , trust activities , and employee engagement seminars . Deployment ( edit ) Companies with very frequent releases may require a DevOps awareness or orientation program . For example , the company that operates the image hosting website Flickr developed a DevOps approach , to support a business requirement of ten deployments per day ; this daily deployment cycle would be much higher at organizations producing multi-focus or multi-function applications . This is referred to as continuous deployment or continuous delivery and has been associated with the lean startup methodology . Working groups , professional associations and blogs have formed on the topic since 2009 . Architecturally significant requirements ( edit ) To practice DevOps effectively , software applications have to meet a set of architecturally significant requirements ( ASRs ) , such as : deployability , modifiability , testability , and monitorability . These ASRs require a high priority and can not be traded off lightly . Although in principle it is possible to practice DevOps with any architectural style , the microservices architectural style is becoming the standard for building continuously deployed systems . Because the size of each service is small , it allows the architecture of an individual service to emerge through continuous refactoring , hence reducing the need for a big upfront design and allows for releasing the software early and continuously . Scope of adoption ( edit ) Some articles in the DevOps literature assume , or recommend , significant participation in DevOps initiatives from outside an organization 's IT department , e.g. : `` DevOps is just the agile principle , taken to the full enterprise . '' A survey published in January 2016 by the SaaS cloud - computing company RightScale , DevOps adoption increased from 66 percent in 2015 to 74 percent in 2016 . And among larger enterprise organizations , DevOps adoption is even higher -- 81 percent . Adoption of DevOps is being driven by many factors -- including : Use of agile and other development processes and methods ; Demand for an increased rate of production releases -- from application and business unit stakeholders ; Wide availability of virtualized and cloud infrastructure -- from internal and external providers ; Increased usage of data center automation and configuration management tools ; Increased focus on test automation and continuous integration methods ; A critical mass of publicly -- available best practices . DevOps automation ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2018 ) DevOps automation can be achieved by repackaging platforms , systems , and applications into reusable building blocks through the use of technologies such as virtual machines and containerization . DevOps transformation ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2018 ) DevOps transformation is the process of transforming and adapting a software development methodology in accordance with agile development methods and extending this across the full organisation value stream . See also ( edit ) Twelve - factor app References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Loukides , Mike ( 7 June 2012 ) . `` What is DevOps ? '' . Jump up ^ Samovskiy , Dmitriy ( 2 March 2010 ) . `` The Rise of DevOps '' . Fubaredness Is Contagious . Jump up ^ Kim , Gene . `` DevOps Culture Part 1 '' . ^ Jump up to : Lyman , Jay . `` DevOps mixing dev , ops , agile , cloud , open source and business '' . 451 CAOS Theory . Jump up ^ Debois , Patrick . `` Agile 2008 Toronto '' . Just Enough Documented Information . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Debois , Patrick . `` DevOps Days '' . DevOps Days . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Surprise ! Broad Agreement on the Definition of DevOps '' . Jump up ^ Bass , Len ; Weber , Ingo ; Zhu , Liming . DevOps : A Software Architect 's Perspective . ISBN 978 - 0134049847 . Jump up ^ Schitzer , Eran ( Oct 2015 ) . `` DevOps Must Also Mean OpsDev '' . DevOps.com . Jump up ^ Weinberger , Matt ( 25 November 2014 ) , Microsoft study finds everybody wants DevOps but Culture is a Challenge , Computerworld Jump up ^ Shoeb , Javed ( 21 June 2017 ) . `` Introducing BizDevOps - Why DevOps Does n't Work for Enterprise Applications '' . dzone.com . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartner Market Trends : DevOps -- Not a Market , but Tool - Centric Philosophy That supports a Continuous Delivery Value Chain ( Report ) . Gartner. 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Damon . `` Integrating DevOps tools into a Service Delivery Platform '' . dev2ops.org . Jump up ^ Seroter , Richard . `` Exploring the ENTIRE DevOps Toolchain for ( Cloud ) Teams '' . infoq.com . Jump up ^ Theakanath , Thomas . `` DevOps Stack on a Shoestring Budget '' . devops.com . Jump up ^ `` Stronger DevOps Culture with Puppet and Vagrant '' . Puppet Labs . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Chen , Lianping ( 2015 ) . `` Continuous Delivery : Huge Benefits , but Challenges Too '' . IEEE Software . 32 ( 2 ) : 50 -- 54 . doi : 10.1109 / MS. 2015.27 . Jump up ^ Best Practices in Change , Configuration and Release Management ( Report ) . Gartner. 14 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Humble , Jez ; Farley , David ( 2011 ) . Continuous Delivery : reliable software releases through build , test , and deployment automation . Pearson Education Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 60191 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Jeffrey ( 9 September 2011 ) . `` The Relationship between DevOps and Continuous Delivery '' . Forrester Research . Forester . Jump up ^ Ambler , Scott W. ( 12 February 2014 ) . `` We need more Agile IT Now ! '' . Dr. Dobb 's The world of software Development . San Francisco : UBM . ^ Jump up to : Chen , Lianping ( 2018 ) . Microservices : Architecting for Continuous Delivery and DevOps . The IEEE International Conference on Software Architecture ( ICSA 2018 ) . IEEE . Jump up ^ `` From DevOps to DataOps , By Andy Palmer - Tamr Inc '' . Tamr Inc. 7 May 2015 . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ DataKitchen ( 15 March 2017 ) . `` How to Become a Rising Star with Data Analytics '' . data - ops . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Beyer , Betsy ; Jones , Chris ; Petoff , Jennifer ; Murphy , Niall Richard ( April 2016 ) . Site Reliability Engineering . O'Reilly Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4919 - 2909 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` SRE vs. DevOps -- a False Distinction ? - DevOps.com '' . 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Love DevOps ? Wait until you meet SRE Jump up ^ `` How to stay relevant in the DevOps era : A SysAdmin 's survival guide '' . Jump up ^ `` What is DevOps ? '' . NewRelic.com . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Nasrat , Paul . `` Agile Infrastructure '' . InfoQ . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Bourne , James ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` New research questions strategic importance of DevOps despite rise in usage '' . CloudTech . Jump up ^ Emerging Technology Analysis : DevOps a Culture Shift , Not a Technology ( Report ) . Gartner . Jump up ^ Loukides , Mike ( 11 June 2012 ) . What is Devops ? . Oreilly Media . Jump up ^ `` Gartner IT Glossary -- devops '' . Gartner . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Stephen ; Noppen , Joost ; Lettice , Fiona ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Management challenges for DevOps adoption within UK SMEs '' . Jump up ^ `` Is DevOps a Title ? - DevOps.com '' . DevOps.com. 20 March 2014 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DevOps : A Job Title or a School of Thought ? '' . Monster Career Advice . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What are known useful and misleading memes in the DevOps culture ? '' . devops.stackexchange.com . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Sharwood , Simon . `` Are Your Servers Pets or Cattle ? '' . The Register . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Walls , Mandi ( 15 April 2013 ) . `` Building a DevOps Culture '' . OReilly Media . Jump up ^ Roach , Patrick . `` Dice Breakers : Using DevOps principles and nerdery to reimagine Team building '' . DevOps.com . Jump up ^ `` 10 + Deploys Per Day : Dev and Ops Cooperation at Flickr '' . Jump up ^ `` SAM SIG : Applied Lean Startup Ideas : Continuous Deployment at kaChing '' . SVForum . Jump up ^ Humble , Jez . `` Why Enterprises Must Adopt Devops to Enable Continuous Delivery '' . Cutter IT Journal . Jump up ^ `` Applied Lean Startup Ideas : Continuous Deployment at kaChing '' . Jump up ^ `` DevOps Days 2009 Conference '' . Jump up ^ Edwards , Damon . `` DevOps Meetup Recap '' . Jump up ^ Chen , Lianping ( 2015 ) . Towards Architecting for Continuous Delivery . The 12th Working IEEE / IFIP Conference on Software Architecture ( WICSA 2015 ) . Montréal , Canada : IEEE . Jump up ^ Chen , Lianping ; Ali Babar , Muhammad ( 2014 ) . Towards an Evidence - Based Understanding of Emergence of Architecture through Continuous Refactoring in Agile Software Development . The 11th Working IEEE / IFIP Conference on Software Architecture ( WICSA 2014 ) . IEEE . Jump up ^ `` DevOps is Agile for the Rest of the Company '' . DevOps.com . Jump up ^ Harvey , Cynthia ( 9 January 2017 ) . `` 10 Ways DevOps is Changing the Enterprise '' . Datamation . Jump up ^ `` Virtual Infrastructure products : features comparison '' . Welcome to IT 2.0 : Next Generation IT infrastructures . Jump up ^ Ellard , Jennifer . `` Bringing Order to Chaos through Data Center Automation '' . Information Management . SourceMedia . Archived from the original on 11 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Impact of DevOps on Testing '' . DevOps.com . Jump up ^ `` Unleashing the Full Potential of Containerization for DevOps '' . Unleashing the Full Potential of Containerization for DevOps. 20 September 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Containers vs. virtual machines : A simplified answer to a complex question '' . Jump up ^ `` Is DevOps Transformation a Holy Grail ? - DZone DevOps '' . dzone.com . Jump up ^ `` SMEs Can Benefit from DevOps , Too - DevOps.com '' . devops.com. 20 October 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Davis , Jennifer ; Daniels , Ryn . Effective DevOps : building a culture of collaboration , affinity , and tooling at scale . Sebastopol , CA : O'Reilly . ISBN 9781491926437 . OCLC 951434424 . Gene , Kim ; Debois , Patrick ; Willis , John ; Humble , Jez ; Allspaw , John . The DevOps handbook : how to create world - class agility , reliability , and security in technology organizations ( First ed . ) . Portland , OR . ISBN 9781942788003 . OCLC 907166314 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DevOps&oldid=856375461 '' Categories : Agile software development Software development process Information technology management Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2018 Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles to be expanded from June 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Wikiversity Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 19 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who started the conversation that spawned the devops movement | [
"In 2009 Patrick Debois coined the term by naming a conference \"devopsdays\"[5] which started in Belgium and has now spread to other countries.[6]\n"
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-9023124939900098018 | Keira Knightley | Keira Knightley - wikipedia Keira Knightley Jump to : navigation , search Keira Knightley Knightley at the 68th Venice International Film Festival on 2 September 2011 Keira Christina Knightley ( 1985 - 03 - 26 ) 26 March 1985 ( age 32 ) Teddington , London , England Nationality British Occupation Actress Years active 1993 -- present Spouse ( s ) James Righton ( m . 2013 ) Children Parent ( s ) Will Knightley Sharman Macdonald Keira Christina Knightley ( / ˌkɪərə ˈnaɪtli / ; born 26 March 1985 ) is an English actress . She began acting as a child on television and made her film debut in 1995 . After having worked in supporting roles in various films , Knightley gained recognition with the comedy - drama Bend It Like Beckham in 2002 . She achieved international fame after landing the role of Elizabeth Swann in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series . One of the highest - paid actresses of Hollywood , Knightley has won an Empire Award , and has garnered multiple nominations for the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award . Knightley became known for starring in period dramas such as Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) , for which she earned nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actress and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress ; Atonement ( 2007 ) , for which she was nominated again for a Golden Globe ; Silk ( 2007 ) ; The Duchess ( 2008 ) ; A Dangerous Method ( 2011 ) ; and Anna Karenina ( 2012 ) . She has also appeared in a variety of other genres , including the romantic comedy Love Actually ( 2003 ) , as Guinevere in the historical action King Arthur ( 2004 ) , the psychological thriller The Jacket ( 2005 ) , biographical action Domino ( 2005 ) , the historical romantic drama The Edge of Love ( 2008 ) , the film noir London Boulevard ( 2010 ) , the dystopian science fiction Never Let Me Go ( 2010 ) , the romantic drama Last Night ( 2010 ) , and the dark comedy Seeking a Friend for the End of the World ( 2012 ) . In its 2008 list , Forbes identified Knightley as the second - highest - paid actress in Hollywood , with reported earnings of US $32 million in 2007 , making her the only non-American on the list of highest - paid actresses that year . In 2014 , she was nominated for a Golden Globe , a SAG , a BAFTA Award , and an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the historical drama The Imitation Game . In October 2015 , Knightley made her Broadway debut in the title role of Thérèse Raquin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and background 2 Career 2.1 1993 -- 2002 : Career beginnings and breakthrough 2.2 2003 -- 07 : Worldwide recognition 2.3 2008 -- 10 : Transition into independent films 2.4 2011 -- present : Continued career and Broadway debut 2.4. 1 Upcoming projects 3 Personal life and off - screen work 4 Media image 5 Filmography 6 Theatre appearances 7 Music videos 8 Soundtrack appearances 9 Awards and nominations 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Early life and background ( edit ) Keira Christina Knightley was born on 26 March 1985 in Teddington , London , to the theatre actors Sharman Macdonald and Will Knightley . Her mother is of Scottish and Welsh descent , while her father is English . She was meant to be named `` Kira '' , after the Russian ice skater , Kira Ivanova , but her mother misspelled the name when she went to register her . Knightley has an elder brother , Caleb . Macdonald also worked as a playwright after her career as an actress came to an end . She introduced her children to theatre and ballet at an early age . This furthered Knightley 's interest in acting , and she requested an agent at the age of three . Knightley grew up in a modest household in Richmond , London , where she attended Stanley Junior School and Teddington School . At the age of six , she was diagnosed with ADHD and dyslexia but by the time she was eleven , with her parents ' support and much tuition , Knightley said : `` they deemed me to have got over dyslexia sufficiently '' . She is still a slow reader and can not sight - read . Knightley has noted that she was `` single - minded about acting '' during her childhood . Speaking of her fascination with acting , she has said : `` There was never anything else , I wanted to be a part of my parents ' world , even though I knew there are times when you 're unemployed '' . Knightley performed in a number of local amateur productions , which included After Juliet , written by her mother , and United States , written by her drama teacher , Ian McShane . She focused on art , history , and English literature while studying at the Esher College , but left after a year to pursue a full - time acting career . Career ( edit ) 1993 -- 2002 : career beginnings and breakthrough ( edit ) After getting an agent at the age of six , Knightley began working in commercials and small television roles . Her first on - screen appearance was in the 1993 television film , Royal Celebration . She then played Natasha Jordan , a young girl whose mother is involved in an extramarital affair , in the romantic drama A Village Affair ( 1995 ) . After having appeared in such roles in a spate of television films through the mid-to - late 1990s , including Innocent Lies ( 1995 ) , The Treasure Seekers ( 1996 ) , Coming Home ( 1998 ) , and Oliver Twist ( 1999 ) , Knightley landed the role of Sabé , Padmé Amidala 's handmaiden and decoy , in the 1999 science fiction blockbuster Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace . Her dialogue was dubbed over by Natalie Portman , who played Padmé . Knightley was cast in the role because of her close resemblance to Portman ; even the two actresses ' mothers had difficulty telling their daughters apart when they were in full makeup . In her first major role , the 2001 Walt Disney Productions feature film Princess of Thieves , Knightley played the daughter of Robin Hood . To prepare for the film , she trained for several weeks in archery , fencing and horse riding . During this time , Knightley also appeared in The Hole , a thriller that received a direct - to - video release in the United States . The film 's director Nick Hamm described her as `` a young version of Julie Christie '' . Knightley took on the role of Lara Antipova , in the miniseries adaptation of Doctor Zhivago . The series , co-starring Scottish actor Hans Matheson in the title role , first aired in 2002 to good reviews and high ratings . In the same year , Knightley took on the role of a pregnant drug addict in Gillies MacKinnon 's drama film Pure . Co-starring Molly Parker and Harry Eden , the film had its world premiere at the 2002 Toronto International Film Festival . In a retrospect review Carlo Cavagna of AboutFilm.com noted Knightley 's screen presence and wrote that though she , `` does n't have half of Parker 's ability ( ... ) , shines brightly in Pure '' . Despite having appeared in over a dozen film and television roles , Knightley struggled to get a breakthrough . That changed in 2002 , when she starred in Gurinder Chadha 's sports comedy film Bend It Like Beckham , which was a smash hit both in the UK and the United States , grossing over $76.6 million . It also surprised film critics who were laudatory of its `` charming '' and `` inspiring '' nature , social context and the cast 's performances . Knightley and her co-star Parminder Nagra , who played the central roles of aspiring footballers , attracted international attention for their performances in the film . To prepare for their roles , they underwent three months of extensive football training under the English football coach Simon Clifford . Knightley , who was initially skeptical of the project , went on to win the London Film Critics ' Circle for Best Newcomer and the Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Breakthrough Performance . In an interview with Tracy Smith she said , `` I remember telling friends I was doing this girls ' soccer movie ( ... ) And nobody thought that it was gon na be any good . '' Film critic James Berardinelli , who was largely laudatory of the film and the `` energetic and likable '' cast , noted that Knightley and Nagra brought , `` a lot of spirit to their instantly likable characters '' . 2003 -- 07 : worldwide recognition ( edit ) Following the success of Bend It Like Beckham , Knightley landed the role of Elizabeth Swann , in the 2003 American fantasy swashbuckler film Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl . The film , which was based on the Pirates of the Caribbean attraction at Disney theme parks , saw Knightley , Orlando Bloom , and Johnny Depp play the roles of 18th century pirates . Despite boasting the names of Hollywood stars like Depp and Bloom and a hefty $135 million budget , Pirates was not the most anticipated release of the year , and was expected to fail at the box - office . Knightley herself was not optimistic about its prospects : `` I remember being on set just sort of going , ' OK , what is this ? Is this any good ? '' However , contrary to the expectations , the film opened at no . 1 on the box - office , and went to become one of the highest grossing productions of the year , with the worldwide collections of $654 million . Knightley appeared in the $247 million grossing British romantic comedy Love Actually . The film had an ensemble cast , including her childhood idol Emma Thompson among others . The film opened in November 2003 to positive critical reception . Knightley 's sole release of 2004 was the historical film King Arthur , where she played the role of a warrior and the wife of the titlular character , Guinevere . To prepare for the role she took boxing , fighting , archery and horse - riding lessons for three months . Although the film garnered unfavorable reviews , Knightley 's stature as a performer grew ; she was voted by the readers of Hello magazine as the industry 's most promising teen star ahead of Scarlett Johansson , and featured in Time magazine 's article stating that she seemed dedicated to develop herself as a serious actress rather than a film star . Knightley appeared in three films in 2005 , the first of which was the psychological thriller The Jacket , co-starring Adrien Brody . In a mixed review for Empire , Kim Newman wrote that the role was unlike the ones that Knighley had previously taken up : `` Knightley , getting out of period gear and talking American , tries to broaden her range and is arguably well - cast '' . She next played the title character in Tony Scott 's French - American action film Domino , based on the life of Domino Harvey . The film 's release was delayed on multiple occasions , and upon its eventual release in November , it garnered negative reviews from film critics and poor box - office collections . Knightley 's most successful release of the year was Pride & Prejudice , a period drama based on Jane Austen 's novel of the same name . Knightley , who admired the book from a young age , said of her character , `` The beauty of Elizabeth is that every woman who ever reads the book seems to recognise herself , with all her faults and imperfections . '' Upon release , the film became a huge commercial success with total collections of around US $120 million worldwide , and garnered positive reviews from critics . Derek Elley of Variety wrote highly of her performance and screen presence : `` Looking every bit a star , Knightley , who 's shown more spirit than acting smarts so far in her career really steps up to the plate here '' . He regarded her `` luminous strength '' to be reminiscent of a young Audrey Hepburn . Knightley earned a Golden Globe and an Oscar nomination for her performance , becoming the third - youngest nominee for the latter . BAFTA 's failure to provide her with a nomination drew criticism from the film 's producer Tim Bevan . Knightley was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences , among other artists in 2006 . She reprised her role as Elizabeth Swann in the second and third releases of the Pirates of the Caribbean series . The two sequels were conceived in 2004 , with the writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio developing a story arc that would span both films . Filming for both the projects took place in 2005 , with the Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , being released in July 2006 . With the worldwide collections of $1.066 billion , it became the biggest financial hit in Knightley 's career . The third installment in the series , Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , was released in May , the following year . Knightley 's continued association with period dramas yielded varying results , as seen with two of her 2007 releases , Francois Girard 's Silk , and Joe Wright 's Atonement , the feature film adaptations of the novels by Alessandro Baricco and Ian McEwan respectively . While the former project failed at the box office , the latter became a critical and commercial success . Knightley garnered widespread acclaim and such accolades as the BAFTA and a nomination for the Golden Globes for her portrayal of Cecilia Tallis , the elder of the two Tallis sisters . In preparing for the film , where she was seen opposite James McAvoy , she studied the `` naturalism '' of the performance as seen in the films from 1930s and 1940s , such as In Which We Serve ( 1942 ) and Brief Encounter ( 1945 ) . Critic Richard Roeper was puzzled by both Knightley 's and McAvoy 's Academy Award snubs , stating `` I thought McAvoy and Knightley were superb . '' 2008 -- 10 : transition into Independent films ( edit ) Knightley appeared alongside Sienna Miller , Cillian Murphy and Matthew Rhys in John Maybury 's 2008 wartime drama The Edge of Love . The film had her play the role of Vera Williams , a childhood friend of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas and his wife Caitlin Macnamara . Sharman Macdonald , wrote the screenplay with Knightley ( her daughter ) as Macnamara in her mind . After Knightley was signed to portray Williams , the character 's role was increased with the film focusing on her romance and marriage with a British soldier . She based her performance on Marlene Dietrich , and was to mime to her prerecorded voice , prior to being told by Maybury to sing live . Knightley initially felt embarrassed while singing live : `` I was shaking like a leaf '' , but eventually went through with the plan . Upon release , the film became a moderate critical and commercial success . Knightley 's performance and singing abilities were praised by such film citics as Ray Bennett who wrote ; `` the film belongs to the women , with Knightley going from strength to strength ( and showing she can sing ! ) '' . Knightley then starred as the 18th - century English aristocrat Georgiana Cavendish , Duchess of Devonshire in Saul Dibb 's widely praised period drama The Duchess ( 2008 ) , based on the best - selling biographical novel , Georgiana , Duchess of Devonshire by Amanda Foreman . Knightley garnered largely positive reviews for her performance in the film from critics , with The Epoch Times praising her range in the film writing , `` she not only perfectly portrays a witty and feminine Georgiana ( ... ) , but also a caring mother , and an abandoned woman . '' The following year , she was nominated for a BIFA Award for Best Actress for her performance . A film adaptation of William Shakespeare 's tragedy King Lear set to star Knightley and Anthony Hopkins was cancelled due to recession . Knightley made her West End debut with Martin Crimp 's version of Molière 's comedy The Misanthrope . Starring Knightley , Damian Lewis , Tara Fitzgerald and Dominic Rowan , the play was staged at London 's Comedy Theatre in December 2009 . The Daily Telegraph described her performance as revealing `` both power and poignancy '' and The Independent called her performance `` not only strikingly convincing but , at times , rather thrilling in its satiric aplomb . '' The Guardian , however , noted that due to the nature of the role `` one could say that she is not unduly stretched . '' In recognition of her theatre debut , Knightley was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role in the play . Knightley also received an Evening Standard Award nomination ( longlist ) for the Natasha Richardson Award for Best Actress . In 2010 , Knightley appeared in Massy Tadjedin 's romantic drama Last Night , in which she co-starred with Eva Mendes , Sam Worthington and Guillaume Canet . The same year , Knightley completed work on an adaptation of Kazuo Ishiguro 's dystopian novel Never Let Me Go with Andrew Garfield and Carey Mulligan . Filming took place in Norfolk and Clevedon in Somerset . Also in 2010 , she starred in London Boulevard with Colin Farrell , written by William Monahan , and appeared in a video installation by artist Stuart Pearson Wright titled Maze . 2011 -- present : continued career and Broadway debut ( edit ) Knightley at the TIFF premiere of A Dangerous Method in 2011 Knightley starred in a 2011 revival of The Children 's Hour by Lillian Hellman at the Comedy Theatre in London . Knightley 's only film of 2011 was David Cronenberg 's historical drama A Dangerous Method , co-starring Viggo Mortensen , Michael Fassbender and Vincent Cassel . Based on writer Christopher Hampton 's 2002 stage play The Talking Cure and set on the eve of World War I , the film depicts the turbulent relationships between fledgling psychiatrist Carl Jung , his mentor Sigmund Freud and Sabina Spielrein . Spielrein , the troubled but beautiful young psychoanalyst who comes between Jung and Freud , is played by Knightley . The costume film premiered at the 68th Venice International Film Festival to a positive reception , while Knightley earned generally favourable reviews by critics , Andrew O'Hehir of Salon.com noting her `` the real star of this film '' . Knightley co-starred with Steve Carell in the 2012 comedy drama Seeking a Friend for the End of the World . Later that year , she reunited with director Joe Wright to film their third production together , Anna Karenina , in which she starred as the title character . She deemed her collaboration with Wright as the most important of her career . Knightley garnered positive reviews for her performance , prompting early Oscar buzz . The 2013 Toronto Film Festival saw the release of Knightley 's first musical film Begin Again with Mark Ruffalo . The film , which was directed by John Carney , had its theatrical release in 2014 . Knightley had never sung professionally prior to the project ; to prepare for the role of a singer - songwriter , she trained with a vocal coach and learned how to play a guitar . Carney later repeatedly criticised Knightley 's performance in the film ; stating that she was not convincing enough in portraying a singer - songwriter and continuously describing her as a `` model '' rather than an actress . He later apologised to her on Twitter for his comments . Knightley revealed in July that music does n't `` sink in '' for her , and she is more interested in books and drama . Later that year , she appeared in Karl Lagerfeld 's short period film Once Upon a Time ... 2014 , for Knightley , began with the spy thriller Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit alongside Chris Pine . It was based on novelist Tom Clancy 's fictional character Jack Ryan and was the fifth film in the Jack Ryan film series . The film received mixed critical reviews nonetheless strong box - office response . Knightley 's next film Laggies ( 2014 ) , premiered at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival prior to its US general - release on 24 October . A romantic comedy also starring Chloë Grace Moretz and Sam Rockwell , the film follows the life of Megan ( played by Knightley ) , a 28 year old underachiever going through a quarter - life crisis . Laggies opened to mostly positive reviews from critics , with Knightley 's performance being chiefly praised by critics . Inkoo Kaang of TheWrap wrote of her `` delightfully uncouth '' performance : `` she 's a loose - limbed revelation as a pretty - but - normal - looking woman who just ca n't take things seriously enough to pull her life together . '' It was followed by her appearance in Morten Tyldum 's historical drama The Imitation Game , a film based on the British mathematician Alan Turing ( played by Benedict Cumberbatch ) . Knightley portrayed cryptanalyst and numismatist Joan Clarke , who decrypted German intelligence codes for the British government during World War II with Turing . The Imitation Game became a critical and commercial success grossing over $233.6 million . For her performance , Knightley received her second Academy Award nomination , for Best Supporting Actress . Though Lady Jean Forde , who worked with Clarke and Turing at that time felt Knightley was `` too beautiful '' to play Clarke and said : `` She ( Clarke ) was nothing like Keira '' . Knightley 's sole release of 2015 was as part of the ensemble cast in the biographical disaster film Everest . The film was based on the 1996 Mount Everest disaster with Knightley portraying mountaineer Rob Hall 's wife . Everest opened to mixed review from critics . In October 2015 , Knightley made her Broadway debut playing the title role in Helen Edmundson 's adaptation of Émile Zola 's Thérèse Raquin at Studio 54 . Her performance received positive reviews . Alexandra Villarreal of The Huffington Post wrote : `` She fumes , and rages , and withdraws , and you can watch her psychological evolution from stifled wife to impassioned mistress to haunted murderer '' . Knightley then starred in the ensemble drama Collateral Beauty ( 2016 ) , alongside Will Smith , Edward Norton , Helen Mirren , and Kate Winslet . The film received overwhelmingly negative reviews , and earned the cast a Razzie nomination . Despite previously stating on a number of occasions that she would never return to the Pirates of the Caribbean film series , Knightley reprised her role of Elizabeth Swann with a cameo appearance in 2017 's Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales . Upcoming projects ( edit ) In 2016 it was announced that Knightley will play the Sugar Plum Fairy in an adaptation of The Nutcracker titled The Nutcracker and the Four Realms , directed by Lasse Hallström . Knightley is set to star alongside Alexander Skarsgård in The Aftermath , a film adaption of the novel by Rhidian Brook . Personal life and off - screen work ( edit ) Knightley began dating actor Del Synnott in 2001 , having met him during the filming of Princess of Thieves . The couple parted ways in 2003 , and Knightley then dated model and actor Jamie Dornan from 2003 to 2005 , and her Pride & Prejudice co-star Rupert Friend from 2005 until December 2010 . Knightley has been in a relationship with musician James Righton , of Klaxons , since February 2011 . They were married on 4 May 2013 , in Mazan , Vaucluse . The couple have a daughter named Edie , who was born in London on May 26 , 2015 . Knightley went on a sabbatical in 2006 , suggesting that she wanted to take some time off acting to travel and focus on her personal life . Speaking to the press in July 2014 , she explained that it felt like she had reached the end of the first stage of her career , and the 2014 film Begin Again was like `` it 's beginning again . '' Knightley identifies as an atheist . In 2007 , Knightley sued the Daily Mail for publishing an article about whether she has anorexia or other eating disorder . Knightley won the lawsuit , and was awarded £ 3,000 ( $6,000 ) in damages . She added to this amount and donated a total of £ 6,000 ( $12,000 ) to Beat , a charity for those who suffer mental illness and eating disorders . Knightley at the premiere of Atonement in 2007 A 41 - year - old man was charged with harassment in February 2010 after trying to contact the actress on several occasions outside the Comedy Theatre in London , where she appeared in the play The Misanthrope . The subsequent trial folded after the actress was unavailable to testify in court . Another man was sentenced to eight weeks in prison after harassing Knightley outside her home and stalking her in December 2016 . Knightley is the face of an Amnesty International campaign to support human rights , marking the 60th anniversary of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights . In 2004 , she travelled to Ethiopia alongside Richard Curtis , Sanjeev Bhaskar and Julian Metcalfe on behalf of the Comic Relief charity . She posed for photos for WaterAid in 2005 and also for the American Library Association 's `` Read '' campaign ( a promotional poster of Pride & Prejudice ) . The dress she wore to the 2006 Academy Awards was donated to the charity Oxfam , where it raised £ 4,300 . In April 2009 , Knightley appeared in a video to raise awareness of domestic abuse entitled Cut shot for Women 's Aid . The video created controversy , with some sources calling it too graphic , while other groups support the video for showing a realistic depiction of domestic violence . In November 2010 , Knightley became patron of the SMA Trust , a British charity that funds medical research into the disease spinal muscular atrophy . For International Women 's Day 2014 , Knightley was one of the artist signatories of Amnesty International 's letter to British Prime Minister David Cameron , in which the organisation campaigned for women 's rights in Afghanistan . In July 2014 Knightley travelled to South Sudan on behalf of Oxfam to meet refugees of the South Sudanese Civil War and raise awareness of the conflict . In May 2016 , Knightley signed a letter imploring Britain to vote `` remain '' in the forthcoming UK EU Referendum . The letter was also signed by John Le Carre , Benedict Cumberbatch and Danny Boyle among others . Later , she appeared in a video aimed at encouraging younger people to vote in the Referendum . On 12 September 2016 , Knightley , as well as Cate Blanchett , Chiwetel Ejiofor , Peter Capaldi , Douglas Booth , Neil Gaiman , Jesse Eisenberg , Juliet Stevenson , Kit Harington , and Stanley Tucci , featured in a video from the United Nations ' refugee agency UNHCR to help raise awareness to the global refugee crisis . The video , titled `` What They Took With Them '' , has the actors reading a poem , written by Jenifer Toksvig and inspired by primary accounts of refugees , and is part of UNHCR 's # WithRefugees campaign , of which also includes a petition to governments to expand asylum to provide further shelter , integrating job opportunities , and education . In September 2016 , Knightley co-hosted A Night to Remember , part of the Green Carpet Challenge , a charity event highlighting sustainability within the fashion industry . In September 2017 , Knightley traded stocks on behalf of the spinal muscular atrophy charity SMA Trust as part of the BGC Charity Day which was set up to commemorate the stockbrokers who were killed during the 9 / 11 terror attacks . Media image ( edit ) Knightley at the 62nd British Academy Film Awards in 2008 Knightley has been described by media outlets as `` famously open with media '' , although she herself has stated the contrary : `` I do n't talk about my private life . '' In a 2004 BBC poll , Knightley was named among the most influential people in British culture . Knightley has been listed as one of the 100 Sexiest Women in the World by FHM on multiple occasions . She made her first appearance on the list in 2004 , and was named `` the sexiest woman in the world '' in 2006 . She was included in every subsequent issue up until 2009 . She was a part of the American editions of the list from 2004 to 2006 , and was also placed ninth on Maxim 's Hot 100 list in 2006 . Knightley was the celebrity face for the luxury goods brand Asprey , Shiatzy Chen as well as Lux haircare products in Japanese television commercials . In April 2006 , she was confirmed as the new celebrity face of Chanel 's perfume Coco Mademoiselle , though the first photo from the campaign was not released until May 2007 . She appeared nude , along with Scarlett Johansson , on the cover of Vanity Fair in March 2006 . Knightley has appeared in television commercials for Chanel directed by Joe Wright since 2007 and has endorsed Chanel Fine Jewelry 's collection Coco Crush . Knightley received media attention for her perspectives on feminism , voiced in an interview for Harper 's Bazaar UK published in the February 2014 edition . Knightley explained that female artists face greater hurdles in the film industry compared to their male counterparts , and also revealed that she was perplexed by the use of `` feminist '' in a derogatory sense : `` Somehow , it ( feminism ) became a dirty word . I thought it was really weird for a long time , and I think it 's great that we 're coming out of that . '' Knightley posed topless for the September 2014 issue of Interview , on the condition that she not be photoshopped , to draw attention to how `` women 's bodies are a battleground and photography is partly to blame . '' Filmography ( edit ) List of film performances Year Title Role Notes 1995 Innocent Lies Young Celia 1999 Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace Sabé ( Decoy Queen ) 2001 Deflation Jogger Short film Hole , The The Hole Frances `` Frankie '' Almond Smith 2002 Thunderpants Music school student Uncredited Pure Louise Bend It Like Beckham Juliette `` Jules '' Paxton New Year 's Eve Leah Short film Seasons Alter , The The Seasons Alter Helena Short film 2003 Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Elizabeth Swann Love Actually Juliet Gaijin Kate ( voice only ) Short film King Arthur Guinevere 2005 Jacket , The The Jacket Jackie Domino Domino Harvey Pride & Prejudice Elizabeth Bennet 2006 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Elizabeth Swann 2007 Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Atonement Cecilia Tallis Silk Hélène Joncour 2008 Edge of Love , The The Edge of Love Vera Phillips Duchess , The The Duchess Georgiana Cavendish , Duchess of Devonshire 2009 The Continuing and Lamentable Saga of the Suicide Brothers Fairy , The The Fairy Short film Never Let Me Go Ruth C . Maze Constance Video installation Last Night Joanna Reed Steve Woman Short film London Boulevard Charlotte 2011 Dangerous Method , AA Dangerous Method Sabina Spielrein 2012 Seeking a Friend for the End of the World Penelope Lockhart Anna Karenina Anna Arkadyevna Karenina 2013 Once Upon a Time ... Gabrielle Chanel Short film Begin Again Gretta 2014 Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit Cathy Muller Laggies Megan Imitation Game , The The Imitation Game Joan Clarke 2015 Everest Jan Hall 2016 Collateral Beauty Amy 2017 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Elizabeth Swann - Turner Cameo appearance 2018 Colette Colette Post-production The Aftermath Rachael Morgan Post-production The Nutcracker and the Four Realms The Sugar Plum Fairy Post-production Berlin , I Love You TBA Filming List of television performances Year Title Role Notes Screen One Little Girl Episode : `` Royal Celebration '' 1995 Village Affair , AA Village Affair Natasha Jordan Television film Bill , The The Bill Sheena Rose Episode : `` Swan Song '' The Treasure Seekers The Princess Movie 1998 Coming Home Young Judith Dunbar Movie 1999 Oliver Twist Rose Fleming Miniseries 2001 Princess of Thieves Gwyn Movie 2002 Doctor Zhivago Lara Antipova Miniseries 2007 Robbie the Reindeer in Close Encounters of the Herd Kind Em ( voice ) Short film 2011 Neverland Tinker Bell ( voice ) Miniseries 2017 Red Nose Day Actually Juliet Television short film List of radio and video game performances Year Title Role Notes 1999 Villette Polly Radio 2003 Pirates of the Caribbean Narrator Video game Theatre appearances ( edit ) Year Production Theatre Role Notes 2009 -- 10 The Misanthrope Comedy Theatre , London Jennifer ( Célimène ) West End debut 2011 The Children 's Hour Comedy Theatre , London Karen Wright 2015 Thérèse Raquin Roundabout Theatre Company , New York City Thérèse Raquin Broadway debut Music videos ( edit ) Year Title Artist ( s ) Role Director ( s ) 2017 Let Her Love In Shock Machine ( James Righton ) The Girl with the Pink Dress James Righton Soundtrack appearances ( edit ) Year Album Track ( s ) 2007 Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( soundtrack ) `` Hoist the Colours '' 2008 The Edge of Love ( Music from the Original Motion Picture ) `` Overture / Blue Tahitian Moon '' ( feat . Angelo Badalamenti ) `` After the Bombing / Hang Out the Stars in Indiana '' ( feat . Angelo Badalamenti ) `` Drifting and Dreaming '' ( feat . Angelo Badalamenti ) `` Maybe It 's Because I Love You Too Much '' ( feat . Angelo Badalamenti ) 2014 Begin Again ( Music from and Inspired by the Original Motion Picture ) `` Tell Me If You Wanna Go Home '' `` Lost Stars '' `` Like a Fool '' `` Coming Up Roses '' `` A Step You Ca n't Take Back '' `` Tell Me If You Wanna Go Home ( Rooftop Mix ) '' ( feat . Hailee Steinfeld ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Knightley has been nominated twice for an Academy Award ; in 2006 for Best Actress for Pride & Prejudice and in 2015 for Best Supporting Actress for The Imitation Game . Year Association Work Result 2002 Empire Awards Best Newcomer The Hole Nominated 2003 London Film Critics ' Circle Best Newcomer ( tied with Martin Compston ) Bend It Like Beckham Won Online Film Critics Society Best Breakthrough Performance Won Irish Film & Television Academy Best International Actress Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl , King Arthur Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Chemistry ( shared with Orlando Bloom ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Won Choice Movie : Liplock ( shared with Orlando Bloom ) Won Empire Awards Best British Actress Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Breakthrough Performance -- Female Nominated Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actress Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male or Female Actor in an Effects Film Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Ensemble Love Actually Won 2005 Empire Awards Best British Actress King Arthur Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actress : Action Nominated British Independent Film Awards Variety Award Won 2006 Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association Best Actress ( 2nd place ) Pride & Prejudice Won National Society of Film Critics Best Actress ( 2nd place ) Won Academy Awards Best Actress Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association Best Actress Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Actress Nominated Empire Awards Best Actress Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- Motion Picture Drama Nominated London Film Critics ' Circle British Actress of the Year Nominated Online Film Critics Society Best Actress Nominated Satellite Awards Best Actress -- Drama Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actress : Action / Drama Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Actress Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Hissy Fit Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Won Choice Movie : Liplock ( shared with Orlando Bloom ) Won Choice Movie : Scream Won Choice Movie Actress : Action / Drama Nominated 2007 People 's Choice Awards Favorite On - Screen Match - Up ( shared with Johnny Depp ) Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Female Movie Star Nominated Empire Awards Best Actress Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Performance Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actress : Action Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Won 2008 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actress Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Female Action Star Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actress : Drama Atonement Won Golden Globe Awards Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Drama Nominated British Academy Film Awards Best Actress in a Leading Actress Nominated British Independent Film Awards Best Performance by an Actress in a British Independent Film The Duchess Nominated 2009 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Female Movie Star Nominated British Independent Film Awards Best Supporting Actress Never Let Me Go Nominated Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actress Nominated Best Supporting Actress A Dangerous Method Nominated Laurence Olivier Awards Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role The Misanthrope Nominated Evening Standard Theatre Awards Natasha Richardson Award for Best Actress Nominated 2011 Empire Awards Empire Hero Award Won 2012 Satellite Awards Best Actress -- Motion Picture Anna Karenina Nominated 2013 CinEuphoria Awards Best Actress -- International Competition Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic Movie Actress Nominated European Film Awards European Actress Nominated Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Depiction of Nudity , Sexuality , or Seduction ( shared with Aaron Taylor - Johnson ) Nominated Most Egregious Age Difference Between the Leading Man and the Love Interest ( shared with Steve Carell ) Seeking a Friend for the End of the World Nominated 2014 Brasov International Film Festival & Market Best Actress Anna Karenina Won Awards Circuit Community Awards Best Actress in a Leading Role Begin Again Nominated International Online Cinema Awards ( INOCA ) Best Actress Nominated Hollywood Film Awards Best Supporting Actress The Imitation Game Won BIFA Awards Actress in a British Independent Film Nominated Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress Nominated Phoenix Critics Circle Best Supporting Actress Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards Best Actress in a Supporting Role Won Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society Best Ensemble Nominated Best Supporting Actress Nominated St. Louis Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress Nominated 2015 Australian Film Institute Best Supporting Actress Nominated Empire Awards Best Actress Nominated Houston Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actress Nominated AACTA International Awards Best Supporting Actress Nominated North Carolina Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress Nominated Central Ohio Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress Nominated Palm Springs International Film Festival Ensemble Cast Won Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Acting Ensemble Nominated Best Supporting Actress Nominated Best Song `` Lost Stars '' Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture The Imitation Game Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role Nominated British Academy Film Awards Best Actress in a Supporting Role Nominated Academy Awards Best Supporting Actress Nominated London Film Critics ' Circle British Actress of the Year Begin Again , The Imitation Game , Laggies Nominated Jupiter Award Best International Actress Begin Again Won 2016 Harper 's Bazaar Women of the Year Theater Icon Award Won 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice : Lip Lock ( shared with Orlando Bloom ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Nominated Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Knightley 's drama teacher , Ian McShane , is not to be confused with actor Ian McShane . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brown , Mark ( 2 September 2011 ) . `` Venice film festival 2011 : Keira Knightley talks costume drama '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . - `` Keira Knightley loves period films , hates corsets '' . MSNBC. 16 September 2008 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ The Press Association ( 24 July 2008 ) . `` Diaz top earning Hollywood actress '' . Somerset County Gazette . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . - Elsworth , Catherine ( 24 July 2008 ) . `` Keira Knightley is highest earning British Hollywood star on Forbes list '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . - Jen , McDonnell ( 11 September 2008 ) . `` Will Smith , Mike Myers highest earners '' . The Gazette . Archived from the original on 15 March 2009 . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Keria Knightley -- '' . Biography Today . Omnigraphics , Inc. 16 ( 2 ) : 82 . 2007 . ISSN 1058 - 2347 . - `` Keira Knightley '' . Voguepedia . Conde Naste. 2014 . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . - `` Monitor '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 1252 ) : 30 . 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Utichi , Joe ( 20 June 2008 ) . `` Keira Knightley On Welsh Accents and Life After Pirates '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Keira 's year : Oscars , babies & Chanel '' . ELLE UK . 28 January 2015 . Retrieved 13 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Picardie , Justine ( 2 September 2007 ) . `` Keira Knightley : a not so serious player '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` My daughter Keira Knightley '' . The Independent . 8 November 2008 . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Andrew . `` Shining Knightley '' . Elle . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley biography '' . Bio . Archived from the original on 2 June 2012 . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Macnab , Geoffrey ( 7 January 2012 ) . `` Keira Knightley : ' Sometimes I just sit on the bathroom floor and burst into tears ' '' . Independent . London . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . She was six at the time her condition was noticed ... Through constant tutoring and the intervention of her parents , she was able to overcome the condition . ' I am a slow reader ... By the time I was 11 , they deemed me to have got over it sufficiently . ' She still ca n't sight - read , though . Jump up ^ Abel , Judy ( 6 November 2005 ) . `` Tough enough '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 25 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Button , Simon ( 2 February 2014 ) . `` Keira Knightley : ' I do n't want to be a stay - at - home mother ' '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Biography Today , p . 84 Jump up ^ Biography Today , pp. 83 -- 84 Jump up ^ Buchanan , Jason . `` Keira Knightley '' . MSN Movies . Retrieved 17 March 2006 . Jump up ^ Biography Today , p. 85 Jump up ^ `` Hole , The : Production Notes '' . Cinema.com . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley '' . Sunday Herald . Jump up ^ `` Pure ( 2002 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Cavagna , Carlo . `` Pure '' . AboutFilm.com . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Dana ( 12 April 2017 ) . `` 18 Winning Facts About Bend It Like Beckham '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bend It Like Beckham ( 2003 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Goodacre , Kate ( 22 March 2015 ) . `` Bend It Like Beckham : Where are the cast of the 2002 box office hit now ? '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Bend It Like Beckham `` '' . CBS News . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` Bend it Like Beckham ( United States / United Kingdom / Germany , 2002 ) '' . Reelviews . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Nasahwaty , Chris ( 25 July 2003 ) . `` Box Office Buccaneer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Pirates of the Caribbean `` '' . CBS News . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl '' . BoxOfficeMojo . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Love Actually '' . boxofficemojo.com . Archived from the original on 2 April 2014 . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Biography Today , p. 88 Jump up ^ `` Love Actually ( 2003 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` King Arthur ( 2004 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` In Step With : Kiera Knightley '' . Parade Magazine . 13 June 2004 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Keira beats Scarlett in our talented teen poll '' . Hello ! Magazine . 13 July 2004 . Retrieved 13 July 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Keira 's Quest '' . TIME Magazine . 5 July 2004 . Retrieved 24 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Jacket ( 2005 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Newman , Kim ( 14 October 2015 ) . `` The Jacket Review '' . Empire ( film magazine ) . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Domino ( 2005 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . - Gray , Brandon ( 17 October 2005 ) . `` ' Fog ' Tops Soggy Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pride and Prejudice ( 2005 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Biography Today , p. 90 Jump up ^ `` Pride and Prejudice '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Elley , Derek ( 11 September 2005 ) . `` Pride & Prejudice '' . Variety . Retrieved 18 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Nominees : Keira Knightley '' . CBS News . 15 February 2006 . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bevan Proud for Knightley After BAFTA Snub '' . IMDb . WENN. 11 February 2006 . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Unger , Leslie ( 5 July 2006 ) . `` Academy Invites 120 to Membership '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 28 April 2008 . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley 's ' Atonement ' for Focus Features '' . KillerMovies. 30 June 2006 . Retrieved 25 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Behind - the - Scenes of ' Atonement ' '' . Wild About Movies . Archived from the original on 29 December 2007 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( 20 February 2008 ) . `` Live Oscar Chat with Richard Roeper '' . Ebert & Roeper . Buena Vista Entertainment . Archived from the original on 28 May 2008 . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview : Keira Knightley hits a high note in her latest role '' . The Independent . London . 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Edge of Love -- Movie Reviews , Trailers , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . - `` The Edge of Love '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars contenders break loose at the Toronto Film Festival '' . Los Angeles Times . 9 September 2008 . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . - Bennett , Ray ( 17 June 2008 ) . `` Film Review : The Edge of Love '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amanda Foreman , Historian and Author of Georgiana , Duchess of Devonshire '' . Amanda-foreman.com . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . - `` 2008 Fall Movie Guide : Preview : The Duchess '' . Entertainment Weekly , Issue # 1007 / 1008 . Time Inc. 29 August 2008 . p. 50 . Retrieved 2 October 2008 . - `` The Duchess -- Movie Reviews , Trailers , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Louk , Lidia . `` Keira Knightley Shines in Premiere of Duchess '' . The Epoch Times . Archived from the original on 13 August 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Awards for Keira Knightley '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Planned Keira Knightley version of King Lear cancelled '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ Keira Knightley in The Misanthrope at the Comedy Theatre , review The Daily Telegraph ( London ) , 17 December 2009 - `` First Night : The Misanthrope , Comedy Theatre , London '' . The Independent . London . 18 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael Billington ( 18 December 2009 ) . `` The Misanthrope '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 7 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Derby nuggets : SAG Awards sets calendar -- Evening Standard long list includes budding stage star Keira Knightley '' . Los Angeles Times . 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Sampson , Thomas ( 18 September 2008 ) . `` Keira Knightley to look back at ' Last Night ' '' . Thehollywoodnews.com . Archived from the original on 6 June 2009 . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . - `` AFP : Knightley to star in new movie ' Last Night& # 39 '' . Google . 18 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2008 . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ; Siegel , Tatiana ( 1 March 2009 ) . `` Keira Knightley set for ' Never ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 24 April 2009 . - `` Keira Knightley is all smiles on set in Clevedon '' . Thisissomerset.co.uk. 16 April 2009 . Retrieved 24 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( 22 January 2009 ) . `` Farrell , Knightley latch onto ' London ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley ' wins spurs ' with West End stage return '' . BBC . 10 February 2011 . Retrieved 11 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Freud and Jung : A Meeting of Minds -- Features , Films '' . The Independent . UK . 24 April 2010 . Retrieved 8 June 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Hehir , Andrew ( 10 September 2011 ) . `` Knightley and Fassbender steam up `` Dangerous Method '' `` . Salon.com . Salon.com . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seeking a Friend for the End of the World '' . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Nigel M Smith ( 18 August 2011 ) . `` Andrea Riseborough Talks Madonna , RADA and `` Brighton Rock '' : What 's Next `` . Indiewire . Archived from the original on 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` In Focus : Acting , Vol. 2 '' . BAFTA Guru . 15 May 2015 . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( 9 July 2012 ) . `` ' Anna Karenina ' Reviews : Keira Knightley Gets Raves For New Adaptation , But What About The Film ? '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Hiscock , John ( 11 July 2014 ) . `` Keira Knightley : Singing in Begin Again left me way out of my comfort zone '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Bray , Elisa ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` John Carney : ' I 'll never make a film with supermodels again ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Begin Again director apologises to Keira Knightley : `` I 'm ashamed of myself '' `` . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : Xan Brooks ( 10 July 2014 ) . `` Keira Knightley : ' The criticism was tough ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time ... A film by Karl Lagerfeld '' . Vogue Paris . 10 May 2013 . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Drew ( 17 January 2014 ) . `` 10 Things You Probably Did n't Know About Jack Ryan '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . - `` Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sundance 2014 : World Cinema Dramatic Competition '' . IndieWire. 10 January 2014 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Laggies ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Kang , Inkoo ( 20 October 2014 ) . `` ' Laggies ' Review : Keira Knightley and Chloe Grace Moretz Star in an Exceptional Comedy '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chilton , Martin ( 15 January 2015 ) . `` Oscar nominated Keira Knightley on The Imitation Game '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( 28 November 2014 ) . `` ' The Imitation Game ' : What the Critics Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . - `` The Imitation Game ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Rose Troup ( 27 May 2015 ) . `` Keira Knightley too beautiful to play codebreaker Joan Clarke says former colleague : ' She looked like the back end of a bus ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 17 September 2015 ) . `` Everest '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Everest ( 2015 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ McKinley , Jesse ( 25 October 2015 ) . `` Keira Knightley , Making Her Broadway Debut , Is Not Afraid of the Dark '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Villarreal , Alexandra ( 29 October 2015 ) . `` Keira Knightley Makes Her Broadway Debut in `` Thérèse Raquin '' `` . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Keira Knightley Joins Will Smith in ' Collateral Beauty ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Collateral Beauty ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Collateral Beauty reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Derschowitz , Jessica ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Zoolander No. 2 , Batman v Superman lead 2017 Razzies nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Even Johnny Depp could n't convince Keira Knightley to do another `` Pirates of the Caribbean '' `` . Uproxx.com . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley Makes Surprising Return In New ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Trailer '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Nigel M Smith . `` Keira Knightley to play Sugar Plum Fairy in Disney 's The Nutcracker '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley , Alexander Skarsgard in Talks to Star in ' Aftermath ' for Fox Searchlight , Scott - Free '' . Hollywood Reporter. 17 August 2016 . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Klein model Jamie Dornan plays Sheriff Graham '' . Channel 5 . 19 March 2012 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David joined by young co-stars and Dustin at ' Pyjamas ' premiere '' . Hello ! . 12 September 2008 . Retrieved 13 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Gicas , Peter . `` Keira Knightley 's Latest Starring Role : Bridesmaid at Brother 's Wedding '' . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley weds James Righton in France '' . Hub 24x7 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley 's First Interview Since Giving Birth '' . E Online . - `` Keira Knightley Welcomes a Daughter '' . People . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley 's career is ruining her love life '' . PR Inside . 10 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 26 September 2008 . Retrieved 25 August 2008 . - `` Workaholic Keira Knightley Needs a Sabbatical '' . StarPulse. 10 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 1 June 2008 . Retrieved 25 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Regan , Susanna ( 12 July 2006 ) . `` Knightley makes plans for a gap year '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 11 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Famous atheists and their beliefs '' . cnn.com . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley Sues Over Anorexia Claims '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Knightley wins weight libel claim '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man on Keira Knightley harassment charge '' . BBC News . 6 February 2010 . Retrieved 7 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley harassment case ended '' . BBC News . 4 June 2010 . Retrieved 4 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley ' scared every time I go outside ' after being bombarded by infatuated stalker '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Knightley Joins Human Rights Campaign '' . WENN. 10 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Richard ( 24 April 2005 ) . `` Place your cross for Africa 's Aids orphans '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 26 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Biography Today , p. 94 Jump up ^ `` Oxfam gets £ 4,300 for Oscar dress '' . BBC News . 1 May 2006 . Retrieved 25 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Domestic violence -- is n't it time someone called cut ? '' . Retrieved 4 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Alfonsi , Sharyn ; Shaylor , Jay ; Brady , Jonann ( 3 April 2009 ) . `` Public Service Ads Get More Graphic '' . ABC News . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrities head up the battle to fight SMA '' . SMA Trust . Archived from the original on 1 September 2013 . - `` Patrons '' . SMA Trust . Archived from the original on 17 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Knightley , Hayek call for women 's rights '' . SBS . SBS. 9 March 2014 . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley : ' They are living in hell . What bloody right do I have to cry ? ' '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrities including John le Carré and Keira Knightley back the pro-EU campaign '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Lee , Benjamin ( 14 June 2016 ) . `` Keira Knightley on EU referendum : ' It only takes five seconds to mark X ' '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Stories - # WithRefugees '' . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . - `` What They Took With Them - # WithRefugees '' . 7 September 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Green Carpet Challenge in partnership with BAFTA ' A Night to Remember ' '' . Eco-age.com . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley Plays Canary Wharf Stockbroker for the Day '' . Popsugar . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley : My breasts were down to my knees '' . Fashion Monitor Toronto . Archived from the original on 25 March 2008 . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley opens up '' . Elle . August 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2008 . Retrieved 25 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` iPod 's low - profile creator tops cultural chart '' . The Independent . 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keira KOs Kate '' . News.com.au . Archived from the original on 27 May 2006 . Retrieved 27 April 2006 . Jump up ^ Howard , Tom ( 27 January 2008 ) . `` 100 Sexiest Women in the World 2008 -- the Top Ten '' . FHM . Archived from the original on 7 October 2012 . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . - `` FHM 100 Sexiest Women in the World for 2009 '' . film.com . Archived from the original on 15 December 2011 . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 2006 Hot 100 List '' . maxim . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley '' . womenzmag.com. 9 March 2012 . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen ( 27 April 2006 ) . `` Keira Knightley Takes Moss 's Chanel Job '' . People . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . - `` Keira Knightley succeeds Kate Moss in ads '' . USA Today . 26 April 2006 . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scarlett Johansson and Keira Knightley Nude Pictures from Vanity Fair '' . 7 February 2006 . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` News '' . InStyle.com. 22 February 1999 . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley Wants the Stupids to Stop Using ' Feminist ' as an Insult '' . Jezabel. 29 December 2013 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightly Interview : ' Why I Went Topless On Magazine Cover ' '' . Hollywood Life . 6 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . - `` Keira Knightley on going topless in protest at the use of women 's bodies as a battleground '' . The Guardian . 7 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Hope , Hannah ( 16 December 2016 ) . `` Keira Knightley to make shock return to Pirates of the Caribbean films '' . Mirror . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Children 's Hour '' at Ambassador Tickets `` . Ambassadortickets.com . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Award ® , Golden Globe ® and Olivier nominee Keira Knightley will make her Broadway debut in a new adaption of Thérèse Raquin by Helen Edmunson '' . Roundabout Theatre Company . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Keira Knightley . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Keira Knightley Keira Knightley on IMDb Keira Knightley at People.com Keira Knightley on Charlie Rose Keira Knightley at the Internet Broadway Database Works by or about Keira Knightley in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) `` Keira Knightley collected news and commentary '' . The Guardian . Keira Knightley biography and credits at the British Film Institute 's Screenonline Awards for Keira Knightley Empire Award for Best Actress Nicole Kidman ( 1996 ) Frances McDormand ( 1997 ) Joan Allen ( 1998 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1999 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 2000 ) Connie Nielsen ( 2001 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2002 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 2003 ) Uma Thurman ( 2004 ) Julie Delpy ( 2005 ) Thandie Newton ( 2006 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2007 ) Keira Knightley ( 2008 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 2009 ) Zoe Saldana ( 2010 ) Noomi Rapace ( 2011 ) Olivia Colman ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Emma Thompson ( 2014 ) Rosamund Pike ( 2015 ) Alicia Vikander ( 2016 ) Felicity Jones ( 2017 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Hissy Fit Sandra Bullock ( 1999 ) Lisa Kudrow ( 2000 ) Jim Carrey ( 2001 ) Ben Stiller ( 2002 ) Adam Sandler ( 2003 ) Lindsay Lohan ( 2004 ) Jon Heder ( 2005 ) Keira Knightley ( 2006 ) Ryan Seacrest ( 2007 ) None ( 2008 ) Miley Cyrus ( 2009 ) Miley Cyrus ( 2010 ) Ed Helms ( 2011 ) Charlize Theron ( 2012 ) Taylor Lautner ( 2013 ) Jonah Hill ( 2014 ) Anna Kendrick ( 2015 ) Ryan Reynolds ( 2016 ) Madelaine Petsch ( 2017 ) Chanel Owners Alain Wertheimer Gérard Wertheimer Jacques Wertheimer Pierre Wertheimer Designers Coco Chanel Karl Lagerfeld Garments Little black dress Jacqueline Kennedy 's pink Chanel suit Perfumes Bois des Îles Chanel No. 5 Chanel No. 19 Chanel No. 22 Coco Coco Mademoiselle Cuir de Russie Perfumers Ernest Beaux Jacques Polge Henri Robert Other products Chanel 2.55 handbag Chanel J12 watch Promotional models Marie - Hélène Arnaud Carole Bouquet Gisele Bündchen Cara Delevingne Catherine Deneuve Lily - Rose Depp Inès de La Fressange Nicole Kidman Keira Knightley Marilyn Monroe Kate Moss Anna Mouglalis Vanessa Paradis Suzy Parker Jean Shrimpton Audrey Tautou Gaspard Ulliel Films Chanel Solitaire Coco Before Chanel Coco Chanel Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky Musical Coco Book The Allure of Chanel VIAF : 49467213 LCCN : no2003113964 ISNI : 0000 0001 1569 9326 GND : 130055794 SUDOC : 094538840 BNF : cb14569347g ( data ) MusicBrainz : a1160c8a - 9476 - 4c6e - 8ddf - 143f441e1b64 NLA : 40660740 NKC : xx0033970 BNE : XX1099974 IATH : w6dn7j45 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keira_Knightley&oldid=812097721 '' Categories : 1985 births Living people 20th - century English actresses 21st - century English actresses Actresses from London Best Actress Empire Award winners Empire Hero Award winners English atheists English child actresses English film actresses English people of Scottish descent English people of Welsh descent English people with disabilities English radio actresses English stage actresses English television actresses People diagnosed with dyslexia People from Teddington Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from July 2016 Use British English from January 2013 Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 00 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the girl in pirates of the caribbean 5 | [
"Keira Christina Knightley (/ˌkɪərə ˈnaɪtli/; born 26 March 1985) is an English actress. She began acting as a child on television and made her film debut in 1995. After having worked in supporting roles in various films, Knightley gained recognition with the comedy-drama Bend It Like Beckham in 2002. She achieved international fame after landing the role of Elizabeth Swann in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. One of the highest-paid actresses of Hollywood, Knightley has won an Empire Award, and has garnered multiple nominations for the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award."
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"Keira Christina Knightley"
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-4557178678984219157 | I Think I Love You | I Think I Love You - wikipedia I Think I Love You Jump to : navigation , search `` I Think I Love You '' Single by The Partridge Family from the album The Partridge Family Album B - side `` Somebody Wants to Love You '' `` To Be Lovers '' ( Philippines ) Released August 22 , 1970 Format 7 '' single Genre Pop , baroque pop Length 2 : 54 Label Bell Songwriter ( s ) Tony Romeo Producer ( s ) Wes Farrell The Partridge Family singles chronology `` I Think I Love You '' ( 1970 ) `` Does n't Somebody Want to Be Wanted '' ( 1971 ) `` I Think I Love You '' ( 1970 ) `` Does n't Somebody Want to Be Wanted '' ( 1971 ) `` I Think I Love You '' is a song composed by songwriter Tony Romeo in 1970 . It was released as the debut single by The Partridge Family pop group , featuring David Cassidy on lead vocals and Shirley Jones on background vocals . The Partridge Family version was a number - one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 in November 1970 . The alternative rock band Voice of the Beehive scored a hit cover version of their own in 1991 . There have also been many other cover versions of this song , most notably , Perry Como , Kaci , Katie Cassidy , Paul Westerberg , Constantine Maroulis , and the new In Search of the Partridge Family cast on VH1 . `` I Think I Love You '' also had a part in the 1994 movie `` Four Weddings and a Funeral , '' when perennially single Charles ( Hugh Grant ) tells the object of his newfound affection , Carrie ( Andie MacDowell ) -- spoken in Hugh Grant 's inimitable British ramble -- `` in short , to recap it slightly in a clearer version , uh , the words of David Cassidy in fact , uh , while he was still with The Partridge Family , uh , ' I think I love you . ' '' Contents ( hide ) 1 The Partridge Family version 1.1 Background and release 1.2 Chart performance 1.2. 1 Weekly charts 1.2. 2 Year - end charts 2 Perry Como version 3 Voice of the Beehive version 4 Other versions 5 References 6 External links The Partridge Family version ( edit ) Background and release ( edit ) The single was produced by Wes Farrell and issued on Bell Records a month before the debut of the network television musical sitcom The Partridge Family . During the show 's first season the song was featured on the show twice as it was climbing the actual Billboard charts . The single hit number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart and in Canada on the RPM 100 national Top Singles chart in November of that year and number 1 in Australia in 1971 . The only cast members of the television show to actually sing on the recording of the song were David Cassidy and Shirley Jones . The music on the song was played by veteran studio musicians such as Mike Melvoin , Hal Blaine , Larry Knechtel , Joe Osborne , Louie Shelton , Tommy Tedesco , and other L.A. session musicians from the Wrecking Crew . Background vocals on this , and all other Partridge Family recordings , were provided by veteran session singers : Ron Hicklin , John Bahler , Tom Bahler , and Jackie Ward . The Partridge Family won a NARM award for the best - selling single of the year in 1970 for their hit `` I Think I Love You '' . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 -- 71 ) Peak position Australia KMR Canada RPM Ireland ( IRMA ) New Zealand 5 UK Singles Chart 18 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 8 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Rank Australia 76 Canada US ( Joel Whitburn 's Pop Annual ) 6 Chart ( 1971 ) Rank Australia 14 Perry Como version ( edit ) On November 25 , 1970 , `` I Think I Love You '' was recorded by Perry Como , with Nick Perito 's orchestra , at the International Hotel in Las Vegas , Nevada . The song was released by RCA Victor Records on an album , It 's Impossible , in December 1970 , and reissued in 1975 . RCA also released the recording on an EP in Mexico in 1971 . Voice of the Beehive version ( edit ) `` I Think I Love You '' Single by Voice of the Beehive from the album Honey Lingers Released 1991 Format 7 '' single , cassette single , CD single Genre Rock Length 3 : 13 Label London Records Songwriter ( s ) Tony Romeo Producer ( s ) Don Was Voice of the Beehive singles chronology `` Monsters and Angels '' ( 1991 ) `` I Think I Love You '' ( 1991 ) `` Perfect Place '' ( 1991 ) `` Monsters and Angels '' ( 1991 ) `` I Think I Love You '' ( 1991 ) `` Perfect Place '' ( 1991 ) In 1991 , the alternative rock band Voice of the Beehive recorded a cover version of `` I Think I Love You '' for the group 's second studio album Honey Lingers . It was released as the second single from their album on London Records and was produced by Don Was . Their version of the song hit number 25 on the UK Singles Chart in October 1991 . The single also hit number 12 on the Australian singles chart in March 1992 . Other versions ( edit ) Andy Williams released his version on 1971 's Love Story . It was also released on the import The Very Best of Andy Williams in 2009 . In 1971 , a French - language cover by Georges Guétary was released , entitled `` Papa Je T'aime '' ( `` Papa , I Love You '' ) ; unlike the original version , this version is a salute to a child 's father . In 1974 , Betty Chung ( 鍾 玲玲 ) , a female Hong Kong singer , covered the song on her LP album Betty Chung . It has been covered by the punk band Ism . In 1991 , the group Nice & Smooth sampled the intro from the Partridge Family 's `` I Think I Love You '' in their rap hit , `` Hip Hop Junkies '' . Florida - based band Less Than Jake covered the song , and their version was included on the soundtrack to the 1997 film Scream 2 . Clam Abuse covered the song as the first proper song for their debut album `` Stop Thinking '' in 1999 . A recent re-issue also contains a remix of the cover . American pop singer Kaci Battaglia released her version as a single in 2002 , it hit number 10 on the UK Singles Chart . On July 16 , 2002 , Katie Cassidy recorded a cover of her father 's hit that was released by E-Squared Records on iTunes as her only song she released . She was 15 at the time ( five years younger than her father when he recorded his version ) . The extended dance remix is the B - side of the digital download . Paul Westerberg covered it in 2004 , and in 2005 , as did Constantine Maroulis . A section of the song appears towards the end of Westerberg 's 2008 release 49 : 00 . David Cassidy himself did two solo remakes , with the first being featured on his 1998 album `` Old Trick New Dog '' , and a soul remake of the song in 2003 for the album Touch of Blue . Declan Galbraith covered it in 2007 on his album , You and Me . Jerry O'Connell sings the song in the movie Scream 2 . In the movie Trainwreck , Amy Schumer and the Knicks City Dancers perform to the song at the end of the movie . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ liner notes from The Partridge Family Album , Razor and Tie Music Corporation , CD , 1993 Jump up ^ Hartman , Kent ( 2012 ) . The Wrecking Crew . St. Martin 's Griffin . pp. 261 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 250 - 03046 - 7 . Jump up ^ C'mon , Get Happy ... Fear and Loathing on the Partridge Family Bus , by David Cassidy and Chip Deffaa , 1994 DBC Enterprises , Warner Books Inc , p. 92 ^ Jump up to : `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- I Think I Love You '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ). British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 419 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 12 / 05 / 70 '' . Web.archive.org. 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1999 ) . Pop Annual . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 142 - X . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 588 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ). Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 . St Ives , NSW , Australia : Australian Chart Book . p. 330 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ Georges Guétary , Papa je t'aime on YouTube Retrieved November 29 , 2011 Jump up ^ David Lewis ( 2008 - 07 - 24 ) . `` Paul Westerberg -- ' 49 : 00 ′ '' . Variety . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Partridge Family David Cassidy Shirley Jones Danny Bonaduce Susan Dey Jeremy Gelbwaks Brian Forster Suzanne Crough Dave Madden Studio albums The Partridge Family Album Up to Date Sound Magazine A Partridge Family Christmas Card Shopping Bag The Partridge Family Notebook Crossword Puzzle Bulletin Board Other albums At Home with Their Greatest Hits The World of the Partridge Family Greatest Hits The Definitive Collection Come On Get Happy ! : The Very Best of The Partridge Family Singles `` I Think I Love You '' `` Does n't Somebody Want to Be Wanted '' `` I 'll Meet You Halfway '' `` I Woke Up in Love This Morning '' `` It 's One of Those Nights ( Yes Love ) '' `` Breaking Up Is Hard to Do '' `` Looking Through the Eyes of Love '' Related articles List of The Partridge Family episodes The Partridge Family discography David Cassidy discography Wes Farrell Goober and the Ghost Chasers Partridge Family 2200 A.D. Perry Como Albums So Smooth ( 1955 ) We Get Letters ( 1956 ) Saturday Night with Mr. C ( 1958 ) When You Come to the End of the Day ( 1958 ) Como Swings ( 1959 ) Season 's Greetings from Perry Como ( 1959 ) For the Young at Heart ( 1960 ) Sing to Me Mr. C ( 1961 ) By Request ( 1962 ) The Best of Irving Berlin 's Songs from Mr. President ( 1962 ) The Songs I Love ( 1963 ) The Scene Changes ( 1965 ) Lightly Latin ( 1966 ) Perry Como in Italy ( 1966 ) The Perry Como Christmas Album ( 1968 ) Look to Your Heart ( 1968 ) Seattle ( 1969 ) Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel , Las Vegas ( 1970 ) It 's Impossible ( 1970 ) I Think of You ( 1971 ) And I Love You So ( 1973 ) Perry ( 1974 ) Just Out of Reach ( 1975 ) 40 Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) The Best of British ( UK and Canada ) ( 1977 ) Where You 're Concerned ( US ) ( 1978 ) Perry Como ( 1980 ) Perry Como Live on Tour ( 1981 ) So It Goes / Goodbye for Now ( 1983 ) Today ( 1987 ) Perry Como 's Christmas Concert ( 1994 ) On the Radio -- The Perry Como Shows 1943 ( 2009 ) At the Supper Club ( 2010 ) At the Supper Club Part II ( 2011 ) At the Supper Club Part III ( 2011 ) Songs `` ' A ' You 're Adorable '' `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` And I Love You So '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` Because '' `` Beyond Tomorrow '' `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' `` Blue Room '' `` A Bushel and a Peck '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Catch a Falling Star '' `` Chi - Baba , Chi - Baba ( My Bambino Go to Sleep ) '' `` Confessin ' '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' `` Delaware '' `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' `` Dream Along with Me ( I 'm on My Way to a Star ) '' `` A Dreamer 's Holiday '' `` El Cóndor Pasa '' `` Feelings '' `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` For the Good Times '' `` Forever and Ever '' `` Forget Domani '' `` Give Me Your Hand '' `` Glendora '' `` The Gypsy in My Soul '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Here , There and Everywhere '' `` Home for the Holidays '' `` Hot Diggity ( Dog Ziggity Boom ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' `` I Dream of You ( More Than You Dream I Do ) '' `` I Think I Love You '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` If ( They Made Me a King ) '' `` It 's Been a Long , Long Time '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' `` Kewpie Doll '' `` The Lord 's Prayer '' `` Magic Moments '' `` Mandolins in the Moonlight '' `` Maria '' `` Moon River '' `` More '' `` No Other Love '' `` Papa Loves Mambo '' `` Prisoner of Love '' `` Round and Round '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Seattle '' `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` The Songs I Love '' `` Stop ! And Think It Over '' `` Surrender '' `` Till the End of Time '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` Wanted '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` What 'll I Do '' `` When You and I Were Young , Maggie '' `` Young at Heart '' Related Perry Como discography Perry Como television and radio shows Beat the Band The Chesterfield Supper Club List of songs recorded by Perry Como Goodman Ace Mitchell Ayres Ray Charles Frank Gallop Nick Perito Preceded by `` I 'll Be There '' by The Jackson 5 US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( The Partridge Family version ) November 21 , 1970 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` The Tears of a Clown '' by Smokey Robinson & the Miracles Preceded by `` We 've Only Just Begun '' by The Carpenters Canadian RPM 100 number - one single ( The Partridge Family version ) November 21 , 1970 ( four weeks ) Succeeded by `` Is n't It a Pity '' by George Harrison Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Think_I_Love_You&oldid=812639943 '' Categories : 1970 singles 1983 singles 1991 singles Songs written by Tony Romeo The Partridge Family songs Perry Como songs Less Than Jake songs Andy Williams songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia 1970 songs Bell Records singles Song recordings produced by Wes Farrell London Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 29 November 2017 , at 00 : 55 . About Wikipedia | when did david cassidy release i think i love you | [
"\n\n\"I Think I Love You\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by The Partridge Family\n\n\nfrom the album The Partridge Family Album\n\n\nB-side\n\"Somebody Wants to Love You\"\n\"To Be Lovers\" (Philippines)\n\n\nReleased\nAugust 22, 1970\n\n\nFormat\n7\" single\n\n\nGenre\nPop, baroque pop\n\n\nLength\n2:54\n\n\nLabel\nBell\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nTony Romeo\n\n\nProducer(s)\nWes Farrell\n\n\nThe Partridge Family singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"I Think I Love You\"\n(1970)\n\"Doesn't Somebody Want to Be Wanted\"\n(1971)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"I Think I Love You\"\n(1970)\n\"Doesn't Somebody Want to Be Wanted\"\n(1971)\n\n\n\n\n"
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"August 22, 1970"
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1972828565194902332 | Titan (roller coaster) | Titan ( Roller coaster ) - wikipedia Titan ( Roller coaster ) Titan Six Flags Over Texas Park section Texas Coordinates 32 ° 45 ′ 20 '' N 97 ° 04 ′ 27 '' W / 32.75563 ° N 97.07423 ° W / 32.75563 ; - 97.07423 Coordinates : 32 ° 45 ′ 20 '' N 97 ° 04 ′ 27 '' W / 32.75563 ° N 97.07423 ° W / 32.75563 ; - 97.07423 Status Operating Opening date April 27 , 2001 Cost $25,000,000 General statistics Type Steel Manufacturer Giovanola Designer Ingenieur Büro Stengel GmgH Model Mega Coaster Track layout Out and Back Lift / launch system Chain Lift Height 245 ft ( 75 m ) Drop 255 ft ( 78 m ) Length 5,312 ft ( 1,619 m ) Speed 85 mph ( 137 km / h ) Inversions 0 Duration 3 : 30 Max vertical angle 65 ° Capacity 1,600 riders per hour G - force 4.5 Height restriction 48 in ( 122 cm ) Trains 3 trains with 5 cars . Riders are arranged 2 across in 3 rows for a total of 30 riders per train . Flash Pass Available Titan at RCDB Pictures of Titan at RCDB Titan is a steel hyper coaster located at Six Flags Over Texas in Arlington , Texas . Unlike most hypercoasters , Titan is a combination of an out and back roller coaster and a twister roller coaster . It stands at 245 feet and contains a 255 drop . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Ride experience and facts 3 Titan incidents 4 Rankings 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Six Flags Over Texas had plans to add a hypercoaster to the park for several years . An early proposal from Arrow Dynamics showed a hypercoaster over the park 's reservoir next to Judge Roy Scream . In August 2000 , Six Flags Over Texas announced plans to build a new steel roller coaster for the park 's 40th anniversary . Although no statistics were revealed , information that was released confirmed Giovanola as the manufacturer , that the new coaster would be similar to Goliath at Six Flags Magic Mountain and that it would be built in the Texas section of the park . As survey markers began to appear in September it became clear that the new coaster would extend from the Texas section to the employee cantina , pool and softball fields then out into the parking lot . By the time the official announcement was made on November 14 , 2000 , the employee areas had been demolished , excavation had already begun and teal - colored supports were stacked in the parking lot . Construction of the ride was completed in March 2001 and testing began in early April . A media preview was held on April 26 , 2001 and the coaster opened to the public the following day . Ride experience and facts ( edit ) The lift hill Titan begins with a slow U-turn out of the station then a climbs up a 245 - foot ( 75 m ) hill . At the crest of the hill the train drops 255 - foot ( 78 m ) into a 120 - foot ( 37 m ) underground tunnel . Immediately after the tunnel , riders are taken through a large turnaround . Following the turnaround , riders encounter a large camel back that provides significant airtime . The train subsequently enters a 540 degree upwards helix which leads to the mid-course brake run . Off the midcourse brakes , the trains maneuver a left hand drop , leading into an overbanked turn . Then followed by a 570 degree downward helix with a camera installed for souvenir photos . Afterwards , the trains navigate a banked turn to the left and then another to the right . After this , the trains enters the final brake run and returns to the station . The overall track layout of Titan is mostly identical to that of Goliath at Six Flags Magic Mountain , with the one difference being that Goliath lacks the upward helix into the midcourse brake run , instead having a simple uphill left turn . During the summer months , as the train rolls into the station , a cloud of mist can be seen under the train . Owing to problems with the wheels on the trains overheating , water is sprayed on the wheel assembly to help cool down the wheels after the train completes the course . Titan 's supports used 2.8 million pounds of steel to manufacture . When it was built , Titan was the longest roller coaster ever to be built at a Six Flags park . Titan operates with up to three trains , each with five cars holding three rows of two riders for a total of 30 riders per train . The three trains are colored red , orange , and yellow . It will usually run only two trains on slow days , with the unused train stored in the train 's storage shed ( the train that is unused from day to day is swapped out on a regular basis ) . Titan incidents ( edit ) Titan has been known for occasionally causing blackouts or grayouts in the helices . Some riders have complained about headaches caused by sections of the course . Most of these incidents occur during the summer when riders are dehydrated due to the extreme Texas heat . Because of the complaints about the G - forces given during the second helix , the train is severely braked at the mid-course block brake , almost to the point of stopping . Rankings ( edit ) Golden Ticket Awards : Top steel Roller Coasters Year 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 Ranking 21 23 27 25 34 ( tied ) 27 26 24 37 42 25 36 42 ( tied ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Record Holders '' . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Jeremy ( 2001 ) . `` There 's a New Giant in Town '' . RollerCoaster ! Magazine . Vol. 22 no . 4 . Mission , Kansas : American Coaster Enthusiasts . pp. 12 -- 16 . ISSN 0896 - 7261 . Jump up ^ Pictures of Titan , CoasterGallery.com Jump up ^ Official Page Jump up ^ http://www.guidetosfot.com/attractions/coasters/titan/ Jump up ^ `` Top 25 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 7B . August 2001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 7B . September 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 14 -- 15B . September 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 18 -- 19B . September 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 3 , 2007 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 26 -- 27B . September 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 26 -- 27B . September 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 11 ( 6.2 ) : 36 -- 37 . September 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 12 ( 6.2 ) : 36 -- 37 . September 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 13 ( 6.2 ) : 32 -- 33 . September 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 14 ( 6.2 ) : 34 -- 35 . September 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 15 ( 6.2 ) : 38 -- 39 . September 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 16 ( 6.2 ) : 36 -- 37 . September 2012 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 17 ( 6.2 ) : 34 -- 35 . September 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Titan 's Official Page From Six Flags Over Texas POV Video of Titan hide Six Flags Over Texas Roller coasters Batman : The Ride The Joker ( 2017 ) Judge Roy Scream La Vibora Runaway Mine Train Mini Mine Train Mr. Freeze : Reverse Blast Pandemonium Runaway Mountain Shock Wave New Texas Giant Titan Wile E. Coyote 's Grand Canyon Blaster Other rides El Aserradero Justice League : Battle for Metropolis Oil Derrick Riddler Revenge Roaring Rapids Silver Star Carousel Six Flags & Texas Railroad Superman : Tower of Power Texas SkyScreamer Events Fright Fest Holiday in the Park Former Flashback Glow in the Park Parade Texas Chute Out Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titan_(roller_coaster)&oldid=845919675 '' Categories : Operating roller coasters Roller coasters by name Roller coasters introduced in 2001 Steel roller coasters Roller coasters manufactured by Giovanola Hypercoasters Roller coasters operated by Six Flags Roller coasters in Texas Six Flags Over Texas Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 01 : 23 . About Wikipedia | when did the titan open at six flags | [
"\n\nTitan\n\n\n\n\n\nSix Flags Over Texas\n\n\nPark section\nTexas\n\n\nCoordinates\n32°45′20″N 97°04′27″W / 32.75563°N 97.07423°W / 32.75563; -97.07423Coordinates: 32°45′20″N 97°04′27″W / 32.75563°N 97.07423°W / 32.75563; -97.07423\n\n\nStatus\nOperating\n\n\nOpening date\nApril 27, 2001\n\n\nCost\n$25,000,000\n\n\nGeneral statistics\n\n\nType\nSteel\n\n\nManufacturer\nGiovanola\n\n\nDesigner\nIngenieur Büro Stengel GmgH\n\n\nModel\nMega Coaster\n\n\nTrack layout\nOut and Back\n\n\nLift/launch system\nChain Lift\n\n\nHeight\n245 ft (75 m)\n\n\nDrop\n255 ft (78 m)\n\n\nLength\n5,312 ft (1,619 m)\n\n\nSpeed\n85 mph (137 km/h)\n\n\nInversions\n0\n\n\nDuration\n3:30\n\n\nMax vertical angle\n65°\n\n\nCapacity\n1,600 riders per hour\n\n\nG-force\n4.5\n\n\nHeight restriction\n48 in (122 cm)\n\n\nTrains\n3 trains with 5 cars. Riders are arranged 2 across in 3 rows for a total of 30 riders per train.\n\n\n\n Flash Pass Available\n\n\n\nTitan at RCDB\nPictures of Titan at RCDB\n\n"
] | [
"April 27, 2001"
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-3993374156102720749 | Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag | Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag - wikipedia Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Jump to : navigation , search Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Developer ( s ) Ubisoft Montreal Publisher ( s ) Ubisoft Director ( s ) Ashraf Ismail Jean Guesdon Producer ( s ) Sylvain Trottier Writer ( s ) Darby McDevitt Corey May Composer ( s ) Brian Tyler Sarah Schachner Freedom Cry : Olivier Deriviere Series Assassin 's Creed Engine AnvilNext Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 Wii U Xbox 360 Xbox One Release October 29 , 2013 ( show ) PlayStation 3 & Xbox 360 WW : October 29 , 2013 Wii U NA : October 29 , 2013 AU : November 21 , 2013 EU : November 22 , 2013 PlayStation 4 NA : November 15 , 2013 AU : November 29 , 2013 EU : November 22 , 2013 Microsoft Windows NA : November 19 , 2013 AU : November 21 , 2013 EU : November 22 , 2013 Xbox One WW : November 22 , 2013 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure , stealth Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag is an action - adventure video game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft . It is the sixth major installment in the Assassin 's Creed series . Its historical time frame precedes that of Assassin 's Creed III ( 2012 ) , though its modern - day sequences succeed III 's own . Black Flag was first released for PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , and Nintendo Wii U in October 2013 and a month later for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , and Microsoft Windows . The plot is set in a fictional history of real world events and follows the centuries - old struggle between the Assassins , who fight for peace with free will , and the Templars , who desire peace through control . The framing story is set in the 21st century and describes the player as an Abstergo agent . The main story is set in the 18th century Caribbean during the Golden Age of Piracy , and follows notorious Welsh pirate Edward Kenway , grandfather and father of Assassin 's Creed III protagonist and antagonist Ratonhnhaké : ton and Haytham Kenway respectively , who stumbles upon the Assassin / Templar conflict . The attempted establishment of a Republic of Pirates utopia ( free from either British or Spanish rule ) is a significant plot element . Unlike previous games , gameplay elements focus more on ship - based exploration of the seamless open world map , while also retaining the series ' third - person land - based exploration , melee combat , and stealth system . Multiplayer also returns , albeit with only land - based modes and settings . The game spans across the Caribbean with the three main cities of Havana , Nassau and Kingston along with numerous islands , sunken ships , and forts . Players have the option to harpoon large sea animals and hunt land animals . For the first time in the series , naval exploration is a major part of an Assassin 's Creed game , where Edward Kenway captains the Jackdaw , a brig he captures from a Spanish fleet . Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag was positively received and was one of the best - selling games of 2013 . It has sold more than 11 million copies . Critics praised the massive open world gameplay , numerous side - quests , graphics and improved naval combat . The light - hearted pirate theme and engaging story were well received by critics . The modern day story however , received a slightly more mixed response , while criticism fell on aspects of the historical story missions which were considered repetitive . The game received several awards and nominations , including winning the Spike VGX 2013 award for Best Action Adventure Game . It was followed by Assassin 's Creed Unity and Assassin 's Creed Rogue , set during the French Revolution and Seven Years ' War respectively , with both released in November 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Characters 2.2 Setting 2.3 Plot 2.4 Freedom Cry 3 Development 3.1 Music 4 Marketing and release 4.1 Downloadable content 5 Reception 5.1 Sales 5.2 Awards 5.3 PETA criticism 6 Series continuation 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag is an action - adventure , stealth game set in an open world environment and played from a third - person perspective . The game features three main cities ; Havana , Kingston , and Nassau , which reside under Spanish , British , and pirate influence , respectively . It also features 50 other individual locations to explore , including atolls , sea forts , Mayan ruins , sugar plantations , and underwater shipwrecks , with a 60 / 40 balance between land and naval exploration . It has a more open world feel , with missions similar to those found in Assassin 's Creed , as well as fewer restrictions for the player . The world opens up sooner in the game , as opposed to Assassin 's Creed III , which had very scripted missions and did not give players freedom to explore until the game was well into its first act . The player will encounter jungles , forts , ruins , and small villages and the world is built to allow players much more freedom , such as allowing players to engage , board , and capture passing ships and swimming to nearby beaches in a seamless fashion . In addition , the hunting system has been retained from Assassin 's Creed III , allowing the player to hunt on land , and fish in the water , with resources gathered used to upgrade equipment . A new aspect in the game is the Jackdaw , the ship that the player captains . The Jackdaw is upgradeable throughout the game , and is easily accessible to the player when needed . In addition , a new underwater component has been added . The player has access to a spyglass , allowing the examination of distant ships , along with their cargo and strength . It can also help determine if an island still has animals to hunt , treasures to find , high points to reach for synchronization or additional side - quests to complete , such as assassinations and naval contracts . An updated form of the recruit system introduced in Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood has returned , allowing Edward to recruit crew members . While Kenway 's crew will remain loyal to him , they can be promoted to captain acquired ships , and are needed to assist in boarding enemy vessels , they can not assist in combat or perform long - range assassinations , as in previous games . Ubisoft removed this aspect of the brotherhood system , believing it allowed players to bypass tense and challenging scenarios too easily . In the present day , at the offices of Abstergo Entertainment -- a subsidiary of Abstergo Industries -- in Montreal , Quebec , players engage in modern - day pirating through the exploration of Abstergo 's offices , eavesdropping and hacking , all without combat . As well , various `` hacking '' games , similar to previous cluster and glyph puzzles , are present , that uncover secrets about Abstergo . Multiplayer also returns , with new settings and game modes , though it is only land - based . Synopsis ( edit ) Characters ( edit ) The main character of the game is Edward Kenway ( Matt Ryan ) , a Welsh privateer - turned - pirate and eventual member of the Assassin Order . Edward is the father of Haytham Kenway , and grandfather of Ratonhnhaké : ton ( Connor ) , the two playable characters of Assassin 's Creed III . Real - life individuals that are encountered include the pirates Edward `` Blackbeard '' Thatch ( voiced by Mark Bonnar ) , Benjamin Hornigold , Mary Read , Stede Bonnet , Anne Bonny , Calico Jack , and Charles Vane ( Ralph Ineson ) . Setting ( edit ) As is the case in previous games in the Assassin 's Creed series , the story is divided into two intertwined halves , with one in the present day , one in a historical setting , and the events of each influencing the other . Although the present - day story had previously established that an Animus was required to view one 's ancestors memories , the ending of Assassin 's Creed III reveals that Abstergo can now view a host 's genetic memories simply by sequencing the host 's DNA . As such , the player character is hired by Abstergo Entertainment to investigate a pivotal character in Desmond 's ancestry , the Assassin Edward Kenway . A notorious pirate and privateer operating during the Golden Age of Piracy , Kenway 's story is set in the Caribbean , and mixes open - ended ship - based exploration with combat and land - based adventures in Cuba and Jamaica , and on a number of Caribbean islands , parts of southern Florida and eastern Mexico . Plot ( edit ) Samples taken from Desmond Miles ' body in the moments after his death have enabled Abstergo Industries to continue to explore his genetic memories using the Animus ' newfound cloud computing abilities . The unnamed player character is hired by Abstergo Entertainment , from their Montréal headquarters , to sift through the memories of Edward Kenway , an eighteenth - century pirate , the father of Haytham Kenway and the grandfather of Ratonhnhaké : ton . Ostensibly , this is to gather material for an Animus - powered interactive feature film , but in reality , Abstergo -- the Templars of the present time -- are searching for a First Civilization structure known as the Observatory , and are using the memories of Edward Kenway to find it . As Kenway , the player must unravel a conspiracy between high - ranking Templars within the British and Spanish empires who , under the guise of cleaning up piracy in the Caribbean , have used their positions to locate the Sage -- later identified as Bartholomew Roberts -- who is the only man that can lead them to the Observatory , a First Civilization device which can monitor anyone anywhere in the world when provided a blood sample , which they intend to use to spy on and blackmail world leaders . Kenway becomes an unwitting player in their plot when he kills a rogue Assassin , Duncan Walpole . Seeing an opportunity for profit , Kenway takes Walpole 's place at a meeting of Templars in Havana , where he meets Woodes Rogers as well as Cuban Governor , and Templar Grandmaster , Laureano Torres . His recklessness endangers the entire Assassins ' Order , prompting him to pursue the Sage and the conspirators from the Yucatán Peninsula to Jamaica , eventually catching Roberts on the island of Príncipe off of the African coast . Meanwhile , a band of notorious pirates -- including Edward `` Blackbeard '' Thatch , Benjamin Hornigold , Mary Read ( under the alias `` James Kidd '' ) and Charles Vane , among others -- dream of a pirate utopia where man is free to live beyond the reach of kings and rulers . With Kenway 's help , they seize control of Nassau and establish a pirate republic . However , poor governance , a lack of an economy and an outbreak of disease bring the pirate state perilously close to collapse , with the founders divided on the best way forward . Kenway attempts to resolve the dispute , but is too late to stop the Templars from exploiting the situation for their own ends . Eventually , Kenway and Roberts uncover the location of the Observatory and retrieve the artifact powering it , but Kenway is betrayed by Roberts at the last moment . After a brief stint in prison for the crimes of piracy , Edward escapes with the aid of Ah Tabai , the Assassin Mentor , and elects to join their Order . Chasing down and eliminating Roberts and the Templar conspirators , Kenway retrieves the artifact and returns it to the Observatory , sealing it away for good . He is left facing an uncertain future with his newfound convictions until he receives a letter informing him of the passing of his wife and the imminent arrival of his hitherto unknown daughter , Jennifer Scott . Kenway travels back to England , promising Ah Tabai that he will continue the fight against the Templars back home in England . Some years later , Kenway , Jennifer ( using her mother 's surname in her memory ) and Kenway 's young son Haytham are about to watch a play in an English theatre . In the present day , the player is contacted by John , Abstergo Entertainment 's information technology manager . John convinces the player that their employers know more than they are telling , and encourages them to investigate in more detail . He convinces the player to hack several Animus terminals and security cameras , and then has them deliver the information taken to Shaun Hastings and Rebecca Crane , who are working undercover to infiltrate Abstergo . When the facility is locked down after the hackings are discovered , John arranges for the player to access the Animus ' core , at which point Juno materializes into an incorporeal form . She reveals that although it was necessary to open her temple to avert disaster , the world was not ready for her , and she is unable to affect it or possess the player character as her agents intended . John is unmasked as the reincarnated form of the Sage and attempts to murder the player to cover up the failed attempt at resurrecting Juno , but is killed by Abstergo 's security before he can do so , thus implicating him as the one responsible for the hacks . As Roberts , the Sage admits to Kenway that he owes no allegiance to the Assassins or the Templars and instead uses whoever he thinks represents his best chance of achieving his ends . With the Sage dead , the player is contacted by the Assassins as they continue their infiltration of Abstergo , but neither side is able to explain the Sage 's presence or identify his followers , the Instruments of the First Will . Freedom Cry ( edit ) The Freedom Cry downloadable content is set twenty years after the events of Black Flag and follows Adéwalé in his mission as an Assassin . While attempting to intercept Templar activities in the West Indies Sea , Adéwalé is shipwrecked off the coast of Haiti . Making his way into Port - au - Prince , he establishes that the Templars are working with Bastienne Josèphe , the proprietor of a local brothel and a sympathiser to the Maroons , a faction of freedom fighters made up of liberated slaves led by Augustin Dieufort . Despite his obligations to the Brotherhood of Assassins , Adéwalé becomes sympathetic to their cause , and joins with the Maroons in hijacking a vessel , Experto Crede , in order to interrupt the slave trade . Whilst working for Bastienne , Adéwalé begins to uncover a conspiracy within the French provincial government ruling Port - au - Prince . The local governor , Pierre de Fayet , plans a clandestine scientific expedition to measure the curvature of the earth and gather geographical data , which they intend to sell to the highest bidder with the promise of naval superiority . Adéwalé successfully sabotages the expedition by substituting the illiterate slaves being used by the expedition for literate members of the Maroons . Tensions begin to arise within the Maroons when Adéwalé plots further raids against the slave trade . Bastienne objects , as de Fayet will only punish those trapped in slavery further as punishment . Adéwalé ignores her , but is horrified when he witnesses a frigate fire on an unarmed slave ship to prevent the slaves from joining the Maroons . Adéwalé boards the slave ship and manages to save a few slaves from drowning before the ship capsized with the rest . He plans retribution , but Bastienne cautions that taking revenge will weaken the Maroons ' cause ; if Adéwalé is to kill de Fayet , then he should do so acting as an agent of justice . After assaulting the Governor 's Mansion , pursuing him through the city and fighting off a local garrison , Adéwalé finally corners and kills de Fayet , who claims that slaves are incapable of self - governance and turn to armed uprising at the slightest provocation . Adéwalé points out that none of the slaves or overseers came to his aid , and instead let him die . After killing de Fayet , Adéwalé returns to say goodbye to Bastienne before returning to the Assassin Order , but pledging to use his newfound convictions to aid people who are oppressed rather than the cause of their would - be liberators . Development ( edit ) In early February 2013 , during its quarterly financial call to investors , Ubisoft CEO Yves Guillemot confirmed that the next Assassin 's Creed game , due for release some time before April 2014 , would feature a new hero , time period , and development team . On February 28 , 2013 , Ubisoft posted their first promotional picture and cover for their next Assassin 's Creed game , following leaked marketing material days before . It announced the title of the game as Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag and featured an unnamed character holding a flintlock and a sword with a black flag in the back ground containing the Assassin 's symbol with a skull . A reported glitch on the official Assassin 's Creed IV website suggested the game will release on next - gen consoles and October 29 as the release date , which was confirmed by the first trailer for the game , released on March 4 , 2013 ( originally leaked on March 2 , 2013 , but was quickly pulled by Ubisoft ) . Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag was announced with a cinematic trailer on March 4 , 2013 . Development began in mid-2011 at Ubisoft Montreal by a separate team from the one on Assassin 's Creed III , with additional work done by Ubisoft studios in Annecy , Bucharest , Kyiv , Montpellier , Singapore and Sofia . Lead content manager Carsten Myhill stressed away the sentiment that the sequel should have been a spin - off in the same vein as Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood or Assassin 's Creed : Revelations , given the ostensible similarities with Assassin 's Creed III . He stated `` The whole feeling of the game is completely fresh and new . It will feel very different from Assassin 's Creed III . I think it completely warrants the Assassin 's Creed IV moniker , not only with the new name and setting , but the attitude and the tone of the experience . '' Assassin 's Creed IV is the first main series numbered title to carry a subtitle , a decision which Myhill says was made to clearly distinguish the pirate theme from the rest of the franchise . By utilizing the AnvilNext engine , the development team is able to work with one engine for both the next - gen and current - gen versions of the game , as the AnvilNext engine was designed with next - gen capabilities in mind , while still working on current - gen systems . In addition , each system will have their own intricacies and feature sets , with support for the different controllers and utilizing features specific to each console . The PC version supports Nvidia 's TXAA . Music ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Brian Tyler Released October 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 14 ) Genre Video game soundtrack Length 1 : 41 : 33 Label Ubisoft Music Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) was composed by American composer Brian Tyler , who also composed the soundtrack of the previous Ubisoft title Far Cry 3 . Additional compositions and arrangements were provided by Sarah Schachner , Omar Fadel , Steve Davis , Mike Kramer , Jeremy Lamb , Matthew Llewellyn , and Robert Lydecker . The soundtrack was released on Amazon MP3 and iTunes on October 14 , 2013 . Two other soundtracks have also been released : Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- Sea Shanty Edition ) , a second soundtrack containing a set of 16 sea shanties composed by various artists , was released on Amazon MP3 and iTunes on October 29 , 2013 . Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- The Complete Edition ) , a complete soundtrack including the two previous soundtracks as well as the multiplayer soundtrack composed by Joe Henson and Alexis Smith , was released on Amazon MP3 and iTunes on December 2 , 2013 . The score to the Freedom Cry DLC was composed by French composer Olivier Deriviere . It was recorded at Avatar Studios in New York with La Troupe Makandal , a dedicated group for Haitian music , and at Galaxy Studios in Belgium with the Brussels Philharmonic . ( show ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) / Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- The Complete Edition ) ( Disc One ) No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Black Flag Main Theme '' Sarah Schachner 2 : 13 2 . `` Pyrates Beware '' Schachner 3 : 16 3 . `` On the Horizon '' Brian Tyler , Schachner 3 : 01 4 . `` The High Seas '' Tyler 2 : 44 5 . `` The Fortune of Edward Kenway '' Schachner 1 : 57 6 . `` In This World or the One Below '' Tyler , Schachner 2 : 49 7 . `` Under the Black Flag '' Schachner 3 : 21 8 . `` The Ends of the Earth '' Tyler 2 : 53 9 . `` Stealing a Brig '' Tyler 1 : 52 10 . `` Fare Thee Well '' Tyler 5 : 14 11 . `` The Buccaneers '' Tyler 4 : 05 12 . `` Marked for Death '' Tyler 3 : 21 13 . `` Last Goodbyes '' Tyler 2 : 24 14 . `` Take What Is Ours ! '' Tyler 3 : 15 15 . `` I 'll Be with You '' Tyler 6 : 04 16 . `` Lay Aboard Lads '' Tyler 2 : 24 17 . `` A Pirate 's Life '' Tyler 2 : 02 18 . `` Men of War '' Tyler 2 : 57 19 . `` Order of the Assassin '' Tyler 3 : 10 20 . `` In the Midst '' Tyler 3 : 05 21 . `` The British Empire '' Tyler 3 : 08 22 . `` Batten Down the Hatches '' Tyler 1 : 37 23 . `` Modernity '' Tyler 2 : 14 24 . `` A Merry Life and a Short One '' Tyler 1 : 16 25 . `` Queen Anne 's Revenge '' Tyler 4 : 42 26 . `` Confrontation '' Tyler 3 : 15 27 . `` Prizes Plunder and Adventure '' Tyler 2 : 12 28 . `` Meet the Sage '' Omar Fadel 3 : 36 29 . `` Into the Jungle '' Tyler 1 : 46 30 . `` The Spanish Empire '' Tyler 3 : 57 31 . `` The Islands of the West Indies '' Tyler 3 : 06 32 . `` Ships of Legend '' Tyler 2 : 02 33 . `` Secrets of the Maya '' Tyler 3 : 24 34 . `` Life at Sea '' Fadel 3 : 10 Total length : 1 : 41 : 33 ( show ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- Sea Shanty Edition ) / Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- The Complete Edition ) ( Disc Two ) No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Randy Dandy Oh '' Sean Dagher , Nils Brown , Michiel Schrey 1 : 35 2 . `` Maid of Amsterdam '' Brown , Schrey , Dagher 1 : 41 3 . `` Leave Her Johnny '' Dagher , Brown , Schrey 2 : 12 4 . `` Whisky Johnny O ' '' Schrey , Dagher , Brown 1 : 21 5 . `` Good Morning Ladies '' Dagher , Brown , Schrey 1 : 38 6 . `` Fish in the Sea '' Schrey , Dagher , Brown 1 : 29 7 . `` Dead Horse '' Dagher , Brown , Schrey 1 : 07 8 . `` Running Down to Cuba '' Schrey , Dagher , Brown 1 : 29 9 . `` Trooper and the Maid '' Charlotte Cumberbirch , Dagher , Nelson Carter , Richard Irwin , David Gossage 1 : 57 10 . `` William Taylor '' Dagher , Brown , Schrey , Cumberbirch , Carter , Irwin , Gossage 2 : 16 11 . `` Patrick Spens '' Schrey , Dagher , Irwin , Gossage 1 : 52 12 . `` Fathom the Bowl '' Linda Morrison , Dagher , Carter , Patrick Graham , Gossage 2 : 13 13 . `` Admiral Benbow '' Schrey , Dagher , Brown , Carter , Irwin , Gossage 1 : 53 14 . `` All for Me Grog '' Morrison , Dagher , Carter , Graham , Gossage 2 : 06 15 . `` Buleria '' Marco Marin , Dominic Soulard , Eric Breton 2 : 06 16 . `` Verdiales '' Marin , Soulard , Breton 1 : 26 Total length : 28 : 22 ( show ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- The Complete Edition ) ( Disc Three ) No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Saba Island '' Joe Henson , Alexis Smith 3 : 37 2 . `` Santa Lucia '' Joe Henson , Smith 3 : 10 3 . `` Tampa Bay '' Joe Henson , Smith , Christian Henson 3 : 19 4 . `` Prison '' Joe Henson , Smith 3 : 00 5 . `` La Havana '' Joe Henson , Smith 3 : 18 6 . `` Portobelo '' Joe Henson , Smith 3 : 45 7 . `` Saint Pierre '' Joe Henson , Smith , Christian Henson 3 : 23 8 . `` King Of The Seven Seas '' Orivian 3 : 08 Total length : ( Disc 3 ) 26 : 40 ( Complete ) 2 : 36 : 35 Notes signifies a song that is included in the `` Skull Edition '' Marketing and release ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag was released worldwide for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on October 29 , 2013 , while the Wii U was released on October 29 , 2013 in North America , November 21 , 2013 in Australia , November 22 , 2013 in Europe and November 28 , 2013 in Japan . The Wii U version in Europe was delayed from its original November 1 , 2013 release date . It was announced on March 1 , 2013 that the game will also come to the PlayStation 4 , and on May 21 that it will release on the Xbox One . Both versions were launch titles , with the PlayStation 4 version releasing on November 15 and November 29 , 2013 in North America and Europe , respectively , and November 22 , 2013 worldwide for Xbox One . Ubisoft partnered with Sony to bring exclusive content to the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 versions of the game , which will feature the protagonist of Assassin 's Creed III : Liberation , Aveline de Grandpré , in three missions . The Aveline content , which was written by Liberation writer Jill Murray , picks up after the conclusion of her story in Liberation . The content is also available on the PC platform , through the Uplay Gold Edition . On June 21 , 2013 , it was announced that the Microsoft Windows version had been delayed `` a few weeks '' from its intended release of October 29 , 2013 . Its new release dates were later revealed to be November 19 , 2013 in North America and November 22 , 2013 in Europe . Lead designer Jean - Sebastien Decant explained that the delay was caused by the team working on the `` master version '' first , making sure it works and then proceeding to the other versions . For Black Flag , the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 version was the master , before the team adapted it to the other consoles . On October 31 , 2013 Ubisoft announced that the Uplay Passport requirement would be removed from Assassin 's Creed IV and all future games . Uplay Passport came with all new copies of the game and was required for accessing multiplayer and Edward 's Fleet minigame . Owners of used copies could download Uplay Passport for a fee before the removal . A Japanese manga adaptation of the game , written by Takashi Yano and illustrated by Kenji Oiwa , began serialization in Shueisha 's Jump X magazine on August 10 , 2013 . The manga however contradicts many parts of the game 's actual storyline , despite the manga being an adaptation of the game . Downloadable content ( edit ) On October 8 , 2013 , Ubisoft announced that a Season Pass would be available for purchase at the launch of the game on PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One and PC , and would include the Freedom Cry single - player missions , Kraken Ship pack featuring elements to personalize the Jackdaw , as well as additional single - player and multiplayer elements . Freedom Cry sees the player take on the role of Adéwalé , a freed slave from Trinidad who became Edward Kenway 's Quartermaster , and later a member of the Assassin Order . The story mode takes place 15 years after the events of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag where Adéwalé has become a trained assassin and finds himself shipwrecked in Saint - Domingue , where he comes face - to - face with some of the most brutal slavery in the West Indies . The DLC is written by Jill Murray , who wrote Liberation and the Aveline content for Black Flag . In February 2014 , it was announced that Freedom Cry would be released as a standalone title on the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 3 on February 18 , 2014 for North America and February 19 , 2014 for Europe . It was released for the PC on February 25 , 2014 . Blackbeard 's Wrath allows the player to play any one of three new characters in Black Flag 's multiplayer mode . These characters include Blackbeard , The Jaguar and The Orchid . This DLC is free with the Season Pass . Guild of Rogues adds three new characters to the multiplayer mode . These characters are The Shaman , The Siren and The Stowaway . It was not released for the Wii U . The PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 releases both contain an exclusive DLC , `` Aveline '' . As an exception it is available on PC in the Uplay Digital Deluxe Edition and Jackdaw Edition only . A Game of The Year Edition , called the Jackdaw Edition , was released only on the Xbox One , PlayStation 4 and PC . It includes all available downloadable content . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( PS3 ) 88 / 100 ( WIIU ) 86 / 100 ( X360 ) 86 / 100 ( PS4 ) 83 / 100 ( PC ) 84 / 100 Review scores Publication Score CVG 9 / 10 Edge 9 / 10 EGM 9.5 / 10 Eurogamer 9 / 10 Famitsu 37 / 40 Game Informer 8.25 / 10 GameSpot 9 / 10 Giant Bomb IGN 8.5 / 10 Joystiq OPM ( UK ) 8 / 10 OXM ( US ) 9.0 / 10 PC Gamer ( UK ) 90 % VideoGamer.com 7 / 10 The Escapist Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag received positive reviews , with critics generally praising the open world gameplay , side - quests , graphics and naval combat . In November 2013 , Hardcore Gamer ranked Black Flag as the 70th greatest game of the seventh generation era . Black Flag was generally praised as superior to Assassin 's Creed III , with Game Informer 's Joe Juba noting that Ubisoft responded to criticisms the previous game faced and rectified them . CVG 's Matt Gilman called the game `` a return to form for the franchise , '' while Mikel Reparaz of Official Xbox Magazine stated that `` After weathering the somewhat diminishing returns of Revelations and ACIII , Black Flag is exactly the shot in the arm Assassin 's Creed needed . '' Two days after its release , IGN ranked Black Flag as the 2nd best game in the Assassin 's Creed series , only behind Assassin 's Creed II . Several reviewers directed heavy acclaim to the game 's open world structure , with the Edge staff declaring that Black Flag `` sets new benchmarks not only for Ubisoft 's series but for open - world gaming . '' Eurogamer 's Tom Bramwell called the open world gameplay `` a surprising breath of fresh sea air , '' with Gilman stating it `` revitalizes the series . '' The large scale of the open world was praised , with Greg Tito of The Escapist saying that the game `` opens up the whole Caribbean . '' Reviewers also praised the game 's side - quests and collectibles , as it actively encouraged the player to explore the open world , with GameSpot 's Shaun McInnis saying that `` Black Flag presents a world full of adventure and opportunity and full of reasons to go exploring . '' The side - quests were generally agreed to be superior to the main missions , with IGN 's Marty Sliva stating that `` Black Flag is at its best ( when you ) set out in search of your own fun . '' The assassination side - missions were particularly praised . The seamless exploration between ship , land , and sea without loading was also praised . The graphics were also widely acclaimed . The Edge staff stated that `` From a graphical standpoint , Black Flag 's world is built to amaze regardless of which console generation you 're playing it on . '' Reviewers praised the game 's open world as `` beautiful '' and `` gorgeous ; '' Sliva called Black Flag `` one of the best looking games of 2013 . '' The game 's level of detail was also acclaimed , with the open world 's water , rain and sea , being cited as `` amazing '' to look at . The game 's naval combat system drew much praise . Reviewers noted that the naval combat was Assassin 's Creed III 's best feature , and consequently praised Black Flag for improving on it . Tito explained that , while Assassin 's Creed III 's naval missions were linear and limited , Black Flag offered the player much greater freedom by allowing them to explore , fight or sail whenever they wanted . McInnis said that the game `` places a huge emphasis on naval combat , '' and stated that it `` builds on ACIII 's naval side missions to create an experience every bit as important as running around on dry land . '' The naval combat received praise for its additions of boarding ships and attacking forts , as well as the seamless transitions between ship and sword gameplay , with Tito calling it `` a great dual system that rewards both skill in naval combat , and ( in ) pirate action . '' The stealth in the game was praised for being more flexible than previous games by allowing the player more options to accomplish their goals . The Edge staff said that `` Stealth games are only as good as the flexibility of their encounters , and in that regard Black Flag is the most generous Assassin 's Creed game to date . '' However , some also criticized the stealth for being frustrating , due to its clunky and poorly defined controls . Reviewers noted that fighting as Edward was similar to previous games , with some criticizing it for being monotonous , too easy , and lacking nuance . However , it was also praised for being `` an effective and violent power trip , '' and for being `` fluid and lively . '' Some also complained about the enemy A.I. for lacking intelligence . The simplified crafting system was praised for improving over Assassin 's Creed III 's , with reviewers noting it took inspiration from Far Cry 3 . The story received a positive response overall . Reparaz praised it as `` engrossing '' and one of the Assassin 's Creed series ' best . Reparaz and McInnis also complimented the characters , and praised the way the story explores the human side of pirates , painting them in a sympathetic and relatable light . Bramwell felt that the story `` flourishes , '' particularly praising the supporting characters and Edward 's character arc . PlayStation Official Magazine 's Joel Gregory felt that Black Flag 's storyline was nothing unique for the series , though he praised the characters as `` far more interesting , more likeable , and more varied '' than previous games . While he praised the story 's first half , Gilman was more critical of the latter half , adding that its flawed pacing and structure resulted in player apathy towards the characters . Both Sliva and Juba also criticized the main story , with Juba complaining about its lack of purpose , or a compelling antagonist , and felt that most of the supporting characters were underdeveloped . The story missions also had a mixed reception . Reparaz , who gave the game high praise , felt that they were the weakest aspect of Black Flag . Juba and VideoGamer.com 's Steven Burns both felt that most of the story missions were extremely repetitive and were tediously tiring . Tito , however , felt that they were varied , and that the frustrating portions compensated by being challenging . One particular aspect that received heavy criticism from most reviewers were the eavesdropping and tailing missions , with several noting that these problems should have been fixed or removed entirely from the series . The tailing objectives were also extended to ship / sea missions , with reviewers also criticizing this form of naval stealth . The game 's pacing and opening were praised , as it introduced the pirate gameplay without the need of an overly long tutorial , with Juba noting it an improvement over Assassin 's Creed III . Several reviewers labelled Black Flag a more pirate game than it is an Assassin 's Creed one , due to its heavy focusing on pirating in gameplay , story , and characters . Reviewers felt that it was better for the game ; they praised Black Flag 's more light - hearted fare and tone compared to previous games , while also believing the game wisely avoided the usual convoluted Assassin 's plot in favor of a simplistic pirate story . Gilman stated that `` Black Flag is a better pirate game than it is an assassin game , '' with PC Gamer 's Tom Senior remarking that `` Black Flag does n't really want to be an Assassin 's Creed game , and ( ... ) that is a welcome move . '' Reparaz called it the greatest pirate game he had ever played , while Electronic Gaming Monthly 's Ray Carsillo declared Black Flag to be `` probably the best pirate simulation in gaming history . '' Tito stated that Black Flag 's gameplay reminded him more of a 3D version of Sid Meier 's Pirates ! than any Assassin 's Creed game . Edward Kenway 's character as a self - motivated pirate rather than an Assassin was also praised by most . Sliva believed that Edward 's character was a `` refreshing change of pace from a series that had started to take itself a bit too seriously , '' while he and Gilman stated that Edward was a `` livelier '' and more `` palatable '' protagonist than Assassin 's Creed III 's Connor . In December 2015 , Game Informer ranked the game as the fifth best game in the Assassin 's Creed series to date . Sales ( edit ) During the first week of sales in the United Kingdom , Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag became the best - selling game on all available formats , ahead of Battlefield 4 . However , the game 's opening week sales were 60 % down compared to 2012 's Assassin 's Creed III . Ubisoft blamed the fall in demand on uncertainty caused by the upcoming transition to eighth generation consoles . According to NPD Group figures , Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag was the third best - selling game of November 2013 in the United States , only behind Call of Duty : Ghosts and Battlefield 4 . In May 2014 , Ubisoft announced that the game had shipped over 11 million copies . Awards ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag has received Game of the Year nominations from media outlets Cheat Code Central , GameSpot , and the Inside Gaming Awards , It won the Spike VGX 2013 award for Best Action Adventure Game , and the GameSpot awards for PS4 Game of the Year and Xbox One Game of the Year . ( show ) List of notable awards and nominations for Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Year Award Category Result Ref . 2013 5th Annual Inside Gaming Awards Game of the Year Nominated Best Story Nominated Gamers ' Choice Nominated Cheat Code Central 's 7th Annual Cody Awards Game of the Year Nominated Studio of the Year ( Ubisoft Montreal ) Nominated Best Graphics Nominated Best Action / Adventure Game Nominated Spike VGX 2013 Best Action Adventure Game Won Game Revolution 's Best of 2013 Awards Best Action - Adventure Game Won Best Publisher ( Ubisoft ) Nominated GameSpot 's Game of the Year 2013 Awards PS4 Game of the Year Won Xbox One Game of the Year Won Game of the Year Nominated PS3 Game of the Year Nominated Xbox 360 Game of the Year Nominated Hardcore Gamer 's Game of the Year Awards 2013 Best Adventure Game Won The Sequel of Sequels Won Game of the Year Nominated Best Multiplatform Game Nominated Best Multiplayer Nominated Best New Character ( Edward Kenway ) Nominated Best Technical Graphics Nominated Destructoid 's Best of 2013 Best Multiplatform Game Nominated Best Action Game Nominated Best Competitive Game Nominated Giant Bomb 's 2013 Game of the Year Awards Best Surprise Won Best Game Nominated 13th Annual National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards Art Direction , Period Influence Nominated Character Design Won Costume Design Won Game Design , Franchise Nominated Graphics , Technical Nominated Game , Franchise Adventure Nominated 2014 GameTrailers Game of the Year Awards 2013 Game of the Year Nominated Best Multiplatform Game Nominated Best Action / Adventure Game Nominated IGN 's Best of 2013 Best PS4 Multiplayer Game Won Xbox One Game of the Year Won Best Xbox One Action - Adventure Game Won Best Xbox One Story Won Best Wii U Action - Adventure Game Won Best Wii U Sound Won Best Overall Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best Overall Music Nominated Best PC Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best PS3 Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best PS3 Sound Nominated Best PS3 Story Nominated PS4 Game of the Year Nominated Best Xbox 360 Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best Xbox 360 Sound Nominated Best Xbox 360 Story Nominated Best Xbox One Sound Nominated Wii U Game of the Year Nominated Best Wii U Multiplayer Game Nominated Best Wii U Music Nominated The Escapist Awards 2013 Game of the Year Nominated Best Action - Adventure Game Nominated Official Xbox Magazine 's Game of the Year Awards 2013 Best Action Game Won Game of the Year Nominated 66th Writers Guild of America Awards Outstanding Achievement in Videogame Writing ( Story by Darby McDevitt , Mustapha Mahrach , Jean Guesdon ; Lead Scriptwriter Darby McDevitt ; Scriptwriter Jill Murray ; AI Scriptwriter Nicholas Grimwood ; Scriptwriter Singapore Mark Llabres Hill ) Nominated 17th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards Game of the Year Nominated Adventure Game of the Year Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Animation Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Gameplay Engineering Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Visual Engineering Nominated 10th BAFTA Video Games Awards Best Game Nominated Action / Adventure Nominated Game Design Nominated Music Nominated 14th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards Best Technology Nominated 32nd Golden Joystick Awards Best Visual Design Won Studio of the Year ( Ubisoft Montreal ) Won Best Audio Won Best Gaming Moment ( Sea shanties ) Nominated Game of the Year Nominated PETA criticism ( edit ) The People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) , an animal rights organisation criticised Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for the usage of harpoons and `` glorification '' of whaling . The organisation said it was disgraceful that the video game industry does n't condemn the addition . Ubisoft responded to the claims by saying that Assassin 's Creed 's is based on history and is a `` work of fiction which depicts real events during the Golden Era of Pirates '' . Ubisoft claimed they do not condone whaling , along with other mechanics and features in the 4th installment in the series . PETA has had a history of criticising video games , some of the notable cases being Mario and Pokémon . Series continuation ( edit ) Main articles : Assassin 's Creed Unity and Assassin 's Creed Rogue Assassin 's Creed Unity , set in Paris on the eve of the French Revolution , was released worldwide on PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and Windows on November 11 , 2014 . Additionally , Assassin 's Creed Rogue is the sequel to Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag and the prequel to both Unity and III , following Shay Cormac , an Assassin - turned - Templar who hunts members of the Assassin order . Taking place in North America during the Seven Years ' War , the game was released worldwide on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on November 11 , 2014 . See also ( edit ) Skull & Bones -- expanded on the naval battles of Black Flag Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The character is referred to as `` Thatch '' in this game , rather than the more common `` Teach '' . `` Thatch '' is one of the many variations of Blackbeard 's name known to have existed . Please see Blackbeard : Early life for more information . Jump up ^ The player is able to find collectible items scattered throughout both past and present - day game worlds . These items establish the Sage 's backstory and are used as a means of communicating with other unidentified agents of the First Civilization . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hanson , Ben ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Why Pirates ? Assassin 's Creed IV 's Developers Explain The New Setting '' . Gameinformer.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Totilo , Stephen ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Be Excited About Assassin 's Creed IV . And Be Skeptical . '' . Kotaku.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Kirk ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed III Was Disappointing . How Does Black Flag Stack Up ? '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Helgeson , Matt ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Composer Sarah Schachner On Assassin 's Creed Unity 's Soundtrack '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Usher , William ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 Interview : Olivier Deriviere Talks Freedom Cry '' . Gaming Blend . Cinema Blend . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag -- Game Reveal Interview '' . IGN.com . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dyer , Mitch ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 PC Release Date Revealed , Wii U Version Delayed '' . IGN . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` REPORT : Assassin 's Creed IV Coming in October , Next - Gen Confirmed '' . GameTrailers . March 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Drake , Audrey ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 Confirmed for Xbox One '' . IGN . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gera , Emily ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag European release date moved forward for Xbox 360 and PS3 '' . Polygon . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , Kirk ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Gets A PC Release Date '' . Kotaku . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Holzworth , Chris ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` RUMOR : Assassin 's Creed IV Aveline DLC to Remain a PlayStation Exclusive '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ivan , Tom ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 receives firm PS4 , PC , Xbox One release dates '' . Computer and Video Games . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Vore , Bryan ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . Gameinformer.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hanson , Ben ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Exploring The Open World Of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . Gameinformer.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed III Review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 3 Review '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Juba , Joe ( 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag How to be a pirate '' . GameInformer . GameStop . XXIII ( 244 ) : 62 . Jump up ^ Lakha , Parvez ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Black Flag -- Present Day Q&A '' . Ubiblog . Ubisoft . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kato , Matthew ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Voice Actors discuss Their Craft '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Kathryn ( September 22 , 2013 ) . `` PIRATE HERO IN NEW ASSASSIN 'S CREED GAME IS A WELSHMAN '' . WalesOnline . WalesOnline . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McDevitt , Darby ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` PS : We are using `` Ed Thatch '' for Blackbeard , not the more common but probably incorrect `` Teach . '' Ask Colin Woodard why ... `` . Twitter . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ George , Richard ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` The Dawn of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . IGN . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Is The Next Assassin 's Creed , Ubisoft Confirms . Now , About That ... '' . Kotaku . February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` The Other Side of that Supposed Assassin 's Creed IV Poster is a Map '' . Kotaku . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ VanOrd , Kevin ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : A Pirate 's Life for Thee '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Mitch ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Next Assassin 's Creed Has New Hero , Time Period , Developer '' . IGN . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Schreier , Jason ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Is All About Pirates , According To This Poster '' . Kotaku.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Philips , Tom . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag release date , next - gen launch leaked '' . Eurogamer . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag -- Debut Trailer '' . IGN.com . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mallory , Jordan ( March 2 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag debut trailer leaks ( Update : It 's gone ! '' . Joystiq . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hussain , Tamoor ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 moniker ' completely warranted , ' insists Ubisoft dev '' . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lavaris , Romeo ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` E3 2013 - Prepare For Adventure With Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . Geforce . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` omar fadel - ACBF '' . SoundCloud . Retrieved 5 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes / Apple Inc . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( Sea Shanty Edition ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( Sea Shanty Edition ) ( Original Game Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes / Apple Inc . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( The Complete Edition ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( The Complete Edition ) ( Original Game Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes / Apple Inc . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bit disappointed with the Skull edition 's soundtrack '' . forums.ubi.com . November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 『 アサシン クリード 4 ブラック フラッグ 』 発売 日 が 11 月 28 日 に 決定 4 本 の トレーラー も 公開 '' . Famitsu . July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graziani , Gabriel ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Coming to PS4 + PS3 , PlayStation - Exclusive Content '' . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Anne ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Black Flag -- Aveline Returns '' . Ubiblog . Ubisoft . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Uplay Store - Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Gold Edition Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Delayed On PC . Again . But This Time It 's OK . '' . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Corriea , Alexa Ray ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Why Assassin 's Creed always launches last on PC '' . Polygon . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Steinman , Gary ( 31 October 2013 ) . `` Assassin _́ s Creed IV Black Flag and Uplay Passport '' . Ubiblog . Ubisoft . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( 1 November 2013 ) . `` Ubisoft ditches Uplay Passport after Assassin 's Creed 4 furore '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the N.H.K. 's Oiwa Draws Assassin 's Creed 4 Manga '' . Anime News Network . July 9 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed ® IV Black Flag Season Pass '' . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Steinman , Gary ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` ASSASSIN 'S CREED IV BLACK FLAG -- FREEDOM CRY DLC RELEASE DATE & STORY '' . Ubiblog . Ubisoft . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( 5 February 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Freedom Cry Releasing as Standalone Title '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Anne . `` ASSASSIN 'S CREED IV BLACK FLAG -- BLACKBEARD 'S WRATH DLC '' . UbiBlog . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( 11 February 2014 ) . `` Ubisoft releases Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag Guild of Rogues DLC '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for PlayStation 3 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for Wii U Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for Xbox 360 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gilman , Matt ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Review : Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag marks a return to form for the franchise '' . ComputerAndVideoGames.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Edge Staff ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag review '' . Edge . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Carsillo , Ray ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` EGM Review : Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Next - Gen ) '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bramwell , Tom ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag review '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Famitsu Review Scores : Issue 1303 '' . Gematsu . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Juba , Joe ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . Game Informer . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McInnis , Shaun ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Alex ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Review '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sliva , Marty ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag '' . IGN . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kietzmann , Ludwig ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 review : Avast , conspiracy ahead '' . Joystiq . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gregory , Joel ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag PS4 review '' . Official PlayStation Magazine . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Reparaz , Mikel ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Black Flag review '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Senior , Tom ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , Steven ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag Review '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tito , Greg ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Review -- Pirate this Game ! '' . The Escapist . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ HG Staff ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` Top 100 Games of the Generation : 70 - 61 '' . Hardcore Gamer . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Davis , Justin ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Best Assassin 's Creed Games '' . IGN . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Juba , Joe ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` Ranking The Entire Assassin 's Creed Series '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scammell , David ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed sales down 60 % year - on - year , Battlefield 4 down 69 % on Battlefield 3 '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scammell , David ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 sales slump attributed to next - gen launch '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Conditt , Jessica ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` November NPD : PS4 is ' top - selling ' console , Xbox One is ' fastest - selling ' ( Update : Nintendo boasts big numbers , too ) '' . Joystiq . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Eric ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Ships 10 Million Copies '' . IGN . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Game of the Year Winner 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Overall Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Rob ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Inside Gaming Awards 2013 Nominees Announced '' . Machinima.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dane , Patrick ( December 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Grand Theft Auto V ' Tops Spike VGX 2013 Award Winners List '' . Game Rant . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` PS4 Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox One Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game of the Year Nominees 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Studio of the Year Nominees 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Graphics Nominees 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Action / Adventure Game Nominees 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tan , Nicholas ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Best Action - Adventure Game 2013 '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bischoff , Daniel ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Best Publisher 2013 '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PS3 Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox 360 Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Adventure Game '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 The Sequel of Sequels '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Games of the Year '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 23 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Multiplatform Game '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Multiplayer Game '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best New Character '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Technical Graphics '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The winner of Destructoid 's best 2013 multiplatform game '' . Destructoid . December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The winner of Destructoid 's best of 2013 action game '' . Destructoid . December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The winner of Destructoid 's best of 2013 competitive game '' . Destructoid . December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giant Bomb Staff ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` Giant Bomb 's 2013 Game of the Year Awards : Day One '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giant Bomb Staff ( December 27 , 2013 ) . `` Giant Bomb 's 2013 Game of the Year Awards : Day Five '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ admin ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 NAVGTR Nominations '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 GameTrailers Game of the Year Awards Video -- Winners Montage '' . GameTrailers . January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS4 Multiplayer Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox One Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox One Action Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox One Story -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Wii U Action - Adventure Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Wii U Sound -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Overall Action - Adventure Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Overall Music -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PC Action - Adventure Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Action - Adventure Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Sound -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Story -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS4 Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox 360 Action - Adventure Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox 360 Sound -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox 360 Story -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox One Sound -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Wii U Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Wii U Multiplayer Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Wii U Music -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Escapist Staff ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` The Escapist Awards -- Game of the Year 2013 '' . The Escapist . p. 1 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Escapist Staff ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` The Winners of The Escapist Awards and Game of the Year Nominees '' . The Escapist . p. 6 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ OXM Staff ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Official Xbox Magazine 's 2013 Awards : Categories , Genres , and Platforms -- Best Action Game '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ OXM Staff ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` The OXM 2013 Game of the Year '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Writers Guild Awards Videogame Nominees Announced '' . Writers Guild of America , West . January 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 17th Annual D.I.C.E. Finalists '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences . January 17 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 14th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards '' . Game Developers Choice Awards . January 9 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Joystick 2014 Awards Nominee 's Revealed '' . Lazy Gamers . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Ivan ( October 25 , 2014 ) . `` Golden Joysticks 2014 : Full list of winners '' . Computer and Video Games . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grubb , Jeffrey . `` PETA : It 's ' disgraceful ' for Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag to ' glorify ' whaling '' . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Luke . `` PETA Condemns Assassin 's Creed 4 's Whaling as `` Disgraceful '' `` . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thier , Dave ( 6 March 2013 ) . `` PETA Attacks Assassin 's Creed 4 For Including Whaling UPDATE : Ubisoft Responds '' . Forbes . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Lien , Tracey ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Unity hits Oct. 28 , pre-orders live '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` E3 2014 : Assassin 's Creed Unity Release Date , Collector 's Edition Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Rogue confirmed by Ubisoft -- here 's the first trailer '' . Polygon . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ubisoft reveals new pirate game Skull & Bones '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . External links ( edit ) Official website Video games portal 2010s portal Assassin 's Creed Video games Main series Assassin 's Creed II Brotherhood Revelations III IV : Black Flag Rogue Unity Syndicate Origins Other games Altaïr 's Chronicles Bloodlines II : Discovery III : Liberation Identity Chronicles Adaptations Novels Lineage The Fall The Chain Brahman Trial by Fire Assassin 's Creed ( film ) Characters Desmond Miles Altaïr Ibn - La'Ahad Ezio Auditore da Firenze Related Prince of Persia Skull & Bones Soulcalibur V Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assassin%27s_Creed_IV:_Black_Flag&oldid=804378112 '' Categories : 2013 video games Action - adventure games Assassin 's Creed Multiplayer and single - player video games Naval video games Nintendo Network games Open world video games Parkour video games PlayStation 3 games PlayStation 4 games Stealth video games Video game prequels Video games about pirates Video games about slavery Video games developed in Bulgaria Video games developed in Canada Video games developed in Italy Video games set in Canada Video games set in Cuba Video games set in Florida Video games set in Haiti Video games set in Jamaica Video games set in Martinique Video games set in Montreal Video games set in Panama Video games set in Saint Lucia Video games set in the 18th century Video games set in the Bahamas Video games set in the Caribbean Video games using PhysX Video games with downloadable content Wii U eShop games Wii U games Windows games Xbox 360 games Xbox One games Cultural depictions of Blackbeard Cultural depictions of William Kidd Video games set on islands Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2013 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский کوردی Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 16 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did assassin's creed freedom cry come out | [
"Freedom Cry sees the player take on the role of Adéwalé, a freed slave from Trinidad who became Edward Kenway's Quartermaster, and later a member of the Assassin Order. The story mode takes place 15 years after the events of Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag where Adéwalé has become a trained assassin and finds himself shipwrecked in Saint-Domingue, where he comes face-to-face with some of the most brutal slavery in the West Indies. The DLC is written by Jill Murray, who wrote Liberation and the Aveline content for Black Flag.[52] In February 2014, it was announced that Freedom Cry would be released as a standalone title on the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 3 on February 18, 2014 for North America and February 19, 2014 for Europe. It was released for the PC on February 25, 2014.[53]"
] | [
"February 18, 2014 for North America and February 19, 2014 for Europe"
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-3433596277783483875 | Puerto Rico | Puerto Rico - Wikipedia Puerto Rico Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. territory . For other uses , see Puerto Rico ( disambiguation ) . `` Porto Rico '' and `` Borinquen '' redirect here . For other uses , see Porto Rico ( disambiguation ) and Borinquen ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 18 ° 12 ′ N 66 ° 30 ′ W / 18.2 ° N 66.5 ° W / 18.2 ; - 66.5 Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico ( Spanish ) Flag Seal Motto : `` Joannes est nomen ejus '' ( Latin ) `` John is his name '' Anthem : `` La Borinqueña '' `` The Borinquenian '' `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Coat of arms Status Unincorporated territory Capital and largest city San Juan 18 ° 27 ′ N 66 ° 6 ′ W / 18.450 ° N 66.100 ° W / 18.450 ; - 66.100 Official languages Spanish English Common languages 94.7 % Spanish 5.3 % English Ethnic groups 75.8 % White 12.4 % Black 3.3 % Two or more races 0.5 % American Indian & Alaskan Native 0.2 % Asian < 0.1 % Pacific Islander 7.8 % Other Demonym Puerto Rican ( formal ) American ( since 1917 ) Boricua ( colloquial ) Country United States Government Commonwealth President Donald Trump ( R ) Governor Ricardo Rosselló ( NPP ) Delegate Resident Commissioner Jenniffer González ( NPP ) President of the Senate Thomas Rivera Schatz ( NPP ) Speaker of the House of Representatives Johnny Méndez ( NPP ) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Maite Oronoz Rodríguez Legislature Legislative Assembly Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives Commonwealth within the United States Cession from Spain December 10 , 1898 U.S. citizenship granted March 2 , 1917 Constitution adopted July 25 , 1952 Area Total 9,104 km ( 3,515 sq mi ) Water ( % ) 1.6 Population 2016 estimate 3,411,307 ( 130th ) 2010 census 3,725,789 Density 375 / km ( 971.2 / sq mi ) ( 29th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2015 estimate Total $125.861 billion ( 75th ) Per capita $35,024 ( 29th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2015 estimate Total $103.676 billion ( 62th ) Per capita $27,939 ( 32nd ) Gini ( 2011 ) 53.1 high HDI ( 2015 ) 0.845 very high 40th Currency United States dollar ( USD ) Time zone Atlantic ( UTC − 4 ) Summer ( DST ) no longer observed ( UTC − 4 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 1 - 787 , + 1 - 939 ISO 3166 code PR Internet TLD . pr ^ `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' serves as the national anthem for the United States of America and its territories . ^ The term ' Commonwealth ' does not describe or provide for any specific political status or relationship . It has , for example , been applied to both states and territories . When used in connection with areas under U.S. sovereignty that are not states , the term broadly describes an area that has a constitution of its adoption . Puerto Rico ( Spanish for `` Rich Port '' ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . `` Free Associated State of Puerto Rico '' ) and briefly called Porto Rico , is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , Puerto Rico includes the main island of Puerto Rico and a number of smaller ones , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . Its official languages are Spanish and English , though Spanish predominates . The island 's population is approximately 3.4 million . Puerto Rico 's history , tropical climate , natural scenery , traditional cuisine , and tax incentives make it a destination for travelers from around the world . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , the island was claimed in 1493 by Christopher Columbus for Spain during his second voyage . Later it endured invasion attempts from the French , Dutch , and British . Four centuries of Spanish colonial government influenced the island 's cultural landscapes with waves of African slaves , Canarian , and Andalusian settlers . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary , but strategic role when compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and the mainland parts of New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , helping to produce a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined elements from the Native Americans , Africans , and Iberians . In 1898 , following the Spanish -- American War , the United States acquired Puerto Rico under the terms of the Treaty of Paris . Puerto Ricans are by law natural - born citizens of the United States and may move freely between the island and the mainland . As it is not a state , Puerto Rico does not have a vote in the United States Congress , which governs the territory with full jurisdiction under the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950 . As a U.S. territory , American citizens residing on the island are disenfranchised at the national level and do not vote for president and vice president of the United States , and do not pay federal income tax on Puerto Rican income . Congress approved a local constitution , allowing U.S. citizens on the territory to elect a governor . A 2012 referendum showed a majority ( 54 % of those who voted ) disagreed with `` the present form of territorial status '' . A second question asking about a new model , had full statehood the preferred option among those who voted for a change of status , although a significant number of people did not answer the second question of the referendum . Another fifth referendum was held on June 11 , 2017 , with `` Statehood '' and `` Independence / Free Association '' initially as the only available choices . At the recommendation of the Department of Justice , an option for the `` current territorial status '' was added . The referendum showed an overwhelming support for statehood , with 97.18 % voting for it , although the voter turnout had a historically low figure of only 22.99 % of the registered voters casting their ballots . In early 2017 , the Puerto Rican government - debt crisis posed serious problems for the government . The outstanding bond debt had climbed to $70 billion at a time with 12.4 % unemployment . The debt had been increasing during a decade long recession . This was the second major financial crisis to affect the island after the Great Depression when the U.S. government , in 1935 , provided relief efforts through the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration . On May 3 , 2017 , Puerto Rico 's financial oversight board in the U.S. District Court for Puerto Rico filed the debt restructuring petition which was made under Title III of PROMESA . By early August 2017 , the debt was $72 billion with a 45 % poverty rate . In late September 2017 , the category 5 Hurricane Maria hit Puerto Rico causing devastating damage . The island 's electrical grid was largely destroyed , with repairs expected to take months to complete , provoking the largest power outage in American history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Pre-Columbian era 2.2 Spanish colony ( 1493 -- 1898 ) 2.2. 1 Conquest and early settlement 2.2. 2 Colonization , the Habsburgs 2.2. 3 Late colonial period 2.2. 4 Politics of liberalism 2.3 American era ( 1898 -- present ) 2.3. 1 United States unincorporated organized territory ( 1900 -- 1952 ) 2.3. 1.1 U.S. citizenship and Puerto Rican citizenship 2.3. 2 United States unincorporated organized territory with commonwealth constitution ( 1952 -- present ) 2.3. 3 Estado Libre Asociado 2.4 Referendums on statehood or independence 2.5 United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization 2.5. 1 International status 2.5. 2 21st century 2.6 Political status 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Biodiversity 4 Demographics 4.1 Population makeup 4.1. 1 Population genetics 4.2 Immigration and emigration 4.3 Population distribution 4.4 Languages 4.5 Religion 5 Government 5.1 Political parties and elections 5.2 Law 5.3 Political status 5.3. 1 Within the United States 5.4 Foreign and intergovernmental relations 5.5 Military 5.6 Administrative divisions 6 Economy 6.1 Heavy debt load 6.2 Public finances 6.3 Cost of living 7 Education 8 Public health and safety 8.1 Crime 9 Culture 9.1 Architecture 9.2 Arts 9.3 Literature 9.4 Media 9.5 Music 9.6 Cuisine 9.7 Philately 9.8 Sports 10 Infrastructure 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Etymology Puerto Rico means `` rich port '' in Spanish . Puerto Ricans often call the island Borinquén -- a derivation of Borikén , its indigenous Taíno name , which means `` Land of the Valiant Lord '' . The terms boricua and borincano derive from Borikén and Borinquen respectively , and are commonly used to identify someone of Puerto Rican heritage . The island is also popularly known in Spanish as la isla del encanto , meaning `` the island of enchantment '' . Columbus named the island San Juan Bautista , in honor of Saint John the Baptist , while the capital city was named Ciudad de Puerto Rico ( `` Rich Port City '' ) . Eventually traders and other maritime visitors came to refer to the entire island as Puerto Rico , while San Juan became the name used for the main trading / shipping port and the capital city . The island 's name was changed to `` Porto Rico '' by the United States after the Treaty of Paris of 1898 . The anglicized name was used by the U.S. government and private enterprises . The name was changed back to Puerto Rico by a joint resolution in Congress introduced by Félix Córdova Dávila in 1931 . The official name of the entity in Spanish is Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico ( `` free associated state of Puerto Rico '' ) , while its official English name is Commonwealth of Puerto Rico . History Main article : History of Puerto Rico Pre-columbian era A reconstructed Taíno village at the Tibes Ceremonial Center The ancient history of the archipelago which is now Puerto Rico is not well known . Unlike other indigenous cultures in the New World ( Aztec , Maya and Inca ) which left behind abundant archeological and physical evidence of their societies , scant artifacts and evidence remain of the Puerto Rico 's indigenous population . Scarce archaeological findings and early Spanish accounts from the colonial era constitute all that is known about them . The first comprehensive book on the history of Puerto Rico was written by Fray Íñigo Abbad y Lasierra in 1786 , nearly three centuries after the first Spaniards landed on the island . The first known settlers were the Ortoiroid people , an Archaic Period culture of Amerindian hunters and fishermen who migrated from the South American mainland . Some scholars suggest their settlement dates back about 4,000 years . An archeological dig in 1990 on the island of Vieques found the remains of a man , designated as the `` Puerto Ferro Man '' , which was dated to around 2000 BC . The Ortoiroid were displaced by the Saladoid , a culture from the same region that arrived on the island between 430 and 250 BC . The Igneri tribe migrated to Puerto Rico between 120 and 400 AD from the region of the Orinoco river in northern South America . The Arcaico and Igneri co-existed on the island between the 4th and 10th centuries . Between the 7th and 11th centuries , the Taíno culture developed on the island . By approximately 1000 AD , it had become dominant . At the time of Columbus ' arrival , an estimated 30,000 to 60,000 Taíno Amerindians , led by the cacique ( chief ) Agüeybaná , inhabited the island . They called it Boriken , meaning `` the great land of the valiant and noble Lord '' . The natives lived in small villages , each led by a cacique . They subsisted by hunting and fishing , done generally by men , as well as by the women 's gathering and processing of indigenous cassava root and fruit . This lasted until Columbus arrived in 1493 . Spanish colony ( 1493 -- 1898 ) Further information : Captaincy General of Puerto Rico Juan Ponce de León ( Santervás de Campos , Valladolid , Spain ) , Puerto Rico 's first governor Conquest and early settlement When Columbus arrived in Puerto Rico during his second voyage on November 19 , 1493 , the island was inhabited by the Taíno . They called it Borikén ( Borinquen in Spanish transliteration ) . Columbus named the island San Juan Bautista , in honor of St John the Baptist . Having reported the findings of his first travel , Columbus brought with him this time a letter from King Ferdinand empowered by a papal bull that authorized any course of action necessary for the expansion of the Spanish Empire and the Christian faith . Juan Ponce de León , a lieutenant under Columbus , founded the first Spanish settlement , Caparra , on August 8 , 1508 . He later served as the first governor of the island . Eventually , traders and other maritime visitors came to refer to the entire island as Puerto Rico , and San Juan became the name of the main trading / shipping port . At the beginning of the 16th century , the Spanish people began to colonize the island . Despite the Laws of Burgos of 1512 and other decrees for the protection of the indigenous population , some Taíno Indians were forced into an encomienda system of forced labor in the early years of colonization . The population suffered extremely high fatalities from epidemics of European infectious diseases . Colonization , the habsburgs In 1520 , King Charles I of Spain issued a royal decree collectively emancipating the remaining Taíno population . By that time , the Taíno people were few in number . Enslaved Africans had already begun to compensate for the native labor loss , but their numbers were proportionate to the diminished commercial interest Spain soon began to demonstrate for the island colony . Other nearby islands , like Cuba , Saint - Domingue , and Guadeloupe , attracted more of the slave trade than Puerto Rico , probably because of greater agricultural interests in those islands , on which colonists had developed large sugar plantations and had the capital to invest in the Atlantic slave trade . From the beginning of the country , the colonial administration relied heavily on the industry of enslaved Africans and creole blacks for public works and defenses , primarily in coastal ports and cities , where the tiny colonial population had hunkered down . With no significant industries or large - scale agricultural production as yet , enslaved and free communities lodged around the few littoral settlements , particularly around San Juan , also forming lasting Afro - creole communities . Meanwhile , in the island 's interior , there developed a mixed and independent peasantry that relied on a subsistence economy . This mostly unsupervised population supplied villages and settlements with foodstuffs and , in relative isolation , set the pattern for what later would be known as the Puerto Rican Jíbaro culture . By the end of the 16th Century , the Spanish Empire was diminishing and , in the face of increasing raids from European competitors , the colonial administration throughout the Americas fell into a `` bunker mentality '' . Imperial strategists and urban planners redesigned port settlements into military posts with the objective of protecting Spanish territorial claims and ensuring the safe passing of the king 's silver - laden Atlantic Fleet to the Iberian Peninsula . San Juan served as an important port - of - call for ships driven across the Atlantic by its powerful trade winds . West Indies convoys linked Spain to the island , sailing between Cádiz and the Spanish West Indies . The colony 's seat of government was on the forested Islet of San Juan and for a time became one of the most heavily fortified settlements in the Spanish Caribbean earning the name of the `` Walled City '' . The islet is still dotted with the various forts and walls , such as La Fortaleza , Castillo San Felipe del Morro , and Castillo San Cristóbal , designed to protect the population and the strategic Port of San Juan from the raids of the Spanish European competitors . Hendricksz 1625 attack on San Juan , Puerto Rico In 1625 , in the Battle of San Juan , the Dutch commander Boudewijn Hendricksz tested the defenses ' limits like no one else before . Learning from Francis Drake 's previous failures here , he circumvented the cannons of the castle of San Felipe del Morro and quickly brought his 17 ships into the San Juan Bay . He then occupied the port and attacked the city while the population hurried for shelter behind the Morro 's moat and high battlements . Historians consider this event the worst attack on San Juan . Though the Dutch set the village on fire , they failed to conquer the Morro , and its batteries pounded their troops and ships until Hendricksz deemed the cause lost . Hendricksz 's expedition eventually helped propel a fortification frenzy . Constructions of defenses for the San Cristóbal Hill were soon ordered so as to prevent the landing of invaders out of reach of the Morro 's artillery . Urban planning responded to the needs of keeping the colony in Spanish hands . Late colonial period Hacienda La Fortuna . A sugar mill complex in Puerto Rico painted by Francisco Oller in 1885 ( Brooklyn Museum ) During the late 16th and early 17th centuries , Spain concentrated its colonial efforts on the more prosperous mainland North , Central , and South American colonies . With the advent of the lively Bourbon Dynasty in Spain in the 1700s , the island of Puerto Rico began a gradual shift to more imperial attention . More roads began connecting previously isolated inland settlements to coastal cities , and coastal settlements like Arecibo , Mayaguez , and Ponce began acquiring importance of their own , separate from San Juan . By the end of the 18th century , merchant ships from an array of nationalities threatened the tight regulations of the Mercantilist system , which turned each colony solely toward the European metropole and limited contact with other nations . U.S. ships came to surpass Spanish trade and with this also came the exploitation of the island 's natural resources . Slavers , which had made but few stops on the island before , began selling more enslaved Africans to growing sugar and coffee plantations . The increasing number of Atlantic wars in which the Caribbean islands played major roles , like the War of Jenkins ' Ear , the Seven Years ' War and the Atlantic Revolutions , ensured Puerto Rico 's growing esteem in Madrid 's eyes . On April 17 , 1797 , Sir Ralph Abercromby fleet invaded the island with a force of 6,000 -- 13,000 men , which included German soldiers and Royal Marines and 60 to 64 ships . Fierce fighting continued for the next days with Spanish troops . Both sides suffered heavy losses . On Sunday April 30 the British ceased their attack and began their retreat from San Juan . By the time independence movements in the larger Spanish colonies gained success , new waves of loyal creole immigrants began to arrive in Puerto Rico , helping to tilt the island 's political balance toward the Crown . The 16th - century fort , Castillo San Felipe del Morro , in San Juan , Puerto Rico In 1809 , to secure its political bond with the island and in the midst of the European Peninsular War , the Supreme Central Junta based in Cádiz recognized Puerto Rico as an overseas province of Spain . This gave the island residents the right to elect representatives to the recently convened Spanish parliament ( Cádiz Cortes ) , with equal representation to mainland Iberian , Mediterranean ( Balearic Islands ) and Atlantic maritime Spanish provinces ( Canary Islands ) . Ramón Power y Giralt , the first Spanish parliamentary representative from the island of Puerto Rico , died after serving a three - year term in the Cortes . These parliamentary and constitutional reforms were in force from 1810 to 1814 , and again from 1820 to 1823 . They were twice reversed during the restoration of the traditional monarchy by Ferdinand VII . Immigration and commercial trade reforms in the 19th century increased the island 's ethnic European population and economy and expanded the Spanish cultural and social imprint on the local character of the island . Minor slave revolts had occurred on the island throughout the years , with the revolt planned and organized by Marcos Xiorro in 1821 being the most important . Even though the conspiracy was unsuccessful , Xiorro achieved legendary status and is part of Puerto Rico 's folklore . Politics of liberalism The flag flown by Fidel Vélez and his men during the `` Intentona de Yauco '' revolt In the early 19th century , Puerto Rico spawned an independence movement that , due to harsh persecution by the Spanish authorities , convened in the island of St. Thomas . The movement was largely inspired by the ideals of Simón Bolívar in establishing a United Provinces of New Granada and Venezuela , that included Puerto Rico and Cuba . Among the influential members of this movement were Brigadier General Antonio Valero de Bernabé and María de las Mercedes Barbudo . The movement was discovered , and Governor Miguel de la Torre had its members imprisoned or exiled . With the increasingly rapid growth of independent former Spanish colonies in the South and Central American states in the first part of the 19th century , the Spanish Crown considered Puerto Rico and Cuba of strategic importance . To increase its hold on its last two New World colonies , the Spanish Crown revived the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 as a result of which 450,000 immigrants , mainly Spaniards , settled on the island in the period up until the American conquest . Printed in three languages -- Spanish , English , and French -- it was intended to also attract non-Spanish Europeans , with the hope that the independence movements would lose their popularity if new settlers had stronger ties to the Crown . Hundreds of non Spanish families , mainly from Corsica , France , Germany , Ireland , Italy and Scotland , also immigrated to the island . Free land was offered as an incentive to those who wanted to populate the two islands , on the condition that they swear their loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church . The offer was very successful , and European immigration continued even after 1898 . Puerto Rico still receives Spanish and European immigration . The Lares Revolutionary Flag Poverty and political estrangement with Spain led to a small but significant uprising in 1868 known as Grito de Lares . It began in the rural town of Lares , but was subdued when rebels moved to the neighboring town of San Sebastián . Leaders of this independence movement included Ramón Emeterio Betances , considered the `` father '' of the Puerto Rican independence movement , and other political figures such as Segundo Ruiz Belvis . Slavery was abolished in Puerto Rico in 1873 , `` with provisions for periods of apprenticeship '' . Abolition Park in Ponce , Puerto Rico Leaders of `` El Grito de Lares '' went into exile in New York City . Many joined the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee , founded on December 8 , 1895 , and continued their quest for Puerto Rican independence . In 1897 , Antonio Mattei Lluberas and the local leaders of the independence movement in Yauco organized another uprising , which became known as the Intentona de Yauco . They raised what they called the Puerto Rican flag , which was adopted as the national flag . The local conservative political factions opposed independence . Rumors of the planned event spread to the local Spanish authorities who acted swiftly and put an end to what would be the last major uprising in the island to Spanish colonial rule . In 1897 , Luis Muñoz Rivera and others persuaded the liberal Spanish government to agree to grant limited self - government to the island by royal decree in the Autonomic Charter , including a bicameral legislature . In 1898 , Puerto Rico 's first , but short - lived , quasi-autonomous government was organized as an `` overseas province '' of Spain . This bilaterally agreed - upon charter maintained a governor appointed by the King of Spain -- who held the power to annul any legislative decision -- and a partially elected parliamentary structure . In February , Governor - General Manuel Macías inaugurated the new government under the Autonomic Charter . General elections were held in March and the new government began to function on July 17 , 1898 . American era ( 1898 -- present ) Main article : Puerto Rican Campaign In 1890 , Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan , a member of the Navy War Board and leading U.S. strategic thinker , published a book titled The Influence of Sea Power upon History in which he argued for the establishment of a large and powerful navy modeled after the British Royal Navy . Part of his strategy called for the acquisition of colonies in the Caribbean , which would serve as coaling and naval stations . They would serve as strategic points of defense with the construction of a canal through the Isthmus of Panama , to allow easier passage of ships between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans . The first company of Puerto Ricans enlisted in the U.S. Army , 1899 William H. Seward , the former Secretary of State under presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson , had also stressed the importance of building a canal in Honduras , Nicaragua or Panama . He suggested that the United States annex the Dominican Republic and purchase Puerto Rico and Cuba . The U.S. Senate did not approve his annexation proposal , and Spain rejected the U.S. offer of 160 million dollars for Puerto Rico and Cuba . Since 1894 , the United States Naval War College had been developing contingency plans for a war with Spain . By 1896 , the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence had prepared a plan that included military operations in Puerto Rican waters . Except for one 1895 plan , which recommended annexation of the island then named Isle of Pines ( later renamed as Isla de la Juventud ) , a recommendation dropped in later planning , plans developed for attacks on Spanish territories were intended as support operations against Spain 's forces in and around Cuba . Recent research suggests that the U.S. did consider Puerto Rico valuable as a naval station , and recognized that it and Cuba generated lucrative crops of sugar -- a valuable commercial commodity which the United States lacked , before the development of the Sugar Beet industry in the United States . Children in a company housing settlement , 1941 On July 25 , 1898 , during the Spanish -- American War , the U.S. invaded Puerto Rico with a landing at Guánica . As an outcome of the war , Spain ceded Puerto Rico , along with the Philippines and Guam , then under Spanish sovereignty , to the U.S. under the Treaty of Paris . Spain relinquished sovereignty over Cuba , but did not cede it to the U.S. United States unincorporated organized territory ( 1900 -- 1952 ) The United States and Puerto Rico began a long - standing metropolis - colony relationship . In the early 20th century , Puerto Rico was ruled by the military , with officials including the governor appointed by the President of the United States . The Foraker Act of 1900 gave Puerto Rico a certain amount of civilian popular government , including a popularly elected House of Representatives . The upper house and governor were appointed by the United States . The First Supreme Court of Puerto Rico , appointed pursuant to the Foraker Act Its judicial system was constructed to follow the American legal system ; a Puerto Rico Supreme Court and a United State District Court for the territory were established . It was authorized a non-voting member of Congress , by the title of `` Resident Commissioner '' , who was appointed . In addition , this Act extended all U.S. laws `` not locally inapplicable '' to Puerto Rico , specifying , in particular , exemption from U.S. Internal Revenue laws . The Act empowered the civil government to legislate on `` all matters of legislative character not locally inapplicable '' , including the power to modify and repeal any laws then in existence in Puerto Rico , though the U.S. Congress retained the power to annul acts of the Puerto Rico legislature . During an address to the Puerto Rican legislature in 1906 , President Theodore Roosevelt recommended that Puerto Ricans become U.S. citizens . In 1914 , the Puerto Rican House of Delegates voted unanimously in favor of independence from the United States , but this was rejected by the U.S. Congress as `` unconstitutional '' , and in violation of the 1900 Foraker Act . U.S. citizenship and Puerto Rican citizenship In 1917 , the U.S. Congress passed the Jones -- Shafroth Act , popularly called the Jones Act , which granted Puerto Ricans , born on or after , April 25 , 1898 , U.S. citizenship . Opponents , which included all of the Puerto Rican House of Delegates , who voted unanimously against it , said that the U.S. imposed citizenship in order to draft Puerto Rican men into the army as American entry into World War I became likely . The same Act provided for a popularly elected Senate to complete a bicameral Legislative Assembly , as well as a bill of rights . It authorized the popular election of the Resident Commissioner to a four - year term . Soldiers of the 65th Infantry training in Salinas , Puerto Rico ( August 1941 ) Natural disasters , including a major earthquake and tsunami in 1918 , and several hurricanes , and the Great Depression impoverished the island during the first few decades under U.S. rule . Some political leaders , such as Pedro Albizu Campos , who led the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party , demanded change in relations with the United States . He organized a protest at the University of Puerto Rico in 1935 , in which four were killed by police . In 1936 , U.S. Senator Millard Tydings introduced a bill supporting independence for Puerto Rico , but it was opposed by Luis Muñoz Marín of the Liberal Party of Puerto Rico . ( Tydings had co-sponsored the Tydings -- McDuffie Act , which provided independence to the Philippines after a 10 - year transition under a limited autonomy . ) All the Puerto Rican parties supported the bill , but Muñoz Marín opposed it . Tydings did not gain passage of the bill . In 1937 , Albizu Campos ' party organized a protest in which numerous people were killed by police in Ponce . The Insular Police , resembling the National Guard , opened fire upon unarmed cadets and bystanders alike . The attack on unarmed protesters was reported by the U.S. Congressman Vito Marcantonio and confirmed by the report of the Hays Commission , which investigated the events . The commission was led by Arthur Garfield Hays , counsel to the American Civil Liberties Union . Nineteen people were killed and over 200 were badly wounded , many in their backs while running away . The Hays Commission declared it a massacre and police mob action , and it has since been known as the Ponce massacre . In the aftermath , on April 2 , 1943 , Tydings introduced a bill in Congress calling for independence for Puerto Rico . This bill ultimately was defeated . During the latter years of the Roosevelt -- Truman administrations , the internal governance was changed in a compromise reached with Luis Muñoz Marín and other Puerto Rican leaders . In 1946 , President Truman appointed the first Puerto Rican - born governor , Jesús T. Piñero . Since 2007 , the Puerto Rico State Department has developed a protocol to issue certificates of Puerto Rican citizenship to Puerto Ricans . In order to be eligible , applicants must have been born in Puerto Rico ; born outside of Puerto Rico to a Puerto Rican -- born parent ; or be an American citizen with at least one year of residence in Puerto Rico . United States unincorporated organized territory with Commonwealth Constitution ( 1952 -- present ) In 1947 , the U.S. granted Puerto Ricans the right to democratically elect their own governor . In 1948 , Luis Muñoz Marín became the first popularly elected governor of Puerto Rico . Painting of bayonet charge by the U.S. 65th Infantry Regiment , made up of Puerto Rican troops , against a Chinese division during the Korean War A bill was introduced before the Puerto Rican Senate which would restrain the rights of the independence and nationalist movements in the island . The Senate at the time was controlled by the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) , and was presided over by Luis Muñoz Marín . The bill , also known as the Gag Law ( Spanish : Ley de la Mordaza ) , was approved by the legislature on May 21 , 1948 . It made it illegal to display a Puerto Rican flag , to sing a pro-independence tune , to talk of independence , or to campaign for independence . The bill , which resembled the Smith Act passed in the United States , was signed and made into law on June 10 , 1948 , by the U.S. appointed governor of Puerto Rico , Jesús T. Piñero , and became known as `` Law 53 '' ( Spanish : Ley 53 ) . In accordance with this law , it would be a crime to print , publish , sell , exhibit , organize or help anyone organize any society , group or assembly of people whose intentions are to paralyze or destroy the insular government . Anyone accused and found guilty of disobeying the law could be sentenced to ten years of prison , be fined $10,000 ( U.S. ) , or both . According to Dr. Leopoldo Figueroa , a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives , the law was repressive and in violation of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution , which guarantees Freedom of Speech . He asserted that the law as such was a violation of the civil rights of the people of Puerto Rico . The law was repealed in 1957 . Estado Libre Asociado In 1950 , the U.S. Congress granted Puerto Ricans the right to organize a constitutional convention via a referendum that gave them the option of voting their preference , `` yes '' or `` no '' , on a proposed U.S. law that would organize Puerto Rico as a `` commonwealth '' that would continue United States sovereignty over Puerto Rico and its people . Puerto Rico 's electorate expressed its support for this measure in 1951 with a second referendum to ratify the constitution . The Constitution of Puerto Rico was formally adopted on July 3 , 1952 . The Constitutional Convention specified the name by which the body politic would be known . On February 4 , 1952 , the convention approved Resolution 22 which chose in English the word Commonwealth , meaning a `` politically organized community '' or `` state '' , which is simultaneously connected by a compact or treaty to another political system . Puerto Rico officially designates itself with the term `` Commonwealth of Puerto Rico '' in its constitution , as a translation into English of the term to `` Estado Libre Asociado '' ( ELA ) . In 1967 Puerto Rico 's Legislative Assembly polled the political preferences of the Puerto Rican electorate by passing a plebiscite act that provided for a vote on the status of Puerto Rico . This constituted the first plebiscite by the Legislature for a choice among three status options ( commonwealth , statehood , and independence ) . In subsequent plebiscites organized by Puerto Rico held in 1993 and 1998 ( without any formal commitment on the part of the U.S. Government to honor the results ) , the current political status failed to receive majority support . In 1993 , Commonwealth status won by a plurality of votes ( 48.6 % versus 46.3 % for statehood ) , while the `` none of the above '' option , which was the Popular Democratic Party - sponsored choice , won in 1998 with 50.3 % of the votes ( versus 46.5 % for statehood ) . Disputes arose as to the definition of each of the ballot alternatives , and Commonwealth advocates , among others , reportedly urged a vote for `` none of the above '' . In 1950 , the U.S. Congress approved Public Law 600 ( P.L. 81 - 600 ) , which allowed for a democratic referendum in Puerto Rico to determine whether Puerto Ricans desired to draft their own local constitution . This Act was meant to be adopted in the `` nature of a compact '' . It required congressional approval of the Puerto Rico Constitution before it could go into effect , and repealed certain sections of the Organic Act of 1917 . The sections of this statute left in force were entitled the Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act . U.S. Secretary of the Interior Oscar L. Chapman , under whose Department resided responsibility of Puerto Rican affairs , clarified the new commonwealth status in this manner : `` The bill ( to permit Puerto Rico to write its own constitution ) merely authorizes the people of Puerto Rico to adopt their own constitution and to organize a local government ... The bill under consideration would not change Puerto Rico 's political , social , and economic relationship to the United States . '' External video Puerto Rico , U.S. Embassy in Vienna , October 24 , 2014 View newsreel scenes in Spanish of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s on YouTube On October 30 , 1950 , Pedro Albizu Campos and other nationalists led a three - day revolt against the United States in various cities and towns of Puerto Rico , in what is known as the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s . The most notable occurred in Jayuya and Utuado . In the Jayuya revolt , known as the Jayuya Uprising , the Puerto Rican governor declared martial law , and attacked the insurgents in Jayuya with infantry , artillery and bombers under control of the Puerto Rican commander . The Utuado uprising culminated in what is known as the Utuado massacre . On November 1 , 1950 , Puerto Rican nationalists from New York City , Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo , attempted to assassinate President Harry S. Truman at his temporary residence of Blair House . Torresola was killed during the attack , but Collazo was wounded and captured . He was convicted of murder and sentenced to death , but President Truman commuted his sentence to life . After Collazo served 29 years in a federal prison , President Jimmy Carter commuted his sentence to times served and he was released in 1979 . Pedro Albizu Campos served many years in a federal prison in Atlanta , for seditious conspiracy to overthrow the U.S. government in Puerto Rico . The Constitution of Puerto Rico was approved by a Constitutional Convention on February 6 , 1952 , and 82 % of the voters in a March referendum . It was modified and ratified by the U.S. Congress , approved by President Truman on July 3 of that year , and proclaimed by Gov. Muñoz Marín on July 25 , 1952 . This was the anniversary of July 25 , 1898 , landing of U.S. troops in the Puerto Rican Campaign of the Spanish -- American War , until then celebrated as an annual Puerto Rico holiday . A shantytown along the Martin Peña Channel ( 1973 ) Puerto Rico adopted the name of Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico ( literally `` Associated Free State of Puerto Rico '' ) , officially translated into English as Commonwealth , for its body politic . `` The United States Congress legislates over many fundamental aspects of Puerto Rican life , including citizenship , the currency , the postal service , foreign policy , military defense , communications , labor relations , the environment , commerce , finance , health and welfare , and many others . '' During the 1950s and 1960s , Puerto Rico experienced rapid industrialization , due in large part to Operación Manos a la Obra ( `` Operation Bootstrap '' ) , an offshoot of FDR 's New Deal . It was intended to transform Puerto Rico 's economy from agriculture - based to manufacturing - based to provide more jobs . Puerto Rico has become a major tourist destination , as well as a global center for pharmaceutical manufacturing . Referendums on statehood or independence Four referendums have been held since the late 20th century to resolve the political status . The 2012 referendum showed a majority ( 54 % of the voters ) in favor of a change in status , with full statehood the preferred option of those who wanted a change . Because there were almost 500,000 blank ballots in the 2012 referendum , creating confusion as to the voters ' true desire , Congress decided to ignore the vote . The first three plebiscites provided voters with three options : statehood , free association , and independence . The Puerto Rican status referendum , 2017 in June 2017 was going to offer only two options : Statehood and Independence / Free Association . However , a letter from the Donald Trump administration recommended adding the Commonwealth , the current status , in the plebiscite . The option had been removed from this plebiscite in response to the results of the plebiscite in 2012 which asked whether to remain in the current status and No had won . The Trump administration cited changes in demographics during the past 5 years to add the option once again . Amendments to the plebiscite bill were adopted making ballot wording changes requested by the Department of Justice , as well as adding a `` current territorial status '' option . While 97 percent voted in favor of statehood , the turnout was low ; only some 23 percent voted . After the ballots were counted the Justice Department was non-committal . The Justice Department had asked for the 2017 plebiscite to be postponed but the Rosselló government chose not to do so . After the outcome was announced , the department told the Associated Press that it had `` not reviewed or approved the ballot 's language '' . Former Governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá ( 2005 -- 2009 ) is convinced that statehood is not the solution for either the U.S. or for Puerto Rico `` for economic , identity and cultural reasons '' . He pointed out that voter turnout for the 2017 referendum was extremely low , and suggests that a different type of mutually - beneficial relationship should be found . If the federal government agrees to discuss an association agreement , the conditions would be negotiated between the two entities . The agreement might cover topics such as the role of the U.S. military in Puerto Rico , the use of the U.S. currency , free trade between the two entities , and whether Puerto Ricans would be U.S. citizens . The three current Free Associated States ( Marshall Islands , Micronesia and Palau ) use the American dollar , receive some financial support and the promise of military defense if they refuse military access to any other country . Their citizens are allowed to work in the U.S. and serve in its military . Governor Ricardo Rosselló is strongly in favor of statehood to help develop the economy and help to `` solve our 500 - year - old colonial dilemma ... Colonialism is not an option ... It 's a civil rights issue ... 3.5 million citizens seeking an absolute democracy , '' he told the news media . Benefits of statehood include an additional $10 billion per year in federal funds , the right to vote in presidential elections , higher Social Security and Medicare benefits , and a right for its government agencies and municipalities to file for bankruptcy . The latter is currently prohibited . Statehood might be useful as a means of dealing with the financial crisis , since it would allow for bankruptcy and the relevant protection . According to the Government Development Bank , this might be the only solution to the debt crisis . Congress has the power to vote to allow Chapter 9 protection without the need for statehood , but in late 2015 there was very little support in the House for this concept . Other benefits to statehood include increased disability benefits and Medicaid funding , the right to vote in Presidential elections and the higher ( federal ) minimum wage . Subsequent to the 2017 referendum , Puerto Rico 's legislators are also expected to vote on a bill that would allow the Governor to draft a state constitution and hold elections to choose senators and representatives to the federal Congress . In spite of the outcome of the referendum , and the so - called Tennessee Plan ( above ) , action by the United States Congress would be necessary to implement changes to the status of Puerto Rico under the Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution . United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization Since 1953 , the UN has been considering the political status of Puerto Rico and how to assist it in achieving `` independence '' or `` decolonization '' . In 1978 , the Special Committee determined that a `` colonial relationship '' existed between the U.S. and Puerto Rico . The UN 's Special Committee on Decolonization has often referred to Puerto Rico as a `` nation '' in its reports , because , internationally , the people of Puerto Rico are often considered to be a Caribbean nation with their own national identity . Most recently , in a June 2016 report , the Special Committee called for the United States to expedite the process to allow self - determination in Puerto Rico . More specifically , the group called on the United States to expedite a process that would allow the people of Puerto Rico to exercise fully their right to self - determination and independence ... allow the Puerto Rican people to take decisions in a sovereign manner , and to address their urgent economic and social needs , including unemployment , marginalization , insolvency and poverty `` . International status On November 27 , 1953 , shortly after the establishment of the Commonwealth , the General Assembly of the United Nations approved Resolution 748 , removing Puerto Rico 's classification as a non-self - governing territory . The General Assembly did not apply the full list of criteria which was enunciated in 1960 when it took favorable note of the cessation of transmission of information regarding the non-self - governing status of Puerto Rico . According to the White House Task Force on Puerto Rico 's Political Status in its December 21 , 2007 report , the U.S. , in its written submission to the UN in 1953 , never represented that Congress could not change its relationship with Puerto Rico without the territory 's consent . It stated that the U.S. Justice Department in 1959 reiterated that Congress held power over Puerto Rico pursuant to the Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution . In 1993 the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit stated that Congress may unilaterally repeal the Puerto Rican Constitution or the Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act and replace them with any rules or regulations of its choice . In a 1996 report on a Puerto Rico status political bill , the U.S. House Committee on Resources stated , `` Puerto Rico 's current status does not meet the criteria for any of the options for full self - government under Resolution 1541 '' ( the three established forms of full self - government being stated in the report as ( 1 ) national independence , ( 2 ) free association based on separate sovereignty , or ( 3 ) full integration with another nation on the basis of equality ) . The report concluded that Puerto Rico `` ... remains an unincorporated colony and does not have the status of ' free association ' with the United States as that status is defined under United States law or international practice '' , that the establishment of local self - government with the consent of the people can be unilaterally revoked by the U.S. Congress , and that U.S. Congress can also withdraw the U.S. citizenship of Puerto Rican residents of Puerto Rico at any time , for a legitimate Federal purpose . The application of the U.S. Constitution to Puerto Rico is limited by the Insular Cases . In 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , and 2011 the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization passed resolutions calling on the United States to expedite a process `` that would allow Puerto Ricans to fully exercise their inalienable right to self - determination and independence '' , and to release all Puerto Rican political prisoners in U.S. prisons , to clean up , decontaminate and return the lands in the islands of Vieques and Culebra to the people of Puerto Rico , to perform a probe into U.S. human rights violations on the island and a probe into the killing by the FBI of pro-independence leader Filiberto Ojeda Rios . 21st century Further information : Proposed political status for Puerto Rico ; Puerto Rican status referendum , 2012 ; and President 's Task Force on Puerto Rico 's Status Puerto Rican status referendum , 2012 Location Puerto Rico Date November 6 , 2012 ; 4 years ago ( 2012 - 11 - 06 ) Voting system simple majority for the first question first - past - the - post for the second question Should Puerto Rico continue its current territorial status ? Yes 46.00 % No 54.00 % Which non-territorial option do you prefer ? Statehood 61.16 % Sovereign Free Associated State 33.34 % Independence 5.49 % There were 515,348 blank and invalidated ballots counted alongside the 1,363,854 ballots which indicated a choice for one of the non-territorial alternatives . Under Puerto Rico Law , these ballots are not considered cast votes and are therefore not reflected in the final tally . On July 15 , 2009 , the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization approved a draft resolution calling on the Government of the United States to expedite a process that would allow the Puerto Rican people to exercise fully their inalienable right to self - determination and independence . On April 29 , 2010 , the U.S. House voted 223 -- 169 to approve a measure for a federally sanctioned process for Puerto Rico 's self - determination , allowing Puerto Rico to set a new referendum on whether to continue its present form of commonwealth , or to have a different political status . If Puerto Ricans voted to continue as a commonwealth , the Government of Puerto Rico was authorized to conduct additional plebiscites at intervals of every eight years from the date on which the results of the prior plebiscite were certified ; if Puerto Ricans voted to have a different political status , a second referendum would determine whether Puerto Rico would become a U.S. state , an independent country , or a sovereign nation associated with the U.S. that would not be subject to the Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution . During the House debate , a fourth option , to retain its present form of commonwealth ( sometimes referred to as `` the status quo '' ) political status , was added as an option in the second plebiscite . Immediately following U.S. House passage , H.R. 2499 was sent to the U.S. Senate , where it was given two formal readings and referred to the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources . On December 22 , 2010 , the 111th United States Congress adjourned without any Senate vote on H.R. 2499 , killing the bill . The latest Task Force report was released on March 11 , 2011 . The report suggested a two - plebiscite process , including a `` first plebiscite that requires the people of Puerto Rico to choose whether they wish to be part of the United States ( either via Statehood or Commonwealth ) or wish to be independent ( via Independence or Free Association ) . If continuing to be part of the United States were chosen in the first plebiscite , a second vote would be taken between Statehood and Commonwealth . '' On June 14 , 2011 , President Barack Obama `` promised to support ' a clear decision ' by the people of Puerto Rico on statehood '' . That same month , the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization passed a resolution and adopted a consensus text introduced by Cuba 's delegate on June 20 , 2011 , calling on the United States to expedite a process `` that would allow Puerto Ricans to fully exercise their inalienable right to self - determination and independence '' . On November 6 , 2012 , a two - question referendum took place , simultaneous with the general elections . The first question asked voters whether they wanted to maintain the current status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution . The second question posed three alternate status options if the first question was approved : statehood , independence or free association . For the first question , 54 percent voted against the current Commonwealth status . For the second question , 61.16 % voted for statehood , 33.34 % for a sovereign free associated state , and 5.49 % for independence . There were also 515,348 blank and invalidated ballots , which are not reflected in the final tally , as they are not considered cast votes under Puerto Rico law . On December 11 , 2012 , Puerto Rico 's Legislature passed a concurrent resolution to request to the President and the U.S. Congress action on November 6 , 2012 plebiscite results . But on April 10 , 2013 , with the issue still being widely debated , the White House announced that it will seek $2.5 million to hold another referendum , this next one being the first Puerto Rican status referendum to be financed by the U.S. Federal government . In December 2015 , the U.S. Government submitted a brief as Amicus Curiae to the U.S. Supreme Court related to the case Commonwealth of Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle . The U.S. Government official position is that the U.S. Constitution does not contemplate `` sovereign territories '' . That the Court has consistently recognized that `` there is no sovereignty in a Territory of the United States but that of the United States itself '' . and a U.S. territory has `` no independent sovereignty comparable to that of a state . That is because `` the Government of a territory owes its existence wholly to the United States '' . Congress 's plenary authority over federal territories includes the authority to permit self - government , whereby local officials administer a territory 's internal affairs . On June 9 , 2016 , in Commonwealth of Puerto Rico vs Sanchez Valle , an 6 -- 2 majority of the Supreme Court of the United States determined that Puerto Rico is a territory and lacks Sovereignty . On June 30 , 2016 , the President of the United States of America signed a new law approved by U.S. Congress , H.R. 5278 : PROMESA , establishing a Control Board over the Puerto Rico Government . This board will have a significant degree of federal control involved in its establishment and operations . In particular , the authority to establish the control board derives from the federal government 's constitutional power to `` make all needful rules and regulations '' regarding U.S. territories ; The President would appoint all seven voting members of the board ; and the board would have broad sovereign powers to effectively overrule decisions by Puerto Rico 's legislature , governor , and other public authorities . Political status The latest referendum on statehood , independence , or an associated republic was held on November 6 , 2012 . The people of Puerto Rico made history by requesting , for the first time ever , the conclusion of the island 's current territorial status . Almost 78 % of registered voters participated in a plebiscite held to resolve Puerto Rico 's status , and a slim but clear majority ( 54 % ) disagreed with Puerto Rico maintaining its present territorial status . Furthermore , among the possible alternatives , sixty - one percent ( 61 % ) of voters chose the statehood option , while one third of the ballots were submitted blank . On December 11 , 2012 , the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico enacted a concurrent resolution requesting the President and the Congress of the United States to respond to the referendum of the people of Puerto Rico , held on November 6 , 2012 , to end its current form of territorial status and to begin the process to admit Puerto Rico as a State . The initiative has not made Puerto Rico into a state . In May , 2017 , the Natural Resources Defense Council reported that Puerto Rico 's water system was the worst as measured by the Clean Water Act . 70 % of the population drank water that violated U.S. law . Geography Main articles : Geography of Puerto Rico and Geology of Puerto Rico A map of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico consists of the main island of Puerto Rico and various smaller islands , including Vieques , Culebra , Mona , Desecheo , and Caja de Muertos . Of these five , only Culebra and Vieques are inhabited year - round . Mona , which has played a key role in maritime history , is uninhabited most of the year except for employees of the Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources . There are many other even smaller islets , like Monito , which is near to Mona , Isla de Cabras and La Isleta de San Juan , both located on the San Juan Bay . The latter is the only inhabited islet with communities like Old San Juan and Puerta de Tierra , and connected to the main island by bridges . The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has an area of 13,790 square kilometers ( 5,320 sq mi ) , of which 8,870 km ( 3,420 sq mi ) is land and 4,921 km ( 1,900 sq mi ) is water . Puerto Rico is larger than two U.S. states , Delaware and Rhode Island . The maximum length of the main island from east to west is 180 km ( 110 mi ) , and the maximum width from north to south is 65 km ( 40 mi ) . Puerto Rico is the smallest of the Greater Antilles . It is 80 % of the size of Jamaica , just over 18 % of the size of Hispaniola and 8 % of the size of Cuba , the largest of the Greater Antilles . The island is mostly mountainous with large coastal areas in the north and south . The main mountain range is called `` La Cordillera Central '' ( The Central Range ) . The highest elevation in Puerto Rico , Cerro de Punta 1,338 meters ( 4,390 ft ) , is located in this range . Another important peak is El Yunque , one of the highest in the Sierra de Luquillo at the El Yunque National Forest , with an elevation of 1,065 m ( 3,494 ft ) . The coast at Patillas , Puerto Rico Puerto Rico has 17 lakes , all man - made , and more than 50 rivers , most originating in the Cordillera Central . Rivers in the northern region of the island are typically longer and of higher water flow rates than those of the south , since the south receives less rain than the central and northern regions . Puerto Rico is composed of Cretaceous to Eocene volcanic and plutonic rocks , overlain by younger Oligocene and more recent carbonates and other sedimentary rocks . Most of the caverns and karst topography on the island occurs in the northern region in the carbonates . The oldest rocks are approximately 190 million years old ( Jurassic ) and are located at Sierra Bermeja in the southwest part of the island . They may represent part of the oceanic crust and are believed to come from the Pacific Ocean realm . Puerto Rico lies at the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates and is being deformed by the tectonic stresses caused by their interaction . These stresses may cause earthquakes and tsunamis . These seismic events , along with landslides , represent some of the most dangerous geologic hazards in the island and in the northeastern Caribbean . The most recent major earthquake occurred on October 11 , 1918 , and had an estimated magnitude of 7.5 on the Richter scale . It originated off the coast of Aguadilla , several kilometers off the northern coast , and was accompanied by a tsunami . It caused extensive property damage and widespread losses , damaging infrastructure , especially bridges . It resulted in an estimated 116 deaths and $4 million in property damage . The failure of the government to move rapidly to provide for the general welfare contributed to political activism by opponents and eventually to the rise of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party . The Puerto Rico Trench , the largest and deepest trench in the Atlantic , is located about 115 km ( 71 mi ) north of Puerto Rico at the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates . It is 280 km ( 170 mi ) long . At its deepest point , named the Milwaukee Deep , it is almost 8,400 m ( 27,600 ft ) deep . Climate Main article : Climate of Puerto Rico The climate of Puerto Rico in the Köppen climate classification is tropical rainforest . Temperatures are warm to hot year round , averaging near 85 ° F ( 29 ° C ) in lower elevations and 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) in the mountains . Easterly trade winds pass across the island year round . Puerto Rico has a rainy season which stretches from April into November . The mountains of the Cordillera Central are the main cause of the variations in the temperature and rainfall that occur over very short distances . The mountains can also cause wide variation in local wind speed and direction due to their sheltering and channeling effects adding to the climatic variation . The island has an average temperature of 82.4 ° F ( 28 ° C ) throughout the year , with an average minimum temperature of 66.9 ° F ( 19 ° C ) and maximum of 85.4 ° F ( 30 ° C ) . Daily temperature changes seasonally are quite small in the lowlands and coastal areas . The temperature in the south is usually a few degrees higher than the north and temperatures in the central interior mountains are always cooler than those on the rest of the island . Between the dry and wet season , there is a temperature change of around 6 ° F ( 3.3 ° C ) . This is mainly due to the warm waters of the tropical Atlantic Ocean , which significantly modify cooler air moving in from the north and northwest . Coastal waters temperatures around the years are about 75 ° F ( 24 ° C ) in February to 85 ° F ( 29 ° C ) in August . The highest temperature ever recorded was 99 ° F ( 37 ° C ) at Arecibo , while the lowest temperature ever recorded was 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) in the mountains at Adjuntas , Aibonito , and Corozal . The average yearly precipitation is 1,687 mm ( 66 in ) . ( hide ) Climate data for San Juan Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 28 ( 83 ) 29 ( 84 ) 29 ( 85 ) 30 ( 86 ) 31 ( 88 ) 32 ( 89 ) 32 ( 89 ) 32 ( 89 ) 32 ( 89 ) 32 ( 89 ) 30 ( 86 ) 29 ( 84 ) 31 ( 87 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 22 ( 72 ) 22 ( 72 ) 23 ( 73 ) 23 ( 74 ) 24 ( 76 ) 26 ( 78 ) 26 ( 78 ) 26 ( 78 ) 26 ( 78 ) 25 ( 77 ) 24 ( 75 ) 23 ( 73 ) 24 ( 75 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 95.5 ( 3.76 ) 62.7 ( 2.47 ) 49.5 ( 1.95 ) 118.9 ( 4.68 ) 149.9 ( 5.90 ) 112 ( 4.41 ) 128.8 ( 5.07 ) 138.7 ( 5.46 ) 146.6 ( 5.77 ) 142 ( 5.59 ) 161.3 ( 6.35 ) 127.5 ( 5.02 ) 1,433.4 ( 56.43 ) Average rainy days 17 13 12 13 17 15 19 18 17 17 18 19 196 Average relative humidity ( % ) 78.0 75.5 73.9 75.0 77.2 77.0 78.0 77.6 77.7 78.2 78.6 78.3 77.1 Mean daily sunshine hours 8 8 9 9 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8.6 Source : `` Average Weather for San Juan , PR '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Puerto Rico experiences the Atlantic hurricane season , similar to the remainder of the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic oceans . On average , a quarter of its annual rainfall is contributed from tropical cyclones , which are more prevalent during periods of La Niña than El Niño . A cyclone of tropical storm strength passes near Puerto Rico , on average , every five years . A hurricane passes in the vicinity of the island , on average , every seven years . Since 1851 , the Lake Okeechobee Hurricane of September 1928 is the only hurricane to make landfall as a Category 5 hurricane . In the busy 2017 Atlantic hurricane season , Puerto Rico avoided a direct hit by the Category 5 Hurricane Irma on September 8 , 2017 , but high winds caused a loss of electrical power to some one million residents . Almost 50 % of hospitals were operating with power provided by generators . The Category 4 Hurricane Jose , as expected , veered away from Puerto Rico . A short time later , the devastating Hurricane Maria made landfall in Puerto Rico as a Category 4 hurricane , with sustained 155 mph ( 249 km / h ) winds , powerful rains and widespread flooding causing tremendous destruction , including the electrical grid , which could remain out for 4 -- 6 months . With such widespread destruction and a great need for supplies - everything from drinking water , food , medicine and personal care items to fuel for generators and construction materials for rebuilding the island - Gov. Rossello and several Congressmen called on the federal government to waive the WWI - era Jones Act ( protectionist provisions : ships made and owned in U.S. , and with U.S. crews ) , which essentially double Puerto Rico 's cost for shipped goods relative to neighboring islands . On September 28 , U.S. President Donald Trump waived the Act for ten days . Biodiversity Main articles : Fauna of Puerto Rico and Flora of Puerto Rico Common Coquí Species endemic to the archipelago number 239 plants , 16 birds and 39 amphibians / reptiles , recognized as of 1998 . Most of these ( 234 , 12 and 33 respectively ) are found on the main island . The most recognizable endemic species and a symbol of Puerto Rican pride is the coquí , a small frog easily identified by the sound of its call , from which it gets its name . Most coquí species ( 13 of 17 ) live in the El Yunque National Forest , a tropical rainforest in the northeast of the island previously known as the Caribbean National Forest . El Yunque is home to more than 240 plants , 26 of which are endemic to the island . It is also home to 50 bird species , including the critically endangered Puerto Rican amazon . Across the island in the southwest , the 40 km ( 15 sq mi ) of dry land at the Guánica Commonwealth Forest Reserve contain over 600 uncommon species of plants and animals , including 48 endangered species and 16 endemic to Puerto Rico . Demographics Main articles : Demographics of Puerto Rico and Cultural diversity in Puerto Rico Population density , Census 2000 The population of Puerto Rico has been shaped by Amerindian settlement , European colonization , slavery , economic migration , and Puerto Rico 's status as unincorporated territory of the United States . Population makeup Main article : Puerto Rican people Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1765 44,883 -- 1775 70,250 + 56.5 % 1800 155,426 + 121.2 % 1815 220,892 + 42.1 % 1832 350,051 + 58.5 % 1846 447,914 + 28.0 % 1860 583,308 + 30.2 % 1877 731,648 + 25.4 % 1887 798,565 + 9.1 % 1899 953,243 + 19.4 % 1910 1,118,012 + 17.3 % 1920 1,299,809 + 16.3 % 1930 1,543,913 + 18.8 % 1940 1,869,255 + 21.1 % 1950 2,210,703 + 18.3 % 1960 2,349,544 + 6.3 % 1970 2,712,033 + 15.4 % 1980 3,196,520 + 17.9 % 3,522,037 + 10.2 % 2000 3,808,610 + 8.1 % 3,725,789 − 2.2 % 2016 3,411,307 − 8.4 % 1765 -- 2010 2016 Estimate The estimated population of Puerto Rico as of July 1 , 2015 , was 3,474,182 , a 6.75 % decrease since the 2010 United States Census . From 2000 to 2010 , the population decreased , the first such decrease in census history for Puerto Rico . It went from the 3,808,610 residents registered in the 2000 Census to 3,725,789 in the 2010 Census . A declining and aging population presents additional problems for the society . The U.S. Census Bureau 's estimate for July 1 , 2016 was 3,411,307 people , down substantially from the 2010 data which had indicated 3,725,789 people . Continuous European immigration and high natural increase helped the population of Puerto Rico grow from 155,426 in 1800 , to almost a million by the close of the 19th century . A census conducted by royal decree on September 30 , 1858 gave the following totals of the Puerto Rican population at that time : 341,015 were Free colored ; 300,430 identified as Whites ; and 41,736 were slaves . During the 19th century hundreds of families arrived in Puerto Rico , primarily from the Canary Islands and Andalusia , but also from other parts of Spain such as Catalonia , Asturias , Galicia and the Balearic Islands and numerous Spanish loyalists from Spain 's former colonies in South America . Settlers from outside Spain also arrived in the islands , including from Corsica , France , Lebanon , China , Portugal , Ireland , Scotland , Germany and Italy . This immigration from non-Hispanic countries was the result of the Real Cedula de Gracias de 1815 ( `` Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 '' ) , which allowed European Catholics to settle in the island with land allotments in the interior of the island , provided they paid taxes and continued to support the Catholic Church . Racial and Ethnic Composition in Puerto Rico ( 2015 Census est . ) Ethnicity White 75.8 % Black or African American 12.4 % Asian 0.2 % Two or more races 3.3 % American Indian 0.5 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 0.1 % Other races 7.8 % Between 1960 and 1990 the census questionnaire in Puerto Rico did not ask about race or ethnicity . The 2000 United States Census included a racial self - identification question in Puerto Rico . According to the census , most Puerto Ricans identified as White and Hispanic ; few identified as Black or some other race . Population genetics A recent population genetics study conducted in Puerto Rico suggests that between 52.6 % and 84 % of the population possess some degree of Amerindian mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) in their maternal ancestry , usually in a combination with other ancestries such as aboriginal Guanche North - West African ancestry brought by Spanish settlers from the Canary Islands . In addition , these DNA studies show Amerindian ancestry in addition to the Taíno . One genetic study on the racial makeup of Puerto Ricans ( including all races ) found them to be roughly around 61 % West Eurasian / North African ( overwhelmingly of Spanish provenance ) , 27 % Sub-Saharan African and 11 % Native American . Another genetic study from 2007 , claimed that `` the average genomewide individual ( ie . Puerto Rican ) ancestry proportions have been estimated as 66 % , 18 % , and 16 % , for European , West African , and Native American , respectively . '' Other study estimates 63.7 % European , 21.2 % ( Sub-Saharan ) African , and 15.2 % Native American ; European ancestry is more prevalent in the West and in Central Puerto Rico , African in Eastern Puerto Rico , and Native American in Northern Puerto Rico . A Pew Research survey indicated a literacy rate of 90.4 % ( adult population ) in 2012 based on data from the United Nations and a life expectancy of 79.3 years . Immigration and emigration Racial groups Year Population White Mixed ( mainly biracial white European and black African ) Black Asian Other 2000 3,808,610 80.5 % ( 3 064 862 ) 11.0 % ( 418 426 ) 8.0 % ( 302 933 ) 0.2 % ( 7 960 ) 0.4 % ( 14 429 ) 3,725,789 75.8 % ( ' 2 824 148 ) 11.1 % ( ' 413 563 ) 12.4 % ( ' 461 998 ) 0.2 % ( ' 7 452 ) 0.6 % ( ' 22 355 ) Puerto Rico has recently become the permanent home of over 100,000 legal residents . The vast majority of recent immigrants , both legal and illegal , come from the Dominican Republic and Haiti . Other sources sending in significant numbers of recent immigrants include Cuba , Mexico , Colombia , Panama , Jamaica , Venezuela , Spain , and Nigeria . Also , there are many non-Puerto Rican U.S. citizens settling in Puerto Rico , from the mainland United States and the U.S. Virgin Islands , as well as Nuyoricans ( stateside Puerto Ricans ) coming back to Puerto Rico . Most recent immigrants settle in and around San Juan . Emigration is a major part of contemporary Puerto Rican history . Starting soon after World War II , poverty , cheap airfares , and promotion by the island government caused waves of Puerto Ricans to move to the United States , particularly to the Northeastern states , and Florida . This trend continued even as Puerto Rico 's economy improved and its birth rate declined . Puerto Ricans continue to follow a pattern of `` circular migration '' , with some migrants returning to the island . In recent years , the population has declined markedly , falling nearly 1 % in 2012 and an additional 1 % ( 36,000 people ) in 2013 due to a falling birthrate and emigration . According to the 2010 Census , the number of Puerto Ricans living in the United States outside of Puerto Rico far exceeds those living in Puerto Rico . Emigration exceeds immigration . As those who leave tend to be better educated than those that remain , this accentuates the drain on Puerto Rico 's economy . Based on the July 1 , 2016 estimate by the U.S. Census Bureau , the population of the Commonwealth had declined by 314,482 people since the 2010 Census data had been tabulated . Population distribution The most populous city is the capital , San Juan , with approximately 371,400 people based on a 2015 estimate by the Census Bureau . Other major cities include Bayamón , Carolina , Ponce , and Caguas . Of the ten most populous cities on the island , eight are located within what is considered San Juan 's metropolitan area , while the other two are located in the south ( Ponce ) and west ( Mayagüez ) of the island . Largest cities or towns in Puerto Rico 2010 Census Rank Name Metropolitan Statistical Area Pop . San Juan Bayamón San Juan San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 395,326 Carolina Ponce Bayamón San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 208,116 Carolina San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 176,762 Ponce Ponce 166,327 5 Caguas San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 142,893 6 Guaynabo San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 97,924 7 Arecibo San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 96,440 8 Toa Baja San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 89,609 9 Mayagüez Mayagüez 89,080 10 Trujillo Alto San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 74,842 Languages The official languages of the executive branch of government of Puerto Rico are Spanish and English , with Spanish being the primary language . Spanish is , and has been , the only official language of the entire Commonwealth judiciary system , despite a 1902 English - only language law . All official business of the U.S. District Court for the District of Puerto Rico is conducted in English . English is the primary language of less than 10 % of the population . Spanish is the dominant language of business , education and daily life on the island , spoken by nearly 95 % of the population . The U.S. Census Bureau 's 2015 update provides the following facts : 94.1 % of adults speak Spanish , 5.8 % speak only English , 78.3 % do not speak English `` very well '' . In Puerto Rico , public school instruction is conducted almost entirely in Spanish . There have been pilot programs in about a dozen of the over 1,400 public schools aimed at conducting instruction in English only . Objections from teaching staff are common , perhaps because many of them are not fully fluent in English . English is taught as a second language and is a compulsory subject from elementary levels to high school . The languages of the deaf community are American Sign Language and its local variant , Puerto Rican Sign Language . The Spanish of Puerto Rico has evolved into having many idiosyncrasies in vocabulary and syntax that differentiate it from the Spanish spoken elsewhere . As a product of Puerto Rican history , the island possesses a unique Spanish dialect . Puerto Rican Spanish utilizes many Taíno words , as well as English words . The largest influence on the Spanish spoken in Puerto Rico is that of the Canary Islands . The Spanish of Puerto Rico also includes Taíno words , typically in the context of vegetation , natural phenomena or primitive musical instruments . Similarly , words attributed to primarily West African languages were adopted in the contexts of foods , music or dances , particularly in coastal towns with concentrations of descendants of Sub-Saharan Africans . Religion Religious Affiliation ( 2014 ) Roman Catholic ( 56 % ) Protestant ( 33 % ) Other ( 3 % ) Irreligious ( 8 % ) The Roman Catholic Church was brought by Spanish colonists and gradually became the dominant religion in Puerto Rico . The first dioceses in the Americas , including that of Puerto Rico , were authorized by Pope Julius II in 1511 . One Pope , John Paul II , visited Puerto Rico in October 1984 . All municipalities in Puerto Rico have at least one Catholic Church , most of which are located at the town center or `` plaza '' . African slaves brought and maintained various ethnic African religious practices associated with different peoples ; in particular , the Yoruba beliefs of Santería and / or Ifá , and the Kongo - derived Palo Mayombe . Some aspects were absorbed into syncretic Christianity . Protestantism , which was suppressed under the Spanish Catholic regime , has slightly reemerged under United States rule , making contemporary Puerto Rico more interconfessional than in previous centuries , although Catholicism continues to be the dominant religion . The first Protestant church , Iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad , was established in Ponce by the Anglican Diocese of Antigua in 1872 . It was the first non-Roman Catholic Church in the entire Spanish Empire in the Americas . Pollster Pablo Ramos stated in 1998 that the population was 38 % Roman Catholic , 28 % Pentecostal , and 18 % were members of independent churches , which would give a Protestant percentage of 46 % if the last two populations are combined . Protestants collectively added up to almost two million people . Another researcher gave a more conservative assessment of the proportion of Protestants : Puerto Rico , by virtue of its long political association with the United States , is the most Protestant of Latin American countries , with a Protestant population of approximately 33 to 38 percent , the majority of whom are Pentecostal . David Stoll calculates that if we extrapolate the growth rates of evangelical churches from 1960 -- 1985 for another twenty - five years Puerto Rico will become 75 percent evangelical . ( Ana Adams : `` Brincando el Charco ... '' in Power , Politics and Pentecostals in Latin America , Edward Cleary , ed. , 1997 . p. 164 ) . The data provided for 2014 by Pew Research Center , is summarized in the chart to the right . An Associated Press article in March 2014 stated that `` more than 70 percent of whom identify themselves as Catholic '' but provided no source for this information . The CIA World Factbook reports that 85 % of the population of Puerto Rico identifies as Roman Catholic , while 15 % identify as Protestant and Other . Neither a date or a source for that information is provided and may not be recent . A 2013 Pew Research survey found that only about 45 % of Puerto Rican adults identified themselves as Catholic , 29 % as Protestant and 20 % as unaffiliated with a religion . The people surveyed by Pew consisted of Puerto Ricans living in the 50 states and DC and may not be indicative of those living in the Commonwealth . By 2014 , a Pew Research report , with the sub-title Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region , indicated that only 56 % of Puerto Ricans were Catholic and that 33 % were Protestant ; this survey was completed between October 2013 and February 2014 . An Eastern Orthodox community , the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos / St. Spyridon 's Church is located in Trujillo Alto , and serves the small Orthodox community . This affiliation accounted for under 1 % of the population in 2010 according to the Pew Research report . In 1940 , Juanita García Peraza founded the Mita Congregation , the first religion of Puerto Rican origin . Taíno religious practices have been rediscovered / reinvented to a degree by a handful of advocates . Similarly , some aspects of African religious traditions have been kept by some adherents . In 1952 , a handful of American Jews established the island 's first synagogue ; this religion accounts for under 1 % of the population in 2010 according to the Pew Research report . The synagogue , called Sha'are Zedeck , hired its first rabbi in 1954 . Puerto Rico has the largest Jewish community in the Caribbean , numbering 3000 people ( date not stated ) , and is the only Caribbean island in which the Conservative , Reform and Orthodox Jewish movements all are represented . In 2007 , there were about 5,000 Muslims in Puerto Rico , representing about 0.13 % of the population . Eight mosques are located throughout the island , with most Muslims living in Río Piedras and Caguas , most of these Muslims are of Palestinian and Jordanian descent . In 2015 , the 25,832 Jehovah 's Witnesses represented about 0.70 % of the population , with 324 congregations . The Padmasambhava Buddhist Center , whose followers practice Tibetan Buddhism , has a branch in Puerto Rico . Roman Catholic Cathedral of San Juan Bautista . Anglican Iglesia Santísima Trinidad in Ponce Islamic Center at Ponce Inside Sha'are Zedeck in San Juan Government Main articles : Government of Puerto Rico and Politics of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico has 8 senatorial districts , 40 representative districts and 78 municipalities . It has a republican form of government with separation of powers subject to the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United States . Its current powers are all delegated by the United States Congress and lack full protection under the United States Constitution . Puerto Rico 's head of state is the President of the United States . The government of Puerto Rico , based on the formal republican system , is composed of three branches : the executive , legislative , and judicial branch . The executive branch is headed by the governor , currently Ricky Rosselló . The legislative branch consists of a bicameral legislature called the Legislative Assembly , made up of a Senate as its upper chamber and a House of Representatives as its lower chamber . The Senate is headed by the President of the Senate , currently Thomas Rivera Schatz , while the House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker of the House , currently Johnny Méndez . The governor and legislators are elected by popular vote every four years with the last election held in November 2016 . The judicial branch is headed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico , currently Maite Oronoz Rodríguez . Members of the judicial branch are appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the Senate . Puerto Rico is represented in the United States Congress by a nonvoting delegate , the Resident Commissioner , currently Jenniffer González . Current congressional rules have removed the Commissioner 's power to vote in the Committee of the Whole , but the Commissioner can vote in committee . Puerto Rican elections are governed by the Federal Election Commission and the State Elections Commission of Puerto Rico . While residing in Puerto Rico , Puerto Ricans can not vote in U.S. presidential elections , but they can vote in primaries . Puerto Ricans who become residents of a U.S. state can vote in presidential elections . Puerto Rico hosts consulates from 41 countries , mainly from the Americas and Europe , with most located in San Juan . As an unincorporated territory of the United States , Puerto Rico does not have any first - order administrative divisions as defined by the U.S. government , but has 78 municipalities at the second level . Mona Island is not a municipality , but part of the municipality of Mayagüez . Municipalities are subdivided into wards or barrios , and those into sectors . Each municipality has a mayor and a municipal legislature elected for a four - year term . The municipality of San Juan ( previously called `` town '' ) , was founded first , in 1521 , San Germán in 1570 , Coamo in 1579 , Arecibo in 1614 , Aguada in 1692 and Ponce in 1692 . An increase of settlement saw the founding of 30 municipalities in the 18th century and 34 in the 19th . Six were founded in the 20th century ; the last was Florida in 1971 . Political parties and elections Main article : Political party strength in Puerto Rico The difference between the incumbent party , the PPD , and its opponent , the PNP , was a mere 0.6 % in the last election . This difference is common as the political landscape experiences political cycles between both parties , with the PPD ruling all branches of government for 36 of the past 64 years . The PNP , on the other hand , has ruled both the executive and legislative branch concurrently for 16 years . The other 12 years experienced a divided government . Since 1952 , Puerto Rico has had three main political parties : the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD in Spanish ) , the New Progressive Party ( PNP in Spanish ) and the Puerto Rican Independence Party ( PIP ) . The three parties stand for different political status . The PPD , for example , seeks to maintain the island 's status with the U.S. as a commonwealth , while the PNP , on the other hand , seeks to make Puerto Rico a state of the United States . The PIP , in contrast , seeks a complete separation from the United States by seeking to make Puerto Rico a sovereign nation . In terms of party strength , the PPD and PNP usually hold about 47 % of the vote each while the PIP holds only about 5 % . After 2007 , other parties emerged on the island . The first , the Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party ( PPR in Spanish ) was registered that same year . The party claims that it seeks to address the islands ' problems from a status - neutral platform . But it ceased to remain as a registered party when it failed to obtain the required number of votes in the 2008 general election . Four years later , the 2012 election saw the emergence of the Movimiento Unión Soberanista ( MUS ; English : Sovereign Union Movement ) and the Partido del Pueblo Trabajador ( PPT ; English : Working People 's Party ) but none obtained more than 1 % of the vote . Other non-registered parties include the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party , the Socialist Workers Movement , and the Hostosian National Independence Movement . Law Main articles : Constitution of Puerto Rico and Law of Puerto Rico The insular legal system is a blend of civil law and the common law systems . Puerto Rico is the only current U.S. possession whose legal system operates primarily in a language other than American English : namely , Spanish . Because the U.S. federal government operates primarily in English , all Puerto Rican attorneys must be bilingual in order to litigate in English in U.S. federal courts , and litigate federal preemption issues in Puerto Rican courts . Title 48 of the United States Code outlines the role of the United States Code to United States territories and insular areas such as Puerto Rico . After the U.S. government assumed control of Puerto Rico in 1901 , it initiated legal reforms resulting in the adoption of codes of criminal law , criminal procedure , and civil procedure modeled after those then in effect in California . Although Puerto Rico has since followed the federal example of transferring criminal and civil procedure from statutory law to rules promulgated by the judiciary , several portions of its criminal law still reflect the influence of the California Penal Code . The judicial branch is headed by the Chief Justice of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court , which is the only appellate court required by the Constitution . All other courts are created by the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico . There is also a Federal District Court for Puerto Rico . Someone accused of a criminal act at the federal level may not be accused for the same act in a Commonwealth court , unlike a state court , since Puerto Rico as a territory lacks sovereignty separate from Congress as a state does . Such a parallel accusation would constitute double jeopardy . Political status Main articles : Political status of Puerto Rico and Proposed political status for Puerto Rico The nature of Puerto Rico 's political relationship with the U.S. is the subject of ongoing debate in Puerto Rico , the United States Congress , and the United Nations . Specifically , the basic question is whether Puerto Rico should remain a U.S. territory , become a U.S. state , or become an independent country . Within the United States The Capitol of Puerto Rico , home of the Legislative Assembly in Puerto Rico Constitutionally , Puerto Rico is subject to the plenary powers of the United States Congress under the territorial clause of Article IV of the U.S. Constitution . Laws enacted at the federal level in the United States apply to Puerto Rico as well , regardless of its political status . Their residents do not have voting representation in the U.S. Congress . Like the different states of the United States , Puerto Rico lacks `` the full sovereignty of an independent nation '' , for example , the power to manage its `` external relations with other nations '' , which is held by the U.S. federal government . The Supreme Court of the United States has indicated that once the U.S. Constitution has been extended to an area ( by Congress or the courts ) , its coverage is irrevocable . To hold that the political branches may switch the Constitution on or off at will would lead to a regime in which they , not this Court , say `` what the law is '' . Puerto Ricans `` were collectively made U.S. citizens '' in 1917 as a result of the Jones - Shafroth Act . U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico can not vote for the U.S. president , though both major parties , Republican and Democratic , run primary elections in Puerto Rico to send delegates to vote on a presidential candidate . Since Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory ( see above ) and not a U.S. state , the United States Constitution does not fully enfranchise U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico . Only fundamental rights under the American federal constitution and adjudications are applied to Puerto Ricans . Various other U.S Supreme Court decisions have held which rights apply in Puerto Rico and which ones do not . Puerto Ricans have a long history of service in the U.S. Armed Forces and , since 1917 , they have been included in the U.S. compulsory draft whensoever it has been in effect . Though the Commonwealth government has its own tax laws , Puerto Ricans are also required to pay many kinds of U.S. federal taxes , not including the federal personal income tax for Puerto Rico - sourced income , but only under certain circumstances . In 2009 , Puerto Rico paid $3.742 billion into the U.S. Treasury . Residents of Puerto Rico pay into Social Security , and are thus eligible for Social Security benefits upon retirement . They are excluded from the Supplemental Security Income ( SSI ) , and the island actually receives a smaller fraction of the Medicaid funding it would receive if it were a U.S. state . Also , Medicare providers receive less - than - full state - like reimbursements for services rendered to beneficiaries in Puerto Rico , even though the latter paid fully into the system . While a state may try an individual for the same crime he / she was tried in federal court , this is not the case in Puerto Rico . Being a U.S. territory , Puerto Rico 's authority to enact a criminal code derives from Congress and not from local sovereignty as with the states . Thus , such a parallel accusation would constitute double jeopardy and is constitutionally impermissible . In 1992 , President George H.W. Bush issued a memorandum to heads of executive departments and agencies establishing the current administrative relationship between the federal government and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico . This memorandum directs all federal departments , agencies , and officials to treat Puerto Rico administratively as if it were a state , insofar as doing so would not disrupt federal programs or operations . Many federal executive branch agencies have significant presence in Puerto Rico , just as in any state , including the Federal Bureau of Investigation , Federal Emergency Management Agency , Transportation Security Administration , Social Security Administration , and others . While Puerto Rico has its own Commonwealth judicial system similar to that of a U.S. state , there is also a U.S federal district court in Puerto Rico , and Puerto Ricans have served as judges in that Court and in other federal courts on the U.S. mainland regardless of their residency status at the time of their appointment . Sonia Sotomayor , a New Yorker of Puerto Rican descent , serves as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . Puerto Ricans have also been frequently appointed to high - level federal positions , including serving as United States Ambassadors to other nations . Foreign and intergovernmental relations Main article : Foreign and intergovernmental relations of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico is subject to the Commerce and Territorial Clause of the Constitution of the United States and , therefore , is restricted on how it can engage with other nations , sharing the opportunities and limitations that state governments have albeit not being one . As is the case with state governments , regardless , it has established several trade agreements with other nations , particularly with Hispanic American countries such as Colombia and Panamá . It has also established trade promotion offices in many foreign countries , all Spanish - speaking , and within the United States itself , which now include Spain , the Dominican Republic , Panama , Colombia , Washington , D.C. , New York City and Florida , and has included in the past offices in Chile , Costa Rica , and Mexico . Such agreements require permission from the U.S. Department of State ; most , are simply allowed by existing laws or trade treaties between the United States and other nations which supersede trade agreements pursued by Puerto Rico and different U.S. states . At the local level , Puerto Rico established by law that the international relations which states and territories are allowed to engage must be handled by the Department of State of Puerto Rico , an executive department , headed by the Secretary of State of Puerto Rico , who also serves as the territory 's lieutenant governor . It is also charged to liaise with general consuls and honorary consuls based in Puerto Rico . The Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration , along with the Office of the Resident Commissioner , manage all its intergovernmental affairs before entities of or in the United States ( including the federal government of the United States , local and state governments of the United States , and public or private entities in the United States ) . Both entities frequently assist the Department of State of Puerto Rico in engaging with Washington , D.C. - based ambassadors and federal agencies that handle Puerto Rico 's foreign affairs , such as the U.S. Department of State , the Agency for International Development , and others . The current Secretary of State is Víctor Suárez Meléndez from the Popular Democratic Party and member of the Democratic Party of the United States , while the current Director of the Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration is Juan Eugenio Hernández Mayoral also from the Popular Democratic and member of the Democratic Party . The Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico , the delegate elected by Puerto Ricans to represent them before the federal government , including the U.S. Congress , sits in the United States House of Representatives , serves and votes on congressional committees , and functions in every respect as a legislator except being denied a vote on the final disposition of legislation on the House floor , also engages in foreign affairs to the same extent as other members of Congress . The current Resident Commissioner is Pedro Pierluisi from the New Progressive Party and member of the Democratic Party of the United States . Many Puerto Ricans have served as United States ambassadors to different nations and international organizations , such as the Organization of American States , mostly but not exclusively in Latin America . For example , Maricarmen Aponte , a Puerto Rican and now an Acting Assistant Secretary of State , previously served as U.S. ambassador to El Salvador . Military Main article : Military of Puerto Rico As it is a territory of the United States of America , the defense of Puerto Rico is provided by the United States as part of the Treaty of Paris with the President of the United States as its commander - in - chief . Puerto Rico has its own Puerto Rico National Guard , and its own state defense force , the Puerto Rico State Guard , which by local law is under the authority of the Puerto Rico National Guard . The commander - in - chief of both local forces is the governor of Puerto Rico who delegates his authority to the Puerto Rico Adjutant General , currently Colonel Marta Carcana . The Adjutant General , in turn , delegates the authority over the State Guard to another officer but retains the authority over the Puerto Rico National Guard as a whole . U.S. military installations in Puerto Rico ( including the United States Virgin Islands ) throughout the 20th century U.S. military installations in Puerto Rico were part of the U.S. Atlantic Command ( LANTCOM after 1993 USACOM ) , which had authority over all U.S. military operations that took place throughout the Atlantic . Puerto Rico had been seen as crucial in supporting LANTCOM 's mission until 1999 , when U.S. Atlantic Command was renamed and given a new mission as United States Joint Forces Command . Puerto Rico is currently under the responsibility of United States Northern Command . Both the Naval Forces Caribbean ( NFC ) and the Fleet Air Caribbean ( FAIR ) were formerly based at the Roosevelt Roads Naval Station . The NFC had authority over all U.S. Naval activity in the waters of the Caribbean while FAIR had authority over all U.S. military flights and air operations over the Caribbean . With the closing of the Roosevelt Roads and Vieques Island training facilities , the U.S. Navy has basically exited from Puerto Rico , except for the ships that steam by , and the only significant military presence in the island is the U.S. Army at Ft Buchanan , the Puerto Rican Army and Air National Guards , and the U.S. Coast Guard . Protests over the noise of bombing practice forced the closure of the naval base . This resulted in a loss of 6,000 jobs and an annual decrease in local income of $300 million . A branch of the U.S. Army National Guard is stationed in Puerto Rico -- known as the Puerto Rico Army National Guard -- which performs missions equivalent to those of the Army National Guards of the different states of the United States , including ground defense , disaster relief , and control of civil unrest . The local National Guard also incorporates a branch of the U.S. Air National Guard -- known as the Puerto Rico Air National Guard -- which performs missions equivalent to those of the Air National Guards of each one of the U.S. states . Ohio - class ballistic missile submarine USS Maryland , Roosevelt Roads Naval Station , 1997 At different times in the 20th century , the U.S. had about 25 military or naval installations in Puerto Rico , some very small ones , as well as large installations . The largest of these installations were the former Roosevelt Roads Naval Station in Ceiba , the Atlantic Fleet Weapons Training Facility ( AFWTF ) on Vieques , the National Guard training facility at Camp Santiago in Salinas , Fort Allen in Juana Diaz , the Army 's Fort Buchanan in San Juan , the former U.S. Air Force Ramey Air Force Base in Aguadilla , and the Puerto Rico Air National Guard at Muñiz Air Force base in San Juan . The former U.S. Navy facilities at Roosevelt Roads , Vieques , and Sabana Seca have been deactivated and partially turned over to the local government . Other than U.S. Coast Guard and Puerto Rico National Guard facilities , there are only two remaining military installations in Puerto Rico : the U.S. Army 's small Ft. Buchanan ( supporting local veterans and reserve units ) and the PRANG ( Puerto Rico Air National Guard ) Muñiz Air Base ( the C - 130 Fleet ) . In recent years , the U.S. Congress has considered their deactivations , but these have been opposed by diverse public and private entities in Puerto Rico -- such as retired military who rely on Ft. Buchanan for the services available there . Puerto Ricans have participated in many of the military conflicts in which the United States has been involved . For example , they participated in the American Revolution , when volunteers from Puerto Rico , Cuba , and Mexico fought the British in 1779 under the command of General Bernardo de Gálvez ( 1746 -- 1786 ) , and have continued to participate up to the present - day conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan . A significant number of Puerto Ricans participate as members and work for the U.S. Armed Services , largely as National Guard members and civilian employees . The size of the overall military - related community in Puerto Rico is estimated to be 100,000 individuals . This includes retired personnel . Fort Buchanan has about 4,000 military and civilian personnel . In addition , approximately 17,000 people are members of the Puerto Rico Army and Air National Guards , or the U.S. Reserve forces . Puerto Rican soldiers have served in every U.S. military conflict from World War I to the current military engagement known by the United States and its allies as the War against Terrorism . The 65th Infantry Regiment , nicknamed `` The Borinqueneers '' from the original Taíno name of the island ( Borinquen ) , is a Puerto Rican regiment of the United States Army . The regiment 's motto is Honor et Fidelitas , Latin for Honor and Fidelity . The 65th Infantry Regiment participated in World War I , World War II , the Korean War , and the War on Terror and in 2014 was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal , presented by President Barack Obama , for its heroism during the Korean War . Administrative divisions Main article : Municipalities of Puerto Rico There are no counties , as there are in the 50 United States . There are 78 municipalities . Municipalities are subdivided into barrios , and those into sectors . Each municipality has a mayor and a municipal legislature elected to four - year terms . A map of Puerto Rico showing its municipalities Economy Main articles : Economy of Puerto Rico and Puerto Rico government - debt crisis Puerto Rico 's gross domestic product ( GDP ) by economic sector The economy of Puerto Rico is classified as a high income economy by the World Bank and as the most competitive economy in Latin America by the World Economic Forum but Puerto Rico currently has a public debt of $72.204 billion ( equivalent to 103 % of GNP ) , and a government deficit of $2.5 billion . According to World Bank , gross national income per capita of Puerto Rico in 2013 is $23,830 ( PPP , International Dollars ) , ranked as 63rd among all sovereign and dependent territories entities in the world . Its economy is mainly driven by manufacturing ( primarily pharmaceuticals , textiles , petrochemicals and electronics ) followed by the service industry ( primarily finance , insurance , real estate and tourism ) . In recent years , the territory has also become a popular destination for MICE ( meetings , incentives , conferencing , exhibitions ) , with a modern convention centre district overlooking the Port of San Juan . The geography of Puerto Rico and its political status are both determining factors on its economic prosperity , primarily due to its relatively small size as an island ; its lack of natural resources used to produce raw materials , and , consequently , its dependence on imports ; as well as its territorial status with the United States , which controls its foreign policy while exerting trading restrictions , particularly in its shipping industry . Puerto Rico experienced a recession from 2006 to 2011 , interrupted by 4 quarters of economic growth , and entered into recession again in 2013 , following growing fiscal imbalance and the expiration of the IRS Section 936 corporate incentives that the U.S. Internal Revenue Code had applied to Puerto Rico . This IRS section was critical to the economy , as it established tax exemptions for U.S. corporations that settled in Puerto Rico , and allowed their insular subsidiaries to send their earnings to the parent corporation at any time , without paying federal tax on corporate income . Puerto Rico has surprisingly been able to maintain a relatively low inflation in the past decade while maintaining a purchasing power parity per capita higher than 80 % of the rest of the world . Academically , most of Puerto Rico 's economic woes stem from federal regulations that expired , have been repealed , or no longer apply to Puerto Rico ; its inability to become self - sufficient and self - sustainable throughout history ; its highly politicized public policy which tends to change whenever a political party gains power ; as well as its highly inefficient local government which has accrued a public debt equal to 68 % of its gross domestic product throughout time . In comparison to the different states of the United States , Puerto Rico is poorer than Mississippi ( the poorest state of the U.S. ) with 41 % of its population below the poverty line . When compared to Latin America , Puerto Rico has the highest GDP per capita in the region . Its main trading partners are the United States itself , Ireland , and Japan , with most products coming from East Asia , mainly from China , Hong Kong , and Taiwan . At a global scale , Puerto Rico 's dependency on oil for transportation and electricity generation , as well as its dependency on food imports and raw materials , makes Puerto Rico volatile and highly reactive to changes in the world economy and climate . Puerto Rico 's agricultural sector represents less than 1 % of GNP . Heavy debt load In early 2017 , the Puerto Rican government - debt crisis posed serious problems for the government which was saddled with outstanding bond debt that had climbed to $70 billion at a time with a 45 percent poverty rate and 12.4 % unemployment that is more than twice the mainland U.S. average . The debt had been increasing during a decade long recession . The Commonwealth had been defaulting on many debts , including bonds , since 2015 . With debt payments due , the Governor was facing the risk of a government shutdown and failure to fund the managed health care system . `` Without action before April , Puerto Rico 's ability to execute contracts for Fiscal Year 2018 with its managed care organizations will be threatened , thereby putting at risk beginning July 1 , 2017 the health care of up to 900,000 poor U.S. citizens living in Puerto Rico '' , according to a letter sent to Congress by the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of Health and Human Services . They also said that `` Congress must enact measures recommended by both Republicans and Democrats that fix Puerto Rico 's inequitable health care financing structure and promote sustained economic growth . '' Initially , the oversight board created under PROMESA called for Puerto Rico 's governor Ricardo Rosselló to deliver a fiscal turnaround plan by January 28 . Just before that deadline , the control board gave the Commonwealth government until February 28 to present a fiscal plan ( including negotiations with creditors for restructuring debt ) to solve the problems . A moratorium on lawsuits by debtors was extended to May 31 . It is essential for Puerto Rico to reach restructuring deals to avoid a bankruptcy - like process under PROMESA . An internal survey conducted by the Puerto Rican Economists Association revealed that the majority of Puerto Rican economists reject the policy recommendations of the Board and the Rosselló government , with more than 80 % of economists arguing in favor of auditing the debt . In early August 2017 , the island 's financial oversight board ( created by PROMESA ) planned to institute two days off without pay per month for government employees , down from the original plan of four days per month ; the latter had been expected to achieve $218 million in savings . Governor Rossello rejected this plan as unjustified and unnecessary . Pension reforms were also discussed including a proposal for a 10 % reduction in benefits to begin addressing the $50 billion in unfunded pension liabilities . Public finances Main articles : Puerto Rico government - debt crisis , Budget of the Government of Puerto Rico , and public debt of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico has an operating budget of about U.S. $9.8 billion with expenses at about $10.4 billion ; creating a structural deficit of $775 million ( about 7.9 % of the budget ) . The practice of approving budgets with a structural deficit has been done for 17 consecutive years starting in 2000 . Throughout those years , including present time , all budgets contemplated issuing bonds to cover said projected deficits rather than make proper adjustments . This practice eroded Puerto Rico 's treasury as the government had already been issuing bonds to balance its actual budget for four decades since 1973 . The 2012 Budget of the Government of Puerto Rico Projected deficits added substantial burdens to an already indebted nation which accrued a public debt of $71 B or about 70 % of Puerto Rico 's gross domestic product . This sparked an ongoing government - debt crisis after Puerto Rico 's general obligation bonds were downgraded to speculative non-investment grade ( `` junk status '' ) by three credit rating agencies . In terms of financial control , almost 9.6 % -- or about $1.5 billion -- of Puerto Rico 's central government budget expenses for FY2014 is expected to be spent on debt service . Harsher budget cuts are expected as Puerto Rico must now repay larger chunks of debts in the following years . For practical reasons the budget is divided into two aspects : a `` general budget '' which comprises the assignments funded exclusively by the Department of Treasury of Puerto Rico , and the `` consolidated budget '' which comprises the assignments funded by the general budget , by Puerto Rico 's government - owned corporations , by revenue expected from loans , by the sale of government bonds , by subsidies extended by the federal government of the United States , and by other funds . Both budgets contrast each other drastically , with the consolidated budget being usually thrice the size of the general budget ; currently $29 B and $9.0 B respectively . Almost one out of every four dollars in the consolidated budget comes from U.S. federal subsidies while government - owned corporations compose more than 31 % of the consolidated budget . The critical aspects come from the sale of bonds , which comprise 7 % of the consolidated budget ; a ratio that increased annually due to the government 's inability to prepare a balanced budget in addition to being incapable of generating enough income to cover all its expenses . In particular , the government - owned corporations add a heavy burden to the overall budget and public debt as not a single one is self - sufficient , all of them carrying extremely inefficient operations . For example , in FY2011 the government - owned corporations reported aggregated losses of more than $1.3 B with the Puerto Rico Highways and Transportation Authority ( PRHTA ) reporting losses of $409 M , the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority ( PREPA ; the government monopoly that controls all electricity on the island ) reporting losses of $272 M , while the Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority ( PRASA ; the government monopoly that controls all water utilities on the island ) reported losses of $112 M . Losses by government - owned corporations have been defrayed through the issuance of bonds compounding more than 40 % of Puerto Rico 's entire public debt today . Holistically , from FY2000 -- FY2010 Puerto Rico 's debt grew at a compound annual growth rate ( CAGR ) of 9 % while GDP remained stagnant . This has not always provided a long - term solution . In early July 2017 for example , the PREPA power authority was effectively bankrupt after defaulting in a plan to restructure $9 billion in bond debt ; the agency planned to seek Court protection . In terms of protocol , the governor , together with the Puerto Rico Office of Management and Budget ( OGP in Spanish ) , formulates the budget he believes is required to operate all government branches for the ensuing fiscal year . He then submits this formulation as a budget request to the Puerto Rican legislature before July 1 , the date established by law as the beginning of Puerto Rico 's fiscal year . While the constitution establishes that the request must be submitted `` at the beginning of each regular session '' , the request is typically submitted during the first week of May as the regular sessions of the legislature begin in January and it would be unpractical to submit a request so far ahead . Once submitted the budget is then approved by the legislature , typically with amendments , through a joint resolution and referred back to the governor for his approval . The governor then either approves it or vetoes it . If vetoed the legislature can then either refer it back with amendments for the governor 's approval , or approve it without the governor 's consent by two - thirds of the bodies of each chamber . Once approved the Department of Treasury disburses funds to the Office of Management and Budget which in turn disburses the funds to the respective agencies , all while the Puerto Rico Government Development Bank ( the government 's intergovernmental bank ) manages all related banking affairs including those related to the government - owned corporations . Cost of living A map of Jones Act carrier routes for Puerto Rico The cost of living in Puerto Rico is high and has increased over the past decade . San Juan 's in particular is higher than Atlanta , Dallas , and Seattle but lower than Boston , Chicago , and New York City . One factor is housing prices which are comparable to Miami and Los Angeles , although property taxes are considerably lower than most places in the United States . Statistics used for cost of living sometimes do not take into account certain costs , such as the high cost of electricity , which has hovered in the 24 ¢ to 30 ¢ range per kilowatt / hour , two to three times the national average , increased travel costs for longer flights , additional shipping fees , and the loss of promotional participation opportunities for customers `` outside the continental United States '' . While some online stores do offer free shipping on orders to Puerto Rico , many merchants exclude Hawaii , Alaska , Puerto Rico and other United States territories . The household median income is stated as $19,350 and the mean income as $30,463 in the U.S. Census Bureau 's 2015 update . The report also indicates that 45.5 % of individuals are below the poverty level . The median home value in Puerto Rico ranges from U.S. $100,000 to U.S. $214,000 , while the national median home value sits at $119,600 . One of the most cited contributors to the high cost of living in Puerto Rico is the Merchant Marine Act of 1920 , also known as the Jones Act , which prevents foreign - flagged ships from carrying cargo between two American ports , a practice known as cabotage . Because of the Jones Act , foreign ships inbound with goods from Central and South America , Western Europe , and Africa can not stop in Puerto Rico , offload Puerto Rico - bound goods , load mainland - bound Puerto Rico - manufactured goods , and continue to U.S. ports . Instead , they must proceed directly to U.S. ports , where distributors break bulk and send Puerto Rico - bound manufactured goods to Puerto Rico across the ocean by U.S. - flagged ships . The local government of Puerto Rico has requested several times to the U.S. Congress to exclude Puerto Rico from the Jones Act restrictions without success . The most recent measure has been taken by the 17th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico through R. Conc . del S. 21 . These measures have always received support from all the major local political parties . In 2013 the Government Accountability Office published a report which concluded that `` repealing or amending the Jones Act cabotage law might cut Puerto Rico shipping costs '' and that `` shippers believed that opening the trade to non-U.S. - flag competition could lower costs '' . However , the same GAO report also found that `` ( shippers ) doing business in Puerto Rico that GAO contacted reported that the freight rates are often -- although not always -- lower for foreign carriers going to and from Puerto Rico and foreign locations than the rates shippers pay to ship similar cargo to and from the United States , despite longer distances . Data were not available to allow us to validate the examples given or verify the extent to which this difference occurred . '' Ultimately , the report concluded that `` ( the ) effects of modifying the application of the Jones Act for Puerto Rico are highly uncertain '' for both Puerto Rico and the United States , particularly for the U.S. shipping industry and the military preparedness of the United States . Education Main article : Education in Puerto Rico The first school in Puerto Rico was the Escuela de Gramática ( Grammar School ) . It was established by Bishop Alonso Manso in 1513 , in the area where the Cathedral of San Juan was to be constructed . The school was free of charge and the courses taught were Latin language , literature , history , science , art , philosophy and theology . Education in Puerto Rico is divided in three levels -- Primary ( elementary school grades 1 -- 6 ) , Secondary ( intermediate and high school grades 7 -- 12 ) , and Higher Level ( undergraduate and graduate studies ) . As of 2002 , the literacy rate of the Puerto Rican population was 94.1 % ; by gender , it was 93.9 % for males and 94.4 % for females . According to the 2000 Census , 60.0 % of the population attained a high school degree or higher level of education , and 18.3 % has a bachelor 's degree or higher . Instruction at the primary school level is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 18 . As of 2010 , there are 1539 public schools and 806 private schools . The largest and oldest university system is the public University of Puerto Rico ( UPR ) with 11 campuses . The largest private university systems on the island are the Sistema Universitario Ana G. Mendez which operates the Universidad del Turabo , Metropolitan University and Universidad del Este . Other private universities include the multi-campus Inter American University , the Pontifical Catholic University , Universidad Politécnica de Puerto Rico , and the Universidad del Sagrado Corazón . Puerto Rico has four schools of Medicine and three ABA - approved Law Schools . Public health and safety As of 2015 medical care in Puerto Rico had been heavily impacted by emigration of doctors to the mainland and underfunding of the Medicare and Medicaid programs which serve 60 % of the island 's population . Affordable medical insurance under the Affordable Care Act is not available in Puerto Rico as , since Puerto Ricans pay no income tax , no subsidies are available . The city of San Juan has a system of triage , hospital , and preventive care health services . The municipal government sponsors regular health fairs in different areas of the city focusing on health care for the elderly and the disabled . In 2017 , there were 69 hospitals in Puerto Rico . There are twenty hospitals in San Juan , half of which are operated by the government . The largest hospital is the Centro Médico de Río Piedras ( the Río Piedras Medical Center ) . Founded in 1956 , it is operated by the Medical Services Administration of the Department of Health of Puerto Rico , and is actually a network of eight hospitals : San Juan Municipal Hospital : This hospital is operated by the San Juan municipal government . Industrial Hospital : This is the hospital for Puerto Rico government employees , whether municipal or Commonwealth government employees . Normally , injured police officers and firefighters are cared for here . San Juan Pediatric Hospital -- Also operated by the San Juan municipal government . Pediatric Hospital : Operated by the government of the Commonwealth , this is the main trauma hospital for pediatric cases . Centro Medico Emergency Room : This is the main hospital for trauma cases for Puerto Rico and the Caribbean . Centro Cardiovascular del Caribe ( Caribbean Cardiovascular Center ) : This is the main hospital for open heart surgery in the Caribbean . It features a hotel for the patients ' families . Psychiatric Hospital : The main psychiatric hospital in Puerto Rico . Operated by the government of Puerto Rico . Psychiatric Correctional Hospital : It is both a hospital and correctional facility . It is operated jointly by the Puerto Rico Department of Corrections and the Medical Services Administration . The city of San Juan operates nine other hospitals . Of these , eight are Diagnostic and Treatment Centers located in communities throughout San Juan . These nine hospitals are : La Perla Puerta de Tierra Llorens Torres Puerto Nuevo San José Río Piedras Sabana Llana Hoare Santurce Parada 19 There are also ten private hospitals in San Juan . These are : Hospital Metropilitano Hospital Auxilio Mutuo Hospital Auxilio Mutuo Expreso Hospital de Veteranos : The main Veterans hospital in the Caribbean . Operated by the U.S. Veteran Healthcare System . Ashford Presbyterian Hospital Hospital Pavia Hato Rey Hospital Pavia Santurce San Jorge Children 's Hospital : The most well known children 's hospital in the San Juan Metropolitan Area . Hospital San Gerardo : Located at the Cupey neighborhood , is a small hospital but is also specialized in psychiatry and elderly . Hospital del Maestro ( Teachers Hospital ) : Located in Hato Rey , this hospital is operated by the Puerto Rico Teachers Association . The city of Ponce is served by several clinics and hospitals . There are four comprehensive care hospitals : Hospital Dr. Pila , Hospital San Cristobal , Hospital San Lucas , and Hospital de Damas . In addition , Hospital Oncológico Andrés Grillasca specializes in the treatment of cancer , and Hospital Siquiátrico specializes in mental disorders . There is also a U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Outpatient Clinic that provides health services to U.S. veterans . The U.S. Veterans Administration will build a new hospital in the city to satisfy regional needs . Hospital de Damas is listed in the U.S. News & World Report as one of the best hospitals under the U.S. flag . Ponce has the highest concentration of medical infrastructure per inhabitant of any municipality in Puerto Rico . On the island of Culebra , there is a small hospital in the island called Hospital de Culebra . It also offers pharmacy services to residents and visitors . For emergencies , patients are transported by plane to Fajardo on the main island . The town of Caguas has three hospitals : Hospital Hima San Pablo , Menonita Caguas Regional Hospital , and the San Juan Bautista Medical Center . The town of Cayey is served by the Hospital Menonita de Cayey , and the Hospital Municipal de Cayey . Reforma de Salud de Puerto Rico ( Puerto Rico Health Reform ) -- locally referred to as La Reforma ( The Reform ) -- is a government - run program which provides medical and health care services to the indigent and impoverished , by means of contracting private health insurance companies , rather than employing government - owned hospitals and emergency centers . The Reform is administered by the Puerto Rico Health Insurance Administration . Crime The overall rate of crime is low in Puerto Rico . The territory has a high firearm homicide rate . The homicide rate of 19.2 per 100,000 inhabitants was significantly higher than any U.S. state in 2014 . Most homicide victims are gang members and drug traffickers with about 80 % of homicides in Puerto Rico being drug related . Culture Main article : Culture of Puerto Rico Modern Puerto Rican culture is a unique mix of cultural antecedents : including people European ( predominantly Spanish , Italian , French , German and Irish ) , African , and , more recently , some North American and lots of South Americans . A large number of Cubans and Dominican have relocated to the island in the past few decades . From the Spanish , Puerto Rico received the Spanish language , the Catholic religion and the vast majority of their cultural and moral values and traditions . The United States added English - language influence , the university system and the adoption of some holidays and practices . On March 12 , 1903 , the University of Puerto Rico was officially founded , branching out from the `` Escuela Normal Industrial '' , a smaller organization that was founded in Fajardo three years before . Much of Puerto Rican culture centers on the influence of music and has been shaped by other cultures combining with local and traditional rhythms . Early in the history of Puerto Rican music , the influences of Spanish and African traditions were most noticeable . The cultural movements across the Caribbean and North America have played a vital role in the more recent musical influences which have reached Puerto Rico . The official symbols of Puerto Rico are the reinita mora or Puerto Rican spindalis ( a type of bird ) , the flor de maga ( a type of flower ) , and the ceiba or kapok ( a type of tree ) . The unofficial animal and a symbol of Puerto Rican pride is the coquí , a small frog . Other popular symbols of Puerto Rico are the jíbaro ( the `` countryman '' ) , and the carite . Architecture Main article : Architecture of Puerto Rico The architecture of Puerto Rico demonstrates a broad variety of traditions , styles and national influences accumulated over four centuries of Spanish rule , and a century of American rule . Spanish colonial architecture , Ibero - Islamic , art deco , post-modern , and many other architectural forms are visible throughout the island . From town to town , there are also many regional distinctions . Old San Juan Old San Juan is one of the two barrios , in addition to Santurce , that made up the municipality of San Juan from 1864 to 1951 , at which time the former independent municipality of Río Piedras was annexed . With its abundance of shops , historic places , museums , open air cafés , restaurants , gracious homes , tree - shaded plazas , and its old beauty and architectonical peculiarity , Old San Juan is a main spot for local and internal tourism . The district is also characterized by numerous public plazas and churches including San José Church and the Cathedral of San Juan Bautista , which contains the tomb of the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León . It also houses the oldest Catholic school for elementary education in Puerto Rico , the Colegio de Párvulos , built in 1865 . The oldest parts of the district of Old San Juan remain partly enclosed by massive walls . Several defensive structures and notable forts , such as the emblematic Fort San Felipe del Morro , Fort San Cristóbal , and El Palacio de Santa Catalina , also known as La Fortaleza , acted as the primary defenses of the settlement which was subjected to numerous attacks . La Fortaleza continues to serve also as the executive mansion for the Governor of Puerto Rico . Many of the historic fortifications are part of San Juan National Historic Site . During the 1940s , sections of Old San Juan fell into disrepair , and many renovation plans were suggested . There was even a strong push to develop Old San Juan as a `` small Manhattan '' . Strict remodeling codes were implemented to prevent new constructions from affecting the common colonial Spanish architectural themes of the old city . When a project proposal suggested that the old Carmelite Convent in San Juan be demolished to erect a new hotel , the Institute had the building declared as a historic building , and then asked that it be converted to a hotel in a renewed facility . This was what became the Hotel El Convento in Old San Juan . The paradigm to reconstruct and renovate the old city and revitalize it has been followed by other cities in the Americas , particularly Havana , Lima and Cartagena de Indias . Ponce Creole is an architectural style created in Ponce , Puerto Rico , in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . This style of Puerto Rican buildings is found predominantly in residential homes in Ponce that developed between 1895 and 1920 . Ponce Creole architecture borrows heavily from the traditions of the French , the Spaniards , and the Caribbean to create houses that were especially built to withstand the hot and dry climate of the region , and to take advantage of the sun and sea breezes characteristic of the southern Puerto Rico 's Caribbean Sea coast . It is a blend of wood and masonry , incorporating architectural elements of other styles , from Classical revival and Spanish Revival to Victorian . Arts Main article : Puerto Rican art Puerto Rican art reflects many influences , much from its ethnically diverse background . A form of folk art , called santos evolved from the Catholic Church 's use of sculptures to convert indigenous Puerto Ricans to Christianity . Santos depict figures of saints and other religious icons and are made from native wood , clay , and stone . After shaping simple , they are often finished by painting them in vivid colors . Santos vary in size , with the smallest examples around eight inches tall and the largest about twenty inches tall . Traditionally , santos were seen as messengers between the earth and Heaven . As such , they occupied a special place on household altars , where people prayed to them , asked for help , or tried to summon their protection . Also popular , caretas or vejigantes are masks worn during carnivals . Similar masks signifying evil spirits were used in both Spain and Africa , though for different purposes . The Spanish used their masks to frighten lapsed Christians into returning to the church , while tribal Africans used them as protection from the evil spirits they represented . True to their historic origins Puerto Rican caretas always bear at least several horns and fangs . While usually constructed of papier - mâché , coconut shells and fine metal screening are sometimes used as well . Red and black were the typical colors for caretas but their palette has expanded to include a wide variety of bright hues and patterns . Literature Main article : Puerto Rican literature Eugenio María de Hostos Puerto Rican literature evolved from the art of oral story telling to its present - day status . Written works by the native islanders of Puerto Rico were prohibited and repressed by the Spanish colonial government . Only those who were commissioned by the Spanish Crown to document the chronological history of the island were allowed to write . Diego de Torres Vargas was allowed to circumvent this strict prohibition for three reasons : he was a priest , he came from a prosperous Spanish family , and his father was a Sergeant Major in the Spanish Army , who died while defending Puerto Rico from an invasion by the Dutch armada . In 1647 , Torres Vargas wrote Descripción de la Ciudad e Isla de Puerto Rico ( `` Description of the Island and City of Puerto Rico '' ) . This historical book was the first to make a detailed geographic description of the island . The book described all the fruits and commercial establishments of the time , mostly centered in the towns of San Juan and Ponce . The book also listed and described every mine , church , and hospital in the island at the time . The book contained notices on the State and Capital , plus an extensive and erudite bibliography . Descripción de la Ciudad e Isla de Puerto Rico was the first successful attempt at writing a comprehensive history of Puerto Rico . Some of Puerto Rico 's earliest writers were influenced by the teachings of Rafael Cordero . Among these was Dr. Manuel A. Alonso , the first Puerto Rican writer of notable importance . In 1849 he published El Gíbaro , a collection of verses whose main themes were the poor Puerto Rican country farmer . Eugenio María de Hostos wrote La peregrinación de Bayoán in 1863 , which used Bartolomé de las Casas as a spring board to reflect on Caribbean identity . After this first novel , Hostos abandoned fiction in favor of the essay which he saw as offering greater possibilities for inspiring social change . In the late 19th century , with the arrival of the first printing press and the founding of the Royal Academy of Belles Letters , Puerto Rican literature began to flourish . The first writers to express their political views in regard to Spanish colonial rule of the island were journalists . After the United States invaded Puerto Rico during the Spanish -- American War and the island was ceded to the Americans as a condition of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 , writers and poets began to express their opposition to the new colonial rule by writing about patriotic themes . Alejandro Tapia y Rivera , also known as the Father of Puerto Rican Literature , ushered in a new age of historiography with the publication of The Historical Library of Puerto Rico . Cayetano Coll y Toste was another Puerto Rican historian and writer . His work The Indo - Antillano Vocabulary is valuable in understanding the way the Taínos lived . Dr. Manuel Zeno Gandía in 1894 wrote La Charca and told about the harsh life in the remote and mountainous coffee regions in Puerto Rico . Dr. Antonio S. Pedreira , described in his work Insularismo the cultural survival of the Puerto Rican identity after the American invasion . With the Puerto Rican diaspora of the 1940s , Puerto Rican literature was greatly influenced by a phenomenon known as the Nuyorican Movement . Puerto Rican literature continued to flourish and many Puerto Ricans have since distinguished themselves as authors , journalists , poets , novelists , playwrights , screenwriters , essayists and have also stood out in other literary fields . The influence of Puerto Rican literature has transcended the boundaries of the island to the United States and the rest of the world . Over the past fifty years , significant writers include Ed Vega , Luis Rafael Sánchez , Piri Thomas , Giannina Braschi , and Miguel Piñero . Esmeralda Santiago has written an autobiographical trilogy about growing up in modern Puerto Rico as well as an historical novel , Conquistadora , about life on a sugar plantation during the mid-19th century . Media Main article : Media in Puerto Rico The media in Puerto Rico includes local radio stations , television stations and newspapers , the majority of which are conducted in Spanish . There are also three stations of the U.S. Armed Forces Radio and Television Service . Newspapers with daily distribution are El Nuevo Dia , El Vocero and Indice , Metro , and Primera Hora . El Vocero is distributed free of charge as well as Indice and Metro . Newspapers distributed on a weekly or regional basis include Claridad , La Perla del Sur , La Opinion , Vision , and La Estrella del Norte , among others . Several television channels provide local content in the island . These include WIPR - TV , Telemundo , Univision Puerto Rico , WAPA - TV , and WKAQ - TV . Music Main article : Music of Puerto Rico Play media A dancer performs typical bomba choreography . The music of Puerto Rico has evolved as a heterogeneous and dynamic product of diverse cultural resources . The most conspicuous musical sources have been Spain and West Africa , although many aspects of Puerto Rican music reflect origins elsewhere in Europe and the Caribbean and , over the last century , from the U.S. Puerto Rican music culture today comprises a wide and rich variety of genres , ranging from indigenous genres like bomba , plena , aguinaldo , danza and salsa to recent hybrids like reggaeton . Puerto Rico has some national instruments , like the Cuatro ( Spanish for Four ) . The cuatro is a local instrument that was made by the `` Jibaro '' or people from the mountains . Originally , the Cuatro consisted of four steel strings , hence its name , but currently the Cuatro consists of five double steel strings . It is easily confused with a guitar , even by locals . When held upright , from right to left , the strings are G , D , A , E , B . In the realm of classical music , the island hosts two main orchestras , the Orquesta Sinfónica de Puerto Rico and the Orquesta Filarmónica de Puerto Rico . The Casals Festival takes place annually in San Juan , drawing in classical musicians from around the world . With respect to opera , the legendary Puerto Rican tenor Antonio Paoli was so celebrated , that he performed private recitals for Pope Pius X and the Czar Nicholas II of Russia . In 1907 , Paoli was the first operatic artist in world history to record an entire opera -- when he participated in a performance of Pagliacci by Ruggiero Leoncavallo in Milan , Italy . Over the past fifty years , Puerto Rican artists such as Jorge Emmanuelli , Yomo Toro , Ramito , Jose Feliciano , Bobby Capo , Rafael Cortijo , Ismael Rivera , Chayanne , Tito Puente , Eddie Palmieri , Ray Barreto , Dave Valentin , Omar Rodríguez - López , Hector Lavoe , Ricky Martin , Marc Anthony and Luis Fonsi have thrilled audiences around the world . Cuisine Main article : Puerto Rican cuisine Cuchifritos ( Carnitas ) in New York Puerto Rican cuisine has its roots in the cooking traditions and practices of Europe ( Spain ) , Africa and the native Taínos . In the latter part of the 19th century , the cuisine of Puerto Rico was greatly influenced by the United States in the ingredients used in its preparation . Puerto Rican cuisine has transcended the boundaries of the island , and can be found in several countries outside the archipelago . Basic ingredients include grains and legumes , herbs and spices , starchy tropical tubers , vegetables , meat and poultry , seafood and shellfish , and fruits . Main dishes include mofongo , arroz con gandules , pasteles , alcapurrias and pig roast ( or lechón ) . Beverages include maví and piña colada . Desserts include flan , arroz con dulce ( sweet rice pudding ) , piraguas , brazo gitanos , tembleque , polvorones , and dulce de leche . Locals call their cuisine cocina criolla . The traditional Puerto Rican cuisine was well established by the end of the 19th century . By 1848 the first restaurant , La Mallorquina , opened in Old San Juan . El Cocinero Puertorriqueño , the island 's first cookbook was published in 1849 . Plantain `` arañitas '' and `` tostones rellenos '' From the diet of the Taíno people come many tropical roots and tubers like yautía ( taro ) and especially Yuca ( cassava ) , from which thin cracker - like casabe bread is made . Ajicito or cachucha pepper , a slightly hot habanero pepper , recao / culantro ( spiny leaf ) , achiote ( annatto ) , peppers , ají caballero ( the hottest pepper native to Puerto Rico ) , peanuts , guavas , pineapples , jicacos ( cocoplum ) , quenepas ( mamoncillo ) , lerenes ( Guinea arrowroot ) , calabazas ( tropical pumpkins ) , and guanabanas ( soursops ) are all Taíno foods . The Taínos also grew varieties of beans and some maize / corn , but maize was not as dominant in their cooking as it was for the peoples living on the mainland of Mesoamerica . This is due to the frequent hurricanes that Puerto Rico experiences , which destroy crops of maize , leaving more safeguarded plants like conucos ( hills of yuca grown together ) . Spanish / European influence is also seen in Puerto Rican cuisine . Wheat , chickpeas ( garbanzos ) , capers , olives , olive oil , black pepper , onions , garlic , cilantrillo ( cilantro ) , oregano , basil , sugarcane , citrus fruit , eggplant , ham , lard , chicken , beef , pork , and cheese all came to Borikén ( Puerto Rico 's native Taino name ) from Spain . The tradition of cooking complex stews and rice dishes in pots such as rice and beans are also thought to be originally European ( much like Italians , Spaniards , and the British ) . Early Dutch , French , Italian , and Chinese immigrants influenced not only the culture but Puerto Rican cooking as well . This great variety of traditions came together to form La Cocina Criolla . Coconuts , coffee ( brought by the Arabs and Corsos to Yauco from Kafa , Ethiopia ) , okra , yams , sesame seeds , gandules ( pigeon peas in English ) sweet bananas , plantains , other root vegetables and Guinea hen , all come to Puerto Rico from Africa . Philately Main article : Puerto Rico on stamps San Juan 450th 1971 issue Puerto Rico has been commemorated on four U.S. postal stamps and four personalities have been featured . Insular Territories were commemorated in 1937 , the third stamp honored Puerto Rico featuring ' La Fortaleza ' , the Spanish Governor 's Palace . The first free election for governor of the U.S. colony of Puerto Rico was honored on April 27 , 1949 , at San Juan , Puerto Rico . ' Inauguration ' on the 3 - cent stamp refers to the election of Luis Munoz Marin , the first democratically elected governor of Puerto Rico . San Juan , Puerto Rico was commemorated with an 8 - cent stamp on its 450th anniversary issued September 12 , 1971 , featuring a sentry box from Castillo San Felipe del Morro . In the `` Flags of our nation series '' 2008 -- 2012 , of the fifty - five , five territorial flags were featured . Forever stamps included the Puerto Rico Flag illustrated by a bird issued 2011 . Four Puerto Rican personalities have been featured on U.S. postage stamps . These include Roberto Clemente in 1984 as an individual and in the Legends of Baseball series issued in 2000 . Luis Muñoz Marín in the Great Americans series , on February 18 , 1990 . Julia de Burgos in the Literary Arts series , issued 2010. , and José Ferrer in the Distinguished American series , issued 2012 . Sports Main article : Sports in Puerto Rico Baseball was one of the first sports to gain widespread popularity in Puerto Rico . The Puerto Rico Baseball League serves as the only active professional league , operating as a winter league . No Major League Baseball franchise or affiliate plays in Puerto Rico , however , San Juan hosted the Montreal Expos for several series in 2003 and 2004 before they moved to Washington , D.C. and became the Washington Nationals . The Puerto Rico national baseball team has participated in the World Cup of Baseball winning one gold ( 1951 ) , four silver and four bronze medals , the Caribbean Series ( winning fourteen times ) and the World Baseball Classic . On March 2006 , San Juan 's Hiram Bithorn Stadium hosted the opening round as well as the second round of the newly formed World Baseball Classic . Puerto Rican baseball players include Hall of Famers Roberto Clemente , Orlando Cepeda and Roberto Alomar , enshrined in 1973 , 1999 , and 2011 respectively . Boxing , basketball , and volleyball are considered popular sports as well . Wilfredo Gómez and McWilliams Arroyo have won their respective divisions at the World Amateur Boxing Championships . Other medalists include José Pedraza , who holds a silver medal , and three boxers who finished in third place , José Luis Vellón , Nelson Dieppa and McJoe Arroyo . In the professional circuit , Puerto Rico has the third-most boxing world champions and it is the global leader in champions per capita . These include Miguel Cotto , Félix Trinidad , Wilfred Benítez and Gómez among others . Puerto Rico Islanders supporters ' Orange Star Ultras at an association football game The Puerto Rico national basketball team joined the International Basketball Federation in 1957 . Since then , it has won more than 30 medals in international competitions , including gold in three FIBA Americas Championships and the 1994 Goodwill Games August 8 , 2004 , became a landmark date for the team when it became the first team to defeat the United States in an Olympic tournament since the integration of National Basketball Association players . Winning the inaugural game with scores of 92 -- 73 as part of the 2004 Summer Olympics organized in Athens , Greece . Baloncesto Superior Nacional acts as the top - level professional basketball league in Puerto Rico , and has experienced success since its beginning in 1930 . Puerto Rico is also a member of FIFA and CONCACAF . In 2008 , the archipelago 's first unified league , the Puerto Rico Soccer League , was established . Other sports include professional wrestling and road running . The World Wrestling Council and International Wrestling Association are the largest wrestling promotions in the main island . The World 's Best 10K , held annually in San Juan , has been ranked among the 20 most competitive races globally . The `` Puerto Rico All Stars '' team , which has won twelve world championships in unicycle basketball . Organized Streetball has gathered some exposition , with teams like `` Puerto Rico Street Ball '' competing against established organizations including the Capitanes de Arecibo and AND1 's Mixtape Tour Team . Six years after the first visit , AND1 returned as part of their renamed Live Tour , losing to the Puerto Rico Streetballers . Consequently , practitioners of this style have earned participation in international teams , including Orlando `` El Gato '' Meléndez , who became the first Puerto Rican born athlete to play for the Harlem Globetrotters . Orlando Antigua , whose mother is Puerto Rican , in 1995 became the first Hispanic and the first non-black in 52 years to play for the Harlem Globetrotters . Puerto Rico has representation in all international competitions including the Summer and Winter Olympics , the Pan American Games , the Caribbean World Series , and the Central American and Caribbean Games . Puerto Rico hosted the Pan Am Games in 1979 ( officially in San Juan ) , and The Central American and Caribbean Games were hosted in 1993 in Ponce and in 2010 in Mayagüez . Puerto Rican athletes have won nine medals in Olympic competition ( one gold , two silver , six bronze ) , the first one in 1948 by boxer Juan Evangelista Venegas . Monica Puig won the first gold medal for Puerto Rico in the Olympic Games by winning the Women 's Tennis singles title in Rio 2016 . Infrastructure Main articles : Transportation in Puerto Rico , Communications in Puerto Rico , Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority , and Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority Puerto Rico interstate highways Cities and towns in Puerto Rico are interconnected by a system of roads , freeways , expressways , and highways maintained by the Highways and Transportation Authority under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Transportation , and patrolled by the Puerto Rico Police Department . The island 's metropolitan area is served by a public bus transit system and a metro system called Tren Urbano ( in English : Urban Train ) . Other forms of public transportation include seaborne ferries ( that serve Puerto Rico 's archipelago ) as well as Carros Públicos ( private mini buses ) . Puerto Rico has three international airports , the Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in Carolina , Mercedita Airport in Ponce , and the Rafael Hernández Airport in Aguadilla , and 27 local airports . The Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport is the largest aerial transportation hub in the Caribbean . The Tren Urbano system at Bayamón Station Puerto Rico has nine ports in different cities across the main island . The San Juan Port is the largest in Puerto Rico , and the busiest port in the Caribbean and the 10th busiest in the United States in terms of commercial activity and cargo movement , respectively . The second largest port is the Port of the Americas in Ponce , currently under expansion to increase cargo capacity to 1.5 million twenty - foot containers ( TEUs ) per year . The Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority ( PREPA ) -- Spanish : Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica ( AEE ) -- is an electric power company and the government - owned corporation of Puerto Rico responsible for electricity generation , power transmission , and power distribution in Puerto Rico . PREPA is the only entity authorized to conduct such business in Puerto Rico , effectively making it a government monopoly . The Authority is ruled by a Governing Board appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent of the Senate of Puerto Rico , and is run by an Executive Director . Telecommunications in Puerto Rico includes radio , television , fixed and mobile telephones , and the Internet . Broadcasting in Puerto Rico is regulated by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) . As of 2007 , there were 30 TV stations , 125 radio stations and roughly 1 million TV sets on the island . Cable TV subscription services are available and the U.S. Armed Forces Radio and Television Service also broadcast on the island . See also Outline of Puerto Rico Index of Puerto Rico - related articles Military history of Puerto Rico Privileges and Immunities Clause * Puerto Rico ( proposed state ) Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 ( H.R. 900 & S. 1936 ) Sovereigntism ( Puerto Rico ) Voting rights in Puerto Rico Puerto Rico portal United States portal New Spain portal Caribbean portal Book : Puerto Rico Notes Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico '' pronunciations : English : / ˌpɔːrtə ˈriːkoʊ / or / ˌpwɛərtə ˈriːkoʊ / ; Spanish : ( ˈpweɾto ˈriko ) , rural , locally also ( ˈpwelto ˈχiko ; ˈʀ̥iko ) . Jump up ^ The Spanish word for commonwealth is typically mancomunidad . Jump up ^ In 1932 , the U.S. Congress officially back - corrected the former Anglicization of Porto Rico into the Spanish name Puerto Rico . It had been using the former spelling in its legislative and judicial records since it acquired the territory . Patricia Gherovici states that both `` Porto Rico '' and `` Puerto Rico '' were used interchangeably in the news media and documentation before , during , and after the U.S. conquest of the island in 1898 . The `` Porto '' spelling , for instance , was used in the Treaty of Paris , but `` Puerto '' was used by The New York Times that same year . Nancy Morris clarifies that `` a curious oversight in the drafting of the Foraker Act caused the name of the island to be officially misspelled '' . However , Gervasio Luis Garcia traces the Anglicized spelling to a National Geographic article from 1899 , after which the spelling was kept by many agencies and entities because of the ethnic and linguistic pride of the English - speaking citizens of the American mainland . Jump up ^ Proyecto Salón Hogar ( in Spanish ) `` Los españoles le cambiaron el nombre de Borikén a San Juan Bautista ya la capital le llamaron Ciudad de Puerto Rico . Con los años , Ciudad de Puerto Rico pasó a ser San Juan , y San Juan Bautista pasó a ser Puerto Rico . '' Jump up ^ Today , Puerto Ricans are also known as Boricuas , or people from Borinquen . Jump up ^ Vicente Yañez Pinzón is considered the first appointed governor of Puerto Rico , but he never arrived from Spain . Jump up ^ PBS , to which they had no natural immunity . For example , a smallpox outbreak in 1518 -- 1519 killed much of the Island 's indigenous population . `` The first repartimiento in Puerto Rico is established , allowing colonists fixed numbers of Tainos for wage - free and forced labor in the gold mines . When several priests protest , the crown requires Spaniards to pay native laborers and to teach them the Christian religion ; the colonists continue to treat the natives as slaves . '' Jump up ^ Tavenner ( 2010 ) `` The Taíno people living ( in Puerto Rico ) at the time ( ... ) were forced into slavery . '' Jump up ^ Poole ( 2011 ) `` ( The Taíno ) began to starve ; many thousands fell prey to smallpox , measles and other European diseases for which they had no immunity ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ PBS `` ( The Taíno ) eventually succumbed to the Spanish soldiers and European diseases that followed Columbus 's arrival in the New World in 1492 . '' Jump up ^ Yale University `` ( ... ) the high death rate among the Taíno due to enslavement and European diseases ( smallpox , influenza , measles , and typhus ) persisted . '' Jump up ^ Cockcroft ( 2001 ; in Spanish ) `` ( La Ley 53 ) fué llamada la ' pequeña ley Smith ' , debido a la semejanza con la Ley Smith de Estados Unidos ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ However , as Robert William Anderson states on page 14 of his book `` Party Politics in Puerto Rico '' ( Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . 1965 . ) , No one disputes the ambiguous status of the current Commonwealth . It is illustrated in the very different images conjured up by the English term `` commonwealth '' and the Spanish version , Estado Libre Asociado ( literally , free associated state ) . The issue seems to be whether this ambiguity is a purposeful virtue or a disguised colonial vice . Jump up ^ pr.gov ( in Spanish ) `` La manufactura es el sector principal de la economía de Puerto Rico . '' Jump up ^ pr.gov ( in Spanish ) `` Algunas de las industrias más destacadas dentro del sector de la manufactura son : las farmacéuticas , los textiles , los petroquímicos , las computadoras , la electrónica y las compañías dedicadas a la manufactura de instrumentos médicos y científicos , entre otros . '' Jump up ^ Torrech San Inocencio ( 2011 ; in Spanish ) `` Con los más de $1,500 millones anuales que recibimos en asistencia federal para alimentos podríamos desarrollar una industria alimentaria autosuficiente en Puerto Rico . '' Jump up ^ Millán Rodriguez ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` Los representantes del Pueblo en la Junta de Gobierno de la Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica ( ... ) denunciaron ayer que la propuesta del Gobernador para hacer cambios en la composición del organismo institucionaliza la intervención político partidista en la corporación pública y la convierte en una agencia del Ejecutivo ... '' Jump up ^ Vera Rosa ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` Aunque Puerto Rico mueve entre el sector público y privado $15 billones en el área de salud , las deficiencias en el sistema todavía no alcanzan un nivel de eficiencia óptimo . '' Jump up ^ Vera Rosado ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` Para mejorar la calidad de servicio , que se impacta principalmente por deficiencias administrativas y no por falta de dinero ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ González ( 2012 ; in Spanish ) `` ( ... ) al analizarse la deuda pública de la Isla contra el Producto Interno Bruto ( PIB ) , se ubicaría en una relación deuda / PIB de 68 % aproximadamente . '' Jump up ^ Bauzá ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` La realidad de nuestra situación económica y fiscal es resultado de años de falta de acción . Al Gobierno le faltó creatividad , innovación y rapidez en la creación de un nuevo modelo económico que sustentara nuestra economía . Tras la eliminación de la Sección 936 , debimos ser proactivos , y no lo fuimos . '' Jump up ^ Quintero ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` Los indicadores de una economía débil son muchos , y la economía en Puerto Rico está sumamente debilitada , según lo evidencian la tasa de desempleo ( 13.5 % ) , los altos niveles de pobreza ( 41.7 % ) , los altos niveles de quiebra y la pérdida poblacional . '' Jump up ^ Walsh ( 2013 ) `` In each of the last six years , Puerto Rico sold hundreds of millions of dollars of new bonds just to meet payments on its older , outstanding bonds -- a red flag . It also sold $2.5 billion worth of bonds to raise cash for its troubled pension system -- a risky practice -- and it sold still more long - term bonds to cover its yearly budget deficits . '' Jump up ^ PRGDB `` Financial Information and Operating Data Report to October 18 , 2013 '' p. 142 Jump up ^ MRGI ( 2008 ) `` Many female migrants leave their families behind due to the risk of illegal travel and the high cost of living in Puerto Rico . '' Jump up ^ Rivera . `` Housing prices in Puerto Rico are comparable to Miami or Los Angeles , but property taxes are considerably lower than most places in the US . '' Jump up ^ FRBNY ( 2011 ) `` ... home values vary considerably across municipios : for the metro area overall , the median value of owner - occupied homes was estimated at $126,000 ( based on data for 2007 -- 09 ) , but these medians ranged from $214,000 in Guaynabo to around $100,000 in some of the outlying municipios . The median value in the San Juan municipio was estimated at $170,000 . '' Jump up ^ Santiago ( 2021 ) `` Local detractors of the Jones Act ( ... ) for many years have unsuccessfully tried to have Puerto Rico excluded from the law 's provisions ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ JOC ( 2013 ) `` Repealing or amending the Jones Act cabotage law might cut Puerto Rico shipping costs '' Jump up ^ JOC ( 2013 ) `` The GAO report said its interviews with shippers indicated they ( ... ) believed that opening the trade to non-U.S. - flag competition could lower costs . '' References Jump up ^ `` P. Rico Senate declares Spanish over English as first official language '' . News Report . San Juan , Puerto Rico . Agencia EFE . September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 2011 -- 2015 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates '' . US Census . Department of Commerce . 2016 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census : Puerto Rico Profile '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Puerto Rico Commonwealth Population Totals Tables : 2010 -- 2016 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GDP , PPP ( current international $ ) '' . Jump up ^ `` GDP per capita , PPP ( current international $ ) '' , World Development Indicators database , World Bank . Database updated on May 8 , 2014 . Accessed on May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Bank World Development Indicators , July 2013 '' . World Bank . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Global Competitiveness Report 2014 -- 2015 ( Puerto Rico ) '' ( PDF ) . World Economic Forum . Jump up ^ `` Household Income for States : 2010 and 2011 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . September 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fuentes - Ramírez , Ricardo R. ( 2017 ) . `` Human Development Index Trends and Inequality in Puerto Rico 2010 -- 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Ceteris Paribus : Journal of Socio - Economic Research . 7 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of Terms -- 1120 Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7 -- Consular Affairs . U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ Amaral , Patrícia & Ana Maria Carvalho ( 2014 ) . Portuguese - Spanish Interfaces : Diachrony , synchrony , and contact . Philadelphia : John Benjamins Publishing Company . p. 130 . ISBN 9789027258007 . Jump up ^ Pedro A. Malavet ( 2004 ) . America 's colony : the political and cultural conflict between the United States and Puerto Rico . NYU Press . pp. 43 , 181 note 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 5680 - 5 . Jump up ^ Patricia Gherovici ( 2003 ) . The Puerto Rican syndrome . Other Press , LLC . pp. 140 -- 141 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 892746 - 75 - 7 . Jump up ^ Historian , Office of the ( January 1 , 2013 ) . Hispanic Americans in Congress , 1822 -- 2012 . Government Printing Office . ISBN 9780160920684 . Jump up ^ Secretary 's , Puerto Rico ; Office , Puerto Rico Secretary 's ( January 1 , 1903 ) . Register of Porto Rico . Office of the Secretary . Jump up ^ Deusen , Richard James Van ; Deusen , Elizabeth Kneipple Van ( 1931 ) . Porto Rico : A Caribbean Isle . Henry Holt . Jump up ^ Sciences , New York Academy of ( 1922 ) . Scientific survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands . New York Academy of Sciences . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2015 . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caban , Pedro A. ( 2009 ) . Constructing A Colonial People : Puerto Rico And The United States , 1898 -- 1932 . Westview Press . p. 10 . ISBN 0786748176 . Jump up ^ Santiago - Valles , Kelvin A. ( 1994 ) . Subject People and Colonial Discourses : Economic Transformation and Social Disorder in Puerto Rico , 1898 -- 1947 . SUNY Press . p. ix . ISBN 0791415899 . Jump up ^ Lipski , John M. ( 2005 ) . A History of Afro - Hispanic Language : Five Centuries , Five Continents . Cambridge University Press . p. 37 . ISBN 1107320372 . Jump up ^ 8 U.S. Code § 1402 -- Persons born in Puerto Rico on or after April 11 , 1899 ( 1941 ) Retrieved : January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Igartúa -- de la Rosa v. United States ( Igartúa III ) Archived March 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , 417 F. 3d 145 ( 1st Cir. 2005 ) ( en banc ) , GREGORIO IGARTÚA , ET AL. , Plaintiffs , Appellants , v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA , ET AL. , Defendants , Appellees . No. 09 - 2186 ( November 24 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's Political Status and the 2012 Plebiscite : Background and Key Questions '' ( PDF ) . fas.org . Congressional Research Service . June 25 , 2013 . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` El Nuevo Día '' . Elnuevodia.com . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( January 29 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico Gets More Time '' . Star Herald . Scottsbluff , ME . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dietz , James ( 1986 ) . Economic History of Puerto Rico . Princeton : Princeton University Press . p. 154 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico files for biggest ever U.S. local government bankruptcy '' . Reuters . May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Puerto Rico oversight board orders furloughs , governor defiant '' . Reuters . August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Maria heads away from P.R. ahead of expected turn to the north far off U.S. coast '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Rhodium Group '' America 's Biggest Blackout `` . rhg.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Allatson , Paul ( 2007 ) . Key Terms in Latino / a Cultural and Literary Studies . Malden , Mass. : Blackwell Publishing . p. 47 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 0250 - 0 . Jump up ^ Cayetano Coll y Toste , ed. ( 1972 ) . `` Taino Indigenous Peoples of the Caribbean '' . Clásicos de Puerto Rico ( 2nd ed . ) . Ediciones Latinoamericanas , S.A. 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CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Confirmation of troop count is unattainable , only Spanish and Puerto Rican sources are available regarding troop count . Jump up ^ Guillermo A. Baralt , Slave revolts in Puerto Rico : conspiracies and uprisings , 1795 -- 1873 ; Markus Wiener Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55876 - 463 - 7 Jump up ^ `` María de las Mercedes Barbudo ; Primera mujer independentista de Puerto Rico ; CLARIDAD ; December 1994 ; p. 19 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Real Cédula de 1789 `` para el comercio de Negros '' '' ( in Spanish ) . Ensayistas.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ways of ending slavery '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Negroni , Héctor Andrés ( 1992 ) . Historia militar de Puerto Rico ( in Spanish ) . Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario . ISBN 978 - 84 - 7844 - 138 - 9 . 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The Avalon Project at the Yale Law School . Yale Law School , Lillian Goldman Law Library . December 10 , 1898 . Jump up ^ Truman R. Clark . Puerto Rico and the United States , 1917 -- 1933 . 1975 . University of Pittsburgh Press . p. 129 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report by the President 's task force on Puerto Rico 's Status '' ( PDF ) . December 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 25 , 2007 . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Efrén Rivera Ramos ( 2007 ) . American Colonialism in Puerto Rico : The Judicial and Social Legacy . Markus Wiener Publishers . pp. 54 -- 55 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55876 - 410 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Porto Rico En Fete : President 's Auto Tour Amid Shower of Roses : He Promises Citizenship '' . The Washington Post . November 22 , 1906 . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Juan Gonzalez ; Harvest of Empire , pp. 60 -- 63 ; Penguin Press , 2001 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311928 - 9 Jump up ^ Levinson , Sanford ; Sparrow , Bartholomew H. ( 2005 ) . The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion : 1803 -- 1898 . New York : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . pp. 166 , 178 . U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act , chap. 190 , 39 Stat. 951 ( 1971 ) ( codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ `` Sistema de Alerta de Tsunamis de Puerto Rico y el Caribe '' ( in Spanish ) . Red Sísmica de Puerto Rico . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Frank Otto Gatell , `` Independence Rejected : Puerto Rico and the Tydings Bill of 1936 '' , Hispanic American Historical Review , Vol. 38 , No. 1 ( Feb. 1958 ) , pp. 25 -- 44 , accessed December 15 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Civil Rights in Puerto Rico . The Commission , 70p , np , May 22 , 1937 '' . Llmc.com . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2010 . 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América Latina y Estados Unidos : historia y política país por país ( in Spanish ) . Siglo XXI Editores . ISBN 9682323320 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rican History '' . Topuertorico.org . January 13 , 1941 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` La Gobernación de Jesús T. Piñero y la Guerra Fría '' . Issuu.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Political Status of Puerto Rico : Options for Congress . Report RL32933 . By Keith Bea and R. Sam Garrett , Congressional Research Service . Dated June 19 , 2009 . p. 29 . Table B - 1 : Puerto Rico Status Votes in Plebiscites and Referenda , 1967 -- 1998 . p. 29 ... Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Status Plebiscite Vote Summary '' . Electionspuertorico.org . November 14 , 1993 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Status Plebiscite Vote Summary '' . Electionspuertorico.org . December 13 , 1998 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . 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Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on the Report by the President 's Task Force on Puerto Rico 's Status . United States Senate . One Hundredth Ninth Congress . Second Session . U.S. Senate 109 -- 796 . November 15 , 2006 . ( Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . 2007 . p. 56 . ) Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico -- in Spanish '' . Lexjuris.com . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico -- ( English translation ) '' . Topuertorico.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Sanford ; Sparrow , Bartholomew H ( 2005 ) . The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion , 1803 -- 1898 . Ed. by Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow . ( Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield , 2005 . Cloth , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 4983 - 6 . Paper , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 4984 - 4 . ) pp. 166 -- 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 4984 - 5 . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's Pharmaceutical Industry '' . September 20 , 2006 . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wyss , Jim ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag ? '' . Miami Herald . Miami Herald . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Willie , Santana , ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Incorporating the Lonely Star : How Puerto Rico Became Incorporated and Earned a Place in the Sisterhood of States '' . Tennessee Journal of Law & Policy . 9 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ `` El Senado aprueba enmiendas a la ley del plebiscito '' . Elnuevodia.com. April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pilkington , Ed ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico governor to take statehood case to Washington but faces US snub '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` - The Washington Post '' . Washington Post . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clash looms as Puerto Rico prepares to send reps to Washington , after statehood vote '' . Foxnews.com . July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` What 's a Free Associated State ? '' . Puerto Rico Report . Puerto Rico Report . February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Statehood , Independence , or Free Association Referendum ( 2017 ) '' . Ballotpedia . BALLOTPEDIA . February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . With my vote , I make the initial request to the Federal Government to begin the process of the decolonization through : ( 1 ) Free Association : Puerto Rico should adopt a status outside of the Territory Clause of the Constitution of the United States that recognizes the sovereignty of the People of Puerto Rico . The Free Association would be based on a free and voluntary political association , the specific terms of which shall be agreed upon between the United States and Puerto Rico as sovereign nations . Such agreement would provide the scope of the jurisdictional powers that the People of Puerto Rico agree to confer to the United States and retain all other jurisdictional powers and authorities . Under this option the American citizenship would be subject to negotiation with the United States Government ; ( 2 ) Proclamation of Independence , I demand that the United States Government , in the exercise of its power to dispose of territory , recognize the national sovereignty of Puerto Rico as a completely independent nation and that the United States Congress enact the necessary legislation to initiate the negotiation and transition to the independent nation of Puerto Rico . My vote for Independence also represents my claim to the rights , duties , powers , and prerogatives of independent and democratic republics , my support of Puerto Rican citizenship , and a `` Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation '' between Puerto Rico and the United States after the transition process Jump up ^ Wyss , Jim . `` Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag ? '' . Miami Herald . Miami . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Coto , Danica ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico gov approves referendum in quest for statehood '' . Washington Post . DC . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Gillian B. ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Why Puerto Rican Statehood Matters So Much Right Now '' . The Atlantic . The Atlantic Monthly Group . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Six words : the ability to file for bankruptcy Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico goes to polls Sunday on statehood issue despite criticism over costs , timing '' . Nbcnews.com . 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General Assembly . Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples ( 1971 ) . Report of the Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples . 23 . United Nations Publications . pp. 10 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 1 - 810211 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling upon United States Government to Expedite Self - Determination Process for Puerto Rico '' . United Nations . UN . June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ resolution 740 Archived May 14 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ( November 27 , 1953 ) , `` Cessation of transmission o the information under article 73 e of the Charter in respect of Puerto Rico '' . Jump up ^ GA Resolution 1541 Archived May 14 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ( December 15 1960 ) , `` Principles which should guide Members in determining whether or not an obligation exists to transmit the information called for in article 73 e of the Charter . ( See ANNEX ) . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Report by the President 's task force on Puerto Rico 's Status '' ( PDF ) . December 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 16 , 2008 . Retrieved December 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Art . IV , Sec. 3 , clause 2 , U.S. Constitution . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Sanchez , 992 F. 2D 1143 ( 1993 ) United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit ( Paragraphs 44 -- 46 ) '' . ftp.resources.com . June 4 , 1993 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2011 . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Status Field Hearing '' . Committee on Resources , U.S. House of Representatives , 105th Congress . April 19 , 1997 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1541 ( XV ) . Principles which should guide Members in determining whether or not an obligation exists to transmit the information called for under Article 73 e of the Charter '' . United Nations General Assembly . December 15 , 1960 . Jump up ^ June 13 , 2006 . Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Puerto Rican Self - determination Process . Draft Resolution Urges Probe of Pro-Independence Leader 's Killing , Human Rights Abuses ; Calls for Clean - up , Decontamination of Vieques . ( June 13 , 2006 ) Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 14 June 2007 . Special Committee on Decolonization Calls on United States to Expedite Puerto Rico 's Self - Determination Process : Text Also Requests General Assembly to Consider Question ; Urges Clean Up of Vieques Island , Release of Puerto Rican Political Prisoners . ( June 14 , 2007 ) Archived January 18 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ June 15 , 2009 . Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Self - determination Process for Puerto Rico . Members Hear Petitioners Speak up for Independence , Statehood , Free Association . ( June 15 , 2009 ) Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ June 21 , 2010 . Special Committee on Decolonization Passes Text Urging General Assembly to Consider Formally Situation Concerning Puerto Rico : Draft Resolution Calls on United States to Expedite Island 's Self - Determination . ( June 21 , 2010 ) Archived January 18 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ June 20 , 2011 . Special Committee on Decolonization Calls on United States , in Consensus Text , to Speed up Process Allowing Puerto Rico to Exercise Self - Determination : Nearly 25 Petitioners Underscore Gravity of Situation on Island , Buckling Under Economic Strain ; Vigorous Opposition to Death Penalty Also Expressed . ( June 20 , 2011 ) Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : casiano communications ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` UN decolonization committee eyes PR '' . Caribbeanbusinesspr.com . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Article 2.003 ( 54 ) , Puerto Rico Election Code for the 21st Century , Act No. 78 of 2011 ( in English ) . Retrieved on August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Members Hear Petitioners Speak up for Independence , Statehood , Free Association '' . General Assembly of the United Nations . June 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` US lawmakers clear path for new Puerto Rico referendum '' . Agence France - Presse. April 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Text of H.R. 2499 : Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2010 '' . govtrack.us. April 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 2499 : Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2010 -- Bill Overview '' . 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( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Andrzej Pisera ; Michael Martínez ; Hernan Santos ( May 2006 ) . `` Late Cretaceous Siliceous Sponges From El Rayo Formation , Puerto Rico '' . Journal of Paleontology . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2009 . Retrieved May 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Earthquake History of Puerto Rico '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2007 . Retrieved September 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Uri ten Brink . `` Explorations : Puerto Rico Trench 2003 -- Cruise Summary and Results '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NOAA Ocean Explorer : Puerto Rico Trench '' . Oceanexplorer.noaa.gov . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ARECIBO 3 ESE , PUERTO RICO -- Climate Summary '' . Sercc.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NOWData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2011 . Retrieved October 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Daly , Christopher ; Helmer , Eileen H. ; Quiñonez , Maya ( 2003 ) . `` Mapping the Climate of Puerto Rico , Vieques and Culebra '' . International Journal of Climatology. 23 ( 11 ) : 1359 -- 81 . Bibcode : 2003IJCli ... 23.1359 D . doi : 10.1002 / joc. 937 . Jump up ^ Edward B. Rodgers , Robert F. Adler , Harold F. Pierce . Contribution of Tropical Cyclones to the North Atlantic Climatological Rainfall as Observed from Satellites . Jump up ^ Aurelio Mercado and Harry Justiniano . Coastal Hazards of Puerto Rico . Retrieved on January 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A look at the damage from Hurricane Irma in the Caribbean '' . ABC News . ABC News . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , National Desk ( September 9 , 2017 ) . `` Jose remains dangerous Category 4 hurricane '' . KETV . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berg , Robbie ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Maria '' . National Hurricane Center . 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( 2005 ) . `` Reconstructing the population history of Puerto Rico by means of mtDNA phylogeographic analysis '' . Am J Phys Anthropol. 128 ( 1 ) : 131 -- 55 . doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 20108 . PMID 15693025 . Jump up ^ `` Your Regional Ancestry : Reference Populations '' . The Genographic Project . Jump up ^ Tang , Hua ; Choudhry , Shweta ; Mei , Rui ; Morgan , Martin ; Rodríguez - Clintron , William ; González Burchard , Esteban ; Risch , Neil ( August 1 , 2007 ) . `` Recent Genetic Selection in the Ancestral Admixture of Puerto Ricans '' . The American Journal of Human Genetics . 81 ( 3 ) : 626 -- 633 . doi : 10.1086 / 520769 . PMC 1950843 . PMID 17701908 . Jump up ^ Via , Mark ; Gignoux , Christopher R. ; Roth , Lindsey ; Fejerman , Laura ; Galander , Joshua ; Choudhry , Shweta ; Toro - Labrador , Gladys ; Viera - Vera , Jorge ; Oleksyk , Taras K. ; Beckman , Kenneth ; Ziv , Elad ; Risch , Neil ; González Burchard , Esteban ; Nartínez - Cruzado , Juan Carlos ( 2011 ) . `` History Shaped the Geographic Distribution of Genomic Admixture on the Island of Puerto Rico '' . PLoS ONE . 6 ( 1 ) : e16513 . Bibcode : 2011PLoSO ... 616513V . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0016513 . PMC 3031579 . PMID 21304981 . ^ Jump up to : `` Demography -- Puerto Rico '' . Pew Research . Pew Research , DC . January 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples -- Puerto Rico : Dominicans '' . Minority Rights Group International . 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Other Border : Puerto Rico 's Seas '' . Latino USA . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived January 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Portadilla de Revista '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Haiti Immigrants Using Puerto Rico As Gateway To U.S. In New Migrant Route '' . The Huffington Post . May 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems ( DADS ) . `` American FactFinder -- Results '' . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ James Bargent . `` Dominican People Smugglers Trafficked Cubans to Puerto Rico '' . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's population swap : The middle class for millionaires '' . BBC . May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems ( DADS ) . `` American FactFinder -- Results '' . Jump up ^ `` Economy and Crime Spur New Puerto Rican Exodus '' . The New York Times . February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Quick Facts -- San Juan '' . US Census . U.S. Department of Commerce . 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . 2015 ACS 5 - Year Population Estimate Jump up ^ `` Población de Puerto Rico por Municipios 2010 y 2000 '' . Elections Puerto Rico . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Language '' , Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language , Ed . Tom McArthur , Oxford University Press , 1998 . Jump up ^ Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior , 92 D.P.R. 596 ( 1965 ) . Translation taken from the English text , 92 P.R.R. 580 ( 1965 ) , pp. 588 -- 89 . See also LOPEZ - BARALT NEGRON , `` Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior : Espanol : Idioma del proceso judicial '' , 36 Revista Juridica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico . 396 ( 1967 ) , and VIENTOS - GASTON , `` Informe del Procurador General sobre el idioma '' , 36 Rev. Col. Ab . ( P.R. ) 843 ( 1975 ) . Jump up ^ The Status of Languages in Puerto Rico . Muniz - Arguelles , Luis . University of Puerto Rico . c. 1988 . Page 466 . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census Annual Population Estimates 2007 '' . Factfinder.census.gov . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 2011 -- 2015 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates '' . US Census . Department of Commerce . 2016 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico Governor Luis Fortuño Proposes Plan For Island 's Public Schools To Teach In English Instead Of Spanish . Archived August 31 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Danica Coto . Huffington Latino Voices. 05 / 08 / 12 ( May 8 , 2012 ) . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Language Education Policy in Puerto Rico '' . Language Education Policy Studies . International Association for Language Education Policy Studies . 2013 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Key findings about Puerto Rico '' . March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Religion in Latin America '' . November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Porto Rico '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ `` Sobre Nosotros '' . Episcopalpr.org . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2010 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Luis Fortuño Janeiro . Album Histórico de Ponce ( 1692 -- 1963 ) . Page 165 . Ponce , Puerto Rico : Imprenta Fortuño. 1963 . Jump up ^ `` La presencia Germanica en Puerto Rico '' . Preb.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Protestants in Puerto Rico '' . english.turkcebilgi.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Catholic Church and Puerto Rico officials at odds in widening sex abuse investigation '' . FOX News . FOX News . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico People and Society '' . CIA Library . CIA . 2015 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Roman Catholic 85 % , Protestant and other 15 % Jump up ^ LÓPEZ , Gustavo ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Hispanics of Puerto Rican Origin in the United States , 2013 '' . Pew Research . Pew Research Center , DC . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Puerto Ricans in this statistical profile are people who self - identified as Hispanics of Puerto Rican origin ; this means either they themselves were born in Puerto Rico1 or they were born in the 50 U.S. states , the District of Columbia or elsewhere , but trace their family ancestry to Puerto Rico . Jump up ^ `` Religion in Latin America '' . Pew Research . Pew Research Center . November 13 , 2014 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' . Parish.orthodoxtheologicalinstitute.org . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2011 . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Latin American issues Vol. 3 '' . Webpub.allegheny.edu . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2010 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eduardo Giorgetti Y Su Mundo : La Aparente Paradoja De Un Millonario Genio Empresarial Y Su Noble Humanismo ; by Delma S. Arrigoitia ; Publisher : Ediciones Puerto ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 942347 - 52 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Korber House '' . Prairieschooltraveler.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Virtual Jewish History Tour Puerto Rico '' . Jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Jewish Palate : The Jews of Puerto Rico '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luxner News '' . Luxner.com . August 3 , 2004 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Number of Muslims and Percentage in Puero Rico '' . Institute of Islamic Information and Education . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Percent Puerto Rican population that are Muslims '' . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Muslim mosques in Pto . Rico '' . Pupr.edu . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Muslims concentrated in Rio Piedras '' . Saudiaramcoworld.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 2016 Yearbook of Jehovah 's Witnesses , pp. 184 -- 85 Jump up ^ `` Budda Net '' . Buddhanet.net . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , Article I , Section 2 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 29 , 2009 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Department of State . Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty '' . State.gov . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Department of State . Foreign Affairs Manual : Volume 7 -- Consular Affairs ( 7 FAM 1120 ) , ' Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions ' , pp. 1 -- 3 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rules of the House of Representatives . Rule III . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Primary Election Report Notice '' . Fec.gov . February 2 , 2008 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Presidential Primary Dates and Candidates Filling Datelines for Ballot Access '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Consulados . Link to Puerto Rico '' . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2004 . Retrieved February 3 , 2009 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Mayagüez . Enciclopedia de Puerto Rico '' . Enciclopediapr.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LinktoPR.com -- Fundación de los Pueblos '' . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2004 . Retrieved April 21 , 2004 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Martínez Torres , Juez ( Judge ) ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Opinión del Tribunal emitida por el Juez Asociado señor Martínez Torres '' ( PDF ) . Legal Document . El Tribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Special committee on decolonization approves text calling on United States to expedite Puerto Rican self - determination process '' ( Press release ) . Department of Public Information , United Nations General Assembly . June 13 , 2006 . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Keith Bea ( May 25 , 2005 ) . `` Political Status of Puerto Rico : Background , Options , and Issues in the 109th Congress '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ U.S. Const . art . IV , § 3 , cl. 2 ( `` The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the colony or other Property belonging to the United States ... '' ) . Jump up ^ Downes v. Bidwell , 182 U.S. 244 , 261 ( 1901 ) , commenting on an earlier Supreme Court decision , Loughborough v. Blake , 18 U.S. ( 5 Wheat . ) 317 ( 1820 ) ; Rasmussen v. United States , 197 U.S. 516 , 529 -- 530 , 536 ( 1905 ) ( concurring opinions of Justices Harlan and Brown ) , that once the Constitution has been extended to an area , its coverage is irrevocable ; Boumediene v. Bush -- That where the Constitution has been once formally extended by Congress to territories , neither Congress nor the territorial legislature can enact laws inconsistent therewith . The Constitution grants Congress and the President the power to acquire , dispose of , and govern territory , not the power to decide when and where its terms apply . Jump up ^ The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion : 1803 -- 1898 . By Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow . New York : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . 2005 . pp. 166 , 178 . `` U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act , chap. 190 , 39 Stat. 951 ( 1971 ) ( codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 ( 1987 ) '' ) Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Topic : Citizenship '' . U.S. Constitution Online . Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Ricans pay import / export taxes '' . Stanford.wellsphere.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Ricans pay federal commodity taxes '' . Stanford.wellsphere.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Internal Revenue Service . ' , Topic 903 -- Federal Employment Tax in Puerto Rico ' , '' . Irs.gov . December 18 , 2009 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reuters , ' Puerto Rico hopes to gain from U.S. healthcare reform ' , 24 September 2009 '' . Reuters . September 24 , 2009 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Brett . `` The Heritage Foundation , 11 March 2009 . `` D.C. Voting Rights : No Representation ? No Taxation ! '' , By Robert A. Book , PhD `` . Heritage.org . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Manufacturers Association , CEO Summit , Federal and Local Incentives : Where we are , Where We Want to be . Amaya Iraolagoitia , Partner , Tax Dept '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 16 , 2010 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joint Committee on Taxation . An Overview of the Special Tax Rules Related to Puerto Rico and an Analysis of the Tax and Economic Policy Implications of Recent Legislative Options '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Members of the military must pay federal income tax Jump up ^ `` Table 5 . Internal Revenue Gross Collections , by Type of Tax and State , Fiscal year 2009 '' ( XLS ) . Internal Revenue Service . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico hopes to gain from U.S. healthcare reform . Reuters . September 24 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` News & Media '' . PRFAA . July 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia y Puerto Rico se dan la mano '' . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Relaciones comerciales entre Colombia y Puerto Rico '' ( in Spanish ) . Universidad ICESI . July 23 , 2013 . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mari Carmen Aponte '' . State.gov . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` After Closing of Navy Base , Hard Times in Puerto Rico '' . New York Times . April 3 , 2005 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ OSD , Washington Headquarters Services , Directorate for Information Operations and Reports ( DIOR ) ; `` Atlas / Data Abstract for the United States and Selected Areas -- Fiscal Year 1997 ; '' Department of Defense ; 1998 . Note : The count of 25 military installations included the branch component of the Roosevelt Roads Naval facility on the island of Vieques , as distinct from the Roosevelt Roads Naval station in Cieba ^ Jump up to : Meléndez , Edwin ; Meléndez , Edgardo ; Colonial Dilemma ; South End Press ; Boston ; 1993 Jump up ^ Maryland General Assembly ( April 8 , 1997 ) . `` Participation of Hispanics in the American Revolution '' . SJR2 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Danny Nieves . `` Special Announcements '' . Valerosos.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense , Reserve Affairs ; `` Official Guard and Reserve Manpower Strengths and Statistics -- Summary End Fiscal Year 1996 ; '' 1996 Jump up ^ World Bank Indicators ; World Bank . `` World Bank Indicators 2012 : Puerto Rico '' . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwab , Klaus ( 2013 ) . `` The Global Competitiveness Report 2013 -- 2014 '' ( PDF ) . World Economic Forum . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ World Bank Indicators ; World Bank . `` Gross national income per capita 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Manufactura '' ( in Spanish ) . Government of Puerto Rico . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's tourism industry continues to expand '' . Business Destinations . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alan Heston , Robert Summers and Bettina Aten , Penn World Table Version 7.1 , Center for International Comparisons of Production , Income and Prices at the University of Pennsylvania , July 2012 . Accessed on August 19 , 2012 . Note : GDP per capita data are `` PPP Converted GDP Per Capita , average GEKS - CPDW , at current prices ( in I $ ) '' , labeled as variable `` cgdp2 '' . Jump up ^ Torrcech San Inocencio , Rafael ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` La autosuficiencia alimentaria '' . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Millán Rodríguez , Yamilet ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Denuncian politización de Junta AEE '' . El Vocero ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Vera Rosado , Ileanexis ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Ineficiencia arropa a los recursos económicos de salud '' . El Vocero ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ González , Jenisabel ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Debemos más de lo que producimos '' . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bauzá , Nydia ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` García Padilla insiste en que heredó un país `` en cantos '' `` . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Quintero , Laura ( September 14 , 2013 ) . `` Las estadísticas hablan : Puerto Rico camino a ser el `` Detroit del Caribe '' `` . NotiCel ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PUERTO RICO FACT SHEET '' ( PDF ) . Gdb-pur.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Nick Brown , Reuters ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico oversight board favors more time for restructuring talks '' . Fiscal Times . The Fiscal Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Platt , Eric ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` New Puerto Rico governor seeks amicable debt crisis resolution '' . Financial Times . New York . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Watson , Dan ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Secretary Lew Sends Letter to 115th Congress on Puerto Rico '' . Department of the Treasury . Department of the Treasury . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nick Brown , Reuters ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico oversight board favors more time for restructuring talks '' . Fiscal Times . The Fiscal Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . The bipartisan , seven - member oversight board was created under the federal Puerto Rico rescue law known as PROMESA , passed by the U.S. Congress last year . It is charged with helping the island manage its finances and navigate its way out of the economic jam , including by negotiating restructuring deals with creditors . Jump up ^ `` '' Economistas se Oponen a las Reformas para `` estimular la economía '' `` . El Nuevo Día. 20 February 2017 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bases , Daniel ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico to furlough workers , proposes pension plan reform '' . Cnbc.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Castrodad , José ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` La Estadidad es una , única , uniforme e irreversible '' . El Vocero . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Mary ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Worsening Debt Crisis Threatens Puerto Rico '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ¿ Cómo Puerto Rico llegó a tener crédito chatarra ? '' . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . February 4 , 2014 . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Information and Operating Data Report to October 18 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Puerto Rico Government Development Bank . October 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` San Juan 2023 o la decadencia de un País '' . Centro Para Una Nueva Economía . Center for a New Economy . Jump up ^ `` SERVICIO DE LA DEUDA '' ( PDF ) . ``. pr.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Reporte General sobre Deuda Pública '' ( PDF ) . ``. pr.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Mary Williams ( July 2 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico 's Power Authority Effectively Files for Bankruptcy '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PROCESO PRESUPUESTARIO '' ( PDF ) . 2.pr.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Buchanan , Puerto Rico '' . Military Installations . Department of Defense . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's Cost of Living Skyrockets '' . Huffingtonpost.com . September 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alvarez , Lizette ( February 8 , 2014 ) . `` Economy and Crime Spur New Puerto Rican Exodus '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Home -- El Nuevo Día '' . Elnuevodia.com . August 31 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MIDA concluye alto costo de vida es la preocupación mayor del boricua '' . Primerahora.com . February 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Conor ( August 14 , 2007 ) . `` Puerto Rico 's Economic Slump Weighs Hard on Consumers '' . Online.wsj.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coto , Danica ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` Life in Puerto Rico becomes costlier amid crisis '' . Nbclatino.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Cost of Living Survey 2011 '' . Mercer.com . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Magaly . `` Moving to Puerto Rico '' . Welcome to Puerto Rico ! . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 2011 -- 2015 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates '' . US Census . Department of Commerce . 2016 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . August 2011 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gutierrez , Elías . `` Impact of the Coastwise Trade Laws on the Transportation System of the United States of America '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Santiago , Jaime ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Jones Act requirement comes under new light '' . Caribbean Business . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` R. Conc . del S. 21 '' ( Microsoft Word ) ( in Spanish ) . Puerto Rico Office of Legislative Services . May 6 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Senado aprueba proyecto para pedir trato preferencial en leyes de cabotaje '' . NotiCel ( in Spanish ) . June 5 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` GAO 's Jones Act Report Is Inconclusive '' . The Journal of Commerce . March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` GAO - 13 - 260 , Puerto Rico : Characteristics of the Island 's Maritime Trade and Potential Effects of Modifying the Jones Act '' ( PDF ) . United States Government Accountability Office . March 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicolas Kanellos , `` Hispanic Firsts '' , Visible Ink Press ( ISBN 0 - 7876 - 0519 - 0 ) , p. 40 . Jump up ^ `` CIA FactBook '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Perfil del Sistema Educativo -- Año Escolar 2010 -- 2011 '' . estadisticas.gobierno.pr . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lizette Alvarez ; Abby Goodnough ( August 2 , 2015 ) . `` Puerto Ricans Brace for Crisis in Health Care '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 ... more than 60 percent of residents receive Medicare or Medicaid ... Jump up ^ Dorell , Oren ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico 's health system ' on life support ' after blow '' . USA Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 1B , 2B . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hospital San Lucas Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Resolucion Conjunta . Hon . Seilhamer Rodríguez . 16th Assembly -- 3rd Session . Senate of Puerto Rico . Joint Resolution Number 402 . March 3 , 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Denuncian crisis en hospital siquiátrico . Reinaldo Millán . La Perla del Sur . Ponce , Puerto Rico . November 9 , 2011 . Year 30 . No. 1458 . Page 14 . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ VA Clinic Archived January 7 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ponce tendrá su Hospital de Veteranos . Jason Rodríguez Grafal . La Perla del Sur . Ponce , Puerto Rico . October 10 , 2012 . Year 30 . Issue 1506 . Page 11 . ( Title in printed version : `` Sera en Ponce : Con luz verde federal el nuevo Hospital de Veteranos '' . ) Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ U.S. News and World Report . Archived April 12 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Hospital de Damas : among the best . Retrieved July 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Culebra Overview Archived June 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . on Let 's Go Jump up ^ Triple - S Management Corporation Annual Report ( Form 10 - K ) for the fiscal year ended on December 31 , 2005 , pursuant to Section 13 or 15 ( d ) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 , accessed on November 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Table 5 '' . Jump up ^ Chalabi , Mona ( July 22 , 2012 ) . `` Gun homicides and gun ownership listed by country '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Latin American Herald Tribune -- 80 % of Puerto Rico Murders Called Drug - Related '' . Laht.com . Jump up ^ Giovannetti , Jorge L. `` Popular Music and Culture in Puerto Rico : Jamaican and Rap Music as Cross-Cultural Symbols '' , in Musical Migrations : Transnationalism and Cultural Hybridity in the Americas , ed . Frances R. Aparicio and Cándida F. Jáquez , 81 -- 98 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rican Music TV '' . Puerto Rican Music TV . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico . By Randall Peffer . Page 225 . Books.google.com. 2002 . ISBN 9781740592741 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ National Geographic Archived March 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Puerto Rico in the Great Depression '' . Newdeal.feri.org . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Yvonne . A Taste of Puerto Rico : Traditional and New Dishes from the Puerto Rican Community . Penguin group , 1997 . p. 3 Jump up ^ 3 - cent Puerto Rico Issue Arago : people , postage & the post . Viewed March 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rod , Steven J. Puerto Rico Election Issue Arago : people , postage & the post . Viewed March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ San Juan Issue Arago : people , postage & the post . Viewed March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Flags of our nation series 2008 -- 2012 , Arago : people , postage & the post '' , National Postal Museum . Viewed March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Clemente ( 1934 -- 1972 ) '' p. 178 , `` Legends of Baseball '' p. 254 , Scott 's Specialized Catalogue , 2013 , ISBN 0 - 89487 - 475 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Great Americans Issue '' Scott 's Specialized Catalogue , 2013 , ISBN 0 - 89487 - 475 - 6 , p. 183 Jump up ^ `` Literary Arts '' Scott 's Specialized Catalogue , 2013 , ISBN 0 - 89487 - 475 - 6 , p. 308 Jump up ^ `` Distinguished Americans '' Scott 's Specialized Catalogue , 2013 , ISBN 0 - 89487 - 475 - 6 , p. 317 Jump up ^ `` Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Roberto Clemente '' . Baseballhall.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Orlando Cepeda '' . Baseballhall.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Roberto Alomar '' . Baseballhall.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics 2004 Basketball Shock defeat for USA '' . BBC News . August 15 , 2004 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jesús Omar Rivera ( October 29 , 2008 ) . `` Boricuas lucíos en una rueda '' ( in Spanish ) . Primera Hora . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Raul Sosa ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` AND1 & PR Streetball Put on a Show ! '' . BoricuaBallers.com . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Joshua Hammann ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` Melendez adds a new country to Globetrotters ' resume '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Non-Black Player Joins Globetrotters '' . New York Times . Antigua &Amp ; Barbuda . December 28 , 1995 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Mónica Puig the Puerto Rico player who won the gold medal in the Rio 2016 Olympic Games women 's tennis final ? '' . Rio2016.com . August 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Monica Puig , Puerto Rico 's Favorite Daughter ( and Only Gold Medalist ) '' . NYTimes.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Aeropuertos Internacionales y Regionales ( Spanish ) '' . Puerto Rico Ports Authority . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About the Project -- Overview '' . Port of the Americas Authority . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ley de la Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica de Puerto Rico '' ( PDF ) . Presupuesto.gobierno.pr . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico profile '' , BBC News , May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Communications : Puerto Rico '' , World Factbook , U.S. Central Intelligence Agency , December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Further reading Isar P. Godreau , Scripts of Blackness : Race , Cultural nationalism , and U.S. Colonialism in Puerto Rico . Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press , 2015 . External links Find more aboutPuerto Ricoat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website ( in Spanish ) Investment Tourism Department Of Economic Development and Commerce `` Puerto Rico '' . Country profiles . BBC . `` Puerto Rico '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . `` Datos y Estadisticas de Puerto Rico y sus Municipios '' ( Data and Statistics about Puerto Rico and It 's Municipalities ) . Tendencias PR ( in Spanish ) . `` Puerto Rico '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Puerto Rico at DMOZ Geography Wikimedia Atlas of Puerto Rico Geographic data related to Puerto Rico at OpenStreetMap United States government `` Application of the U.S. Constitution in U.S. Insular Areas '' ( pdf ) . November 1997 . `` Puerto Rico State Guide '' . LOC . United Nations ( U.N. ) Declaration on Puerto Rico `` Special Committee on Decolonization Calls Upon United States to Expedite Puerto Rico 's Self - Determination Process '' . Special Committee on Decolonization . Press release . U.N. General Assembly . June 14 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did puerto rico become a commonwealth of the united states | [
"On February 4, 1952, the convention approved Resolution 22 which chose in English the word Commonwealth, meaning a \"politically organized community\" or \"state\", which is simultaneously connected by a compact or treaty to another political system. Puerto Rico officially designates itself with the term \"Commonwealth of Puerto Rico\" in its constitution, as a translation into English of the term to \"Estado Libre Asociado\" (ELA)."
] | [
"February 4, 1952"
] |
-5617783765776035499 | Tom Holland (actor) | Tom Holland ( actor ) - wikipedia Tom Holland ( actor ) Jump to : navigation , search For other people of the same or similar names , see Tom Holland and Tom Hollander . Tom Holland Holland at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con promoting Spider - Man : Homecoming Thomas Stanley Holland ( 1996 - 06 - 01 ) 1 June 1996 ( age 21 ) Kingston upon Thames , London , England Citizenship British Education Donhead Prep School , Wimbledon College , The BRIT School for Performing Arts and Technology Occupation Actor dancer Years active 2008 -- present Parent ( s ) Dominic Holland Nicola Frost Thomas Stanley Holland ( born 1 June 1996 ) is an English actor and dancer . He is best known for starring as Peter Parker / Spider - Man in the superhero films Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) and Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) , as part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . He previously appeared on stage in the title role of Billy Elliot the Musical in London 's West End . His other major films include The Impossible ( 2012 ) , In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) , and The Lost City of Z ( 2016 ) . Holland received the BAFTA Rising Star Award in 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 Theatre 2.2 Television 2.3 Cinema 2.3. 1 Spider - Man 2.4 Upcoming works 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Stage 4.4 Video games 5 Awards and nominations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 9 Additional reading Early life and education Holland was born in Kingston upon Thames , London , to Nicola Elizabeth ( née Frost ) , a photographer , and Dominic Holland , a comedian and author . He has three brothers , twins Sam and Harry , three years younger , and Patrick , eight years younger . His paternal grandparents were born on the Isle of Man and Tipperary , Ireland . Holland was educated at Donhead , a Roman Catholic preparatory school in Wimbledon in South West London , followed by Wimbledon College , a voluntary aided Jesuit Roman Catholic comprehensive school ( also in Wimbledon ) , up until December 2012 . Holland has said he was bullied in school for being a dancer . After Wimbledon College he attended The BRIT School for Performing Arts and Technology . Career Theatre Holland ( centre ) performing at the fifth anniversary of Billy Elliot the Musical , 31 March 2010 Holland began dancing at a hip hop class at Nifty Feet Dance School in Wimbledon . His potential was spotted by choreographer Lynne Page ( who was an associate to Peter Darling , choreographer of Billy Elliot and Billy Elliot the Musical ) when he performed with his dance school as part of the 2006 Richmond Dance Festival . After eight auditions and subsequent two years of training , on 28 June 2008 , Holland made his West End debut in Billy Elliot the Musical as Michael , Billy 's best friend . He gave his first performance in the title role on 8 September 2008 , receiving positive notices . In September 2008 , Holland ( together with co-star Tanner Pflueger ) appeared on the news programme on channel FIVE and gave his first TV interview . The following year , he was featured on ITV1 show The Feel Good Factor . At the launch show on 31 January he and two other Billy Elliots , Tanner Pflueger and Layton Williams , performed a version of Angry Dance from Billy Elliot the Musical , after which Holland was interviewed by host Myleene Klass . He trained five British schoolboys for a dance routine he fronted for the final The Feel Good Factor show on 28 March 2009 . On 8 March 2010 , to mark the fifth anniversary of Billy Elliot the Musical , four current Billy Elliots , including Holland , were invited to 10 Downing Street to meet the Prime Minister Gordon Brown . Holland was chosen to be a lead at the fifth - anniversary show on 31 March 2010 . Holland had been appearing on a regular basis as Billy in Billy Elliot the Musical , rotating with three other performers , until 29 May 2010 , when he finished his running . Television In 2015 , Holland appeared in four episodes of BBC Two 's TV series Wolf Hall , as Gregory Cromwell , son of the protagonist Thomas Cromwell played by Mark Rylance . Cinema In 2011 , Holland was cast in the British version of the animated film Arrietty , produced by Japan 's Studio Ghibli . He provided a voice for the principal character Sho . Holland made his feature film debut in The Impossible , directed by Juan Antonio Bayona , alongside Naomi Watts and Ewan McGregor . Holland was praised so highly , that there were even rumors he was a contender for a Academy Award nomination. The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on 9 September 2012 and was a critical and commercial success , earning $180.3 million worldwide and Holland won universal praise from critics and several awards such as the National Board of Review Award for Breakthrough Performance and London Film Critics Circle Award for Young British Performer of the Year . Holland starred as Isaac in the drama film How I Live Now , which was released in the U.K. on 4 October 2013 , co-starring Saoirse Ronan and co-starred as Thomas Nickerson in the film In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) , directed by Ron Howard . In 2016 , he plays Bradley Baker in the film Edge of Winter , where he co-stars with Joel Kinnaman and Percy Hynes White . In 2017 , Holland co-starred alongside Charlie Hunnam in the drama film The Lost City of Z , directed by James Gray , and released in April , to positive critical reception . In 2017 , he co-stars alongside Richard Armitage and Jon Bernthal in the film Pilgrimage . The film was released on 23 April 2017 in the Tribeca Film Festival in its `` Viewpoint '' sections . Spider - Man On 23 June 2015 , it was announced that Holland was cast as a teenage Peter Parker / Spider - Man , and his `` life was flipped upside down '' , as he later tweeted . As part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe , he first appeared as Spider - Man in Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) . The film was a massive critical and commercial success , grossing over $1.1 billion worldwide , making it the highest - grossing film of 2016 , with Holland receiving critical praise . In July 2017 , Spider - Man : Homecoming was released , in which Holland reprised his role from Captain America : Civil War . Earning $117,027,503 in box office receipts in its first weekend , Homecoming received positive reviews and Holland considerable praise , with his appearance being called `` a star performance given by a born actor . '' Holland is scheduled to reprise his role of Spider - Man in Avengers : Infinity War and its untitled sequel , each scheduled to be released on 4 May 2018 , and 3 May 2019 , respectively , as well as the sequel to Homecoming , which has a release date of 5 July 2019 . He has a six - picture deal with Marvel Studios not including his Captain America : Civil War appearance . Holland was originally cast in the Jumanji remake but had to give up the role to focus on Spider - Man . Nick Jonas replaced him in that film . Upcoming works Holland was cast to play Samuel Insull in Alfonso Gomez - Rejon 's The Current War , which will be released on 24 November 2017 . Holland was cast in the film adaptation of Patrick Ness 's bestselling YA series Chaos Walking as Todd Hewitt , alongside with Star Wars star Daisy Ridley , which will be directed by Doug Liman . In May 2017 , it was announced that he had been cast as a young Nathan Drake in the film adaptation of Naughty Dog 's Uncharted video game series . He is also now cast as the lead role in the film adaptation of Beneath the Scarlet Sky with Pascal Pictures . He is set to star in 20th Century Fox Animation 's Spies in Disguise in 2019 alongside Will Smith . Holland says that his long - term career plans are to `` do some more franchises , '' play `` some meatier indie roles and eventually ... transition to the other side of the camera and branch into directing . '' Personal life Holland resides in the London neighbourhood of Kingston upon Thames , near the house of his parents and younger brothers . He has a dog named Tessa . When he was seven years old , Holland was diagnosed with dyslexia . Holland is a supporter of English football club Arsenal and also practises gymnastics . Along with his three siblings Holland sponsors The Brothers Trust , a UK Registered Charity that raises money for various charitable causes . Holland publicly credits his father , comedian and writer Dominic Holland , for keeping his massive wave of Spider - Man fame from going to his head . Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 2011 Arrietty Shō ( voice ) English dub ( UK , AU , NZL ) 2012 The Impossible Lucas Bennett 2013 How I Live Now Isaac Moments Boy Short film 2014 Locke Eddie ( voice ) Billy Elliot the Musical Live Former Billy Encore , cameo 2015 In the Heart of the Sea Thomas Nickerson ( young ) Tweet Himself Short film ; director 2016 Captain America : Civil War Peter Parker / Spider - Man Edge of Winter Bradley Baker A Monster Calls The Monster Stand - in The Lost City of Z Jack Fawcett 2017 Pilgrimage The Novice / Brother Diarmuid Spider - Man : Homecoming Peter Parker / Spider - Man The Current War Samuel Insull 2018 Avengers : Infinity War Peter Parker / Spider - Man Post-production 2019 Spies in Disguise Walter ( voice ) In production Chaos Walking Todd Hewitt Post-production Untitled Avengers film Peter Parker / Spider - Man Filming Television Year Title Role Notes 2015 Wolf Hall Gregory Cromwell Recurring role ; 4 episodes 2017 Lip Sync Battle Himself Episode : `` Tom Holland vs. Zendaya '' Stage Year Title Role Venue Notes 2008 -- 2010 Billy Elliot the Musical Billy Elliot / Michael Victoria Palace Theatre 8 September 2008 -- 29 May 2010 Video games Year Title Role Notes 2016 Lego Marvel Avengers Peter Parker / Spider - Man DLC 2017 Spider - Man : Homecoming - Virtual Reality Experience Peter Parker / Spider - Man 2017 Lego Marvel Superheroes 2 Peter Parker / Spider - Man Likenesses Only Awards and nominations Year Award Nominated work Result 2012 Hollywood Film Awards Spotlight Award The Impossible Won Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards Best Youth Performance Nominated St. Louis Film Critics Association Special Merit ( shared with Naomi Watts , Ewan McGregor , Samuel Joslin , Oaklee Pendergast ) Won Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Most Promising Performer Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards Best Youth Performance in a Lead or Supporting Role - Male Won Nevada Film Critics Society Best Youth Performance Won 2013 Central Ohio Film Critics Association Breakthrough Film Artist Nominated National Board of Review Breakthrough Performance - Male Won Critics ' Choice Awards Best Young Actor / Actress Nominated London Film Critics ' Circle Awards Young British Performer of the Year Won Online Film & Television Association Best Youth Performance Won Best Breakthrough Performance - Male Nominated Most Cinematic Moment ( shared with Naomi Watts , Ewan McGregor , Samuel Joslin , Oaklee Pendergast ) Nominated Cinema Writers Circle Awards Best New Actor Nominated Goya Awards Best New Actor Nominated Gold Derby Awards Best Breakthrough Performer Nominated Empire Awards Best Male Newcomer Won Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young Actor Won Saturn Awards Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated 2014 CinEuphoria Awards Best Actor - International Competition Nominated 2016 Golden Schmoes Awards Breakthrough Performance of the Year Captain America : Civil War Won Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor ( 14 - 21 ) In the Heart of the Sea Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Scene Stealer Captain America : Civil War Nominated 2017 British Academy Film Awards Rising Star Award Himself Won Empire Awards Best Male Newcomer Captain America : Civil War Nominated Saturn Awards Best Performance by a Younger Actor Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Breakout Movie Star Spider - Man : Homecoming Nominated Choice Summer Movie Actor Won See also Billy Elliot the Musical casts References Jump up ^ Profile , tribute.ca ; accessed 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Births , Marriages & Deaths Index of England & Wales , 1916 -- 2005 ; ancestry.com ; accessed 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Person Details for Thomas Stanley Holland , `` England and Wales Birth Registration Index , 1837 - 2008 '' -- FamilySearch.org `` . familysearch.org . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet Tom Holland ... the 16 - year - old star of The Impossible '' , standard.co.uk , 20 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Schoolboy actor Tom Holland finds himself in Oscar contention for role in tsunami drama '' , The Scotsman , 21 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Holland and Pflueger Are West End 's Two New ' Billy Elliots ' '' , BroadwayWorld.com , 28 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Richard and Margaret Povey of Jersey , Channel Islands , UK : Information about Thomas Stanley Holland '' . Familytreemaker.genealogy.com . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Byrne , John ( 28 June 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man star Tom Holland is proud of his Irish roots '' . Jump up ^ `` Tom Holland to play Billy Elliot '' , donhead.org.uk ; accessed 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man Homecoming Tom Holland Talks Being Bullied '' . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Billy Elliot leaving the garage '' , ichmondandtwickenhamtimes.co.uk , 31 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Billy Elliot the Musical - Tom Holland - Billy . YouTube . 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A Tale of four Billys : Tom Holland '' , valchess.livejournal.com , 28 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Feel Good Factor '' , tvthrong.co.uk ; accessed 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thames Christian College schoolboys join Myleene Klass for The Feelgood Factor '' , www.wandsworthguardian.co.uk , 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Government launches £ 600,000 arts bursaries pilot '' , thestage.co.uk , 8 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BILLY 's Chapman , Holland , Gardner & Jackson - Keen Visit Prime Minister '' , BroadwayWorld.com , 8 March 2010 Jump up ^ `` Elton John ' blown away ' by Billy Elliot fifth birthday '' ( video with John 's interview and fragments of Holland 's performance ) , BBC News , 1 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Being Billy Elliot '' , NewsOnStage.co.uk , 29 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wolf Hall '' . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First News interviews Arrietty 's Tom Holland '' First News , 5 August 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` 33rd Critics ' Circle Film Awards winners '' . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Board of Review Current Awards '' . Archived from the original on 12 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Howard Whaling Tale ' In The Heart Of The Sea ' Casts Tom Holland '' , Deadline.com , 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost City of Z reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios Find Their ' Spider - Man ' Star and Director '' . Marvel.com. 23 June 2015 . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Holland Reflects On Being Cast As Spider - Man '' . Marvel . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Siegel , Tatiana ( 23 June 2015 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' Finds Tom Holland to Star as New Web - Slinger '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 24 June 2015 . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' Captain America : Civil War ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' review : Choose your own avenger '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office History for Spider - Man Movies '' . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Review : New Reboot of Marvel Webslinger Really Is Amazing '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Featurette Shows Off First Footage From Set '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 11 February 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Couch , Aaron ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Kevin Feige on Why the Studio Wo n't Make R - Rated Movies , ' Guardians 2 ' and Joss Whedon 's DC Move '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 18 April 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming 2 ' Shoots Web Around Independence Day 2019 Frame ; ' Bad Boys 4 ' Moves To Memorial Day '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 10 December 2016 . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Holland Learned He Got His ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Role From a Marvel Instagram Post '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 9 November 2016 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Before Nick Jonas , Spiderman 's Tom Holland Was Cast in Jumanji ! '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mary Magdalene ' , ' Current War ' & ' Wind River ' Get 2017 Release Dates From Weinstein '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lodderhose , Diana ( 11 May 2017 ) . `` Lionsgate Unleashing Daisy Ridley & Tom Holland Starrer ' Chaos Walking ' In Cannes '' . Deadline . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Jr , Mike Fleming ( 22 May 2017 ) . `` ' Uncharted ' Reconfigured : ' Spider - Man Homecoming 's Tom Holland To Play Young Nathan Drake For Shawn Levy '' . Jump up ^ `` Tom Holland to Star in WWII Spy Movie Beneath a Scarlet Sky '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Will Smith , Tom Holland to Star in Fox Animation 's ' Spies in Disguise ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Mandle , Chris ( 26 June 2017 ) . `` ' Tom Holland might just be the most chipper superhero of all time ' '' . shortlist.com . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Holland 's Mom Tricks Him Into Staying Close to Home '' . E ! . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana. `` 5 things to know about your new Spider - Man : Tom Holland '' . Mashable . Jump up ^ `` Dyslexia is in the news ... '' . DominicHolland.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Meet new Spider - Man Tom Holland : Arsenal - loving , free - running teenager who lives at home - and is set to become a household name '' . Daily Mirror . Jump up ^ `` The Brothers Trust '' . www.thebrotherstrust.org . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanna , Beth ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` PTA 's ' Master ' Leads Chicago Film Critics Nominations , UPDATED : Houston and Indiana Critics Nominations '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nominaciones Goya 2013 Telecinco Cinema -- ENG '' ( PDF ) . Mediaset.es. 8 January 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Blackall , Luke ( 24 March 2013 ) . `` Jameson Empire Film Awards : Martin Freeman wins best actor for performance in The Hobbit '' . The Independent . Retrieved 24 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 34th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . YoungArtistAwards.org . Archived from the original on 2 April 2013 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 -- Captain America : Civil War Leads Second Wave of Nominations '' . E ! Online . June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Film Award Nominations : ' La La Land ' Leads Race '' . Variety . 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Reveal `` Second Wave '' of Nominations `` . E ! Online . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tom Holland . Holland at Curtis Brown Literary and Talent Agency Tom Holland at AllMovie Tom Holland on IMDb Tom Holland at Rotten Tomatoes Tom Holland on Twitter The Brothers Trust Works by or about Tom Holland in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) Additional reading Holland , Dominic ( 2017 ) . Eclipsed : How Tom Holland Eclipsed His ' Celebrity ' Dad . ( 1 ) Awards for Tom Holland BAFTA Rising Star Award 2006 -- present James McAvoy ( 2006 ) Eva Green ( 2007 ) Shia LaBeouf ( 2008 ) Noel Clarke ( 2009 ) Kristen Stewart ( 2010 ) Tom Hardy ( 2011 ) Adam Deacon ( 2012 ) Juno Temple ( 2013 ) Will Poulter ( 2014 ) Jack O'Connell ( 2015 ) John Boyega ( 2016 ) Tom Holland ( 2017 ) Empire Award for Best Male Newcomer Tom Hiddleston ( 2012 ) Tom Holland ( 2013 ) Aidan Turner ( 2014 ) Taron Egerton ( 2015 ) John Boyega ( 2016 ) Dave Johns ( 2017 ) National Board of Review Award for Breakthrough Performance Alicia Silverstone ( 1995 ) Renée Zellweger ( 1996 ) Bai Ling ( 1997 ) Billy Crudup / Angelina Jolie ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank / Wes Bentley ( 1999 ) Jamie Bell / Michelle Rodriguez ( 2000 ) Hayden Christensen / Naomi Watts ( 2001 ) Maggie Gyllenhaal / Derek Luke ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron / Paul Giamatti ( 2003 ) Emmy Rossum / Topher Grace ( 2004 ) Q'orianka Kilcher / Terrence Howard ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson / Rinko Kikuchi / Ryan Gosling ( 2006 ) Ellen Page / Emile Hirsch ( 2007 ) Viola Davis / Dev Patel ( 2008 ) Gabourey Sidibe / Jeremy Renner ( 2009 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2010 ) Rooney Mara / Felicity Jones ( 2011 ) Quvenzhané Wallis / Tom Holland ( 2012 ) Adèle Exarchopoulos / Michael B. Jordan ( 2013 ) Jack O'Connell ( 2014 ) Abraham Attah / Jacob Tremblay ( 2015 ) Lucas Hedges / Royalty Hightower ( 2016 ) Timothée Chalamet ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Noah Hathaway ( 1984 ) Barret Oliver ( 1985 ) Carrie Henn ( 1986 ) Kirk Cameron ( 1987 ) Fred Savage ( 1988 ) Adan Jodorowsky ( 1989 / 90 ) Edward Furlong ( 1991 ) Scott Weinger ( 1992 ) Elijah Wood ( 1993 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 1994 ) Christina Ricci ( 1995 ) Lucas Black ( 1996 ) Jena Malone ( 1997 ) Tobey Maguire ( 1998 ) Haley Joel Osment ( 1999 ) Devon Sawa ( 2000 ) Haley Joel Osment ( 2001 ) Tyler Hoechlin ( 2002 ) Jeremy Sumpter ( 2003 ) Emmy Rossum ( 2004 ) Dakota Fanning ( 2005 ) Ivana Baquero ( 2006 ) Freddie Highmore ( 2007 ) Jaden Smith ( 2008 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2009 ) Chloë Grace Moretz ( 2010 ) Joel Courtney ( 2011 ) Suraj Sharma ( 2012 ) Chloë Grace Moretz ( 2013 ) Mackenzie Foy ( 2014 ) Ty Simpkins ( 2015 ) Tom Holland ( 2016 ) Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film 1979 -- 1990 Dennis Christopher ( 1979 ) Justin Henry ( 1980 ) Ricky Schroder ( 1981 ) Henry Thomas ( 1982 ) C. Thomas Howell ( 1983 ) Anthony Michael Hall ( 1984 ) Sean Astin ( 1985 ) Peter Billingsley ( 1986 ) River Phoenix ( 1987 ) Fred Savage ( 1987 ) Patrick Dempsey ( 1987 ) Corey Feldman ( 1987 ) Christian Bale ( 1988 ) Corey Feldman ( 1988 ) Corey Haim ( 1988 ) Lukas Haas ( 1988 ) Sean Astin ( 1989 ) Macaulay Culkin ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2010 Ethan Embry ( 1991 ) Elijah Wood ( 1993 ) Edward Furlong ( 1994 ) Jason James Richter ( 1994 ) Mason Gamble ( 1994 ) Brad Renfro ( 1995 ) Wil Horneff ( 1996 ) Lucas Black ( 1997 ) Blake Heron ( 1998 ) Kevin Zegers ( 1998 ) Miko Hughes ( 1999 ) Haley Joel Osment ( 2000 ) Rob Brown ( 2001 ) Anton Yelchin ( 2002 ) Tyler Hoechlin ( 2003 ) Jeremy Sumpter ( 2004 ) Jamie Bell ( 2005 ) Josh Hutcherson ( 2006 ) Logan Lerman ( 2007 ) Josh Hutcherson ( 2008 ) Nate Hartley ( 2009 ) Max Records ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present Jaden Smith ( 2011 ) Dakota Goyo ( 2012 ) Tom Holland ( 2013 ) Miles Elliot ( 2014 ) Reese Hartwig ( 2015 ) Michael Grant ( 2016 ) Julian Feder ( 2017 ) VIAF : 300279794 LCCN : no2013044290 ISNI : 0000 0004 0355 4279 SUDOC : 170004732 BNF : cb16706349t ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Holland_(actor)&oldid=815066475 '' Categories : 1996 births 21st - century English male actors BAFTA winners ( people ) Best Male Newcomer Empire Award winners English male child actors English male film actors English male stage actors English male musical theatre actors English male voice actors English people of Irish descent English people of Manx descent Living people Male actors from London People from Kingston upon Thames People educated at the BRIT School People educated at Wimbledon College Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from August 2016 Use British English from August 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 15 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays spiderman in captain america civil war | [
"Thomas Stanley Holland (born 1 June 1996)[2] is an English actor and dancer. He is best known for starring as Peter Parker / Spider-Man in the superhero films Captain America: Civil War (2016) and Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), as part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU)."
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"Thomas Stanley Holland"
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-2283980481444050880 | Shawn-Douglas Brady | Shawn - Douglas Brady - wikipedia Shawn - Douglas Brady Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article does not follow Wikipedia 's guidelines on the use of different tenses . Please consider copy editing to past tense if historic , present tense if not time - based ( e.g. fiction ) , or future tense if upcoming . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Shawn - Douglas Brady Brandon Beemer as Shawn - Douglas Brady Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by Noel Bennett Castle ( 1987 ) Paul Zachary ( 1990 ) Scott Groff ( 1990 -- 95 ) Collin O'Donnell ( 1995 -- 99 ) Jason Cook ( 1999 -- 2006 , 2015 ) Brandon Beemer ( 2006 -- 08 , 2016 -- ) Duration 1990 -- 2008 2015 -- First appearance April 6 , 1987 Created by Leah Laiman Introduced by Betty Corday , Ken Corday and Al Rabin ( 1987 ) Ken Corday , Albert Alarr and Greg Meng ( 2015 ) Classification Present ; recurring ( departing ) Profile Occupation Police cadet Courier Mechanic Legal assistant Residence Hong Kong , China Jason Cook as Shawn Brady ( show ) Family Family Brady Horton Kiriakis Parents Bo Brady Hope Williams Siblings Chelsea Brady Zack Brady Ciara Brady Spouse Mimi Lockhart ( 2006 -- 07 ) Belle Black ( 2007 -- ) Children Claire Brady Grandparents Victor Kiriakis Caroline Brady Doug Williams Addie Horton Shawn Brady ( legal ) Aunts and uncles Julie Olson Steven Olson Roman Brady Kimberly Brady Kayla Brady Isabella Toscano Douglas LeClaire Philip Kiriakis Frankie Brady ( adoptive ) Max Brady ( adoptive ) First cousins David Banning Robert Anderson Jr . Spencer Olson Brady Black Tyler Kiriakis Carrie Brady Eric Brady Sami Brady Rex Brady Cassie Brady Andrew Donovan IV Theresa Donovan Stephanie Johnson Joey Johnson Shawn - Douglas Brady is a fictional character on the television soap opera , Days of Our Lives . He is the son of supercouple Bo Brady and Hope Williams and one half of the supercouple Shawn Brady and Belle Black . Jason Cook is most identifiable in the role , portraying the character from October 15 , 1999 , to September 22 , 2006 . Brandon Beemer was in the role from September 28 , 2006 , to March 21 , 2008 . In May 2015 , Soap Opera Digest reported the character will be returning for the show 's 50th anniversary , once again portrayed by Cook . On November 10 , 2015 , it was confirmed that Beemer would return to the role in 2016 , replacing Cook yet again . In March 2016 , it was revealed that Beemer along with three other actors were let go from the show . However , in May 2016 , Daytime Confidential revealed that Beemer was back taping with the show to honor the rest of the contract . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fictional character history 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Fictional character history ( edit ) Shawn is the son of supercouple , Bo and Hope Brady . In 1990 , Shawn fell into a pipe and lost his hearing . With his mother gone , Shawn and his father became close with Shawn 's doctor and eventually Bo 's fiancée , Carly Manning . When Bo and Carly 's engagement ended , Shawn bonded with Bo 's new girlfriend , Billie Reed , who later became Bo 's wife . Then , Shawn 's mother , Hope , returned to Salem . Although Hope did not know who she was at first , her memory returned and Bo and Hope reunited . Shawn eventually regained his hearing . At an early age , Shawn was kidnapped by Stefano DiMera , but escaped . In high school , Shawn competed with Philip Kiriakis for the romantic affections of both Belle Black and Chloe Lane . Shawn and Belle became a couple , while Philip and Chloe enjoyed a brief romance . The following summer , Shawn and Belle joined other teens from Salem High on an ill - fated trip to Puerto Rico . While hunting for Alice Horton 's missing ruby , Shawn got caught up in Jan Spears 's personal tragedy . She became pregnant after being raped while on the island , and Shawn offered to say he was the father to spare her any additional humiliation , tearing his relationship with Belle apart . By the end of senior year , Belle learned the truth , and the two were on the brink of reconciliation . However , impending college careers , the arrival of Rex and Cassie Brady , and old trust issues kept them apart . When Hope and Shawn 's baby brother were kidnapped , which brought Belle and Shawn together on a mission to find them . However , Philip Kiriakis returned to Salem , and he and Belle were matched up on the dating show `` Love is Blind . '' More trouble ensued when Jan Spears reared her devious head in Salem . Shawn left Salem distraught and confused by the revelation that Belle 's mother , Marlena Evans , was the Salem Stalker and responsible for the death of Shawn 's family members . That was just the opportunity Jan needed . She cast her net and held Shawn captive in a giant cage . This allowed Belle to grow closer to Philip . Once Shawn finally escaped , he crashed his motorcycle , leaving him with amnesia . Jan furthered her evil plans by not only convincing Shawn they were in love , but that they were engaged . Fate intervened - Shawn realized his love for Belle , and he crashed his motorcycle through the window of St. Luke 's , but could n't stop her marriage to Philip . Later , Shawn even helped in a rescue mission when Philip 's troop was taken hostage overseas . He finally moved on after Belle gave birth to Philip 's daughter , Claire , although unknown to all , Claire was in fact the daughter of Shawn . Following Belle and Philip 's wedding , Shawn and Mimi explored their feelings for each other . On New Year 's Eve they got engaged and later married . A DNA test proved to all that Shawn was Claire 's biological father . This created a complex predicament for Shawn and Belle , since an in vitro mix - up meant that Belle was carrying a second baby fathered by Shawn . When Shawn learned that Mimi knew he was Claire 's father and never told him , he declared their marriage was over and left . Upon hearing that Victor also knew the truth about Claire 's paternity , he ran a race car through a wall at the Kiriakis mansion and declared that he was done with Victor as well . Belle lost the baby she was carrying . Shortly afterwards , Shawn misunderstood a conversation Belle was having with Carrie , leading him to believe she wanted nothing to do with him . He found solace with Willow , a former hooker , and the two eventually moved in together . Shawn insisted Willow hide from Belle , which created much tension in their relationship . He still wanted to have a relationship with Claire , and Belle told him the only way was to clear up his life . Staying with Willow out of sympathy , which seemed to be a habit with Shawn , he drove Belle further and further away . After yet another bad decision to work for E.J. Wells as a courier , Bo decided it was time to step in and warn his son . After several run - ins with Willow and Belle , Shawn finally decided to be a good father to Claire and that he needed to quit working for EJ Wells as well as break it off with Willow . Shortly after Shawn asked Willow to move out , she set fire to the apartment and Shawn was kicked out . Shawn was forced to move in with his parents . Just as Belle and Shawn were getting closer , they were issued court papers that Philip was fighting them for custody . Philip was awarded temporary custody of Claire and devastated Shawn and Belle were ordered to take parenting classes . As Victor and Philip left the court room , Shawn overheard Victor saying they would never give up Claire now that they have her . Everyone knew that Victor had paid off the judge just as he had the Child Protective Service worker , and even Willow to testify in court against Shawn . Mimi told Shawn just a day later that while at the Kiriakis mansion to confront Philip she saw a passport for Claire . Shawn made the decision that he and Belle had to beat Philip and Victor at their own game , by kidnapping Claire and going on the run . In the course of a few months they went to Canada and then got on a boat to go to Australia . They were pursued by Philip at every corner . They ended up on a small island called Tinda Lau where they ultimately had to flee from Philip once again . It was in this final pursuit that Philip ruined the engine of their boat and nearly killed everyone including himself . As they realized that death was a possibility they promised that if they would get out of this to return to Salem as friends and that they would work out an agreeable custody arrangement . During the time of their fleeing Philip , Shawn and Belle grew closer and got back together . Belle asked Philip to help Shawn find a job and so Philip arranged for Shawn to get a job with a company that Titan owned , in Ohio - one that would require extensive travel . It was n't long before Shawn found out how he landed the interview and by coincidence , he got a call from Mimi about the baby that Philip was supposed to have with the surrogate mother . On July 4 , 2007 , Shawn was supposed to have gone to the interview but instead flew out to Indianapolis to meet with Lauren , the surrogate mother . Instead of ending the pregnancy as she said she would , she kept the baby and extorted money from Bonnie Lockhart until she could n't do so any longer . This led to Philip receiving harassing phone calls until he confronted Lauren . On July 25 , 2007 , Shawn asked Belle Black to marry him . Temptation and grief over losing her father led Belle to sleep with Philip . On November 23 , 2007 , Belle and Shawn were married in a ceremony at his parents ' house . His father did not attend . On December 31 , 2007 , Belle admitted to Shawn that she slept with Philip . In March 2008 , Shawn and Belle reconciled and decided to do as Shawn 's parents had once done and sail the world to strengthen their marriage and find peace . In October 2011 , it was mentioned by Hope that she received an email from Shawn , saying that he was glad that everything had worked out with his parents and that their granddaughter , Claire , missed them . Shawn briefly returned to Salem in late 2015 , much to surprise of his mother , at the Brady Pub before leaving again . In January 2016 , again returns to Salem , with the intentions of being there for his daughter and work things out with Belle . When Belle turns him down , telling him that their marriage is over and moves on with her ex-husband Philip , Shawn gets himself a job at Salem PD , where he meets Lani Price ( Sal Stowers ) . Shawn and Lani date for a little while , but Shawn and Belle finally decide to give their marriage a second chance . Therefore Shawn breaks up with Lani . Belle gets a job offer in Hong Kong . As a result , Shawn and Belle move there . In late 2016 , Shawn return to Salem as his mother Hope Brady is on trail for the murder of Stefano Dimera . Shawn sticks around for a while to support his mother , sister Ciara and daughter Claire during this difficult time . Hope is let out of prison and Shawn returns to Belle in Hong Kong . Shawn and Belle return to Salem in December 2017 to support their daughter after the shooting of her boyfriend Theo Carver . See also ( edit ) Supercouple Shawn Brady and Belle Black Brady Family References ( edit ) Jump up ^ SOD ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! JASON COOK BACK TO DAYS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : soapoperadigest.com . American Media . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CONFIRMED ! BRANDON BEEMER BACK TO DAYS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media , Inc . November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Days of Our Lives BLOODBATH : Brandon Beemer , Martha Madison , Marie Wilson and Sal Stowers All OUT ! '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SOD ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` BLOODBATH AT DAYS ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media , Inc . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brandon Beemer , Martha Madison , Marie Wilson , Sal Stowers out at Days '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( May 30 , 2016 ) . `` Brandon Beemer Back Taping at Days of Our Lives ( Exculsive ) '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Shawn at soapcentral.com Days of Our Lives Current characters Vivian Alamain Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Reed Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Anna DiMera Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family ( hide ) Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Vivian Alamain Brady Black John Black Tate Black Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Belle Black Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux André DiMera Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Anne Milbauer Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shawn-Douglas_Brady&oldid=834545842 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional American people of Greek descent Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional American people of English descent Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from March 2010 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Wikipedia articles with incorrect tenses Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 08 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played shawn douglas on days of our lives | [
"\n\nShawn-Douglas Brady\n\n\n\nBrandon Beemer as Shawn-Douglas Brady\n\n\n\nDays of Our Lives character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nNoel Bennett Castle (1987)\nPaul Zachary (1990)\nScott Groff (1990–95)\nCollin O'Donnell (1995–99)\nJason Cook (1999–2006, 2015)\nBrandon Beemer (2006–08, 2016–)\n\n\n\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1987\n1990–2008\n2015–\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nApril 6, 1987\n\n\nCreated by\nLeah Laiman\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nBetty Corday, Ken Corday and Al Rabin (1987)\nKen Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2015)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nPresent; recurring (departing)\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOccupation\n\n\n\nPolice cadet\nCourier\nMechanic\nLegal assistant\n\n\n\n\n\nResidence\nHong Kong, China\n\n\n\nJason Cook as Shawn Brady\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\nBrady\nHorton\nKiriakis\n\n\nParents\nBo Brady\nHope Williams\n\n\nSiblings\nChelsea Brady\nZack Brady\nCiara Brady\n\n\nSpouse\nMimi Lockhart (2006–07)\nBelle Black (2007–)\n\n\nChildren\nClaire Brady\n\n\nGrandparents\nVictor Kiriakis\nCaroline Brady\nDoug Williams\nAddie Horton\nShawn Brady (legal)\n\n\nAunts and uncles\nJulie Olson\nSteven Olson\nRoman Brady\nKimberly Brady\nKayla Brady\nIsabella Toscano\nDouglas LeClaire\nPhilip Kiriakis\nFrankie Brady (adoptive)\nMax Brady (adoptive)\n\n\nFirst cousins\nDavid Banning\nRobert Anderson Jr.\nSpencer Olson\nBrady Black\nTyler Kiriakis\nCarrie Brady\nEric Brady\nSami Brady\nRex Brady\nCassie Brady\nAndrew Donovan IV\nTheresa Donovan\nStephanie Johnson\nJoey Johnson\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nShawn-Douglas Brady\n\n\n\nBrandon Beemer as Shawn-Douglas Brady\n\n\n\nDays of Our Lives character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nNoel Bennett Castle (1987)\nPaul Zachary (1990)\nScott Groff (1990–95)\nCollin O'Donnell (1995–99)\nJason Cook (1999–2006, 2015)\nBrandon Beemer (2006–08, 2016–)\n\n\n\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1987\n1990–2008\n2015–\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nApril 6, 1987\n\n\nCreated by\nLeah Laiman\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nBetty Corday, Ken Corday and Al Rabin (1987)\nKen Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2015)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nPresent; recurring (departing)\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOccupation\n\n\n\nPolice cadet\nCourier\nMechanic\nLegal assistant\n\n\n\n\n\nResidence\nHong Kong, China\n\n\n\nJason Cook as Shawn Brady\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\nBrady\nHorton\nKiriakis\n\n\nParents\nBo Brady\nHope Williams\n\n\nSiblings\nChelsea Brady\nZack Brady\nCiara Brady\n\n\nSpouse\nMimi Lockhart (2006–07)\nBelle Black (2007–)\n\n\nChildren\nClaire Brady\n\n\nGrandparents\nVictor Kiriakis\nCaroline Brady\nDoug Williams\nAddie Horton\nShawn Brady (legal)\n\n\nAunts and uncles\nJulie Olson\nSteven Olson\nRoman Brady\nKimberly Brady\nKayla Brady\nIsabella Toscano\nDouglas LeClaire\nPhilip Kiriakis\nFrankie Brady (adoptive)\nMax Brady (adoptive)\n\n\nFirst cousins\nDavid Banning\nRobert Anderson Jr.\nSpencer Olson\nBrady Black\nTyler Kiriakis\nCarrie Brady\nEric Brady\nSami Brady\nRex Brady\nCassie Brady\nAndrew Donovan IV\nTheresa Donovan\nStephanie Johnson\nJoey Johnson\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nShawn-Douglas Brady\n\n\n\nBrandon Beemer as Shawn-Douglas Brady\n\n\n\nDays of Our Lives character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nNoel Bennett Castle (1987)\nPaul Zachary (1990)\nScott Groff (1990–95)\nCollin O'Donnell (1995–99)\nJason Cook (1999–2006, 2015)\nBrandon Beemer (2006–08, 2016–)\n\n\n\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1987\n1990–2008\n2015–\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nApril 6, 1987\n\n\nCreated by\nLeah Laiman\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nBetty Corday, Ken Corday and Al Rabin (1987)\nKen Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2015)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nPresent; recurring (departing)\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOccupation\n\n\n\nPolice cadet\nCourier\nMechanic\nLegal assistant\n\n\n\n\n\nResidence\nHong Kong, China\n\n\n\nJason Cook as Shawn Brady\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\nBrady\nHorton\nKiriakis\n\n\nParents\nBo Brady\nHope Williams\n\n\nSiblings\nChelsea Brady\nZack Brady\nCiara Brady\n\n\nSpouse\nMimi Lockhart (2006–07)\nBelle Black (2007–)\n\n\nChildren\nClaire Brady\n\n\nGrandparents\nVictor Kiriakis\nCaroline Brady\nDoug Williams\nAddie Horton\nShawn Brady (legal)\n\n\nAunts and uncles\nJulie Olson\nSteven Olson\nRoman Brady\nKimberly Brady\nKayla Brady\nIsabella Toscano\nDouglas LeClaire\nPhilip Kiriakis\nFrankie Brady (adoptive)\nMax Brady (adoptive)\n\n\nFirst cousins\nDavid Banning\nRobert Anderson Jr.\nSpencer Olson\nBrady Black\nTyler Kiriakis\nCarrie Brady\nEric Brady\nSami Brady\nRex Brady\nCassie Brady\nAndrew Donovan IV\nTheresa Donovan\nStephanie Johnson\nJoey Johnson\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nShawn-Douglas Brady\n\n\n\nBrandon Beemer as Shawn-Douglas Brady\n\n\n\nDays of Our Lives character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nNoel Bennett Castle (1987)\nPaul Zachary (1990)\nScott Groff (1990–95)\nCollin O'Donnell (1995–99)\nJason Cook (1999–2006, 2015)\nBrandon Beemer (2006–08, 2016–)\n\n\n\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1987\n1990–2008\n2015–\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nApril 6, 1987\n\n\nCreated by\nLeah Laiman\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nBetty Corday, Ken Corday and Al Rabin (1987)\nKen Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2015)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nPresent; recurring (departing)\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOccupation\n\n\n\nPolice cadet\nCourier\nMechanic\nLegal assistant\n\n\n\n\n\nResidence\nHong Kong, China\n\n\n\nJason Cook as Shawn Brady\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\nBrady\nHorton\nKiriakis\n\n\nParents\nBo Brady\nHope Williams\n\n\nSiblings\nChelsea Brady\nZack Brady\nCiara Brady\n\n\nSpouse\nMimi Lockhart (2006–07)\nBelle Black (2007–)\n\n\nChildren\nClaire Brady\n\n\nGrandparents\nVictor Kiriakis\nCaroline Brady\nDoug Williams\nAddie Horton\nShawn Brady (legal)\n\n\nAunts and uncles\nJulie Olson\nSteven Olson\nRoman Brady\nKimberly Brady\nKayla Brady\nIsabella Toscano\nDouglas LeClaire\nPhilip Kiriakis\nFrankie Brady (adoptive)\nMax Brady (adoptive)\n\n\nFirst cousins\nDavid Banning\nRobert Anderson Jr.\nSpencer Olson\nBrady Black\nTyler Kiriakis\nCarrie Brady\nEric Brady\nSami Brady\nRex Brady\nCassie Brady\nAndrew Donovan IV\nTheresa Donovan\nStephanie Johnson\nJoey Johnson\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nShawn-Douglas Brady\n\n\n\nBrandon Beemer as Shawn-Douglas Brady\n\n\n\nDays of Our Lives character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nNoel Bennett Castle (1987)\nPaul Zachary (1990)\nScott Groff (1990–95)\nCollin O'Donnell (1995–99)\nJason Cook (1999–2006, 2015)\nBrandon Beemer (2006–08, 2016–)\n\n\n\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1987\n1990–2008\n2015–\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nApril 6, 1987\n\n\nCreated by\nLeah Laiman\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nBetty Corday, Ken Corday and Al Rabin (1987)\nKen Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2015)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nPresent; recurring (departing)\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOccupation\n\n\n\nPolice cadet\nCourier\nMechanic\nLegal assistant\n\n\n\n\n\nResidence\nHong Kong, China\n\n\n\nJason Cook as Shawn Brady\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\nBrady\nHorton\nKiriakis\n\n\nParents\nBo Brady\nHope Williams\n\n\nSiblings\nChelsea Brady\nZack Brady\nCiara Brady\n\n\nSpouse\nMimi Lockhart (2006–07)\nBelle Black (2007–)\n\n\nChildren\nClaire Brady\n\n\nGrandparents\nVictor Kiriakis\nCaroline Brady\nDoug Williams\nAddie Horton\nShawn Brady (legal)\n\n\nAunts and uncles\nJulie Olson\nSteven Olson\nRoman Brady\nKimberly Brady\nKayla Brady\nIsabella Toscano\nDouglas LeClaire\nPhilip Kiriakis\nFrankie Brady (adoptive)\nMax Brady (adoptive)\n\n\nFirst cousins\nDavid Banning\nRobert Anderson Jr.\nSpencer Olson\nBrady Black\nTyler Kiriakis\nCarrie Brady\nEric Brady\nSami Brady\nRex Brady\nCassie Brady\nAndrew Donovan IV\nTheresa Donovan\nStephanie Johnson\nJoey Johnson\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nShawn-Douglas Brady\n\n\n\nBrandon Beemer as Shawn-Douglas Brady\n\n\n\nDays of Our Lives character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nNoel Bennett Castle (1987)\nPaul Zachary (1990)\nScott Groff (1990–95)\nCollin O'Donnell (1995–99)\nJason Cook (1999–2006, 2015)\nBrandon Beemer (2006–08, 2016–)\n\n\n\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1987\n1990–2008\n2015–\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nApril 6, 1987\n\n\nCreated by\nLeah Laiman\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nBetty Corday, Ken Corday and Al Rabin (1987)\nKen Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2015)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nPresent; recurring (departing)\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOccupation\n\n\n\nPolice cadet\nCourier\nMechanic\nLegal assistant\n\n\n\n\n\nResidence\nHong Kong, China\n\n\n\nJason Cook as Shawn Brady\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\nBrady\nHorton\nKiriakis\n\n\nParents\nBo Brady\nHope Williams\n\n\nSiblings\nChelsea Brady\nZack Brady\nCiara Brady\n\n\nSpouse\nMimi Lockhart (2006–07)\nBelle Black (2007–)\n\n\nChildren\nClaire Brady\n\n\nGrandparents\nVictor Kiriakis\nCaroline Brady\nDoug Williams\nAddie Horton\nShawn Brady (legal)\n\n\nAunts and uncles\nJulie Olson\nSteven Olson\nRoman Brady\nKimberly Brady\nKayla Brady\nIsabella Toscano\nDouglas LeClaire\nPhilip Kiriakis\nFrankie Brady (adoptive)\nMax Brady (adoptive)\n\n\nFirst cousins\nDavid Banning\nRobert Anderson Jr.\nSpencer Olson\nBrady Black\nTyler Kiriakis\nCarrie Brady\nEric Brady\nSami Brady\nRex Brady\nCassie Brady\nAndrew Donovan IV\nTheresa Donovan\nStephanie Johnson\nJoey Johnson\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Noel Bennett Castle (1987)",
"Paul Zachary (1990)",
"Scott Groff (1990–95)",
"Collin O'Donnell (1995–99)",
"Jason Cook (1999–2006, 2015)",
"Brandon Beemer (2006–08, 2016–)"
] |
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