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8920677267202726172 | Dolphins–Patriots rivalry | Dolphins -- Patriots rivalry - wikipedia Dolphins -- Patriots rivalry Dolphins - Patriots rivalry Miami Dolphins New England Patriots First meeting November 27 , 1966 Patriots 20 , Dolphins 14 Latest meeting September 30 , 2018 Patriots 38 , Dolphins 7 Next meeting December 9 , 2018 Statistics Meetings total 106 ( including the playoffs ) All - time series Dolphins lead 54 -- 52 ( including the playoffs ) Postseason results Patriots lead 2 -- 1 January 8 , 1983 : Dolphins 28 , Patriots 13 January 12 , 1986 : Patriots 38 , Dolphins 14 December 28 , 1997 : Patriots 17 , Dolphins 3 Largest victory Dolphins : 52 -- 0 ( 1972 ) Patriots : 34 -- 0 ( 1980 ) Longest win streak Dolphins : 9 ( 1989 -- 93 ) Patriots : 7 ( 2 times : 1986 -- 88 , 2010 -- 13 ) Current win streak Patriots : 1 win ( 2018 -- present ) The Dolphins -- Patriots rivalry is an American football rivalry between the Miami Dolphins and New England Patriots of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The Dolphins lead the all - time series 54 -- 51 . The two teams play twice every regular season . While not as famous as some other rivalries , the rivalry has a long history that dates back to the 1960s . The beginning of the rivalry was dominated by the Dolphins , as the time the Dolphins were one of the NFL 's most successful teams , while the Patriots were one of the worst . The Patriots finally made the Super Bowl in 1985 . Starting in 1986 , the rivalry was a little bit more even , with the Pats having a 7 - game winning streak from 1986 to 1988 . The Dolphins then took over the rivalry once again , winning 13 of the next 15 matchups between the 2 teams . Both teams had great quarterbacks in the 90s , with the Patriots having Drew Bledsoe and the Dolphins with Dan Marino . The Dolphins continued to dominate the rivalry through the late 1990s with the Dolphins sweeping the Patriots in back to back years , 1999 and 2000 . Miami is one of 4 teams in the AFC with a winning overall record against New England ( the others being the Cleveland Browns , Denver Broncos , and Kansas City Chiefs ) ) . Since 2003 , the Patriots have dominated the rivalry , but not as much as their rivalries with their two other AFC East opponents . In 2004 , one of the most famous moments in the rivalry happened where the Dolphins , 2 -- 11 at the time , upset the 12 -- 1 Patriots in a game that has been known as `` The Night That Courage Wore Orange '' . In 2008 , the rivalry briefly intensified when the Dolphins became the only team other than the Patriots since 2003 to win the division . In week 3 of the aforementioned 2008 season , the Dolphins used the Wildcat formation to throw the Patriots off and went on to upset them , 38 -- 13 . Also notable is the fact that the Dolphins and Patriots are the only NFL teams to post undefeated regular season records following the NFL - AFL merger . The 1972 Dolphins finished with a 14 -- 0 regular season record and went on to win Super Bowl VIII , finishing the only complete perfect season in NFL history , while the 2007 Patriots were the first team to go undefeated in the regular season since the league expanded to 16 games , but famously lost Super Bowl XLII against the New York Giants . Contents 1 Results 1.1 1960s ( Dolphins 4 -- 3 ) 1.2 1970s ( Dolphins 13 -- 7 ) 1.3 1980s ( Patriots 11 -- 10 ) 1.4 1990s ( Dolphins 14 -- 7 ) 1.5 2000s ( Patriots 11 -- 9 ) 1.6 2010s ( Patriots 13 -- 4 ) 2 Notes 3 References Results ( edit ) Note : Playoff matchups are in bold 1960s ( Dolphins 4 -- 3 ) ( edit ) Dolphins victories Patriots victories Tie games No . Date Location Winning team Losing team Score Series November 27 , 1966 Orange Bowl Patriots Dolphins 20 -- 14 Patriots 1 -- 0 October 15 , 1967 Fenway Park Patriots Dolphins 41 -- 10 Patriots 2 -- 0 December 17 , 1967 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 41 -- 32 Patriots 2 -- 1 November 24 , 1968 Fenway Park Dolphins Patriots 34 -- 10 Tied 2 -- 2 5 December 8 , 1968 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 38 -- 7 Dolphins 3 -- 2 6 November 9 , 1969 Alumni Stadium Dolphins Patriots 17 -- 16 Dolphins 4 -- 2 7 December 8 , 1969 Tampa Stadium Patriots Dolphins 38 -- 23 Dolphins 4 -- 3 1970s ( Dolphins 13 -- 7 ) ( edit ) Dolphins victories Patriots victories Tie games No . Date Location Winning team Losing team Score Series September 20 , 1970 Harvard Stadium Patriots Dolphins 27 -- 14 Patriots 1 -- 0 December 8 , 1970 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 37 -- 20 Tied 1 -- 1 October 17 , 1971 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 41 -- 3 Dolphins 2 -- 1 December 8 , 1971 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 34 -- 13 Tied 2 -- 2 5 November 12 , 1972 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 52 -- 0 Dolphins 3 -- 2 6 December 3 , 1972 Schaefer Stadium Dolphins Patriots 37 -- 21 Dolphins 4 -- 2 7 September 30 , 1973 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 44 -- 23 Dolphins 5 -- 2 8 October 28 , 1973 Schaefer Stadium Dolphins Patriots 30 -- 14 Dolphins 6 -- 2 9 September 15 , 1974 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 34 -- 24 Dolphins 6 -- 3 10 December 15 , 1974 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 34 -- 27 Dolphins 7 -- 3 11 September 28 , 1975 Schaefer Stadium Dolphins Patriots 22 -- 14 Dolphins 8 -- 3 12 December 1 , 1975 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 30 -- 14 Dolphins 9 -- 3 13 September 19 , 1976 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 22 -- 14 Dolphins 9 -- 4 14 October 31 , 1976 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 10 -- 3 Dolphins 10 -- 4 15 November 13 , 1977 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 17 -- 5 Dolphins 11 -- 4 16 December 11 , 1977 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 14 -- 10 Dolphins 11 -- 5 17 October 22 , 1978 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 33 -- 24 Dolphins 11 -- 6 18 December 18 , 1978 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 23 -- 3 Dolphins 12 -- 6 19 October 21 , 1979 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 28 -- 13 Dolphins 12 -- 7 20 November 29 , 1979 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 39 -- 24 Dolphins 13 -- 7 Series Overall : Dolphins lead 17 -- 10 after 1970s 1980s ( Patriots 11 -- 10 ) ( edit ) Dolphins victories Patriots victories Tie games No . Date Location Winning team Losing team Score Series September 20 , 1980 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 34 -- 0 Patriots 1 -- 0 December 8 , 1980 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 16 -- 13 Tied 1 -- 1 November 8 , 1991 Schaefer Stadium Dolphins Patriots 30 -- 3 Dolphins 2 -- 1 December 6 , 1981 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 24 -- 14 Dolphins 3 -- 1 5 November 8 , 1982 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 3 -- 0 Dolphins 3 -- 2 6 January 8 , 1983 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 28 -- 13 Dolphins 4 -- 2 7 September 11 , 1983 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 34 -- 24 Dolphins 5 -- 2 8 November 13 , 1983 Sullivan Stadium Patriots Dolphins 17 -- 6 Dolphins 5 -- 3 9 September 9 , 1984 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 28 -- 7 Dolphins 6 -- 3 10 October 21 , 1984 Sullivan Stadium Dolphins Patriots 44 -- 24 Dolphins 7 -- 3 11 November 3 , 1985 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 17 -- 13 Dolphins 7 -- 4 12 December 16 , 1985 Orange Bowl Dolphins Patriots 30 -- 27 Dolphins 8 -- 4 13 January 8 , 1986 Orange Bowl Patriots Dolphins 31 -- 14 Dolphins 8 -- 5 14 October 5 , 1986 Schaefer Stadium Patriots Dolphins 34 -- 7 Dolphins 8 -- 6 15 December 22 , 1986 Orange Bowl Patriots Dolphins 34 -- 27 Dolphins 8 -- 7 16 September 13 , 1987 Orange Bowl Patriots Patriots 28 -- 21 Tied 8 -- 8 17 December 28 , 1987 Joe Robbie Stadium Patriots Dolphins 24 -- 10 Patriots 9 -- 8 18 November 6 , 1988 Sullivan Stadium Patriots Dolphins 21 -- 10 Patriots 10 -- 8 19 November 20 , 1988 Joe Robbie Stadium Patriots Dolphins 6 -- 3 Patriots 11 -- 8 20 September 17 , 1989 Sullivan Stadium Dolphins Patriots 24 -- 10 Patriots 11 -- 9 21 December 10 , 1989 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 31 -- 10 Patriots 11 -- 10 Series Overall : Dolphins lead 27 -- 21 after 1980s 1990s ( Dolphins 14 -- 7 ) ( edit ) Dolphins victories Patriots victories Tie games No . Date Location Winning team Losing team Score Series Attendance September 9 , 1990 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 27 -- 24 Dolphins 1 -- 0 N / A October 18 , 1990 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 17 -- 10 Dolphins 2 -- 0 N / A October 6 , 1991 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 20 -- 10 Dolphins 3 -- 0 N / A November 10 , 1991 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 30 -- 21 Dolphins 4 -- 0 N / A 5 October 18 , 1992 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 38 -- 17 Dolphins 5 -- 0 N / A 6 December 27 , 1992 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 16 -- 13 ( OT ) Dolphins 6 -- 0 N / A 7 November 21 , 1993 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 17 -- 13 Dolphins 7 -- 0 N / A 8 January 2 , 1994 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 33 -- 27 ( OT ) Dolphins 7 -- 1 N / A 9 September 4 , 1994 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 39 -- 35 Dolphins 8 -- 1 N / A 10 October 30 , 1994 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 23 -- 3 Dolphins 9 -- 1 N / A 11 September 10 , 1995 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 20 -- 3 Dolphins 10 -- 1 N / A 12 November 12 , 1995 Joe Robbie Stadium Patriots Dolphins 34 -- 17 Dolphins 10 -- 2 N / A 13 September 1 , 1996 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 34 -- 7 Dolphins 11 -- 2 71,542 14 November 3 , 1996 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 42 -- 23 Dolphins 11 -- 3 58,492 15 September 13 , 1997 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 27 -- 24 Dolphins 11 -- 4 59,002 16 December 22 , 1997 Pro Player Stadium Patriots Dolphins 14 -- 12 Dolphins 11 -- 5 74,379 17 December 28 , 1997 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 17 -- 3 Dolphins 11 -- 6 60,041 18 October 25 , 1998 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 12 -- 9 ( OT ) Dolphins 12 -- 6 73,973 19 November 23 , 1998 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 26 -- 23 Dolphins 12 -- 7 58,729 20 October 17 , 1999 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 31 -- 30 Dolphins 13 -- 7 60,006 21 November 21 , 1999 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 27 -- 17 Dolphins 14 -- 7 74,295 Series Overall : Dolphins lead 41 -- 28 after 1990s 2000s ( Patriots 11 -- 9 ) ( edit ) Dolphins victories Patriots victories Tie games No . Date Location Winning team Losing team Score Series Attendance September 24 , 2000 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 10 -- 3 Dolphins 1 -- 0 73,344 December 24 , 2000 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 27 -- 24 Dolphins 2 -- 0 60,292 October 7 , 2001 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 20 -- 10 Dolphins 3 -- 0 72,713 December 22 , 2001 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 30 -- 21 Dolphins 3 -- 1 60,292 5 October 18 , 2002 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 26 -- 13 Dolphins 4 -- 1 73,369 6 December 27 , 2002 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 27 -- 24 ( OT ) Dolphins 4 -- 2 68,436 7 October 19 , 2003 Pro Player Stadium Patriots Dolphins 19 -- 13 ( OT ) Dolphins 4 -- 3 73,650 8 December 7 , 2003 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 12 -- 0 Tied 4 -- 4 68,436 9 September 4 , 2004 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 39 -- 35 Patriots 5 -- 4 68,756 10 December 20 , 2004 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 29 -- 28 Tied 5 -- 5 73,629 11 November 13 , 2005 Dolphin Stadium Patriots Dolphins 23 -- 16 Patriots 6 -- 5 73,405 12 January 1 , 2006 Gillette Stadium Dolphins Patriots 28 -- 26 Tied 6 -- 6 68,756 13 October 8 , 2006 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 20 -- 10 Patriots 7 -- 6 68,756 14 December 10 , 2006 Dolphin Stadium Dolphins Patriots 21 -- 0 Tied 7 -- 7 74,033 15 October 21 , 2007 Dolphin Stadium Patriots Dolphins 49 -- 28 Patriots 8 -- 7 71,951 16 December 23 , 2007 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 28 -- 7 Patriots 9 -- 7 68,756 17 September 21 , 2008 Gillette Stadium Dolphins Patriots 38 -- 13 Patriots 9 -- 8 68,756 18 November 23 , 2008 Dolphin Stadium Patriots Dolphins 48 -- 28 Patriots 10 -- 8 67,146 19 October 17 , 2009 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 31 -- 30 Patriots 11 -- 8 68,756 20 December 26 , 2009 Land Shark Stadium Dolphins Patriots 22 -- 21 Patriots 11 -- 9 70,102 Series Overall : Dolphins lead 50 -- 39 after 2000s 2010s ( Patriots 13 -- 4 ) ( edit ) Dolphins victories Patriots victories Tie games No . Date Location Winning team Losing team Score Series Attendance October 4 , 2010 Sun Life Stadium Patriots Patriots 41 -- 14 Patriots 1 -- 0 69,090 January 2 , 2011 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 38 -- 7 Patriots 2 -- 0 68,756 September 12 , 2011 Sun Life Stadium Patriots Dolphins 38 -- 24 Patriots 3 -- 0 66,860 December 24 , 2011 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 27 -- 24 Patriots 4 -- 0 68,756 5 December 2 , 2012 Sun Life Stadium Patriots Dolphins 23 -- 16 Patriots 5 -- 0 72,114 6 December 30 , 2012 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 28 -- 0 Patriots 6 -- 0 68,736 7 October 27 , 2013 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 27 -- 17 Patriots 7 -- 0 68,736 8 December 15 , 2013 Sun Life Stadium Dolphins Patriots 24 -- 20 Patriots 7 -- 1 71,863 9 September 7 , 2014 Sun Life Stadium Dolphins Patriots 33 -- 20 Patriots 7 -- 2 70,630 10 December 14 , 2014 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 41 -- 13 Patriots 8 -- 2 68,756 11 October 29 , 2015 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 36 -- 7 Patriots 9 -- 2 66,829 12 January 1 , 2016 Sun Life Stadium Dolphins Patriots 20 -- 10 Patriots 9 -- 3 62,918 13 October 8 , 2016 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 31 -- 24 Patriots 10 -- 3 68,756 14 January 1 , 2017 Hard Rock Stadium Patriots Dolphins 35 -- 14 Patriots 11 -- 3 66,163 15 October 21 , 2017 Gillette Stadium Patriots Dolphins 35 -- 17 Patriots 12 -- 3 65,878 16 December 23 , 2017 Hard Rock Stadium Dolphins Patriots 27 -- 20 Patriots 12 -- 4 65,548 17 September 21 , 2018 Gillette Stadium Patriots Patriots 38 -- 7 Patriots 13 -- 4 65,878 Series overall : Dolphins lead 54 -- 52 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Dolphins and Patriots only played once in 1982 due to the strike shortened season References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots vs. Miami Dolphins Results The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Galicia , Thomas ( October 4 , 2010 ) . `` Miami Dolphins - New England Patriots : Greatest Games In The Series '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dolphins stun Patriots 38 - 13 '' . The Seattle Times . 2008 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ 1972 Perfect Season - Miami Dolphins Jump up ^ `` Giants prevent perfect season , beat Patriots '' . Sporting News . February 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2008 . Retrieved February 8 , 2008 . Miami Dolphins Founded in 1966 Based in Miami Gardens , Florida Headquartered in Davie , Florida Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Records Honor roll Training facility Broadcasters Stadiums Orange Bowl Hard Rock Stadium Culture `` Fins '' ( Jimmy Buffett song ) Wayne Huizenga Stephen M. Ross Joe Robbie T.D. Cheerleaders Ace Ventura : Pet Detective `` Only Wanna Be with You '' ( Hootie & the Blowfish song ) Ballers Lore Perfect season The Sea of Hands Announcerless game Epic in Miami Snowplow Game Clock Play Monday Night Miracle Rivalries Buffalo Bills New England Patriots New York Jets Tampa Bay Buccaneers Division championships ( 13 ) 1971 1972 1973 1979 1981 1984 1985 1992 1994 2000 2008 Conference championships ( 5 ) 1971 1972 1973 1982 1984 League championships ( 2 ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) Retired numbers 12 13 39 Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1966 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 53 ) 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold New England Patriots Founded in 1960 Formerly the Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 1970 ) Based and headquartered in Foxborough , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise History Hall of Fame Patriot Place Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Strategy Broadcasters Stadiums Nickerson Field Fenway Park Alumni Stadium Harvard Stadium Foxboro Stadium Gillette Stadium Culture Billy Sullivan Robert Kraft Jonathan Kraft Pat Patriot Cheerleaders `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Crazy Train '' `` Your Love '' Patriot Reign Family Guy `` Patriot Games '' `` 3 Acts of God '' `` Gronkowsbees '' `` Stunning and Brave '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Snowplow Game St. Louis Stallions Tuck Rule Game 16 -- 0 Spygate 2007 game vs. New York Giants Helmet Catch Butt fumble Deflategate 28 -- 3 Philly Special Rivalries Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Denver Broncos Indianapolis Colts Brady -- Manning rivalry Division championships ( 20 ) 1963 1978 1986 1997 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1985 2001 2003 2007 2011 2014 2016 2017 League championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2016 ( LI ) Retired numbers 20 40 56 57 73 78 79 89 Media Broadcasters WBZ - FM Radio network Gil Santos Gino Cappelletti Bob Socci Scott Zolak Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold National Football League rivalries American Football Conference AFC East Bills -- Dolphins Bills -- Jets Bills -- Patriots Dolphins -- Jets Dolphins -- Patriots Jets -- Patriots AFC North Bengals -- Browns Bengals -- Steelers Browns -- Ravens Browns -- Steelers Ravens -- Steelers AFC South Jaguars -- Titans Texans -- Titans AFC West Broncos -- Chargers Broncos -- Chiefs Broncos -- Raiders Chargers -- Chiefs Chargers -- Raiders Chiefs -- Raiders Intraconference Broncos -- Patriots Colts -- Patriots Raiders -- Steelers Ravens -- Patriots Steelers -- Titans National Football Conference NFC East Cowboys -- Eagles Cowboys -- Giants Cowboys -- Redskins Eagles -- Giants Eagles -- Redskins Giants -- Redskins NFC North Bears -- Lions Bears -- Packers Bears -- Vikings Lions -- Vikings Lions -- Packers Packers -- Vikings NFC South Buccaneers -- Panthers Buccaneers -- Saints Falcons -- Panthers Falcons -- Saints NFC West 49ers -- Rams 49ers -- Seahawks Intraconference 49ers -- Cowboys 49ers -- Giants Cowboys -- Packers Panthers -- Seahawks Interconference 49ers -- Raiders Buccaneers -- Dolphins Cowboys -- Steelers Eagles -- Steelers Giants -- Jets Governor 's Cup Missouri Texas Players Tom Brady -- Peyton Manning Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dolphins -- Patriots_rivalry&oldid = 864238850 '' Categories : National Football League rivalries Miami Dolphins New England Patriots Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 00 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time miami won in foxboro | [
"No.DateLocationWinning teamLosing teamScoreSeriesAttendance1 September 9, 1990 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 27–24Dolphins 1–0 N/A\n2 October 18, 1990 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 17–10Dolphins 2–0 N/A\n3 October 6, 1991 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 20–10Dolphins 3–0 N/A\n4 November 10, 1991 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 30–21Dolphins 4–0 N/A\n5 October 18, 1992 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 38–17Dolphins 5–0 N/A\n6 December 27, 1992 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 16–13 (OT)Dolphins 6–0 N/A\n7 November 21, 1993 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 17–13Dolphins 7–0 N/A\n8 January 2, 1994 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 33–27 (OT)Dolphins 7–1 N/A\n9 September 4, 1994 Joe Robbie Stadium Dolphins Patriots 39–35Dolphins 8–1 N/A\n10 October 30, 1994 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 23–3Dolphins 9–1 N/A\n11 September 10, 1995 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 20–3Dolphins 10–1 N/A\n12 November 12, 1995 Joe Robbie Stadium Patriots Dolphins 34–17Dolphins 10–2 N/A\n13 September 1, 1996 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 34–7Dolphins 11–2 71,542\n14 November 3, 1996 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 42–23Dolphins 11–3 58,492\n15 September 13, 1997 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 27–24Dolphins 11–4 59,002\t\n16 December 22, 1997 Pro Player Stadium Patriots Dolphins 14–12Dolphins 11–5 74,379\n17 December 28, 1997 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 17–3Dolphins 11–6 60,041\n18 October 25, 1998 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 12–9 (OT)Dolphins 12–6 73,973\n19 November 23, 1998 Foxboro Stadium Patriots Dolphins 26–23Dolphins 12–7 58,729\n20 October 17, 1999 Foxboro Stadium Dolphins Patriots 31–30Dolphins 13–7 60,006\n21 November 21, 1999 Pro Player Stadium Dolphins Patriots 27–17Dolphins 14–7 74,295\n"
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"October 17, 1999"
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-3133874131387359766 | Diamond lane | Diamond lane - wikipedia Diamond lane Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A rider in a bicycle diamond lane . In the United States and Canada , a diamond lane is a special lane on a street or highway that is reserved for specific types of traffic . These lanes are usually marked with white diamonds or lozenge , hence their name . Diamond lanes are generally the right-most or left-most lane on the road . They are usually implemented to provide ways through traffic congestion , for safety reasons , and to encourage environmentally friendly transportation . A diamond lane may be intended for a specific type of traffic , or for several types . The intended use of a diamond lane is marked by traffic signs . In most areas , violating the rules of a diamond lane is punishable by a fine . Some common examples are : High - occupancy vehicle lane ( HOV ) , also known as a carpool lane . These are typically freeway lanes intended for multiple occupant or `` green vehicles '' ( such as hybrid or electric cars ) . Bike lane , sometimes referred to as segregated cycle facilities . Separating bicycle traffic from pedestrian or motor vehicle traffic is typically safer and improves traffic flow . Bus lane , an uncongested lane for buses to travel , load , or unload in . Emergency vehicle lane , to help emergency vehicles get to their destination as fast as possible while avoiding traffic congestion . Taxicab lanes , most often found at airports or other transit hubs for passenger loading and unloading . Horse and buggy lanes in areas with significant Amish populations Standards ( edit ) The U.S. Department of Transportation 's Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices states that diamonds indicates a lane reserved for high - occupancy vehicles . `` United States Pavement Markings '' . See also ( edit ) Reversible lane High - occupancy toll Local lane Bike lane debate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diamond_lane&oldid=757560572 '' Categories : Road traffic management Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from October 2007 All articles lacking sources Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 December 2016 , at 10 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does the white diamond road marking mean | [
"In the United States and Canada, a diamond lane is a special lane on a street or highway that is reserved for specific types of traffic. These lanes are usually marked with white diamonds or lozenge, hence their name. Diamond lanes are generally the right-most or left-most lane on the road. They are usually implemented to provide ways through traffic congestion, for safety reasons, and to encourage environmentally friendly transportation. A diamond lane may be intended for a specific type of traffic, or for several types. The intended use of a diamond lane is marked by traffic signs. In most areas, violating the rules of a diamond lane is punishable by a fine."
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"a special lane on a street or highway that is reserved for specific types of traffic"
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6310395489410277015 | Bedknobs and Broomsticks | Bedknobs and Broomsticks - wikipedia Bedknobs and Broomsticks Jump to : navigation , search Bedknobs and Broomsticks Theatrical poster Directed by Robert Stevenson Produced by Bill Walsh Screenplay by Bill Walsh Don DaGradi Based on The Magic Bedknob & Bonfires and Broomsticks by Mary Norton Starring Dame Angela Lansbury David Tomlinson John Ericson Ian Weighill Cindy O'Callaghan Roy Snart Music by Songs : Richard M. Sherman Robert B. Sherman Score : Irwin Kostal Cinematography Frank Phillips Edited by Cotton Warburton Production company Walt Disney Productions Distributed by Buena Vista Distribution Release date October 7 , 1971 ( 1971 - 10 - 07 ) ( United Kingdom ) December 13 , 1971 ( 1971 - 12 - 13 ) ( United States ) Running time 117 minutes ( 1971 original version ) 96 minutes ( 1979 reissue version ) 139 minutes ( 1996 reconstruction version ) Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $37.9 million Bedknobs and Broomsticks is a 1971 American musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by Buena Vista Distribution Company in North America on December 13 , 1971 . It is based upon the books The Magic Bedknob ; or , How to Become a Witch in Ten Easy Lessons ( 1943 ) and Bonfires and Broomsticks ( 1945 ) by English children 's author Mary Norton . The film , which combines live action and animation , stars Angela Lansbury and David Tomlinson . The film is frequently compared with Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) , since it combines live action and animation and is partially set in the streets of London . It also features numerous cast members from Mary Poppins , particularly Tomlinson , supporting actor Reginald Owen ( in his last film role ) , a similar film crew , songwriters the Sherman Brothers , director Robert Stevenson , art director Peter Ellenshaw , and musical direction by Irwin Kostal . This was the last film released prior to the death of Walt Disney 's surviving brother , Roy O. Disney , who died one week later . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voices 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reaction 5.2 Accolades 6 Soundtrack 7 Cast reunion 8 Stage musical 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) During the Blitz , Charlie , Carrie , and Paul are evacuated from London to Pepperinge Eye , where they are placed in the reluctant care of Miss Eglantine Price , who agrees to the arrangement temporarily . The three children attempt to run back to London , but after observing Miss Price attempting to fly on a broomstick , they change their minds . Miss Price reveals she is learning witchcraft through a correspondence school with hopes of using her spells in the British war effort , and offers the children a transportation spell in exchange for their silence . She casts the spell on a knob , and adds only Paul can work the spell . Later , Miss Price receives a letter from her school announcing its closure , thus preventing her from learning the final spell . She convinces Paul to use the enchanted bed to return the group to London , and locate Professor Emelius Browne . They discover Browne is actually a charismatic showman who created the course from an old book , and is surprised to learn the spells actually work for Miss Price . He gives the book to Miss Price , who is distraught to discover the final spell is missing . The group travels to Portobello Road to locate the rest of the book . They are approached by Swinburne , who takes them to the Bookman , who possesses the remainder of the book . They exchange their pieces , but learn only the spell was inscribed on a medallion , the Star of Astaroth , that belonged to a sorcerer of that name . The Bookman reveals the medallion may have been taken by a pack of wild animals , given anthropomorphism by Astaroth , to a remote island called Naboombu . It was said in the 17th century , a lascar claimed he saw Naboombu . The Bookman , however , does not believe the island exists , as he looked in every chart for it , until Paul confirms its existence via a storybook . The group fly on the bed , and land in the Island of Naboombu 's lagoon ; there , the bed goes underwater , where Mr. Browne and Miss Price enter a dance contest , and win first prize . Just then , the bed is fished out of the sea by a bear , who tells the five there is `` No Peopling Allowed '' . They are brought before King Leonidas , who rules the island . He is wearing the Star of Astaroth , then invites Mr. Browne to act as a referee in a soccer game . The chaotic match ends in Leonidas ' self - proclaimed victory , but Mr. Browne cleverly swaps the medallion with his referee whistle as he leaves . Upon examining the Star , Miss Price finds the missing spell , `` Substitutiary Locomotion '' . When he discovers the theft , Leonidas pursues the travelers , but Miss Price transforms him into a white rabbit , and the five escape . Back home , Miss Price prepares to try out the spell , but the Star has vanished back into the fantasy world of Naboombu . Paul reveals the spell `` Substitutiary Locomotion '' was actually in his storybook the whole time . Miss Price attempts the spell on Mr. Browne 's shoes ; while the spell works , and imbues the shoes with life , she finds she inadvertently brought other items throughout the house to life as well , and has difficultly controlling them . Mrs. Hobday informs Miss Price the children can be relocated with another family , but Miss Price wants them to stay . Mr. Browne is leery of commitment , and when the children refer to him as a father figure , he attempts to return to London . A platoon of Nazi commandos land on the coast , and invade Miss Price 's house , imprisoning her and the children in the local museum . After observing more Nazis disabling phone lines , Mr. Browne comes to the rescue , inspiring Miss Price to use `` Substitutiary Locomotion '' to enchant the museum 's exhibits into an army . The army of knights ' armour and military uniforms chase the Nazis away , but as the Nazis retreat , they destroy Miss Price 's workshop , ending her career as a witch . Though disappointed her career is over , she is happy she played a small part in the war effort . Mr. Browne enlists in the army , and departs with the local Home Guard escorting him , while Paul reveals he still has the enchanted bedknob , hinting they can continue on with their adventures . Cast ( edit ) Angela Lansbury as Miss Eglantine Price . Miss Price is initially a somewhat reclusive woman , reluctant to take in children from London as she believes they will get in the way of her witchcraft , which she prefers to keep secret but hopes to use to bring the nascent World War II to an end . David Tomlinson as Mr. Emelius Browne . Introduced as `` Professor Browne , '' the title by which Miss Price knows him , he is running a Correspondence College of Witchcraft based on what he believes to be `` nonsense words '' found in an old book . When Miss Price and the children find him in London , he is revealed to be a street performer and con artist , and not a very good one . He is , however , a smooth talker , which proves useful on the group 's adventures , and believes in doing everything `` with a flair . '' As the adventures unfold , he finds himself developing an attachment to Miss Price and the children , a feeling he struggles with . Ian Weighill as Charles `` Charlie '' Rawlins . Charlie is the eldest of the orphaned Rawlins children ; eleven , going on twelve , according to Carrie , an age which Miss Price calls `` The Age of Not Believing . '' Accordingly , he is initially cynical and disbelieving of Miss Price 's magical efforts , but comes around as time goes on ; it is at his initial suggestion that Ms. Price uses the Substitutiary Locomotion spell on the museum artifacts . Cindy O'Callaghan as Carrie Rawlins . Slightly younger than Charlie , she takes on a motherly attitude toward her brothers , especially Paul . She is the first to encourage a friendly relationship between Miss Price and the children . Roy Snart as Paul Rawlins . Paul is about six ; his possession of the bedknob and the Isle of Naboombu children 's book lead to the group 's adventures as well as the eventual solution to the quest for the Substitutiary Locomotion spell . Paul is prone to blurting out whatever is on his mind , which occasionally leads to trouble . Roddy McDowall as Mr. Rowan Jelk , the local clergyman . Deleted scenes reveal Mr. Jelk to be interested in marrying Miss Price , largely for her property . Sam Jaffe as the Bookman , a mysterious criminal also in pursuit of the Substitutiary Locomotion spell . It is implied that there is some history and bad blood between him and Mr. Browne . Bruce Forsyth as Swinburne , a spiv and associate of the Bookman 's who acts as his muscle . Tessie O'Shea as Mrs. Jessica `` Jessie '' Hobday , the local postmistress of Pepperinge Eye and chairwoman of the War Activities Committee . John Ericson as Colonel Heller , leader of the German raiding party which comes ashore at Pepperinge Eye . Reginald Owen as Major General Sir Brian Teagler , commander of the local Home Guard . Arthur Gould - Porter as Captain Ainsley Greer , a British Army captain who comes from HQ in London to inspect the Home Guard and becomes lost in the area . He is constantly running into locals who suspect him of being a Nazi in disguise . Hank Worden as Old Home Guard Soldier ( uncredited ) Cyril Delevanti as Elderly farmer Voices ( edit ) Lennie Weinrib as King Leonidas and Secretary Bird . The king is a lion , and a devoted football player with a fearsome temper , as well as a notorious cheat who is known to make up the rules as he goes along -- according to Paul 's book . His Secretary Bird is a prim and proper type who often bears the brunt of the king 's temper . Dallas McKennon as Bear . The Bear is a sailor and fisherman on the Isle of Naboombu who pulls the bed , with Miss Price 's group on it , out of the lagoon with his fishing pole , and takes them to see the King after warning them of his temper . Bob Holt as Codfish , a denizen of the Naboombu lagoon . Leslie Caron , Lynn Redgrave , Judy Carne , and Julie Andrews were all considered for the role of Eglantine Price before the Disney studio decided on Lansbury . David Tomlinson replaced Ron Moody as Emelius Brown because Moody refused to star in the film unless he received top billing which the studio would not allow . Peter Ustinov was also considered before Tomlinson was cast . Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : further information on the production of Bedknobs and Broomsticks . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2017 ) Filming took place at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California . The castle scenes were shot on location at Corfe Castle , Dorset , England . The armor used for the climactic battle against the Nazis had been assembled in Spain for the movie El Cid and was later shipped to Burbank for use in the movie Camelot before being rented for this film . Release ( edit ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks was originally intended to be a large - scale epic holiday release similar to Mary Poppins , but after its premiere , it was shortened from its two and a half - hour length ( while the liner notes on the soundtrack reissue in 2002 claims it was closer to three hours ) to a more manageable ( to movie theatres ) two hours . Along with a minor subplot involving Roddy McDowall 's character , three songs were removed entirely , and the central dance number `` Portobello Road '' was shortened by more than six minutes . The 139 - minute version of the film would eventually be published years later . By 1976 , the film had earned rentals of $8.5 million in North America . The movie was reissued theatrically on April 13 , 1979 , with a shorter running time of 96 minutes and all songs , excluding `` Portobello Road '' and `` Beautiful Briny Sea '' , muted out . Home media ( edit ) The film has been released for home several times on VHS and DVD . The initial VHS and Laserdisc is a time - compressed transfer that would n't be corrected until the 1986 reprinting for the Wonderland Sale promotion . Upon rediscovering the removed song `` A Step in the Right Direction '' on the original soundtrack album , Disney decided to reconstruct the film 's original running length . Most of the film material was found , but some segments of `` Portobello Road '' had to be reconstructed from work prints with digital re-coloration to match the film quality of the main content . The footage for `` A Step in the Right Direction '' was never located . As of 2009 , it remains lost , and it is believed that the footage was possibly destroyed . A reconstruction of `` A Step in the Right Direction '' , using the original music track linked up to existing production stills , was included on the DVD as an extra to convey an idea of what the lost sequence would have looked like . The edit included several newly discovered songs , including `` Nobody 's Problems '' , performed by Lansbury . The number had been cut before the premiere of the film . Lansbury had only made a demo recording , singing with a solo piano because the orchestrations would have been added when the picture was scored . When the song was cut , the orchestrations had not yet been added ; therefore , it was finally orchestrated and put together when it was placed back into the film . The soundtrack for some of the spoken tracks was unrecoverable . Therefore , Lansbury and McDowall re-dubbed their parts , while other actors made ADR dubs for those who were unavailable . Even though David Tomlinson was still alive when the film was being reconstructed , he was in ill - health , and unavailable to provide ADR for Emelius Browne . Some of the alternate actors who re-dubbed the newly inserted scenes had questionable likenesses to that of the original voices ( the postmistress , for example , had a British regional accented voice that changed from Welsh to Scottish and back again on the reconstructed scenes ) . Elements of the underscoring were either moved or extended when it was necessary to benefit the new material . The extended version of the film was released on VHS and DVD on March 20 , 2001 , to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the film . The reconstruction additionally marks the first time the film was presented in stereophonic sound . A new edition called Bedknobs and Broomsticks : Enchanted Musical Edition was released on DVD on September 8 , 2009 . This new single - disc edition is an identical transfer to the 30th Anniversary Edition , dropping the Scrapbook and Film Facts to make room for a Wizards of Waverly Place Special Effects featurette and a The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Blu - ray infomercial . The Sherman Brothers Featurette , the lost song `` A Step in the Right Direction '' and most of the other bonus features are retained from the previous edition . The movie was released on Special Edition Blu - ray , DVD , and Digital HD on August 12 , 2014 , in its 117 - minute General Release Version , with the deleted scenes used in the previous reconstructed version presented in a separate section on the Blu - ray disc . Many fans are disappointed that the 30th anniversary version has not been transferred onto Blu - ray as an option , ( e.g. a Blu - ray set containing both the 117 - min and 140 - min versions ) , as despite the ADR dubbing , many still prefer the longer uncut version . Reception ( edit ) Critical reaction ( edit ) The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics . It has a score of 63 % on Rotten Tomatoes . Accolades ( edit ) The film received five Academy Award nominations and won one . Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result Golden Globe Awards February 6 , 1972 Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Angela Lansbury Nominated Academy Awards April 10 , 1972 Best Special Visual Effects Alan Maley , Eustace Lycett and Danny Lee Won Best Costume Design Bill Thomas Nominated Best Art Direction Art Direction : John B. Mansbridge and Peter Ellenshaw ; Set Decoration : Emile Kuri and Hal Gausman Nominated Best Song Original for the Picture Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman Nominated Best Original Song and Adaptation Score Song Score : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ; Adaptation : Irwin Kostal Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks Soundtrack album by Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman and Irwin Kostal Released 1971 Label Walt Disney Producer Richard M. Sherman Robert B. Sherman Irwin Kostal The musical score for Bedknobs and Broomsticks was composed by Irwin Kostal , with all songs written by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman . A soundtrack album was released by Buena Vista Records in 1971 . While the film was released in mono sound , the musical score was recorded in stereo and the soundtrack album was released in stereo . An expanded soundtrack album was later released on CD on August 13 , 2002 . These songs include : `` The Old Home Guard '' `` The Age of Not Believing '' ( received an Oscar nomination for Best Song Original for the Picture ) `` With a Flair '' ( only in the reconstruction ) `` Eglantine '' `` Do n't Let Me Down '' ( only in the reconstruction ) `` Portobello Road '' `` The Beautiful Briny '' `` Substitutiary Locomotion '' `` A Step in the Right Direction '' `` Nobody 's Problems '' ( only in the reconstruction ) `` Solid Citizen '' ( replaced by the soccer match ) `` Fundamental Element '' ( sections were incorporated into `` Do n't Let Me Down '' ) Cast reunion ( edit ) The three child stars of the film shared their recollections on an edition of The One Show broadcast on BBC One on 3 May 2016 and Angela Lansbury recorded a short filmed tribute to them . The two boys did not go any further with their film careers ; Ian Weighill who played the older boy , Charlie , reportedly became a train engineer and Roy Snart who played the younger boy , Paul , is the head of a software company . Cindy O'Callaghan , who played Carrie , went on to appear in numerous television productions including `` EastEnders '' and `` Gem '' . Stage musical ( edit ) Main article : Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( musical ) A stage musical adaptation of Bedknobs and Broomsticks featuring a book by Brian Hill , additional musical and lyrics by Neil Bartram ( in addition to The Sherman Brothers songs ) and will be directed and choreographed by Rachel Rockwell . It will make its world premiere at The Yard at the Chicago Shakespeare Theater from May 30 to July 28 , 2019 . See also ( edit ) Disney portal Cartoon portal 1970s portal Film portal List of American films of 1971 Mary Poppins References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bedknobs and Broomsticks '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bedknobs and Broomsticks '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bedknobs and Broomsticks , Box Office Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ' Bedknobs and Broomsticks : Cast & Crew ' movies.msn.com Jump up ^ ' Bedknobs & Broomsticks ' Turner Classic Movies Database Jump up ^ According to film critic Leonard Maltin 's book Disney Films . Jump up ^ `` All - time Film Rental Champs '' , Variety , 7 January 1976 p 44 Jump up ^ `` Bedknobs and Broomsticks : Enchanted Musical Edition DVD Review '' . DVDizzy.com . Jump up ^ `` NY Times : Bedknobs and Broomsticks '' . NY Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ The One Show 3 May 2016 Retrieved 4 May 2016 Jump up ^ Where Are They Now Bedknobs and Broomsticks at The Express 13 April 2016 . Retrieved 4 May 2016 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Bedknobs and Broomsticks Official website Bedknobs and Broomsticks 30th Anniversary Edition DVD Review at UltimateDisney.com Bedknobs and Broomsticks on IMDb Bedknobs and Broomsticks at AllMovie Bedknobs and Broomsticks at The Big Cartoon DataBase Bedknobs and Broomsticks at the TCM Movie Database Bedknobs and Broomsticks at Rotten Tomatoes Bedknobs and Broomsticks at DBCult Film Institute A contemporary , 1971 review Films directed by Robert Stevenson Happy Ever After ( 1932 ) Falling for You ( 1933 ) Tudor Rose ( 1936 ) The Man Who Changed His Mind ( 1936 ) Jack of All Trades ( 1936 ) King Solomon 's Mines ( 1937 ) Non-Stop New York ( 1937 ) Owd Bob ( 1938 ) The Ware Case ( 1938 ) Young Man 's Fancy ( 1939 ) Return to Yesterday ( 1940 ) Tom Brown 's School Days ( 1940 ) Back Street ( 1941 ) Joan of Paris ( 1942 ) Forever and a Day ( 1943 ) Jane Eyre ( 1943 ) Dishonored Lady ( 1947 ) To the Ends of the Earth ( 1948 ) I Married a Communist ( 1949 ) Walk Softly , Stranger ( 1950 ) My Forbidden Past ( 1951 ) The Las Vegas Story ( 1952 ) Johnny Tremain ( 1957 ) Old Yeller ( 1957 ) Darby O'Gill and the Little People ( 1959 ) Kidnapped ( 1960 ) The Absent - Minded Professor ( 1961 ) In Search of the Castaways ( 1962 ) Son of Flubber ( 1963 ) The Misadventures of Merlin Jones ( 1964 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) The Monkey 's Uncle ( 1965 ) That Darn Cat ! ( 1965 ) The Gnome - Mobile ( 1967 ) Blackbeard 's Ghost ( 1968 ) The Love Bug ( 1968 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Herbie Rides Again ( 1974 ) The Island at the Top of the World ( 1974 ) One of Our Dinosaurs Is Missing ( 1975 ) The Shaggy D.A. ( 1976 ) Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time The Sherman Brothers Richard M. Sherman Robert B. Sherman Motion pictures The Parent Trap ( 1961 ) The Absent - Minded Professor ( 1961 ) Greyfriars Bobby ( 1961 ) Bon Voyage ! ( 1962 ) A Symposium on Popular Songs ( 1962 ) In Search of the Castaways ( 1962 ) Big Red ( 1962 ) Moon Pilot ( 1962 ) Summer Magic ( 1963 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Misadventures of Merlin Jones ( 1964 ) The Moon - Spinners ( 1964 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Those Calloways ( 1965 ) The Monkey 's Uncle ( 1965 ) That Darn Cat ! ( 1965 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Follow Me Boys ( 1966 ) The Happiest Millionaire ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin ( 1967 ) The One and Only , Genuine , Original Family Band ( 1968 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Goldilocks ( 1971 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Snoopy , Come Home ( 1972 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) Tom Sawyer ( 1973 ) Huckleberry Finn ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1976 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Magic of Lassie ( 1978 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Little Nemo : Adventures in Slumberland ( 1992 ) The Mighty Kong ( 1998 ) Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Stage musicals and musical revues Victory Canteen ( 1971 ) Over Here ! ( 1974 ) Dawgs ( 1983 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1984 ) Busker Alley ( 1994 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 2002 ) On the Record ( 2004 ) Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) Merry - Go - Round workshop ( 2007 ) A Spoonful of Sherman ( 2014 ) Theme park attractions Golden Horseshoe Revue ( 1955 ) King Arthur Carrousel ( 1955 ) Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room ( 1963 ) It 's a Small World ( 1966 ) Adventure Thru Inner Space ( 1967 ) Main Street Electrical Parade ( 1972 ) America Sings ( 1974 ) Walt Disney 's Carousel of Progress ( 1975 ) America on Parade ( 1975 ) CommuniCore ( 1982 ) Imagination ! ( 1982 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) The World Showcase March ( 1982 ) Japan ( Epcot ) ( 1982 ) Journey into Imagination ( 1983 ) Meet the World ( 1983 ) Innoventions ( 1998 ) Rocket Rods ( 1998 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1999 ) Disneyland Forever ( 2015 ) Books Walt 's Time : from before to beyond ( 1998 ) Moose : Chapters From My Life ( 2013 ) Related The Boys : The Sherman Brothers ' Story ( 2009 ) Saving Mr. Banks ( 2013 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bedknobs_and_Broomsticks&oldid=834031139 '' Categories : 1971 films English - language films 1970s adventure films 1970s fantasy films 1970s musical films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's animated fantasy films American fantasy adventure films American films American musical fantasy films Animated films based on children 's books Animated musical films Association football films Battle of Britain films Films about animals playing sports Films about shapeshifting Films based on British novels Films based on multiple works Films directed by Robert Stevenson Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films produced by Bill Walsh ( producer ) Films set in 1940 Films set in England Films set in London Films shot in Dorset Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award Films with live action and animation Magic in film Musicals about World War II Nazis in fiction Walt Disney Pictures films World War II films Witchcraft in film Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles to be expanded from November 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from July 2014 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 15 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | voice of the king in bedknobs and broomsticks | [
"Lennie Weinrib as King Leonidas and Secretary Bird. The king is a lion, and a devoted football player with a fearsome temper, as well as a notorious cheat who is known to make up the rules as he goes along – according to Paul's book. His Secretary Bird is a prim and proper type who often bears the brunt of the king's temper."
] | [
"Lennie Weinrib"
] |
8919596588622953848 | Game of Thrones (season 8) | Game of Thrones ( season 8 ) - Wikipedia Game of Thrones ( season 8 ) Game of Thrones ( season 8 ) Promotional poster Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States Release Original network HBO Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 List of Game of Thrones episodes The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones was announced by HBO in July 2016 . Unlike the first six seasons that each had ten episodes and the seventh that had seven episodes , the eighth season will have only six episodes . Like the previous season , it will largely consist of original content not found currently in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series and will also adapt material Martin has revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series , The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring . The season will be adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . Filming officially began on October 23 , 2017 , and concluded in July 2018 . The season is scheduled to premiere during the first half of 2019 . Contents 1 Episodes 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Supporting cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Crew 3.3 Writing 3.4 Filming 3.5 Episodes 3.6 Music 4 References 5 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 68 TBA David Nutter Dave Hill 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 69 TBA David Nutter Bryan Cogman 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 70 TBA Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 71 TBA David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 72 5 TBA Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 73 6 TBA David Benioff & D.B. Weiss David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Hannah Murray as Gilly Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Conleth Hill as Varys Carice van Houten as Melisandre Jerome Flynn as Bronn Joe Dempsie as Gendry Supporting cast ( edit ) Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce Marc Rissmann as Harry Strickland Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones was announced by HBO in July 2016 , and , like the previous season , it will largely consist of original content not found currently in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series and will instead adapt material Martin has revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series , The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring . Crew ( edit ) Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss will serve as showrunners for the eighth season . The directors for the eighth season were announced in September 2017 . Miguel Sapochnik , who previously directed `` The Gift '' and `` Hardhome '' on season 5 , as well as `` Battle of the Bastards '' and `` The Winds of Winter '' on season 6 will return as director . He will divide up direction of the first five episodes with David Nutter , who had directed two episodes on seasons two , three and five , including `` The Rains of Castamere '' and `` Mother 's Mercy '' . The final episode of the show will be directed by Benioff and Weiss , who have previously directed one episode each . At the show 's South by Southwest panel on March 12 , 2017 , Benioff and Weiss announced the writers for the show to be Dave Hill ( episode 1 ) and Bryan Cogman ( episode 2 ) . The showrunners will then divide up the screenplay for the remaining four episodes amongst themselves . Writing ( edit ) Writing for the eighth season started with a 140 - page outline . Benioff said that the divvying up process and who should write what section became more difficult because `` this would be the last time that we would be doing this '' . Filming ( edit ) In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , HBO programming president Casey Bloys stated that instead of the series finale being a feature film , the final season would be `` six one - hour movies '' on television . He continued , `` The show has proven that TV is every bit as impressive and in many cases more so , than film . What they 're doing is monumental . '' Filming officially began on October 23 , 2017 , and concluded in July 2018 . Episodes ( edit ) Co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss have said that the seventh and eighth season would likely consist of fewer episodes , stating that after season six , they were `` down to our final 13 episodes after this season . We 're heading into the final lap . '' Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show 's usual 12 to 14 - month time frame , as Weiss said , `` It 's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule . '' HBO confirmed in July 2016 , that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes , and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule . Benioff and Weiss later confirmed that the eighth season will consist of six episodes , and is expected to premiere later than usual for the same reason . Benioff and Weiss spoke about the end of the show , saying , `` From the beginning we 've wanted to tell a 70 - hour movie . It will turn out to be a 73 - hour movie , but it 's stayed relatively the same of having the beginning , middle and now we 're coming to the end . It would have been really tough if we lost any core cast members along the way , I 'm very happy we 've kept everyone and we get to finish it the way we want to . '' The season is scheduled to premiere during the first half of 2019 . Music ( edit ) Ramin Djawadi is set to return as the composer of the show for the eighth season . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 : Directors revealed for all episodes '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' DP Fabian Wagner on Zack Snyder 's Cut , Superman 's Black Suit & ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Collider . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carson , Biz ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` The final season of ' Game of Thrones ' will only be six episodes '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Will Return in 2019 '' . HBO . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Stars Score Hefty Pay Raises for Season 8 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Liam Cunningham ( Davos ) talks about the filming schedule for Game of Thrones Season 8 '' . Winteriscoming.net . January 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Avery ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sophie Turner Drops Massive Spoiler About Sansa Stark 's Fate in Season 8 '' . Hollywood Life . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morton , Ashley ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Maisie Williams Thinks Arya Went Hunting for Trouble This Season '' . Making Off Game of Thrones . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 8 Filming Will Continue Up Until Summer 2018 '' . SuperHeroHype . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Jack ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 filming looks to be underway as cast members spotted in Belfast '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , John ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` There 's a new tag team in town . 💪 Hope you enjoyed season 7 . Thanks for watching and we 'll be back . The wait starts now . 😊 # gameofthrones # GOT '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Actor Says Cut Scene Would 've Explained Confusing Finale Moment '' . HuffPost . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ChristineDoesCons ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` Hannah Murray @ COT 2018 '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Actor Rory McCann Says He 's Already Training For Cleganebowl '' . HuffPost . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Comic Con Stockholm 2017 - Iain Glen Q&A '' . YouTube . October 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kinkaid , Ben ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` What News From Westeros ? Everything we know about Game of Thrones Season 8 '' . GQ . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2018 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 : Melisandre return confirmed as fans theorise on character storyline '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nolan , Emma ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 cast : Who will be in the final series ? '' . Daily Express . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Deen , Sarah ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` Game of Thrones star Joe Dempsie is scared he 'll get drunk and reveal final season secrets '' . Metro . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Night 's Watch WILL be in Game of Thrones season 8 , confirms Lord Commander actor '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Medeiros , Madison ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Attention Cleganebowl Fans : The Hound & The Mountain Are Already Bashing Each Other IRL '' . Refinery29 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riddell , Rose ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Interview : Daniel Portman on ' Game of Thrones ' and his upcoming visit to New Zealand '' . Coup de Main . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 casting announcement debunks fan theory '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 30 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO confirms season 8 will be last '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . 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Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 filming looks to be underway as cast members spotted in Belfast '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelleher , Kevin ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Final Season Has Finished Filming . Now a Winter of Waiting Begins '' . Fortune . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Creators Mull Shorter Final Seasons ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Considering Shorter Final Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO announces summer return , 7 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones producers confirm final season only 6 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO Boss Narrows Down Final Season Premiere Date '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2018 . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Composer Says You 're Not Hearing What You Think You Are '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Game of Thrones -- official US site Game of Thrones -- official UK site Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Reigns : Game of Thrones Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Fire & Blood ( 2018 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Myrcella Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte The Known World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Portal Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_8)&oldid=866309504 '' Categories : Game of Thrones Upcoming television seasons Hidden categories : Use American English from September 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from September 2018 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Português Română Русский Suomi Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 15 : 55 ( UTC ) . 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5812670965308740001 | List of Presidents of the United States who died in office | List of Presidents of the United States who died in office - wikipedia List of Presidents of the United States who died in office Jump to : navigation , search An 1865 Currier and Ives colored lithograph that inaccurately depicts the assassination of Abraham Lincoln During the history of the United States , eight presidents have died in office . Of those eight , four were assassinated and four died of natural causes . In all eight cases , the Vice President of the United States took over the office of presidency as part of the United States presidential line of succession . William Henry Harrison holds the record for shortest term served , holding the office of presidency for 31 days before dying . Harrison was the first president to die while in office when he caught pneumonia and died on April 4 , 1841 . On July 9 , 1850 , Zachary Taylor died from acute gastroenteritis . Abraham Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated . He was shot by John Wilkes Booth on April 14 , 1865 . Sixteen years later , on September 19 , 1881 , President James A. Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau . Nearly twenty years after that , President William McKinley died from complications after being shot twice by Leon Czolgosz . President Warren G. Harding suffered a heart attack , and died on August 2 , 1923 . On April 12 , 1945 , Franklin D. Roosevelt collapsed and died as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage . The most recent president to die in office was John F. Kennedy , who was assassinated with two rifle shots on November 22 , 1963 , in Dallas , Texas . Contents ( hide ) 1 1841 : William Henry Harrison 2 1850 : Zachary Taylor 3 1865 : Abraham Lincoln 4 1881 : James A. Garfield 5 1901 : William McKinley 6 1923 : Warren G. Harding 7 1945 : Franklin D. Roosevelt 8 1963 : John F. Kennedy 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links 1841 : William Henry Harrison ( edit ) Harrison 's tomb and memorial in North Bend , Ohio On March 26 , 1841 , William Henry Harrison became ill with a cold . According to the prevailing medical misconception of that time , it was believed that his illness was directly caused by the bad weather at his inauguration ; however , Harrison 's illness did not arise until more than three weeks after the event . The cold worsened , rapidly turning to pneumonia and pleurisy . He sought to rest in the White House , but could not find a quiet room because of the steady crowd of office seekers . His extremely busy social schedule made any rest time scarce . Harrison 's doctors tried cures , applying opium , castor oil , leeches , and Virginia snakeroot . But the treatments only made Harrison worse , and he became delirious . He died nine days after becoming ill , at 12 : 30 am on April 4 , 1841 , of right lower lobe pneumonia , jaundice , and overwhelming septicemia . He was the first United States president to die in office . His last words were to his doctor , but assumed to be directed at Vice President John Tyler , `` Sir , I wish you to understand the true principles of the government . I wish them carried out . I ask nothing more . '' Harrison served the shortest term of any American president : March 4 -- April 4 , 1841 , 30 days , 12 hours , and 30 minutes . Harrison 's funeral took place in the Wesley Chapel in Cincinnati , Ohio , on April 7 , 1841 . His original interment was in the public vault of the Congressional Cemetery in Washington , D.C. He was later buried in North Bend , Ohio . The William Henry Harrison Tomb State Memorial was erected in his honor . 1850 : Zachary Taylor ( edit ) Taylor 's mausoleum at the Zachary Taylor National Cemetery in Louisville , Kentucky The cause of Zachary Taylor 's death was fully established in 2001 . On July 4 , 1850 , Taylor was known to have consumed copious amounts of ice water , cold milk , green apples , and cherries after attending holiday celebrations and the laying of the cornerstone of the Washington Monument . That same evening , he became severely ill with an unknown digestive ailment . Doctors used popular treatments of the time . Taylor died in the White House at 10 : 35 p.m. on July 9 , five days after becoming ill . Contemporary reports listed the cause of death as `` bilious diarrhea , or a bilious cholera '' . He was succeeded by Vice President Millard Fillmore . Almost immediately after his death , rumors began to circulate that Taylor was poisoned by pro-slavery Southerners , and similar theories persisted into the twentieth century . The remains were exhumed and transported to the Office of the Kentucky Chief Medical Examiner on June 17 , 1991 . Neutron activation analysis conducted at Oak Ridge National Laboratory revealed no evidence of poisoning , as arsenic levels were too low . The analysis concluded Taylor had contracted `` cholera morbus , or acute gastroenteritis '' , as Washington had open sewers , and his food or drink may have been contaminated . Taylor was interred in the Public Vault of the Congressional Cemetery in Washington , D.C. from July 13 , 1850 to October 25 , 1850 . ( It was built in 1835 to hold remains of notables until either the grave site could be prepared or transportation arranged to another city . ) His body was transported to the Taylor Family plot where his parents are buried , on the old Taylor homestead plantation known as ' Springfield ' in Louisville , Kentucky . 1865 : Abraham Lincoln ( edit ) Shown in the presidential booth of Ford 's Theatre , from left to right , are assassin John Wilkes Booth , Abraham Lincoln , Mary Todd Lincoln , Clara Harris , and Henry Rathbone Main article : Assassination of Abraham Lincoln The assassination of Abraham Lincoln took place on Good Friday , on April 14 , 1865 , as the American Civil War was drawing to a close . The assassination occurred five days after the commanding General of the Army of Northern Virginia , Robert E. Lee , surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant and the Army of the Potomac . Lincoln was the first American president to be assassinated , though an unsuccessful attempt had been made on Andrew Jackson 30 years before in 1835 . The assassination of Lincoln was planned and carried out by the well - known stage actor John Wilkes Booth , a Confederate sympathizer , vehement in his denunciation of Lincoln , and a strong opponent of the abolition of slavery in the United States . Booth and a group of co-conspirators originally plotted to kidnap Lincoln , but later planned to kill him , Vice President Andrew Johnson , and Secretary of State William H. Seward in a bid to help the Confederacy 's cause . ( Vice President Johnson 's assailant did not carry out his part of the plan , and Johnson succeeded Lincoln as President . ) Lincoln was shot once in the back of his head while watching the play Our American Cousin with his wife Mary Todd Lincoln at Ford 's Theatre in Washington , D.C. at around 10 : 15 pm on the night of April 14 , 1865 . An army surgeon who happened to be at Ford 's , Doctor Charles Leale , assessed Lincoln 's wound as mortal . The unconscious President was then carried across the street from the theater to the Petersen House , where he remained in a coma for nine hours before dying the following morning at 7 : 22 a.m. on April 15 . 1881 : James a Garfield ( edit ) President Garfield with James G. Blaine after being shot by Charles J. Guiteau Main article : Assassination of James A. Garfield The assassination of James A. Garfield took place in Washington , D.C. on July 2 , 1881 . Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau at 9 : 30 am , less than four months into Garfield 's term as the 20th President of the United States . Garfield died eleven weeks later on September 19 , 1881 . His Vice President , Chester A. Arthur , succeeded Garfield as President . Garfield also lived the longest after the shooting , compared to other assassinated Presidents . Garfield was scheduled to leave Washington on July 2 , 1881 for his summer vacation . On that day , Guiteau lay in wait for the President at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad station , on the southwest corner of present - day Sixth Street and Constitution Avenue NW , Washington , D.C. President Garfield came to the Sixth Street Station on his way to his alma mater , Williams College , where he was scheduled to deliver a speech . Garfield was accompanied by two of his sons , James and Harry , and Secretary of State Blaine . Secretary of War Robert Todd Lincoln waited at the station to see the President off . Garfield had no bodyguard or security detail ; with the exception of Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War , early U.S. presidents never used any guards . As President Garfield entered the waiting room of the station Guiteau stepped forward and pulled the trigger from behind at point - blank range . `` My God , what is that ? '' Garfield cried out , flinging up his arms . Guiteau fired again and Garfield collapsed . One bullet grazed Garfield 's shoulder ; the other hit him in the back , passing the first lumbar vertebra but missing the spinal cord before coming to rest behind his pancreas . Garfield , conscious but in shock , was carried to an upstairs floor of the train station . One bullet remained lodged in his body , but doctors could not find it . Young Jim Garfield and James Blaine both broke down and wept . Robert Todd Lincoln , deeply upset and thinking back to the death of his father , said `` How many hours of sorrow I have passed in this town . '' Garfield was carried back to the White House . Although doctors told him that he would not survive the night , the President remained conscious and alert . The next morning his vital signs were good and doctors began to hope for recovery . A long vigil began , with Garfield 's doctors issuing regular bulletins that the American public followed closely throughout the summer of 1881 . His condition fluctuated . Fevers came and went . Garfield struggled to keep down solid food and spent most of the summer eating little , and that only liquids . Garfield had been a regular visitor to the shore town of Long Branch , NJ , one of the nation 's premier summer vacation spots until World War I. In early September , it was decided to bring him to Elberon , a quiet beach town just to the south of Long Branch , in hopes that the beach air would help him recover . When they heard that the president was being brought to their town , local citizens built more than half a mile of tracks in less than 24 hours , enabling Garfield to be brought directly to the door of the oceanfront Franklyn cottage , rather than being moved by carriage from the local Elberon train station . However , Garfield died 12 days later . A granite marker on Garfield Rd identifies the former site of the cottage , which was demolished in 1950 . Chester Arthur was at his home in New York City on the night of September 19 , when word came that Garfield had died . After first getting the news , Arthur said `` I hope -- my God , I do hope it is a mistake . '' But confirmation by telegram came soon after . Arthur took the presidential oath of office , administered by a New York Supreme Court judge , then left for Long Branch to pay his respects before going on to Washington . Garfield 's body was taken to Washington , where it lay in state for two days in the Capitol Rotunda before being taken to Cleveland , where the funeral was held on September 26 . When the tracks that had been hastily built to the Franklyn cottage were later torn up , actor Oliver Byron bought the wooden ties , and had local carpenter William Presley build them into a small tea house , in commemoration of the president . The red & white ( originally red , white & blue ) `` Garfield Tea House '' still survives , resting a couple of blocks away from the site of the cottage on the grounds of the Long Branch Historical Museum , a former Episcopal Church . The church is nicknamed `` The Church of the Presidents '' , as it had been attended by , in addition to Garfield , Presidents Chester A. Arthur , Ulysses S. Grant , Benjamin Harrison , Rutherford Hayes , William McKinley , and Woodrow Wilson , during their own visits to Long Branch . 1901 : William McKinley ( edit ) Leon Czolgosz shoots President McKinley with a concealed revolver . Clipping of a wash drawing by T. Dart Walker . Main article : Assassination of William McKinley William McKinley was assassinated on September 6 , 1901 , inside the Temple of Music on the grounds of the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo , New York . McKinley was shaking hands with the public when he was shot by Leon Czolgosz , an anarchist . The President died eight days later on September 14 from gangrene caused by the bullet wounds . McKinley had been elected for a second term in 1900 . He enjoyed meeting the public , and was reluctant to accept the security available to his office . The Secretary to the President , George B. Cortelyou , feared an assassination attempt would take place during a visit to the Temple of Music , and twice took it off the schedule . McKinley restored it each time . Czolgosz had lost his job during the economic Panic of 1893 and turned to anarchism , a political philosophy whose adherents had killed foreign leaders . Regarding McKinley as a symbol of oppression , Czolgosz felt it was his duty as an anarchist to kill him . Unable to get near McKinley during the earlier part of the presidential visit , Czolgosz shot McKinley twice as the President reached to shake his hand in the reception line at the temple . One bullet grazed McKinley ; the other entered his abdomen and was never found . McKinley initially appeared to be recovering , but took a turn for the worse on September 13 as his wounds became gangrenous , and died early the next morning ; Vice President Theodore Roosevelt succeeded him . Roosevelt was hiking near the top of Mt . Marcy , in New York State 's Adirondack region , when a runner located him to convey the bad news . After McKinley 's murder , for which Czolgosz was put to death in the electric chair , the United States Congress passed legislation to officially charge the Secret Service with the responsibility for protecting the president . 1923 : Warren G. Harding ( edit ) Funeral procession for President Harding passes by the front of the White House Warren G. Harding died from a sudden heart attack in his hotel suite while visiting San Francisco at around 7 : 35 p.m. on August 2 , 1923 . His death quickly led to theories that he had been poisoned or committed suicide . Rumors of poisoning were fueled , in part , by a book called The Strange Death of President Harding , in which the author ( convicted criminal , former Ohio Gang member , and detective Gaston Means , hired by Mrs. Harding to investigate Warren Harding and his mistress ) suggested that Mrs. Harding had poisoned her husband after learning of his infidelity . Mrs. Harding 's refusal to allow an autopsy on President Harding only added to the speculation . According to the physicians attending Harding , however , the symptoms in the days prior to his death all pointed to congestive heart failure . Harding 's biographer , Samuel H. Adams , concluded that `` Warren G. Harding died a natural death which , in any case , could not have been long postponed '' . Immediately after President Harding 's death , Mrs. Harding returned to Washington , D.C. , and briefly stayed in the White House with the new President Calvin Coolidge and First Lady . For a month , former First Lady Harding gathered and destroyed by fire President Harding 's correspondence and documents , both official and unofficial . Upon her return to Marion , Mrs. Harding hired a number of secretaries to collect and burn President Harding 's personal papers . According to Mrs. Harding , she took these actions to protect her husband 's legacy . The remaining papers were held and kept from public view by the Harding Memorial Association in Marion . 1945 : Franklin D. Roosevelt ( edit ) On March 29 , 1945 , Franklin D. Roosevelt went to the Little White House at Warm Springs , Georgia , to rest before his anticipated appearance at the founding conference of the United Nations . On the afternoon of April 12 , Roosevelt said , `` I have a terrific pain in the back of my head . '' He then slumped forward in his chair , unconscious , and was carried into his bedroom . The president 's attending cardiologist , Dr. Howard Bruenn , diagnosed a massive cerebral hemorrhage ( stroke ) . At 3 : 35 pm that day , Roosevelt died without regaining consciousness . As Allen Drury later said , `` so ended an era , and so began another . '' After Roosevelt 's death , an editorial by The New York Times declared , `` Men will thank God on their knees a hundred years from now that Franklin D. Roosevelt was in the White House '' . Roosevelt 's horse - drawn casket proceeds down Pennsylvania Avenue during his funeral procession . In his later years at the White House , when Roosevelt was increasingly overworked , his daughter Anna Roosevelt Boettiger had moved in to provide her father companionship and support . Anna had also arranged for her father to meet with his former mistress , the now widowed Lucy Mercer Rutherfurd . A close friend of both Roosevelt and Mercer who was present , Elizabeth Shoumatoff , rushed Mercer away to avoid negative publicity and implications of infidelity . When Eleanor heard about her husband 's death , she was also faced with the news that Anna had been arranging these meetings with Mercer and that Mercer had been with Franklin when he died . On the morning of April 13 , Roosevelt 's body was placed in a flag - draped coffin and loaded onto the presidential train . After a White House funeral on April 14 , Roosevelt was transported back to Hyde Park by train , guarded by four servicemen , one each from the Army , Navy , Marines , and Coast Guard . As was his wish , Roosevelt was buried in the Rose Garden of the Springwood estate , the Roosevelt family home in Hyde Park on April 15 . Eleanor died in November 1962 and was buried next to him . Roosevelt 's death was met with shock and grief across the U.S. and around the world . His declining health had not been known to the general public . Roosevelt had been president for more than 12 years , longer than any other person , and had led the country through some of its greatest crises to the impending defeat of Nazi Germany and within sight of the defeat of Japan as well . Less than a month after his death , on May 8 , the war in Europe ended . President Harry S. Truman , who turned 61 that day , dedicated Victory in Europe Day and its celebrations to Roosevelt 's memory , and kept the flags across the U.S. at half - staff for the remainder of the 30 - day mourning period . In doing so , Truman said that his only wish was `` that Franklin D. Roosevelt had lived to witness this day . '' 1963 : John F. Kennedy ( edit ) JFK , Jackie , and the Connallys in the presidential limousine minutes before the assassination Main article : Assassination of John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy was assassinated at 12 : 30 p.m. Central Standard Time ( 18 : 30 UTC ) on Friday , November 22 , 1963 , in Dealey Plaza , Dallas , Texas . Kennedy was fatally shot while traveling with his wife Jacqueline , Texas Governor John Connally , and the latter 's wife Nellie , in a Presidential motorcade . The ten - month investigation by the Warren Commission of 1963 -- 1964 concluded that President Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald and that Oswald had acted entirely alone . It also concluded that Jack Ruby acted alone when he killed Oswald in police custody . Nonetheless , polls conducted from 1966 to 2004 found that as many as 80 percent of Americans have suspected that there was a plot or cover - up . Most current John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories put forth a criminal conspiracy involving parties as varied as the CIA , the Mafia , anti-Castro Cuban exile groups , the military industrial complex , sitting Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson , Cuban President Fidel Castro , FBI director J. Edgar Hoover , the KGB , or some combination of those entities . In an article published prior to the 50th anniversary of Kennedy 's assassination , author Vincent Bugliosi estimates that a total of 42 groups , 82 assassins , and 214 people have been accused in conspiracy theories challenging the `` lone gunman '' theory . See also ( edit ) Curse of Tippecanoe List of United States presidential assassination attempts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brunner , Borgna . `` Presidential Trivia '' . Info Please . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession : Overview and Current Legislation '' . Internet Public Library . Retrieved December 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Neale , Thomas H. ( September 27 , 2004 ) . `` Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession : Overview and Current Legislation '' ( PDF ) . Federation of American Scientists . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison 's Inauguration '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Zachary Taylor '' . White House . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2008 . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ MacGowen , Douglas . `` Charles J. Guiteau '' . Crime Library . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Leech 594 - 600 Jump up ^ `` Harding a Farm Boy Who Rose by Work '' . New York Times . August 3 , 1923 . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Franklin D. Roosevelt '' . White House . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection '' . National Archives . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cleaves 152 Jump up ^ `` Harrison 's Inauguration ( Reason ) : American Treasures of the Library of Congress '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved June 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cleaves 160 Jump up ^ `` President Harrison Dies -- April 4 , 1841 '' . Events in Presidential History . Miller Center , University of Virginia . 2008 . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved February 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ed. : Robert A. Diamond ... Major contributors : Rhodes Cook ... ( 1976 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections . Congressional Quarterly Inc. p. 492 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87187 - 072 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` William Henry Harrison '' . White House Historical Association . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Tomb '' . Ohio Historical Society . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Parenti , Michael ( September 1999 ) . History as Mystery . City Light Books . p. 304 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87286 - 357 - 6 . Jump up ^ Eisenhower , John S.D. ( 2008 ) . Zachary Taylor The American Presidents . Macmillan . pp. 132 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0805082371 . Jump up ^ Bauer , pp. 314 -- 316 . Jump up ^ `` Death of the President of the United States '' . Boston Daily Evening Transcript . July 10 , 1850 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Willard and Marion ( 2010 ) . Killing the President . p. 188 . Jump up ^ Marriott , Michel ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Verdict In : 12th President Was Not Assassinated '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` President Zachary Taylor and the Laboratory : Presidential Visit from the Grave '' . Oak Ridge National Laboratory . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2010 . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sampas , Jim ( July 4 , 1991 ) . `` Scandal and the Heat Did Zachary Taylor In '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Christine Quigley ( 2005 ) . The Corpse : A History . McFarland & Company . p. 134 . ISBN 0786424494 . Jump up ^ `` Good Friday , 1865 : Lincoln 's Last Day '' . NPHR STAFF. 2008 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Shot at Ford 's Theater '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilentz , Sean . Andrew Jackson ( 2005 ) , p. 8 , 35 . Jump up ^ `` The murderer of Mr. Lincoln '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . April 21 , 1865 . Jump up ^ Hamner , Christopher . `` Booth 's Reason for Assassination Archived December 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Teachinghistory.org . Accessed 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Phillip B. Kunhardt Jr. ; Phillip Kunhardt III ; Peter Kunhardt ( 1992 ) . Lincoln : An Illustrated Biography . New York : Gramercy Books . p. 346 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 20715 - X . Jump up ^ James Swanson ( 2006 ) . Manhunt : The 12 - Day Chase for Lincoln 's Killer. Harper Collins . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 051849 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Papers : Lincoln Assassination : Introduction '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Safford '' . rogerjnorton.com . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2011 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard A.R. Fraser , MD ( February -- March 1995 ) . `` How Did Lincoln Die ? '' . American Heritage . 46 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Lynne Vincent Cheney ( October 1975 ) . `` Mrs. Frank Leslie 's Illustrated Newspaper '' . American Heritage Magazine . 26 ( 6 ) . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2009 . Retrieved January 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The attack on the President 's life '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved January 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Peskin 581 Jump up ^ George Stinson Conwell . The life , speeches , and public services of James A. Garfield , twentieth President of the United States : including an account of his assassination , lingering pain , death and burial . Portland , Maine . p. 349 . OCLC 2087548 . Jump up ^ Vowell 160 Jump up ^ Peskin 593 Jump up ^ Peskin 596 Jump up ^ Millard 189 , 312 Jump up ^ Peskin 596 -- 597 ^ Jump up to : Peskin 597 Jump up ^ Peskin 598 Jump up ^ Peskin 599 Jump up ^ Peskin 600 Jump up ^ Vowell 124 Jump up ^ Peskin 601 Jump up ^ Peskin 608 Jump up ^ Peskin 608 -- 609 Jump up ^ Rauchway , Eric ( 2004 ) . Murdering McKinley : The Making of Theodore Roosevelt 's America . New York : Hill and Wang . pp. 3 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 1638 - 9 . Jump up ^ Leech 561 - 62 Jump up ^ Leech 584 Jump up ^ Miller 56 - 60 Jump up ^ Miller 301 -- 302 Jump up ^ Morgan , H. Wayne ( 2003 ) . William McKinley and His America ( revised ed . ) . Kent , Ohio : The Kent State University Press . p. 402 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87338 - 765 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bumgarner , Jeffrey ( 2006 ) . Federal Agents : The Growth of Federal Law Enforcement in America . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98953 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey M. Jones ; Joni L. Jones . `` Presidential Stroke : United States Presidents and Cerebrovascular Disease ( Warren G. Harding ) '' . CNS Spectrums . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Adams ( 1939 , 1964 ) , Incredible Era , pp. 377 -- 384 Jump up ^ Russell ( April 1963 ) , The Four Mysteries Of Warren Harding Jump up ^ Jones , Jeffrey M. ; Joni L. Jones . `` Presidential Stroke : United States Presidents and Cerebrovascular Disease ( Franklin D. Roosevelt ) '' . CNS Spectrums . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Person of the Century Runner - Up : Franklin Delano Roosevelt '' . Time . March 1 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ William D. Pederson ( 2011 ) . A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 1444395173 . Jump up ^ Margaret Prentice Hecker ( 2010 ) . Leslie Alexander , ed . `` Roosevelt , Eleanor '' . Encyclopedia of African American History . ABC - CLIO. 1 : 999 . ISBN 1851097694 . Jump up ^ Video : Allies Overrun Germany ( 1945 ) . Universal Newsreel. 1945 . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McCullough 345 , 381 Jump up ^ Warren Commission Testimony of Nellie Connally , vol. 4 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Warren Commission Testimony of John B. Connally , vol. 4 , pp. 131 -- 132 . Jump up ^ Gary Langer ( November 16 , 2003 ) . `` John F. Kennedy 's Assassination Leaves a Legacy of Suspicion '' ( PDF ) . ABC News . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jarrett Murphy , 40 Years Later : Who Killed JFK ? , CBS News , November 21 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Summers , Anthony ( 2013 ) . `` Six Options for History '' . Not in Your Lifetime . New York : Open Road . p. 238 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4804 - 3548 - 3 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` One JFK conspiracy theory that could be true - CNN.com '' . CNN . November 18 , 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bauer , K. Jack ( 1985 ) . Zachary Taylor : Soldier , Planter , Statesman of the Old Southwest . Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 1237 - 2 . Cleaves , Freeman ( 1939 ) . Old Tippecanoe : William Henry Harrison and His Time . New York , NY : C. Scribner 's Sons . Leech , Margaret ( 1959 ) . In the Days of McKinley . New York : Harper and Brothers . pp. 594 -- 600 . OCLC 456809 . McCullough , David ( 1992 ) . Truman . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 86920 - 5 . Millard , Candice ( 2011 ) . Destiny of the Republic . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 53500 - 7 . Miller , Scott ( 2011 ) . The President and the Assassin . New York : Random House . pp. 56 -- 60 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6752 - 7 . Peskin , Allan ( 1978 ) . Garfield . Kent State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 210 - 2 . Vowell , Sarah ( 2005 ) . Assassination Vacation . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 6003 - 1 . External links ( edit ) The Mortal Presidency ( Shapell Manuscript Foundation ) ( hide ) Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Freemasons Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Previous occupation Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Burial places Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Green Libertarian Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Height Unsuccessful major party candidates Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession U.S. Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_who_died_in_office&oldid=832216955 '' Categories : Presidents of the United States who died while in office Death in the United States - related lists Lists relating to the United States presidency Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from May 2012 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 15 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who are the 8 presidents who died in office | [
"William Henry Harrison holds the record for shortest term served, holding the office of presidency for 31 days before dying. Harrison was the first president to die while in office when he caught pneumonia and died on April 4, 1841.[4] On July 9, 1850, Zachary Taylor died from acute gastroenteritis.[5] Abraham Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated. He was shot by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.[6] Sixteen years later, on September 19, 1881, President James A. Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau.[7] Nearly twenty years after that, President William McKinley died from complications after being shot twice by Leon Czolgosz.[8] President Warren G. Harding suffered a heart attack, and died on August 2, 1923.[9] On April 12, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt collapsed and died as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage.[10] The most recent president to die in office was John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated with two rifle shots on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.[11]",
"William Henry Harrison holds the record for shortest term served, holding the office of presidency for 31 days before dying. Harrison was the first president to die while in office when he caught pneumonia and died on April 4, 1841.[4] On July 9, 1850, Zachary Taylor died from acute gastroenteritis.[5] Abraham Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated. He was shot by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.[6] Sixteen years later, on September 19, 1881, President James A. Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau.[7] Nearly twenty years after that, President William McKinley died from complications after being shot twice by Leon Czolgosz.[8] President Warren G. Harding suffered a heart attack, and died on August 2, 1923.[9] On April 12, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt collapsed and died as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage.[10] The most recent president to die in office was John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated with two rifle shots on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.[11]",
"William Henry Harrison holds the record for shortest term served, holding the office of presidency for 31 days before dying. Harrison was the first president to die while in office when he caught pneumonia and died on April 4, 1841.[4] On July 9, 1850, Zachary Taylor died from acute gastroenteritis.[5] Abraham Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated. He was shot by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.[6] Sixteen years later, on September 19, 1881, President James A. Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau.[7] Nearly twenty years after that, President William McKinley died from complications after being shot twice by Leon Czolgosz.[8] President Warren G. Harding suffered a heart attack, and died on August 2, 1923.[9] On April 12, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt collapsed and died as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage.[10] The most recent president to die in office was John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated with two rifle shots on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.[11]",
"William Henry Harrison holds the record for shortest term served, holding the office of presidency for 31 days before dying. Harrison was the first president to die while in office when he caught pneumonia and died on April 4, 1841.[4] On July 9, 1850, Zachary Taylor died from acute gastroenteritis.[5] Abraham Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated. He was shot by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.[6] Sixteen years later, on September 19, 1881, President James A. Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau.[7] Nearly twenty years after that, President William McKinley died from complications after being shot twice by Leon Czolgosz.[8] President Warren G. Harding suffered a heart attack, and died on August 2, 1923.[9] On April 12, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt collapsed and died as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage.[10] The most recent president to die in office was John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated with two rifle shots on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.[11]",
"William Henry Harrison holds the record for shortest term served, holding the office of presidency for 31 days before dying. Harrison was the first president to die while in office when he caught pneumonia and died on April 4, 1841.[4] On July 9, 1850, Zachary Taylor died from acute gastroenteritis.[5] Abraham Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated. He was shot by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.[6] Sixteen years later, on September 19, 1881, President James A. Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau.[7] Nearly twenty years after that, President William McKinley died from complications after being shot twice by Leon Czolgosz.[8] President Warren G. Harding suffered a heart attack, and died on August 2, 1923.[9] On April 12, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt collapsed and died as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage.[10] The most recent president to die in office was John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated with two rifle shots on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.[11]",
"William Henry Harrison holds the record for shortest term served, holding the office of presidency for 31 days before dying. Harrison was the first president to die while in office when he caught pneumonia and died on April 4, 1841.[4] On July 9, 1850, Zachary Taylor died from acute gastroenteritis.[5] Abraham Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated. He was shot by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.[6] Sixteen years later, on September 19, 1881, President James A. Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau.[7] Nearly twenty years after that, President William McKinley died from complications after being shot twice by Leon Czolgosz.[8] President Warren G. Harding suffered a heart attack, and died on August 2, 1923.[9] On April 12, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt collapsed and died as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage.[10] The most recent president to die in office was John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated with two rifle shots on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.[11]",
"William Henry Harrison holds the record for shortest term served, holding the office of presidency for 31 days before dying. Harrison was the first president to die while in office when he caught pneumonia and died on April 4, 1841.[4] On July 9, 1850, Zachary Taylor died from acute gastroenteritis.[5] Abraham Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated. He was shot by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.[6] Sixteen years later, on September 19, 1881, President James A. Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau.[7] Nearly twenty years after that, President William McKinley died from complications after being shot twice by Leon Czolgosz.[8] President Warren G. Harding suffered a heart attack, and died on August 2, 1923.[9] On April 12, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt collapsed and died as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage.[10] The most recent president to die in office was John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated with two rifle shots on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.[11]",
"William Henry Harrison holds the record for shortest term served, holding the office of presidency for 31 days before dying. Harrison was the first president to die while in office when he caught pneumonia and died on April 4, 1841.[4] On July 9, 1850, Zachary Taylor died from acute gastroenteritis.[5] Abraham Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated. He was shot by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.[6] Sixteen years later, on September 19, 1881, President James A. Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau.[7] Nearly twenty years after that, President William McKinley died from complications after being shot twice by Leon Czolgosz.[8] President Warren G. Harding suffered a heart attack, and died on August 2, 1923.[9] On April 12, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt collapsed and died as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage.[10] The most recent president to die in office was John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated with two rifle shots on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.[11]"
] | [
"William Henry Harrison",
"Zachary Taylor",
"Abraham Lincoln",
"James A. Garfield",
"William McKinley",
"Warren G. Harding",
"Franklin D. Roosevelt",
"John F. Kennedy"
] |
3452690808864705807 | Scottsboro Boys | Scottsboro Boys - wikipedia Scottsboro Boys Jump to : navigation , search For the musical , see The Scottsboro Boys ( musical ) . The Scottsboro Boys , with attorney Samuel Leibowitz , under guard by the state militia , 1932 The Scottsboro Boys were nine African American teenagers , ages 13 to 20 , accused in Alabama of raping two White American women on a train in 1931 . The landmark set of legal cases from this incident dealt with racism and the right to a fair trial . The cases included a lynch mob before the suspects had been indicted , all - white juries , rushed trials , and disruptive mobs . It is commonly cited as an example of a miscarriage of justice in the United States legal system . On March 25 , 1931 , two dozen people were ' hoboing ' on a freight train traveling between Chattanooga and Memphis , Tennessee , the hoboes being an equal mix of African - Americans and Caucasians . A group of white teenage boys saw 18 - year - old Haywood Patterson on the train and attempted to push him off the train , claiming that it was `` a white man 's train '' . A group of whites gathered rocks and attempted to force all of the black men from the train . Patterson and the other black passengers were able to ward off the group . The humiliated white teenagers jumped or were forced off the train and reported to the city 's sheriff that they had been attacked by a group of black teenagers . The sheriff deputized a posse comitatus , stopped and searched the train at Paint Rock , Alabama and arrested the black Americans . Two young white women also got off the train and accused the black teenagers of rape . The case was first heard in Scottsboro , Alabama , in three rushed trials , in which the defendants received poor legal representation . All but 12 - year - old Roy Wright were convicted of rape and sentenced to death , the common sentence in Alabama at the time for black men convicted of raping white women , even though there was medical evidence to suggest that they had not committed the crime . With help from the Communist Party USA ( CPUSA ) and the NAACP , the case was appealed . The Alabama Supreme Court affirmed seven of the eight convictions , and granted 13 - year - old Eugene Williams a new trial because he was a minor . Chief Justice John C. Anderson dissented , ruling that the defendants had been denied an impartial jury , fair trial , fair sentencing , and effective counsel . While waiting for their trials , eight of the nine defendants were held in Kilby Prison . The cases were twice appealed to the United States Supreme Court , which led to landmark decisions on the conduct of trials . In Powell v. Alabama ( 1932 ) , it ordered new trials . The case was first returned to the lower court and the judge allowed a change of venue , moving the retrials to Decatur , Alabama . Judge Horton was appointed . During the retrials , one of the alleged victims admitted to fabricating the rape story and asserted that none of the Scottsboro Boys touched either of the white women . The jury found the defendants guilty , but the judge set aside the verdict and granted a new trial . The judge was replaced and the case tried under a judge who ruled frequently against the defense . For the third time a jury -- now with one African - American member -- returned a guilty verdict . The case was sent to the US Supreme Court on appeal . It ruled that African - Americans had to be included on juries , and ordered retrials . Charges were finally dropped for four of the nine defendants . Sentences for the rest ranged from 75 years to death . All but two served prison sentences ; all were released or escaped by 1946 . One was shot while being escorted to prison by a Sheriff 's Deputy and permanently disabled . Two escaped , were later charged with other crimes , convicted , and sent back to prison . Clarence Norris , the oldest defendant and the only one sentenced to death in the final trial , `` jumped parole '' in 1946 and went into hiding . He was found in 1976 and pardoned by Governor George Wallace , by which time the case had been thoroughly analyzed and shown to be an injustice . Norris later wrote a book about his experiences . The last surviving defendant died in 1989 . `` The Scottsboro Boys '' , as they became known , were defended by many in the North and attacked by many in the South . The case is now widely considered a miscarriage of justice , highlighted by use of all - white juries . Black Americans in Alabama had been disenfranchised since the late 19th century and were likewise not allowed on juries . The case has been explored in many works of literature , music , theatre , film and television . On November 21 , 2013 , Alabama 's parole board voted to grant posthumous pardons to the three Scottsboro Boys who had not been pardoned or had their convictions overturned . Contents ( hide ) 1 Arrests and accusations 2 Lynch mob 3 The trials 3.1 Defense attorneys 3.2 Norris and Weems trial 3.3 Patterson trial 3.4 Powell , Roberson , Williams , Montgomery and Wright trial 3.5 Roy Wright trial 3.6 Death sentences 3.7 Help from Communist Party and NAACP 3.8 Appeal to Alabama Supreme Court 3.9 Williams ' ruling 3.10 Weems and Norris ruling 3.10. 1 Dissent 3.11 Appeal to United States Supreme Court 4 Decatur trials 4.1 Patterson trial 4.1. 1 Defense 4.2 Closing arguments 4.3 Verdict 4.3. 1 Irwin Craig 4.4 Horton grants Patterson a new trial 4.5 New trials under Callahan 4.6 Norris ' retrial 4.7 United States Supreme Court reverses Decatur convictions 4.8 Final round of trials 4.9 Final decisions 4.10 Aftermath 4.11 2013 pardon 4.12 Fates of the defendants 4.13 In popular culture 5 Notes and references 5.1 Notes 5.2 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Arrests and accusations ( edit ) Victoria Price ( left ) and Ruby Bates ( right ) in 1931 Historical marker in Paint Rock recalling the arrests On March 25 , 1931 , the Southern Railway line between Chattanooga and Memphis , Tennessee , had nine black youths who were hoboing on a freight train with several white males and two white women . A fight broke out between the white and black groups near the Lookout Mountain tunnel , and the whites were kicked off the train . The whites went to a sheriff in the nearby town Paint Rock , Alabama , and claimed that they were assaulted by the blacks on the train . The sheriff gathered a posse and gave orders to search for and `` capture every Negro on the train . '' The posse arrested all black passengers on the train for assault . The unfortunate black teenagers were : Haywood Patterson ( age 18 ) who claimed that he had ridden freight trains for so long that he could light a cigarette on the top of a moving train ; Clarence Norris ( age 19 ) , who had left behind ten brothers and sisters in rural Georgia ; Charlie Weems ( age 19 ) ; brothers Andy Wright ( age 19 ) and Roy Wright ( age 12 ) , who were leaving home for the first time . The nearly blind Olin Montgomery ( age 17 ) , who was hoping to get a job in order to pay for a pair of glasses that he so desperately needed ; Ozie Powell ( age 16 ) ; Willie Roberson ( age 16 ) , who suffered from such severe syphilis that he could barely walk ; and Eugene Williams ( age 13 ) ; Of these nine boys , only four knew each other prior to their arrest . Two white women who were also aboard the train , Victoria Price and Ruby Bates , told a member of the posse that they had been raped by a group of black teenagers . The posse brought the women to the jail where the accused were being held , and they identified them as their attackers . A doctor was summoned to examine Price and Bates for signs of rape , but none was found . A widely published photo showed the two women shortly after the arrests in 1931 . There was no evidence ( beyond the women 's testimony ) pointing to the guilt of the accused , yet that was irrelevant due to the prevalent racism in the South at the time , according to which black men were constantly being policed by white men for signs of sexual interest in white women , which could be punishable by lynching . Price and Bates may have told the police that they were raped to divert police attention from themselves . They were both suspected of being prostitutes and not only risked being arrested for it , but they could also have been prosecuted for violating the Mann Act by crossing a state line `` for immoral purposes . '' Lynch mob ( edit ) In the Jim Crow South , lynching of black males accused of raping or murdering whites was common ; word quickly spread of the arrest and rape story . Soon a lynch mob gathered at the jail in Scottsboro , demanding the youths be surrendered to them . The crowd at Scottsboro on April 6 , 1931 Sheriff Wann stood in front of the jail and addressed the mob , saying he would kill the first person to come through the door . He removed his belt and handed his gun to one of his deputies . He walked through the mob and the crowd parted to let him through ; Wann was not touched by anyone . He walked across the street to the courthouse where he telephoned Governor Benjamin M. Miller , who mobilized the Alabama Army National Guard to protect the jail . He took the defendants to the county seat of Gadsden , Alabama , for indictment and to await trial . Although rape was potentially a capital offense in Alabama , the defendants at this point were not allowed to consult an attorney . The trials ( edit ) The prisoners were brought to court by 118 Alabama guardsmen , armed with machine guns . It was market day in Scottsboro , and farmers were in town to sell produce and buy supplies . A crowd of thousands soon formed . Courthouse access required a permit due to the salacious nature of the testimony expected . As the Supreme Court later described this situation , `` the proceedings ... took place in an atmosphere of tense , hostile , and excited public sentiment . '' For each trial , all - white juries were selected . There were few African Americans in the jury pool , as most had been disenfranchised since the turn of the century by a new state constitution and white discriminatory practice , and were thus disqualified from jury service . Defense attorneys ( edit ) The pace of the trials was very fast before the standing - room - only , all - white audience . The judge and prosecutor wanted to speed the nine trials to avoid violence , so the first trial took a day and a half , and the rest took place one right after the other , in just one day . The judge had ordered the Alabama bar to assist the defendants , but the only attorney who volunteered was Milo Moody , a 69 - year - old attorney who had not defended a case in decades . The judge persuaded Stephen Roddy , a Chattanooga , Tennessee , real estate lawyer , to assist him . Roddy admitted he had not had time to prepare and was not familiar with Alabama law , but agreed to aid Moody . Against accepted practice , Roddy presented both the testimony of his clients and the case of the girls . Because of the mob atmosphere , Roddy petitioned the court for a change of venue , entering into evidence newspaper and law enforcement accounts describing the crowd as `` impelled by curiosity '' . Judge Hawkins found that the crowd was curious and not hostile . Norris and Weems trial ( edit ) Clarence Norris and Charlie Weems were tried first . During prosecution testimony , Victoria Price stated that she and Ruby Bates witnessed the fight , that one of the black men had a gun , and that they all raped her at knife point . During cross-examination by Roddy , Price livened her testimony with wisecracks that brought roars of laughter . Clarence Norris Charlie Weems Dr. Bridges testified that his examination of Victoria Price found no vaginal tearing ( which would have indicated rape ) , and that she had had semen in her for several hours . Ruby Bates failed to mention that either she or Price was raped until she was cross-examined . The prosecution ended with testimony from three men who claimed the black youths fought the white youths , put them off the train , and `` took charge '' of the white girls . The prosecution rested without calling any of the white youths as witness . During the defense testimony , defendant Charles Weems testified that he was not part of the fight , that Patterson had the pistol , and that he had not seen the white girls on the train until the train pulled into Paint Rock . Defendant Clarence Norris stunned the courtroom by implicating the other defendants . He denied participating in the fight or being in the gondola car where the fight took place . But he said that he saw the alleged rapes by the other blacks from his spot atop the next boxcar . The defense put on no further witnesses . During closing , the prosecution said , `` If you do n't give these men death sentences , the electric chair might as well be abolished . '' The defense made no closing argument , nor did it address the sentencing of the death penalty for their clients . The Court started the next case while the jury was still deliberating the first . The first jury deliberated less than two hours before returning a guilty verdict and imposed the death sentence on both Weems and Norris . Patterson trial ( edit ) Haywood Patterson The trial for Haywood Patterson occurred while the Norris and Weems cases were still under consideration by the jury . When the jury returned its verdict from the first trial , the jury from the second trial was taken out of the courtroom . When the verdicts of guilty were announced , the courtroom erupted in cheers , as did the crowd outside . A band , there to play for a show of Ford Motor Company cars outside , began playing Hail , Hail the Gang 's All Here and There 'll be a Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight . The celebration was so loud that it was most likely heard by the second jury waiting inside . After the outburst , the defense of Patterson moved for a mistrial , but Judge Hawkins denied the motion and testimony continued . The second trial continued . During the second trial 's prosecution testimony , Victoria Price mostly stuck with her story , stating flatly that Patterson raped her . She accused Patterson of shooting one of the white youths . Price volunteered , `` I have not had intercourse with any other white man but my husband . I want you to know that . '' Dr. Bridges repeated his testimony from the first trial . Other witnesses testified that `` the negroes '' had gotten out of the same gondola car as Price and Bates ; a farmer claimed to have seen white women ( on the train ) with the black youths . Patterson defended his actions , testifying again that he had seen Price and Bates in the gondola car , but had nothing to do with them . On cross-examination he testified that he had seen `` all but three of those negroes ravish that girl '' , but then changed his story . He said that he had not seen `` any white women '' until the train `` got to Paint Rock . '' The younger Wright brother testified that Patterson was not involved with the girls , but that nine black teenagers had sex with the girls . On cross examination , Roy Wright testified that Patterson `` was not involved with the girls , but that , `` The long , tall , black fellow had the pistol . He is not here . '' He claimed also to have been on top of the boxcar , and that Clarence Norris had a knife . Co-defendants Andy Wright , Eugene Williams , and Ozie Powell all testified that they did not see any women on the train . Olen Montgomery testified that he sat alone on the train and did not know of any of the referenced events . The jury quickly convicted Patterson and recommended death by electric chair . Powell , Roberson , Williams , Montgomery and Wright trial ( edit ) This trial began within minutes of the previous case . Ozie Powell Willie Roberson Eugene Williams Olen Montgomery Andy Wright Price repeated her testimony , adding that the black teenagers split into two groups of six to rape her and Ruby Bates . Price accused Eugene Williams of holding the knife to her throat , and said that all of the other teenagers had knives . Under cross examination she gave more detail , adding that someone held a knife to the white teenager , Gilley , during the rapes . This trial was interrupted and the jury sent out when the Patterson jury reported ; they found him guilty . There was no uproar at the announcement . Ruby Bates took the stand , identifying all five defendants as among the 12 entering the gondola car , putting off the whites , and `` ravishing '' her and Price . Dr. Bridges was the next prosecution witness , repeating his earlier testimony . On cross examination , Bridges testified detecting no movement in the spermatozoa found in either woman , suggesting intercourse had taken place some time before . He also testified that defendant Willie Roberson was `` diseased with syphilis and gonorrhea , a bad case of it . '' He admitted under questioning that Price told him that she had had sex with her husband and that Bates had earlier had intercourse as well , before the alleged rape events . The defense called the only witnesses they had had time to find -- the defendants . No new evidence was revealed . The next prosecution witnesses testified that Roberson had run over train cars leaping from one to another , and that he was in much better shape than he claimed . Sim Gilley testified that he saw `` every one of those five in the gondola , '' but did not confirm that he had seen the women raped . The defense again waived closing argument , and surprisingly the prosecution then proceeded to make more argument . The defense objected vigorously , but the Court allowed it . Judge Hawkins then instructed the jury , stating that any defendant aiding in the crime was as guilty as any of the defendants who had committed it . The jury began deliberating at four in the afternoon . Roy Wright trial ( edit ) The prosecution agreed that 13 - year - old Roy Wright was too young for the death penalty ; it did not seek it . The prosecution presented only testimony from Price and Bates . His case went to the jury at nine that evening . His jury and that from the trial of five men were deliberating at the same time . Roy Wright At nine on Thursday morning , April 9 , 1931 , the five defendants in Wednesday 's trial were all found guilty . Roy Wright 's jury could not agree on sentencing , and was declared a hung jury that afternoon . All the jurors agreed on his guilt , but seven insisted on the death sentence while five held out for life imprisonment ( in cases like this , that was often an indication that the jurors believed the suspect was innocent but they were unwilling to go against community norms of conviction ) . Judge Hawkins declared a mistrial . Death sentences ( edit ) The eight convicted defendants were assembled on April 9 , 1931 , and sentenced to death by electric chair . The Associated Press reported that the defendants were `` calm '' and `` stoic '' as Judge Hawkins handed down the death sentences one after another . Judge Hawkins set the executions for July 10 , 1931 , the earliest date Alabama law allowed . While appeals were filed , the Alabama Supreme Court issued indefinite stays of executions 72 hours before the defendants were scheduled to die . The men 's cells were next to the execution chamber , and they heard the July 10 , 1931 execution of William Hokes , a black man from St. Clair County convicted of murder . They later recalled that he `` died hard . '' Help from Communist Party and NAACP ( edit ) After a demonstration in Harlem , the Communist Party USA took an interest in the Scottsboro case . Chattanooga Party member James Allen edited the Communist Southern Worker , and publicized `` the plight of the boys '' . The Party used its legal arm , the International Labor Defense ( ILD ) , to take up their cases , and persuaded the defendants ' parents to let the party champion their cause . The ILD retained attorneys George W. Chamlee , who filed the first motions , and Joseph Brodsky . The NAACP also offered to handle the case , offering the services of famed criminal defense attorney Clarence Darrow . However , the Scottsboro defendants decided to let the ILD handle their appeal . Chamlee moved for new trials for all defendants . Private investigations took place , revealing that Price and Bates had been prostitutes in Tennessee , who regularly serviced both black and white clientele . Chamlee offered judge Hawkins affidavits to that effect , but the judge forbade him to read them out loud . The defense argued that this evidence proved that the two women had likely lied at trial . Chamlee pointed to the uproar in Scottsboro that occurred when the verdicts were reported as further evidence that the change of venue should have been granted . Appeal to Alabama Supreme Court ( edit ) Following Judge Hawkins ' denial of the motions for new trial , attorney George W. Chamlee filed an appeal and was granted a stay of execution . Chamlee was joined by Communist Party attorney Joseph Brodsky and ILD attorney Irving Schwab . The defense team argued that their clients had not had adequate representation , had insufficient time for counsel to prepare their cases , had their juries intimidated by the crowd , and finally , that it was unconstitutional for blacks to have been excluded from the jury . In the question of procedural errors , the state Supreme Court found none . Williams ' ruling ( edit ) On March 24 , 1932 , the Alabama Supreme Court ruled against seven of the eight remaining Scottsboro Boys , confirming the convictions and death sentences of all but the 13 - year - old Eugene Williams . It upheld seven of eight rulings from the lower court . The Alabama Supreme Court granted 13 - year - old Eugene Williams a new trial because he was a juvenile , which saved him from the immediate threat of the electric chair . Weems and Norris ruling ( edit ) The Court upheld the lower court 's change of venue decision , upheld the testimony of Ruby Bates , and reviewed the testimony of the various witnesses . As to the `` newly discovered evidence '' , the Court ruled : `` There is no contention on the part of the defendants , that they had sexual intercourse with the alleged victim ... with her consent ... so the defendants would not be granted a new trial . '' As to representation , the Court found `` that the defendants were represented by counsel who thoroughly cross examined the state 's witnesses , and presented such evidence as was available . '' Again , the Court affirmed these convictions as well . The Alabama Supreme Court affirmed seven of the eight convictions and rescheduled the executions . Dissent ( edit ) Chief Justice John C. Anderson dissented , agreeing with the defense in many of its motions . Anderson stated that the defendants had not been accorded a fair trial and strongly dissented to the decision to affirm their sentences . He wrote , `` While the constitution guarantees to the accused a speedy trial , it is of greater importance that it should be by a fair and impartial jury , ex vi termini ( '' by definition `` ) , a jury free from bias or prejudice , and , above all , from coercion and intimidation . '' He pointed out that the National Guard had shuttled the defendants back and forth each day from jail , and that this fact alone was enough to have a coercive effect on the jury . Anderson criticized how the defendants were represented . He noted that Roddy `` declined to appear as appointed counsel and did so only as amicus curiae . '' He continued , `` These defendants were confined in jail in another county ... and local counsel had little opportunity to ... prepare their defense . '' Moreover , they `` would have been represented by able counsel had a better opportunity been given . '' Justice Anderson also pointed out the failure of the defense to make closing arguments as an example of underzealous defense representation . About the courtroom outburst , Justice Anderson noted that `` there was great applause ... and this was bound to have influence . '' Anderson noted that , as the punishment for rape ranged between ten years and death , some of the teenagers should have been found `` less culpable than others '' , and therefore should have received lighter sentences . Anderson concluded , `` No matter how revolting the accusation , how clear the proof , or how degraded or even brutal , the offender , the Constitution , the law , the very genius of Anglo - American liberty demand a fair and impartial trial . '' Appeal to United States Supreme Court ( edit ) Main article : Powell v. Alabama The case went to the United States Supreme Court on October 10 , 1932 , amidst tight security . The ILD retained Walter Pollak to handle the appeal . Alabama Attorney General Thomas Knight , Jr. represented the State . Pollak argued that the defendants had been denied due process first due to the mob atmosphere , and second , because of the strange attorney appointment and their poor performance at trial . Last , he argued that African Americans were systematically excluded from jury duty contrary to the Fourteenth Amendment . Knight countered that there had been no mob atmosphere at the trial , and pointed to the finding by the Alabama Supreme Court that the trial had been fair and representation `` able . '' He told the Court that he had `` no apologies '' to make . In a landmark decision , the United States Supreme Court reversed the convictions on the ground that the due process clause of the United States Constitution guarantees the effective assistance of counsel at a criminal trial . In an opinion written by Associate Justice George Sutherland , the Court found the defendants had been denied effective counsel . Chief Justice Anderson 's previous dissent was quoted repeatedly in this decision . The Court did not fault Moody and Roddy for lack of an effective defense , noting that both had told Judge Hawkins that they had not had time to prepare their cases . They said the problem was with the way Judge Hawkins `` immediately hurried to trial . '' This conclusion did not find the Scottsboro defendants innocent , but ruled that the procedures violated their rights to due process under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments . The Supreme Court sent the case back to Judge Hawkins for a retrial . Decatur trials ( edit ) When the case , by now a cause celebre , came back to Judge Hawkins , he granted the request for a change of venue . The defense had urged for a move to the city of Birmingham , Alabama , but the case was transferred to the small , rural community of Decatur . This was near homes of the alleged victims and in Ku Klux Klan territory . The American Communist Party maintained control over defense of the case , retaining the New York criminal defense attorney Samuel Leibowitz . He had never lost a murder trial and was a registered Democrat , with no connection to the Communist Party . They kept Joseph Brodsky as the second chair for the trial . The case was assigned to District Judge James Edwin Horton and tried in Morgan County . His appointment to the case drew local praise . The judge carried a loaded pistol in his car throughout the time he presided over these cases . The two years that had passed since the first trials had not dampened community hostility for the Scottsboro Boys . But others believed they were victims of Jim Crow justice , and the case was covered by numerous national newspapers . At the trial , some 100 reporters were seated at the press tables . Hundreds more gathered on the courthouse lawn . National Guard members in plain clothes mingled in the crowd , looking for any sign of trouble . The Sheriff 's department brought the defendants to Court in a patrol wagon guarded by two carloads of deputies armed with automatic shotguns . In the courtroom , the Scottsboro Boys sat in a row wearing blue prison denims and guarded by National Guardsmen , except for Roy Wright , who had not been convicted . Wright wore street clothes . The Birmingham News described him as `` dressed up like a Georgia gigolo . '' Leibowitz asserted his trust in the `` God fearing people of Decatur and Morgan County '' ; he made a pretrial motion to quash the indictment on the ground that blacks had been systematically excluded from the grand jury . Although the motion was denied , this got the issue in the record for future appeals . To this motion , Attorney General Thomas Knight responded , `` The State will concede nothing . Put on your case . '' Leibowitz called the editor of the Scottsboro weekly newspaper , who testified that he 'd never heard of a black juror in Decatur because `` they all steal . '' He called local jury commissioners to explain the absence of African - Americans from Jackson County juries . When Leibowitz accused them of excluding black men from juries , they did not seem to understand his accusation . It was as if the exclusion was so ordinary as to be unconscious . ( Note : Since most blacks could not vote after having been disenfranchised by the Alabama constitution , the local jury commissioners probably never thought about them as potential jurors , who were limited to voters . ) Leibowitz called local black professionals as witnesses to show they were qualified for jury service . Leibowitz called John Sanford , an African - American of Scottsboro , who was educated , well - spoken , and respected . The defense attorney showed that `` Mr. Sanford '' was evidently qualified in all manner except by virtue of his race to be a candidate for participation in a jury . During the following cross examination , Knight addressed the witness by his first name , `` John . '' The first two times that he did so , Leibowitz asked the court to have him alter his behavior . He did not , and this insult eventually caused Leibowitz to leap to his feet saying , `` Now listen , Mr. Attorney - General , I 've warned you twice about your treatment of my witness . For the last time now , stand back , take your finger out of his eye , and call him mister '' , causing gasps from the public seated in the gallery . The judge abruptly interrupted Leibowitz . While the pretrial motion to quash the indictment was denied , Leibowitz had positioned the case for appeal . The issue of composition of the jury was addressed in a second landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court , which ruled that race could not be used to exclude anyone from candidacy for participation on a jury anywhere in the United States . This astonished ( and infuriated ) many residents of Alabama and many other Southern states . Patterson trial ( edit ) See also : Patterson v. Alabama Judge Horton called the first case against Haywood Patterson and began jury selection . Leibowitz objected that African - American jurors had been excluded from the jury pool . He called the jury commissioner to the stand , asking if there were any blacks on the juror rolls , and when told yes , suggested his answer was not honest . The locals resented his questioning of the official and `` chewed their tobacco meditatively . '' The National Guard posted five men with fixed bayonets in front of Leibowitz 's residence that night . The jury was selected by the end of the day on Friday and sequestered in the Lyons Hotel . Attorney General Thomas Knight , Jr A large crowd gathered outside the court house for the start of the Patterson trial on Monday , April 2 . Without the `` vivid detail '' she had used in the Scottsboro trials , Victoria Price told her account in 16 minutes . The defense had what she had said before under oath on paper , and could confront her with any inconsistencies . The only drama came when Knight pulled a torn pair of step - ins from his brief case and tossed them into the lap of a juror to support the claim of rape . Leibowitz used a 32 - foot model train set up on a table in front of the witness stand to illustrate where each of the parties was during the alleged events , and other points of his defense . When asked if the model in front of her was like the train where she claimed she was raped , Price cracked , `` It was bigger . Lots bigger . That is a toy . '' Leibowitz later conceded that Price was `` one of the toughest witnesses he ever cross examined . '' Her answers were evasive and derisive . She often replied , `` I ca n't remember '' or `` I wo n't say . '' Once when Leibowitz confronted her with a contradiction in her testimony , she exclaimed , sticking a finger in the direction of defendant Patterson , `` One thing I will never forget is that one sitting right there raped me . '' The attorney tried to question her about a conviction for fornication and adultery in Huntsville , but the court sustained a prosecution objection . Price insisted that she had spent the evening before the alleged rape at the home of a Mrs. Callie Brochie in Chattanooga . Leibowitz asked her whether she had spent the evening in a `` hobo jungle '' in Huntsville , Alabama , with a Lester Carter and Jack Tiller , but she denied it . Leibowitz said that Callie Brochie was a fictional character in a Saturday Evening Post short story and suggested that Price 's stay with her had been equally fictional . Victoria Price responded on cross-examination at the trial : `` You 're a pretty good actor yourself , Mr. Leibowitz '' As the historian James Goodman wrote : Price was not the first hardened witness ( Leibowitz ) had faced , and certainly not the most depraved . Nor was she the first witness who tried to stare him down and , failing that , who seemed as if she were about to leap out of her seat and strike him . She was not the first witness to be evasive , sarcastic and crude . She was , however , the first witness to use her bad memory , truculence , and total lack of refinement , and at times , even ignorance , to great advantage . Many of the whites in the court room likely resented Leibowitz as a Jew from New York hired by the Communists , and for his treatment of a southern white woman , even a low - class one , as a hostile witness . Some wondered if there was any way he could leave Decatur alive . The National Guard Captain Joe Burelson promised Judge Horton that he would protect Leibowitz and the defendants `` as long as we have a piece of ammunition or a man alive . '' Once Captain Burelson learned that a group was on their way to `` take care of Leibowitz '' , he raised the drawbridge across the Tennessee River , keeping them out of Decatur . Judge Horton learned that the prisoners were in danger from locals . Once he sent out the jury and warned the courtroom , `` I want it to be known that these prisoners are under the protection of this court . This court intends to protect these prisoners and any other persons engaged in this trial . '' Threats of violence came from the North as well . One letter from Chicago read , `` When those Boys are dead , within six months your state will lose 500 lives . '' Dr. R.R. Bridges testifying in Decatur Leibowitz systematically dismantled each prosecution witness ' story under cross-examination . He got Dr. Bridges to admit on cross-examination that `` the best you can say about the whole case is that both of these women showed they had sexual intercourse . '' Paint Rock ticket agent W.H. Hill testified to seeing the women and the black youths in the same car , but on cross-examination admitted to not seeing the women at all until they got off the train . Posse member Tom Rousseau claimed to have seen the women and youths get off the same car but under cross-examination admitted finding the defendants scattered in various cars at the front of the train . Lee Adams testified that he had seen the fight , but later saying that he was a quarter mile from the tracks . Ory Dobbins repeated that he 'd seen the women try to jump off the train , but Leibowitz showed photos of the positions of the parties that proved Dobbins could not have seen everything he claimed . Dobbins insisted he had seen the girls wearing women 's clothing , but other witnesses had testified they were in overalls . The prosecution withdrew the testimony of Dr. Marvin Lynch , the other examining doctor , as `` repetitive . '' Many years later , Judge Horton said that Dr. Lynch confided that the women had not been raped and had laughed when he examined them . He said that if he testified for the defense , his practice in Jackson County would be over . Thinking Patterson would be acquitted , Judge Horton did not force Dr. Lynch to testify , but the judge had become convinced the defendants were innocent . Defense ( edit ) Leibowitz began his defense by calling Chattanooga resident Dallas Ramsey , who testified that his home was next to the hobo jungle mentioned earlier . He said that he had seen both Price and Bates get on a train there with a white man on the morning of the alleged rape . Train fireman Percy Ricks testified that he saw the two women slipping along the side of the train right after it stopped in Paint Rock , as if they were trying to escape the posse . Leibowitz put on the testimony of Chattanooga gynecologist , Dr. Edward A. Reisman , who testified that after a woman had been raped by six men , it was impossible that she would have only a trace of semen , as was found in this case . Leibowitz next called Lester Carter , a white man who testified that he had had intercourse with Bates . Jack Tiller , another white , said he had had sex with Price , two days before the alleged rapes . He testified that he had been on the train on the morning of the arrests . He had heard Price ask Orville Gilley , a white youth , to confirm that she had been raped . However , Gilley had told her to `` go to hell . '' Morgan County Solicitor Wade Wright cross-examined Carter . Wright tried to get Carter to admit that the Communist Party had bought his testimony , which Carter denied . But he said that the defense attorney Joseph Brodsky had paid his rent and bought him a new suit for the trial . Five of the original nine Scottsboro defendants testified that they had not seen Price or Bates until after the train stopped in Paint Rock . Willie Roberson testified that he was suffering from syphilis , with sores that prevented him from walking , and that he was in a car at the back of the train . Olen Montgomery testified that he had been alone on a tank car the entire trip , and had not known about the fight or alleged rapes . Ozie Powell said that while he was not a participant , he had seen the fight with the white teenagers from his vantage point between a box car and a gondola car , where he had been hanging on . He said he saw the white teenagers jump off the train . Roberson , Montgomery , and Powell all denied they had known each other or the other defendants before that day . Andy Wright , Eugene Williams , and Haywood Patterson testified that they had previously known each other , but had not seen the women until the train stopped in Paint Rock . Knight questioned them extensively about instances in which their testimony supposedly differed from their testimony at their trial in Scottsboro . They did not contradict themselves in any meaningful way . Haywood Patterson testified on his own behalf that he had not seen the women before stopping in Paint Rock ; he withstood a cross examination from Knight who `` shouted , shook his finger at , and ran back and forth in front of the defendant . '' At one point , Knight demanded , `` You were tried at Scottsboro ? '' Patterson snapped , `` I was framed at Scottsboro . '' Knight thundered , `` Who told you to say that ? '' Patterson replied , `` I told myself to say it . '' Just after the defense rested `` with reservations '' , someone handed Leibowitz a note . The attorneys approached the bench for a hushed conversation , which was followed by a short recess . Leibowitz called one final witness . Thus far in the trial , Ruby Bates had been notably absent . She had disappeared from her home in Huntsville weeks before the new trial , and every sheriff in Alabama had been ordered to search for her , to no avail . Now , two guardsmen with bayonets opened the courtroom doors , and Bates entered , `` in stylish clothes , eyes downcast . '' Her dramatic and unexpected entrance drew stares from the residents of the courtroom . Victoria Price , brought out for Bates to identify , glared at her . Attorney General Knight warned Price to `` keep your temper . '' Bates proceeded to testify , and explained that no rape had occurred . She said none of the defendants had touched her or even spoken to her . When asked if she had been raped on March 25 , 1931 , Bates said , `` No sir . '' When asked why she had initially said she had been raped , Bates replied , `` I told it just like Victoria did because she said we might have to stay in jail if we did not frame up a story after crossing a state line with men . '' Bates explained that Price had said `` she did n't care if all the Negroes in Alabama were put in jail . '' This recantation seemed to be a severe blow to the prosecution . Bates admitted having intercourse with Lester Carter in the Huntsville railway yards two days before making accusations . Finally , she testified she had been in New York City and had decided to return to Alabama to tell the truth , at the urging of Rev. Harry Emerson Fosdick of that city . Rev. Harry Emerson Fosdick Ruby Bates testifying . With his eye tuned to the southern jury , Knight cross-examined her . He noted her stylish dress and demanded where she had gotten her fine clothes . When she responded that the Communist Party had paid for her clothes , any credibility she had with the jury was destroyed . Judge Horton warned spectators to stop laughing at her testimony or he would eject them . Closing arguments ( edit ) By the time Leibowitz closed , the prosecution had employed anti-semitic remarks to discredit him . Wade Wright added to this , referring to Ruby 's boyfriend Lester Carter as `` Mr. Caterinsky '' and called him `` the prettiest Jew '' he ever saw . He said , `` Do n't you know these defense witnesses are bought and paid for ? May the Lord have mercy on the soul of Ruby Bates . Now the question in this case is this -- Is justice in the case going to be bought and sold in Alabama with Jew money from New York ? '' Leibowitz objected and moved for a new trial . Judge Horton refused to grant a new trial , telling the jury to `` put ( the remarks ) out of your minds . '' One author describes Wright 's closing argument as `` the now - famous Jew - baiting summary to the jury . '' He goes on to say that , `` Until Wright spoke , many of the newspapermen felt that there was an outside chance for acquittal , at least a hung jury . But ... From then on the defense was helpless . '' In his closing , Leibowitz called Wright 's argument an appeal to regional bigotry , claiming talk about Communists was just to `` befuddle '' the jury . He described himself as a patriot , a `` Roosevelt Democrat '' , who had served the `` Stars and Stripes '' in World War I , `` when there was no talk of Jew or Gentile , white or black . '' As to Wright 's reference to `` Jew money '' , Leibowitz said that he was defending the Scottsboro Boys for nothing and was personally paying the expenses of his wife , who had accompanied him . `` I 'm interested '' , Leibowitz argued , `` solely in seeing that that poor , moronic colored boy over there and his co-defendants in the other cases get a square shake of the dice , because I believe , before God , they are the victims of a dastardly frame up . '' He called Price 's testimony `` a foul , contemptible , outrageous lie . '' He ended with the Lord 's Prayer and a challenge to either acquit or render the death sentence -- nothing in between . Attorney General Knight delivered his rebuttal , roaring that if the jury found Haywood not guilty , they ought to `` put a garland of roses around his neck , give him a supper , and send him to New York City . '' Considering the evidence , he continued , `` there can be but one verdict -- death in the electric chair for raping Victoria Price . '' Verdict ( edit ) The jury began deliberating Saturday afternoon and announced it had a verdict at ten the next morning , while many residents of Decatur were in church . The jury foreman , Eugene Bailey , handed the handwritten verdict to Judge Horton . The jury found the defendant guilty of rape , and sentenced Patterson to death in the electric chair . Bailey had held out for eleven hours for life in prison , but in the end agreed to the death sentence . According to one account , juror Irwin Craig held out against imposition of the death penalty , because he thought that Patterson was innocent . Irwin Craig ( edit ) Irwin `` Red '' Craig ( died 1970 ) ( nicknamed from the color of his hair ) was the sole juror to refuse to impose the death penalty in the retrial of Haywood Patterson , one of the Scottsboro Boys , in what was then the small town of Decatur , Alabama . His son , Sonny , later recalled him as saying : `` Those young men were innocent ; everybody knew that but they were going to be punished for what they did n't do . '' The Ku Klux Klan staked a burning cross in his family yard . He was called in to see the judge presiding over that retrial , James Horton , who exhorted him to change his vote to guilty . `` If you do n't , they will kill you , Red '' , said the judge . Craig protested : `` I ca n't change my vote , judge . '' Horton replied : `` Do n't worry about that , I 'll take care of it . '' Horton grants Patterson a New trial ( edit ) The defense moved for a retrial and , believing the defendants innocent , Judge James Edwin Horton agreed to set aside the guilty verdict for Patterson . Horton ruled the rest of defendants could not get a fair trial at that time and indefinitely postponed the rest of the trials , knowing it would cost him his job when he ran for re-election . Judge Horton heard arguments on the motion for new trial in the Limestone County Court House in Athens , Alabama , where he read his decision to the astonished defense and a furious Knight : These women are shown ... to have falsely accused two Negroes ... This tendency on the part of the women shows that they are predisposed to make false accusations ... The Court will not pursue the evidence any further . Horton ordered a new trial -- which would turn out to be the third for Patterson . When Judge Horton announced his decision , Knight stated that he would retry Patterson . He said that he had found Orville `` Carolina Slim '' Gilley , the white teenager in the gondola car , and that Gilley would corroborate Price 's story in full . At Knight 's request , the court replaced Judge Horton with Judge William Washington Callahan , described as a racist . He later instructed the jury in the next round of trials that no white woman would voluntarily have sex with a black man . New trials under Callahan ( edit ) During the Decatur retrial , held from November 1933 to July 1937 , Judge Callahan wanted to take the case off `` the front pages of America 's newspapers . '' He banned photographers from the courthouse grounds and typewriters from his court room . `` There ai n't going to be no more picture snappin ' round here '' , he ordered . He also imposed a strict three - day time limit on each trial , running them into the evening . He removed protection from the defense , convincing Governor Benjamin Meek Miller to keep the National Guard away . The defense moved for another change of venue , submitting affidavits in which hundreds of residents stated their intense dislike for the defendants , to show there was `` overwhelming prejudice '' against them . The prosecution countered with testimony that some of the quotes in the affidavits were untrue , and that six of the people quoted were dead . The defense countered that they had received numerous death threats , and the judge replied that he and the prosecution had received more from the Communists . The motion was denied . Leibowitz led Commissioner Moody and Jackson County Circuit Clerk C.A. Wann through every page of the Jackson County jury roll to show that it contained no names of African - Americans . When , after several hours of reading names , Commissioner Moody finally claimed several names to be of African - Americans , Leibowitz got handwriting samples from all present . One man admitted that the handwriting appeared to be his . Leibowitz called in a handwriting expert , who testified that names identified as African - American had been added later to the list , and signed by former Jury Commissioner Morgan . Judge Callahan did not rule that excluding people by race was constitutional , only that the defense had not proven that African - Americans had been deliberately excluded . By letting Leibowitz go on record on this issue , Judge Callahan provided grounds for the case to be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court for a second time . It was the basis for the court 's finding in Norris v. Alabama ( 1935 ) , that an exclusion of African - American grand jurors had occurred , violating the due process clause of the Constitution . Haywood Patterson 's Decatur retrial began on November 27 , 1933 . Thirty - six potential jurors admitted having a `` fixed opinion '' in the case , which caused Leibowitz to move for a change of venue . Callahan denied the motion . Callahan excluded defense evidence that Horton had admitted , at one point exclaiming to Leibowitz , `` Judge Horton ca n't help you ( now ) . '' He routinely sustained prosecution objections but overruled defense objections . Price testified again that a dozen armed negro men entered the gondola car . She said Patterson had fired a shot and ordered all whites but Gilley off the train . She said the negros had ripped her clothes off and repeatedly raped her at knife point , and pointed out Patterson as one of the rapists . She said they raped her and Bates , afterward saying they would take them north or throw them in the river . She testified that she had fallen while getting out of the gondola car , passed out and came to seated in a store at Paint Rock . Leibowitz questioned her until Judge Callahan stopped court for the day at 6 : 30 . When he resumed the next morning , he pointed out many contradictions among her various versions of the rape . Judge Callahan repeatedly interrupted Leibowitz 's cross-examination of Price , calling defense questions `` arguing with the witness '' , `` immaterial , `` useless '' , `` a waste of time '' and even `` illegal . '' The many contradictions notwithstanding , Price steadfastly stuck to her testimony that Patterson had raped her . Orville Gilley 's testimony at Patterson 's Decatur retrial was a mild sensation . He denied being a `` bought witness '' , repeating his testimony about armed blacks ordering the white teenagers off the train . He confirmed Price 's rape account , adding that he stopped the rape by convincing the `` negro '' with the gun to make the rapists stop `` before they killed that woman . '' Leibowitz cross-examined him at length about contradictions between his account and Price 's testimony , but he remained `` unruffled . '' Gilley testified to meeting Lester Carter and the women the evening before the alleged rapes , and getting them coffee and sandwiches . Callahan interrupted before Leibowitz could find out if Gilley went `` somewhere with ( the women ) '' that night . The prosecution called several white farmers who testified that they had seen the fight on the train and saw the girls `` a-fixin ' to get out '' , but they saw the defendants drag them back . Lester Carter took the stand for the defense . He had testified in the first Decatur trial that Price and Bates had had sex with him and Gilley in the hobo jungle in Chattanooga prior to the alleged rapes , which could account for the semen found in the women . But Judge Callahan would not let him repeat that testimony at the trial , stating that any such testimony was `` immaterial . '' Ruby Bates was apparently too sick to travel . She had had surgery in New York , and at one point Leibowitz requested that her deposition be taken as a dying declaration . While she was not dying , committed to his three - day time limit for the trial , Judge Callahan denied the request to arrange to take her deposition . Although the defense needed her testimony , by the time a deposition arrived , the case had gone to the jury and they did not hear it at all . Haywood Patterson took the stand , admitting he had `` cussed '' at the white teenagers , but only because they cussed at him first . He denied seeing the white women before Paint Rock . On cross-examination Knight confronted him with previous testimony from his Scottsboro trial that he had not touched the women , but that he had seen the other five defendants rape them . Leibowitz objected , stating that the U.S. Supreme Court had ruled previous testimony illegal . Judge Callahan allowed it , although he would not allow testimony by Patterson stating that he had not seen the women before Paint Rock . Patterson explained contradictions in his testimony : `` We was scared and I do n't know what I said . They told us if we did n't confess they 'd kill us -- give us to the mob outside . '' Patterson claimed the threats had been made by guards and militiamen while the defendants were in the Jackson County jail . He said threats were made even in the presence of the judge . Patterson pointed at H.G. Bailey , prosecutor in his Scottsboro trial , stating , `` And Mr. Bailey over there -- he said send all the niggers to the electric chair . There 's too many niggers in the world anyway . '' Closing arguments were made November 29 through November 30 , without stopping for Thanksgiving . Callahan limited each side to two hours of argument . Knight declared in his closing that the prosecution was not avenging what the defendants had done to Price . `` What has been done to her can not be undone . What you can do now is to make sure that it does n't happen to some other woman . '' Leibowitz objected that the argument was `` an appeal to passion and prejudice '' and moved for a mistrial . Knight agreed that it was an appeal to passion , and Callahan overruled the motion . Knight continued , `` We all have a passion , all men in this court room to protect the womanhood in Alabama . '' For his summation , solicitor Wade Wright reviewed the testimony and warned the jury , `` that this crime could have happened to any woman , even though she was riding in a parlor car , instead of box car . '' Solicitor H.G. Bailey reminded the jury that the law presumed Patterson innocent , even if what Gilley and Price had described was `` as sordid as ever a human tongue has uttered . '' Finally he defended the women , `` Instead of painting their faces ... they were brave enough to go to Chattanooga and look for honest work . '' Bailey attacked the defense case . They say this is a frame - up ! They have been yelling frame - up ever since this case started ! Who framed them ? Did Ory Dobbins frame them ? Did brother Hill frame them ? We did a lot of awful things over there is Scottsboro , did n't we ? My , my , my . And now they come over here and try to convince you that that sort of thing happened in your neighboring county . Judge Callahan charged the jury that Price and Bates could have been raped without force , just by withholding their consent . He instructed them , `` Where the woman charged to have been raped is white , there is a strong presumption under the law that she will not and did not yield voluntarily to intercourse with the defendant , a Negro . '' He instructed the jury that if Patterson was so much as present for the `` purpose of aiding , encouraging , assisting or abetting '' the rapes `` in any way '' , he was as guilty as the person who committed the rapes . He told them that they did not need to find corroboration of Price 's testimony . If they believed her , that was enough to convict . Judge Callahan said he was giving them two forms -- one for conviction and one for acquittal , but he supplied the jury with only a form to convict . He supplied them with an acquittal form only after the prosecution , fearing reversible error , urged him do so . As Time described it , `` Twenty - six hours later came a resounding thump on the brown wooden jury room door . The bailiff let the jurors out ( from the Patterson trial ) . The foreman unfisted a moist crumpled note , handed it to the clerk . A thin smile faded from Patterson 's lips as the clerk read his third death sentence . '' In May 1934 , despite having run unopposed in the previous election for the position , James Horton was soundly defeated when he ran for re-election as a circuit judge . The vote against him was especially heavy in Morgan County . In the same election , Thomas Knight was elected Lieutenant Governor of Alabama . Norris ' retrial ( edit ) Judge Callahan started jury selection for the trial of defendant Norris on November 30 , 1933 , Thanksgiving afternoon . At this trial , Victoria Price testified that two of her alleged assailants had pistols , that they threw off the white teenagers , that she tried to jump off but was grabbed , thrown onto the gravel in the gondola , one of them held her legs , and one held a knife on her , and one raped both her and Ruby Bates . She claimed Norris raped her , along with five others . Callahan would not allow Leibowitz to ask Price about any `` crime of moral turpitude . '' Nor would he allow Leibowitz to ask why she went to Chattanooga , where she had spent the night there , or about Carter or Gilley . Neither would he allow questions as to whether she 'd had sexual intercourse with Carter or Gilley . During more cross-examination , Price looked at Knight so often Leibowitz accused her of looking for signals . Judge Callahan cautioned Leibowitz he would not permit `` such tactics '' in his courtroom . Dr. Bridges was a state witness , and Leibowitz cross-examined him at length , trying to get him to agree that a rape would have produced more injuries than he found . Callahan sustained a prosecution objection , ruling `` the question is not based on the evidence . '' Ruby Bates had given a deposition from her hospital bed in New York , which arrived in time to be read to the jury in the Norris trial . Judge Callahan sustained prosecution objections to large portions of it , most significantly the part where she said that she and Price both had sex voluntarily in Chattanooga the night before the alleged rapes . Leibowitz read the rest of Bates ' deposition , including her version of what happened on the train . She said that there were white teenagers riding in the gondola car with them , that some black teenagers came into the car , that a fight broke out , that most of the white teenagers got off the train , and that the blacks `` disappeared '' until the posse stopped the train at Paint Rock . She testified that she , Price and Gilley were arrested , and that Price made the rape accusation , instructing her to go along with the story to stay out of jail . She reiterated that neither she nor Price had been raped . Leibowitz chose to keep Norris off the stand . Closing arguments were on December 4 , 1933 . In his closing argument , Leibowitz called the prosecution 's case `` a contemptible frame - up by two bums . '' He attempted to overcome local prejudice , saying `` if you have a reasonable doubt , hold out . Stand your ground , show you are a man , a red - blooded he - man . '' The prosecution 's closing argument was shorter and less `` barbed '' than it had been in the Patterson case . It was addressed more to the evidence and less to the regional prejudice of the jury . Leibowitz made many objections to Judge Callahan 's charge to the jury . The New York Times described Leibowitz as `` pressing the judge almost as though he were a hostile witness . '' New York City Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia had dispatched two burly New York City police officers to protect Leibowitz . During the long jury deliberations , Judge Callahan also assigned two Morgan County deputies to guard him . The jury began deliberation on December 5 . After 14 hours of deliberation , the jury filed into the court room ; they returned a guilty verdict and sentenced Norris to death . Norris took the news stoically . Leibowitz 's prompt appeal stayed the execution date , so Patterson and Norris were both returned to death row in Kilby Prison . The other defendants waited in the Jefferson County jail in Birmingham for the outcome of the appeals . Leibowitz was escorted to the train station under heavy guard , and he boarded a train back to New York . United States Supreme Court reverses Decatur convictions ( edit ) See also : Patterson v. Alabama Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes The case went to the United States Supreme Court for a second time as Norris v. Alabama . The court reversed the convictions for a second time on the basis that blacks had been excluded from the jury pool because of their race . Attorneys Samuel Leibowitz , Walter H. Pollak and Osmond Frankel argued the case from February 15 to 18 , 1935 . Leibowitz showed the justices that the names of African Americans had been added to the jury rolls . The Justices examined the items closely with a magnifying glass . Thomas Knight maintained that the jury process was color blind . Alabama Governor Bibb Graves Because the case of Haywood Patterson had been dismissed due to the technical failure to appeal it on time , it presented different issues . Attorneys Osmond Frankel and Walter Pollak argued those . On April 1 , 1935 , the United States Supreme Court sent the cases back a second time for retrials in Alabama . Writing for the Court , Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes observed the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution clearly forbade the states from excluding citizens from juries due solely to their race . He noted that the Court had inspected the jury rolls , chastising Judge Callahan and the Alabama Supreme Court for accepting assertions that black citizens had not been excluded . According to the U.S. Supreme Court , `` something more '' was needed . The Court concluded , `` the motion to quash ... should have been granted . '' The Court ruled that it would be a great injustice to execute Patterson when Norris would receive a new trial , reasoning that Alabama should have opportunity to reexamine Patterson 's case as well . Alabama Governor Bibb Graves instructed every solicitor and judge in the state , `` Whether we like the decisions or not ... We must put Negroes in jury boxes . Alabama is going to observe the supreme law of America . '' Final round of trials ( edit ) After the case was remanded , on May 1 , 1935 , Victoria Price swore new rape complaints against the defendants as the sole complaining witness . An African American , Creed Conyer , was selected as the first black person since Reconstruction to sit on an Alabama grand jury . Indictment could be made with a two - thirds vote , and the grand jury voted to indict the defendants . Thomas Knight , Jr. by now ( May 1935 ) Lieutenant Governor , was appointed special prosecutor to the cases . Leibowitz recognized that he was viewed by Southerners as an outsider , and allowed the local attorney Charles Watts to be the lead attorney ; he assisted from the sidelines . Judge Callahan arraigned all the defendants except the two juveniles in Decatur ; they all pleaded not guilty . Watts moved to have the case sent to the Federal Court as a civil rights case , which Callahan promptly denied . He set the retrials for January 20 , 1936 . Final decisions ( edit ) Ozie Powell in hospital By January 23 , 1936 Haywood Patterson was convicted of rape and sentenced to 75 years -- the first time in Alabama that a black man had not been sentenced to death in the rape of a white woman . Patterson escaped from prison in 1948 ; he published The Scottsboro Boy in 1950 . That year he was caught by the FBI in Michigan . The governor of the state refused to extradite Patterson to Alabama . He was later arrested for stabbing a man in a bar fight and convicted of manslaughter . Patterson died of cancer in prison in 1952 , after serving one year of his second sentence . On January 24 , 1936 , Ozie Powell was involved in injuring a deputy . During May 1937 , Thomas Knight died . On July 15 , 1937 , Clarence Norris was convicted of rape and sexual assault and sentenced to death . Governor Bibb Graves of Alabama in 1938 commuted his death sentence to life in prison . He was paroled in 1946 and moved north , where he married and had children . In 1970 he began seeking a pardon , with the help of the NAACP and Alabama 's attorney . In 1976 Governor George Wallace pardoned Norris , declaring him `` not guilty . '' Norris ' autobiography , The Last of the Scottsboro Boys , was published in 1979 . Norris died on January 23 , 1989 , of Alzheimer 's disease . On July 22 , 1937 , Andrew Wright was convicted of rape and sentenced to 99 years . He was paroled , but returned to prison after violating parole . Finally released in 1950 , he was paroled in New York State . On July 24 , 1937 , Charlie Weems was convicted of rape and sentenced to 105 years in prison . He was paroled in 1943 . On July 24 , 1937 , Ozie Powell was brought into court and the new prosecutor , Thomas Lawson , announced that the state was dropping rape charges against Powell and that he was pleading guilty to assaulting a deputy . He was sentenced to 20 years . The state dropped the rape charges as part of this plea bargain . Powell was released from prison in 1946 . On July 24 , 1937 , the state of Alabama dropped all charges against Willie Roberson , Olen Montgomery , Eugene Williams , and Roy Wright . The four had spent over six years in prison on death row , as `` adults '' despite their ages . Thomas Lawson announced that all charges were being dropped against the remaining four defendants : He said that after `` careful consideration '' every prosecutor was `` convinced '' that Roberson and Montgomery were `` not guilty . '' Wright and Williams , regardless of their guilty or innocence , were 12 and 13 at the time and , in view of the jail time they had already served , justice required that they also be released . After Alabama freed Roy Wright , the Scottsboro Defense Committee took him on a national lecture tour . He joined the United States Army . Later he married and joined the Merchant Marine . After Wright came back from a lengthy time at sea in 1959 , he thought his wife had been unfaithful . He shot and killed her before turning the gun on himself and committing suicide . On July 26 , 1937 , Haywood Patterson was sent to Atmore State Prison Farm . The remaining `` Scottsboro Boys '' in custody , that of Norris , A Wright and Weems were at this time in Kilby Prison . Aftermath ( edit ) Governor Graves had planned to pardon the prisoners in 1938 , but was angered by their hostility and refusal to admit their guilt . He refused the pardons but did commute Norris ' death sentence to life in prison . Ruby Bates toured for a short while as an ILD speaker . She said she was `` sorry for all the trouble that I caused them '' , and claimed she did it because she was `` frightened by the ruling class of Scottsboro . '' Later , she worked in a New York state spinning factory until 1938 ; that year she returned to Huntsville . Victoria Price worked in a Huntsville cotton mill until 1938 , then moved to Flintville , Tennessee . Scottsboro : A Tragedy of the American South ( 1969 ) by Dan T. Carter was widely thought to be authoritative , but it wrongly asserted that Price and Bates were dead . An NBC TV movie , Judge Horton and the Scottsboro Boys ( 1976 ) , asserted that the defense had proven that Price and Bates were prostitutes ; both sued NBC over their portrayals . Bates died in 1976 in Washington state , where she lived with her carpenter husband , and her case was not heard . Price 's case was initially dismissed but she appealed . When the US Supreme Court agreed to hear the case in 1977 , Price disregarded the advice of her lawyer and accepted a settlement from NBC . She used the money to buy a house . Price died in 1983 , in Lincoln County , Tennessee . Most residents of Scottsboro have acknowledged the injustice that started in their community . In January 2004 , the town dedicated a historical marker in commemoration of the case at the Jackson County Court House . According to a news story , `` An 87 - year - old black man who attended the ceremony recalled that the mob scene following the Boys ' arrest was frightening and that death threats were leveled against the jailed suspects . Speaking of the decision to install the marker , he said , ' I think it will bring the races closer together , to understand each other better . ' '' Sheila Washington founded the Scottsboro Boys Museum and Cultural Center in 2010 in Scottsboro . It is located in the former Joyce Chapel United Methodist Church , and is devoted to exploring the case and commemorating the search for justice for its victims . 2013 pardon ( edit ) In early May 2013 , the Alabama legislature cleared the path for posthumous pardons . On November 21 , 2013 , the Alabama Board of Pardons and Paroles granted posthumous pardons to Weems , Wright and Patterson , the only Scottsboro Boys who had neither had their convictions overturned nor received a pardon . Governor Robert J. Bentley said to the press that day : While we could not take back what happened to the Scottsboro Boys 80 years ago , we found a way to make it right moving forward . The pardons granted to the Scottsboro Boys today are long overdue . The legislation that led to today 's pardons was the result of a bipartisan , cooperative effort . I appreciate the Pardons and Parole Board for continuing our progress today and officially granting these pardons . Today , the Scottsboro Boys have finally received justice . Fates of the defendants ( edit ) In 1936 , Haywood Patterson was convicted of rape and sentenced to 75 years in prison . He escaped in 1949 and in 1950 was found in Michigan , but the governor refused to extradite him . In 1951 he was convicted of an assault and sentenced to prison , where he died of cancer in 1952 . In 1936 , Ozie Powell was involved in an altercation with a guard and shot in the face , suffering permanent brain damage . In 1937 He pleaded guilty to assault , and the rape charges were dropped . He was paroled in 1946 . 1937 , Charlie Weems was convicted and sentenced to 105 years . He was paroled in 1943 after having been held in prison for a total of 12 years in some of Alabama 's worst institutions . 1937 , Andy Wright was convicted and sentenced to 99 years . He was paroled and returned to prison after violating parole . He was paroled in New York State in 1950 . 1937 , Clarence Norris was convicted of rape and was the only defendant sentenced to death . Governor Bibb Graves of Alabama in 1938 commuted his death sentence to life . Given parole in 1946 , he `` jumped '' and went into hiding . In 1976 he was found in Brooklyn , New York . Governor George Wallace pardoned him that year , declaring him `` not guilty '' . Norris published an autobiography , The Last of the Scottsboro Boys ( 1979 ) . He died of Alzheimer 's disease on January 23 , 1989 . In 1937 , the state dropped all charges for Willie Roberson , Olen Montgomery , Eugene Williams , and Roy Wright , who had already been in prison for six years . Roy Wright had a career in the US Army and Merchant Marine . In 1959 , believing his wife had been unfaithful during his tour , he shot and killed her , and shot himself , committing suicide . 2013 , the state of Alabama issues posthumous pardons for Patterson , Weems , and Andy Wright . In popular culture ( edit ) Literature African - American poet and playwright Langston Hughes wrote about the trials in his work Scottsboro Limited . The novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is about growing up in the Deep South in the 1930s . An important plot element concerns the father , attorney Atticus Finch , defending a black man against a false accusation of rape . The trial in this novel is often characterized as based on the Scottsboro case . But Harper Lee said in 2005 that she had in mind something less sensational , although the Scottsboro case served `` the same purpose '' to display Southern prejudices . Ellen Feldman 's Scottsboro : A Novel ( 2009 ) was shortlisted for the Orange Prize ; it is a fictionalized account of the trial , told from the point of view of Ruby Bates and a fictional journalist , Alice Whittier . Richard Wright 's 1940 novel Native Son ( New York : Harper , 1940 ) was influenced by the Scottsboro Boys case . There is a parallel between the court scene in Native Son in which Max calls the `` hate and impatience '' of `` the mob congregated upon the streets beyond the window '' ( Wright 386 ) and the `` mob who surrounded the Scottsboro jail with rope and kerosene '' after the Scottsboro boys ' initial conviction . ( Maxwell 132 ) Music The American folk singer and songwriter Lead Belly commemorated the events in his song `` The Scottsboro Boys '' . In the song , he warns `` colored '' people to watch out if they go to Alabama , saying that `` the man gon na get ya '' , and that the `` Scottsboro boys ( will ) tell ya what it 's all about . '' Metal / Rap band Rage Against The Machine provides imagery of the Scottsboro Boys in their music video `` No Shelter '' , along with imagery of the executions of Sacco and Vanzetti , two men who were also denied a fair trial in court and were executed by authorities . Film and television In 1976 , NBC aired a TV movie called Judge Horton and the Scottsboro Boys , based on the case . In 1998 , Court TV produced a television documentary on the Scottsboro trials for its Greatest Trials of All Time series . Daniel Anker and Barak Goodman produced the story of the Scottsboro Boys in the 2001 documentary Scottsboro : An American Tragedy , which received an Oscar nomination . Timothy Hutton starred in a 2006 film adaptation titled Heavens Fall . Theater Jean - Paul Sartre 's 1946 play The Respectful Prostitute ( La Putain respectueuse ) , in which a black man is wrongfully blamed for an incident on a train involving a white prostitute , is believed to have been based on the Scottsboro case . The Scottsboro Boys is a staged musical portrayal of the Scottsboro case . The show premiered Off Broadway in February 2010 and moved to Broadway 's Lyceum Theatre in October 2010 . The show received good reviews , but closed on December 12 , 2010 . The musical opened in London 's Young Vic Theatre in 2013 before moving to the Garrick Theatre in October 2014 . Direct from Death Row The Scottsboro Boys , a black ensemble vaudevillesque `` play with music and masks '' Mark Stein production , directed by Michael Menendian , and presented at Chicago 's Raven Theatre during the 2015 and 2016 seasons . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Scottsboro : An American Tragedy Transcript '' . PBS . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Douglas O. ( 1999 ) . `` The Trials of ' The Scottsboro Boys ' '' . Famous Trials . University of Missouri -- Kansas City . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powers , Rachael ; Poynton , Holly ( eds . ) . To Kill A Mockingbird , The Text Guide . Coordination Group Publications Ltd . ISBN 978 1 84762 023 1 . Even though there was medical evidence that indicated the women had n't been raped , the all - white jury sentenced all the men except the youngest to death . ^ Jump up to : Powell v. Alabama , 1932 , 287 U.S. 45 . ^ Jump up to : Norris v. Alabama ( 1935 ) , 294 U.S. 587 , 595 -- 596 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Robert J. ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Governor Bentley 's Statement on the Pardoning of the Scottsboro Boys '' . Office of Alabama Governor . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Douglas O. ( 1999 ) . `` Biographies of the Scottsboro Boys '' . University of Missouri -- Kansas City School of Law . Retrieved March 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Powell v. Alabama , 287 U.S. 45 , 49 ( 1932 ) . Jump up ^ Aretha ( 2008 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Douglas O. Linder , `` Without Fear or Favor : Judge James Edwin Horton and the Trial of the ' Scottsville Boys ' '' , Vol. 68 UMKC Law Review 549 , 550 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Linder , p. 550 . Jump up ^ Aretha ( 2008 ) , pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scottsboro : An American Tragedy '' ) , PBS.org , American Experience . Jump up ^ James Goodman , Stories of Scottsboro , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Aretha ( 2008 ) , p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Powell v. Alabama , p. 51 . Jump up ^ James Goodman , Stories of Scottsboro , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Doug Linder . `` American Civil Liberties Union report of change of venue testimony '' . Law.umkc.edu . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Patterson v. State , 1932 , 141 So . 195 , 196 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Ransdall , Hollace ( May 27 , 1931 ) . `` Report on the Scottsboro , Alabama Case '' . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Weems et al. v. State , 1932 , 141 So . 215 , 217 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , pp. 24 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Patterson v. State , 1932 , 141 So . 195 , 198 . Jump up ^ Bellamy , Jay ( Spring 2014 ) . `` The Scottsboro Boys : Injustice in Alabama '' ( PDF ) . Prologue . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Goodman , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Patterson v. State , 1932 , 141 So . 195 , 198 -- 199 . Jump up ^ Aretha ( 2008 ) , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Aretha ( 2008 ) , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Aretha ( 2008 ) , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Aretha ( 2008 ) , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Powell v. State , 1932 , 141 So . 201 , 209 . ^ Jump up to : Aretha ( 2008 ) , p. 34 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2008 . Retrieved April 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chris , Norwood ( January 8 , 2011 ) . `` Capital punishment remains fairly common in Alabama '' . The Daily Home . Talladega , Alabama : Radiate Media . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Goodman , p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` A wing of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the United States , devoted to the defense of people it perceived as victims of a class war . The ILD saw African Americans in the deep South as an oppressed nation that needed liberation . '' Greatest Trials , Court TV . Jump up ^ Aretha ( 2008 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Goodman , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Powell v. State , Id. , at p. 213 . ^ Jump up to : Weems et al. v. State , 1932 , 141 So . 215 . Jump up ^ 141 So . 215 , 1932 , 195 , 201 . ^ Jump up to : Weems et al. v. State , Id. , at 214 . ^ Jump up to : Weems et al. v. State , Id. , at 215 . Jump up ^ `` Bio of Walter Pollak '' . Fac.org . November 8 , 1974 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2009 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 49 ^ Jump up to : Douglas O. Linder , Without Fear or Favor : Judge James Edwin Horton and the Trial of the `` Scottsville Boys ''. , at p. 554 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Without Fear or Favor , p. 555 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas O. Linder , Without Fear or Favor : Judge James Edwin Horton and the Trial of the `` Scottsville Boys , '' p. 556 . Jump up ^ James Goodman , p. 121 . Jump up ^ James Goodman , pp. 120 -- 121 . ^ Jump up to : Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , p. 557 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , p. 560 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , pp. 560 -- 561 . Jump up ^ Goodman , pp. 126 -- 127 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Linder , p. 565 . Jump up ^ Goodman , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Goodman , p. 129 . Jump up ^ James Goodman , Stories of Scottsboro , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Linder , p. 564 . Jump up ^ James Goodman , Stories of Scottsboro , pp. 128 -- 129 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 69 . Jump up ^ James Goodman , Stories of Scottsboro , p. 129 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Without Fear or Favor , at p. 566 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Without Fear or Favor , p. 567 . ^ Jump up to : James Goodman , Stories of Scottsboro , pp. 132 -- 133 . Jump up ^ Linder , Without Fear or Favor , p. 568 . ^ Jump up to : `` The South Speaks '' . Newdeal.feri.org . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Stories of Scottsboro , pp. 132 -- 133 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Stories of Scottsboro , pp. 133 -- 134 . Jump up ^ Linder , Without Fear or Favor , p. 569 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Without Fear or Favor , p. 571 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scottsboro Boys pardon nears as Alabama comes to terms with its past '' . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Linder , Without Fear or Favor , p. 573 . Jump up ^ Linder , Without Fear or Favor , pp. 576 -- 577 . Jump up ^ Doug Linder . `` Retrial by Judge Callahan '' . Law.umkc.edu . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , pp. 103 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 104 . ^ Jump up to : James Goodman , Stories of Scottsboro , p. 216 Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , 109 . ^ Jump up to : Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : James Goodman , Stories of Scottsboro , p. 221 . ^ Jump up to : James Goodman , Stories of Scottsboro , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 112 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Stories of Scottsboro , p. 225 . Jump up ^ F. Raymond Daniell , The New York Times , November 19 , 1933 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Stories of Scottsboro , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , 118 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Stories of Scottsboro , pp. 225 -- 226 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raymond Daniell , The New York Times , November 19 , 1933 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Stories of Scottsboro , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Stories of Scottsboro , pp. 226 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , p. 227 Jump up ^ Linder , Without Fear or Favor , at p. 577 . Jump up ^ Time Magazine , December 11 , 1933 . Jump up ^ Linder , Without Fear or Favor , p. 580 Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Virginia Price '' . Law.umkc.edu . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 128 . ^ Jump up to : Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 129 Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , pp. 130 -- 131 . ^ Jump up to : Acker p. 131 . Jump up ^ New York Times , December 5 , 1933 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Norris v. Alabama ( 1935 ) , 294 U.S. 587 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Norris v. Alabama ( 1935 ) , 294 U.S. 587 , 589 . Jump up ^ Patterson v. Alabama ( 1935 ) , 294 U.S. 600 , 606 -- 607 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , pp. 149 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 155 . Jump up ^ `` A Scottsboro Chronology '' . English.uiuc.edu . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roy Wright '' , Scottsboro Boys , PBS.org . Jump up ^ Montell , William Lynwood ( 2005 ) . Tales from Tennessee Lawyers . The University Press of Kentucky . pp. 92 -- 94 . ISBN 0813123690 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Geis , Gilbert ; Bienen , Leigh B ( 1998 ) . Crimes of the Century : From Leopold and Loeb to O.J. Simpson . Boston : Northeastern University Press . pp. 72 -- 73 . ISBN 1555533604 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Acker ( 2007 ) , pp. 208 -- 209 . Jump up ^ Acker ( 2007 ) , p. 208 . ^ Jump up to : Rawls , Phillip ( May 4 , 2013 ) . `` More work ahead in Ala for Scottsboro Boys pardons '' . The Huffington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' , Scottsboro Boys Museum and Cultural Center website . Jump up ^ `` Alabama posthumously pardons three Scottsboro Boys '' . BBC News . November 21 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Parker , Dennis ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Scottsboro Boys Exonerated , But Troubling Legacy Remains for Black Men '' . ACLU . Jump up ^ Bentley , Robert J. ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Governor Bentley 's Statement on the Pardoning of the Scottsboro Boys '' . Office of Alabama Governor . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shields , Charles J. Mockingbird : A Portrait of Harper Lee p. 118 . Jump up ^ Maxwell , William J ( 1999 ) . New Negro , Old Left : African - American Writing and Communism Between the Wars . New York : Columbia University Press . Jump up ^ `` Leadbelly -- Let It Shine on Me : The Scottsboro Boys -- Free Song Clips , ARTISTdirect Network '' . Artistdirect.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ RATMVEVO ( February 26 , 2010 ) , Rage Against The Machine -- No Shelter , retrieved September 29 , 2016 Jump up ^ Crime Stories : `` The Scottsboro Boys '' ( 1998 ) at IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Heavens Fall ( 2006 ) '' at IMDb . Jump up ^ Julien Murphy , `` Sartre on American Racism '' , in Julie K. Ward , Tommy L. Lott ( eds ) , Philosophers on Race : Critical Essays , Blackwell , 2002 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Komisar , Lucy ( March 30 , 2010 ) , `` ' The Scottsboro Boys ' Is a Chilling Musical '' , FilmFestivalTraveler.com , retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick ( October 12 , 2010 ) . `` Blackface and Bigotry , Finely Tuned '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Ernio ( February 12 , 2010 ) , `` Stroman Brings New Musical The Scottsboro Boys to Off - Broadway '' Archived June 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill , retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Reid , Kerry . `` ' Direct from Death Row The Scottsboro Boys ' '' . chicagotribune.com . Chicago Yribune . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Acker , James R. ( 2007 ) , Scottsboro and Its Legacy : The Cases That Challenged American Legal and Social Justice , Praeger , New York , ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99083 - 1 Alschuler , Albert W. ( February 1995 ) . `` Racial Quotas and the Jury '' . Duke Law Journal . 44 ( 4 ) : 704 -- 743 . doi : 10.2307 / 1372922 . JSTOR 1372922 . Aretha , David ( 2008 ) , The Trial of the Scottsboro Boys ( The Civil Rights Movement ) , Greensboro , North Carolina : Morgan Reynolds Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59935 - 058 - 5 Bienen , Leigh ; Geis , Gilbert ( 1998 ) . Crimes of the Century : From Leopold and Loeb to O.J. Simpson ( PDF ) . Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55553 - 360 - 1 . Carter , Dan T. ( 1979 ) , Scottsboro : A Tragedy of the American South , Louisiana State University Press , Baton Rouge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 0498 - 9 Goodman , James ( 1994 ) , Stories of Scottsboro , Vintage Books , New York , ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 76159 - 4 Haskins , James ( 1994 ) , The Scottsboro Boys , Henry Holt , New York , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 2206 - 3 Linder , Douglas O. , `` Without Fear or Favor : Judge James Edwin Horton and the Trial of the ' Scottsville Boys ' '' , UMKC Law Review , 68 , p. 549 . James A. Miller , Susan D. Pennybacker , and Eve Rosenhaft , `` Mother Ada Wright and the International Campaign to Free the Scottsboro Boys , 1931 -- 1934 '' , American Historical Review , vol. 106 , no . 2 ( April 2001 ) , pp. 387 -- 430 ... In JSTOR Patterson , Haywood ; Conrad , Earl ( 1950 ) . Scottsboro boy . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59740 - 102 - 9 . Miller , James A. Remembering Scottsboro : The Legacy of an Infamous Trial ( Princeton , 2009 ) , Norris v. Alabama , 294 U.S. 587 ( 1935 ) . Norris v. State , 156 So . 556 ( 1934 ) . Norris v. State , 182 So . 69 ( 1938 ) . Patterson v. Alabama , 294 U.S. 600 ( 1935 ) . Patterson v. State , 141 So . 195 ( 1932 ) . Patterson v. State , 175 So . 371 ( 1937 ) . Powell v. Alabama , 287 U.S. 45 ( 1932 ) . Powell v. State , 141 So . 201 ( 1932 ) . Weems et al. v. State , 141 So . 215 ( 1932 ) . Weems v. State , 182 So . 3 ( 1938 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Markovitz , Jonathan ( 2011 ) . `` ' Exploding the Myth of the Black Rapist ' : Collective Memory and the Scottsboro Nine '' in Racial Spectacles : Explorations in Media , Race , and Justice . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 88383 - 2 Sorensen , Lita ( 2004 ) . The Scottsboro Boys Trial : A Primary Source Account . New York : Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8239 - 3975 - 6 Spears , Ellen . `` ' Rights Still Being Righted ' : Scottsboro Eighty Years Later '' , Southern Spaces , June 16 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Scottsboro by Michael J. Clarman , University of Virginia Law School Scottsboro Trials article in the Encyclopedia of Alabama Scottsboro Trial Collection , Cornell Law Library . A Scottsboro Chronology , University of Illinois To See Justice Done : Letters from the Scottsboro Boys Trials A digital exhibit by the Scottsboro Boys Museum and Cultural Center and the University of Alabama Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottsboro_Boys&oldid=840292096 '' Categories : 1931 in Alabama 1932 in Alabama 20th century American trials African - American history of Alabama American prisoners sentenced to death History of African - American civil rights Overturned convictions in the United States Prisoners sentenced to death by Alabama Recipients of American gubernatorial pardons Jackson County , Alabama False allegations of sex crimes Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles prone to spam from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Simple English Suomi தமிழ் Türkçe 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018 , at 23 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the last scottsboro boy to be freed from prison | [
"\nIn 1936, Haywood Patterson was convicted of rape and sentenced to 75 years in prison. He escaped in 1949 and in 1950 was found in Michigan, but the governor refused to extradite him. In 1951 he was convicted of an assault and sentenced to prison, where he died of cancer in 1952.\nIn 1936, Ozie Powell was involved in an altercation with a guard and shot in the face, suffering permanent brain damage. In 1937 He pleaded guilty to assault, and the rape charges were dropped. He was paroled in 1946.\n1937, Charlie Weems was convicted and sentenced to 105 years. He was paroled in 1943 after having been held in prison for a total of 12 years in some of Alabama's worst institutions.\n1937, Andy Wright was convicted and sentenced to 99 years. He was paroled and returned to prison after violating parole. He was paroled in New York State in 1950.\n1937, Clarence Norris was convicted of rape and was the only defendant sentenced to death. Governor Bibb Graves of Alabama in 1938 commuted his death sentence to life. Given parole in 1946, he \"jumped\" and went into hiding. In 1976 he was found in Brooklyn, New York. Governor George Wallace pardoned him that year, declaring him \"not guilty\". Norris published an autobiography, The Last of the Scottsboro Boys (1979). He died of Alzheimer's disease on January 23, 1989.\nIn 1937, the state dropped all charges for Willie Roberson, Olen Montgomery, Eugene Williams, and Roy Wright, who had already been in prison for six years.\nRoy Wright had a career in the US Army and Merchant Marine. In 1959, believing his wife had been unfaithful during his tour, he shot and killed her, and shot himself, committing suicide.[128]\n2013, the state of Alabama issues posthumous pardons for Patterson, Weems, and Andy Wright.\n"
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"Andy Wright"
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4373570337956942785 | Himalayan cat | Himalayan cat - wikipedia Himalayan cat Jump to : navigation , search Himalayan A chocolate - point peke - faced Himalayan Other names Himalayan Persian Colourpoint Persian Longhaired Colourpoint ( obsolete ) Siamese -- Persian ( obsolete ) Common nicknames Himmy Origin United States , United Kingdom Breed standards CFA standard TICA standard AACE standard ACFA / CAA standard CCA - AFC standard Notes Recognized only as a variant of Persian by some organizations , not as a separate breed . Domestic cat ( Felis catus ) The Himalayan ( a.k.a. Himalayan Persian , or Colourpoint Persian as it is commonly referred to in Europe ) , is a breed or sub-breed of long - haired cat identical in type to the Persian , with the exception of its blue eyes and its point colouration , which were derived from crossing the Persian with the Siamese . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Appearance 2.1 Body 2.2 Head 2.3 Coat 3 Health 4 Temperament 5 In popular culture 6 Gallery 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) There is little or no information from the literature or early pictorial representations to indicate how ancient the four main groups of cats are ; these being the two varieties of tabby , the single coloured black or white , and the sex - linked orange ( marmalade or tortoiseshell cats ) . In addition , there are other breeds of cat that are more closely controlled by man , such as the Manx , the Persian , Siamese , and Abyssinian , to name but a few . The Cat Fanciers ' Association considers the Himalayan Persian simply a color variation of the Persian rather than a separate breed , although they do compete in their own color division . It was for the color that the breed was named `` Himalayan '' : a reference to the coloration of Himalayan animals , in particular the Himalayan rabbit . It has been suggested that the Persian long - haired cats are descended from Pallas 's cat , Felis manul , a wild cat that inhabits central Asia and which is unmarked with spots or stripes and has very long soft fur . There is , however , no osteological or other evidence for this and it is more likely that the long - haired domestic cats are the result of artificial selection for this characteristic by man . Tests are still being done to discover the descendants of cats such as Himalayans . An example of this research and experimentation is in that of the following : A rare color variant of the American mink ( Neovison vison ) , discovered on a ranch in Nova Scotia and referred to as the ' ' marbled ' ' variety , carries a distinctive pigment distribution pattern resembling that found in some other species , e.g. , the Siamese cat and the Himalayan mouse . Work to formally establish a breed with combined Persian and Siamese traits , explicitly for the cat fancy , began in the United States in the 1930s at Harvard University , under the term Siamese -- Persian , and the results were published in the Journal of Heredity in 1936 , but were not adopted as a recognized breed by any major fancier groups at the time . Brian Sterling - Webb independently developed the cross-breed over a period of ten years in the UK , and in 1955 it was recognized there as the Longhaired Colourpoint by the Governing Council of the Cat Fancy ( GCCF ) . Separate US - based breeding efforts had begun around 1950 , and a breeder known to sources simply as Mrs. Goforth received breed recognition from the Cat Fanciers Association ( CFA ) near the end of 1957 for the Himalayan . Early breeders were mostly interested in adding Siamese colouration to long - haired cats , and therefore reinforced the stock by outbreeding to Persians only to retain the Persian trait dominance . However , by the 1960s , some were re-introducing Siamese stock and producing less `` Persian - style '' cats , In the 1980s , a concerted effort to re-establish the breed along more formally Persian lines ultimately caused the breed to be merged into Persian as a variant in some registries ( e.g. in 1984 by CFA ) , and a decline in the `` old '' or Siamese - like specimens . Appearance ( edit ) A 3 - year - old seal - point doll - faced Himalayan named Percy Body ( edit ) Like Persians more generally , the Himalayan tends to have a round ( cobby ) body with short legs , which makes it harder for them to jump as high as other cats do . Since the 1960s , however , some have more of a Siamese - like body , and thus do not have this limitation , but may not be acceptable as show cats , depending on the specific breed standards of the organisation in question . Head ( edit ) As with other Persians , there are two types of Himalayans , the traditional or doll - face , and the peke - faced or ultra-typed which has the more extreme squashed - looking facial features . The seal - point Himalayan in the photo to the left is doll - faced while the chocolate - point in the title image is peke - faced . Show Himalayans display a nose break as do peke - faced Persians , and have very large , round eyes with the nose leather directly between the eyes . Breeder or pet Himalayans generally have longer noses than the show cats , and may display a longer muzzle and smaller eyes than the show cats do . All three types of cat are Himalayans , however . Coat ( edit ) Blue point : A cat whose blue coat color is confined to the points : the feet , ears , tail , and face mask . Lilac Point : A diluted , brighter version of blue point . Body color is whiter and brighter than on a blue point cat . Seal Point : Seal brown color on the points . Chocolate Point : Chocolate brown color on the points ( face mask , ears , tail , and legs ) , as opposed to the darker seal brown . Body color is whiter and brighter than on a seal - point cat . One distinction between the chocolate point and seal point is the color of their paw pads . The chocolate point will have pink paw pads , whereas the seal point will have dark brown paw pads . Red or Flame Point : If both parent cats are definitely dilutes ( blue , cream or bluecream ) , the offspring can not be a flame point . Cream Point : Flame and cream colors can be very close . There are hot creams and light reds . Body color is whiter and brighter than on a seal point cat . The bulk of the fur on the body of a Himalayan is white or cream , but the points come in many different colors : Seal ( or Black ) , Blue , Lilac , Chocolate , Red ( Flame ) , and Cream . The points can also be Tabby , Lynx , or Tortoiseshell - patterned . The Chocolate and Lilac point Himalayans are the most difficult to produce , because both parents must carry the gene for Chocolate / Lilac to produce a Chocolate or Lilac kitten , as the trait is autosomal recessive . Health ( edit ) Due to their Persian ancestry , some Himalayans may have the gene that causes Polycystic kidney disease , ( PKD ) ; however , a genetic test can reveal which cats carry the PKD gene , so that they may be spayed or neutered . Like many long - haired cats , Himalayans need to be brushed daily to keep their coats looking their best and healthiest . In addition , they may need their face wiped daily , depending on the cat . Bathing a Himalayan is also recommended by some breeders , to help reduce the amount of oil on the cat 's fur and skin . Temperament ( edit ) A Himalayan lounging . These cats are sweet - tempered , intelligent , and generally very social and good companions . Because of their heritage from the Siamese cats , they tend to be more active than Persians . Himmies , as fanciers call them , are good indoor companion animals . By and large , Himalayan cats are gentle , calm , and sweet - tempered , and they possess a playful side as well . Like the Siamese , Himalayans love to play fetch , and a scrap of crumpled paper or a kitty toy will entertain them for hours . Himalayans are devoted and dependent upon their humans for companionship and protection . They crave affection and love to be pet and groomed . In popular culture ( edit ) In the 1984 Heathcliff cartoon TV series , the character Hector ( voiced by Danny Mann ) is a brown Himalayan with a purple tie , a grey head band , a 1980s hair style , and a New jersey accent . In the spoof film Date Movie ( 2006 ) , Mr. Jinxers is a parody of his Meet the Parents counterpart . In the movies Homeward Bound : The Incredible Journey ( 1993 ) and Homeward Bound II : Lost in San Francisco ( 1996 ) , one of the main characters is a Himalayan cat named Sassy ( voiced by Sally Field ) . The main character of the anime / manga Prince of Tennis , Ryoma Echizen , owns a playful , mischievous and surprisingly smart Himalayan cat named Karupin ( or Kalpin in the English translation ) , to whom he 's very attached . In the popular Korean drama Couple or Trouble the main character , Anna Jo , owns a million - dollar Himalayan cat named Princess who is featured in every episode , from being pampered by Anna Jo to appearing in another characters ' nightmares . Martha Stewart owns three Himalayans , named after composers : Beethoven , Mozart and Bartók . The cats have been featured in her commercials for Kmart , on her television show , Martha Stewart Living , and in her magazine , such as the cover of the February 1999 issue . Webkinz , an online game where characters can play with the plush pets they have purchased , has a Himalayan as one of their stuffed animals . In Flipping Out , Jeff Lewis 's two Himalayan cats , Monkey and Stewie , are often featured . In the TV series iCarly , in the episode `` iMove Out '' , the cat Harmoo , a Himalayan cat , plays a part . A Himalayan named Goma and his blog was featured in the Animal Planet show Cats 101 in 2009 . A Himalayan named Luna The Fashion Kitty became a social media phenomenon in 2011 with a popular Facebook page , a website , and many media references . A Himalayan - Persian named Colonel Meow became an Internet celebrity in 2012 , and entered Guinness World Records 2014 as the cat with the longest fur . Mr. Jinx ( also known as Jinxy , or simply just Jinx ) from the Meet the Parents trilogy is a 2 - year - old seal - point peke - faced Himalayan . Gallery ( edit ) Red ( Flame ) Point . Blue Point Chocolate Point Red Point Tortie Point Lilac Point Himalayan Cat , an offspring of Persian and Siamese 2 year old Himalayan Cat Himalayan cat ( note the points inherited from siamese and relatively long hair inherited from Persian parent ) Himalayan Cat Male Himalayan Cat Himalayan Male Cat Seal Point Himalayan Cat Eight - week - old Blue Point Himalayan kitten Example of Blue Point feline markings on juvenile male Example of Seal Point feline markings on juvenile male References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Clutton - Brock , Juliet ( 1981 ) . A natural history of domesticated mammals ( 1st University of Texas Press ed . ) . Austin : University of Texas Press . p. 109 . ISBN 0292715323 . Jump up ^ `` Himalayan Cat '' . Pet Finder . This tertiary source reuses information from other sources but does not name them . Jump up ^ Benkel , Bernhard F. ; Kirsti Rouyinen - Watt ; Hossain Farid ; Razyan Anistoroaei ( April 2009 ) . `` Molecular characterization of the Himalayan mink '' . Mammalian Genome. 20 ( 4 ) : 256 -- 259 . PMID 19308642 . doi : 10.1007 / s00335 - 009 - 9177 - 6 . Jump up ^ Keeler , Clyde E. ; Cobb , Virginia ( 1936 ) . `` Siamese -- Persian Cats '' . Journal of Heredity . American Genetic Association . 27 ( 9 ) : 339 -- 340 . ISSN 0022 - 1503 . First page is available online at http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/27/9/339/ ^ Jump up to : Berg , Linda ( 1999 ) . `` The Himalayan Persian '' . CFA.org . Alliance , Ohio , US : Cat Fanciers Association ( CFA ) . Archived from the original on 4 March 2013 . Retrieved 4 March 2004 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cat glossary '' . Iams.com . Retrieved on 23 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Helgren , J. Anne ( 1997 ) . `` 6 : The Recognized Breeds '' . Encyclopedia of Cat Breeds . Barron 's Educational Series . p. 134 . ISBN 0 - 7641 - 5067 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Himalayan . Himalayan Cat Breed Himalayan - Persian CFA Breed Article Himalayan cat at DMOZ ( hide ) Domestic cats Felinology Anatomy Genetics Dwarf cat Kitten Odd - eyed cat Squitten Coat genetics Bicolor cat Black cat Calico cat Tabby cat Tortoiseshell cat Health Aging Declawing Diet Neutering Spaying Vaccination Behavior Body language Catfight Catnip Communication ( Meow ) Kneading Intelligence Play and toys Purr Righting reflex Senses Human -- cat interaction Ailurophobia Animal - assisted therapy Cat cafés Cat massage Cat meat Cat - scratch disease Cat show Cats in ancient Egypt Cultural depictions Farm cat Feral cat Cats and Islam Puppy cat Ship 's cat Zoonosis Registries American Cat Fanciers Association Associazione Nazionale Felina Italiana Canadian Cat Association Cat Aficionado Association Cat Fanciers ' Association Emirates Feline Federation Fédération Internationale Féline Governing Council of the Cat Fancy Southern Africa Cat Council The International Cat Association Breeds ( full list ) ( experimental breeds ) Fully domestic Abyssinian American Curl American Shorthair Balinese Brazilian Shorthair British Shorthair Birman Bombay Burmese California Spangled Chartreux Chinese Li Hua Colorpoint Shorthair Cornish Rex Cymric Devon Rex Donskoy Egyptian Mau European Shorthair Exotic Shorthair German Rex Himalayan Japanese Bobtail Javanese Khao Manee Korat Kurilian Bobtail Maine Coon Manx Munchkin Norwegian Forest Ocicat Oriental Shorthair Persian Peterbald Pixie - bob Raas Ragdoll Ragamuffin Russian Blue Scottish Fold Selkirk Rex Siamese Siberian Singapura Snowshoe Somali Sphynx Thai Traditional Persian Tonkinese Toyger Turkish Angora Turkish Van Hybrid Bengal Chausie Highlander Savannah Serengeti Landraces Aegean Cyprus Domestic long - haired Domestic short - haired Kellas Sokoke Van Diseases and disorders Acne Asthma Calicivirus Congenital sensorineural deafness Flea Heartworm Hepatic lipidosis Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Immunodeficiency virus Infectious peritonitis Leukemia virus Lower urinary tract disease Panleukopenia Polydactyly Rabies Ringworm Roundworm Skin disorders Tick Toxoplasmosis Viral rhinotracheitis Book Portal Cats portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Himalayan_cat&oldid=798272018 '' Categories : Cat breeds Cat breeds originating in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with DMOZ links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Български Català Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 23 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what type of cat is jinx in meet the parents | [
"Mr. Jinx (also known as Jinxy, or simply just Jinx) from the Meet the Parents trilogy is a 2-year-old seal-point peke-faced Himalayan."
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"seal-point peke-faced Himalayan"
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-507498492304144020 | Like I'm Gonna Lose You | Like I 'm Gonna Lose You - wikipedia Like I 'm Gonna Lose You `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' Single by Meghan Trainor featuring John Legend from the album Title Released June 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 23 ) Recorded 2014 The Green Room ( East Nashville , Tennessee ) Germano Studios ( New York City , New York ) Genre Soul Length 3 : 45 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Meghan Trainor Justin Weaver Caitlyn Smith Producer ( s ) Chris Gelbuda Meghan Trainor Meghan Trainor singles chronology `` Dear Future Husband '' ( 2015 ) `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' ( 2015 ) `` Boys Like You '' ( 2015 ) `` Dear Future Husband '' ( 2015 ) `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' ( 2015 ) `` Boys Like You '' ( 2015 ) John Legend singles chronology `` One Man Can Change the World '' ( 2015 ) One Man Can Change the World 2015 `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' ( 2015 ) Like I 'm Gonna Lose You2015 `` Summer Nights '' ( 2016 ) Summer Nights 2016 Music video `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' on YouTube `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Meghan Trainor for her first studio album Title ( 2015 ) . The song features American singer John Legend . It was written by Trainor , Justin Weaver , and Caitlyn Smith , and produced by Chris Gelbuda and Trainor . Released by Epic Records on June 23 , 2015 , as Trainor 's fourth and final single from the album , it is a soul song . Lyrically , it is an optimistic and inspiring love song with a theme of fatalism and conveys the message to not take time with loved ones for granted . The song topped the Australian singles chart for four consecutive weeks and reached number one in New Zealand for three weeks . The song peaked at number eight on both the Billboard Hot 100 , and the Canadian Hot 100 , becoming Trainor 's third top 10 single in both countries . The song 's music video was directed by Constellation Jones and released on July 9 , 2015 . It depicts Trainor and Legend singing in the candlelight as it rains outside . Trainor promoted `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' in a number of appearances , including live performances at the 2015 American Music Awards and on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . It was also performed at Trainor 's That Bass Tour and MTrain Tour ( 2015 ) . Contents 1 Writing and development 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 6 Live performances 7 Credits and personnel 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Certifications 9 Release history 10 References 11 External links Writing and development ( edit ) ( ' Like I 'm Gonna Lose You ' has ) very emotional lyrics that take you to a real place . I wrote it in Nashville about ... you know when you have those nightmares that your brother or sister or boyfriend just dies ? And you wake up sweating and crying and then you have to go check on them to make sure they 're still alive and they are and you 're like , ' Oh my God -- thank God ' . It 's like I 'm going to love you like I 'm going to lose you because I know what it feels like from that dream and I 'm not going to let it happen . -- Trainor on the song 's conception in an interview with Digital Spy `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' was written by Meghan Trainor , Justin Weaver , and Caitlyn Smith . It was composed as a demo `` years ago '' , but Trainor was at first hesitant to show the song to her record label during the recording of her debut album , Title ( 2015 ) . At the request of Trainor 's uncle , Burton Toney , her management listened to the track . Trainor recalls one of her managers being brought to tears by the song , resulting in the decision to include it on the album . The song was produced by Trainor and Chris Gelbuda , who she had first met in 2011 at a music conference in Colorado . They later co-wrote Sabrina Carpenter 's `` Ca n't Blame a Girl for Trying '' . During their recording of the track `` 3am '' for Title , Trainor told Gelbuda about `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' , a reggae song which she felt was a poor fit for the album . The pair brainstormed , with Gelbuda playing various melodies on a guitar , resulting in a change in sound and tempo . `` She dug it and it just worked . We built the track together , she sang the vocals , and I worked at it for weeks , '' Gelbuda recalls . They recorded `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' in 2014 at The Green Room , Gelbuda 's home studio , in East Nashville , Tennessee . Trainor and Gelbuda performed all of the track 's instrumentation , production , and programming . Initially intended to be a solo recording , L.A. Reid sent it to John Legend , who shares the same management as Trainor . Legend said , `` I love this : I want to be a part of it '' . Trainor announced her collaboration with Legend in an interview with MTV News at the iHeartRadio Music Festival in September 2014 . His vocal was recorded as a duet with Trainor 's by Jason Agel at Germano Studios in New York City , with the assistance of Kenta Yonesaka . `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' was mixed by Manny Marroquin at Larabee North Studios in Universal City , California and mastered by Dave Kutch at The Mastering Palace in New York City . Gelbuda describes it as `` classic and jazzy '' and `` a big departure from everything she 's done '' . Composition ( edit ) The song features guest vocals by American singer John Legend `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' ( 2015 ) A 22 - second sample of `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' , featuring Trainor singing the track 's chorus , which is complemented by minimal harmonies and instrumental accompaniment . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' is a retro style soul ballad . It features Trainor 's soprano vocals in a duet with Legend , and includes additional background vocals by Trainor and Gelbuda . The track comprises minimal harmonies and instrumental accompaniment , showcasing Trainor and Legend 's vocals at its forefront . Critics noted the song as a more earnest , tender , and subdued sound compared Trainor 's other material . The track is set in the time signature of time , with a slow tempo of 72 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of C major and has a sequence of C -- F / C -- C -- Em -- Am -- F -- C / E -- Dm -- F / G as its chord progression . Characterized as a love song with a lyrical theme of fatalism , `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' channels anxiety about losing someone into determination to make the most of every moment . According to Gelbuda , the track is about not taking time with loved ones for granted . Critical reception ( edit ) Rolling Stone writer Chuck Arnold called the song `` finger - snapping balladry '' and likened it to duets by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell . Melanie J. Sims of the Associated Press felt that `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' was the most refreshing track on Title , writing `` Not only is it a nice change of pace sonically , but in a rare moment , the track gives Trainor 's vocals the main stage , without a catchy hook or quirky production yanking away the spotlight '' . Similarly , Elysa Gardener of USA Today wrote : `` Trainor is at her most appealing when she does n't try to be sly or subversive . Her yearning soprano is a perfect match for guest John Legend 's silky voice and presence on ' Like I 'm Gonna Lose You ' '' . Glenn Gamboa of Newsday called the song `` classic - sounding '' and said that it would `` stick with Trainor throughout her sure - to - be-lengthy career '' . Martin Townsend of the Daily Express named `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' , along with `` Walkashame '' , as the album 's best tracks . Virgin Media 's Ian Gittins opined that the song manifested Trainor 's vocal prowess . In a mixed review , The Daily Telegraph 's Helen Brown opined that the ballad was formulaic , but complimented Legend 's sincerity of tone . Daily News writer Jim Farber commented that the track `` played to the smarm of Legend '' , and further added , `` Trainor can turn earnest -- not always in a good way '' . Marc Hirsh of The Boston Globe wrote , `` When ( Trainor ) steps away from pastiche , she struggles ; John Legend comes through loud and clear on boilerplate ballad ' Like I 'm Gonna Lose You , ' while she could be anybody at all '' . Billboard writer Carl Wilson shared the views of Farber and Hirsh , and said that Legend 's vocal added `` deeper textures to an otherwise static ( song ) '' . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' debuted at number 63 on the Canadian Hot 100 and number 11 on the US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles charts issued for January 31 , 2015 . The song later re-entered US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles at a new peak of number 10 for the chart dated June 6 , 2015 . For the chart dated July 25 , 2015 , the track debuted on the Hot 100 at number 95 . On the week charting October 3 , 2015 , the song charted at number 45 and steadily rose to a peak position of number 18 on November 6 , and later reached a new peak of number 8 , on the issue dated 12 December , thus becoming Trainor 's third and Legend 's second top - 10 single . It also peaked at number one on the Adult Top 40 chart . In Australia , `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' debuted at number 80 on the Australian Singles Chart issued for June 8 , 2015 . It climbed 61 positions to number 19 the following week , marking Trainor fifth consecutive top - 20 hit in the country . The following week , it ascended to number five , finally hitting the number one position on the chart the following week . It stayed at number one for a total of four weeks . In New Zealand , the song debuted on the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 26 on the chart dated June 29 , 2015 . In its second week , the song dropped to number 32 , before rising to number 13 the following week . After four weeks on the chart , the song was certified gold and reached number one , marking Trainor 's third number - one hit and fifth top - 10 hit . It gave Legend his first number - one single in the country and his second top - 10 . Music video ( edit ) On June 18 , 2015 , Trainor confirmed that the shooting for the `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' music video had begun . She premiered the music video in Times Square on July 9 , 2015 . Trainor released the videos behind the scenes on July 21 , 2015 . In the video , directed by Constellation Jones , Trainor is singing amid candlelight in a darkened building as it rains outside . As the video continues , different aspects of love are shown in the rain : a mother and child , romantic couples , and friendships , braving their way through the same rainy night . The music video on YouTube has more than 470 million views as of August 2018 . Live performances ( edit ) Trainor performing `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' on The Today Show in May 2015 Trainor performed `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' during her That Bass Tour as a duet with either Matt Prince or George Sheppard of Sheppard at selected dates . At the tour 's date in Birmingham on April 11 , 2015 , Trainor was joined by Nathan Sykes for a duet of the song . In a review of Sykes and Trainor 's rendition , Noelle Devolle of Seventeen said , `` It goes without saying that these two are pretty much cementing themselves as the new King and Queen of doo - wop and soul , and they need to collaborate '' . Trainor and Legend 's first performance together of `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' was at the 2015 Billboard Music Awards on May 17 , 2015 . According to Hugh McIntyre of Forbes , the rendition was widely applauded . It was the third most - tagged performance of the night on Shazam . William Gruger of Billboard wrote , `` It 's notable that Shazam was so popular with the slow , ballad - oriented tracks , which suggested that they were some of the most engaging moments of the evening '' . The performance spurred a 45 % increase in Title 's unit sales in the United States , helping it rise seven positions to number five on the Billboard 200 that week . Trainor climbed from number seven to number four on the Billboard Artist 100 as a result . Joe Lynch of Billboard described the rendition as `` one of the night 's quiet victories : Not a show - stopper , but a performance that stuck with you '' . Trainor and Legend sang `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on May 21 , 2015 . She performed the track solo in a set for The Today Show on May 22 , 2015 , along with `` Dear Future Husband '' , `` All About That Bass '' and `` Lips Are Movin '' . An a cappella rendition of the song by Trainor and Legend premiered on May 27 , 2015 , by Entertainment Weekly , as part of Pop TV 's `` Massive Musical Mash - Up '' . Trainor also performed along with Legend on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on October 14 , 2015 . Trainor performed the song on the American Music Awards of 2015 on November 22 , 2015 , in a medley with Charlie Puth 's collaboration `` Marvin Gaye '' . Girl group Fifth Harmony , with whom Trainor previously collaborated on their debut album Reflection , covered the song at the 2016 Billboard Women in Music ceremony , at which Trainor was supposed to perform but was unable to due to her vocal cords being damaged . The performance was one of the group 's last with their original lineup , before member Camila Cabello left the group in December of the same year . Trainor praised the group 's performance via social media after the ceremony . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Management Recorded at The Green Room , East Nashville , Tennessee and Germano Studios New York City , New York Mixed at Larabee North Studios , Universal City , California Mastered at The Mastering Palace , New York City , New York Published by Year of the Dog Music ( ASCAP ) , a division of Big Yellow Dog LLC . / WB Music Corp. / Music of the Corn ( ASCAP ) / Cornman Music Publishing John Legend appears courtesy of Getting Out Our Dreams / Columbia Records , a division of Sony Music Entertainment Personnel Meghan Trainor -- lead vocals , writer , singer , record producer , all instruments , programming , additional background vocals Chris Gelbuda -- record producer , all instruments , programming , additional background vocals , recording John Legend -- singer , lead vocals Justin Weaver -- writer Caitlyn Smith -- writer Jason Agel -- recording Kenta Yonesaka -- recording assistant Manny Marroquin -- mixing Dave Kutch -- mastering Credits and personnel adapted from Title album liner notes . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 36 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 8 Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 50 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 24 Ireland ( IRMA ) 96 Italy ( FIMI ) 100 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 34 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 38 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 64 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 38 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 26 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 41 South Africa ( EMA ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 67 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 69 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 99 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 5 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 29 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 23 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 76 Chart ( 2016 ) Position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 47 US Billboard Hot 100 42 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 7 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 22 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 41 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 5 × Platinum 350,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 30,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Platinum 60,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) 2 × Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . United States June 23 , 2015 Contemporary hit radio Epic October 6 , 2015 Rhythmic contemporary and urban adult contemporary radio Italy October 30 , 2015 Contemporary hit radio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . July 20 , 2018 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Adele 's ' Hello ' Leads Hot 100 for Fifth Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Amy ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` Meghan Trainor interview : ' Sam Smith and I have discussed collaborating ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Meghan , Trainor ( 2015 ) . Title ( Liner notes ) . Meghan Trainor . Los Morales , Mexico : Epic Records . p. 4 - 5 . 88750469120 . ^ Jump up to : Garibaldi , Christina ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Meghan Trainor Is Full On ' Freaking Out ' Because She Has John Legend On Her Album '' . MTV News . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Mike ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` Ottawa native penned 2 tunes on new Meghan Trainor album '' . The Times . Ottawa . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Mike ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Gelbuda - produced Trainor song will debut Sunday '' . The Times . Ottawa . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gamboa , Glenn ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` New music : Meghan Trainor , Nedelle Torrisi '' . Newsday . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gardener , Elysa ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Album review : Meghan Trainor 's ' Title ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Allison , Jessica ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` Album Review : Meghan Trainor , ' Title ' ( Epic Records ) '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Farber , Jim ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Music review : Meghan Trainor 's new album ' Title ' '' . Daily News . New York City . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Barros , Paul ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Meghan Trainor debut album ' Title ' goes beyond that bass '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sims , Melanie J. ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` CD review : Meghan Trainor doo - wops to death on ' Title ' '' . The Associated Press . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor ' Like I 'm Gonna Lose You ' Sheet Music '' . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holz , Adam R. `` Title Album Review ( 2014 ) '' . Plugged In . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Amorosi , A.D. ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Meghan Trainor shows staying power at the TLA '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Chuck ( January 6 , 2015 ) . `` Meghan Trainor Title Album Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Martin ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Drew Holcomb And The Neighbors , The Charlatans and Meghan Trainor : Album reviews '' . Daily Express . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gittins , Ian ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Meghan Trainor : Title Album Review '' . Virgin Media . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Helen ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Meghan Trainor , Title , review : ' relentlessly cute ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hirsh , Marc ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Meghan Trainor , ' Title ' '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Carl ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Album Review : Meghan Trainor 's ' Title ' Mixes Things Up to Mixed Results '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Music : Top 100 Songs Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Bubbling Under Hot 100 : Jan 31 , 2015 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Bubbling Under Hot 100 : Jun 6 , 2015 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Meghan Trainor & John Legend Top Adult Pop Songs Chart With ' Like I 'm Gonna Lose You ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( June 13 , 2015 ) . `` ARIA Charts : Taylor Swift Bad Blood Remains At No 1 '' . Noise11 . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor And John Legend Debut At No 1 '' . Noise11 . June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved June 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian-charts.com -- Meghan Trainor feat . John Legend -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.nz -- Meghan Trainor feat . John Legend -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor on Instagram '' . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor on Facebook '' . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Meghan Trainor Exclusive : Go Behind - The - Scenes of the ' Like I 'm Gonna Lose You ' Music Video '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Diblasi , Loren ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Meghan Trainor Shares ' Deep Thoughts ' In Behind - The - Scenes ' Like I 'm Gonna Lose You ' Video : Watch '' . MTV . Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Frere , Jackie ( July 9 , 2015 ) . `` Meghan Trainor & John Legend Take a Stroll in the Rain in ' Like I 'm Gonna Lose You ' Video : Watch '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ MeghanTrainorVEVO ( 2015 - 07 - 09 ) , Meghan Trainor - Like I 'm Gonna Lose You ft . John Legend , retrieved 2017 - 05 - 27 Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( March 14 , 2015 ) . `` Meghan Trainor Is All About Positivity and Parents on That Bass Tour in NYC : Concert Review '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brotherton , Bill ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` Last Best Show : Meghan Trainor at the Paradise '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Love , Ryan ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Nathan Sykes joins Meghan Trainor for surprise performance '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Holly ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Nathan Sykes Makes Surprise Appearance At Meghan Trainor 's Birmingham Gig '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Devolle , Noelle ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Meghan Trainor Just Sang A Duet With The Wanted 's Nathan Sykes And It Was Glorious ! '' . Seventeen . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff , Billboard ( May 24 , 2015 ) . `` Watch John Legend Perform the ' Toys ' R ' Us ' Jingle on ' The Tonight Show ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift Notches Six Months at No. 1 on Billboard Artist 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Alternative Band Twenty One Pilots Chart Their First Number One Album '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gruger , William ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` Billboard Music Awards 2015 : Kanye West , Taylor Swift 's ' Bad Blood ' & More Top Social Moments '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Twenty One Pilots Earns Its First No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Joe ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 Billboard Music Awards : 10 Best Performances '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Benson , Germaine ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` Meghan Trainor performs on ' Today , ' breaks it down with dancing man '' . United Press International . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Watch John Legend and Meghan Trainor 's Like I 'm Gonna Lose You go a cappella '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Laughs Off Confusing Guy After Vocal Surgery : He Said He ' Never Intended to Lead Me On ' '' . People . October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor & Charlie Puth Make Out After Performing ' Like I 'm Gonna Lose You ' and ' Marvin Gaye ' at the 2015 American Music Awards '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Meghan Trainor feat . John Legend -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201601 into search . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201548 into search . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 46 , 2015 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- ( ( ( artist ) ) ) -- ( ( ( song ) ) ) '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Meghan Trainor feat . John Legend -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201601 into search . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201549 into search . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2015 - 08 - 18 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Meghan Trainor feat . John Legend -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Meghan Trainor feat . John Legend -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2015 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . billboard.com . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs - Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs : Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs : Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs : Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2016 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Meghan Trainor featuring John Legend -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' . Music Canada . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor feat . John Legend `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Meghan Trainor featuring John Legend -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mexican recording certifications -- january 2017 -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . amprofon.com.mx . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Meghan Trainor feat . John Legend -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor feat . John Legend -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Meghan Trainor feat . John Legend -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Enter Like I 'm Gonna Lose You in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Meghan Trainor -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Available for airplay '' . FMQB . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor - Like I 'm Gonna Lose You ( feat . John Legend ) '' ( in Italian ) . Radio Airplay SRL . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Meghan Trainor Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Title Thank You Extended plays Title Singles `` All About That Bass '' `` Lips Are Movin '' `` Dear Future Husband '' `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' `` No '' `` Me Too '' `` Better '' `` I 'm a Lady '' `` No Excuses '' `` Let You Be Right '' Featured singles `` Marvin Gaye '' `` Boys Like You '' `` Hands '' Promotional singles `` Better When I 'm Dancin ' '' `` Watch Me Do '' Other songs `` Title '' `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Concert tours That Bass Tour MTrain Tour The Untouchable Tour Book Portal John Legend Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Get Lifted Once Again Evolver Wake Up ! Love in the Future Darkness and Light Live albums Live at SOB 's Solo Sessions Vol. 1 : Live at the Knitting Factory Singles `` Used to Love U '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Number One '' `` So High '' `` Save Room '' `` Heaven '' `` P.D.A. ( We Just Do n't Care ) '' `` Stereo '' `` Show Me '' `` Green Light '' `` If You 're Out There '' `` Everybody Knows '' `` Wake Up Everybody '' `` All of Me '' `` You & I ( Nobody in the World ) '' `` Glory '' `` Love Me Now '' Featured singles `` Finally '' `` Magnificent '' `` Move on Up '' `` When Christmas Comes '' `` Getting Nowhere '' `` Do n't Say Goodbye '' `` Lay Me Down '' `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' `` One Man Can Change the World '' `` Listen '' Other songs `` Blame Game '' `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' `` Run Run Run '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Like_I%27m_Gonna_Lose_You&oldid=853139496 '' Categories : 2015 singles 2015 songs 2010s ballads Meghan Trainor songs John Legend songs Pop ballads Songs written by Meghan Trainor Soul ballads Vocal duets Songs written by Justin Weaver Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in Poland Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from June 2015 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Português ไทย Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 17 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote like i'm going to lose you | [
"\"Like I'm Gonna Lose You\" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Meghan Trainor for her first studio album Title (2015). The song features American singer John Legend. It was written by Trainor, Justin Weaver, and Caitlyn Smith, and produced by Chris Gelbuda and Trainor. Released by Epic Records on June 23, 2015, as Trainor's fourth and final single from the album, it is a soul song. Lyrically, it is an optimistic and inspiring love song with a theme of fatalism and conveys the message to not take time with loved ones for granted.\n",
"\"Like I'm Gonna Lose You\" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Meghan Trainor for her first studio album Title (2015). The song features American singer John Legend. It was written by Trainor, Justin Weaver, and Caitlyn Smith, and produced by Chris Gelbuda and Trainor. Released by Epic Records on June 23, 2015, as Trainor's fourth and final single from the album, it is a soul song. Lyrically, it is an optimistic and inspiring love song with a theme of fatalism and conveys the message to not take time with loved ones for granted.\n",
"\"Like I'm Gonna Lose You\" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Meghan Trainor for her first studio album Title (2015). The song features American singer John Legend. It was written by Trainor, Justin Weaver, and Caitlyn Smith, and produced by Chris Gelbuda and Trainor. Released by Epic Records on June 23, 2015, as Trainor's fourth and final single from the album, it is a soul song. Lyrically, it is an optimistic and inspiring love song with a theme of fatalism and conveys the message to not take time with loved ones for granted.\n"
] | [
"Meghan Trainor",
"Justin Weaver",
"Caitlyn Smith"
] |
8374905485813932507 | The Good Doctor (TV series) | The Good Doctor ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Good Doctor ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the 2013 South Korean TV series on which this series is based , see Good Doctor ( TV series ) . The Good Doctor Genre Medical drama Based on Good Doctor by Park Jae - bum Developed by David Shore Starring Freddie Highmore Nicholas Gonzalez Antonia Thomas Chuku Modu Beau Garrett Hill Harper Richard Schiff Tamlyn Tomita Composer ( s ) Dan Romer Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Shore Seth Gordon Daniel Dae Kim Erin Gunn David Kim Sebastian Lee Mike Listo Thomas L. Moran Producer ( s ) Ron French Freddie Highmore Konshik Yu Min Soo Kee Shawn Williamson Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Camera setup Single - camera Running time 41 -- 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Shore Z Productions 3AD EnterMedia ABC Studios Sony Pictures Television Distributor Sony Pictures Television Release Original network ABC Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound Original release September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Good Doctor External links Official website The Good Doctor is an American medical drama television series based on the 2013 award - winning South Korean series of the same name . Daniel Dae Kim , the actor , first noticed the series and bought the rights for his production company . He began adapting the series and eventually shopped it to CBS , his home network in 2015 . CBS decided against creating a pilot . Because Kim felt so strongly about the series , he bought back the rights from CBS . Eventually , Sony Pictures Television and Kim worked out a deal and brought on David Shore , creator of the Fox hit medical drama , House , to develop the series . The show is produced by Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios , in association with production companies Shore Z Productions , 3AD , and Entermedia . David Shore serves as showrunner and Daniel Dae Kim is an executive producer for the show . The series stars Freddie Highmore as Shaun Murphy , a young savant autistic surgical resident at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital . Antonia Thomas , Nicholas Gonzalez , Beau Garrett , Hill Harper , Richard Schiff , and Tamlyn Tomita also star in the show . The series received a put pilot commitment at ABC after a previous attempted series did not move forward at CBS Television Studios in 2015 ; The Good Doctor was ordered to series in May 2017 . On October 3 , 2017 , ABC picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes . The series is primarily filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia . In March 2018 , ABC renewed the series for a second season . The series debuted on September 25 , 2017 . The Good Doctor has received mixed to positive reviews from critics , with particular praise given to Highmore 's performance , and strong television ratings . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guests 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows Shaun Murphy , a young surgeon with autism and savant syndrome from the mid-size city of Casper , Wyoming , where he had a troubled childhood . He relocates to San Jose , California , to work at the prestigious San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Freddie Highmore as Dr. Shaun Murphy , a surgical resident with autism and savant syndrome . His savant abilities include near - photographic recall and the ability to note minute details and changes . He is portrayed in flashbacks to his teen years by Graham Verchere . Nicholas Gonzalez as Dr. Neil Melendez : Attending Cardiothoracic surgeon in charge of surgical residents . He is also engaged to Jessica Preston until episode 12 . Antonia Thomas as Dr. Claire Browne , a surgical resident who forms a special connection with Shaun . Chuku Modu as Dr. Jared Kalu , a surgical resident from a wealthy family . Beau Garrett as Jessica Preston : The hospital in - house attorney and Vice President of Risk Management . She is the granddaughter of the hospital founder and a friend of Dr. Glassman . Hill Harper as Dr. Marcus Andrews , Chief of Surgery , attending plastic surgeon , and board member . Richard Schiff as Dr. Aaron Glassman , President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital and attending neurosurgeon , who has been a mentor and good friend of Shaun since he was 14 . Tamlyn Tomita as Allegra Aoki , Chairman of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital Board and Vice President of the foundation that controls the hospital 's funding . Recurring ( edit ) Dylan Kingwell as Steve Murphy : Shaun 's younger brother ( in flashbacks ) . He also portrays Evan Gallico , a boy in the present that resembles Shaun 's brother and is suffering from stage 4 osteosarcoma . Graham Verchere as a young Shaun Murphy in flashbacks . Paige Spara as Lea : Shaun 's love interest / former neighbor . Christina Chang as Dr. Audrey Lim Chris D'Elia as Kenny , Shaun 's new neighbor , who moves into Lea 's apartment . Fiona Gubelmann as Dr. Morgan Reznick , a new resident ( joins the cast for five episodes with the possibility of becoming a regular in season 2 ) . As a resident , Morgan will turn out to be a rival for Claire . ( debuted in `` She '' ) . Will Yun Lee as Dr. Alex Park , an ex-cop who decided to become a doctor ( debuted in `` Heartfelt '' ) . Notable guests ( edit ) Irene Keng as Dr. Elle McLean , a surgical resident ( only appears in the pilot , however had series regular status for said episode ) Jasika Nicole as Carly Eve Gordon as Nurse Fryday Eric Winter as Matt Coyle , a suave doctor who charms the hospital 's staff , until he makes explicit advances towards one of them . Marsha Thomason as Dr. Isabel Barnes , Marcus ' wife . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Burnt Food '' Seth Gordon David Shore September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 11.22 On the way to begin his surgical residency at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital , Dr. Shaun Murphy witnesses an airport sign fall and shatter glass onto a young boy . With his unique ability to visualize the internal body and using improvised methods and tools , Shaun is able to stabilize the boy . In a hospital board meeting , Dr. Aaron Glassman , president of the hospital , tries to convince the board to hire Shaun , despite his autism . Flashbacks give us a picture of Shaun 's childhood and his motivation for becoming a doctor . `` Mount Rushmore '' Mike Listo David Shore October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) 10.93 Dr. Neil Melendez is doing rounds with Dr. Claire Browne and Dr. Jared Kalu . Melendez calls out Shaun for arriving late on his first full day . A middle aged woman is brought into the ER with abdominal pain . Shaun immediately diagnoses a malignant tumor . As punishment for lateness , Shaun is assigned ' scut work ' , where his attention to detail gets him in trouble . After rechecking a discharged young girl 's test results , Shaun races to her home , annoying her parents over the late hour , but eventually saving the girl 's life . `` Oliver '' John Dahl William Rotko October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 10.69 Shaun and Claire fly to San Francisco Municipal Hospital to get a liver for a transplant patient . After learning the helicopter ca n't take off due to bad weather , they resort to a police escort . Meanwhile , at the Hospital , Chuck , the recipient of the liver , is discovered to have alcohol in his system , a development that could void his transplant eligibility . Chuck later confesses he had one drink at his daughter 's graduation . In order to protect its reputation and ability to supply transplants to future patients , the hospital denies Chuck the liver . Shaun and Claire arrive back , having kept the liver viable , only to learn that it is to be taken to a patient at another hospital . `` Pipes '' Steven DePaul Thomas L. Moran October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 10.60 Barb Allen , 22 weeks pregnant , and her husband arrive at St. Bonaventure , hoping the doctors can save their baby . A large non-cancerous tumor is growing on the fetus and must be removed in order to save his life . Despite the serious risks both to her and the baby , Barb insists on surgery . Meanwhile , Shaun and Claire are assigned a patient , Olivia , who has a boil in her genital area . However , when doctors attempt to drain it , a fibroid tumor is found to be wrapped around a nerve . The surgery to remove it will cut off all feeling in Olivia 's genitals . Shaun comes up with a solution that allows her to keep feeling in her genital area . 5 `` Point Three Percent '' Larry Teng David Hoselton October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) 10.39 Shaun notices a young boy , Evan , who has an uncanny resemblance to his deceased brother Steve . Evan was brought to the hospital by his parents for a possible fracture to his arm . However , we discover that he is actually suffering from bone cancer , a fact his parents have kept hidden from him . Meanwhile , the other members of the team try to diagnose an older man , brought in by his estranged son , with a severe allergy condition causing him to convulse violently . Claire and Jared determine that the man is suffering from a cystic form of tapeworms located in his skull . A successful surgery is performed by Dr. Glassman . 6 `` Not Fake '' Michael Patrick Jann Simran Baidwan October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) 10.60 Shaun and the rest of the residents are working the graveyard shift when numerous casualties from a wedding bus crash come in . Among the victims are a woman with severe , visible burns , on whom Jared tries an experimental procedure , and a young man with a severely damaged leg . Tensions arise between the patients parents and fiancée over the best choice for treatment ; his parents want to amputate the leg , his fiancée is in favour of an experimental bone - replacement procedure . After treating a patient , Claire realises that a woman has been left behind at the crash site . 7 `` 22 Steps '' David Straiton Johanna Lee November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) 10.14 Shaun encounters Liam , an autistic patient brought in to the hospital . Having to face prejudice from the young man 's parents , Dr. Melendez defends him for the first time and acknowledges his exceptional abilities . On Dr. Glassman 's directive , Claire continues with therapy sessions in order to curb her guilt over inadvertently causing the death of a patient . Jared deals with a 73 - year - old man with severe chest pains thus needing urgent medical attention and a pacemaker ; but the patient states his desire is to die . 8 `` Apple '' Nestor Carbonell David Renaud November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) 9.97 While shopping at a grocery mart for apples , a robbery takes place . With Shaun 's communication limitations , he puts the lives of two customers on a first date at risk , leading to a young woman getting shot . Shaun 's neighbor Lea hugs him after he admits that he made a mistake with someone getting hurt . During surgery , Dr. Lim questions Claire 's ability to not let her emotions get the better of her because of a racist patient . This leads to an argument between the two with Dr. Lim ordering Claire to leave the operating room . Claire puts her emotions in check to save the life of the racist patient much to the satisfaction and delight of Dr. Lim . 9 `` Intangibles '' Bronwen Hughes Karen Struck November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) 9.25 The team takes on the case of a young boy from the Congo who has severe congenital heart anomalies ; Murphy 's latest encounter with his neighbor Lea has him confused . He takes flirting lessons from Claire and notes and charts what he sees in regards to the `` flirting trifecta '' . Meanwhile , Claire along with a lab tech search for a misplaced tissue sample from a woman with possible throat cancer . 10 `` Sacrifice '' Michael Patrick Jann Lloyd Gilyard Jr . December 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 04 ) 9.03 Shaun has reluctantly agreed to Dr. Glassman 's repeated suggestions to meet with a therapist , but ultimately changes his mind after a new patient , Bobby Otto , convinces Shaun to stop letting people tell him what to do . Claire runs into an uncomfortable situation with Dr. Matt Coyle , who makes unwanted sexual advances toward her during a patient consultation . Jared finds out and physically threatens him . As a result , Jared is fired . After a tense dinner with Jessica , her father and Dr. Melendez , Jessica states that she does n't want to have children . 11 `` Islands Part One '' Bill D'Elia Thomas L. Moran & William Rotko January 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 08 ) 8.30 Shaun and Lea embark on an impromptu road trip . Shaun drives , drinks Tequila , sings karaoke , all for the first time , and experiences his first kiss with Lea . Melendez and Andrews operate on conjoined twins , one of whom needs a kidney . Complications develop and the operation to separate them , planned for six months after the kidney surgery , must be done immediately . The operation goes well until it 's discovered the twins have not awakened from the surgery . Melendez decides it 's more important to be with Jessica and that he can be a `` father '' in other ways . 12 `` Islands Part Two '' Cherie Nowlan Thomas L. Moran & William Rotko January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) 9.33 Shaun returns to the hospital after his trip and gives Dr. Glassman his two weeks ' notice , intending on moving to Hershey to be with Lea . The twins suffer complications from their surgery ; Katie is not getting enough blood flow to the brain , while Jenny 's heart is failing . Despite the doctors ' best efforts to save both twins , Jenny dies on the operating table . Jessica is forced to look into previous misconduct at the hospital in which white doctors were only warned instead of fired , after allegations of racism by Kalu 's lawyer ; as a result , Jared is reinstated . Jessica tells Melendez that she wants to break up because she feels like she is standing in his way of being a father . 13 `` Seven Reasons '' Mike Listo David Shore & David Hoselton January 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) 9.61 While treating a Muslim patient , Shaun senses she is lying and makes controversial claims about how she sustained her injuries . Melendez punctures the bronchus of the patient during surgery and is put under investigation after Shaun questions if his personal life is affecting his work . While Claire assists in a surgery on a stroke patient who had an aneurysm with Dr. Lim , she learns that Coyle got a new job and a raise . They inform the patient 's wife that he needs surgery or he will die , but she refuses to conset until Claire explains the reality of the situation . Shaun asks Glassman to be friends , but Glassman decides to give him his own space and not be friends , which upsets Shaun . 14 `` She '' Seth Gordon Simran Baidwan February 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) 9.63 The four residents including the new Dr. Morgan Reznick are paired off in competition ; Reznick and Browne with Melendez , Murphy and Kalu with Lim . Murphy and Kalu are faced with a gender dysphoric patient , Quinn , which leads to friction when Murphy claims people can only be their biological gender . Murphy and Kalu determine that Quinn has testicular cancer along with fragile bones caused by puberty blockers . Browne and Reznick tend to a male patient that has contracted a superbug resistant to all medication , as a result of taking leftover persciption medication for the wrong purpose . Drs . Andrews and Barnes see a fertility specialist as they are having trouble concieving . 15 `` Heartfelt '' Regina King Thomas L. Moran & Johanna Lee February 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) 7.82 A female teen goes through a risky surgery to implant a sternum so she can live a normal life without being confined to her house . A young male teen initially rejects the idea of having a convicted killer 's liver transplanted in him , but without it he has a day to live . A former 15 year veteran cop turned doctor , Alex Park , is skeptical of the convict , Boris 's , motives . Allegra talks to Dr. Andrews about a young wealthy donor , Aidan Coulter , but Andrews says being involved with him might give people the wrong idea and that she used sex to solicit donations . At a fundraiser , Jared tells Claire he loved her and thought maybe she would one day love him , but came to the realization that is n't true leaving the status of their relationship unknown . 16 `` Pain '' Allison Liddi - Brown William L. Rotko & David Renaud March 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) 9.88 Shaun , Claire , and Alex assist Melendez with one of his first patients , a man named Hunter who was paralyzed in a motorcycle accident ten years prior . Jared , Morgan , and Andrews attend a patient who has an infection caused by plastic surgery . Claire 's estranged mother shows up at the hospital in an attempt to reconnect . Andrews sees an infertility specialist that tells him there is a surgery that could help him with his sperm count , but that there is a risk of impotence . Alex does a background check on Kenny which sheds light on his criminal past leading him to suggest Shaun is being used by him . 17 `` Smile '' Bill D'Elia David Hoselton & Karen Struck March 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) 9.03 Shaun and Alex treat teenaged Gretchen 's Mobius Syndrome , enabling her to smile ; Andrews persuades an insurance executive to cover the surgery . Morgan and Claire 's patient , `` Lucy Callard , '' is actually an identity thief who let her insurance lapse to pay her son 's college tuition and failed to fill her post-operative antibiotic prescription due to fear of discovery . Morgan convinces the real Lucy Callard , a painkiller addict , to enter rehab ; Claire gains the trust of the imposter , Beatrice , who dies of an infection . Jared romantically pursues his burn - victim patient , Celez , after she completes her treatment ; he is also offered a job in Denver . Kenny takes advantage of Shaun . Shaun urges Glassman to date hospital barista Debbie ; they hit it off over their interest in classic cars , but Glassman suddenly experiences aphasia at the end of their dinner date . 18 `` More '' Mike Listo David Shore & Lloyd Gilyard , Jr . March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) 9.52 Glassman tells Shaun that he has an inoperable glioma and eighteen months to live . Glassman accepts his death , but agrees to additional imaging for Shaun 's sake ; this yields a worse prognosis of four months to live . Glassman takes Shaun to a park his late daughter loved so they can enjoy the time Glassman has left . Shaun determines how a minimally invasive biopsy could be performed ; Glassman is diagnosed with an operable form of cancer ; he will pursue treatment . Collegiate patient Caden suffers a complication after treatment for a fraternity hazing injury . Jared and Alex question Caden 's friend , but Jared is put off by Alex 's distrustful nature . Shaun determines that he erred in clamping Caden 's artery . He proposes a risky procedure to save Caden 's life and offers to take full responsibility for performing it , but Melendez decides they will perform it together . Caden survives and Melendez invites the team out for drinks , which Morgan finds perverse ; Melendez hopes a doctor supports her when she inevitably kills a patient . Shaun decides he must admit his mistake to Andrews , even though Glassman staked his position on Shaun 's success ; Glassman leaves the decision up to Shaun , and accompanies him to meet with Andrews . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In May 2014 , CBS Television Studios began development on an American remake of the hit South Korean medical drama Good Doctor with Daniel Dae Kim as producer . Kim explained the appeal of adapting the series as `` something that can fit into a recognizable world , with a breadth of characters that can be explored in the long run '' . The story of a pediatric surgeon with autism was to be set in Boston and projected to air in August 2015 . However , CBS did not pick up the project and it moved to Sony Pictures Television , with a put pilot commitment from ABC in October 2016 . The series is developed by David Shore , who is executive producing alongside Kim , Sebastian Lee , and David Kim . ABC officially ordered the series to pilot in January 2017 . On May 11 , 2017 , ABC ordered the show to series as a co-production with Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios , and it was officially picked up for a full season of 18 episodes on October 3 , 2017 . On March 7 , 2018 , ABC renewed the series for a second season . It will premiere in the fall of 2018 Casting ( edit ) On February 17 , 2017 , Antonia Thomas was cast as Dr. Claire Browne , a strong - willed and talented doctor who forms a special connection with Shaun . A week later , Freddie Highmore was cast in the lead role as Dr. Shaun Murphy , a young surgeon with autism ; and Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Dr. Neil Melendez , the boss of the surgical residents at the hospital . The next month , Chuku Modu was cast as resident Dr. Jared Kalu ( originally Dr. Jared Unger ) ; Hill Harper as head of surgery Dr. Marcus Andrews ( originally Dr. Horace Andrews ) ; Irene Keng as resident Dr. Elle McLean ; and Richard Schiff was cast as Dr. Aaron Glassman ( originally Dr. Ira Glassman ) , the hospital president and Shaun 's mentor . Schiff was shortly followed by Beau Garrett as hospital board member Jessica Preston and a friend of Dr. Glassman . In September 2017 , Tamlyn Tomita was promoted to the principal cast as Allegra Aoki . In April 2018 , it was revealed that Will Yun Lee , Fiona Gubelmann , Christina Chang , and Paige Spara had been promoted to series regulars for the second season , after recurring in the first as Alex , Morgan , Audrey , and Lea , respectively . In addition , it was announced that Chuku Modu would not return for the second season . The Surrey , British Columbia city hall serves as the fictional San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital in exterior shots . Filming ( edit ) Production on the pilot took place from March 21 to April 6 , 2017 in Vancouver , British Columbia . Filming for the rest of the season began on July 26 , 2017 , and concluded on March 1 , 2018 . Music ( edit ) Dan Romer serves as the primary composer for the series . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The Good Doctor began airing on September 25 , 2017 , on ABC in the United States , and on CTV in Canada . Sky Living acquired the broadcast rights for the United Kingdom and Ireland . Seven Network airs the series in Australia . Wowow , the largest Japanese private satellite and pay - per - view television network in Japan acquired the rights to broadcast the series beginning in April 2018 . In the Netherlands , the series began airing on January 29 , 2018 , on RTL 4 and on video - on - demand service Videoland . Marketing ( edit ) A full - length trailer was released for ABC 's May 2017 Upfront presentation , which / Film 's Ethan Anderton described the concept as feeling like `` House meets Rain Man , that just might be enough to make it interesting '' . However , he questioned `` how long can audiences be entranced by both the brilliance of ( Highmore 's ) character 's savant skills and the difficulties that come from his autism in the workplace . '' Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter felt the trailer was `` both kinda progressive and really dated '' . He added , `` Too much felt on - the - nose -- especially Hill Harper as the main character 's detractor and Richard Schiff as his noble defender '' , while also commentating that `` On - the - nose / premise is how you have to trailer a show like this , and maybe spaced out over 43 minutes it wo n't grate . '' Ben Travers and Steve Greene for IndieWire called it `` a serious trailer for a serious subject . The first glimpse of Highmore 's character hints that they 're toeing the line between presenting a thoughtful depiction of his condition and using his perceptive abilities as a kind of secret weapon . '' The trailer had been viewed over 25.4 million times after a week of its release , including over 22 million views on Facebook . The pilot was screened at ABC 's PaleyFest event on September 9 , 2017 . On March 22 , 2018 , members of the cast as well as executive producers Shore and Kim attended the 35th annual PaleyFest LA to promote the series , along with a screening of the season finale of the first season . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Burnt Food '' September 25 , 2017 2.2 / 9 11.22 2.2 7.86 4.4 19.21 `` Mount Rushmore '' October 2 , 2017 2.2 / 9 10.93 2.1 7.21 4.3 18.12 `` Oliver '' October 9 , 2017 2.0 / 7 10.69 2.2 7.53 4.2 18.22 `` Pipes '' October 16 , 2017 2.0 / 8 10.60 2.1 7.34 4.1 17.96 5 `` Point Three Percent '' October 23 , 2017 1.8 / 7 10.39 2.0 7.10 3.8 17.50 6 `` Not Fake '' October 30 , 2017 1.9 / 7 10.60 2.0 6.93 3.9 17.51 7 `` 22 Steps '' November 13 , 2017 1.9 / 7 10.14 1.9 6.92 3.8 17.14 8 `` Apple '' November 20 , 2017 1.8 / 7 9.97 1.8 6.98 3.6 16.99 9 `` Intangibles '' November 27 , 2017 1.7 / 7 9.25 1.8 6.66 3.5 15.91 10 `` Sacrifice '' December 4 , 2017 1.6 / 7 9.03 1.8 6.67 3.4 15.74 11 `` Islands Part One '' January 8 , 2018 1.6 / 6 8.30 1.8 7.10 3.4 15.40 12 `` Islands Part Two '' January 15 , 2018 1.7 / 6 9.33 1.8 6.66 3.5 16.00 13 `` Seven Reasons '' January 22 , 2018 1.7 / 7 9.61 1.9 6.91 3.6 16.53 14 `` She '' February 5 , 2018 1.7 / 7 9.63 1.8 7.07 3.5 16.71 15 `` Heartfelt '' February 26 , 2018 1.3 / 5 7.82 1.8 6.84 3.1 14.66 16 `` Pain '' March 12 , 2018 1.8 / 7 9.88 1.5 6.23 3.3 16.12 17 `` Smile '' March 19 , 2018 1.6 / 6 9.03 1.5 6.39 3.1 15.42 18 `` More '' March 26 , 2018 1.7 / 6 9.52 1.6 6.32 3.3 15.85 The series premiere earned a 2.2 / 9 rating in the 18 - to 49 - year - old demographic , with 11.22 million total viewers , making it the most watched Monday drama debut on ABC in 21 years , since Dangerous Minds in September 1996 , and the highest rated Monday drama in the 18 -- 49 demographic in 8.5 years , since Castle in March 2009 . Factoring live plus seven - day ratings , the pilot was watched by a total of 19.2 million viewers and set a record for DVR viewers with 7.9 million , surpassing the record of 7.67 million set by the pilot of Designated Survivor in 2016 . According to TV Guide 's November 13 - 26 issue , the October 9 episode attracted 18.2 million viewers , beating out both NCIS and The Big Bang Theory for the most viewed primetime show that week . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 58 % approval rating with an average rating of 5.49 / 10 based on 38 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` The Good Doctor 's heavy - handed bedside manner undermines a solid lead performance , but under all the emotionally manipulative gimmickry , there 's still plenty of room to improve . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 53 out of 100 based on 15 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Giving his first impression of the series ' pilot for TVLine , Matt Webb Mitovich stated , `` The Good Doctor boasts great DNA ... ( and ) has the potential to be a refreshingly thought - provoking hospital drama , based on the buttons pushed in the pilot alone . '' He enjoyed the `` warm dynamic '' of Schiff and Highmore , while describing Thomas ' character as `` our emotional ' in ' to Shaun 's distinct , distant world '' . He noted that `` it takes a while to build up momentum '' , but concluded that `` the very final scene packs quite a punch , as Dr. Murphy unwittingly puts a colleague on notice '' . The New York Times television critic , James Poniewozik , notes in his Critic 's Notebook column , that for the most part the drama is a `` hospital melodrama with whiz - bang medical science , a dash of intra-staff romance and shameless sentimentality . '' Discussing the main characters of Dr. Aaron Glassman ( Richard Schiff ) and Dr. Shaun Murphy ( Freddie Highmore ) , however , Poniewozik writes that `` Mr. Schiff is convincing in the role and Mr. Highmore is striking in his . '' Speaking of Freddie Highmore 's Golden Globe nomination on Monday , December 11 , 2017 , for his role in The Good Doctor , Laura Bradley , writing for Vanity Fair says : `` ... Freddie Highmore received the awards recognition that has long and unjustly eluded him ... '' Bradley feels that Highmore 's performance has been `` the central key '' to the show 's enormous success and while the show had lukewarm reviews , most critics have praised Highmore 's work . Accolades ( edit ) Year Association Nominee Result Ref . 2018 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Freddie Highmore Nominated Humanitas Prize 60 - Minute Category David Shore Won Banff Rockie Awards Scripted Melodrama Series The Good Doctor Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` How ABC Found a surprise Hit in `` The Good Doctor '' `` . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Good Doctor Medical Drama Starring Bates Motel 's Freddie Highmore Ordered to Series at ABC '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Freddie Highmore & ' HTGAWM 's Nicholas Gonzalez Cast '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Good Doctor ( @ GoodDoctorABC ) ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` # TheGoodDoctor cast at their first table read ! # TBT '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Antonia Thomas Cast In ABC Pilot ' Good Doctor ' ; Bojana Novakovic In CBS ' Instinct ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' ABC Pilot Casts Chuku Modu '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Beau Garrett Joins ' The Good Doctor ' ABC Pilot ; Sawyer Barth In Fox 's ' Amy 's Brother ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Hill Harper & Irene Keng Join ABC Drama Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Richard Schiff Cast In ABC Medical Drama Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor : Season 1 Lead Sheet '' ( Press release ) . ABC Press . July 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Tamlyn Tomita Upped To Series Regular On ABC Drama '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Fiona Gubelmann Joins ABC Medical Drama As New Resident '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor Adds a New Rival for Shaun '' . TV Guide . 2018 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Hannah ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' Recruits Actor From ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' '' . PopCulture.com . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Schedule : Primetime Fall 2017 - 2018 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shore , David ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Mount Rushmore '' . The Good Doctor . Event occurs at 42 : 49 . ABC . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Eric Winter Set To Recur On ABC Drama Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Marsha Thomason Scrubs In For ' The Good Doctor ' ; Bahram Khosraviani Joins ' The Brave ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Voice ' adjust up ; ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Brave ' & ' Scorpion ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang , ' ' Voice , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' adjust up , ABC and ' 9JKL ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' adjusts down , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' adjusts up , ' Good Doctor ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Gifted ' adjust up , ' DWTS ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Good Doctor , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' CMA Country Christmas , ' ' Good Doctor , ' ' Pentatonix Christmas ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ABC , NBC adjust down with football pre-emptions : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' and ' Supergirl ' rerun adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Gifted ' finale , ' The Good Doctor ' and all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' 9JKL ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' iZombie ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol , ' ' Good Girls , ' all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' The Good Doctor ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hyo - won , Lee ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Daniel Dae Kim Wants to Bring North Korean Defector Story to Screen ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Dae Kim to remake ' Good Doctor ' for CBS '' . The Korea Times . August 31 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Sun - min ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Good Doctor ' to be adapted '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Lands ' The Good Doctor ' Medical Drama From David Shore & Daniel Dae Kim '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Orders Drama Pilots ' The Good Doctor ' & ' Doomsday ' From David Shore , Daniel Dae Kim & Carol Mendesohn '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' Drama Starring Freddie Highmore Picked Up To Series By ABC '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' Gets Full - Season Order From ABC After 2 Airings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ; Hipes , Patrick ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' Renewed For Season 2 At ABC '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Will Yun Lee , Fiona Gubelmann , Christina Chang & Paige Spara Promoted To Series Regulars , Chuku Modu Not Returning For Season 2 '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2018 . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pizarro , Sal ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` How San Jose in ' The Good Doctor ' compares to the real thing '' . The Mercury News . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Filming in Vancouver : Liam Neeson , Jeremy Piven , Sandra Oh , Freddie Highmore , and more '' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Pilot Locations 2017 : NY , Vancouver & Atlanta Tick Up ; LA , Toronto , Chicago Slip '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC Production List '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romer , Dan ( @ Dan_romer ) ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` I scored @ GoodDoctorABC and it 's premiering tonight at 10 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For TGIT , ' Black - ish ' , ' The Good Doctor ' & ' The Gospel Of Kevin ' , Which Gets New Title '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV and CTV Two Fall 2017 Premiere Dates Announced # # # CTV is Home of Television 's Most - Anticipated Debuts of the Year '' ( Press release ) . Bell Media . August 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New US drama The Good Doctor coming exclusively to Sky Living in the UK and Ireland '' ( Press release ) . Sky plc . August 2017 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tadros , Patrick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is Giving Australia All Sorts of Feels Right Now '' . Yahoo7 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Mark ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Wowow acquires ' The Good Doctor ' for Japan '' . Variety . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wereldwijde hitserie ' The Good Doctor ' bij RTL 4 en Videoland '' . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Trailers for ABC 's New 2017 - 2018 Shows : ' Roseanne ' Returns , Zach Braff Forms ' Alex , Inc . ' & More '' . / Film . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 's New Show Trailers : A Critic 's Ranking '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ; Greene , Steve ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor , ' ' The Gospel of Kevin , ' ' Alex , Inc . ' : ABC Fall TV Trailers , Ranked and Reviewed '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' Revival Trailer : 33 Million Views And Counting '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pfeiffer , Jeff ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` PaleyFest Fall TV Previews 2017 Lineup Announced '' . TV Insider . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` PaleyFest LA Sets Talent From ' Handmaid 's Tale ' , ' Queen Sugar ' , ' Riverdale ' For TV Event '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2018 . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon ' & ' Good Doctor ' Debut To Strong Ratings As New TV Season Starts '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' premiere got the largest DVR bounce on record '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rudolph , Ileane ( November 2017 ) . `` Off the Charts '' . TV Guide . Vol . November 13 - 26 . pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 's The Good Doctor : Our Fall TV First Impression '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) . `` On ' The Good Doctor , ' the Anti-Antihero Is In '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` How The Good Doctor finally won Freddie Highmore a Golden Globe Nom '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` How The Good Doctor Finally Won Freddie Highmore a Golden Globe Nom '' . Variety . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes Winners : Complete List '' . Variety . January 7 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Humanitas Prize Winners Include ' Mudbound ' , ' The Post ' & ' Lady Bird ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 2018 Rockies Program Competition Official Nominees '' . Banff World Media Festival . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2018 . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Good Doctor on IMDb ( hide ) ABC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) 20 / 20 : In an Instant ( since 2015 ) The $100,000 Pyramid ( since 2016 ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( since 2013 ) Alex , Inc. 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"\n\nNo.\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n1\n\"Burnt Food\"\nSeth Gordon\nDavid Shore\nSeptember 25, 2017 (2017-09-25)\n11.22[19]\n\n\nOn the way to begin his surgical residency at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital, Dr. Shaun Murphy witnesses an airport sign fall and shatter glass onto a young boy. With his unique ability to visualize the internal body and using improvised methods and tools, Shaun is able to stabilize the boy. In a hospital board meeting, Dr. Aaron Glassman, president of the hospital, tries to convince the board to hire Shaun, despite his autism. Flashbacks give us a picture of Shaun's childhood and his motivation for becoming a doctor.\n\n\n2\n\"Mount Rushmore\"\nMike Listo\nDavid Shore\nOctober 2, 2017 (2017-10-02)\n10.93[20]\n\n\nDr. Neil Melendez is doing rounds with Dr. Claire Browne and Dr. Jared Kalu. Melendez calls out Shaun for arriving late on his first full day. A middle aged woman is brought into the ER with abdominal pain. Shaun immediately diagnoses a malignant tumor. As punishment for lateness, Shaun is assigned 'scut work', where his attention to detail gets him in trouble. After rechecking a discharged young girl's test results, Shaun races to her home, annoying her parents over the late hour, but eventually saving the girl's life.\n\n\n3\n\"Oliver\"\nJohn Dahl\nWilliam Rotko\nOctober 9, 2017 (2017-10-09)\n10.69[21]\n\n\nShaun and Claire fly to San Francisco Municipal Hospital to get a liver for a transplant patient. After learning the helicopter can't take off due to bad weather, they resort to a police escort. Meanwhile, at the Hospital, Chuck, the recipient of the liver, is discovered to have alcohol in his system, a development that could void his transplant eligibility. Chuck later confesses he had one drink at his daughter's graduation. In order to protect its reputation and ability to supply transplants to future patients, the hospital denies Chuck the liver. Shaun and Claire arrive back, having kept the liver viable, only to learn that it is to be taken to a patient at another hospital.\n\n\n4\n\"Pipes\"\nSteven DePaul\nThomas L. Moran\nOctober 16, 2017 (2017-10-16)\n10.60[22]\n\n\nBarb Allen, 22 weeks pregnant, and her husband arrive at St. Bonaventure, hoping the doctors can save their baby. A large non-cancerous tumor is growing on the fetus and must be removed in order to save his life. Despite the serious risks both to her and the baby, Barb insists on surgery. Meanwhile, Shaun and Claire are assigned a patient, Olivia, who has a boil in her genital area. However, when doctors attempt to drain it, a fibroid tumor is found to be wrapped around a nerve. The surgery to remove it will cut off all feeling in Olivia's genitals. Shaun comes up with a solution that allows her to keep feeling in her genital area.\n\n\n5\n\"Point Three Percent\"\nLarry Teng\nDavid Hoselton\nOctober 23, 2017 (2017-10-23)\n10.39[23]\n\n\nShaun notices a young boy, Evan, who has an uncanny resemblance to his deceased brother Steve. Evan was brought to the hospital by his parents for a possible fracture to his arm. However, we discover that he is actually suffering from bone cancer, a fact his parents have kept hidden from him. Meanwhile, the other members of the team try to diagnose an older man, brought in by his estranged son, with a severe allergy condition causing him to convulse violently. Claire and Jared determine that the man is suffering from a cystic form of tapeworms located in his skull. A successful surgery is performed by Dr. Glassman.\n\n\n6\n\"Not Fake\"\nMichael Patrick Jann\nSimran Baidwan\nOctober 30, 2017 (2017-10-30)\n10.60[24]\n\n\nShaun and the rest of the residents are working the graveyard shift when numerous casualties from a wedding bus crash come in. Among the victims are a woman with severe, visible burns, on whom Jared tries an experimental procedure, and a young man with a severely damaged leg. Tensions arise between the patients parents and fiancée over the best choice for treatment; his parents want to amputate the leg, his fiancée is in favour of an experimental bone-replacement procedure. After treating a patient, Claire realises that a woman has been left behind at the crash site.\n\n\n7\n\"22 Steps\"\nDavid Straiton\nJohanna Lee\nNovember 13, 2017 (2017-11-13)\n10.14[25]\n\n\nShaun encounters Liam, an autistic patient brought in to the hospital. Having to face prejudice from the young man's parents, Dr. Melendez defends him for the first time and acknowledges his exceptional abilities. On Dr. Glassman's directive, Claire continues with therapy sessions in order to curb her guilt over inadvertently causing the death of a patient. Jared deals with a 73-year-old man with severe chest pains thus needing urgent medical attention and a pacemaker; but the patient states his desire is to die.\n\n\n8\n\"Apple\"\nNestor Carbonell\nDavid Renaud\nNovember 20, 2017 (2017-11-20)\n9.97[26]\n\n\nWhile shopping at a grocery mart for apples, a robbery takes place. With Shaun's communication limitations, he puts the lives of two customers on a first date at risk, leading to a young woman getting shot. Shaun's neighbor Lea hugs him after he admits that he made a mistake with someone getting hurt. During surgery, Dr. Lim questions Claire's ability to not let her emotions get the better of her because of a racist patient. This leads to an argument between the two with Dr. Lim ordering Claire to leave the operating room. Claire puts her emotions in check to save the life of the racist patient much to the satisfaction and delight of Dr. Lim.\n\n\n9\n\"Intangibles\"\nBronwen Hughes\nKaren Struck\nNovember 27, 2017 (2017-11-27)\n9.25[27]\n\n\nThe team takes on the case of a young boy from the Congo who has severe congenital heart anomalies; Murphy's latest encounter with his neighbor Lea has him confused. He takes flirting lessons from Claire and notes and charts what he sees in regards to the \"flirting trifecta\". Meanwhile, Claire along with a lab tech search for a misplaced tissue sample from a woman with possible throat cancer.\n\n\n10\n\"Sacrifice\"\nMichael Patrick Jann\nLloyd Gilyard Jr.\nDecember 4, 2017 (2017-12-04)\n9.03[28]\n\n\nShaun has reluctantly agreed to Dr. Glassman's repeated suggestions to meet with a therapist, but ultimately changes his mind after a new patient, Bobby Otto, convinces Shaun to stop letting people tell him what to do. Claire runs into an uncomfortable situation with Dr. Matt Coyle, who makes unwanted sexual advances toward her during a patient consultation. Jared finds out and physically threatens him. As a result, Jared is fired. After a tense dinner with Jessica, her father and Dr. Melendez, Jessica states that she doesn't want to have children.\n\n\n11\n\"Islands Part One\"\nBill D'Elia\nThomas L. Moran & William Rotko\nJanuary 8, 2018 (2018-01-08)\n8.30[29]\n\n\nShaun and Lea embark on an impromptu road trip. Shaun drives, drinks Tequila, sings karaoke, all for the first time, and experiences his first kiss with Lea. Melendez and Andrews operate on conjoined twins, one of whom needs a kidney. Complications develop and the operation to separate them, planned for six months after the kidney surgery, must be done immediately. The operation goes well until it's discovered the twins have not awakened from the surgery. Melendez decides it's more important to be with Jessica and that he can be a \"father\" in other ways.\n\n\n12\n\"Islands Part Two\"\nCherie Nowlan\nThomas L. Moran & William Rotko\nJanuary 15, 2018 (2018-01-15)\n9.33[30]\n\n\nShaun returns to the hospital after his trip and gives Dr. Glassman his two weeks’ notice, intending on moving to Hershey to be with Lea. The twins suffer complications from their surgery; Katie is not getting enough blood flow to the brain, while Jenny’s heart is failing. Despite the doctors’ best efforts to save both twins, Jenny dies on the operating table. Jessica is forced to look into previous misconduct at the hospital in which white doctors were only warned instead of fired, after allegations of racism by Kalu’s lawyer; as a result, Jared is reinstated. Jessica tells Melendez that she wants to break up because she feels like she is standing in his way of being a father.\n\n\n13\n\"Seven Reasons\"\nMike Listo\nDavid Shore & David Hoselton\nJanuary 22, 2018 (2018-01-22)\n9.61[31]\n\n\nWhile treating a Muslim patient, Shaun senses she is lying and makes controversial claims about how she sustained her injuries. Melendez punctures the bronchus of the patient during surgery and is put under investigation after Shaun questions if his personal life is affecting his work. While Claire assists in a surgery on a stroke patient who had an aneurysm with Dr. Lim, she learns that Coyle got a new job and a raise. They inform the patient's wife that he needs surgery or he will die, but she refuses to conset until Claire explains the reality of the situation. Shaun asks Glassman to be friends, but Glassman decides to give him his own space and not be friends, which upsets Shaun.\n\n\n14\n\"She\"\nSeth Gordon\nSimran Baidwan\nFebruary 5, 2018 (2018-02-05)\n9.63[32]\n\n\nThe four residents including the new Dr. Morgan Reznick are paired off in competition; Reznick and Browne with Melendez, Murphy and Kalu with Lim. Murphy and Kalu are faced with a gender dysphoric patient, Quinn, which leads to friction when Murphy claims people can only be their biological gender. Murphy and Kalu determine that Quinn has testicular cancer along with fragile bones caused by puberty blockers. Browne and Reznick tend to a male patient that has contracted a superbug resistant to all medication, as a result of taking leftover persciption medication for the wrong purpose. Drs. Andrews and Barnes see a fertility specialist as they are having trouble concieving.\n\n\n15\n\"Heartfelt\"\nRegina King\nThomas L. Moran & Johanna Lee\nFebruary 26, 2018 (2018-02-26)\n7.82[33]\n\n\nA female teen goes through a risky surgery to implant a sternum so she can live a normal life without being confined to her house. A young male teen initially rejects the idea of having a convicted killer's liver transplanted in him, but without it he has a day to live. A former 15 year veteran cop turned doctor, Alex Park, is skeptical of the convict, Boris's, motives. Allegra talks to Dr. Andrews about a young wealthy donor, Aidan Coulter, but Andrews says being involved with him might give people the wrong idea and that she used sex to solicit donations. At a fundraiser, Jared tells Claire he loved her and thought maybe she would one day love him, but came to the realization that isn't true leaving the status of their relationship unknown.\n\n\n16\n\"Pain\"\nAllison Liddi-Brown\nWilliam L. Rotko & David Renaud\nMarch 12, 2018 (2018-03-12)\n9.88[34]\n\n\nShaun, Claire, and Alex assist Melendez with one of his first patients, a man named Hunter who was paralyzed in a motorcycle accident ten years prior. Jared, Morgan, and Andrews attend a patient who has an infection caused by plastic surgery. Claire's estranged mother shows up at the hospital in an attempt to reconnect. Andrews sees an infertility specialist that tells him there is a surgery that could help him with his sperm count, but that there is a risk of impotence. Alex does a background check on Kenny which sheds light on his criminal past leading him to suggest Shaun is being used by him.\n\n\n17\n\"Smile\"\nBill D'Elia\nDavid Hoselton & Karen Struck\nMarch 19, 2018 (2018-03-19)\n9.03[35]\n\n\nShaun and Alex treat teenaged Gretchen's Mobius Syndrome, enabling her to smile; Andrews persuades an insurance executive to cover the surgery. Morgan and Claire's patient, \"Lucy Callard,\" is actually an identity thief who let her insurance lapse to pay her son's college tuition and failed to fill her post-operative antibiotic prescription due to fear of discovery. Morgan convinces the real Lucy Callard, a painkiller addict, to enter rehab; Claire gains the trust of the imposter, Beatrice, who dies of an infection. Jared romantically pursues his burn-victim patient, Celez, after she completes her treatment; he is also offered a job in Denver. Kenny takes advantage of Shaun. Shaun urges Glassman to date hospital barista Debbie; they hit it off over their interest in classic cars, but Glassman suddenly experiences aphasia at the end of their dinner date.\n\n\n18\n\"More\"\nMike Listo\nDavid Shore & Lloyd Gilyard, Jr.\nMarch 26, 2018 (2018-03-26)\n9.52[36]\n\n\nGlassman tells Shaun that he has an inoperable glioma and eighteen months to live. Glassman accepts his death, but agrees to additional imaging for Shaun's sake; this yields a worse prognosis of four months to live. Glassman takes Shaun to a park his late daughter loved so they can enjoy the time Glassman has left. Shaun determines how a minimally invasive biopsy could be performed; Glassman is diagnosed with an operable form of cancer; he will pursue treatment. Collegiate patient Caden suffers a complication after treatment for a fraternity hazing injury. Jared and Alex question Caden's friend, but Jared is put off by Alex's distrustful nature. Shaun determines that he erred in clamping Caden's artery. He proposes a risky procedure to save Caden's life and offers to take full responsibility for performing it, but Melendez decides they will perform it together. Caden survives and Melendez invites the team out for drinks, which Morgan finds perverse; Melendez hopes a doctor supports her when she inevitably kills a patient. Shaun decides he must admit his mistake to Andrews, even though Glassman staked his position on Shaun's success; Glassman leaves the decision up to Shaun, and accompanies him to meet with Andrews.\n\n"
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"March 26, 2018"
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6964482156214191127 | List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees | List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees - wikipedia List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Jump to : navigation , search The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , established in 1983 and located in Cleveland , Ohio , United States , is dedicated to recording the history of some of the best - known and most influential musicians , bands , producers , and others that have in some major way influenced the music industry , particularly in the area of rock and roll . Originally , there were four categories of induction : performers , non-performers , early influences , and lifetime achievement . In 2000 , `` sidemen '' was introduced as a category . The only category that has seen new inductees every single year is the performers category . Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are then sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers that receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2010 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . As of 2017 , new inductees will be honored at an annual ceremony held alternately in New York and at the Hall of Fame in Cleveland ; prior to that , the ceremonies rotated between Cleveland , New York , and Los Angeles . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has garnered criticism for allegedly allowing the nomination process to be controlled by a few individuals , nominating too many artists in too many genres that are not entirely rock , ignoring entire rock genres , and using technicalities to induct groups who may not have been among the top vote getters . The surviving members of the Sex Pistols , who were inducted in 2006 , refused to attend the ceremony , calling the museum a `` piss stain . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Inductees 1.1 Performers 1.2 Early influences 1.3 Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) 1.4 Award for Musical Excellence 1.5 Sidemen 1.6 Lifetime achievement 2 Multiple inductees 3 2018 nominees 4 References 5 External links Inductees ( edit ) Performers ( edit ) The performers category is meant for recording artists and bands that have `` influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll . '' Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who then evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers who receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2011 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . In 2012 , six additional bands and groups were inducted as performers by a special committee , due to the controversial nature of their band being excluded when their lead singer was inducted . `` There was a lot of discussion about this , '' said Terry Stewart , a member of the nominating committee . `` There had always been conversations about why the groups were n't included when the lead singers were inducted . Very honestly , nobody could really answer that question -- it was so long ago ... We decided we 'd sit down as an organization and look at that . This is the result . '' Year Image Name Inducted members 1986 Berry , Chuck Chuck Berry 1986 Brown , James James Brown 1986 Charles , Ray Ray Charles 1986 Cooke , Sam Sam Cooke 1986 Domino , Fats Fats Domino 1986 Everly Brothers ! The Everly Brothers Don Everly and Phil Everly . 1986 Holly , Buddy Buddy Holly 1986 Lewis , Jerry Lee Jerry Lee Lewis 1986 Little Richard 1986 Presley , Elvis Elvis Presley Coasters ! The Coasters Carl Gardner , Cornell Gunter , Billy Guy , and Will `` Dub '' Jones . Cochran , Eddie Eddie Cochran Diddley , Bo Bo Diddley Franklin , Aretha Aretha Franklin Gaye , Marvin Marvin Gaye Haley , Bill Bill Haley King , B.B. B.B. King McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter Nelson , Ricky Ricky Nelson Orbison , Roy Roy Orbison Perkins , Carl Carl Perkins Robinson , Smokey Smokey Robinson Turner , Big Joe Big Joe Turner Waters , Muddy Muddy Waters Wilson , Jackie Jackie Wilson 1988 Beach Boys ! The Beach Boys Al Jardine , Mike Love , Brian Wilson , Carl Wilson , and Dennis Wilson . 1988 Beatles ! The Beatles George Harrison , John Lennon , Paul McCartney , and Ringo Starr . 1988 Drifters ! The Drifters Ben E. King , Rudy Lewis , Clyde McPhatter , Johnny Moore , Bill Pinkney , Charlie Thomas , and Gerhart Thrasher . 1988 Dylan , Bob Bob Dylan 1988 Supremes ! The Supremes Florence Ballard , Diana Ross , and Mary Wilson . 1989 Dion ! Dion 1989 Redding , Otis Otis Redding 1989 Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger , Brian Jones , Keith Richards , Ian Stewart , Mick Taylor , Charlie Watts , Ronnie Wood , and Bill Wyman . 1989 Temptations ! The Temptations Melvin Franklin , Eddie Kendricks , David Ruffin , Otis Williams , Paul Williams , Dennis Edwards . 1989 Wonder , Stevie Stevie Wonder 1990 -- Ballard , Hank Hank Ballard 1990 Darin , Bobby Bobby Darin 1990 Four Seasons ! The Four Seasons Tom DeVito , Bob Gaudio , Nick Massi , and Frankie Valli . 1990 Four Tops ! Four Tops Renaldo `` Obie '' Benson , Abdul `` Duke '' Fakir , Lawrence Payton , and Levi Stubbs . 1990 Kinks ! The Kinks Mick Avory , Dave Davies , Ray Davies , and Pete Quaife . 1990 Platters ! The Platters David Lynch , Herb Reed , Paul Robi , Zola Taylor , and Tony Williams . 1990 Simon & Garfunkel Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel . 1990 Who ! The Who Roger Daltrey , John Entwistle , Keith Moon , and Pete Townshend . 1991 Baker , LaVern LaVern Baker 1991 Byrds ! The Byrds Gene Clark , Michael Clarke , David Crosby , Chris Hillman , and Roger McGuinn . 1991 Hooker , John Lee John Lee Hooker 1991 -- Impressions ! The Impressions Curtis Mayfield , Sam Gooden , Fred Cash , Arthur Brooks , Richard Brooks , and Jerry Butler . 1991 Pickett , Wilson Wilson Pickett 1991 Reed , Jimmy Jimmy Reed 1991 Turner , Ike & Tina Ike & Tina Turner Ike Turner and Tina Turner . 1992 Bland , Bobby ! Bobby `` Blue '' Bland 1992 Booker T. & the M.G. 's Booker T. Jones , Steve Cropper , Donald `` Duck '' Dunn , Al Jackson Jr. , and Lewie Steinberg . 1992 Cash , Johnny Johnny Cash 1992 Isley Brothers ! The Isley Brothers Ernie Isley , Marvin Isley , O'Kelly Isley Jr. , Ronald Isley , Rudolph Isley , and Chris Jasper . 1992 Hendrix Experience , The Jimi The Jimi Hendrix Experience Jimi Hendrix , Mitch Mitchell , and Noel Redding . 1992 Sam & Dave Sam Moore and Dave Prater . 1992 Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds Jeff Beck , Eric Clapton , Chris Dreja , Jim McCarty , Jimmy Page , Keith Relf , and Paul Samwell - Smith . 1993 Brown , Ruth Ruth Brown 1993 Cream Ginger Baker , Jack Bruce , and Eric Clapton . 1993 Creedence Clearwater Revival Doug Clifford , Stu Cook , John Fogerty , and Tom Fogerty . 1993 Doors ! The Doors John Densmore , Robby Krieger , Ray Manzarek , and Jim Morrison . 1993 Lymon & The Teenagers , Frankie Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers Herman Santiago , Jimmy Merchant , Sherman Garnes , Frankie Lymon , and Joe Negroni 1993 James , Etta Etta James 1993 Morrison , Van Van Morrison 1993 Sly and the Family Stone Gregg Errico , Larry Graham , Jerry Martini , Cynthia Robinson , Freddie Stone , Rosie Stone , and Sly Stone . 1994 Animals ! The Animals Eric Burdon , Chas Chandler , Alan Price , John Steel , and Hilton Valentine . 1994 Band ! The Band Rick Danko , Levon Helm , Garth Hudson , Richard Manuel , and Robbie Robertson . 1994 Eddy , Duane Duane Eddy 1994 Grateful Dead Tom Constanten , Jerry Garcia , Donna Jean Godchaux , Keith Godchaux , Mickey Hart , Robert Hunter , Bill Kreutzmann , Phil Lesh , Ron McKernan , Brent Mydland , Bob Weir , and Vince Welnick . 1994 John , Elton Elton John 1994 Lennon , John John Lennon 1994 Marley , Bob Bob Marley 1994 Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart 1995 Allman Brothers Band ! The Allman Brothers Band Duane Allman , Gregg Allman , Dickey Betts , Jai Johanny Johanson , Berry Oakley , and Butch Trucks . 1995 Green , Al Al Green 1995 Joplin , Janis Janis Joplin 1995 Led Zeppelin John Bonham , John Paul Jones , Jimmy Page , and Robert Plant 1995 Martha and the Vandellas Rosalind Ashford , Annette Beard , Betty Kelly , Lois Reeves , Martha Reeves , and Sandra Tilley . 1995 Young , Neil Neil Young 1995 Zappa , Frank Frank Zappa Bowie , David David Bowie Knight & the Pips , Gladys Gladys Knight & the Pips William Guest , Gladys Knight , Merald `` Bubba '' Knight , and Edward Patten . Jefferson Airplane Marty Balin , Jack Casady , Spencer Dryden , Paul Kantner , Jorma Kaukonen , and Grace Slick . Little Willie John Pink Floyd Syd Barrett , David Gilmour , Nick Mason , Roger Waters , and Rick Wright . Shirelles ! The Shirelles Shirley Alston Reeves , Addie Harris , Doris Kenner - Jackson , and Beverly Lee . Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground John Cale , Sterling Morrison , Lou Reed , and Maureen Tucker . 1997 Bee Gees Barry Gibb , Maurice Gibb , and Robin Gibb . 1997 Buffalo Springfield Richie Furay , Dewey Martin , Bruce Palmer , Stephen Stills , and Neil Young . 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash David Crosby , Graham Nash , and Stephen Stills . 1997 Jackson 5 , The The Jackson 5 Jackie Jackson , Jermaine Jackson , Marlon Jackson , Michael Jackson , and Tito Jackson . 1997 Mitchell , Joni Joni Mitchell 1997 Parliament - Funkadelic Jerome Brailey , George Clinton , Bootsy Collins , Raymond Davis , Tiki Fulwood , Glenn Goins , Michael Hampton , Fuzzy Haskins , Eddie Hazel , Walter Morrison , Cordell Mosson , William `` Billy Bass '' Nelson , Garry Shider , Calvin Simon , Grady Thomas , and Bernie Worrell . 1997 Rascals ! The ( Young ) Rascals Eddie Brigati , Felix Cavaliere , Gene Cornish , and Dino Danelli . 1998 Eagles Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Bernie Leadon , Randy Meisner , Timothy B. Schmit , and Joe Walsh . 1998 Fleetwood Mac Lindsey Buckingham , Mick Fleetwood , Peter Green , Danny Kirwan , Christine McVie , John McVie , Stevie Nicks , and Jeremy Spencer . 1998 Mamas & The Papas ! The Mamas & the Papas Denny Doherty , Cass Elliot , John Phillips , and Michelle Phillips . 1998 Price , Lloyd Lloyd Price 1998 Santana Jose Chepito Areas , David Brown , Michael Carabello , Gregg Rolie , Carlos Santana , and Michael Shrieve . 1998 Vincent , Gene Gene Vincent 1999 Joel , Billy Billy Joel 1999 Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield 1999 McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney 1999 Shannon , Del Del Shannon 1999 Springfield , Dusty Dusty Springfield 1999 Springsteen , Bruce Bruce Springsteen 1999 Staple Singers , The The Staple Singers Cleotha Staples , Mavis Staples , Pervis Staples , Pops Staples , and Yvonne Staples . 2000 Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton 2000 Earth , Wind & Fire Philip Bailey , Larry Dunn , Johnny Graham , Ralph Johnson , Al McKay , Fred White , Maurice White , Verdine White , and Andrew Woolfolk . 2000 Lovin ' Spoonful , The The Lovin ' Spoonful Steve Boone , Joe Butler , John Sebastian , and Zal Yanovsky . 2000 Moonglows , The The Moonglows Prentiss Barnes , Harvey Fuqua , Peter Graves , Billy Johnson , and Bobby Lester . 2000 Raitt , Bonnie Bonnie Raitt 2000 Taylor , James James Taylor 2001 Aerosmith Tom Hamilton , Joey Kramer , Joe Perry , Steven Tyler , and Brad Whitford . 2001 Burke , Solomon Solomon Burke 2001 Flamingos , The The Flamingos Jake Carey , Zeke Carey , Johnny Carter , Tommy Hunt , Terry `` Buzzy '' Johnson , Sollie McElroy , Nate Nelson , and Paul Wilson . 2001 Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson 2001 Queen John Deacon , Brian May , Freddie Mercury , and Roger Taylor . 2001 Simon , Paul Paul Simon 2001 Steely Dan Walter Becker and Donald Fagen . 2001 Valens , Ritchie Ritchie Valens 2002 Hayes , Isaac Isaac Hayes 2002 Lee , Brenda Brenda Lee 2002 Petty and the Heartbreakers , Tom Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers Tom Petty , Ron Blair , Mike Campbell , Howie Epstein , Stan Lynch , and Benmont Tench . 2002 Pitney , Gene Gene Pitney 2002 Ramones Dee Dee Ramone , Joey Ramone , Johnny Ramone , Marky Ramone , and Tommy Ramone . 2002 Talking Heads David Byrne , Chris Frantz , Jerry Harrison , and Tina Weymouth . 2003 AC / DC Brian Johnson , Phil Rudd , Bon Scott , Cliff Williams , Angus Young , and Malcolm Young . 2003 Clash , The The Clash Terry Chimes , Topper Headon , Mick Jones , Paul Simonon , and Joe Strummer . 2003 Costello & the Attractions , Elvis Elvis Costello & the Attractions Elvis Costello , Steve Nieve , Bruce Thomas , and Pete Thomas . 2003 Police , The The Police Stewart Copeland , Sting , and Andy Summers . 2003 Righteous Brothers , The The Righteous Brothers Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley . Browne , Jackson Jackson Browne Dells , The The Dells Verne Allison , Chuck Barksdale , Johnny Carter , Johnny Funches , Marvin Junior , and Michael McGill . Harrison , George George Harrison Prince Seger , Bob Bob Seger Traffic Jim Capaldi , Dave Mason , Steve Winwood , and Chris Wood . ZZ Top Frank Beard , Billy Gibbons , and Dusty Hill . 2005 Guy , Buddy Buddy Guy 2005 O'Jays , The The O'Jays Eddie Levert , Bobby Massey , William Powell , Sammy Strain , and Walter Williams . 2005 Pretenders Martin Chambers , Pete Farndon , James Honeyman - Scott , and Chrissie Hynde . 2005 Sledge , Percy Percy Sledge 2005 U2 Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , and Larry Mullen , Jr ... 2006 Black Sabbath Geezer Butler , Tony Iommi , Ozzy Osbourne , and Bill Ward . 2006 Blondie Clem Burke , Jimmy Destri , Nigel Harrison , Debbie Harry , Frank Infante , Chris Stein , and Gary Valentine . 2006 Davis , Miles Miles Davis 2006 Lynyrd Skynyrd Bob Burns , Allen Collins , Steve Gaines , Ed King , Billy Powell , Artimus Pyle , Gary Rossington , Ronnie Van Zant , and Leon Wilkeson . 2006 Sex Pistols Paul Cook , Steve Jones , Glen Matlock , John Lydon , and Sid Vicious . 2007 Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five Melvin `` Melle Mel '' Glover , Nathaniel `` The Kidd Creole '' Glover , Eddie `` Scorpio '' Morris , Joseph `` Grandmaster Flash '' Sadler , Robert Keith `` Keef Cowboy '' Wiggins , and Guy Todd `` Rahiem '' Williams . 2007 R.E.M. Bill Berry , Peter Buck , Mike Mills , and Michael Stipe . 2007 Ronettes , The The Ronettes Estelle Bennett , Ronnie Spector , and Nedra Talley . 2007 Smith , Patti Patti Smith 2007 Van Halen Michael Anthony , Sammy Hagar , David Lee Roth , Alex Van Halen , and Eddie Van Halen . 2008 Clark Five , The Dave The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark , Lenny Davidson , Rick Huxley , Denis Payton , and Mike Smith . 2008 Cohen , Leonard Leonard Cohen 2008 Madonna 2008 Mellencamp , John John Mellencamp 2008 Ventures , The The Ventures Bob Bogle , Nokie Edwards , Gerry McGee , Mel Taylor , and Don Wilson . 2009 Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck 2009 Little Anthony and the Imperials Clarence Collins , Anthony Gourdine , Tracy Lord , Glouster `` Nat '' Rogers , Sammy Strain , and Ernest Wright Jr . 2009 Metallica Cliff Burton , Kirk Hammett , James Hetfield , Jason Newsted , Robert Trujillo , and Lars Ulrich . 2009 Run -- D.M.C. Darryl `` D.M.C. '' McDaniels , Jason `` Jam - Master Jay '' Mizell , and Joseph `` DJ Run '' Simmons . 2009 Womack , Bobby Bobby Womack ABBA Benny Andersson , Agnetha Fältskog , Anni - Frid Lyngstad , and Björn Ulvaeus . Genesis Tony Banks , Phil Collins , Peter Gabriel , Steve Hackett , and Mike Rutherford . Cliff , Jimmy Jimmy Cliff Hollies , The The Hollies Bernie Calvert , Allan Clarke , Bobby Elliott , Eric Haydock , Tony Hicks , Graham Nash , and Terry Sylvester . Stooges , The The Stooges Dave Alexander , Ron Asheton , Scott Asheton , Iggy Pop , and James Williamson . 2011 Alice Cooper Alice Cooper , Michael Owen Bruce , Glen Buxton , Dennis Dunaway , and Neal Smith . 2011 Diamond , Neil Neil Diamond 2011 Dr. John 2011 Love , Darlene Darlene Love 2011 Waits , Tom Tom Waits 2012 Beastie Boys Michael `` Mike D '' Diamond , Adam `` Ad - Rock '' Horovitz , and Adam `` MCA '' Yauch . 2012 -- Blue Caps ! The Blue Caps Backing band for Gene Vincent . Inducted : Tommy Facenda , Cliff Gallup , Dickie Harrell , Bobby Jones , Johnny Meeks , Jack Neal , Paul Peek , and Willie Williams . 2012 Comets ! The Comets Backing band for Bill Haley . Inducted : Joey Ambrose , Franny Beecher , Danny Cedrone , Johnny Grande , Ralph Jones , Marshall Lytle , Rudy Pompilli , Al Rex , Dick Richards , and Billy Williamson . 2012 Crickets ! The Crickets Backing band for Buddy Holly . Inducted : Jerry Allison , Sonny Curtis , Joe B. Mauldin , and Niki Sullivan . 2012 Donovan 2012 Famous Flames ! The Famous Flames Backing vocal group for James Brown . Inducted : Bobby Bennett , Bobby Byrd , Lloyd Stallworth , and Johnny Terry . 2012 Guns N ' Roses Steven Adler , Duff McKagan , Dizzy Reed , Axl Rose , Slash , Matt Sorum , and Izzy Stradlin . 2012 -- Midnighters ! The Midnighters Backing vocal group for Hank Ballard . Inducted : Henry Booth , Billy Davis , Cal Green , Arthur Porter , Lawson Smith , Charles Sutton , Norman Thrasher , and Sonny Woods . 2012 Miracles ! The Miracles Backing vocal group for Smokey Robinson . Inducted : Claudette Rogers , Bobby Rogers , Ronald White , Marv Tarplin , and Pete Moore . 2012 Nyro , Laura Laura Nyro 2012 Red Hot Chili Peppers Flea , John Frusciante , Jack Irons , Anthony Kiedis , Josh Klinghoffer , Cliff Martinez , Hillel Slovak , and Chad Smith . 2012 -- Small Faces / Faces Kenney Jones , Ronnie Lane , Ian McLagan , Steve Marriott , Rod Stewart , and Ronnie Wood . 2013 Heart Michael DeRosier , Roger Fisher , Steve Fossen , Howard Leese , Ann Wilson , and Nancy Wilson . 2013 King , Albert Albert King 2013 Newman , Randy Randy Newman 2013 Public Enemy Flavor Flav , Professor Griff , Terminator X , and Chuck D . 2013 Rush Geddy Lee , Alex Lifeson , and Neil Peart . 2013 Summer , Donna Donna Summer 2014 Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel 2014 Hall & Oates Daryl Hall and John Oates . 2014 Kiss Peter Criss , Ace Frehley , Gene Simmons , and Paul Stanley . 2014 Nirvana Kurt Cobain , Dave Grohl , and Krist Novoselic . 2014 Ronstadt , Linda Linda Ronstadt 2014 Stevens , Cat Cat Stevens 2015 Butterfield Blues Band , The Paul The Paul Butterfield Blues Band Paul Butterfield , Mike Bloomfield , Elvin Bishop , Mark Naftalin , Jerome Arnold , Billy Davenport , and Sam Lay . 2015 Jett & the Blackhearts , Joan Joan Jett & the Blackhearts Joan Jett , Gary Ryan , Lee Crystal , and Ricky Byrd . 2015 Reed , Lou Lou Reed 2015 Green Day Billie Joe Armstrong , Tré Cool , and Mike Dirnt . 2015 Vaughan , Stevie Ray Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble Stevie Ray Vaughan , Chris Layton , Tommy Shannon , and Reese Wynans . 2015 Withers , Bill Bill Withers 2016 Cheap Trick Bun E. Carlos , Rick Nielsen , Tom Petersson , and Robin Zander . 2016 Chicago Peter Cetera , Terry Kath , Robert Lamm , Lee Loughnane , James Pankow , Walter Parazaider , and Danny Seraphine . 2016 Deep Purple Ritchie Blackmore , David Coverdale , Rod Evans , Ian Gillan , Roger Glover , Glenn Hughes , Jon Lord , and Ian Paice 2016 N.W.A DJ Yella , Ice Cube , MC Ren , Eazy - E , and Dr. Dre 2016 Miller , Steve Steve Miller 2017 Electric Light Orchestra Bev Bevan , Jeff Lynne , Richard Tandy , and Roy Wood 2017 Baez , Joan Joan Baez 2017 Journey Jonathan Cain , Aynsley Dunbar , Steve Perry , Gregg Rolie , Neal Schon , Steve Smith , and Ross Valory 2017 Pearl Jam Jeff Ament , Matt Cameron , Stone Gossard , Dave Krusen , Mike McCready , and Eddie Vedder 2017 Tupac Shakur 2017 Yes Jon Anderson , Bill Bruford , Steve Howe , Tony Kaye , Trevor Rabin , Chris Squire , Rick Wakeman , and Alan White ^ Note 1 . These backing bands were inducted by a separate committee , and not by the ballot voting used for all other performer inductees . Early influences ( edit ) Woody Guthrie , inducted in 1988 . Louis Armstrong , inducted in 1990 . Pete Seeger , inducted in 1996 . Charles Brown , inducted in 1999 . Artists inducted into the early influences category are those `` whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock 's leading artists . '' Unlike the performers category , these inductees are selected by a committee . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . Year Name 1986 Rodgers , Jimmie Jimmie Rodgers 1986 Yancey , Jimmy Jimmy Yancey 1986 Johnson , Robert Robert Johnson Jordan , Louis Louis Jordan Walker , T - Bone T - Bone Walker Williams , Hank Hank Williams 1988 Guthrie , Woody Woody Guthrie 1988 Lead Belly 1988 Les Paul 1989 Ink Spots ! The Ink Spots 1989 Smith , Bessie Bessie Smith 1989 Soul Stirrers ! The Soul Stirrers 1990 Christian , Charlie Charlie Christian 1990 Armstrong , Louis Louis Armstrong 1990 Rainey , Ma Ma Rainey 1991 Howlin ' Wolf 1992 James , Elmore Elmore James 1992 Longhair , Professor Professor Longhair 1993 Washington , Dinah Dinah Washington 1994 Dixon , Willie Willie Dixon 1995 Orioles , The The Orioles Seeger , Pete Pete Seeger 1997 Jackson , Mahalia Mahalia Jackson 1997 Monroe , Bill Bill Monroe 1998 Jelly Roll Morton 1999 Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys 1999 Brown , Charles Charles Brown 2000 Cole , Nat ! Nat King Cole 2000 Holiday , Billie Billie Holiday 2009 Jackson , Wanda Wanda Jackson 2012 King , Freddie Freddie King 2015 5 Royalses ! The `` 5 '' Royales ^ A. Inducted members : Bill Kenny , Charlie Fuqua , Deek Watson , and Orville `` Hoppy '' Jones . ^ B. Inducted members : Roy Crain Sr. , R.H. Harris , Jesse Farley , and E.A. Rundless . ^ C. Inducted members : Sonny Til , Tommy Gaither , George Nelson , Johnny Reed , and Alexander Sharp . ^ D. Inducted members : Bob Wills , Tommy Duncan , Leon McAuliffe , Johnny Gimble , Joe `` Jody '' Holley , Tiny Moore , Herb Remington , Eldon Shamblin , and Al Stricklin . ^ E. Nominated as a performer . ^ F. Inducted members : John L. Tanner , Eugene Tanner , James E. Moore , Obadiah H. Carter and Lowman Pauling , Jr Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegün Award ) ( edit ) Carole King , inducted in 1990 Dick Clark , inducted in 1993 Clive Davis , inducted in 2000 The non-performer category honors `` songwriters , producers , disc jockeys , record executives , journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll . '' Several of the inductees in this category were in fact prominent performers as well . The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . This category has been criticized for inducting those that have `` been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets '' and not revealing their full criteria . In 2008 , this category was renamed the `` Ahmet Ertegün Award '' . Year Name 1986 Freed , Alan Alan Freed 1986 Phillips , Sam Sam Phillips Chess , Leonard Leonard Chess Ertegun , Ahmet Ahmet Ertegun Leiber ! Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller Wexler , Jerry Jerry Wexler 1988 Gordy , Jr. , Berry Berry Gordy , Jr . 1989 Spector , Phil Phil Spector 1990 Gerry Goffin and Carole King 1990 Holland -- Dozier -- Holland 1991 Bartholomew , Dave Dave Bartholomew 1991 Bass , Ralph Ralph Bass 1992 Fender , Leo Leo Fender 1992 Graham , Bill Bill Graham 1992 Pomus , Doc Doc Pomus 1993 Clark , Dick Dick Clark 1993 Gabler , Milt Milt Gabler 1994 Otis , Johnny Johnny Otis 1995 Ackerman , Paul Paul Ackerman Donahue , Tom Tom Donahue 1997 Nathan , Syd Syd Nathan 1998 Toussaint , Allen Allen Toussaint 1999 Martin , George George Martin 2000 Davis , Clive Clive Davis 2001 Blackwell , Chris Chris Blackwell 2002 Stewart , Jim Jim Stewart 2003 Ostin , Mo Mo Ostin 2008 Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff Geffen , David David Geffen Blackwell , Otis Otis Blackwell Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich Shuman , Mort Mort Shuman Stone , Jesse Jesse Stone Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil 2011 Holzman , Jac Jac Holzman 2011 Rupe , Art Art Rupe 2012 Kirshner , Don Don Kirshner 2013 Adler , Lou Lou Adler 2013 Jones , Quincy Quincy Jones 2014 Epstein , Brian Brian Epstein 2014 Andrew Loog Oldham 2016 Berns , Bert Bert Berns Award for Musical Excellence ( edit ) Leon Russell , inducted in 2011 . This category , which replaced sidemen , `` honors those musicians , producers and others who have spent their careers out of the spotlight working with major artists on various parts of their recording and live careers . '' Year Name 2011 Russell , Leon Leon Russell 2012 Matassa , Cosimo Cosimo Matassa 2012 Dowd , Tom Tom Dowd 2012 Johns , Glyn Glyn Johns 2014 E Street Band 2015 Ringo Starr 2017 Nile Rodgers ^ G. Inducted members : Garry Tallent , Roy Bittan , Max Weinberg , Steven Van Zandt , Nils Lofgren , Patti Scialfa , Clarence Clemons , Danny Federici , Vini Lopez , David Sancious . Sidemen ( edit ) Established in 2000 , the sidemen category `` honors those musicians who have spent their careers out of the spotlight , performing as backup musicians for major artists on recording sessions and in concert . '' A separate committee , composed mainly of producers , chooses the inductees . In 2010 , the category was renamed to `` Award for Musical Excellence '' . According to Joel Peresman , the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation , `` This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized . '' James Burton , inducted in 2001 . Year Name Instrument 2000 Blaine , Hal Hal Blaine Drums 2000 Curtis , King King Curtis Saxophone 2000 Jamerson , James James Jamerson Bass guitar 2000 Moore , Scotty Scotty Moore Guitar 2000 Palmer , Earl Earl Palmer Drums 2001 Burton , James James Burton Guitar 2001 Johnson , Johnnie Johnnie Johnson Piano 2002 Atkins , Chet Chet Atkins Guitar 2003 Benjamin , Benny Benny Benjamin Drums 2003 Cramer , Floyd Floyd Cramer Piano 2003 Douglas , Steve Steve Douglas Saxophone 2008 Walter , Little Little Walter Harmonica 2009 Black , Bill Bill Black Bass guitar 2009 Fontana , D.J. D.J. Fontana Drums 2009 Oldham , Spooner Spooner Oldham Keyboard Lifetime achievement ( edit ) The following were inducted for `` Lifetime Achievement in the Non-Performer Category . '' Year Name 1986 Hammond , John John Hammond 1991 Ertegun , Nesuhi Nesuhi Ertegun Wenner , Jann Jann Wenner 2005 Barsalona , Frank Frank Barsalona 2005 Stein , Seymour Seymour Stein 2006 Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss Multiple inductees ( edit ) As of 2017 , 22 performers have been inducted twice or more ; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands . Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times : as a solo artist , with Cream and The Yardbirds . Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band , the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart . Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year . Crosby , Stills & Nash , inducted in 1997 , is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts : David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991 , Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997 , and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010 . The Beatles , inducted in 1988 , is the second band to have all of its members be inducted , as well as the only band to have each of its members be inducted for their solo careers as their second induction . Ringo Starr is the first inductee to be inducted twice in different categories ( The Beatles were inducted in the performers category in 1988 and Starr was inducted as a solo artist in the Award for Musical Excellence category in 2015 ) . He also holds the record for the longest time between first and second inductions , at 27 years . Both of Stills ' inductions happened during the 1997 ceremony and Clapton and McPhatter were inducted in back - to - back years ( 1987 / 88 for McPhatter , 1992 / 93 for Clapton , as well as his solo induction in 2000 ) . The Traveling Wilburys are the only band to have all of its members be inducted without the band itself having been inducted : Roy Orbison as a solo artist in 1987 , Bob Dylan as a solo artist in 1988 , George Harrison with the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 2004 , Tom Petty with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 2002 , and Jeff Lynne with the Electric Light Orchestra in 2017 . Name First Year Second Year Third Year Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 zzzzz ! Solo career 2009 -- -- Carter , Johnny Johnny Carter Flamingos ! The Flamingos 2001 Dells ! The Dells -- -- Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 Cream 1993 Solo career 2000 Crosby , David David Crosby Byrds ! The Byrds 1991 Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 -- -- Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel Genesis ! Genesis Solo career 2014 -- -- Harrison , George George Harrison Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career -- -- Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson Jackson Five ! The Jackson Five 1997 zzzzz ! Solo career 2001 -- -- Lennon , John John Lennon Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career 1994 -- -- Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield Impressions ! The Impressions 1991 zzzzz ! Solo career 1999 -- -- McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career 1999 -- -- McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter zzzzz ! Solo career Drifters ! The Drifters 1988 -- -- Nash , Graham Graham Nash Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 Hollies ! The Hollies -- -- Page , Jimmy Jimmy Page Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 Led Zeppelin 1995 -- -- Reed , Lou Lou Reed Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground zzzzz ! Solo career 2015 -- -- Rolie , Gregg Gregg Rolie Santana 1998 Journey 2017 -- -- Simon , Paul Paul Simon Simon and Garfunkel 1990 zzzzz ! Solo career 2001 -- -- Starr , Ringo Ringo Starr Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 Award For Musical Excellence , Solo career 2015 -- -- Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart zzzzz ! Solo career 1994 Faces 2012 -- -- Stills , Stephen Stephen Stills Buffalo Springfield 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 -- -- Strain , Sammy ! Sammy Strain The O'Jays 2005 Little Anthony & The Imperials 2009 -- -- Wood , Ronnie Ronnie Wood Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones 1989 Faces 2012 -- -- Young , Neil Neil Young zzzzz ! Solo career 1995 Buffalo Springfield 1997 -- -- 2018 nominees ( edit ) Bon Jovi Kate Bush The Cars Depeche Mode Dire Straits Eurythmics The J. Geils Band Judas Priest LL Cool J MC5 The Meters The Moody Blues Radiohead Rage Against the Machine Rufus featuring Chaka Khan Nina Simone Sister Rosetta Tharpe Link Wray The Zombies References ( edit ) General `` Inductee list '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Induction Ceremony and Process '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Cleveland will host Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Ceremony every two years '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( April 4 , 2001 ) . `` Rock Hall of Fame Fallout : ' There Is Resentment Building Up '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Selvin , Joel ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` View : Rock and Roll Hall offers lackluster candidates '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sinkevics , John ( March 11 , 2007 ) . `` Hall voters ' bias leaves prog - rock out -- again '' . The Grand Rapids Press . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall Voting Scandal : Rock Group Actually Won '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Were not coming . Were not your monkey and so what ? '' ( sic ) Official announcement from the Sex Pistols regarding the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on February 24 , 2006 Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Crickets , Famous Flames , Comets , Miracles , Midnighters and Blue Caps added to Rock Hall induction ceremony '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Everly Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Coasters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Beach Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Drifters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Supremes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Temptations '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Seasons '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Tops '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Kinks '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Platters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Who '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Byrds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Impressions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ike & Tina Turner '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Booker T . & The M.G. 's '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Isley Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Jimi Hendrix Experience '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Sam & Dave '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Yardbirds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Cream '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Creedence Clearwater Revival '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Doors '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Sly & The Family Stone '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Animals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Grateful Dead '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Allman Brothers Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Martha & The Vandellas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Gladys Knight & the Pips '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson Airplane '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Shirelles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Velvet Underground '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Bee Gees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Springfield '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Crosby , Stills & Nash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Jackson Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament - Funkadelic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Rascals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Fleetwood Mac '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Mamas & The Papas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Santana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Staple Singers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Soeder , John ( September 22 , 1999 ) . `` Canton 's O'Jays , Aerosmith among Rock Hall finalists '' . The Plain Dealer . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Flamingos '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Queen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Steely Dan '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Ramones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Talking Heads '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Clash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Costello & the Attractions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Police '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Righteous Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Dells '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ZZ Top '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The O'Jays '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Pretenders '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` U2 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Black Sabbath '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Blondie '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Lynyrd Skynyrd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Sex Pistols '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` R.E.M. '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Ronettes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Van Halen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Dave Clark Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Ventures '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Little Anthony and the Imperials '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Metallica '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Run - D.M.C. '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ABBA '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Genesis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Hollies '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Stooges '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Cooper Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Beastie Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Blue Caps '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Comets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Crickets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Famous Flames '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Midnighters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Miracles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Small Faces / Faces '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Heart '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Public Enemy '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rush '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daryl Hall and John Oates '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Kiss '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Nirvana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` List of 2015 Inductees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : THE ROCK AND ROLL HALL OF FAME ANNOUNCES 2016 INDUCTEES - Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Press Room Jump up ^ `` Electric Light Orchestra '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Journey '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Ink Spots '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Soul Stirrers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Orioles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Roger Friedman ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Golden Globes : Stars Fill in Blanks ; Rock Hall of Fame '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Inductees for 2008 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame official website . December 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Class of 2017 Inductions '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Neil Diamond , Alice Cooper , Dr. John , Darlene Love and Tom Waits headed into Rock Hall '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hal Blaine '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` King Curtis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` James Jamerson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Scotty Moore '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Earl Palmer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` James Burton '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Johnnie Johnson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Chet Atkins '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Benny Benjamin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Floyd Cramer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Douglas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Little Walter '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Black '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Fontana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Spooner Oldham '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame makes Clapton first triple inductee '' . CNN . March 7 , 2000 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Announces Nominees for 2018 Induction '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . External links ( edit ) Official website Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees . ( hide ) Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Classes 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_inductees&oldid=804043489 '' Categories : Music - related lists Lists of musicians Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Galego مصرى 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 10 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who were the first singing brothers that were inducted into the rock and roll hall of fame | [
"\n\nYear\nImage\nName\nInducted members\n\n\n1986\n\nBerry, ChuckChuck Berry\n\n\n\n1986\n\nBrown, JamesJames Brown\n\n\n\n1986\n\nCharles, RayRay Charles\n\n\n\n1986\n\nCooke, SamSam Cooke\n\n\n\n1986\n\nDomino, FatsFats Domino\n\n\n\n1986\n\nEverly Brothers !The Everly Brothers\nDon Everly and Phil Everly.[10]\n\n\n1986\n\nHolly, BuddyBuddy Holly\n\n\n\n1986\n\nLewis, Jerry LeeJerry Lee Lewis\n\n\n\n1986\n\nLittle Richard\n\n\n\n1986\n\nPresley, ElvisElvis Presley\n\n\n\n1987\n\nCoasters !The Coasters\nCarl Gardner, Cornell Gunter, Billy Guy, and Will \"Dub\" Jones.[11]\n\n\n1987\n\nCochran, EddieEddie Cochran\n\n\n\n1987\n\nDiddley, BoBo Diddley\n\n\n\n1987\n\nFranklin, ArethaAretha Franklin\n\n\n\n1987\n\nGaye, MarvinMarvin Gaye\n\n\n\n1987\n\nHaley, BillBill Haley\n\n\n\n1987\n\nKing, B.B.B.B. King\n\n\n\n1987\n\nMcPhatter, ClydeClyde McPhatter\n\n\n\n1987\n\nNelson, RickyRicky Nelson\n\n\n\n1987\n\nOrbison, RoyRoy Orbison\n\n\n\n1987\n\nPerkins, CarlCarl Perkins\n\n\n\n1987\n\nRobinson, SmokeySmokey Robinson\n\n\n\n1987\n\nTurner, Big JoeBig Joe Turner\n\n\n\n1987\n\nWaters, MuddyMuddy Waters\n\n\n\n1987\n\nWilson, JackieJackie Wilson\n\n\n\n1988\n\nBeach Boys !The Beach Boys\nAl Jardine, Mike Love, Brian Wilson, Carl Wilson, and Dennis Wilson.[12]\n\n\n1988\n\nBeatles !The Beatles\nGeorge Harrison, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and Ringo Starr.[13]\n\n\n1988\n\nDrifters !The Drifters\nBen E. King, Rudy Lewis, Clyde McPhatter, Johnny Moore, Bill Pinkney, Charlie Thomas, and Gerhart Thrasher.[14]\n\n\n1988\n\nDylan, BobBob Dylan\n\n\n\n1988\n\nSupremes !The Supremes\nFlorence Ballard, Diana Ross, and Mary Wilson.[15]\n\n\n1989\n\nDion !Dion\n\n\n\n1989\n\nRedding, OtisOtis Redding\n\n\n\n1989\n\nRolling Stones !The Rolling Stones\nMick Jagger, Brian Jones, Keith Richards, Ian Stewart, Mick Taylor, Charlie Watts, Ronnie Wood, and Bill Wyman.[16]\n\n\n1989\n\nTemptations !The Temptations\nMelvin Franklin, Eddie Kendricks, David Ruffin, Otis Williams, Paul Williams, Dennis Edwards.[17]\n\n\n1989\n\nWonder, StevieStevie Wonder\n\n\n\n1990\n—\nBallard, HankHank Ballard\n\n\n\n1990\n\nDarin, BobbyBobby Darin\n\n\n\n1990\n\nFour Seasons !The Four Seasons\nTom DeVito, Bob Gaudio, Nick Massi, and Frankie Valli.[18]\n\n\n1990\n\nFour Tops !Four Tops\nRenaldo \"Obie\" Benson, Abdul \"Duke\" Fakir, Lawrence Payton, and Levi Stubbs.[19]\n\n\n1990\n\nKinks !The Kinks\nMick Avory, Dave Davies, Ray Davies, and Pete Quaife.[20]\n\n\n1990\n\nPlatters !The Platters\nDavid Lynch, Herb Reed, Paul Robi, Zola Taylor, and Tony Williams.[21]\n\n\n1990\n\nSimon & Garfunkel\nPaul Simon and Art Garfunkel.[22]\n\n\n1990\n\nWho !The Who\nRoger Daltrey, John Entwistle, Keith Moon, and Pete Townshend.[23]\n\n\n1991\n\nBaker, LaVernLaVern Baker\n\n\n\n1991\n\nByrds !The Byrds\nGene Clark, Michael Clarke, David Crosby, Chris Hillman, and Roger McGuinn.[24]\n\n\n1991\n\nHooker, John LeeJohn Lee Hooker\n\n\n\n1991\n—\nImpressions !The Impressions\nCurtis Mayfield, Sam Gooden, Fred Cash, Arthur Brooks, Richard Brooks, and Jerry Butler.[25]\n\n\n1991\n\nPickett, WilsonWilson Pickett\n\n\n\n1991\n\nReed, JimmyJimmy Reed\n\n\n\n1991\n\nTurner, Ike & TinaIke & Tina Turner\nIke Turner and Tina Turner.[26]\n\n\n1992\n\nBland, Bobby !Bobby \"Blue\" Bland\n\n\n\n1992\n\nBooker T. & the M.G.'s\nBooker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Donald \"Duck\" Dunn, Al Jackson Jr., and Lewie Steinberg.[27]\n\n\n1992\n\nCash, JohnnyJohnny Cash\n\n\n\n1992\n\nIsley Brothers !The Isley Brothers\nErnie Isley, Marvin Isley, O'Kelly Isley Jr., Ronald Isley, Rudolph Isley, and Chris Jasper.[28]\n\n\n1992\n\nHendrix Experience, The JimiThe Jimi Hendrix Experience\nJimi Hendrix, Mitch Mitchell, and Noel Redding.[29]\n\n\n1992\n\nSam & Dave\nSam Moore and Dave Prater.[30]\n\n\n1992\n\nYardbirds !The Yardbirds\nJeff Beck, Eric Clapton, Chris Dreja, Jim McCarty, Jimmy Page, Keith Relf, and Paul Samwell-Smith.[31]\n\n\n1993\n\nBrown, RuthRuth Brown\n\n\n\n1993\n\nCream\nGinger Baker, Jack Bruce, and Eric Clapton.[32]\n\n\n1993\n\nCreedence Clearwater Revival\nDoug Clifford, Stu Cook, John Fogerty, and Tom Fogerty.[33]\n\n\n1993\n\nDoors !The Doors\nJohn Densmore, Robby Krieger, Ray Manzarek, and Jim Morrison.[34]\n\n\n1993\n\nLymon & The Teenagers, FrankieFrankie Lymon & The Teenagers\nHerman Santiago, Jimmy Merchant, Sherman Garnes, Frankie Lymon, and Joe Negroni[35]\n\n\n1993\n\nJames, EttaEtta James\n\n\n\n1993\n\nMorrison, VanVan Morrison\n\n\n\n1993\n\nSly and the Family Stone\nGregg Errico, Larry Graham, Jerry Martini, Cynthia Robinson, Freddie Stone, Rosie Stone, and Sly Stone.[36]\n\n\n1994\n\nAnimals !The Animals\nEric Burdon, Chas Chandler, Alan Price, John Steel, and Hilton Valentine.[37]\n\n\n1994\n\nBand !The Band\nRick Danko, Levon Helm, Garth Hudson, Richard Manuel, and Robbie Robertson.[38]\n\n\n1994\n\nEddy, DuaneDuane Eddy\n\n\n\n1994\n\nGrateful Dead\nTom Constanten, Jerry Garcia, Donna Jean Godchaux, Keith Godchaux, Mickey Hart, Robert Hunter, Bill Kreutzmann, Phil Lesh, Ron McKernan, Brent Mydland, Bob Weir, and Vince Welnick.[39]\n\n\n1994\n\nJohn, EltonElton John\n\n\n\n1994\n\nLennon, JohnJohn Lennon\n\n\n\n1994\n\nMarley, BobBob Marley\n\n\n\n1994\n\nStewart, RodRod Stewart\n\n\n\n1995\n\nAllman Brothers Band !The Allman Brothers Band\nDuane Allman, Gregg Allman, Dickey Betts, Jai Johanny Johanson, Berry Oakley, and Butch Trucks.[40]\n\n\n1995\n\nGreen, AlAl Green\n\n\n\n1995\n\nJoplin, JanisJanis Joplin\n\n\n\n1995\n\nLed Zeppelin\nJohn Bonham, John Paul Jones, Jimmy Page, and Robert Plant[41]\n\n\n1995\n\nMartha and the Vandellas\nRosalind Ashford, Annette Beard, Betty Kelly, Lois Reeves, Martha Reeves, and Sandra Tilley.[42]\n\n\n1995\n\n\n\nYoung, NeilNeil Young\n\n\n\n1995\n\nZappa, FrankFrank Zappa\n\n\n\n1996\n\nBowie, DavidDavid Bowie\n\n\n\n1996\n\nKnight & the Pips, GladysGladys Knight & the Pips\nWilliam Guest, Gladys Knight, Merald \"Bubba\" Knight, and Edward Patten.[43]\n\n\n1996\n\nJefferson Airplane\nMarty Balin, Jack Casady, Spencer Dryden, Paul Kantner, Jorma Kaukonen, and Grace Slick.[44]\n\n\n1996\n\nLittle Willie John\n\n\n\n1996\n\nPink Floyd\nSyd Barrett, David Gilmour, Nick Mason, Roger Waters, and Rick Wright.[45]\n\n\n1996\n\nShirelles !The Shirelles\nShirley Alston Reeves, Addie Harris, Doris Kenner-Jackson, and Beverly Lee.[46]\n\n\n1996\n\nVelvet Underground !The Velvet Underground\nJohn Cale, Sterling Morrison, Lou Reed, and Maureen Tucker.[47]\n\n\n1997\n\nBee Gees\nBarry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, and Robin Gibb.[48]\n\n\n1997\n\nBuffalo Springfield\nRichie Furay, Dewey Martin, Bruce Palmer, Stephen Stills, and Neil Young.[49]\n\n\n1997\n\nCrosby, Stills & Nash\nDavid Crosby, Graham Nash, and Stephen Stills.[50]\n\n\n1997\n\nJackson 5, TheThe Jackson 5\nJackie Jackson, Jermaine Jackson, Marlon Jackson, Michael Jackson, and Tito Jackson.[51]\n\n\n1997\n\nMitchell, JoniJoni Mitchell\n\n\n\n1997\n\nParliament-Funkadelic\nJerome Brailey, George Clinton, Bootsy Collins, Raymond Davis, Tiki Fulwood, Glenn Goins, Michael Hampton, Fuzzy Haskins, Eddie Hazel, Walter Morrison, Cordell Mosson, William \"Billy Bass\" Nelson, Garry Shider, Calvin Simon, Grady Thomas, and Bernie Worrell.[52]\n\n\n1997\n\nRascals !The (Young) Rascals\nEddie Brigati, Felix Cavaliere, Gene Cornish, and Dino Danelli.[53]\n\n\n1998\n\nEagles\nDon Felder, Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Bernie Leadon, Randy Meisner, Timothy B. Schmit, and Joe Walsh.[54]\n\n\n1998\n\nFleetwood Mac\nLindsey Buckingham, Mick Fleetwood, Peter Green, Danny Kirwan, Christine McVie, John McVie, Stevie Nicks, and Jeremy Spencer.[55]\n\n\n1998\n\nMamas & The Papas !The Mamas & the Papas\nDenny Doherty, Cass Elliot, John Phillips, and Michelle Phillips.[56]\n\n\n1998\n\nPrice, LloydLloyd Price\n\n\n\n1998\n\nSantana\nJose Chepito Areas, David Brown, Michael Carabello, Gregg Rolie, Carlos Santana, and Michael Shrieve.[57]\n\n\n1998\n\nVincent, GeneGene Vincent\n\n\n\n1999\n\nJoel, BillyBilly Joel\n\n\n\n1999\n\nMayfield, CurtisCurtis Mayfield\n\n\n\n1999\n\nMcCartney, PaulPaul McCartney\n\n\n\n1999\n\nShannon, DelDel Shannon\n\n\n\n1999\n\nSpringfield, DustyDusty Springfield\n\n\n\n1999\n\nSpringsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen\n\n\n\n1999\n\nStaple Singers, TheThe Staple Singers\nCleotha Staples, Mavis Staples, Pervis Staples, Pops Staples, and Yvonne Staples.[58]\n\n\n2000\n\nClapton, EricEric Clapton\n\n\n\n2000\n\nEarth, Wind & Fire\nPhilip Bailey, Larry Dunn, Johnny Graham, Ralph Johnson, Al McKay, Fred White, Maurice White, Verdine White, and Andrew Woolfolk.[59]\n\n\n2000\n\nLovin' Spoonful, TheThe Lovin' Spoonful\nSteve Boone, Joe Butler, John Sebastian, and Zal Yanovsky.[59]\n\n\n2000\n\nMoonglows, TheThe Moonglows\nPrentiss Barnes, Harvey Fuqua, Peter Graves, Billy Johnson, and Bobby Lester.[59]\n\n\n2000\n\nRaitt, BonnieBonnie Raitt\n\n\n\n2000\n\nTaylor, JamesJames Taylor\n\n\n\n2001\n\nAerosmith\nTom Hamilton, Joey Kramer, Joe Perry, Steven Tyler, and Brad Whitford.[60]\n\n\n2001\n\nBurke, SolomonSolomon Burke\n\n\n\n2001\n\nFlamingos, TheThe Flamingos\nJake Carey, Zeke Carey, Johnny Carter, Tommy Hunt, Terry \"Buzzy\" Johnson, Sollie McElroy, Nate Nelson, and Paul Wilson.[61]\n\n\n2001\n\nJackson, MichaelMichael Jackson\n\n\n\n2001\n\nQueen\nJohn Deacon, Brian May, Freddie Mercury, and Roger Taylor.[62]\n\n\n2001\n\nSimon, PaulPaul Simon\n\n\n\n2001\n\nSteely Dan\nWalter Becker and Donald Fagen.[63]\n\n\n2001\n\nValens, RitchieRitchie Valens\n\n\n\n2002\n\nHayes, IsaacIsaac Hayes\n\n\n\n2002\n\nLee, BrendaBrenda Lee\n\n\n\n2002\n\nPetty and the Heartbreakers, TomTom Petty and the Heartbreakers\nTom Petty, Ron Blair, Mike Campbell, Howie Epstein, Stan Lynch, and Benmont Tench.[64]\n\n\n2002\n\nPitney, GeneGene Pitney\n\n\n\n2002\n\nRamones\nDee Dee Ramone, Joey Ramone, Johnny Ramone, Marky Ramone, and Tommy Ramone.[65]\n\n\n2002\n\nTalking Heads\nDavid Byrne, Chris Frantz, Jerry Harrison, and Tina Weymouth.[66]\n\n\n2003\n\nAC/DC\nBrian Johnson, Phil Rudd, Bon Scott, Cliff Williams, Angus Young, and Malcolm Young.[67]\n\n\n2003\n\nClash, TheThe Clash\nTerry Chimes, Topper Headon, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon, and Joe Strummer.[68]\n\n\n2003\n\nCostello & the Attractions, ElvisElvis Costello & the Attractions\nElvis Costello, Steve Nieve, Bruce Thomas, and Pete Thomas.[69]\n\n\n2003\n\nPolice, TheThe Police\nStewart Copeland, Sting, and Andy Summers.[70]\n\n\n2003\n\nRighteous Brothers, TheThe Righteous Brothers\nBobby Hatfield and Bill Medley.[71]\n\n\n2004\n\nBrowne, JacksonJackson Browne\n\n\n\n2004\n\nDells, TheThe Dells\nVerne Allison, Chuck Barksdale, Johnny Carter, Johnny Funches, Marvin Junior, and Michael McGill.[72]\n\n\n2004\n\nHarrison, GeorgeGeorge Harrison\n\n\n\n2004\n\nPrince\n\n\n\n2004\n\nSeger, BobBob Seger\n\n\n\n2004\n\nTraffic\nJim Capaldi, Dave Mason, Steve Winwood, and Chris Wood.[73]\n\n\n2004\n\nZZ Top\nFrank Beard, Billy Gibbons, and Dusty Hill.[74]\n\n\n2005\n\nGuy, BuddyBuddy Guy\n\n\n\n2005\n\nO'Jays, TheThe O'Jays\nEddie Levert, Bobby Massey, William Powell, Sammy Strain, and Walter Williams.[75]\n\n\n2005\n\nPretenders\nMartin Chambers, Pete Farndon, James Honeyman-Scott, and Chrissie Hynde.[76]\n\n\n2005\n\nSledge, PercyPercy Sledge\n\n\n\n2005\n\nU2\nBono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, and Larry Mullen, Jr..[77]\n\n\n2006\n\nBlack Sabbath\nGeezer Butler, Tony Iommi, Ozzy Osbourne, and Bill Ward.[78]\n\n\n2006\n\nBlondie\nClem Burke, Jimmy Destri, Nigel Harrison, Debbie Harry, Frank Infante, Chris Stein, and Gary Valentine.[79]\n\n\n2006\n\nDavis, MilesMiles Davis\n\n\n\n2006\n\nLynyrd Skynyrd\nBob Burns, Allen Collins, Steve Gaines, Ed King, Billy Powell, Artimus Pyle, Gary Rossington, Ronnie Van Zant, and Leon Wilkeson.[80]\n\n\n2006\n\nSex Pistols\nPaul Cook, Steve Jones, Glen Matlock, John Lydon, and Sid Vicious.[81]\n\n\n2007\n\nGrandmaster Flash and The Furious Five\nMelvin \"Melle Mel\" Glover, Nathaniel \"The Kidd Creole\" Glover, Eddie \"Scorpio\" Morris, Joseph \"Grandmaster Flash\" Sadler, Robert Keith \"Keef Cowboy\" Wiggins, and Guy Todd \"Rahiem\" Williams.[82]\n\n\n2007\n\nR.E.M.\nBill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills, and Michael Stipe.[83]\n\n\n2007\n\nRonettes, TheThe Ronettes\nEstelle Bennett, Ronnie Spector, and Nedra Talley.[84]\n\n\n2007\n\nSmith, PattiPatti Smith\n\n\n\n2007\n\nVan Halen\nMichael Anthony, Sammy Hagar, David Lee Roth, Alex Van Halen, and Eddie Van Halen.[85]\n\n\n2008\n\nClark Five, The DaveThe Dave Clark Five\nDave Clark, Lenny Davidson, Rick Huxley, Denis Payton, and Mike Smith.[86]\n\n\n2008\n\nCohen, LeonardLeonard Cohen\n\n\n\n2008\n\nMadonna\n\n\n\n2008\n\nMellencamp, JohnJohn Mellencamp\n\n\n\n2008\n\nVentures, TheThe Ventures\nBob Bogle, Nokie Edwards, Gerry McGee, Mel Taylor, and Don Wilson.[87]\n\n\n2009\n\nBeck, JeffJeff Beck\n\n\n\n2009\n\nLittle Anthony and the Imperials\nClarence Collins, Anthony Gourdine, Tracy Lord, Glouster \"Nat\" Rogers, Sammy Strain, and Ernest Wright Jr.[88]\n\n\n2009\n\nMetallica\nCliff Burton, Kirk Hammett, James Hetfield, Jason Newsted, Robert Trujillo, and Lars Ulrich.[89]\n\n\n2009\n\nRun–D.M.C.\nDarryl \"D.M.C.\" McDaniels, Jason \"Jam-Master Jay\" Mizell, and Joseph \"DJ Run\" Simmons.[90]\n\n\n2009\n\nWomack, BobbyBobby Womack\n\n\n\n2010\n\nABBA\nBenny Andersson, Agnetha Fältskog, Anni-Frid Lyngstad, and Björn Ulvaeus.[91]\n\n\n2010\n\nGenesis\nTony Banks, Phil Collins, Peter Gabriel, Steve Hackett, and Mike Rutherford.[92]\n\n\n2010\n\nCliff, JimmyJimmy Cliff\n\n\n\n2010\n\nHollies, TheThe Hollies\nBernie Calvert, Allan Clarke, Bobby Elliott, Eric Haydock, Tony Hicks, Graham Nash, and Terry Sylvester.[93]\n\n\n2010\n\nStooges, TheThe Stooges\nDave Alexander, Ron Asheton, Scott Asheton, Iggy Pop, and James Williamson.[94]\n\n\n2011\n\nAlice Cooper\nAlice Cooper, Michael Owen Bruce, Glen Buxton, Dennis Dunaway, and Neal Smith.[95]\n\n\n2011\n\nDiamond, NeilNeil Diamond\n\n\n\n2011\n\nDr. John\n\n\n\n2011\n\nLove, DarleneDarlene Love\n\n\n\n2011\n\nWaits, TomTom Waits\n\n\n\n2012\n\nBeastie Boys\nMichael \"Mike D\" Diamond, Adam \"Ad-Rock\" Horovitz, and Adam \"MCA\" Yauch.[96]\n\n\n2012\n—\nBlue Caps !The Blue Caps[N1]\nBacking band for Gene Vincent. Inducted: Tommy Facenda, Cliff Gallup, Dickie Harrell, Bobby Jones, Johnny Meeks, Jack Neal, Paul Peek, and Willie Williams.[97]\n\n\n2012\n\nComets !The Comets[N1]\nBacking band for Bill Haley. Inducted: Joey Ambrose, Franny Beecher, Danny Cedrone, Johnny Grande, Ralph Jones, Marshall Lytle, Rudy Pompilli, Al Rex, Dick Richards, and Billy Williamson.[98]\n\n\n2012\n\nCrickets !The Crickets[N1]\nBacking band for Buddy Holly. Inducted: Jerry Allison, Sonny Curtis, Joe B. Mauldin, and Niki Sullivan.[99]\n\n\n2012\n\nDonovan\n\n\n\n2012\n\nFamous Flames !The Famous Flames[N1]\nBacking vocal group for James Brown. Inducted: Bobby Bennett, Bobby Byrd, Lloyd Stallworth, and Johnny Terry.[100]\n\n\n2012\n\nGuns N' Roses\nSteven Adler, Duff McKagan, Dizzy Reed, Axl Rose, Slash, Matt Sorum, and Izzy Stradlin.[101]\n\n\n2012\n—\nMidnighters !The Midnighters[N1]\nBacking vocal group for Hank Ballard. Inducted: Henry Booth, Billy Davis, Cal Green, Arthur Porter, Lawson Smith, Charles Sutton, Norman Thrasher, and Sonny Woods.[102]\n\n\n2012\n\nMiracles !The Miracles[N1]\nBacking vocal group for Smokey Robinson. Inducted: Claudette Rogers, Bobby Rogers, Ronald White, Marv Tarplin, and Pete Moore.[103]\n\n\n2012\n\nNyro, LauraLaura Nyro\n\n\n\n2012\n\nRed Hot Chili Peppers\nFlea, John Frusciante, Jack Irons, Anthony Kiedis, Josh Klinghoffer, Cliff Martinez, Hillel Slovak, and Chad Smith.[104]\n\n\n2012\n—\nSmall Faces/Faces\nKenney Jones, Ronnie Lane, Ian McLagan, Steve Marriott, Rod Stewart, and Ronnie Wood.[105]\n\n\n2013\n\nHeart\nMichael DeRosier, Roger Fisher, Steve Fossen, Howard Leese, Ann Wilson, and Nancy Wilson.[106]\n\n\n2013\n\nKing, AlbertAlbert King\n\n\n\n2013\n\nNewman, RandyRandy Newman\n\n\n\n2013\n\nPublic Enemy\nFlavor Flav, Professor Griff, Terminator X, and Chuck D.[107]\n\n\n2013\n\nRush\nGeddy Lee, Alex Lifeson, and Neil Peart.[108]\n\n\n2013\n\nSummer, DonnaDonna Summer\n\n\n\n2014\n\nGabriel, PeterPeter Gabriel\n\n\n\n2014\n\nHall & Oates\nDaryl Hall and John Oates.[109]\n\n\n2014\n\nKiss\nPeter Criss, Ace Frehley, Gene Simmons, and Paul Stanley.[110]\n\n\n2014\n\nNirvana\nKurt Cobain, Dave Grohl, and Krist Novoselic.[111]\n\n\n2014\n\nRonstadt, LindaLinda Ronstadt\n\n\n\n2014\n\nStevens, CatCat Stevens\n\n\n2015\n\nButterfield Blues Band, The PaulThe Paul Butterfield Blues Band\nPaul Butterfield, Mike Bloomfield, Elvin Bishop, Mark Naftalin, Jerome Arnold, Billy Davenport, and Sam Lay.[112]\n\n\n2015\n\nJett & the Blackhearts, JoanJoan Jett & the Blackhearts\nJoan Jett, Gary Ryan, Lee Crystal, and Ricky Byrd.[112]\n\n\n2015\n\nReed, LouLou Reed[113]\n\n\n\n2015\n\nGreen Day\nBillie Joe Armstrong, Tré Cool, and Mike Dirnt.[113]\n\n\n2015\n\nVaughan, Stevie RayStevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble\nStevie Ray Vaughan, Chris Layton, Tommy Shannon, and Reese Wynans.[112]\n\n\n2015\n\nWithers, BillBill Withers\n\n\n\n2016\n\nCheap Trick\nBun E. Carlos, Rick Nielsen, Tom Petersson, and Robin Zander.[114]\n\n\n2016\n\nChicago\nPeter Cetera, Terry Kath, Robert Lamm, Lee Loughnane, James Pankow, Walter Parazaider, and Danny Seraphine.[114]\n\n\n2016\n\nDeep Purple\nRitchie Blackmore, David Coverdale, Rod Evans, Ian Gillan, Roger Glover, Glenn Hughes, Jon Lord, and Ian Paice[114]\n\n\n2016\n\nN.W.A\nDJ Yella, Ice Cube, MC Ren, Eazy-E, and Dr. Dre[114]\n\n\n2016\n\nMiller, SteveSteve Miller\n\n\n\n2017\n\nElectric Light Orchestra\nBev Bevan, Jeff Lynne, Richard Tandy, and Roy Wood[115]\n\n\n2017\n\nBaez, JoanJoan Baez\n\n\n\n2017\n\nJourney\nJonathan Cain, Aynsley Dunbar, Steve Perry, Gregg Rolie, Neal Schon, Steve Smith, and Ross Valory[116]\n\n\n2017\n\nPearl Jam\nJeff Ament, Matt Cameron, Stone Gossard, Dave Krusen, Mike McCready, and Eddie Vedder[117]\n\n\n2017\n\nTupac Shakur\n\n\n\n2017\n\nYes\nJon Anderson, Bill Bruford, Steve Howe, Tony Kaye, Trevor Rabin, Chris Squire, Rick Wakeman, and Alan White[118]\n\n"
] | [
"The Everly Brothers"
] |
2811192127104951647 | The Dirk Diggler Story | The Dirk Diggler Story - wikipedia The Dirk Diggler Story Jump to : navigation , search The Dirk Diggler Story Directed by Paul Thomas Anderson Produced by Shane Conrad Written by Paul Thomas Anderson Starring Michael Stein Robert Ridgely Eddie Delcore Rusty Schwimmer Narrated by Ernie Anderson Cinematography Paul Thomas Anderson Edited by Paul Thomas Anderson Release date 1988 ( 1988 ) Running time 32 minutes Country United States Language English The Dirk Diggler Story is a 1988 mockumentary short film written and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson . It follows the rise and fall of Dirk Diggler , a well - endowed male porn star . The character was modeled on American porn actor John Holmes . The film was later expanded into Anderson 's successful 1997 breakout film Boogie Nights . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Boogie Nights 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Dirk Diggler ( Michael Stein ) was born as Steven Samuel Adams on April 15 , 1961 outside of Saint Paul , Minnesota . His parents are a construction worker and a boutique shop owner who attend church every Sunday and believe in God . Looking for a career as a male model , Diggler drops out of school at age 16 and leaves home . Jack Horner ( Robert Ridgely ) discovers Diggler at a falafel stand . Diggler meets his friend , Reed Rothchild ( Eddie Delcore ) , through Horner in 1979 , while working on a film . Horner slowly introduces Diggler to the business until Diggler becomes noticeable within the industry . Diggler becomes a prominent model and begins appearing in pornographic films . Diggler has critical and box office hits which lead him to stardom . The hits and publicity lead to fame and money , which lead Diggler to the world of drugs . With the amount of money Diggler is making , he is able to support both his and Rothchild 's addictions . The drugs eventually cause a breakup between Diggler and Horner since Diggler is having issues with his performance on set . After the breakup , Diggler tries to make a film himself , but it is never completed . He then attempts a music career , which is successful , but leads him deeper into drugs because of the amount of money he is making . He then stars in a TV show which is a failure , both critically and commercially . Having failed and with no work , Diggler returns to the porn industry , taking roles in low - budget homosexual films to help support his habit . On July 17 , 1981 , during a film shoot , Diggler dies of a drug overdose . The film ends with a quotation from Diggler : `` All I ever wanted was a cool ' 78 ' Vette and a house in the country . '' Cast ( edit ) Michael Stein - Steven Samuel Adams ( Dirk Diggler ) Robert Ridgely - Jack Horner Eddie Delcore - Reed Rothchild Rusty Schwimmer - Candy Kane Ernie Anderson - Narrator Production ( edit ) The film was Anderson 's first real production having experimented with what he called `` standard fare '' . Anderson conceived the film when he was 17 years old and a senior at Montclair College Preparatory School . Anderson called his friend Michael Stein , telling him to come over for a production meeting , and told Stein his idea : `` John Holmes '' . Stein loved the idea and was cast to play the role of Dirk Diggler ; he selected his own wardrobe . Stein showed Anderson some video of his friend Eddie Dalcour , who was a professional body builder , which Anderson loved and cast him in the role of Reed Rothchild . Anderson 's father , Ernie Anderson , narrated the film and Robert Ridgely , a friend of Anderson 's father , played the role of Jack Horner . The film was shot in 1987 using a video camera and steadicam provided by Anderson 's father ( Ernie `` Ghoulardi '' Anderson ) . Some scenes were shot at a motel . Anderson raised money for the film by cleaning cages in a pet store . Being influenced by This is Spinal Tap at the time , he decided to do a mockumentary and used the John Holmes documentary , Exhausted , as a model for the film , even taking some dialogue almost word - for - word . Anderson worked from a shot list and wanted the actors to be serious since the characters took their work seriously . Anderson edited the film using two VCRs . According to Anderson , the film drew admiring laughs when it was shown at a University of Southern California film festival . Boogie Nights ( edit ) The Dirk Diggler Story was expanded into Anderson 's 1997 breakout film Boogie Nights with a number of scenes appearing almost verbatim in both films . Two actors had roles in both films ; in Boogie Nights , Robert Ridgely played The Colonel , a pornography financier , and Michael Stein had a cameo appearance as a stereo store customer . The main differences between The Dirk Diggler Story and Boogie Nights are the mockumentary versus narratives styles in the former and latter films , respectively ; Diggler 's stint in gay porn in the first film versus his prostitution in the second ; and Diggler 's dying from an overdose in the first film versus his happy return to his former roles and lifestyle in the second . See also ( edit ) Boogie Nights References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rochlin , Margy ( October 12 , 1997 ) . `` FILM ; The Innocent Approach to an Adult Opus '' . NYTimes.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Minor Works of Paul Thomas Anderson '' . Slate . Graham Holdings Company . September 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2014 . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McKenna , Kristine ( October 12 , 1997 ) . `` Knows It When He Sees It '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript : Paul Thomas Anderson 12 / 16 / 99 '' . Time.com . Time Inc . December 16 , 1999 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Richardson , John H. ( September 22 , 2008 ) . `` The Secret History of Paul Thomas Anderson '' . Esquire.com . Hearst Communications , Inc . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( October 19 , 1997 ) . `` Director 's talent makes ' Boogie ' fever infectious '' . rogerebert.com . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Emma ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` The Short that became Boogie Nights '' . Virgin Media Shorts . Virgin Media . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Waxman , Sharon R. ( 2005 ) . Rebels on the backlot : six maverick directors and how they conquered the Hollywood studio system . HarperCollins . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 054017 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Hirshberg , Lynn ( December 19 , 1999 ) . `` His Way '' . NYTimes.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Mottram , James ( 2006 ) . The Sundance Kids : how the mavericks took back Hollywood . NY : Faber & Faber , Inc. p. 129 . ISBN 9780865479678 . External links ( edit ) The Dirk Diggler Story on IMDb ( hide ) Films directed by Paul Thomas Anderson Feature films Hard Eight ( 1996 ) Boogie Nights ( 1997 ) Magnolia ( 1999 ) Punch - Drunk Love ( 2002 ) There Will Be Blood ( 2007 ) The Master ( 2012 ) Inherent Vice ( 2014 ) Phantom Thread ( 2017 ) Short films The Dirk Diggler Story ( 1988 ) Cigarettes & Coffee ( 1993 ) Documentaries Junun ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dirk_Diggler_Story&oldid=795999715 '' Categories : 1988 films English - language films Films directed by Paul Thomas Anderson Mockumentary films American films American short films Films set in the 1980s Films about pornography Directorial debut films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2017 , at 20 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the character dirk diggler based on | [
"The Dirk Diggler Story is a 1988 mockumentary short film written and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson. It follows the rise and fall of Dirk Diggler, a well-endowed male porn star. The character was modeled on American porn actor John Holmes. The film was later expanded into Anderson's successful 1997 breakout film Boogie Nights."
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"American porn actor John Holmes"
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-7498808518194805831 | Pulmonary circulation | Pulmonary circulation - wikipedia Pulmonary circulation Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pulmonary circulation Human pulmonary circulation . Oxygen - rich blood is shown in red ; oxygen - depleted blood in blue Pulmonary circulation in the heart Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The pulmonary circulation is the portion of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle of the heart , to the lungs , and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart . The term pulmonary circulation is readily paired and contrasted with the systemic circulation . The vessels of the pulmonary circulation are the pulmonary arteries and the pulmonary veins . A separate system known as the bronchial circulation supplies oxygenated blood to the tissue of the larger airways of the lung . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route 1.1 Arteries 1.2 Lungs 1.3 Veins 1.4 Arteries 2 History 3 Embryonic 4 See also 5 External links 6 References Route ( edit ) 3D rendering of a high resolution computed tomography of the thorax . The anterior thoracic wall , the airways and the pulmonary vessels anterior to the root of the lung have been digitally removed in order to visualize the different levels of the pulmonary circulation . Image showing main pulmonary artery coursing ventrally to the aortic root and trachea , and the right pulmonary artery passes dorsally to the ascending aorta , while the left pulmonary artery passes ventrally to the descending aorta . Deoxygenated blood leaves the heart , goes to the lungs , and then re-enters the heart ; Deoxygenated blood leaves through the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery . From the right atrium , the blood is pumped through the tricuspid valve ( or right atrioventricular valve ) , into the right ventricle . Blood is then pumped from the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve and into the main pulmonary artery . Arteries ( edit ) Main article : Pulmonary artery From the right ventricle , blood is pumped through the semilunar pulmonary valve into the left and right main pulmonary arteries ( one for each lung ) , which branch into smaller pulmonary arteries that spread throughout the lungs . Lungs ( edit ) The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs , where carbon dioxide is released and oxygen is picked up during respiration . Arteries are further divided into very fine capillaries which are extremely thin - walled . The pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart . Veins ( edit ) Main article : Pulmonary vein The oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs through pulmonary veins , which return it to the left heart , completing the pulmonary cycle . This blood then enters the left atrium , which pumps it through the mitral valve into the left ventricle . From the left ventricle the blood passes through the aortic valve to the aorta . The blood is then distributed to the body through the systemic circulation before returning again to the pulmonary circulation . Arteries ( edit ) Main article : Pulmonary artery From the right ventricle , blood is pumped through the semilunar pulmonary valve into the left and right main pulmonary arteries ( one for each lung ) , which branch into smaller pulmonary arteries that spread throughout the lungs . History ( edit ) Pulmonary circulation was first described by the Arab physician Ibn al - Nafis in his Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna 's Canon ( 1242 ) . Ibn al - Nafis described pulmonary circulation as : `` the blood from the right chamber of the heart must arrive at the left chamber but there is no direct pathway between them . The thick septum of the heart is not perforated and does not have visible pores as some people thought or invisible pores as Galen thought . The blood from the right chamber must flow through the vena arteriosa ( pulmonary artery ) to the lungs , spread through its substances , be mingled there with air , pass through the arteria venosa ( pulmonary vein ) to reach the left chamber of the heart and there form the vital spirit ... '' It was later described by Michael Servetus in the `` Manuscript of Paris '' ( near 1546 , never published ) and later published in his Christianismi Restitutio ( 1553 ) . Since it was a theology work condemned by most of the Christian factions of his time , the discovery remained mostly unknown until the dissections of William Harvey in 1616 . In 1559 , Realdo Colombo explained the Pulmonary function . Prior to Colombo 's work , anatomists such as Galen and Vesalius examined blood vessels separately from the organs of the body . Colombo instead considered these vessels together with the organs they support , and from this was able to conceptualize the flow of blood to and from each organ , supporting his discovery of pulmonary transition of the blood . Colombo also viewed the lungs separately from the heart , and assigned it as having a special role in respiration . Embryonic ( edit ) The pulmonary circulation loop is virtually bypassed in fetal circulation . The fetal lungs are collapsed , and blood passes from the right atrium directly into the left atrium through the foramen ovale : an open conduit between the paired atria , or through the ductus arteriosus : a shunt between the pulmonary artery and the aorta . When the lungs expand at birth , the pulmonary pressure drops and blood is drawn from the right atrium into the right ventricle and through the pulmonary circuit . Over the course of several months , the foramen ovale closes , leaving a shallow depression known as the fossa ovalis . See also ( edit ) Underwater diving portal Pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary embolus Pulmonary shunt Cardiac shunt Vascular resistance External links ( edit ) Official Journal of the Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute Michael Servetus Research Study on the Manuscript of Paris with the description of the Pulmonary Circulation , and more works by Servetus . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pulmonary circulation . Jump up ^ Hine , Robert ( 2008 ) . A dictionary of biology ( 6th ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 540 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 920462 - 5 . Jump up ^ The Pursuit of Learning in the Islamic World , 610 - 2003 By Hunt Janin , Pg99 Jump up ^ Saints and saviours of Islam , By Hamid Naseem Rafiabadi , Pg295 Jump up ^ 2011 `` The love for truth . Life and work of Michael Servetus '' , ( El amor a la verdad . Vida y obra de Miguel Servet . ) , printed by Navarro y Navarro , Zaragoza , collaboration with the Government of Navarra , Department of Institutional Relations and Education of the Government of Navarra , 607 pp , 64 of them illustrations , p 215 - 228 & 62nd illustration ( XLVII ) Jump up ^ Cunningham , Andrew ( 1997 ) . The Anatomical Renaissance : The Resurrection of the Anatomical Projects of the Ancients . Scholar Press . p. 143 . ISBN 1 - 85928 - 338 - 1 . ( hide ) Respiratory physiology Respiration breath inhalation exhalation respiratory rate respirometer pulmonary surfactant compliance elastic recoil hysteresivity airway resistance bronchial hyperresponsiveness constriction dilatation mechanical ventilation Control pons pneumotaxic center apneustic center medulla dorsal respiratory group ventral respiratory group chemoreceptors central peripheral pulmonary stretch receptors Hering -- Breuer reflex Lung volumes VC FRC Vt dead space CC PEF calculations respiratory minute volume FEV1 / FVC ratio Lung function tests spirometry body plethysmography peak flow meter nitrogen washout Circulation pulmonary circulation hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction pulmonary shunt Interactions ventilation ( V ) Perfusion ( Q ) Ventilation / perfusion ratio V / Q scan zones of the lung gas exchange pulmonary gas pressures alveolar gas equation alveolar -- arterial gradient hemoglobin oxygen -- haemoglobin dissociation curve ( Oxygen saturation 2 , 3 - BPG Bohr effect Haldane effect ) carbonic anhydrase ( chloride shift ) oxyhemoglobin respiratory quotient arterial blood gas diffusion capacity ( DLCO ) Insufficiency high altitude oxygen toxicity hypoxia Diving medicine , physiology , physics and environment Diving medicine Injuries and disorders Pressure Oxygen Freediving blackout Hyperoxia Hypoxia ( medical ) Oxygen toxicity Inert gases Atrial septal defect Avascular necrosis Decompression sickness Dysbaric osteonecrosis High - pressure nervous syndrome Hydrogen narcosis Isobaric counterdiffusion Nitrogen narcosis Taravana Uncontrolled decompression Carbon dioxide Hypercapnia Hypocapnia Aerosinusitis Air embolism Alternobaric vertigo Barodontalgia Barostriction Barotrauma Compression arthralgia Decompression illness Dental barotrauma Dysbarism Ear clearing Frenzel maneuver Valsalva maneuver Immersion Asphyxia Drowning Hypothermia Immersion diuresis Instinctive drowning response Laryngospasm Salt water aspiration syndrome Swimming - induced pulmonary edema List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders Cramps Diving disorders Motion sickness Surfer 's ear Treatments Diving chamber Diving medicine Hyperbaric medicine Hyperbaric treatment schedules In - water recompression Oxygen therapy Fitness to dive Diving physiology Artificial gills ( human ) Blood -- air barrier Blood shift Breathing Circulatory system CO2 retention Cold shock response Dead space ( physiology ) Decompression ( diving ) Decompression theory Diving reflex Gas exchange History of decompression research and development Lipid Maximum operating depth Metabolism Normocapnia Oxygen window in diving decompression Perfusion Physiological response to water immersion Physiology of decompression Pulmonary circulation Respiratory exchange ratio Respiratory quotient Respiratory system Systemic circulation Tissue ( biology ) Diving physics Ambient pressure Amontons ' law Anti-fog Archimedes ' principle Atmospheric pressure Boyle 's law Breathing performance of regulators Buoyancy Charles 's law Combined gas law Dalton 's law Diffusion Force Gay - Lussac 's law Henry 's law Hydrophobe Hydrostatic pressure Ideal gas law Molecular diffusion Neutral buoyancy Oxygen fraction Partial pressure Permeation Pressure Psychrometric constant Snell 's law Solubility Solution Supersaturation Surface tension Surfactant Torricellian chamber Underwater vision Weight Diving environment Algal bloom Breaking wave Ocean current Current ( stream ) Ekman transport Halocline List of diving hazards and precautions Longshore drift Rip current Stratification Surf Surge ( wave action ) Thermocline Tides Turbidity Undertow ( water waves ) Upwelling Researchers in diving medicine and physiology Arthur J. Bachrach Albert R. Behnke Paul Bert George F. Bond Robert Boyle Albert A. Bühlmann John R Clarke William Paul Fife John Scott Haldane Robert William Hamilton Jr . Leonard Erskine Hill Brian Andrew Hills Felix Hoppe - Seyler Christian J. Lambertsen Simon Mitchell Charles Momsen John Rawlins R.N. Charles Wesley Shilling Edward D. Thalmann Jules Triger Diving medical research organisations Aerospace Medical Association Divers Alert Network ( DAN ) Diving Diseases Research Centre ( DDRC ) Diving Medical Advisory Council ( DMAC ) European Diving Technology Committee ( EDTC ) European Underwater and Baromedical Society ( EUBS ) National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine Rubicon Foundation South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society ( SPUMS ) Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association ( SAUHMA ) Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society ( UHMS ) United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit ( NEDU ) Categories : Diving medicine Underwater diving physiology Underwater diving physics Physical oceanography Glossary Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulmonary_circulation&oldid=815596430 '' Categories : Angiology Respiratory physiology Underwater diving physiology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Plattdüütsch Polski Português Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 20 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does blood leaving the left ventricle go | [
"The oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs through pulmonary veins, which return it to the left heart, completing the pulmonary cycle. This blood then enters the left atrium, which pumps it through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. From the left ventricle the blood passes through the aortic valve to the aorta. The blood is then distributed to the body through the systemic circulation before returning again to the pulmonary circulation."
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"passes through the aortic valve to the aorta"
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-749248121751574305 | 2003 Cricket World Cup Final | 2003 Cricket World Cup final - wikipedia 2003 Cricket World Cup final Jump to : navigation , search 2003 ICC Cricket World Cup Final Event 2003 ICC Cricket World Cup Australia India 359 / 2 234 50 overs 39.2 overs Date 23 March 2003 Venue Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg , South Africa Player of the Match Ricky Ponting Umpires Steve Bucknor and David Shepherd Attendance 31,779 ← 1999 2007 → The 2003 Cricket World Cup Final was a One Day International ( ODI ) match played between Australia and India on 23 March 2003 at the Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg , South Africa . It marked the culmination of the 2003 Cricket World Cup , the eighth edition of the tournament . It was the first time that these two teams had met at this stage of a World Cup . For defending champions Australia it was their fifth World Cup final , while for India it was the second after their 1983 victory . Australia won the match by 125 runs to claim the title for the third time . Both teams had progressed through three stages to reach the final . Australia was unbeaten thus far , while India had lost one game -- against Australia in the first stage . Australia -- led by Ricky Ponting -- entered the game as firm favourites . After winning the toss , India captain Sourav Ganguly decided to field first before a crowd of nearly 32,000 . The Australian opening pair , Adam Gilchrist and Matthew Hayden , added 105 runs in 14 overs . After their dismissals , Ponting ( 140 not out ) and Damien Martyn ( 88 not out ) were involved in a partnership of 234 runs , then an Australian record , and took the total to 359 runs at the end of the innings . Harbhajan Singh took both of the Australian wickets , conceding 49 runs . In response , India lost their key batsman , Sachin Tendulkar , at the start of the innings . Despite a brief interruption by rain after the 17th over , no time was lost from the game . Once play resumed , India lost wickets at regular intervals . Virender Sehwag top - scored for India with 82 runs , before the team were bowled out for 234 runs in the 40th over . For Australia , Glenn McGrath took three wickets for 52 runs , while Brett Lee and Andrew Symonds claimed two wickets each . Ponting was named man of the match for his 140 , and Tendulkar , the tournament 's leading run - scorer ( 673 runs ) , was awarded the man of the series . The final was Australia 's seventeenth successive ODI win , a record , and they were the first team to win three World Cups . Ganguly 's decision to bowl first in the match was criticised by journalists and former cricketers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Format 1.2 Squads 2 Route to the final 2.1 Group stage 2.2 Super Sixes 2.3 Semi-finals 3 Build up 4 Final 4.1 Summary 4.2 Scorecard 5 Aftermath 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Background ( edit ) Format ( edit ) See also : History of the Cricket World Cup The 2003 Cricket World Cup was the eighth World Cup , organised by the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) . The competition took place between 9 February and 23 March 2003 , lasting 43 days . Co-hosted by South Africa , Zimbabwe and Kenya , the tournament was the first World Cup to be played in Africa . There were 14 participating teams , the largest number in a World Cup until then . As well as the 10 Test - playing nations , four associate teams took part . Kenya , by virtue of its ODI status , automatically qualified for the tournament ; Canada , Namibia and Netherlands -- the top three teams of the 2001 ICC Trophy -- formed the rest . The structure of the tournament was similar to that of the 1999 World Cup . The 14 countries were separated into two groups of seven ; each team played the others in its group once . The most successful three from each group qualified for the Super Sixes stage , a format which was introduced in the 1999 tournament . Each qualifier carried forward their points from the first stage and played one game against each of the three teams from the other group . The top four teams from the Super Sixes qualified for the semi-finals , and the winners of those matches contested the final . A total of 54 matches were played in the tournament . The matches were played according to the standard rules of a One Day International ( ODI ) . Each side batted for a maximum of 50 overs , and fielding restrictions applied for the bowling side . For the first 15 overs only two fielders were allowed outside the infield , and for the rest of the innings four fielders ( including a bowler and the wicket - keeper ) had to be deployed in the infield . No player was allowed to bowl more than 10 overs in an innings . Squads ( edit ) Main article : 2003 Cricket World Cup squads The Australian Cricket Board announced their squad for the World Cup on 31 December 2002 , but several changes were made to the team before the tournament was completed . In January 2003 , Shane Watson was ruled out following a stress fracture and was replaced by Ian Harvey . A day before the tournament started , Australia 's key spinner Shane Warne was found guilty of using a prohibited diuretic drug during an ODI series held in Australia before the World Cup . He was sent home after he tested positive , and banned from playing for one year . Later , Australia 's fast bowler Jason Gillespie was ruled out from the tournament following a tendon injury . Warne and Gillespie were replaced by Nathan Hauritz ( on 24 February 2003 ) and Nathan Bracken ( on 5 March 2003 ) , respectively . An ongoing dispute between the Board for Control of Cricket in India ( BCCI ) and the Indian players over product endorsements ensured a delay in the announcement of a provisional squad for the World Cup . The BCCI announced the final selection of 15 members on 31 December 2002 . Sachin Tendulkar made into the final squad despite three ongoing injuries , including a major one on the ankle . Having won 15 out of their 18 ODIs leading up the start of the tournament , the defending champions Australia were deemed one of the favourites to reach the semi-finals . They had previously won the 1987 and 1999 tournaments . In contrast , some commentators considered it doubtful whether India would qualify for the Super Sixes stage . They had won the competition once , in 1983 , but had recently lost an ODI series against West Indies at home , and were defeated heavily in their tour of New Zealand . Route to the final ( edit ) Group stage ( edit ) Main article : 2003 Cricket World Cup group stage Australia and India were both in Pool A of the competition . Australia won all their matches in the group stage . Except for their win against England , when they recovered from 135 for 8 to reach the target of 205 runs , they won all their matches comfortably . India had a shaky start to the tournament . In their opening match against the Netherlands , they were bowled out for 204 runs . Although they won the game by 79 runs , the team was criticised for failing to bat out their 50 overs . After they were dismissed for 125 runs against Australia and lost the match by nine wickets , angry fans in India burned effigies of the players ; Mohammad Kaif 's house and Rahul Dravid 's car were vandalised . India won all the remaining games of the stage -- against Zimbabwe , Pakistan , Namibia and England . Australia , India and Zimbabwe finished the group as the top three teams and qualified for the Super Sixes from Pool A , while Pool B had Sri Lanka , Kenya and New Zealand progress for the next stage . Super Sixes ( edit ) In the first match of the Super Sixes against Sri Lanka , Australia made 319 runs for five wickets . The Australian captain Ricky Ponting and his deputy , Adam Gilchrist , scored 114 not out and 99 respectively . Sri Lanka in reply managed 223 runs in 47.4 overs . Aravinda de Silva top - scored with 92 while Brett Lee captured three wickets for Australia . In the next match against New Zealand , Shane Bond 's six wickets for 23 runs reduced Australia to 84 runs for seven wickets in 27 overs before Michael Bevan and Andrew Bichel took the total to 208 runs . Lee 's five wickets for 42 runs helped to bowl New Zealand out for 112 runs , their lowest total in World Cup . Australia won their final game by five wickets after bowling out Kenya for 174 runs . After losing the toss against Kenya in their first match , India were set a target of 226 runs . Despite an initial collapse , their captain Sourav Ganguly ( 107 not out ) and Yuvraj Singh ( 58 not out ) ensured India 's victory . In the next game against Sri Lanka , India made 292 runs ; Tendulkar ( 97 ) and Sehwag ( 66 ) top - scored for the team . Srinath took four wickets as Sri Lanka were bowled out for 109 , and India won the match by a margin of 183 runs . In their final match of the stage , India played New Zealand . Zaheer Khan returned career - best figures of four wickets for 42 runs , and New Zealand were dismissed for 146 runs . India lost three wickets for 21 runs , before Dravid , their vice-captain , and Kaif added 129 runs for the fourth wicket and ensured a seven - wicket win . The match marked the seventh consecutive victory for India in the tournament . Semi-finals ( edit ) The first semi-final was played between Australia and Sri Lanka on 18 March at St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth . Australia won the toss and opted to bat first . They managed 212 runs for the loss of 7 wickets at the end of 50 overs . Symonds top - scored for the team with 91 not out , while Chaminda Vaas picked up three wickets for Sri Lanka . With 213 runs needed for victory , Sri Lanka lost both the openers after which the play was interrupted by rain . The target was revised to 172 runs from 38.1 overs using the Duckworth -- Lewis method , a mathematical formulation used to calculate revised targets for teams batting second in case of matches being interrupted by bad weather or rain . Kumar Sangakkara and Vaas made 47 runs together for the eighth wicket , the highest partnership of the innings , but the team managed to score only 123 runs in the allotted overs . Australia progressed into the final as Sri Lanka fell 48 runs short of the target . The second semi-final was played between India and Kenya on 20 March 2003 at Kingsmead , Durban . Kenya became the first non-Test team to play a World Cup semi-final . India won the toss and made 270 runs for four wickets . Ganguly and Tendulkar made 111 not out and 83 respectively . In reply , Kenya were bowled out for 179 in 46.2 overs . Their captain Steve Tikolo top - scored with 56 runs , while Zaheer Khan took three wickets for 14 runs . Ganguly was adjudged the Man of the match . Build up ( edit ) Many journalists considered Australia , undefeated throughout the tournament , to be favourites in the final . The Indian industrialist Vijay Mallya organised special flights , including a few chartered ones , to transport film actors , politicians and businessmen to Johannesburg ; most of these people supported India . Some South African airlines also extended their support to India . The air tickets from Mumbai to Johannesburg were completely sold out immediately after India entered the Super Sixes stage . Although most journalists and analysts favoured Australia , former Pakistan captain Imran Khan believed India were favourites . Former Australia cricketer Greg Chappell complimented Brett Lee : he said , except for Lee , no Australian bowler was a serious threat to the Indian batsmen , and also remarked that the `` duel '' between Lee and Tendulkar would be crucial . On the eve of the match , which would be his 100th ODI as India 's captain , Ganguly issued a statement saying that his team were honoured to play the World Cup final . He cited India 's victories at the 1983 World Cup and the 1985 World Championship of Cricket as his inspirations . Although acknowledging Australia as the best side in the world , he stated that they were not `` unbeatable '' . Australia 's main concern was Tendulkar , the tournament 's top - scorer , of whom the Indian fans had high expectations . Ponting hinted about the possibility that his bowlers , Lee and Glenn McGrath , had `` special '' plans to restrict him . He also said that in crucial matches his team `` tries to reach another level '' . Before the match , the two teams had faced each other eight times in World Cups ; Australia had won six of them . In the 2003 tournament , Australia won all their matches to that point ; India 's only defeat came in the group stage against Australia . For all the Indian players it was their first World Cup final , whereas six of the Australians had appeared in at least one previous final . India 's Sachin Tendulkar was the tournament 's top - scorer with 673 runs . India captain Sourav Ganguly was the second - highest run scorer in the tournament . Australia captain Ricky Ponting scored 415 runs in the tournament . Australia 's Brett Lee was the tournament 's second - highest wicket taker . Andrew Symonds played two important innings , each against Pakistan and Sri Lanka , to lead Australia to victory . Final ( edit ) Summary ( edit ) The final was played on 23 March 2003 at the Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg . This was the fifth match to be played at the ground in the tournament . The match , watched by a crowd of 31,779 , began at 10 : 00 SAST . Simon Wilde , writing for the Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack , said the venue was one of the `` most bountiful '' grounds for batsmen . However , on that day the pitch was moist and the outfield was damp as a result of the thunderstorms the previous evening . A short shower that morning forced the ground staff to blow dry air over the pitch . The sky was overcast with a chance of further rainfall . For the umpires -- David Shepherd and Steve Bucknor -- it was their third World Cup Final . Rudi Koertzen and Billy Bowden were appointed as the third and fourth umpires , respectively . Former Sri Lankan cricketer Ranjan Madugalle served as the match referee . The Wanderers Stadium ( pictured in 2007 ) India remained unchanged from the side that played the semi-final , while Australia excluded Ian Harvey and brought back Damien Martyn into the side . Ganguly won the toss and elected to field first . Zaheer Khan opened the bowling for India along with Javagal Srinath . The Australian openers scored aggressively from the beginning of the innings as Khan conceded 15 runs in the first over . Gilchrist in particular hit both Khan and Srinath for many runs and reached his 50 from 40 balls . When Ganguly turned to his spin bowlers as early as the tenth over , Gilchrist slowed his scoring rate . In the fourteenth over , when Harbhajan Singh was brought back to bowl , Gilchrist ( 57 off 48 balls ) tried to hit him over the mid-wicket , but was beaten by the ball 's extra bounce and caught in the deep by Virender Sehwag . The pair had added 105 runs for the first wicket . Harbhajan struck again in the twentieth over when he dismissed Hayden ( 37 runs off 54 balls ) , leaving the score at 125 runs . After Hayden 's departure , Ponting was joined by Martyn , who completed his half - century in 46 balls . Ponting scored at a slower rate , reaching his 50 off 74 balls with one four . After completing his half century , he accelerated ; he hit two sixes off Harbhajan and one off Ashish Nehra . The pair added 100 runs off 109 balls for the third wicket . Ponting reached his century quickly -- his second fifty came off 29 balls . At the end of the innings , Australia had scored 359 runs for two wickets ; Ponting had scored 140 not out ( off 121 balls ; four fours and eight sixes ) and Martyn hit 88 not out ( off 84 balls ; seven fours and one six ) respectively . As of the 2015 competition , Ponting 's innings remains the highest individual score by a captain in a World Cup final , and Australia 's total remains the highest by a team in a World Cup final . The 234 - run stand between Ponting and Marytn was a record partnership for Australia in ODIs at that point in time . The Indian bowlers conceded 37 extras . Srinath conceded 87 runs without taking a wicket -- the most expensive figures in his career -- in what was his last international game . India came out to bat with Tendulkar and Sehwag . McGrath opened the bowling for Australia . Tendulkar hit a boundary off the fourth ball of the over but was dismissed off the next delivery . Ganguly joined Sehwag and the pair scored at a run - a-ball before the former was dismissed by Lee in the tenth over . Kaif , the next man , was dismissed in the same over with the score 59 runs for 3 wickets . Dravid and Sehwag scored steadily from then on until the seventeenth over , when rain interrupted play with the score at 103 runs . After play resumed , Ponting brought in Australia 's spinners , Brad Hogg and Darren Lehmann . Sehwag was more aggressive against both , hitting Lehmann for three consecutive fours and Hogg for a four and six ; Dravid played a secondary role to Sehwag , pushing often for singles . They were dismissed in quick succession after making 82 ( off 81 balls ) and 47 ( off 57 balls ) respectively . Following that , India began to lose wickets at regular intervals . Except for Yuvraj Singh ( 24 ) and Dinesh Mongia ( 12 ) , the rest of the players were out for single - digit scores . India were bowled out for 234 runs in 39.2 overs when Zaheer Khan was dismissed by McGrath . Australia won the match by 125 runs , the largest margin of victory by runs in a World Cup final . It was their second successive World Cup trophy and their third overall . Ponting was declared the Man of the match for his 140 not out . Scorecard ( edit ) 1st innings Australia batting Player Status Runs Balls 4s 6s Strike rate Adam Gilchrist c Sehwag b Harbhajan Singh 57 48 8 118.75 Matthew Hayden c Dravid b Harbhajan Singh 37 54 5 0 68.51 Ricky Ponting * not out 140 121 8 115.70 Damien Martyn not out 88 84 7 104.76 Darren Lehmann Michael Bevan Andrew Symonds Brad Hogg Andy Bichel Brett Lee Glenn McGrath Extras ( b 2 , lb 12 , w 16 , nb 7 ) 37 Total ( 2 wickets ; 50 overs ) 359 Fall of wickets : 1 -- 105 ( Gilchrist , 13.6 ov ) , 2 -- 125 ( Hayden , 19.5 ov ) India bowling Bowler Overs Maidens Runs Wickets Econ Zaheer Khan 7 0 67 0 9.57 Javagal Srinath 10 0 87 0 8.70 Ashish Nehra 10 0 57 0 5.70 Harbhajan Singh 8 0 49 6.12 Virender Sehwag 0 14 0 4.66 Sachin Tendulkar 0 20 0 6.66 Dinesh Mongia 7 0 39 0 5.57 Yuvraj Singh 0 12 0 6.00 2nd innings India batting Player Status Runs Balls 4s 6s Strike rate Sachin Tendulkar c & b McGrath 5 0 80.00 Virender Sehwag run out ( Lehmann ) 82 81 10 101.23 Sourav Ganguly * c Lehmann b Lee 24 25 96.00 Mohammad Kaif c Gilchrist b McGrath 0 0 0 0.00 Rahul Dravid b Bichel 47 57 0 82.45 Yuvraj Singh c Lee b Hogg 24 34 0 70.58 Dinesh Mongia c Martyn b Symonds 12 11 0 109.09 Harbhajan Singh c McGrath b Symonds 7 8 0 0 87.50 Zaheer Khan c Lehmann b McGrath 8 0 0 50.00 Javagal Srinath b Lee 0 0 25.00 Ashish Nehra not out 8 0 200.00 Extras ( b 4 , lb 4 , w 9 , nb 4 ) 21 Total ( all out ; 39.2 overs ) 234 Fall of wickets : 1 -- 4 ( Tendulkar , 0.5 ov ) , 2 -- 58 ( Ganguly , 9.5 ov ) , 3 -- 59 ( Kaif , 10.3 ov ) , 4 -- 147 ( Sehwag , 23.5 ov ) , 5 -- 187 ( Dravid , 31.5 ov ) , 6 -- 208 ( Yuvraj Singh , 34.5 ov ) , 7 -- 209 ( Mongia , 35.2 ov ) , 8 -- 223 ( Harbhajan Singh , 37.1 ov ) , 9 -- 226 ( Srinath , 38.2 ov ) , 10 -- 234 ( Khan , 39.2 ov ) Australia bowling Bowler Overs Maidens Runs Wickets Econ Glenn McGrath 8.2 0 52 6.24 Brett Lee 7 31 4.42 Brad Hogg 10 0 61 6.10 Darren Lehmann 0 18 0 9.00 Andy Bichel 10 0 57 5.70 Andrew Symonds 0 7 3.50 Match officials On - field umpires : Steve Bucknor ( West Indies ) and David Shepherd ( England ) Third umpire : Rudi Koertzen ( South Africa ) Match referee : Ranjan Madugalle ( Sri Lanka ) Reserve umpire : Billy Bowden ( New Zealand ) Key * -- Captain -- Wicket - keeper c Fielder -- Indicates that the batsman was dismissed by a catch by the named fielder b Bowler -- Indicates which bowler gains credit for the dismissal Aftermath ( edit ) Australia became the first team to win three World Cups , and registered a record 17 consecutive ODI wins . They also became the first team to win all the matches in a World Cup tournament . Writing for the Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack , Simon Wilde remarked that Australia would have beaten a Rest of the World XI had they been asked . At the post-match press conference , Ponting said the Indian players showed no signs of winning the match at any point in time . On Australia 's win he said , `` It 's not that we think we are ahead of the others . It 's just the way we play . '' Nevertheless , he complimented both teams by saying that India and Australia were the two best teams in the tournament , and said that the Indian players deserved to be in the final . Ganguly praised the Australian batsmen and said that they played like `` real champions '' . Ganguly 's decision to bowl first was criticised by the media : The New York Times , for instance , said it `` backfired horribly '' . Former Pakistan captain Imran Khan , while denouncing Ganguly 's decision , also criticised his idea of going into the match with an unchanged side . He stated that India should have played their leg spinner Anil Kumble as the ball was `` gripping ( in ) the surface '' . The journalist and former England cricketer Mike Selvey believed that Ganguly may have been influenced by the possibility of the Duckworth -- Lewis method affecting the result . Indian journalist Boria Majumdar in his book , Cricketing Cultures in Conflict ( 2004 ) , remarked about the possibility of Australia losing the rain - interrupted final , if the result were to be decided by this method . Ganguly defended his decision saying that the overcast conditions and moisture in the pitch meant it was favourable to the bowlers , but they failed to use it properly . Ponting said that he would have opted to bat first had they won the toss . His teammate Symonds , in an interview later , recalled that India 's decision to bowl first gave them an impression that they were not `` confident enough to take the fight '' . Australia were rewarded with prize money totaling US $2,000,000 , while India received $800,000 . Tendulkar 's aggregate of 673 runs in the tournament fetched him the Man of the series accolade . Ponting 's innings of 140 not out was placed among the best innings of the tournament by Rediff , and among the top 10 performances in a World Cup final by the ICC . Tendulkar and Hayden were included among the `` Highest impact World XI '' , a World Cup team released by the Wisden India owned website Impact Index , in February 2015 . Srinath , who was then India 's leading wicket - taker in ODIs , retired a few months after the competition . The match also marked the end of India coach John Wright 's contract . On his request the Board of Control for Cricket in India retained his position in which he continued to serve until 2005 . See also ( edit ) Cricket portal India at the Cricket World Cup List of Cricket World Cup finals Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : This figure is according to ESPNcricinfo . The Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack puts the number at 31,827 . Jump up ^ The maximum overs per side was reduced from 60 to 50 overs during the 1987 World Cup . Jump up ^ India 's winning streak included eight consecutive victories . Jump up ^ This was Australia 's highest total in ODIs at the time . Jump up ^ Ponting 's eight sixes in the innings were the most at the time by a batsman in a World Cup match . Jump up ^ As of January 2017 , this is the sixth - highest partnership for any wicket for Australia in ODIs . Jump up ^ Tendulkar 's aggregate is a record for any player in a single World Cup as of the 2015 tournament . 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Archived from the original on 27 March 2015 . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Austin , Charlie ( 18 March 2003 ) . `` March 18 , 2003 Australia wriggle free and march into World Cup final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 19 February 2015 . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A decade of Duckworth - Lewis '' . BBC . 1 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2016 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Semi-finals -- 2003 World Cup Australia v Sri Lanka '' . Wisden . reprinted by ESPNCricinfo . Archived from the original on 2 March 2015 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ICC releases India 's World Cup prize money '' . The Hindu . 17 May 2003 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2017 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` From Apartheid to world dominance '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 5 March 2015 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Vasu , Anand ( 20 March 2003 ) . `` India set up dream final after brushing Kenya aside '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 13 March 2015 . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Semi-finals -- 2003 World Cup India v Kenya '' . Archived from the original on 13 March 2015 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Laidlaw , Daniel ( 8 January 2003 ) . `` Aussies undoubtedly favourites '' . Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 30 December 2016 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Selvey , Mike ( 22 March 2003 ) . `` Tendulkar and the toss are key to India challenge '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 29 July 2016 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Majumdar 2004 , chpt . Notes to Epilogue . Jump up ^ Wadhwaney 2003 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Wadhwaney 2003 , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Wadhwaney 2003 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Wadhwaney 2003 , p. 247 . ^ Jump up to : Wadhwaney 2003 , p. 246 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph , Manu ( 31 March 2003 ) . `` In The Shadow Of The Superpower '' . Outlook . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics / Statsguru / One - Day Internationals / Team records '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 3 January 2017 . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Majumdar 2004 , chpt . Winning Australians . Jump up ^ `` The Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg / Records / One - Day Internationals / Matches '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 3 January 2017 . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Cup fixtures '' . Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 30 July 2016 . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Panicker , Prem ( 23 March 2003 ) . `` Australia crush India to win World Cup '' . Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 27 February 2015 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shep completes Cup hat - trick '' . BBC . 21 March 2003 . Archived from the original on 20 September 2016 . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Vasu , Anand ( 23 March 2003 ) . `` Australia rout India to win third World Cup '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 18 February 2015 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ponting leads another Australian juggernaut '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 8 February 2015 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . His belligerent innings left India hapless in the 2003 final Jump up ^ `` Ponting blazes Australia to World Cup glory '' . International Cricket Council . Archived from the original on 17 June 2015 . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Australia / One - Day Internationals / Highest partnerships by runs '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 4 April 2015 . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup final : Overy - by - over '' . BBC . 23 March 2003 . 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Jump up ^ Richards , Huw ( 24 March 2003 ) . `` Cricket World Cup : A monstrous challenge for India '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Imran hits out at India '' . BBC . 27 March 2003 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2015 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Selvey , Mike ( 24 March 2003 ) . `` Ponting power leads Australia to glory '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Majumdar 2004 , chpt . Controversy : On and off the field . Jump up ^ Deb , Sandipan ; Joseph , Manu ( 23 March 2003 ) . `` Nevermind , Saurav '' . Outlook . Archived from the original on 3 January 2017 . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : Andrew Symonds picks his top four teams in tournament '' . India Today . 19 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2015 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . 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Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Manak ( 24 March 2003 ) . `` Wright looks for longer term '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 29 March 2015 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Mcconnell , Lynn ( 3 July 2003 ) . `` Wright gets extended contract and bonus '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 5 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Vasu , Anand ( 20 May 2005 ) . `` Greg Chappell is India 's new coach '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 27 March 2015 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Sources ( edit ) Hadlee , Richard ( 2004 ) . Cricket : The Essentials of the Game . India Research Press . ISBN 978 - 81 - 87943 - 45 - 7 . Majumdar , Boria ( 2004 ) . Cricketing Cultures in Conflict : World Cup 2003 . Psychology Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 8407 - 9 . Pal , Suvam ( 2015 ) . The HarperCollins Book of World Cup Trivia . HarperCollins Publishers India . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5177 - 164 - 7 . Tendulkar , Sachin ; Majumdar , Boria ( 2014 ) . Playing It My Way : My Autobiography . Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4736 - 0519 - 0 . Wadhwaney , K.R. ( 2003 ) . Scandals , Controversies & World Cup - 2003 . Diamond Pocket Books ( P ) Ltd . ISBN 978 - 81 - 288 - 0366 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cricket World Cup 2003 . 2003 Cricket World Cup at BBC Cricket World Cup 2003 at ESPNcricinfo ( hide ) Cricket World Cup Tournaments England 1975 England 1979 England 1983 India / Pakistan 1987 Australia / New Zealand 1992 Pakistan / India / Sri Lanka 1996 England 1999 South Africa / Zimbabwe 2003 West Indies 2007 India / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh 2011 Australia / New Zealand 2015 England 2019 India 2023 TBA 2027 Finals 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Squads 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Statistics 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Qualification 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Awards Format History Hosts Qualification Records Centuries Five - wicket hauls Teams Trophy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2003_Cricket_World_Cup_Final&oldid=804885290 '' Categories : 2003 Cricket World Cup Cricket World Cup Finals Sports competitions in Johannesburg March 2003 sports events Hidden categories : Featured articles Use dmy dates from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français हिन्दी Italiano मराठी Nederlands Português தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 18 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the toss in 2003 world cup final | [
"Both teams had progressed through three stages to reach the final. Australia was unbeaten thus far, while India had lost one game—against Australia in the first stage. Australia—led by Ricky Ponting—entered the game as firm favourites. After winning the toss, India captain Sourav Ganguly decided to field first before a crowd of nearly 32,000. The Australian opening pair, Adam Gilchrist and Matthew Hayden, added 105 runs in 14 overs. After their dismissals, Ponting (140 not out) and Damien Martyn (88 not out) were involved in a partnership of 234 runs, then an Australian record, and took the total to 359 runs at the end of the innings. Harbhajan Singh took both of the Australian wickets, conceding 49 runs."
] | [
"India captain Sourav Ganguly"
] |
-5608991563048309254 | International Women's Day | International Women 's Day - wikipedia International Women 's Day Jump to : navigation , search International Women 's Day German poster for International Women 's Day , March 8 , 1914 This poster was banned in Germany . 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It is a focal point in the movement for women 's rights . After the Socialist Party of America organised a Women 's Day on February 28 , 1909 in New York , the 1910 International Socialist Woman 's Conference suggested a Women 's Day be held annually . After women gained suffrage in Soviet Russia in 1917 , March 8 became a national holiday there . The day was then predominantly celebrated by the socialist movement and communist countries until it was adopted in 1975 by the United Nations . Today , International Women 's Day is a public holiday in some countries and largely ignored elsewhere . In some places , it is a day of protest ; in others , it is a day that celebrates womanhood . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 IWD 2010 1.2 IWD 2011 1.3 IWD 2012 1.4 IWD 2013 1.5 IWD 2014 1.6 IWD 2015 1.7 IWD 2016 1.8 IWD 2017 1.9 IWD 2018 2 Around the world 3 Official UN themes 4 See also 4.1 Other holidays honoring women 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) Women 's demonstration for bread and peace - March the 8th , 1917 , Petrograd , Russia Clara Zetkin and Rosa Luxemburg in January 1910 The earliest Women 's Day observance , called `` National Woman 's Day , '' was held on February 28 , 1909 in New York , organized by the Socialist Party of America at the suggestion of Theresa Malkiel . Though there have been claims that the day was commemorating a protest by women garment workers in New York on March 8 , 1857 , researchers have described this as a myth . In August 1910 , an International Socialist Women 's Conference was organized to precede the general meeting of the Socialist Second International in Copenhagen , Denmark . Inspired in part by the American socialists , German Socialist Luise Zietz proposed the establishment of an annual Women 's Day and was seconded by fellow socialist and later communist leader Clara Zetkin , supported by Käte Duncker , although no date was specified at that conference . Delegates ( 100 women from 17 countries ) agreed with the idea as a strategy to promote equal rights including suffrage for women . The following year on March 19 , 1911 , IWD was marked for the first time , by over a million people in Austria , Denmark , Germany and Switzerland . In the Austro - Hungarian Empire alone , there were 300 demonstrations . In Vienna , women paraded on the Ringstrasse and carried banners honouring the martyrs of the Paris Commune . Women demanded that they be given the right to vote and to hold public office . They also protested against employment sex discrimination . The Americans continued to celebrate National Women 's Day on the last Sunday in February . Female members of the Australian Builders Labourers Federation march on International Women 's Day 1975 in Sydney In 1913 Russian women observed their first International Women 's Day on the last Saturday in February ( by the Julian calendar then used in Russia ) . In 1914 International Women 's Day was held on March 8 , possibly because that day was a Sunday , and now it is always held on March 8 in all countries . The 1914 observance of the Day in Germany was dedicated to women 's right to vote , which German women did not win until 1918 . In London there was a march from Bow to Trafalgar Square in support of women 's suffrage on March 8 , 1914 . Sylvia Pankhurst was arrested in front of Charing Cross station on her way to speak in Trafalgar Square . On March 8 , 1917 , on the Gregorian calendar , in the capital of the Russian Empire , Petrograd , women textile workers began a demonstration , covering the whole city . This marked the beginning of the Russian Revolution . Women in Saint Petersburg went on strike that day for `` Bread and Peace '' -- demanding the end of World War I , an end to Russian food shortages , and the end of czarism . Leon Trotsky wrote , `` 23 February ( 8th March ) was International Woman 's Day and meetings and actions were foreseen . But we did not imagine that this ' Women 's Day ' would inaugurate the revolution . Revolutionary actions were foreseen but without date . But in the morning , despite the orders to the contrary , textile workers left their work in several factories and sent delegates to ask for support of the strike ... which led to mass strike ... all went out into the streets . '' Seven days later , the Emperor of Russia , Nicholas II abdicated and the provisional Government granted women the right to vote . Following the October Revolution , the Bolshevik Alexandra Kollontai and Vladimir Lenin made it an official holiday in the Soviet Union , but it was a working day until 1965 . On May 8 , 1965 by the decree of the USSR Presidium of the Supreme Soviet International Women 's Day was declared a non-working day in the USSR `` in commemoration of the outstanding merits of Soviet women in communistic construction , in the defense of their Fatherland during the Great Patriotic War , in their heroism and selflessness at the front and in the rear , and also marking the great contribution of women to strengthening friendship between peoples , and the struggle for peace . But still , women 's day must be celebrated as are other holidays . '' From its official adoption in Soviet Russia following the Revolution in 1917 , the holiday was predominantly celebrated in communist countries and by the communist movement worldwide . It was celebrated by the communists in China from 1922 . After the founding of the People 's Republic of China on October 1 , 1949 the State Council proclaimed on December 23 that March 8 would be made an official holiday with women in China given a half - day off . Communist leader Dolores Ibárruri led a women 's march in Madrid in 1936 on the eve of the Spanish Civil War . The United Nations began celebrating International Women 's Day in the International Women 's Year , 1975 . In 1977 , the United Nations General Assembly invited member states to proclaim March 8 as the UN Day for women 's rights and world peace . IWD 2010 ( edit ) A U.S. servicemember dressed in a traditional Afghan dress during a celebration of International Women 's Day in Bagram Air Base , Afghanistan On the occasion of 2010 International Women 's Day the International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) drew attention to the hardships displaced women endure . The displacement of populations is one of the gravest consequences of today 's armed conflicts . It affects women in a host of ways . IWD 2011 ( edit ) Though the celebration in the West was low - key , events took place in more than 100 countries on March 8 , 2011 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of International Women 's Day . In the United States , President Barack Obama proclaimed March 2011 to be `` Women 's History Month '' , calling Americans to mark IWD by reflecting on `` the extraordinary accomplishments of women '' in shaping the country 's history . Secretary of State Hillary Clinton launched the `` 100 Women Initiative : Empowering Women and Girls through International Exchanges '' , on the eve of IWD . In the run - up to 2011 International Women 's Day , the Red Cross called on States and other entities not to relent in their efforts to prevent rape and other forms of sexual violence that harm the lives and dignity of countless women in conflict zones around the world every year . Australia issued an IWD 100th anniversary commemorative 20 - cent coin . In Egypt , however , the day was a step back for women . In Egypt 's Tahrir Square , hundreds of men came out not in support , but to harass the women who came out to stand up for their rights as the police and military stood by watching the events unfold in front of them , doing nothing to stop the crowds of men . `` The women -- some in headscarves and flowing robes , others in jeans -- had marched to Cairo 's central Tahrir Square to celebrate International Women 's Day . But crowds of men soon outnumbered them and chased them out '' , wrote Hadeel Al - Shalchi for The Associated Press ( AP ) . IWD 2012 ( edit ) The UN theme for International Women 's Day 2012 was Empower Rural Women -- End Hunger and Poverty . In that year , Oxfam America invited people to celebrate inspiring women in their lives by sending a free International Women 's Day e-Card or honoring a woman whose efforts had made a difference in the fight against hunger and poverty with Oxfam 's International Women 's Day award . On the occasion of International Women 's Day 2012 , the ICRC called for more action to help the mothers and wives of people who have gone missing during armed conflict . The vast majority of people who go missing in connection with conflict are men . As well as the anguish of not knowing what has happened to the missing husband or son , many of these women face economic and practical difficulties . The ICRC underlined the duty of parties to a conflict to search for the missing and provide information to the families . IWD 2013 ( edit ) The UN theme for International Women 's Day 2013 was `` A promise is a promise : Time for action to end violence against women '' , while International Women 's Day 2013 declared the year 's theme as The Gender Agenda : Gaining Momentum . The 2013 International Women 's Day , the International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) draw attention to the plight of women in prison . IWD 2014 ( edit ) The UN theme for International Women 's Day 2014 was `` Equality for Women is Progress for All '' . American singer Beyoncé also posted an International Women 's Day video to her YouTube account . Throughout the video , her song `` * * * Flawless '' plays , which includes a portion of the `` We Should All Be Feminists '' speech given by author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie . Beyoncé is a feminist . IWD 2015 ( edit ) Women on the street celebrating International Women 's Day in Cameroon The UN theme for International Women 's Day 2015 was `` Empowering Women , Empowering Humanity : Picture it ! '' . Governments and activists around the world will commemorate the 20th anniversary year of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action , an historic roadmap that sets the agenda for realizing women 's rights . IWD 2016 ( edit ) The International Women 's Day theme for 2016 was `` Planet 50 - 50 by 2030 : Step It Up for Gender Equality '' . The President of India , Shri Pranab Mukherjee , in his message issued on the eve of International Women 's Day said : `` On the occasion of International Womens Day , I extend warm greetings and good wishes to the women of India and thank them for their contributions over the years in the building of our nation . '' The ministry of women and child development announced the setting up of four more one - stop crisis centers on March 8 , in addition to the eight already functioning across the country . Ahead of Women 's Day , the national carrier Air India operated what it claimed to be the world 's longest non-stop flight where the entire flight operations were handled by women , as part of International Women 's Day celebrations . The flight , from Delhi to San Francisco , covered a distance of around 14,500 kilometers in around 17 hours . IWD 2017 ( edit ) The theme for International Women 's Day 2017 was `` Women in the Changing World of Work : Planet 50 - 50 by 2030 '' . In a message in support of International Women 's Day , the UN Secretary - General António Guterres commented on how women 's rights were being `` reduced , restricted and reversed '' . With men still in leadership positions and a widening economic gender gap , he called for change `` by empowering women at all levels , enabling their voices to be heard and giving them control over their own lives and over the future of our world '' . IWD 2018 ( edit ) The theme for International Women 's Day 2018 was'Time is Now : Rural and urban activists transforming women 's lives ' . Around the world ( edit ) Official holiday Holiday for women Non-official holiday Soviet poster : `` 8th of March is the day of rebellion of the working women against kitchen slavery . Down with the oppression and narrow - mindedness of household work ! '' The day is an official holiday in Afghanistan , Angola , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Burkina Faso , Cambodia , China ( for women only ) , Cuba , Georgia , Guinea - Bissau , Eritrea , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Laos , Madagascar ( for women only ) , Moldova , Mongolia , Nepal , Russia , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Uganda , Ukraine , Uzbekistan , Vietnam , and Zambia . In some countries , such as Cameroon , Croatia , Romania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria and Chile , the day is not a public holiday , but is widely observed nonetheless . On this day it is customary for men to give the women in their lives -- friends , mothers , wives , girlfriends , daughters , colleagues , etc. -- flowers and small gifts . In some countries ( such as Bulgaria and Romania ) it is also observed as an equivalent of Mother 's Day , where children also give small presents to their mothers and grandmothers . In Russia , the day has lost all political context through the time , becoming simply a day to honor women and feminine beauty . In the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic , huge Soviet - style celebrations were held annually . After the fall of Communism , the holiday , generally considered to be one of the major symbols of the old regime , fell into obscurity . International Women 's Day was re-established as an official `` important day '' by the Parliament of the Czech Republic in 2004 on the proposal of the Social Democrats and Communists . This has provoked some controversy as a large part of the public as well as the political right see the holiday as a relic of the nation 's Communist past . International Women 's Day sparked violence in Tehran , Iran on March 4 , 2007 , when police beat hundreds of men and women who were planning a rally . ( A previous rally for the occasion was held in Tehran in 2003 . ) Police arrested dozens of women and some were released after several days of solitary confinement and interrogation . Shadi Sadr , Mahbubeh Abbasgholizadeh and several more community activists were released on March 19 , 2007 , ending a fifteen - day hunger strike . Yellow mimosa is the symbol of IWD in Italy In Italy , to celebrate the day , men give yellow mimosas to women . Communist politician Teresa Mattei chose the mimosa in 1946 as the symbol of IWD in Italy because she felt that the French symbols of the day , violets and lily - of - the - valley , were too scarce and expensive to be used effectively in Italy . In the United States , actress and human rights activist Beata Pozniak worked with the Mayor of Los Angeles and the Governor of California to lobby members of the U.S. Congress to propose official recognition of the holiday . In February 1994 , H.J. Res. 316 was introduced by Rep. Maxine Waters , along with 79 cosponsors , in an attempt to officially recognize March 8 of that year as International Women 's Day . The bill was subsequently referred to , and remained in , the House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service . No vote of either house of Congress was achieved on this piece of legislation . Official UN themes ( edit ) Year UN Theme Celebrating the Past , Planning for the Future Women and the Peace Table 1998 Women and Human Rights 1999 World Free of Violence Against Women 2000 Women Uniting for Peace Women and Peace : Women Managing Conflicts 2002 Afghan Women Today : Realities and Opportunities 2003 Gender Equality and the Millennium Development Goals Women and HIV / AIDS 2005 Gender Equality Beyond 2005 ; Building a More Secure Future 2006 Women in Decision - making 2007 Ending Impunity for Violence Against Women and Girls 2008 Investing in Women and Girls 2009 Women and Men United to End Violence Against Women and Girls Equal Rights , Equal Opportunities : Progress for All 2011 Equal Access to Education , Training , and Science and Technology : Pathway to Decent Work for Women 2012 Empower Rural Women , End Poverty and Hunger 2013 A Promise is a Promise : Time for Action to End Violence Against Women 2014 Equality for Women is Progress for All 2015 Empowering Women , Empowering Humanity : Picture it ! 2016 Planet 50 - 50 by 2030 : Step It Up for Gender Equality 2017 Women in the Changing World of Work : Planet 50 - 50 by 2030 2018 Time is Now : Rural and urban activists transforming women 's lives See also ( edit ) Business and economics portal Holidays portal Human rights portal Feminism portal Socialism portal Soviet Union portal Communist Women 's International Day Without a Woman International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women International Day of the Girl Child International Men 's Day List of uprisings led by women Identity Politics UN Women Other holidays honoring women ( edit ) Susan B. Anthony Day ( February 15 ) Rosa Parks Day ( February 4 / December 1 ) National Girls and Women in Sports Day ( one day first week of February ) Harriet Tubman Day ( March 10 ) Kartini Day ( April 21 in Indonesia ) Helen Keller Day ( June 27 ) Women 's Equality Day ( August 26 ) Mother 's Day Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ English : `` Give Us Women 's Suffrage . Women 's Day , March 8 , 1914 . Until now , prejudice and reactionary attitudes have denied full civic rights to women , who as , mothers , and citizens wholly fulfill their duty , who must pay their taxes to the state as well as the municipality . Fighting for this natural human right must be the firm , unwavering intention of every woman , every female worker . In this , no pause for rest , no respite is allowed . Come all , you women and girls , to the 9th public women 's assembly on Sunday , March 8 , 1914 , at 3 pm . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Give Us Women 's Suffrage ( March 1914 ) '' . German History in Documents and Images . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frencia , Cintia ; Gaido , Daniel ( 8 March 2017 ) . `` The Socialist Origins of International Women 's Day '' . Jacobin . ^ Jump up to : `` UN WomenWatch : International Women 's Day -- '' . UN.org . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sindelar , Daisy . `` Women 's Day Largely Forgotten in West , Where It Got Its Start '' . Radio Free Europe . Radio Free Europe . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day History International Women 's Day The University of Chicago '' . iwd.uchicago.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` United Nations page on the background of the IWD '' . Un.org . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Sally M. ( December 1978 ) . `` From Sweatshop Worker to Labor Leader : Theresa Malkiel , A Case Study '' . American Jewish History . 68 ( 2 ) : 197 . JSTOR 23881894 . Jump up ^ Temma Kaplan , `` On the Socialist Origins of International Women 's Day '' , in : Feminist Studies , 11 , 1985 , S. 163 -- 171 . ( PDF Archived June 15 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ) Jump up ^ Liliane Kandel / Françoise Picq , `` Le Mythe des origines à propos de la journée internationale des femmes '' Archived September 27 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , in : La Revue d'en face , 12 , 1982 , S. 67 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Angela Howard Zophy , Handbook of American Women 's History , Garland , 1991 , 187 . Jump up ^ Rochelle Goldberg Ruthchild , `` From West to East : International Women 's Day , the First Decade '' , Aspasia : The International Yearbook of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern European Women 's and Gender History , vol. 6 ( 2012 ) : 1 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Temma Kaplan , `` On the Socialist Origins of International Women 's Day '' , Feminist Studies , 11 / 1 ( Spring , 1985 ) Jump up ^ `` History of International Women 's Day '' . United Nations . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About International Women 's Day '' . Internationalwomensday.com . March 8 , 1917 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 8th of March -- International woman 's day : in search of lost memory '' . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2011 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's Suffrage '' . Inter-Parliamentary Union . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suffragist Disorders '' . The Times . March 9 , 1914 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` February Revolution '' . RIA Novosti . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anniversaries of important events '' . China Factfile . Chinese Government . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` Women and displacement : strength in adversity '' . International Committee of the Red Cross . March 2 , 2010 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pasha , Masroor Afzal . `` To commemorate 100th International Women 's Day '' . Daily Times . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McKellogg , JulieAnn . `` Clinton Launches 100th Anniversary of International Women 's Day '' . VOA News . voanews.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day : the fight against sexual violence must not falter '' . Icrc.org . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Al - Shalchi , Hadeel ( March 8 , 2011 ) . `` Egyptian women 's rights protest marred by hecklers '' . The Washington Post . AP . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UN WomenWatch : International Women 's Day 2012 -- UN Observances Worldwide '' . Un.org . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day Celebration '' . Actfast.oxfamamerica.org . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Helping women take matters into their own hands International Committee of the Red Cross Jump up ^ `` UN WomenWatch : International Women 's Day 2014 '' . Un.org . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` INTERNATIONAL WOMEN 'S DAY 2013 Theme : The Gender Agenda -- Gaining Momentum '' . Aurora Ventures . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The forgotten plight of women behind bars '' . ICRC . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day UN Women -- Headquarters '' . UN Women . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ -- 19 : 00 . `` International Women 's Day conference '' . Unesco - Ihe . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eliana Dockterman . `` Beyoncé : Lessons in Modern Feminism '' . TIME.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day UN Women -- Headquarters '' . UN Women . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Beijing Platform for Action , inspiration then and now Beijing + 20 campaign '' . UN Women . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day 2016 '' . UN Women . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` President of Indias message on the eve of International Womens Day '' . business-standard.com . Delhi . March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's Day gift : Govt to come with 4 one - stop crisis centres '' . The Times of India . March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ PTI ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Ahead of Women 's Day , Air India operates ' world 's longest all - women flight ' '' . The Indian Express . Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day 2017 '' . UN Women . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UN Secretary - General 's Message for International Women 's Day '' . UN. 6 March 2017 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day 2018 '' . unwomen.org . UN Women . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Saul , Heather ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` International Women 's Day around the world : from sex worker strikes to women - only public holidays '' . News The Essential Daily Briefing . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Armenian Holidays -- ARMENIA Information '' . Armeniainfo.am . July 5 , 1995 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Azerbaijan.msntour.az Archived September 12 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Public Holidays in Azerbaijan -- International Women 's Day '' . advantour.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) President 's decree on public holidays in Belarus -- 1998 Jump up ^ Coordination Team ( May 22 , 2011 ) . `` Taking International Women 's Day Seriously in Burkina Faso '' . capacity4dev.ec.europa.eu . Development and Cooperation -- EuropeAid . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Cambodia Public Holiday -- Cambodia e-Visa Blog '' . Cambodiaevisa.com . August 4 , 2007 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Public holidays in the People 's Republic of China '' . Sg2.mofcom.gov.cn . January 9 , 2008 . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Cuba '' . Cubaminrex.cu . March 8 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` დღესასწაულები '' . Embassy.mfa.gov.ge . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Holidays and weekends in the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2014 year '' . E.gov.kz . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kyrgyz and American Holidays ( In Russian ) '' . U.S. Embassy Bishkek . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2012 . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lao Cultural Events / Public Holidays '' . laoyp.com . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2008 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Madagascar 2009 Public Holidays '' . Qppstudio.net . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( in Romanian ) Article 111 ( 1c ) of the work codex of Moldova , PDF , page 53 `` Article 111 . Non-working holidays . ( 1 ) in Moldova , non-working holidays , maintaining the average salary , are : ( ... ) c ) March 8 -- International Women 's Day ; ( ... ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Mongolia Web News '' . Mongolia-web.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Women Demand Equal Rights In Kyiv March , RFE / RL ( March 08 , 2018 ) Jump up ^ `` National Holidays ( In Russian ) '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hanoi streets jammed on Int'l Day for Women Vietnam News & Information Portal '' . En.www.info.vn . March 9 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2011 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Zambia 2009 Public Holidays '' . Qppstudio.net . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` QPPstudio.net '' . QPPstudio.net . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( in Croatian ) Zakon o blagdanima , spomendanima i neradnim danima u Republici Hrvatskoj ^ Jump up to : `` Ziua Internațională a Femeii . De 8 martie Google posteaza un desen pentru acest eveniment '' . Agentia.org . November 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2011 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Žene su heroji ovog društva ( in Bosnian ) '' . Oslobodjenje . March 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgarian national radio '' . Bulgarian national radio . Jump up ^ `` Días Nacionales en Chile ( in Spanish ) '' . feriadoschilenos.cl . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Сергей Гуриев. ( in Russian ) In defense of 8 March / / Forbes , 03.03. 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Karen Kapusta ‐ Pofahl . `` Reinstating International Women 's Day in the Czech Republic : Feminism , Politics and the Specter of Communism '' . Washburn University . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Iranian Women Rally to Demand Equal Social , Political Rights '' Index - Journal ( March 9 , 2003 ) : 9 . via Newspapers.com Jump up ^ Harrison , Frances ( March 8 , 2007 ) . `` Middle East Iranian women struggle for equality '' . BBC News . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Iran : Release Women 's Rights Advocates Human Rights Watch '' . Hrw.org . March 8 , 2007 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` la Repubblica / societa : 8 marzo , niente manifestazione tante feste diverse per le donne '' . Repubblica.it . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` politica '' Festa della donna , parla Ciampi `` La parità è ancora lontana '' `` . Repubblica.it . March 8 , 2006 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pirro , Dierdre ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` Teresa Mattei , Flower power '' . The Florentine . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Summary & Status 103rd Congress ( 1993 -- 1994 ) H.J. RES. 316 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WomenWatch : International Women 's Day '' . Un.org . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) `` The socialist roots of International Women 's Day '' . Al Jazeera America . March 7 , 2015 Rochelle Goldberg Ruthchild , `` From West to East : International Women 's Day , the First Decade '' , Aspasia : The International Yearbook of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern European Women 's and Gender History , vol. 6 ( 2012 ) : 1 - 24 . 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See also : Lists of holidays . Public holidays in Russia New Year 's Day ( 1 Jan ) Christmas ( 7 Jan ) Defender of the Fatherland Day ( 23 Feb ) International Women 's Day ( 8 Mar ) International Workers ' Day ( 1 May ) Victory Day ( 9 May ) Russia Day ( 12 Jun ) Unity Day ( 4 Nov ) Public holidays in Ukraine New Year 's Day ( 1 Jan ) ( Julian ) Christmas ( 7 Jan ) International Women 's Day ( 8 Mar ) Orthodox Easter ( moveable ) Orthodox Pentecost ( moveable ) Labour Day ( 1 May ) Victory Day over Nazism ( 9 May ) Constitution Day ( 28 June ) Independence Day ( 24 Aug ) Defender of Ukraine Day ( 14 Oct ) ( Gregorian and Revised Julian ) Christmas ( 25 Dec ) Suffrage Basic topics Universal suffrage Women Black Youth Resident foreigners Expatriates in country of origin Voting age Demeny voting Suffragette Compulsory voting Disfranchisement Women 's liberation movement By country Australia 1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act aboriginal women Japan Hong Kong Kuwait New Zealand Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom women Wales laws 1832 1918 1928 United States women Native Americans foreigners District of Columbia Puerto Rico amendments 15th 19th 23rd 24th 26th 1965 Voting Rights Act Events International Woman Suffrage Alliance conferences 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 1 July marches 2014 protests UK Mud March ( 1907 ) Women 's Sunday ( 1908 ) Black Friday ( 1910 ) Great Pilgrimage ( 1913 ) Open Christmas Letter U.S. Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments Rochester Convention Ohio Women 's Convention National Women 's Rights Convention Suffrage Hikes 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession Silent Sentinels Night of Terror `` Give Us the Ballot '' Selma to Montgomery marches Related Age of candidacy US Voting Rights Museum Umbrella Movement Women Suffragists Timeline of women 's suffrage US in majority - Muslim countries Women 's suffrage organizations and publications Women 's rights activists Suffragette Memorial Pankhurst Centre Pankhurst Memorial Belmont - Paul Monument International Women 's Day Susan B. Anthony Day Women 's Equality Day Eagle House Justice Bell 1920 US presidential election Leser v. Garnett Popular culture `` The March of the Women '' ( 1910 song ) The Mother of Us All ( 1947 opera ) `` Sister Suffragette '' ( 1964 song ) Shoulder to Shoulder ( 1974 series ) Not for Ourselves Alone ( 1999 documentary ) Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 film ) Great Petition ( 2008 sculpture ) Selma ( 2014 film ) Suffragette ( 2015 film ) Susan B. Anthony dollar 2020 US ten - dollar bill GND : 4027395 - 7 LCCN : sh95006691 VIAF : 150612508 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Women%27s_Day&oldid=840128768 '' Categories : Civil awareness days Feminism March observances Public holidays in North Korea Public holidays in Russia Public holidays in the Soviet Union Public holidays in Ukraine Recurring events established in 1909 Women in history Public holidays in Kazakhstan Women 's events United Nations days 1909 establishments in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles with Russian - language external links Articles with Romanian - language external links Articles with Croatian - language external links Use mdy dates from March 2016 Infobox holiday fixed day Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego گیلکی ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 Zazaki 中文 95 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 May 2018 , at 22 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the first women’s day organized in 1909 | [
"After the Socialist Party of America organised a Women's Day on February 28, 1909 in New York, the 1910 International Socialist Woman's Conference suggested a Women's Day be held annually. After women gained suffrage in Soviet Russia in 1917, March 8 became a national holiday there. The day was then predominantly celebrated by the socialist movement and communist countries until it was adopted in 1975 by the United Nations."
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"New York"
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6729242865509391554 | Cheesesteak | Cheesesteak - wikipedia Cheesesteak Cheesesteak A cheesesteak sandwich Alternative names Philadelphia cheesesteak , Philly cheesesteak Course Main course Place of origin United States Region or state Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Created by Pat & Harry Olivieri Serving temperature Hot Main ingredients Sliced steak , cheese , bread Variations Multiple Food energy ( per serving ) 759 kcal ( 3178 kJ ) Cookbook : Cheesesteak Media : Cheesesteak Part of a series on Steak Main articles ( show ) Steak Beefsteak Fish steak Pork steak List of steak dishes Steakhouse Steak dishes ( show ) Asado Beef Manhattan Beef Wellington Boiled beef Bulgogi Carpetbag steak Carne asada Chateaubriand steak Cheesesteak Chicken fried steak Bistek Tagalog Bollito Misto Delmonico steak Fajita Finger steaks Hamburg steak London broil Mongolian beef Pepper steak Pot roast Prawn cocktail , steak and Black Forest gateau Roast beef Italian beef Salisbury steak Sha cha beef Shawarma Standing rib roast Steak and eggs Steak and kidney pie Steak and kidney pudding Steak and oyster pie Steak au poivre Steak burger Steak de Burgo Steak Diane Steak frites Steak sandwich Steak tartare Suadero Surf and turf Swiss steak Cuts ( show ) Cuts of beef Forequarter cuts Hindquarter cuts Preparation ( show ) Barbecue Braising Meat chop Curing ( food preservation ) Frying Aging Marination Pickling Poaching ( cooking ) Roasting Salt - cured meat Smoked Related topics ( show ) List of beef dishes Meat on the bone Restructured steak Steak knife Steak sauce A cheesesteak , also known as a Philadelphia cheesesteak , Philly cheesesteak , cheesesteak sandwich , cheese steak , or steak and cheese , is a sandwich made from thinly sliced pieces of beefsteak and melted cheese in a long hoagie roll . A popular regional fast food , it has its roots in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States . Contents 1 History 2 Description 2.1 Meat 2.2 Bread 2.3 Cheese 3 Variations 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The cheesesteak was developed in the early 20th century `` by combining frizzled beef , onions , and cheese in a small loaf of bread '' , according to a 1987 exhibition catalog published by the Library Company of Philadelphia and the Historical Society of Pennsylvania . Philadelphians Pat and Harry Olivieri are often credited with inventing the sandwich by serving chopped steak on an Italian roll in the early 1930s . The exact story behind its creation is debated , but in some accounts , Pat and Harry Olivieri originally owned a hot dog stand , and on one occasion , decided to make a new sandwich using chopped beef and grilled onions . While Pat was eating the sandwich , a cab driver stopped by and was interested in it , so he requested one for himself . After eating it , the cab driver suggested that Olivieri quit making hot dogs and instead focus on the new sandwich . They began selling this variation of steak sandwiches at their hot dog stand near South Philadelphia 's Italian Market . They became so popular that Pat opened up his own restaurant which still operates today as Pat 's King of Steaks . The sandwich was originally prepared without cheese ; Olivieri said provolone cheese was first added by Joe `` Cocky Joe '' Lorenza , a manager at the Ridge Avenue location . Cheesesteaks have become popular at restaurants and food carts throughout the city with many locations being independently owned , family - run businesses . Variations of cheesesteaks are now common in several fast food chains . Versions of the sandwich can also be found at high - end restaurants . Many establishments outside of Philadelphia refer to the sandwich as a `` Philly cheesesteak . '' Description ( edit ) Meat ( edit ) The meat traditionally used is thinly sliced rib - eye or top round , although other cuts of beef are also used . On a lightly oiled griddle at medium temperature , the steak slices are quickly browned and then scrambled into smaller pieces with a flat spatula . Slices of cheese are then placed over the meat , letting it melt , and then the roll is placed on top of the cheese . The mixture is then scooped up with a spatula and pressed into the roll , which is then cut in half . Common additions include sautéed onions , bell peppers , mushrooms , ketchup , hot sauce , salt , and pepper . Bread ( edit ) In Philadelphia , most cheesesteak places use Amoroso rolls ; these rolls are long , soft , and slightly salted . One source writes that `` a proper cheesesteak consists of provolone or Cheez Whiz slathered on an Amoroso roll and stuffed with thinly shaved grilled meat , '' while a reader 's letter to an Indianapolis magazine , lamenting the unavailability of good cheesesteaks , wrote that `` the mention of the Amoroso roll brought tears to my eyes . '' After commenting on the debates over types of cheese and `` chopped steak or sliced , '' Risk and Insurance magazine declared `` The only thing nearly everybody can agree on is that it all has to be piled onto a fresh , locally baked Amoroso roll . '' Cheese ( edit ) A cheesesteak from Pat 's with Cheez Whiz and onions American cheese , Cheez Whiz , and provolone are the most commonly used cheeses or cheese products put on to the Philly cheesesteak . White American cheese , along with provolone cheese , are the favorites due to their mild flavor and medium consistency . Some establishments melt the American cheese to achieve the creamy consistency , while others place slices over the meat , letting them melt slightly under the heat . Philadelphia Inquirer restaurant critic Craig LaBan says `` Provolone is for aficionados , extra-sharp for the most discriminating among them . '' Geno 's owner , Joey Vento , said , `` We always recommend the provolone . That 's the real cheese . '' Cheez Whiz , first marketed in 1952 , was not yet available for the original 1930 version , but has spread in popularity . A 1986 New York Times article called Cheez Whiz `` the sine qua non of cheesesteak connoisseurs . '' In a 1985 interview , Pat Olivieri 's nephew Frank Olivieri said that he uses `` the processed cheese spread familiar to millions of parents who prize speed and ease in fixing the children 's lunch for the same reason , because it is fast . '' Cheez Whiz is `` overwhelmingly the favorite '' at Pat 's , outselling runner - up American by a ratio of eight or ten to one , while Geno 's claims to go through eight to ten cases of Cheez Whiz a day . In 2003 , while running for President of the United States , John Kerry made what was considered a major faux pas when campaigning in Philadelphia and went to Pat 's King of Steaks and ordered a cheesesteak with Swiss . Variations ( edit ) A chicken cheesesteak is made with chicken instead of beef , sometimes referred to as a chicken Philly A pizza steak is a cheesesteak topped with marinara sauce and mozzarella cheese and may be toasted in a broiler A cheesesteak hoagie contains lettuce and tomato in addition to the ingredients found in the traditional steak sandwich , and may contain other elements often served in a hoagie . A vegan cheesesteak is a sandwich that replaces steak and cheese with vegan ingredients , such as seitan or mushrooms for the steak , and soy - based cheese . See also ( edit ) Food portal Philadelphia portal Hoagie Italian beef Barros Luco List of American sandwiches List of regional dishes of the United States List of sandwiches List of steak dishes Roast beef sandwich Steak sandwich References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pham , K. ; Shen , P. ; Phillips , T. ( 2014 ) . Food Truck Road Trip -- A Cookbook : More Than 100 Recipes Collected from the Best Street Food Vendors Coast to Coast . Page Street Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62414 - 087 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fodor 's Travel Publications , I. ; Jabado , S.C. ( 2010 ) . Fodor 's 2010 Philadelphia & the Pennsylvania Dutch Country . Fodor 's Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Dutch Country . Fodor 's Travel Pub . p. 120 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 0877 - 3 . Jump up ^ Greater Philadelphia Tourism Marketing Corporation ( 21 November 2008 ) . `` Philadelphia -- African American Visitor 's Guide and its suburbs '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Hines , Mary Anne ; Marshall , Gordon ; Weaver , William Woys ( 1987 ) . The Larder Invaded . The Library Company of Philadelphia and the Historical Society of Pennsylvania . ISBN 0 - 914076 - 70 - 1 . Jump up ^ Stuhldreher , Katie . `` Rick 's Steaks takes Reading Terminal Market dispute to court '' . Philly.com . Philly Online , LLC . Archived from the original on 24 January 2008 . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew F. Smith , ed. ( 2007 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink . Oxford University Press . p. 451 . ISBN 0195307968 . Jump up ^ Stuhldreher , Katie ( 30 July 2007 ) . `` Rick 's Steaks takes Reading Terminal Market dispute to court '' . philly.com . Archived from the original on 24 January 2008 . Retrieved 30 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Ivory , Karen ( 2011 ) . Philadelphia Icons : 50 Classic Views of the City of Brotherly Love . Globe Pequot . p. 18 . ISBN 0762767650 . Jump up ^ Epting , Chris ( 2009 ) . The Birthplace Book : A Guide to Birth Sites of Famous People , Places , & Things . Stackpole Books . ISBN 0811740188 . Jump up ^ Fiorillo , Victor ( 15 December 2008 ) . `` The Cheesesteak Cometh '' . Philadelphia Magazine . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Brookes , Karin ; et al. ( 2005 ) . Zoë Ross , ed . Insight Guides : Philadelphia and Surroundings ( Second ( Updated ) ed . ) . APA Publications . ISBN 1 - 58573 - 026 - 2 . Jump up ^ Price , Betsy ( 10 July 2009 ) . `` Tour de cheesesteak '' . The News Journal . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved 12 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Hein , Kenneth ( 22 January 2009 ) . `` Domino 's , Subway Battle Heats Up '' . Brandweek . Retrieved 12 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Rachel ( 11 April 2004 ) . `` Cheesesteak raises eyebrows and drains wallets '' . The Daily Pennsylvanian . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Fischer , John . `` How To Make a Philly Cheese Steak '' . About.com . Retrieved 17 December 2008 . Jump up ^ How to Make a Philly Cheesesteak . about.com . Event occurs at 2 : 10 . Retrieved 7 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Hodgman , John ( May 2002 ) . `` Philly Mignon '' . Men 's Journal . Amoroso Baking Company . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Fekete , Jeffery ( 2009 ) . Making the Big Game . Mill City Press . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 935097 - 32 - 7 . Jump up ^ Powell , Warren ( December 2000 ) . `` Beef Eaters '' . Indianapolis Magazine . p. 17 . ISSN 0899 - 0328 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Michelle ( April 2005 ) . `` Hungry for a taste of Philly ? '' . Risk and Insurance . 16 ( 4 ) . p. 20 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Mucha , Peter . ( 23 May 2008 ) . `` Whiz on a cheesesteak : Hit or myth ? '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved 22 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Hevesi , Dennis ( 9 June 2007 ) . `` Edwin Traisman , 91 , Dies ; Helped Create Iconic Foods '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cheese Steak : An Original '' . The New York Times . 21 May 1986 . p . C6 . Retrieved 1 July 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Stevens , William K. ( 16 November 1985 ) . `` About Philadelphia : Where Cheesesteaks are King , One Family Has Assumed the Crown '' . The New York Times . p. 10 . Retrieved 1 July 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Kerry Eats a Cheesesteak Hoagie With Swiss '' . Philly.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Phillys Famous Cheesesteaks - Clearwater , FL '' . Phillys Famous Cheesesteaks . Jump up ^ `` Sonny 's Famous Steaks , Old City , Philadelphia '' . Sonny 's Famous Steaks . Jump up ^ `` Authentic Philly Cheesesteaks '' . Visit Philly . Jump up ^ `` Dinner on Deadline : Vegan version of the Philly Cheesesteak '' . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Best Vegan Cheesesteak in Philly contest '' . Jump up ^ `` Five Philadelphia restaurants serving great vegan cheesesteaks '' . Jump up ^ `` A guide to vegan cheesesteaks and scrambles in philadelphia '' . External links ( edit ) An Illustrated History of the Philadelphia Cheesesteak Beef and veal Production Argentine beef Beef cattle Cow - calf operation Feeder cattle Kobe beef Organic beef Products Cuts Blade steak Brisket Chateaubriand steak Chuck steak Fajita Filet mignon Flank steak Flap steak Hanger steak Plate Ranch steak Restructured steak Rib eye Rib steak Round Rump Short loin Short ribs Shoulder tender Sirloin Top sirloin Skirt steak Spare ribs Standing rib roast Strip Shank T - bone Tenderloin Tri-tip Trotters Tail Processed Jerky Aged Bresaola Cabeza Corned beef Frankfurter Rindswurst Ground Montreal smoked Pastrami Meat extract Offal Brain Heart Tongue Tendon Tripas Tripe Testicles Dishes Beefsteak List of steak dishes Blanquette de veau Beef Wellington Beef bourguignon Beef bun Beef Manhattan Beef noodle soup Beef on weck Beef Stroganoff Boiled beef Bulgogi Cachopo Calf 's liver and bacon Cheesesteak Chicken fried steak Cordon bleu Dendeng Feu French dip Ginger beef Galbi Gored gored Gyūdon Hamburg steak Hortobágyi palacsinta Iga penyet Italian beef Jellied veal Karađorđeva šnicla Kitfo London broil Mongolian beef Neobiani Ossobuco Pot roast Pozharsky cutlet P'tcha Ragout fin Rawon Rendang Roast beef Roast beef sandwich Salisbury steak Saltimbocca Sha cha beef Shooter 's sandwich Steak and kidney pudding Steak Diane Steak and eggs Steak and oyster pie Steak au poivre Tartare Tafelspitz Tongseng Veal Milanese Veal Orloff Veal Oscar Vitello tonnato Wallenbergare Related meats American bison Beefalo Water buffalo Żubroń Other Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Beef hormone controversy Beef ring Carcass grade Darkcutter Meat on the bone Ractopamine - Beef USA beef imports Japan Taiwan South Korea ( 2008 US beef protest in South Korea ) Cheesesteak Toppings Cheese Cheez Whiz American Provolone Fried onions Contributors Pat Olivieri Harry Olivieri Tony Luke Jr . Joey Vento Restaurants in Philadelphia Pat 's King of Steaks Geno 's Steaks Jim 's Steaks Tony Luke 's Steve 's Prince of Steaks John 's Roast Pork Dalessandro 's Steaks Joe 's Steaks Miscellaneous Steak sandwich Sandwiches List of sandwiches Afghani burger Bagel toast Bánh mì Bocadillo Breakfast Bacon , egg and cheese Bun kebab Cemita Chimichurris Chip butty Chocolate Chopped Cheese Chow mein Crisp Dagwood Doughwich Egg Fluffernutter Fool 's Gold Loaf Gatsby Guajolota Hamdog Ice cream Jam Mitraillette Mother - in - law Pambazo Peanut butter , banana and bacon Pistolette Pocket Sabich Sándwich de milanesa Sandwiches de miga Sincronizada Smørrebrød Spaghetti Spatlo Spiedie St. Paul Tea Toast Tramezzino Trancapecho Wrap Cheese Carrozza Cheese and tomato Cheese dream Cheese on toast Grilled cheese Limburger Melt Pebete Fish and seafood Bake and Shark Balık ekmek Fischbrötchen Fish finger Lobster roll Prawn roll Salmon burger Sol over Gudhjem Tuna fish Meat American sub Barbecue Bauru Bologna Chacarero Chicken Chivito Choripán Club Cuban Cudighi Doner kebab Donkey Burger Francesinha Francesinha poveira Fried - brain Gua bao Gyro Italian Jibarito Kati roll Kottenbutter Medianoche Pepito Po ' boy Redonkadonk Roujiamo Sailor Shawarma Shooter 's Slider Sloppy joe Strammer Max Submarine Tonkatsu Torta Torta ahogada Wrap roti Wurstbrot Beef Barros Luco Beef on weck Cheesesteak Corned beef Denver French dip Hamburger List of hamburgers Italian beef Montreal - style smoked meat Pastrami on rye Reuben Roast beef Sloppy joe Steak burger Steak Tavern Tongue Ham and pork Bacon Barros Jarpa BLT Croque - monsieur Flæskesteg Ham and cheese Ham and egg bun Ham salad Monte Cristo Porchetta Pork chop bun Pork tenderloin Toast Hawaii Sausage Braunschweiger Liverwurst Maxwell Street Polish Mortadella Polish Boy Porilainen Open Butterbrot Canapé Dyrlægens natmad Gerber Horseshoe Mollete Muisjes Obložené chlebíčky Pan bagnat Panini Smørrebrød Zapiekanka Vegetarian Baked bean Cucumber Dabeli Doubles Lettuce Peanut butter and jelly Tomato Vada pav Vegetable Related Sandwich bread Sandwich loaf Soup and sandwich Category : Sandwiches Food portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheesesteak&oldid=853603509 '' Categories : American sandwiches Cuisine of Philadelphia Cuisine of the Mid-Atlantic states Italian - American cuisine Italian - American culture in Philadelphia Fast food Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano 日本 語 Polski Simple English 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 22 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what kinda cheese is on a philly cheesesteak | [
"American cheese, Cheez Whiz, and provolone are the most commonly used cheeses or cheese products put on to the Philly cheesesteak.[21]\n",
"American cheese, Cheez Whiz, and provolone are the most commonly used cheeses or cheese products put on to the Philly cheesesteak.[21]\n",
"American cheese, Cheez Whiz, and provolone are the most commonly used cheeses or cheese products put on to the Philly cheesesteak.[21]\n"
] | [
"American cheese",
"Cheez Whiz",
"provolone"
] |
-8247989247586761688 | Patient Self-Determination Act | Patient Self - Determination Act - wikipedia Patient Self - Determination Act Jump to : navigation , search The Patient Self - Determination Act ( PSDA ) was passed by the United States Congress in 1990 as an amendment to the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 . Effective on December 1 , 1991 , this legislation required many hospitals , nursing homes , home health agencies , hospice providers , health maintenance organizations ( HMOs ) , and other health care institutions to provide information about advance health care directives to adult patients upon their admission to the healthcare facility . This law does not apply to individual physicians . Because the 1991 PSDA does not apply to individual physicians , private clinics and practices , most of which are incorporated for - profit organizations , the problem of cruel over treatment for profit of the elderly on Medicare / Medicaid was not controlled to the extent that Congress hoped would be possible when the states would implement the goals of the 1991 PSDA in state laws . ( Recently , in 2012 , the newspapers have revealed that The United States Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Justice have cooperated to prosecute over treatment of patients under the federal False Claims Act . ) The goals of the 1991 PSDA are covered in the PURPOSE section , below . Section 1233 of the proposed America 's Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009 ( H.R. 3200 ) would have authorized reimbursements for physician counseling regarding advance directives ( once every five years ) but it was not included in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 because of controversy over what were characterized as `` death panels . '' Unfortunately , because the law of the 1991 PSDA does not require or mandate the treating physicians -- after an educated `` terminal '' prognosis that is shared with the patient -- to seek informed consent from elderly and terminal Medicare / Medicaid patients for either Curative Care under Medicare or palliative care , transition to Hospice in the last six months of life ( also paid or out of the Medicare purse ) , the goals of the PSDA are not realized . Patient self rationing of expensive medical care at the end of life through the process of the advance directive under the provisions of the 1991 PSDA is discouraged because the patients have not had end - of - life conversations with the treating physicians . Contents ( hide ) 1 Requirements 2 Purpose 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Requirements ( edit ) The requirements of the PSDA are as follows : p Patients are given written notice upon admission to the health care facility of their decision - making rights , and policies regarding advance health care directives in their state and in the institution to which they have been admitted . Patient rights include : The right to facilitate their own health care decisions The right to accept or refuse medical treatment The right to make an advance health care directive Facilities must inquire as to whether the patient already has an advance health care directive , and make note of this in their medical records . Facilities must provide education to their staff and affiliates about advance health care directives . Health care providers are not allowed to discriminately admit or treat patients based on whether or not they have an advance health care directive . Purpose ( edit ) The purpose of the Patient Self - Determination Act was / is to inform patients of their rights regarding decisions toward their own medical care , and ensure that these rights are communicated by the health care provider . Specifically , the rights ensured are those of the patient to dictate their future care ( by means such as living will or power of attorney ) , should they become incapacitated . The goals of the `` purpose '' of the Patient Self - Determination Act are / were ( 1 ) to prevent cruel over treatment of elderly / disabled Medicare / Medicaid patients for the profit motive and ( 2 ) to save money for Medicare and the private insurers in the form of the reduction of end - of - life costs for Medicare and the private insurers when elderly Medicare / Medicaid patients would ELECT / CHOOSE to refuse expensive ICU / CCU life - extending or life - saving treatments in the hospital in order to shorten their suffering unto a certain death . It was envisioned by the framers of the 1991 PSDA that the elderly / disabled on Medicare / Medicaid would die less expensively and more comfortably ( out of pain ) on the palliative care / Hospice Medicare Entitlement in their own personal residence or in the setting of a residential nursing home when the treating physicians consulted with them about their terminal diagnoses . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Health Care Advance Directives - What is the Patient Self - Determination Act ? . American Bar Association . Jump up ^ What is the Patient Self - Determination Act ? . Legal HelpMate . Jump up ^ Advance Care Planning in Health Care Reform Legislation . National Hospice and Paliative Care Organization . Jump up ^ Robert Pear ( December 25 , 2010 ) . `` Obama Returns to End - of - Life Plan That Caused Stir '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Robert Pear ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` U.S. Alters Rule on Paying for End - of - Life Planning '' . The New York Times . Further reading ( edit ) Kring , Daria L. ( October -- December 2007 ) . `` The Patient Self - determination Act : has it reached the end of its life ? '' . JONA 'S Healthcare Law , Ethics and Regulation. 9 ( 4 ) : 125 -- 33 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. NHL. 0000300767.91800. 17 . PMID 18043329 . Leahman , Dee ( July -- August 2004 ) . `` Why the Patient Self - Determination Act has failed '' . North Carolina Medical Journal . 65 ( 4 ) : 249 -- 51 . PMID 15481498 . Pope , Thaddeus Mason ( Winter 1999 ) . `` The Maladaptation of Miranda to Advance Directives : A Critique of the Patient Self Determination Act '' . Health Matrix. 9 ( 1 ) : 139 -- 202 . PMID 10538190 . SSRN 174749 . Ulrich , Lawrence P. ( 1998 ) , `` The Requirements of the Patient Self - Determination '' , The Patient Self - Determination Act : Meeting the Challenges in Patient Care Walerius , Theresa ; Hill , Pamela D. ; Anderson , Mary Ann ( November -- December 2009 ) . `` Nurses ' knowledge of Advance Directives , Patient Self - determination Act , and Illinois Advance Directive Law '' . Clinical Nurse Specialist. 23 ( 6 ) : 316 -- 20 . doi : 10.1097 / NUR. 0b013e3181be3273 . PMID 19858904 . Yates , Jeffery L. ; Glick , Henry R. ( 1997 ) . `` The failed Patient Self - Determination Act and policy alternatives for the right to die '' . Journal of Aging & Social Policy . 9 ( 4 ) : 29 -- 50 . doi : 10.1300 / J031v09n04_03 . PMID 10186890 . External links ( edit ) `` The Patient Self - Determination Act ( PSDA ) '' . American Cancer Society : Treatment Topics & Resources . June 15 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2010 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patient_Self-Determination_Act&oldid=816327578 '' Categories : 1990 in law United States federal health legislation Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 17 : 28 . About Wikipedia | what is the purpose of the patient self determination act quizlet | [
"The Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA) was passed by the United States Congress in 1990 as an amendment to the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990. Effective on December 1, 1991, this legislation required many hospitals, nursing homes, home health agencies, hospice providers, health maintenance organizations (HMOs), and other health care institutions to provide information about advance health care directives to adult patients upon their admission to the healthcare facility.[1][2] This law does not apply to individual physicians."
] | [
"required many hospitals, nursing homes, home health agencies, hospice providers, health maintenance organizations (HMOs), and other health care institutions to provide information about advance health care directives to adult patients upon their admission to the healthcare facility"
] |
-4779084957983656203 | It Was a Very Good Year | It was a Very Good Year - wikipedia It was a Very Good Year This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` It Was a Very Good Year '' is a song Ervin Drake composed in 1961 for and originally recorded by Bob Shane with the Kingston Trio . It was subsequently made famous by Frank Sinatra 's version in D minor , which won the Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance , Male in 1966 . Gordon Jenkins was awarded Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist ( s ) for the Sinatra version . This single peaked at # 28 on the U.S. pop chart and became Sinatra 's first # 1 single on the Easy Listening charts . That version can be found on Sinatra 's 1965 album September of My Years , and was featured in The Sopranos season two opener , `` Guy Walks into a Psychiatrist 's Office ... '' . A live , stripped - down performance is included on his Sinatra at the Sands album . Contents 1 Description 2 Inspiration 3 Recordings 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Description ( edit ) The song recounts the type of girls with whom the singer had relationships at various years in his life : when he was 17 , `` small - town girls on the village green '' ; at 21 , `` city girls who lived up the stair '' ; at 35 , `` blue - blooded girls of independent means '' . Each of these years he calls `` very good '' . In the song 's final verse , the singer reflects that he is older , and in the autumn of his years , and he thinks back on his entire life `` as vintage wine '' . All of these romances were sweet to him , like a wine from a very good ( i.e. , vintage ) year . Inspiration ( edit ) Ervin Drake 's inspiration to write the song was his then wife - to - be , Edith Vincent Bermaine . She was a showgirl , whom he had dated , and eventually married twenty years after the song was written . Recordings ( edit ) The Kingston Trio introduced the song on their album Goin ' Places ( 1961 ) . This is the recording that influenced Frank Sinatra to want to record his own version . Lonnie Donegan released it as a 45 rpm single on Pye Records , in 1963 . The Turtles recorded a version on their debut album , It Ai n't Me Babe ( 1965 ) . They also released it as a single in Canada ( Quality 1791 ) in January 1966 . Wes Montgomery included a version of the song in his album Goin ' Out Of My Head ( 1965 ) . Chad & Jeremy included the song into their Second album ( January , 1965 ) . It was the last track on their last UK LP so it seems to correlate with the song title somehow . They also released it as a single in The US ( World Artists 1052 ) & Canada ( Capitol 72239 ) as `` A Very Good Year '' Frank Sinatra on his September of My Years album ( 1965 ) and a stripped - down performance on his Sinatra at the Sands live album ( 1966 ) Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass included a melancholy instrumental version of the song on their album What Now My Love ( 1966 ) Gábor Szabó recorded a version in his album Spellbinder ( 1966 ) . Eddie Harris recorded a version in his album Mean Greens ( 1966 ) . William Shatner did a spoken - word cover of this song interspersed with lines from Hamlet on his album The Transformed Man ( 1968 ) . Lou Rawls covered this song in 1966 , produced by David Axelrod and included on his hit album Soulin ' as part of a `` Memory Lane '' medley . Rawls also performed it just before his death on 2006 's `` An Evening of Stars '' telethon , backed by the Rickey Minor Band . Harry James released a version in 1967 on his album Our Leader ! ( Dot DLP 3801 and DLP 25801 ) . Lennie Hibbert included this as the last song on the album `` Creation '' ( Studio One ) mislabeled as `` Nature Boy . '' The brilliant Jackie Mitoo organ instrumental is accompanied only by hand drums . Boris Karloff performed a moving rendition of the song on The Jonathan Winters Show in 1968 , at the age of 80 . Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In did a skit wherein Dan Rowan changes army uniforms from World War II , Korea , and then Vietnam as the song plays in the background . In 1971 , Michael Jackson sang a parody of this song in a skit with Diana Ross during the Diana ! TV Special . Baden Powell recorded an instrumental version of it , titled `` It Was A Wonderful Year '' , on his album Grandezza on Guitar ( 1971 ) Della Reese performed the song at the Playboy Club in Chicago and was later featured on her LP , One More Time ! . In the 78th episode of The Muppet Show , Statler and Waldorf performed the song from their box . British pop star Robbie Williams recorded a version for his album Swing When You 're Winning ( 2001 ) , in duet with Sinatra 's original vocals . The instrumental track was also sampled from Sinatra 's original recording . Frank Sinatra 's version of the song was featured in the Spike Lee film Jungle Fever ( 1991 ) . In a 1993 episode of The Simpsons ( `` Duffless '' ) , Homer sings a parody of this song entitled `` I Drank Some Very Good Beer '' , recounting the first beer he ever purchased ( with a fake ID ; his name was Brian McGee ) and he `` stayed up listening to Queen . '' The Flaming Lips covered this song on the compilation Chairman of the Board ( Interpretations of Songs Made Famous by Frank Sinatra ) ( 1993 ) . The Reverend Horton Heat covered the song in 2000 and released it as a single to promote the album Spend a Night in the Box ( 2000 ) . It has been adapted in French , as `` C'était une très bonne année '' , by Robert Charlebois on his album Doux sauvage ( 2001 ) . Paul Young included a cover version on his album The Essential Paul Young ( 2003 ) Ray Charles covered the song ( as a duet with Willie Nelson ) on his album Genius Loves Company ( 2004 ) . In 2005 , They Might Be Giants parodied this song on their first podcast . An instrumental version appears on the album Big City ( 2005 ) by Dave Stryker . Gordon Goodwin 's Big Phat Band recorded a version for the album The Phat Pack ( 2006 ) . Irish folk singer / songwriter Ronnie Drew included a coverversion of the song on his album There 's life in the old dog yet ( 2006 ) Brett Anderson sang it live as can be heard on the album Live at Queen Elizabeth Hall ( 2007 ) . At the end of the song Anderson jokingly says that he wrote it last night . Dee Snider of Twisted Sister recorded a version for the album SIN - atra ( 2011 ) , a heavy metal cover album of Frank Sinatra songs A recording was included on Alfie Boe 's album Alfie ( 2011 ) . Alain Resnais used the Sinatra recording over the closing credits of his film You Ai n't Seen Nothin ' Yet ( 2012 ) . The song plays no role in the film proper , but in You Ai n't Seen Nothin ' Yet ( French title : Vous n'avez encore rien vu ) has similar themes and tone of autumnal reminiscence as the Sinatra recording -- a dead stage director invites his actors to a wake and performance of a play they all had acted in for him . Shirley Bassey recorded it on her album Hello Like Before ( 2014 ) , produced by Stuart Barr . Mel Torme hosted a 1971 summer replacement television show named after the song , using it as open and close music . See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1966 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rubeck , Shaw , Blake et al. , The Kingston Trio On Record ( Naperville IL : KK Inc , 1986 ) , p. 46 ^ Jump up to : Friedwald , Will ( 2009 - 04 - 02 ) . `` When He Was 46 it Was a Very Good Year - WSJ '' . Online.wsj.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 22 - Smack Dab in the Middle on Route 66 : A skinny dip in the easy listening mainstream . ( Part 1 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 6th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) Jump up ^ Bernstein , Adam ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Ervin Drake , songwriter of ' It Was a Very Good Year , ' dies at 95 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Peppiat , Wheaton et . el . Sinatra : A Man and his Music . Warner Bros. DVD , prod . Hemion , Raskin , 1999 Jump up ^ `` Chad Stuart & Jeremy Clyde '' . Chadandjeremy.net. 2006 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Frank Sinatra singles discography Columbia singles ( 1939 -- 1940 ) `` All or Nothing at All '' RCA Victor singles ( 1940 -- 1942 ) `` Imagination '' `` East of the Sun ( and West of the Moon ) '' `` The One I Love ( Belongs to Somebody Else ) '' `` Stardust '' `` Oh ! Look at Me Now '' `` Without a Song '' `` Let 's Get Away from It All '' `` Blue Skies '' `` Pale Moon ( An Indian Love Song ) '' `` Embraceable You '' `` How About You ? '' `` There Are Such Things '' Bluebird singles ( 1942 -- 1943 ) `` Night and Day '' `` The Night We Called It a Day '' `` The Song Is You '' Columbia singles ( 1943 -- 1953 ) `` Close to You '' `` You 'll Never Know '' `` Sunday , Monday , or Always '' `` People Will Say We 're in Love '' `` Oh , What a Beautiful Mornin ' '' `` A Lovely Way to Spend an Evening '' `` White Christmas '' `` Saturday Night ( Is the Loneliest Night of the Week ) '' `` I Dream of You ( More Than You Dream I Do ) '' `` Ol ' Man River '' `` Stormy Weather '' `` When Your Lover Has Gone '' `` Dream '' `` If I Loved You '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` Mighty Lak ' a Rose '' `` Nancy ( with the Laughing Face ) '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` Day by Day '' `` Full Moon and Empty Arms '' `` Soliloquy ( Part 1 & 2 ) '' `` Begin the Beguine '' `` Silent Night '' `` Adeste Fideles '' `` Jingle Bells '' `` September Song '' `` Sweet Lorraine '' `` Time after Time '' `` Mam'selle '' `` Almost Like Being in Love '' `` Tea for Two '' `` My Romance '' `` So Far '' `` A Fellow Needs a Girl '' `` But Beautiful '' `` I 've Got a Crush on You '' `` All of Me '' `` Nature Boy '' `` Everybody Loves Somebody '' `` My Melancholy Baby '' `` Autumn in New York '' `` Why Ca n't You Behave ? '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` Let 's Take an Old Fashioned Walk '' `` I Only Have Eyes for You '' `` The Old Master Painter '' `` Goodnight , Irene '' `` Nevertheless ( I 'm in Love with You ) '' `` Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! '' `` We Kiss in a Shadow '' `` April in Paris '' `` I Could Write a Book '' `` The Birth of the Blues '' Capitol singles ( 1953 -- 1961 ) `` I 'm Walking Behind You '' `` I 've Got the World on a String '' `` My One and Only Love '' `` South of the Border ( Down Mexico Way ) '' `` I Love You '' `` Young at Heart '' `` Do n't Worry ' bout Me '' `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' `` The Gal That Got Away '' `` Someone to Watch Over Me '' `` Melody of Love '' `` Two Hearts , Two Kisses ( Make One Love ) '' `` Learnin ' the Blues '' `` Love and Marriage '' `` ( Love Is ) The Tender Trap '' `` You 're Sensational '' `` True Love '' `` Well , Did You Evah ! '' `` Mind If I Make Love to You ? '' `` Hey ! Jealous Lover '' `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? '' `` All the Way '' `` Chicago ( That Toddlin ' Town ) '' `` Witchcraft '' `` French Foreign Legion '' `` High Hopes '' `` Old MacDonald '' `` My Blue Heaven '' `` I 'll Remember April '' `` I Love Paris '' Reprise singles ( 1961 -- 1983 ) `` Granada '' `` I 'll Be Seeing You '' `` The One I Love ( Belongs to Somebody Else ) '' `` I 'm Getting Sentimental Over You '' `` Polka Dots and Moonbeams '' `` Without a Song '' `` Stardust '' `` Come Rain or Come Shine '' `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' `` Me and My Shadow '' `` Call Me Irresponsible '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` My Kind of Town '' `` Softly , as I Leave You '' `` I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day '' `` The Little Drummer Boy '' `` It Was a Very Good Year '' `` Strangers in the Night '' `` Summer Wind '' `` You Make Me Feel So Young '' `` That 's Life '' `` The September of My Years '' `` Somethin ' Stupid '' `` The World We Knew ( Over and Over ) '' `` My Way '' `` Goin ' Out of My Head '' `` Something '' `` Bein ' Green '' `` Send in the Clowns '' `` Bad , Bad Leroy Brown '' `` Theme from New York , New York '' `` Here 's to the Band '' `` To Love a Child '' Qwest singles ( 1983 -- 1984 ) `` Teach Me Tonight '' `` Mack the Knife '' `` It 's All Right with Me '' `` Until the Real Thing Comes Along '' Compositions `` This Love of Mine '' `` Sheila '' `` Peachtree Street '' `` Take My Love '' `` I 'm a Fool to Want You '' `` Mistletoe and Holly '' `` Mr. Success '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_Was_a_Very_Good_Year&oldid=848416559 '' Categories : 1961 songs 1966 singles Frank Sinatra songs Songs about old age Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance , Male Songs written by Ervin Drake Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist ( s ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands Polski Русский Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 19 : 35 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who wrote the lyrics to it was a very good year | [
"\"It Was a Very Good Year\" is a song Ervin Drake composed in 1961 for and originally recorded by Bob Shane with the Kingston Trio.[1][2] It was subsequently made famous by Frank Sinatra's version in D minor,[3] which won the Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance, Male in 1966. Gordon Jenkins was awarded Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s) for the Sinatra version. This single peaked at #28 on the U.S. pop chart and became Sinatra's first #1 single on the Easy Listening charts.[4] That version can be found on Sinatra's 1965 album September of My Years, and was featured in The Sopranos season two opener, \"Guy Walks into a Psychiatrist's Office...\". A live, stripped-down performance is included on his Sinatra at the Sands album.\n"
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"Ervin Drake"
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-8874460016259490982 | Majority leader | Majority leader - Wikipedia Majority leader Jump to : navigation , search The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In U.S. politics , the majority floor leader is a partisan position in a legislative body . In the federal Congress , the role of the Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives and the Majority Leader of the United States Senate differ slightly . In the United States Senate , the majority leader is the chief spokesperson for the majority party , as the president of the Senate is also the Vice-President of the United States , and the President pro tempore , though technically a substitute for the president of the Senate , is in reality a largely ceremonial position ( albeit powerful nonetheless , being third in line of succession to the presidency ) . In the United States House of Representatives , the majority leader is elected by U.S. Congressmen in the political party holding the largest number of seats in the House . While the responsibilities vary depending upon the political climate , the Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives typically sets the floor agenda and oversees the committee chairmen . Given the two - party nature of the U.S. system , the majority leader is almost inevitably either a Republican or a Democrat . The majority leader is often assisted in his role by whips , whose job is to enforce party discipline on votes deemed to be crucial by the party leadership and to ensure that members do not vote in a way not approved of by the party . Some votes are deemed to be so crucial as to lead to punitive measures ( such as demotion from choice committee assignments ) if the party line is violated ; decisions such as these are often made by the majority leader in conjunction with other senior party leaders . In the various states , the majority leader of a state legislative chamber usually performs a similar role to the Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives . The state senate president pro tempores are typically not ceremonial , but instead are more akin to the Majority Leader of the United States Senate . See also ( edit ) Specific majority leaders Majority Floor Leader of the House of Representatives of the Philippines Majority Floor Leader of the Senate of the Philippines Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives Majority Leader of the United States Senate Minority leader Floor leader References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : USLegal.com ( accessed April 11 , 2013 ) This United States government -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Majority_leader&oldid=756730375 '' Categories : Leaders of the United States Congress United States government stubs Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from March 2016 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 December 2016 , at 12 : 57 . About Wikipedia | what power does the senate majority leader have | [
"In the federal Congress, the role of the Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives and the Majority Leader of the United States Senate differ slightly. In the United States Senate, the majority leader is the chief spokesperson for the majority party,[1] as the president of the Senate is also the Vice-President of the United States, and the President pro tempore, though technically a substitute for the president of the Senate, is in reality a largely ceremonial position (albeit powerful nonetheless, being third in line of succession to the presidency)."
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"is the chief spokesperson for the majority party"
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986222128579790810 | Religion in the United Kingdom | Religion in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Religion in the United Kingdom This article is about religion in the United Kingdom as a whole . For religion in each of its constituent countries , see Religion in England , Religion in Scotland , Religion in Wales , and Religion in Northern Ireland . Westminster Abbey is used for the coronation of British monarchs . Religion in England ( 2011 ) Christianity ( 59.5 % ) No religion ( 25.7 % ) Islam ( 4.4 % ) Hinduism ( 1.3 % ) Judaism ( 0.4 % ) Other religions ( 1.5 % ) Not stated ( 7.2 % ) Religion in the United Kingdom , and in the countries that preceded it , has been dominated for over 1,400 years by various forms of Christianity . Religious affiliations of United Kingdom citizens are recorded by regular surveys , the four major ones being the national decennial census , the Labour Force Survey , the British Social Attitudes survey and the European Social Survey . According to the 2011 Census , Christianity is the majority religion , followed by Islam , Hinduism , Sikhism , Judaism and Buddhism in terms of number of adherents . Among Christians , Anglicans are the most common denomination , followed by the Catholics , Presbyterians , Methodists and Baptists . This , and the relatively large number of individuals with nominal or no religious affiliations , has led commentators to variously describe the United Kingdom as a multi-faith and secularised society . The United Kingdom was formed by the union of previously independent countries in 1707 , and consequently most of the largest religious groups do not have UK - wide organisational structures . While some groups have separate structures for the individual countries of the United Kingdom , others have a single structure covering England and Wales or Great Britain . Similarly , due to the relatively recent creation of Northern Ireland in 1921 , most major religious groups in Northern Ireland are organised on an all - Ireland basis . While the United Kingdom as a whole lacks an official religion , the Church of England remains the state church of its largest constituent country , England . The Monarch of the United Kingdom is the Supreme Governor of the Church , and accordingly , only a Protestant may inherit the British throne . Contents 1 History 2 Statistics 2.1 Religious affiliations 2.2 Censuses 2.3 Surveys 2.4 Attendance 2.5 Belief 2.6 Jedi census phenomenon 3 Religions 3.1 Christianity 3.1. 1 Protestantism 3.1. 1.1 Anglicanism 3.1. 1.2 Presbyterianism , Congregationalism and other Reformed 3.1. 1.3 Methodism 3.1. 1.4 Baptists 3.1. 1.5 Charismatics and Pentecostalism 3.1. 1.6 Quakers 3.1. 2 Catholicism 3.1. 3 Orthodox Christianity 3.1. 3.1 Eastern Orthodoxy 3.1. 3.2 Oriental Orthodoxy 3.1. 4 Other Trinitarian denominations 3.1. 5 Non-Trinitarian denominations 3.1. 5.1 Mormonism 3.1. 5.2 Other non-Trinitarian denominations 3.2 Islam 3.3 Judaism 3.4 Bahá'í Faith 3.5 Indian religions 3.5. 1 Buddhism 3.5. 2 Hinduism 3.5. 3 Jainism 3.5. 4 Sikhism 3.6 Neopaganism 3.6. 1 Wicca 3.6. 2 Druidry 4 Religion and society 4.1 Religion and politics 4.2 Religion and education 4.3 Religion and prison 4.4 Religion and the media 4.5 Religion and social identity : patron saints of the home nations 4.6 Interfaith dialogue , tolerance , religious discrimination and secularism 4.6. 1 Interfaith dialogue 4.6. 2 Tolerance and Religious Discrimination 4.6. 3 Secularism 5 National and regional differences 6 Main religious leaders 7 Notable places of worship 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Primary sources 11 External links 11.1 General 11.2 Christianity 11.3 Judaism 11.4 Islam 11.5 Hinduism 11.6 Sikhism 11.7 Buddhism 11.8 No religion History ( edit ) Main article : History of Christianity in Britain Fourth - century Chi - Rho fresco from Lullingstone Roman Villa , Kent , which contains the only known Christian paintings from the Roman era in Britain . Pre-Roman forms of religion in Britain included various forms of ancestor worship and paganism . Little is known about the details of such religions ( see British paganism ) . Forms of Christianity have dominated religious life in what is now the United Kingdom for over 1,400 years . It was introduced by the Romans to what is now England , Wales , and Southern Scotland . The doctrine of Pelagianism , declared heretical in the Council of Carthage ( 418 ) , originated with a British - born ascetic , Pelagius . The Anglo - Saxon invasions briefly re-introduced paganism in the 5th and 6th centuries ; Christianity was again brought to Great Britain by Catholic Church and Irish - Scottish missionaries in the course of the 7th century ( see Anglo - Saxon Christianity ) . Insular Christianity as it stood between the 6th and 8th centuries retained some idiosyncrasies in terms of liturgy and calendar , but it had been nominally united with Roman Christianity since at least the Synod of Whitby of 664 . Still in the Anglo - Saxon period , the archbishops of Canterbury established a tradition of receiving their pallium from Rome to symbolize the authority of the Pope . The Catholic Church remained the dominant form of Western Christianity in Britain throughout the Middle Ages , but the ( Anglican ) Church of England became the independent established church in England and Wales in 1534 as a result of the English Reformation . It retains a representation in the UK Parliament and the British monarch is its Supreme Governor . In Scotland , the Presbyterian Church of Scotland , established in a separate Scottish Reformation in the sixteenth century , is recognized as the national church . It is not subject to state control and the British monarch is an ordinary member , required to swear an oath to `` maintain and preserve the Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government '' upon his or her accession . The adherence to the Catholic Church continued at various levels in different parts of Britain , especially among recusants and in the north of England , but most strongly in Ireland . This would expand in Great Britain , partly due to Irish immigration in the nineteenth century , the Catholic emancipation and the Restoration of the English hierarchy . Particularly from the mid-seventeenth century , forms of Protestant nonconformity , including Congregationalists , Baptists , Quakers and , later , Methodists , grew outside of the established church . The ( Anglican ) Church in Wales was disestablished in 1920 and , as the ( Anglican ) Church of Ireland was disestablished in 1870 before the partition of Ireland , there is no established church in Northern Ireland . The Jews in England were expelled in 1290 and only emancipated in the 19th century . British Jews had numbered fewer than 10,000 in 1800 but around 120,000 after 1881 when Russian Jews settled permanently in Britain . The substantial immigration to the United Kingdom since the 1920s has contributed to the growth of foreign faiths , especially of Islam , Hinduism and Sikhism , Buddhism in the United Kingdom experienced growth partly due to immigration and partly due to conversion ( especially when including Secular Buddhism ) . As elsewhere in the western world , religious demographics have become part of the discourse on multiculturalism , with Britain variously described as a post-Christian society , as `` multi-faith '' , or as secularised . Scholars have suggested multiple possible reasons for the decline , but have not agreed on their relative importance . Martin Wellings lays out the `` classical model '' of secularisation , while noting that it has been challenged by some scholars . The familiar starting - point , a classical model of secularisation , argues that religious faith becomes less plausible and religious practice more difficult in advanced industrial and urbanized societies . The breakdown or disruption of traditional communities and norms of behavior ; the spread of a scientific world - view diminishing the scope of the supernatural and the role of God ; increasing material affluence promoting self - reliance and this - worldly optimism ; and greater awareness and toleration of different creeds and ideas , encouraging religious pluralism and eviscerating commitment to a particular faith , all form components of the case for secularisation . Applied to the British churches in general by Steve Bruce and to Methodism in particular by Robert Currie , this model traces decline back to the Victorian era and charts in the twentieth century a steady ebbing of the sea of faith . Statistics ( edit ) Religious affiliations ( edit ) In the 2011 census , Christianity was the largest religion , stated as their affiliation by 59.5 % of the total population . This figure was found to be 53 % in the 2007 Tearfund survey , 42.9 percent in the 2009 British Social Attitudes Survey and 42.98 percent in the EU - funded European Social Survey published in April 2009 for those identifying as Christian . Although there was no UK - wide data in the 2001 or the 2011 census on adherence to individual Christian denominations , since they are asked only in the Scottish and in the Northern Irish Censuses , using the same principle as applied in the 2001 census , a survey carried out in the end of 2008 by Ipsos MORI and based on a scientifically robust sample , found the population of England and Wales to be 47.0 % Anglican , 9.6 % Catholic and 8.7 % other Christians ; 4.8 % were Muslim , 3.4 % were members of other religions . 5.3 % were Agnostics , 6.8 % were Atheists and 15.0 % were not sure about their religious affiliation or refused to answer to the question . Ceri Peach estimated in 2005 that 62 % of Christians were Anglican , 13.5 % Catholic , 6 % Presbyterian and 3.4 % Methodist , with small numbers in other Protestant denominations and the Orthodox church . The 2009 British Social Attitudes Survey , which covers Great Britain but not Northern Ireland , indicated that over 50 percent would self - classify as not religious at all , 19.9 percent were part of the Church of England , 9.3 % non-denominational Christian , 8.6 % Catholic , 2.2 % Presbyterian / Church of Scotland , 1.3 % Methodist , 0.53 % Baptist , 1.17 % other Protestant , 0.23 % United Reformed Church / Congregational , 0.06 % Free Presbyterian , 0.03 % Brethren Christian and 0.41 % other Christian . In a 2016 survey conducted by BSA ( British Social Attitudes ) on religious affiliation ; 53 % of respondents indicated ' no religion ' and 41 % indicated they were Christians , while 6 % affiliated with non-Christian religions ( Islam , Hinduism , Judaism etc . ) The wording of the question affects the outcome of polls as is apparent when comparing the results of the Scottish census with that of the English and Welsh census . An ICM poll for The Guardian in 2006 asked the question `` Which religion do you yourself belong to ? '' with a response of 64 % stating `` Christian '' and 26 % stating `` none '' . In the same survey , 63 % claimed they are not religious with just 33 % claiming they are . This suggests that the religious UK population identify themselves as having Christian beliefs , but maybe not as active `` church - goers '' . Religions other than Christianity , such as Islam , Hinduism , Sikhism and Judaism , have established a presence in the United Kingdom , both through immigration and by attracting converts . Others that have done so include the Bahá'í Faith , the Rastafari movement and Neopaganism . Censuses ( edit ) The statistics for current religion ( not religion of upbringing where also asked ) from the 2011 census and the corresponding statistics from the 2001 census are set out in the tables below . hide Religion ( 2011 ) England Wales England and Wales Scotland Great Britain Northern Ireland United Kingdom Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Christianity 31,479,876 59.4 1,763,299 57.6 33,243,175 59.3 2,850,199 53.8 36,093,374 58.8 1,490,588 82.3 37,583,962 59.5 Islam 2,660,116 5.0 45,950 1.5 2,706,066 4.8 76,737 1.4 2,782,803 4.5 3,832 0.21 2,786,635 4.4 Hinduism 806,199 1.5 10,434 0.34 816,633 1.5 16,379 0.3 833,012 1.4 2,382 0.13 835,394 1.3 Sikhism 420,196 0.8 2,962 0.1 423,158 0.8 9,055 0.2 432,213 0.7 216 0.01 432,429 0.7 Judaism 261,282 0.5 2,064 0.1 263,346 0.5 5,887 0.1 269,233 0.4 335 0.02 269,568 0.4 Buddhism 238,626 0.5 9,117 0.3 247,743 0.4 12,795 0.2 260,538 0.4 1,046 0.06 261,584 0.4 Other religion 227,825 0.4 12,705 0.4 240,530 0.4 15,196 0.3 255,726 0.4 7,048 0.39 262,774 0.4 No religion 13,114,232 24.7 982,997 32.1 14,097,229 25.1 1,941,116 36.7 16,038,345 26.1 183,164 10.1 16,221,509 25.7 Religion not stated 3,804,104 7.2 233,928 7.6 4,038,032 7.2 368,039 7.0 4,406,071 7.2 122,252 6.8 4,528,323 7.2 Total population 53,012,456 100.0 3,063,456 100.0 56,075,912 100.0 5,295,403 100.0 61,371,315 100.0 1,810,863 100.0 63,182,178 100.0 show Religion ( 2001 ) England Wales England and Wales Scotland Great Britain Northern Ireland United Kingdom Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Christianity 35,251,244 71.7 2,087,242 71.9 37,338,486 71.8 3,294,545 65.1 40,633,031 71.2 1,446,386 85.8 42,079,417 71.6 Islam 1,524,887 3.1 21,739 0.7 1,546,626 3.0 42,557 0.8 1,589,183 2.8 1,943 0.12 1,591,126 2.7 Hinduism 546,982 1.1 5,439 0.2 552,421 1.1 5,564 0.1 557,985 1.0 825 0.05 558,810 1.0 Sikhism 327,343 0.7 2,015 0.1 329,358 0.6 6,572 0.1 335,930 0.6 219 0.0 336,149 0.6 Judaism 257,671 0.5 2,256 0.1 259,927 0.5 6,448 0.1 266,375 0.5 365 0.0 266,740 0.5 Buddhism 139,046 0.3 5,407 0.2 144,453 0.3 6,830 0.1 151,283 0.3 533 0.0 151,816 0.3 Other religion 143,811 0.3 6,909 0.2 150,720 0.3 26,974 0.5 177,694 0.3 1,143 0.1 178,837 0.3 No religion 7,171,332 14.6 537,935 18.5 7,709,267 14.8 1,394,460 27.6 9,103,727 15.9 233,853 13.9 13,626,299 23.2 Religion not stated 3,776,515 7.7 234,143 8.1 4,010,658 7.7 278,061 5.5 4,288,719 7.5 Total population 49,138,831 100.0 2,903,085 100.0 52,041,916 100.0 5,062,011 100.0 57,103,927 100.0 1,685,267 100.0 58,789,194 100.0 Percentage of respondents in the 2011 census in the UK who said they were Christian . Christianity Islam Other religions Not religious Surveys ( edit ) Religious affiliations of UK citizens are recorded by regular surveys , the four major ones being the UK Census , the Labour Force Survey , the British Social Attitudes survey and the European Social Survey . The different questions asked by these surveys produced different results : The census for England and Wales asked the question `` What is your religion ? '' . In 2001 14.81 % and in 2011 around a quarter ( 25.1 % ) of the population said they had `` none '' and 59.5 % stated they were Christian . The census for Scotland asked the question `` What religion , religious denomination or body do you belong to ? '' . In 2001 27.55 % and in 2011 36.7 % selected `` none '' and 53.8 % stated they were Christian . The Labour Force Survey asked the question `` What is your religion even if you are not currently practising ? '' with a response of 15.7 % selecting `` no religion '' in 2004 and 22.4 % selecting `` no religion '' in 2010 . The British Social Attitudes survey asked the question `` Do you regard yourself as belonging to any particular religion ? '' with 53 % selecting `` no religion '' in 2016 . The European Social Survey asked the question `` Which religion or denomination do you belong to at present ? '' with 50.54 % of respondents selecting `` no religion '' in 2002 and 52.68 % selecting `` no religion '' in 2008 . Other surveys : In 1983 , in a large public opinion survey , almost a third of Britons said they believed in Hell and the Devil . In North Ireland , 91 percent of people said they believed in sin . This was reported in The Observer on 28 Feb 1983 . In 2017 , the Pew Research Center 's Western Europe Survey held between April and August asked the question `` What is your present religion , if any ? '' , with 17 % of respondents selecting `` Catholicism '' , 54 % selecting `` Protestantism '' , and 24 % selecting `` unaffiliated '' . In 2018 , according to a study jointly conducted by London 's St Mary 's University 's Benedict XVI Centre for Religion and Society and the Institut Catholique de Paris , and based on data from the European Social Survey 2014 -- 2016 collected on a sample of 560 , among 16 to 29 years - old British people 21 % were Christians ( 10 % Catholic , 7 % Anglican , 2 % other Protestant and 2 % other Christian ) , 6 % were Muslims , 3 % were of other religions , and 70 % were not religious. The data was obtained from two questions , one asking `` Do you consider yourself as belonging to any particular religion or denomination ? '' to the full sample and the other one asking `` Which one ? '' to the sample who replied with `` Yes '' . Detailed 2015 BSA survey on religion in the UK Affiliation % of UK population Christian 42 42 Church of England 17 17 Other Christian 17 17 Catholic 8 8 Unaffiliated 49 49 Non-Christian faiths 8 8 Muslim 5 5 Other Non-Christian faiths Do n't know / refused answer Total 100 100 The British Social Attitudes surveys and the European Social Surveys are fielded to adult individuals . In contrast , the United Kingdom Census and the Labour Force Surveys are household surveys ; the respondent completes the questionnaire on behalf of each member of the household , including children , as well as for themselves . The 2010 Labour Force Survey claimed that 54 % of children aged from birth to four years were Christian , rising to 59 % for children aged between 5 and 9 and 65 % for children aged between 10 and 14 . The inclusion of children with adult - imposed religions influences the results of the polls . Other major polls agree with the British Social Attitudes surveys and the European Social Surveys , with a YouGov survey fielded in February 2012 indicating that 43 % of respondents claimed to belong to a religion and 76 % claimed they were not very religious or not religious at all . An Ipsos MORI survey fielded in August 2003 indicated that 18 % of respondents claimed to be `` a practising member of an organised religion '' and 25 % claimed `` I am a non-practising member of an organised religion '' . A 2015 study estimated some 25,000 believers in Christ from a Muslim background , most of whom belong to an evangelical or Pentecostal community . Attendance ( edit ) Society in the United Kingdom is markedly more secular than it was in the past and the number of churchgoers fell over the second half of the 20th century . The Ipsos MORI poll in 2003 reported that 18 % were `` a practising member of an organised religion '' . The Tearfund Survey in 2007 found that only 7 % of the population considered themselves as practising Christians . Some 10 % attended church weekly and two - thirds had not gone to church in the past year . The Tearfund Survey also found that two - thirds of UK adults ( 66 % ) or 32.2 million people had no connection with the Church at present ( nor with another religion ) . These people were evenly divided between those who have been in the past but have since left ( 16 million ) and those who have never been in their lives ( 16.2 million ) . A survey in 2002 found Christmas attendance at Anglican churches in England varied between 10.19 % of the population in the diocese of Hereford , down to just 2.16 % in Manchester . Church attendance at Christmas in some dioceses was up to three times the average for the rest of the year . Overall church attendance at Christmas has been steadily increasing in recent years ; a 2005 poll found that 43 per cent expected to attend a church service over the Christmas period , in comparison with 39 % and 33 % for corresponding polls taken in 2003 and 2001 respectively . A December 2007 report by Christian Research showed that the services of the Catholic Church had become the best - attended services of Christian denominations in England , with average attendance at Sunday Mass of 861,000 , compared to 852,000 attending Anglican services . Attendance at Anglican services had declined by 20 % between 2000 and 2006 , while attendance at Catholic services , boosted by large - scale immigration from Poland and Lithuania , had declined by only 13 % . In Scotland , attendance at Church of Scotland services declined by 19 % and attendance at Catholic services fell by 25 % . British Social Attitudes Surveys have shown the proportion of those in Great Britain who consider they `` belong to '' Christianity to have fallen from 66 % in 1983 to 43 % in 2009 . In 2012 about 6 % of the population of the United Kingdom regularly attended church , with the average age of attendees being 51 ; in contrast , in 1980 , 11 % had regularly attended , with an average age of 37 . It is predicted that by 2020 attendance will be around 4 % , with an average age of 56 . This decline in church attendance has forced many churches to close down across the United Kingdom , with the Church of England alone closing 1,500 churches between 1969 and 2002 . Their fates include dereliction , demolition , and residential , artistic and commercial conversion . In October 2014 weekly attendance at Church of England services dropped below 1 million for the first time . At Christmas 2014 , 2.4 million attended . For that year baptisms were 130,000 , down 12 % since 2004 ; marriages were 50,000 , down 19 % ; and funerals 146,000 , down 29 % . The Church estimated that about 1 % of churchgoers were lost to death each year ; the Church 's age profile suggested that attendances would continue to decline . One study showed that in 2004 at least 930,000 Muslims attended a mosque at least once a week , just outnumbering the 916,000 regular churchgoers in the Church of England . Muslim sources claim the number of practising Muslims is underestimated as nearly all of them pray at home . Belief ( edit ) European Social Survey ( UK ) `` Do you consider yourself as belonging to any particular religion or denomination ? '' Year Yes No 2008 47.32 % 52.64 % 2006 48.45 % 51.34 % 50.55 % 49.24 % 2002 49.46 % 50.49 % Source : European social survey 2002 -- 2010 There is a disparity between the figures for those identifying themselves with a particular religion and for those proclaiming a belief in a God : In a 2011 YouGov poll , 34 % of UK citizens said they believed in a God or gods . A Eurobarometer opinion poll in 2010 reported that 37 % of UK citizens `` believed there is a God '' , 33 % believe there is `` some sort of spirit or life force '' and 25 % answered `` I do n't believe there is any sort of spirit , God or life force '' . The 2008 European Social Survey suggested that 46.94 % of UK citizens never prayed and 18.96 % prayed daily . A survey in 2007 suggested that 42 % of adults resident in the United Kingdom prayed , with one in six praying daily . Jedi Census phenomenon ( edit ) Main article : Jedi census phenomenon In the 2001 census , 390,127 individuals ( 0.7 percent of total respondents ) in England and Wales self - identified as followers of the Jedi faith . This Jedi census phenomenon followed an internet campaign that claimed , incorrectly , that the Jedi belief system would receive official government recognition as a religion if it received enough support in the census . An email in support of the campaign , quoted by BBC News , invited people to `` do it because you love Star Wars ... or just to annoy people '' . The Office for National Statistics revealed the total figure in a press release entitled `` 390,000 Jedi there are '' . Religions ( edit ) Christianity ( edit ) Christian denominations in the United Kingdom British interchurch ( show ) Affinity ( formerly British Evangelical Council ) Churches Together in Britain and Ireland Evangelical Alliance , UK Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches Churches Together in England Action of Churches Together , Scotland ( ACTS ) Churches Together in Wales Evangelical Movement of Wales Anglican ( show ) Church of England Church of Ireland Scottish Episcopal Church Church in Wales Baptist ( show ) Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland Baptist Union of Great Britain Baptist Union of Scotland Baptist Union of Wales Catholic ( show ) Catholic Church in the United Kingdom Catholic Church in England and Wales Catholic Church in Ireland Catholic Church in Scotland Holiness and Pietist ( show ) Church of the Nazarene Salvation Army Seventh - day Adventist Church Wesleyan Holiness Church Lutheran ( show ) Lutheran Church in Great Britain Methodist and Wesleyan ( show ) Methodist Church of Great Britain Methodist Church in Ireland New Church Movement ( show ) Newfrontiers Pioneer Church Orthodox ( show ) Eastern Orthodox Greek Orthodox of G.B. Georgian Orthodox Romanian Orthodox Bulgarian Orthodox Oriental Orthodox Armenian Apostolic British Orthodox Coptic Orthodox Eritrean Orthodox Ethiopian Orthodox Syriac Orthodox Pentecostal ( show ) Assemblies of God Church of God in Christ Elim Pentecostal Church Presbyterian and Reformed ( show ) Asso . Presbyterian Churches , Scotland Church of Scotland Congregational Federation Evangelical Presbyterian Church Presbyterian Church in Ireland Presbyterian Church of Wales United Free Church of Scotland United Reformed Church Other ( show ) Newfrontiers LDS Church in England The United Kingdom was formed by the union of previously independent states in 1707 , and consequently most of the largest religious groups do not have UK - wide organisational structures . While some groups have separate structures for the individual countries of the United Kingdom , others have a single structure covering England and Wales or Great Britain . Similarly , due to the relatively recent creation of Northern Ireland in 1921 , most major religious groups in Northern Ireland are organised on an all - Ireland basis . Protestantism ( edit ) Anglicanism ( edit ) Main articles : Anglicanism , Church of England , Church of Ireland , Church in Wales , and Scottish Episcopal Church See also : Anglican Communion The Church of England is the established church in England . Its most senior bishops sit in the national parliament and the Queen is its supreme governor . It is also the `` mother church '' of the worldwide Anglican Communion . The Church of England separated from the Catholic Church in 1534 and became the established church by an Act of Parliament in the Act of Supremacy , beginning a series of events known as the English Reformation . Historically it has been the predominant Christian denomination in England and Wales , in terms of both influence and number of adherents . The Scottish Episcopal Church , which is part of the Anglican Communion ( but not a `` daughter church '' of the Church of England ) , dates from the final establishment of Presbyterianism in Scotland in 1690 , when it split from the Church of Scotland . In the 1920s , the Church in Wales became disestablished and independent from the Church of England , but remains in the Anglican Communion . During the years 2012 to 2014 the number of members of the Church of England dropped by around 1.7 million . Presbyterianism , congregationalism and other Reformed ( edit ) Main articles : Reformed tradition , Church of Scotland , Presbyterianism , English Presbyterianism , Presbyterian Church in Ireland , Congregational church , Puritanism , English Dissenters , Independent ( religion ) , Nonconformism , Ecclesiastical separatism , and 17th - century denominations in England In Scotland , the Church of Scotland ( informally known by its Scots language name , `` the Kirk '' ) , is recognised as the national church . It is not subject to state control and the British monarch is an ordinary member , required to swear an oath to `` maintain and preserve the Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government '' upon his or her accession . Splits in the Church of Scotland , especially in the 19th century , led to the creation of various other Presbyterian churches in Scotland , including the Free Church of Scotland , which claims to be the constitutional continuator of the Church in Scotland and was founded in 1843 . The Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland was formed in 1893 by some who left the Free Church over alleged weakening of her position and likewise claims to be the spiritual descendant of the Scottish Reformation . The Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales was founded in the late 1980s and organized themselves as a presbytery in 1996 . As of 2016 they had 15 churches in the UK . Lisburn Free Presbyterian Church , County Antrim , Northern Ireland The Presbyterian Church in Ireland is the largest Protestant denomination and second largest church in Northern Ireland . The Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster was founded on 17 March 1951 by the cleric and politician Ian Paisley . It has about 60 churches in Northern Ireland . The Presbyterian Church of Wales seceded from the Church of England in 1811 and formally formed itself into a separate body in 1823 . The Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland has 31 congregations in Northern Ireland , with the first Presbytery being formed in Antrim in 1725 . The United Reformed Church ( URC ) , a union of Presbyterian and Congregational churches , consists of about 1,500 congregations in England , Scotland and Wales . There are about 600 Congregational churches in the United Kingdom . In England there are three main groups , the Congregational Federation , the Evangelical Fellowship of Congregational Churches , and about 100 Congregational churches that are loosely federated with other congregations in the Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches , or are unaffiliated . In Scotland the churches are mostly member of the Congregational Federation and in Wales which traditionally has a larger number of Congregationalists , most are members of the Union of Welsh Independents . Methodism ( edit ) Main articles : Methodism , Methodist Church of Great Britain , and Methodist Church in Ireland See also : First Great Awakening , Evangelicalism , and Nonconformism The Methodist church at Haroldswick is the most northerly church in the United Kingdom The Methodist movement traces its origin to the evangelical awakening in the 18th century . The British Methodist Church , which has congregations throughout Great Britain , the Channel Islands , the Isle of Man , Malta and Gibraltar , has around 290,000 members , and 5,900 churches , though only around 3,000 members in 50 congregations are in Scotland . In the 1960s , it made ecumenical overtures to the Church of England , aimed at church unity . Formally , these failed when they were rejected by the Church of England 's General Synod in 1972 . However , conversations and co-operation continued , leading on 1 November 2003 to the signing of a covenant between the two churches . The Methodist Church in Ireland covers the whole of the island of Ireland , including Northern Ireland where it is the fourth - largest denomination . Other Methodist denominations in Britain include the Salvation Army , founded in 1865 ; the Free Methodist Church , a holiness church ; and the Church of the Nazarene . Baptists ( edit ) A Baptist church in Birmingham , West Midlands . Main article : Baptists See also : English Dissenters , Nonconformism , Ecclesiastical separatism , and 17th - century denominations in England The Baptist Union of Great Britain , despite its name , covers just England and Wales . There is a separate Baptist Union of Scotland and the Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland is an all - Ireland organisation . Other Baptist associations also exist in England , such as the Grace Baptist association and the Gospel Standard Baptists . Charismatics and Pentecostalism ( edit ) Main articles : Pentecostalism , Charismatic movement , and Neo-charismatic movement Assemblies of God in Great Britain are part of the World Assemblies of God Fellowship with over 600 churches in Great Britain . Assemblies of God Ireland cover the whole of the island of Ireland , including Northern Ireland . The Apostolic Church commenced in the early part of the 20th century in South Wales and now has over 110 churches across the United Kingdom . Elim Pentecostal Church as of 2013 had over 500 churches across the United Kingdom . There is also a growing number of independent , charismatic churches that encourage Pentecostal practices as part of their worship . These are broadly grouped together as the British New Church Movement and could number up to 400,000 members . The phenomenon of immigrant churches and congregations that began with the arrival of the HMT Empire Windrush from the West Indies in 1948 stands as a unique trend . West Indian congregations that started from this time include the Church of God , New Testament Assembly and New Testament Church of God . Africans began to arrive in the early 1980s and established their own congregations . Foremost among these are Matthew Ashimolowo from Nigeria and his Kingsway International Christian Centre in London that may be the largest church in Western Europe . Quakers ( edit ) Main article : Quakers See also : English Dissenters , Nonconformism , Ecclesiastical separatism , and 17th - century denominations in England The Britain Yearly Meeting is the umbrella body for the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) in Great Britain , the Channel Isles and the Isle of Man . It has 14,260 adult members . Northern Ireland comes under the umbrella of the Ireland Yearly Meeting . Catholicism ( edit ) Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral , Liverpool Main article : Catholic Church in the United Kingdom See also : Catholic Church in England and Wales , Catholic Church in Scotland , and Catholic Church in Ireland The Catholic Church has separate national organisations for England , Wales , and Scotland , which means there is no single hierarchy for the Catholic Church in the United Kingdom . Catholicism is the second largest denomination in England and Wales , with around five million members , mainly in England . There is , however , a single apostolic nuncio to Great Britain , presently Archbishop Edward Joseph Adams . Catholicism is Scotland 's largest Christian denomination , representing a fifth of the population . The apostolic nuncio to the whole of Ireland ( both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland ) is Jude Thaddeus Okolo . Eastern Rite Catholics in the United Kingdom are served by their own clergy and do not belong to the Latin Church dioceses but are still in full communion with the Bishop of Rome . Orthodox Christianity ( edit ) Orthodox Christianity is a relatively minor faith in the United Kingdom when compared to Protestantism and Catholicism ; most Orthodox churches cater to immigrants from Eastern Europe and the Balkans and is a relatively minor faith among Britons themselves Eastern orthodoxy ( edit ) Adherents of Eastern Orthodox Christianity in the United Kingdom are traditionally organized in accordance with patrimonial ecclesiastical jurisdictions . The Russian Orthodox Church has a Diocese of Sourozh , which covers Great Britain and Ireland , and the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia also has a diocese in the same territory . The Ecumenical Patriarchate has established the Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain , that covers England , Wales , Scotland and Ireland as well as Malta . The Patriarchate of Antioch has several parishes and missions within the Diocese of the British Isles and Ireland . Other Eastern Orthodox Churches represented in the United Kingdom include the Georgian Orthodox Church , the Romanian Orthodox Church and the Bulgarian Orthodox Church . Oriental orthodoxy ( edit ) Adherents of Oriental Orthodox Christianity in the United Kingdom are also traditionally organized in accordance with their patrimonial ecclesiastical jurisdictions , each community having its own parishes and priests . The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria has two regional Dioceses in the United Kingdom : the Diocese of Ireland , Scotland , North East England , and the Diocese of the Midlands . Other Oriental Orthodox Churches represented in the United Kingdom include the Syriac Orthodox Church , the Armenian Apostolic Church , the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church , the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and the only Oriental Orthodox Church who is n't recognised its jurisdiction with main body is the British Orthodox Church also known formerly as Orthodox Church of the British Isles . Other trinitarian denominations ( edit ) Other denominations and groups include the Seventh - day Adventist Church , the Seventh Day Baptists , the Plymouth Brethren , and Newfrontiers . Non-trinitarian denominations ( edit ) Mormonism ( edit ) Main articles : The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints in England , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints in Wales , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints in Scotland , and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints in Ireland London England Temple ( LDS ) The first missionaries from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints to proselytise in the British Isles arrived in 1837 . By 1900 as many as 100,000 converts had joined the faith , but most of these early members soon emigrated to the United States to join the main body of the church . From the 1950s emigration to the United States began to be discouraged and local congregations grew more rapidly . Today the church claims just over 186,000 members across the United Kingdom , in over 330 local congregations , known as ' wards ' or ' branches ' . The church also maintains two temples in England , the first opening in the London area in 1958 , and the second completed in 1998 in Preston and known as the Preston England Temple . Preston is also the site of the first preaching by LDS missionaries in 1837 , and is home to the oldest continually existing Latter Day Saint congregation anywhere in the world . Restored 1994 -- 2000 , the Gadfield Elm Chapel in Worcestershire is the oldest extant chapel of the LDS Church . Other non-trinitarian denominations ( edit ) Jehovah 's Witnesses had 137,631 `` publishers '' ( a term referring to members actively involved in preaching ) in the United Kingdom in 2015 . The Church of Christ , Scientist is also represented in the UK . The General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches is the umbrella organisation for Unitarian , Free Christian and other liberal religious congregations in the United Kingdom . The Unitarian Christian Association was formed in 1991 . There are an estimated 18,000 Christadelphians in the UK . Islam ( edit ) Main article : Islam in the United Kingdom See also : Islam in England , Islam in Northern Ireland , Islam in Scotland , and Islam in Wales Shah Jahan Mosque in Woking is the oldest purpose - built mosque in the United Kingdom . Estimates in 2009 suggested a total of about 2.4 million Muslims over all the United Kingdom . According to Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life , the number of Muslims in Britain could be up to 3 million . The vast majority of Muslims in the United Kingdom live in England and Wales : of 1,591,126 Muslims recorded at the 2001 Census , 1,546,626 were living in England and Wales , where they form 3 per cent of the population ; 42,557 were living in Scotland , forming 0.8 per cent of the population ; and 1,943 were living in Northern Ireland . Between 2001 and 2009 the Muslim population increased roughly 10 times faster than the rest of society . Most Muslim immigrants to the United Kingdom came from former colonies . The biggest groups of Muslims are of Pakistani , Bangladeshi , Indian and Arab origins , with the remainder coming from Muslim - dominated areas such as Southwest Asia , Somalia , Malaysia , and Indonesia . During the 18th century , lascars ( sailors ) who worked for the British East India Company settled in port towns with local wives . These numbered only 24,037 in 1891 but 51,616 on the eve of World War I. Naval cooks , including Sake Dean Mahomet , also came from what is now the Sylhet Division of Bangladesh . From the 1950s onwards , the growing Muslim population has led to a number of notable Mosques being established , including East London Mosque , London Central Mosque , Manchester Central Mosque , London Markaz , and the Baitul Futuh of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community . According to Kevin Brice , a researcher at the University of Wales , Trinity Saint David , thousands convert to Islam annually and there are approximately 100,000 converts to Islam in Britain , where they run two mosques . According to a Labour Force Survey estimate , the total number of Muslims in Great Britain in 2008 was 2,422,000 , around 4 per cent of the total population . Between 2004 and 2008 , the Muslim population grew by more than 500,000 . In 2010 , The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life estimated 2,869,000 Muslims in Great Britain . The largest age - bracket within the British Muslim population were those under the age of 4 , at 301,000 in September 2008 . The Muslim Council of Britain and the Islamic Forum of Europe are the umbrellas organisations for many local , regional and specialist Islamic organisations in the United Kingdom , although it is disputed how representative this organisation is of British Muslims as a whole . Muslims are by far the poorest religious or non religious community in the UK . For comparison , the median net wealth for Jews stands at £ 422 000 , Sikhs at £ 229 000 , Christians at £ 223 000 and Hindus at £ 206 000 while for Muslims the figure stands at £ 42 000 . Muslims also happen to be the most disproportionately represented religious group facing arrest , trial and imprisonment , with 13.1 % of prisoners being Muslims while the community represents 4 % of those aged 15 years or older within the general population . Judaism ( edit ) Main articles : History of the Jews in England , History of the Jews in Scotland , History of the Jews in Wales , and History of the Jews in Ireland Singers Hill Synagogue , Birmingham , England . The Jewish Naturalisation Act , enacted in 1753 , permitted the naturalisation of foreign Jews , but was repealed the next year . The first graduate from the University of Glasgow who was openly known to be Jewish was in 1787 . Unlike their English contemporaries , Scottish students were not required to take a religious oath . In 1841 Isaac Lyon Goldsmid was made baronet , the first Jew to receive a hereditary title . The first Jewish Lord Mayor of the City of London , Sir David Salomons , was elected in 1855 , followed by the 1858 emancipation of the Jews . On 26 July 1858 , Lionel de Rothschild was finally allowed to sit in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom when the law restricting the oath of office to Christians was changed . ( Benjamin Disraeli , a baptised , teenage convert to Christianity of Jewish parentage , was already an MP at this time and rose to become Prime Minister in 1874 . ) In 1884 Nathan Mayer Rothschild , 1st Baron Rothschild became the first Jewish member of the British House of Lords ; again Disraeli was already a member . British Jews number around 300,000 with the United Kingdom having the fifth largest Jewish community worldwide . However , this figure did not include Jews who identified ' by ethnicity only ' in England and Wales or Scottish Jews who identified as Jewish by upbringing but held no current religion . A report in August 2007 by University of Manchester historian Dr Yaakov Wise stated that 75 per cent of all births in the Jewish community were to ultra-orthodox , Haredi parents , and that the increase of ultra-orthodox Jewry has led to a significant rise in the proportion of British Jews who are ultra-orthodox . However various studies suggest that within some Jewish communities and particularly in some strictly Orthodox areas , many residents ignored the voluntary question on religion following the advice of their religious leaders resulting in a serious undercount , therefore it is impossible to give an accurate number on the total UK Jewish population . It may be even more than double the official estimates , heavily powered by the very high birth rate of orthodox families and British people who are Jewish by origin but not religion ; as it currently stands , the Jewish as ethnicity section is not documented on the census . Bahá'í faith ( edit ) Main article : Bahá'í Faith in the United Kingdom See also : Bahá'í Faith in England , Bahá'í Faith in Scotland , and Bahá'í Faith in Wales The Bahá'í Faith in the United Kingdom has a historical connection with the earliest phases of the Bahá'í Faith starting in 1845 and has had a major effect on the development of communities of the religion in far flung nations around the world . It is estimated that between 1951 and 1993 , Bahá'ís from the United Kingdom settled in 138 countries . Indian religions ( edit ) Buddhism ( edit ) Kagyu Samyé Ling Monastery and Tibetan Centre in Scotland Main article : Buddhism in the United Kingdom See also : Buddhism in England , Buddhism in Scotland , and Buddhism in Wales The earliest Buddhist influence on Britain came through its imperial connections with Southeast Asia , and as a result the early connections were with the Theravada traditions of Burma , Thailand , and Sri Lanka . The tradition of study resulted in the foundation of the Pali Text Society , which undertook the task of translating the Pali Canon of Buddhist texts into English . Buddhism as a path of practise was pioneered by the Theosophists , Madame Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott , and in 1880 they became the first Westerners to receive the refuges and precepts , the ceremony by which one traditionally becomes a Buddhist . In 1924 London 's Buddhist Society was founded , and in 1926 the Theravadin London Buddhist Vihara . The rate of growth was slow but steady through the century , and the 1950s saw the development of interest in Zen Buddhism . In 1967 Kagyu Samyé Ling Monastery and Tibetan Centre , now the largest Tibetan Buddhist centre in Western Europe , was founded in Scotland . The first home - grown Buddhist movement was also founded in 1967 , the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order ( now the Triratna Buddhist Community ) . There are some Soka Gakkai groups in the United Kingdom . Hinduism ( edit ) The Neasden Temple is the second largest temple of Hinduism in Europe . Main article : Hinduism in the United Kingdom Hinduism was the religion of 558,810 people in Great Britain according to the 2001 census but an estimate in a British newspaper in 2007 has put the figure as high as 1.5 million . One Non-governmental organisation estimated as of 2007 that there are 800,000 Hindus in the United Kingdom . Although most British Hindus live in England , with half living in London alone , small but growing Hindu communities also exist in Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales . Jainism ( edit ) Main article : Jainism in the United Kingdom As of 2006 , there are around 25,000 Jains in the United Kingdom . One of the first Jain settlers , Champat Rai Jain , was in England during 1892 -- 1897 to study law . He established the Rishabh Jain Lending Library in 1930 . Later , he translated several Jain texts into English . Leicester houses one of the world 's few Jain temples outside of India . There is an Institute of Jainology at Greenford , London . Sikhism ( edit ) Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha , Southall , UK Main article : Sikhism in the United Kingdom See also : Sikhism in England , Sikhism in Scotland , and Sikhism in Wales Sikhism was recorded as the religion of 336,149 people in the United Kingdom at the time of the 2001 Census . While England is home to the majority of Sikhs in the United Kingdom , small communities also exist in Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales . The first recorded Sikh settler in the United Kingdom was Maharaja Duleep Singh , dethroned and exiled in 1849 at the age of 14 , after the Anglo - Sikh wars . During the reign of King Edward VII the first Sikh society in the UK was founded in 1908 , it was called The Khalsa Jatha . http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/sikh-dharamsala-london . The first Sikh Gurdwara ( temple ) was established in 1911 , in Shepherds Bush , Putney , London . The first wave of Sikh migration came in the 1940s , mostly of men from the Punjab seeking work in industries such as foundries and textiles . These new arrivals mostly settled in London , Birmingham , Wolverhampton , the Midlands and West Yorkshire . Thousands of Sikhs from East Africa followed later . Neopaganism ( edit ) Neo-druids . Main article : Neopaganism in the United Kingdom In the 2001 Census , a total of 42,262 people from England , Scotland , and Wales declared themselves to be pagans or adherents of Wicca . However , other surveys have led to estimates of around 250,000 or even higher . Wicca ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , census figures do not allow an accurate breakdown of traditions within the Pagan heading , as a campaign by the Pagan Federation before the 2001 Census encouraged Wiccans , Heathens , Druids and others all to use the same write - in term ' Pagan ' in order to maximise the numbers reported . For the first time , respondents were able to write in an affiliation not covered by the checklist of common religions , and a total of 42,262 people from England , Scotland and Wales declared themselves to be Pagans by this method . These figures were not immediately analysed by the Office for National Statistics , but were released after an application by the Pagan Federation of Scotland . Druidry ( edit ) During the Iron Age , Celtic polytheism was the predominant religion in the area now known as England . Neo-Druidism grew out of the Celtic revival in 18th century Romanticism . A 2012 Druid analysis estimates that there are roughly 11,000 Druids in Britain . Religion and Society ( edit ) Religion and Politics ( edit ) Though the main political parties are secular , the formation of the Labour Party was influenced by Christian socialism and by leaders from a nonconformist background , such as Keir Hardie . On the other hand , the Church of England was once nicknamed `` the Conservative Party at prayer '' , though this has changed since the 1980s as the Church has moved to the left of the Conservative Party on social and economic issues . Some minor parties are explicitly ' religious ' in ideology : two ' Christian ' parties -- the Christian Party and the Christian Peoples Alliance , fielded joint candidates at the 2009 European Parliament elections and increased their share of the vote to come eighth , with 249,493 votes ( 1.6 % of total votes cast ) , and in London , where the CPA had three councillors , the Christian parties picked up 51,336 votes ( 2.9 % of the vote ) , up slightly from the 45,038 gained in 2004 . The Church of England is represented in the UK Parliament by 26 bishops ( the Lords Spiritual ) and the British monarch is a member of the church ( required under Article 2 of the Treaty of Union ) as well as its Supreme Governor . The Lords Spiritual have seats in the House of Lords and debate government policies affecting the whole of the United Kingdom . The Church of England also has the right to draft legislative measures ( related to religious administration ) through the General Synod that can then be passed into law by Parliament . The Prime Minister , regardless of personal beliefs , plays a key role in the appointment of Church of England bishops , although in July 2007 Gordon Brown proposed reforms of the Prime Minister 's ability to affect Church of England appointments . Religion and Education ( edit ) Religious education and Collective Worship are compulsory in many state schools in England and Wales by virtue of clauses 69 and 70 of the School Standards and Framework Act 1998 . Clause 71 of the act gives parents the right to withdraw their children from Religious Education and Collective Worship and parents should be informed of their right in accordance with guidelines published by the Department for Education ; `` a school should ensure parents or carers are informed of this right '' . The content of the religious education is decided locally by the Standing Advisory Council on Religious Education . In England and Wales , a significant number of state funded schools are faith schools with the vast majority Christian ( mainly either of Church of England or Catholic ) though there are also Jewish , Muslim and Sikh faith schools . Faith schools follow the same national curriculum as state schools , though with the added ethos of the host religion . Until 1944 there was no requirement for state schools to provide religious education or worship , although most did so . The Education Act 1944 introduced a requirement for a daily act of collective worship and for religious education but did not define what was allowable under these terms . The act contained provisions to allow parents to withdraw their children from these activities and for teachers to refuse to participate . The Education Reform Act 1988 introduced a further requirement that the majority of collective worship be `` wholly or mainly of a broadly Christian character '' . According to a 2003 report from the Office for Standards in Education , a `` third of governing bodies do not fulfil their statutory duties adequately , sometimes because of a failure to pursue thoroughly enough such matters as arranging a daily act of collective worship '' . In Scotland , the majority of schools are non-denominational , but separate Catholic schools , with an element of control by the Catholic Church , are provided within the state system . The Education ( Scotland ) Act 1980 imposes a statutory duty on all local authorities to provide religious education and religious observance in Scottish schools . These are currently defined by the Scottish Government 's Curriculum for Excellence ( 2005 ) . Northern Ireland has a highly segregated education system . 95 per cent of pupils attend either maintained ( Catholic ) schools or controlled schools , which are open to children of all faiths and none , though in practise most pupils are from the Protestant community . Religion and prison ( edit ) Prisoners are given religious freedom and privileges while in prison . This includes access to a chaplain or religious advisor , authorised religious reading materials , ability to change faith , as well as other privileges . Several faith - based outreach programmes provide faith promoting guidance and counselling . Every three months , the Ministry of Justice collects data , including religious affiliation , of all UK prisoners and is published as the Offender Management Caseload Statistics . This data is then compiled into reports and published in the House of Commons library . On 31 March 2015 the prison population of England and Wales was recorded as 49 % Christian , 14 % Muslim , 2 % Buddhist , 2 % other religions and 31 % no religion . Religion and the media ( edit ) The Communications Act 2003 requires certain broadcasters in the United Kingdom to carry a `` suitable quantity and range of programmes '' dealing with religion and other beliefs , as part of their public service broadcasting . Prominent examples of religious programming include the BBC television programme Songs of Praise , aired on a Sunday evening with an average weekly audience of 2.5 million , and the Thought for the Day slot on BBC Radio 4 . Channels also offer documentaries on , or from the perspective of a criticism of organised religion . A significant example is Richard Dawkins ' two - part Channel 4 documentary , The Root of all Evil ? . Open disbelief of , or even mockery of organised religion , is not regarded as a taboo in the British media , though it has occasionally provoked controversy -- for example , the movie Monty Python 's Life of Brian , the poem `` The Love That Dares to Speak Its Name '' , and the musical Jerry Springer : The Opera , all of which involved characters based on Jesus , were subject to public outcry and blasphemy allegations , while The Satanic Verses , a novel by British Indian author Salman Rushdie which includes a fantasy sequence about Muhammed , caused global protests including several by British Muslims . British comedy has a history of parody on the subject of religion . Religion and Social Identity : patron Saints of the home nations ( edit ) Saint George is the patron saint of England . Saint Andrew is the patron saint of Scotland . Saint David is the patron saint of Wales . Saint Patrick is the patron saint of Ireland . Interfaith dialogue , tolerance , religious discrimination and secularism ( edit ) Interfaith dialogue ( edit ) London neighbours , the Fieldgate Street Great Synagogue and the East London Mosque The Interfaith Network for the United Kingdom encompasses the main faith organisations of the United Kingdom , either directly with denominational important representatives or through joint bodies for these denominations , promotes local interfaith cooperation , promotes understanding between faiths and convenes meetings and conferences where social and religious questions of concern to the different faith communities can be examined together , including meetings of the Network 's ' Faith Communities Consultative Forum ' . Ecumenical friendship and cooperation has gradually developed between Christian denominations and where inter-sect prejudice exists this has via education and employment policy been made a pressing public matter in dealing with its two prominent examples -- sectarianism in Glasgow and Northern Ireland -- where segregation is declining . Tolerance and religious discrimination ( edit ) See also : Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom , Antisemitism in the United Kingdom , and Islamophobia in the United Kingdom In the early 21st century , the Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006 made it an offence in England and Wales to incite hatred against a person on the grounds of their religion . The common law offences of blasphemy and blasphemous libel were abolished with the coming into effect of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 on 8 July 2008 . 2005 -- 2010 polls have shown that public opinion in the United Kingdom generally tends towards a suspicion or outright disapproval of radical or evangelical religiosity , though moderate groups and individuals are rarely subject to less favourable treatment from society or employers . The Equality Act 2010 prohibits discrimination against people on the basis of religion , in the supply of goods and services and selection for employment , subject to very limited exceptions ( such as the right of schools and religious institutions to appoint paid ministers ) . Secularism ( edit ) There is no strict separation of church and state in the United Kingdom . Accordingly , most public officials may display the most common identifiers of a major religion in the course of their duties -- for example , rosary beads . Chaplains are provided in the armed forces ( see Royal Army Chaplains ' Department , RAF Chaplains Branch ) and in prisons . Although school uniform codes are generally drawn up flexibly enough to accommodate compulsory items of religious dress , some schools have banned wearing the crucifix in a necklace , arguing that to do so is not a requirement of Christianity where they prohibit all other necklaces . Post-adolescence , the wearing of a necklace is permitted in some F.E. colleges who permit religious insignia necklaces on a wider basis , which are without exception permitted at universities . Some churches have warned that the Equality Act 2010 could force them to go against their faith when hiring staff . In 2011 two judges of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales upheld previous statements in the country 's jurisprudence that the ( non-canon ) laws of the United Kingdom ' do not include Christianity ' . Therefore , a local authority was acting lawfully in denying a Christian married couple the right to foster care because of stated negative views on homosexuality . In terms of the rights recognised `` in the case of fostering arrangements at least , the right of homosexuals to equality should take precedence over the right of Christians to manifest their beliefs and moral values '' . National and regional differences ( edit ) Levels of affiliation vary between different part of the UK , particularly between Great Britain and Northern Ireland . The percentages declaring themselves Christians in the 2011 Census are 59.4 in England , 57.6 in Wales and 53.8 in Scotland , which decreased by 12.3 , 14.3 , and 11.3 percentage points respectively from the census of 2001 . This is argued to make them the fastest secularising nations in history . Northern Ireland remains one of the most religious nations in western Europe with 82.3 % of the population claiming Christian affiliation , with a decline of only 3.5 % by the 2011 census , while `` other religions '' have increased in membership . Religion has been seen as both a product and a cause of political divisions in Northern Ireland . Main religious leaders ( edit ) Lambeth Palace is the official residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury in London The Queen is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England , with the Archbishops of Canterbury and York below her . The Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland presides over the annual Assembly , but does not lead , the Church of Scotland . The Primus of Scotland is the presiding bishop of the Scottish Episcopal Church . The Great Imam is Sheikh Mawlana Abdul Qayum , one of the most famous scholars of Europe , who serves the largest Muslim congregation in the Great Britain . The Archbishop of Westminster is the leader of the Catholic bishops of England and Wales . The de facto head of the Catholic Church in Scotland is the most senior archbishop , currently Leo Cushley , Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh ( see Bishops ' Conference of Scotland ) . The Primate of All Ireland exercises his ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Northern Ireland as well as the Republic of Ireland . The Archbishop of Wales is one of the six diocesan bishops of the Church in Wales , chosen by his colleagues to hold the higher designation in addition to his own diocese . The Chief Rabbi is the title of the leader of Orthodox Judaism in the Commonwealth . The Moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland presides over , but does not lead , the Church . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints is led by the Europe Area Presidency . The current area president is Elder Erich W. Kopischke with Elder Gérald J. Caussé and Elder José A. Teixeira as first and second counsellors respectively . The Caliph Masih of the Ahmadiyya Community is Mirza Masroor Ahmad , and Fazl Mosque is his headquarters . Notable places of worship ( edit ) Christian Westminster Cathedral -- Catholic St Mary 's Cathedral , Edinburgh -- Catholic Canterbury Cathedral -- Church of England and Mother Church of England York Minster -- Church of England Durham Cathedral -- Church of England Salisbury Cathedral -- Church of England Dormition Cathedral , London -- Russian Orthodox Holy Trinity Cathedral , Down -- Church of Ireland Kingsway International Christian Centre -- Charismatic London England Temple -- Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Metropolitan Tabernacle -- Baptist St Anne 's Cathedral , Belfast -- Church of Ireland St David 's Cathedral -- Church in Wales St Giles ' Cathedral , Edinburgh -- Church of Scotland St Lazar 's Church , Bournville -- Serbian Orthodox St Mary 's Cathedral , Edinburgh -- Scottish Episcopal St Paul 's Cathedral -- Church of England St Sarkis , Kensington -- Armenian Apostolic St Sophia 's Cathedral , London -- Greek Orthodox Westminster Abbey -- Church of England Westminster Central Hall -- Methodist Jewish Bevis Marks Synagogue -- Jewish New West End Synagogue -- Jewish Islamic London Central Mosque -- Islamic North London Central Mosque -- Islamic Other Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha -- Sikh Neasden Temple -- Hindu See also ( edit ) United Kingdom portal Religion portal Religion by country Religion in England Religion in Scotland Religion in Wales Religion in Northern Ireland Religion in the Republic of Ireland Commission on Religion and Belief in British Public Life Irreligion in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Religion in England and Wales 2011 '' . 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Religion , Identity and Politics in Northern Ireland : Boundaries of Belonging and Belief . pp. 69 -- 117 . ISBN 0754641546 . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Organisation of the Church of England , Church of England website . Jump up ^ `` Shaykh Abdul Qayyum '' . AL - QALAM . Retrieved 2013 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Religious Figure 2014 '' . British Bangladeshi Power Inspiration . Archived from the original on 14 March 2016 . Retrieved 2014 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Further reading ( edit ) Bebbington , David W. Evangelicalism in Modern Britain : A History from the 1730s to the 1980s ( Routledge , 2003 ) Buchanan , Colin . Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism ( 2nd ed. 2015 ) excerpt Chadwick , Owen , The Victorian Church : Vol 1 1829 - 1859 ( 1966 ) ; Victorian Church : Part two 1860 - 1901 ( 1979 ) ; a major scholarly survey Davie , Grace . Religion in Britain since 1945 : Believing without belonging ( Blackwell , 1994 ) Davie , Grace . Religion in Britain : A Persistent Paradox ( 2014 ) . Davies , Rupert E. et al . A History of the Methodist Church in Great Britain ( 3 vol . Wipf & Stock , 2017 ) . online Gilbert , Alan D. Religion and society in industrial England : church , chapel , and social change , 1740 -- 1914 ( 1976 ) . Gilley , Sheridan , and W.J. Sheils . A History of Religion in Britain : Practice and Belief from Pre-Roman Times to the Present ( 1994 ) 608pp excerpt and text search Hastings , Adrian . A History of English Christianity : 1920 - 1985 ( 1986 ) 720pp ; a major scholarly survey McLeod , Hugh . Religion and society in England , 1850 -- 1914 ( Macmillan , 1996 ) . Obelkevich , J. Religion and Rural Society ( Oxford University Press , 1976 ) Shaw , Duncan , edt al. `` What is Religious History ? '' History Today ( 1985 ) 35 # 8 online , commentary by 8 scholars Primary sources ( edit ) Horace Mann ( 1854 ) . Census of Great Britain , 1851 : Religious Worship in England and Wales . External links ( edit ) General ( edit ) Eurel : sociological and legal data on religions in Europe BBC What the World Thinks of God television programme Kettell , Steven ( 2009 ) . `` On the Public Discourse of Religion : An Analysis of Christianity in the United Kingdom '' ( PDF ) . Politics and Religion . 2 ( 3 ) : 420 -- 443 . doi : 10.1017 / s1755048309990204 . Christianity ( edit ) Church of England Church of Scotland Presbyterian Church in Ireland Church of Ireland ( Anglican ) Church in Wales ( Anglican ) Catholic Church in England and Wales Catholic Bishops ' Conference of Scotland Catholic Church in Ireland Assemblies of God of Great Britain Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales Free Church of Scotland Free Church of Scotland ( Continuing ) Ecumenical Patriarchate Greek Orthodox Church in Great Britain Parishes in the British Isles under the Ecumenical Patriarchate 's Paris Exarchate Russian Orthodox Church in Great Britain and Ireland -- Diocese of Sourozh , Patriarchate of Moscow Antiochian Orthodox Church in the United Kingdom and Ireland Romanian Orthodox Church , London Judaism ( edit ) Office of the Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of Great Britain and the Commonwealth ( Orthodox ) Masorti Judaism Movement for Reform Judaism Liberal Judaism Islam ( edit ) Muslim Council of Great Britain Hinduism ( edit ) Hindu Council UK Hindu Cultural Association of Wales UK Sikhism ( edit ) The Network of Sikh Organisations UK Buddhism ( edit ) The Buddhist Society No religion ( edit ) Humanists UK The Freethinker - The voice of Atheism since 1881 Religion in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union United Kingdom articles History Chronology Formation Georgian era Victorian era Edwardian era First World War Interwar Second World War UK since 1945 ( social history ) By topic Economic Empire Maritime Military Geography Administrative Countries of the United Kingdom Crown dependencies Overseas territories City status Towns Former colonies Physical British Isles terminology Great Britain Coastline Geology Lakes and lochs Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Resources Agriculture Energy / Renewable energy Biodiesel Coal Geothermal Hydraulic frac . Hydroelectricity Marine North Sea oil Solar Wind Fishing English Scottish Hunting Materials Flora Forestry Mining Politics Constitution Courts Devolution Elections Foreign relations Human rights Judiciary Law Law enforcement Legislation Monarchy monarchs Nationality Parliament House of Commons House of Lords Political parties Government Cabinet list Civil service Departments Prime Minister list Military Royal Navy Army Royal Air Force Weapons of mass destruction Economy Banks Bank of England Budget Economic geography Manufacturing Pound ( currency ) Stock Exchanges ( London Exchange ) Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transport British Rail Society Affordability of housing Crime Demography Drug policy Education Ethnic groups Health Immigration Innovation Languages Poverty Prostitution Public holidays Social care Social structure Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Cultural icons Identity Literature Media Music Religion Sport Symbols Theatre Countries of the United Kingdom England History social timeline Geography Politics Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Northern Ireland History Geography Politics Assembly Executive First Minister and deputy Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Scotland History timeline Geography Politics Parliament Government First Minister Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Wales History Geography Welsh Government Politics Assembly First Minister Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Outline Index Book Portal Jump up ^ the listing of parishes on this website is disputed : Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe # Parishes and Communities of the Vicariate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=853740460 '' Categories : Religion in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : dates Use British English from January 2013 Use dmy dates from January 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca Dansk Español Euskara Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Македонски 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Türkçe اردو 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 18 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the primary religion in the united kingdom | [
"According to the 2011 Census, Christianity is the majority religion, followed by Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Judaism and Buddhism in terms of number of adherents. Among Christians, Anglicans are the most common denomination, followed by the Catholics, Presbyterians, Methodists and Baptists. This, and the relatively large number of individuals with nominal or no religious affiliations, has led commentators to variously describe the United Kingdom as a multi-faith and secularised society.\n"
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-4992542306237655348 | Paris Peace Accords | Paris Peace Accords - wikipedia Paris Peace Accords Jump to : navigation , search For the 1991 treaty , see 1991 Paris Peace Accords . Paris Peace Accords Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam Signed January 27 , 1973 ( 1973 - 01 - 27 ) Negotiators Henry Kissinger Lê Đức Thọ Signatories See below Parties North Vietnam South Vietnam United States Provisional Revolutionary Government Paris Peace Accords at Wikisource The Paris Peace Accords , officially titled the Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam , was a peace treaty signed on January 27 , 1973 to establish peace in Vietnam and end the Vietnam War . The treaty included the governments of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( North Vietnam ) , the Republic of Vietnam ( South Vietnam ) , and the United States , as well as the Provisional Revolutionary Government ( PRG ) that represented indigenous South Vietnamese revolutionaries . It ended direct U.S. military combat , and temporarily stopped the fighting between North and South Vietnam . However , the agreement was not ratified by the United States Senate . The negotiations that led to the accord began in 1968 , after various lengthy delays . As a result of the accord , the International Control Commission ( ICC ) was replaced by the International Commission of Control and Supervision ( ICCS ) to fulfill the agreement . The main negotiators of the agreement were United States National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese politburo member Lê Đức Thọ ; the two men were awarded the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts , although Lê Đức Thọ refused to accept it . Contents ( hide ) 1 Provisions of the accords 2 Paris peace negotiations 2.1 Early Deadlocks 2.2 Claimed sabotage of negotiations by Nixon campaign 2.3 Nixon government 2.4 Breakthrough and agreement 3 Aftermath 4 Signatories 5 Other key figures in the negotiations 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Provisions of the Accords ( edit ) The approximate areas of control at the time of the signing of the Accord . The South Vietnamese government controlled about 80 percent of the territory and 90 percent of the population , although many areas were contested . The document began with the statement that `` the United States and all other countries respect the independence , sovereignty , unity , and territorial integrity of Vietnam as recognized by the 1954 Geneva Agreements on Vietnam '' . The inclusion of this provision was a victory for the communist side -- Saigon and the Vietcong -- towards a political settlement that would allow the South Vietnamese people to `` decide themselves the political future of South Viet - Nam through genuinely free and democratic general elections under international supervision . '' Reunification of Vietnam was to be `` carried out step by step through peaceful means '' . If South Vietnam required any military hardware to defend itself against any North Vietnam aggression , the United States agreed to provide replacement aid to the South Vietnam on a piece - by - piece , one - to - one replacement basis . Paris Peace negotiations ( edit ) Early deadlocks ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Play media 1971 newsreel about the peace talks Following the success of anti-war candidate Eugene McCarthy in the New Hampshire primary , in March 1968 U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson halted bombing operations over the northern portion of the North Vietnam ( Operation Rolling Thunder ) , in order to encourage Hanoi ( the perceived locus of the insurgency ) to begin negotiations . Shortly thereafter , Hanoi agreed to discuss a complete halt of the bombing , and a date was set for representatives of both parties to meet in Paris , France . The sides first met on May 10 , with the delegations headed by Xuân Thuỷ , who would remain the official leader of the North Vietnamese delegation throughout the process , and U.S. ambassador - at - large W. Averell Harriman . For five months , the negotiations stalled as North Vietnam demanded that all bombing of North Vietnam be stopped , while the U.S. side demanded that North Vietnam agree to a reciprocal de-escalation in South Vietnam ; it was not until October 31 that Johnson agreed to end the air strikes and serious negotiations could begin . One of the largest hurdles to effective negotiation was the fact that North Vietnam and its ally in South Vietnam , the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam ( NLF , or Viet Cong ) , refused to recognize the government of South Vietnam ; with equal persistence , the government in Saigon refused to acknowledge the legitimacy of the NLF . Harriman resolved this dispute by developing a system by which North Vietnam and U.S. would be the named parties ; NLF officials could join the North Vietnam team without being recognized by South Vietnam , while Saigon 's representatives joined their U.S. allies . A similar debate concerned the shape of the table to be used at the conference . The North favored a circular table , in which all parties , including NLF representatives , would appear to be `` equal '' ' in importance . The South Vietnamese argued that only a rectangular table was acceptable , for only a rectangle could show two distinct sides to the conflict . Eventually a compromise was reached , in which representatives of the northern and southern governments would sit at a circular table , with members representing all other parties sitting at individual square tables around them . Claimed sabotage of negotiations by Nixon campaign ( edit ) Bryce Harlow , a former White House staff member in the Eisenhower administration , claimed to have `` a double agent working in the White House ... I kept Nixon informed . '' Harlow and Henry Kissinger ( who was friendly with both campaigns and guaranteed a job in either a Humphrey or Nixon administration in the upcoming election ) separately predicted Johnson 's `` bombing halt '' . Democratic senator George Smathers informed President Johnson that `` the word is out that we are making an effort to throw the election to Humphrey . Nixon has been told of it '' . According to presidential historian Robert Dallek , Kissinger 's advice `` rested not on special knowledge of decision making at the White House but on an astute analyst 's insight into what was happening . '' CIA intelligence analyst William Bundy stated that Kissinger obtained `` no useful inside information '' from his trip to Paris , and `` almost any experienced Hanoi watcher might have come to the same conclusion '' . While Kissinger may have `` hinted that his advice was based on contacts with the Paris delegation , '' this sort of `` self - promotion ... is at worst a minor and not uncommon practice , quite different from getting and reporting real secrets . '' Nixon asked the prominent Asian - American politician Anna Chennault to be his `` channel to Mr. Thieu '' ; Chennault agreed and periodically reported to John Mitchell that Thieu had no intention of attending a peace conference . On November 2 , Chennault informed the South Vietnamese ambassador : `` I have just heard from my boss in Albuquerque who says his boss ( Nixon ) is going to win . And you tell your boss ( Thieu ) to hold on a while longer . '' In response , President Johnson ordered the wire - tapping of members of the Nixon campaign . Dallek wrote that Nixon 's efforts `` probably made no difference '' because Thieu was unwilling to attend the talks and there was little chance of an agreement being reached before the election ; however , his use of information provided by Harlow and Kissinger was morally questionable , and vice president Hubert Humphrey 's decision not to make Nixon 's actions public was `` an uncommon act of political decency . '' Nixon government ( edit ) After winning the 1968 presidential election , Richard Nixon became president of the U.S. in January 1969 . He then replaced U.S. ambassador Harriman with Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. , who was later replaced by David Bruce . Also that year , the NLF set up a Provisional Revolutionary Government ( PRG ) to gain government status at the talks . However , the primary negotiations that led to the agreement did not occur at the Peace Conference at all , but were carried out during secret negotiations between Kissinger and Lê Đức Thọ , which began on August 4 , 1969 . North Vietnam insisted for three years that the agreement could not be concluded unless the United States agreed to remove South Vietnamese President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu from power and replace him with someone more acceptable to Hanoi . Nixon and Kissinger were unwilling to sign an agreement to overthrow a government the NLF had failed to overthrow by force of arms , though the extent of North Vietnamese demands is contested . Historian Marilyn B. Young , whose expertise is in American foreign relations , contends that the contents of Hanoi 's proposal were systematically distorted from their original plea to permit Thiệu 's replacement , to what Kissinger propagated as a demand for his overthrow . Breakthrough and agreement ( edit ) On May 8 , 1972 , President Nixon made a major concession to North Vietnam by announcing that the U.S. would accept a cease - fire in place as a precondition for its military withdrawal . In other words , the U.S. would withdraw its forces from South Vietnam without North Vietnam doing the same . The concession broke a deadlock and resulted in progress in the talks over the next few months . The final major breakthrough came on October 8 , 1972 . Prior to this , North Vietnam had been disappointed by the results of its Nguyen Hue Offensive ( known in the West as the Easter Offensive ) , which had resulted in the United States countering with `` Operation Linebacker , '' a significant air bombing campaign that blunted the North 's drive in the South as well as inflicting damage in the North . Also , they feared increased isolation if Nixon 's efforts at détente significantly improved U.S. relations with the chief communist powers , the Soviet Union and the People 's Republic of China , who were backing the North Vietnamese military effort . In a meeting with Kissinger , Thọ significantly modified his bargaining line , allowing that the Saigon government could remain in power and that negotiations between the two South Vietnamese parties could develop a final settlement . Within 10 days the secret talks drew up a final draft . Kissinger held a press conference in Washington during which he announced that `` peace is at hand . '' Signing the peace accords When Thiệu , who had not even been informed of the secret negotiations , was presented with the draft of the new agreement , he was furious with Kissinger and Nixon ( who were perfectly aware of South Vietnam 's negotiating position ) and refused to accept it without significant changes . He then made several public radio addresses , claiming that the proposed agreement was worse than it actually was . Hanoi was flabbergasted , believing that it had been duped into a propaganda ploy by Kissinger . On October 26 , Radio Hanoi broadcast key details of the draft agreement . However , as U.S. casualties had mounted throughout the conflict since 1965 , American domestic support for the war had deteriorated , and by the fall of 1972 there was major pressure on the Nixon administration to withdraw from the war . Consequently , the U.S. brought great diplomatic pressure upon their South Vietnamese ally to sign the peace treaty even if the concessions Thiệu wanted could not be achieved . Nixon pledged to provide continued substantial aid to South Vietnam , and given his recent landslide victory in the presidential election , it seemed possible that he would be able to follow through on that pledge . To demonstrate his seriousness to Thiệu , Nixon ordered the heavy Operation Linebacker II bombings of North Vietnam in December 1972 . Nixon also attempted to bolster South Vietnam 's military forces by ordering that large quantities of U.S. military material and equipment be given to South Vietnam from May to December 1972 under Operations Enhance and Enhance Plus . These operations were also designed to keep North Vietnam at the negotiating table and to prevent them from abandoning negotiations and seeking total victory . When the North Vietnamese government agreed to resume `` technical '' discussions with the United States , Nixon ordered a halt to bombings north of the 20th parallel on December 30 . With the U.S. committed to disengagement ( and after threats from Nixon that South Vietnam would be abandoned if he did not agree ) , Thiệu had little choice but to accede . On January 15 , 1973 , President Nixon announced a suspension of offensive actions against North Vietnam . Kissinger and Thọ met again on January 23 and signed off on a treaty that was basically identical to the draft of three months earlier . The agreement was signed by the leaders of the official delegations on January 27 , 1973 , at the Hotel Majestic in Paris , France . Aftermath ( edit ) Balance of Military Forces ( January 1973 ) South Vietnamese armed forces Ground combat regulars 210,000 Regional and Popular Force militias 510,000 Service troops 200,000 Total : South Vietnamese armed forces 920,000 Communist armed forces North Vietnamese ground troops in South Vietnam 123,000 Viet Cong ground troops 25,000 Service troops 71,000 Total : Communist armed forces 219,000 The Paris Peace Accords effectively removed the U.S. from the conflict in Vietnam . However , the agreement 's provisions were routinely flouted by both the North Vietnamese and the Saigon government , eliciting no response from the United States , and ultimately resulting in the communists enlarging the area under their control by the end of 1973 . North Vietnamese military forces gradually built up their military infrastructure in the areas they controlled and two years later were in a position to launch the successful offensive that ended South Vietnam 's status as an independent country . Nixon had secretly promised Thiệu that he would use airpower to support the Saigon government should it be necessary . During his confirmation hearings in June 1973 , Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger was sharply criticized by some senators after he stated that he would recommend resumption of U.S. bombing in North Vietnam if North Vietnam launched a major offensive against South Vietnam , but by August 15 , 1973 , 95 % of American troops and their allies had left Vietnam ( both North and South ) as well as Cambodia and Laos under the Case - Church Amendment . The amendment , which was approved by the U.S. Congress in June 1973 , prohibited further U.S. military activity in Vietnam , Laos and Cambodia unless the president secured Congressional approval in advance . However , during this time , Nixon was being driven from office due to the Watergate scandal , which led to his resignation in 1974 . When the North Vietnamese began their final offensive early in 1975 , U.S. Congress refused to appropriate additional military assistance for South Vietnam , citing strong opposition to the war by Americans and the loss of American equipment to the North by retreating Southern forces . Thiệu subsequently resigned , accusing the U.S. of betrayal in a TV and radio address : At the time of the peace agreement the United States agreed to replace equipment on a one - by - one basis . But the United States did not keep its word . Is an American 's word reliable these days ? The United States did not keep its promise to help us fight for freedom and it was in the same fight that the United States lost 50,000 of its young men . Saigon fell to the North Vietnamese army supported by Viet Cong units on April 30 , 1975 . Schlesinger had announced early in the morning of April 29 the beginning of Operation Frequent Wind , which entailed the evacuation of the last U.S. diplomatic , military and civilian personnel from Saigon via helicopter , which was completed in the early morning hours of April 30 . Not only did North Vietnam conquer South Vietnam , but the communists were also victorious in Cambodia when the Khmer Rouge captured Phnom Penh on April 17 , as were the Pathet Lao in Laos successful in capturing Vientiane on December 2 . Like Saigon , U.S. civilian and military personnel were evacuated from Phnom Penh , U.S. diplomatic presence in Vientiane was significantly downgraded , and the number of remaining U.S. personnel was severely reduced . Signatories ( edit ) Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr. , former United States Ambassador to South Vietnam , led the U.S. delegation William P. Rogers , United States Secretary of State Trần Văn Lắm , Minister for Foreign Affairs for the Republic of Vietnam Nguyễn Thị Bình , Minister for Foreign Affairs for The Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam Nguyen Duy Trinh , Minister for Foreign Affairs for The Democratic Republic of Vietnam Other key figures in the negotiations ( edit ) Henry Kissinger Lê Đức Thọ Thích Nhất Hạnh See also ( edit ) Vietnam portal Peace treaty Peace of Westphalia International law References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Paris Agreement on Vietnam : Twenty - five Years Later Conference Transcript , The Nixon Center , Washington , DC , April 1998 . Reproduced on mtholyoke.edu . Accessed 5 September 2012 . Jump up ^ The Constitution - Executive agreements Accessed 29 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Truth about the Vietnam War '' . 23 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Dallek ( 2007 ) , Nixon and Kissinger : Partners in Power , HarperCollins , pp. 73 - 74 . Jump up ^ Dallek , pp. 74 - 75 . In 1997 , Chennault admitted that `` I was constantly in touch with Nixon and Mitchell . '' Jump up ^ Dallek , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Taylor , David The Lyndon Johnson tapes : Richard Nixon 's ' treason ' BBC News Magazine 22 March 2013 Last retrieved 22 March 2013 Jump up ^ Dallek , pp. 77 - 78 . Jump up ^ Marilyn Young ( 1994 ) The Vietnam Wars : 1945 -- 1990 , HarperPerennial , pp. 263 - 264 . Jump up ^ `` Memoirs v Tapes : President Nixon and the December Bombings ''. , accessed 23 Jun 2015 Jump up ^ Isaacs , Arnold R. ( 1983 ) , Without Honor : Defeat in Vietnam and Cambodia , Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press , p. 48 - 49 , 511 Jump up ^ Le Gro , Col. William E. ( 1985 ) , Vietnam from Cease - Fire to Capitulation , US Army Center of Military History , Department of the Army , p. 28 Jump up ^ `` 1975 : Vietnam 's President Thieu resigns '' . On this day . BBC News . April 21 , 1975 . Further reading ( edit ) Herrington , Stuart A. ( 1983 ) . `` Peace with Honor ? An American Reports on Vietnam '' Presidio Press . Part II , `` Life Under The Paris Agreement '' pp. 16 -- 40 . Herschensohn , Bruce ( 2010 ) . An American Amnesia : How the U.S. Congress Forced the Surrenders of South Vietnam and Cambodia . New York : Beaufort Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8253 - 0632 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Paris Peace Accords Nixon and Vietnam Timeline Timeline of NVA invasion of South Vietnam `` LBJ Tapes Implicate Nixon With Treason '' . ABC News . December 5 , 2008 , ( video ) . `` The Trials of Henry Kissinger '' documentary by Eugene Jarecki ( video , 1h19 ) . Sequence on Nixon campaign sabotage of Paris Peace Accords : start 15min 20sec -- end 20min 10sec . The short film Vietnam War ( 1971 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive `` Les Accords de Paris , quarante ans plus tard , un film de Rina Sherman '' documentary by Rina Sherman ( HD , 71 min ) . Richard Nixon 37th President of the United States ( 1969 -- 1974 ) 36th Vice President of the United States ( 1953 -- 1961 ) U.S. Senator from California ( 1950 -- 1953 ) U.S. Representative for CA - 12 ( 1947 -- 1950 ) Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Nixon Doctrine `` Bring Us Together '' Economic policies Nixon shock Tar Baby Option Environmental Protection Agency creation National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Space exploration 1971 National Cancer Act Vietnam War Cambodian bombing Paris Peace Accords `` Peace with Honor '' Silent majority Cold War period Linkage policy 1972 Visit to China Shanghai Communiqué Détente 1972 Moscow Summit Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty SALT I Treaty Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement Threshold Test Ban Treaty Endangered Species Act Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse War on Drugs Drug Enforcement Administration Enemies List list of opponents Operation CHAOS Watergate timeline White House tapes United States v. 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General Services Administration Death and state funeral Books Six Crises ( 1962 ) Bibliography Elections United States House of Representatives elections , 1946 1948 U.S. Senate election , 1950 California gubernatorial election , 1962 Republican Party presidential primaries , 1960 1964 1968 1972 Republican National Conventions , 1952 1956 1960 1968 1972 Nixon Presidential campaign , 1968 United States presidential elections , 1952 1956 1960 debates 1968 1972 Popular culture Nixon goes to China ( phrase ) Millhouse ( 1971 film ) Four More Years ( 1972 film ) All the President 's Men ( 1976 film ) White House Madness ( 1975 film ) Nixon in China ( 1987 opera ) Nixon ( 1995 film ) Elvis Meets Nixon ( 1997 film ) Dick ( 1999 film ) The Frost - Nixon Interviews ( 2006 play , 2008 film ) Our Nixon ( 2013 film ) U.S. Postage stamp Related Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act Presidential Townhouse Staff Colonel Jack Brennan ( aide de camp ) Manolo Sanchez ( valet ) Rose Mary Woods ( secretary ) Family Thelma `` Pat '' Ryan Nixon ( wife ) Tricia Nixon Cox ( daughter ) Julie Nixon Eisenhower ( daughter ) Frank Nixon ( father ) Hannah Nixon ( mother ) Donald Nixon ( brother ) Edward Nixon ( brother ) Donald A. 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Johnson Gerald Ford → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Accords&oldid=843195872 '' Categories : 1973 in Vietnam Cold War treaties Vietnam War Peace treaties of the United States Peace treaties of Vietnam Treaties concluded in 1973 Treaties of North Vietnam Treaties of South Vietnam 1973 in international relations 1973 in Paris Treaties establishing intergovernmental organizations Henry Kissinger January 1973 events in Europe 1973 in military history Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 15 : 05 . 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"On January 15, 1973, President Nixon announced a suspension of offensive actions against North Vietnam. Kissinger and Thọ met again on January 23 and signed off on a treaty that was basically identical to the draft of three months earlier. The agreement was signed by the leaders of the official delegations on January 27, 1973, at the Hotel Majestic in Paris, France."
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"the Hotel Majestic in Paris, France"
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-2283406686531902393 | Cloud Gate | Cloud Gate - wikipedia Cloud Gate Jump to : navigation , search Public sculpture by Sir Anish Kapoor in Chicago , Illinois , United States This article is about the sculpture in Chicago . For the modern dance group , see Cloud Gate Dance Theatre . Coordinates : 41 ° 52 ′ 57.67 '' N 87 ° 37 ′ 23.97 '' W / 41.8826861 ° N 87.6233250 ° W / 41.8826861 ; - 87.6233250 Cloud Gate Artist Anish Kapoor Year 2006 Medium Stainless steel sculpture 10 m × 13 m × 20 m ( 33 ft × 42 ft × 66 ft ) Location Millennium Park , Chicago , Illinois , United States Cloud Gate is a public sculpture by Indian - born British artist Sir Anish Kapoor , that is the centerpiece of AT&T Plaza at Millennium Park in the Loop community area of Chicago , Illinois . The sculpture and AT&T Plaza are located on top of Park Grill , between the Chase Promenade and McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink . Constructed between 2004 and 2006 , the sculpture is nicknamed The Bean because of its shape . Made up of 168 stainless steel plates welded together , its highly polished exterior has no visible seams . It measures 33 by 66 by 42 feet ( 10 by 20 by 13 m ) , and weighs 110 short tons ( 100 t ; 98 long tons ) . Kapoor 's design was inspired by liquid mercury and the sculpture 's surface reflects and distorts the city 's skyline . Visitors are able to walk around and under Cloud Gate 's 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) high arch . On the underside is the `` omphalos '' ( Greek for `` navel '' ) , a concave chamber that warps and multiplies reflections . The sculpture builds upon many of Kapoor 's artistic themes , and it is popular with tourists as a photo - taking opportunity for its unique reflective properties . The sculpture was the result of a design competition . After Kapoor 's design was chosen , numerous technological concerns regarding the design 's construction and assembly arose , in addition to concerns regarding the sculpture 's upkeep and maintenance . Various experts were consulted , some of whom believed the design could not be implemented . Eventually , a feasible method was found , but the sculpture 's construction fell behind schedule . It was unveiled in an incomplete form during the Millennium Park grand opening celebration in 2004 , before being concealed again while it was completed . Cloud Gate was formally dedicated on May 15 , 2006 , and has since gained considerable popularity , both domestically and internationally . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 2 Construction and maintenance 3 Reception 4 Artistic themes 4.1 Relevant Kapoor themes 4.2 Cloud Gate themes 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Notes 7.2 Bibliography 8 External links Design ( edit ) Image map of Millennium Park ; east is at the top . Each feature or label is linked . Lying between Lake Michigan to the east and the Loop to the west , Grant Park has been Chicago 's front yard since the mid-19th century . Its northwest corner , north of Monroe Street and the Art Institute , east of Michigan Avenue , south of Randolph Street , and west of Columbus Drive , had been Illinois Central rail yards and parking lots until 1997 , when it was made available for development by the city as Millennium Park . For 2007 , the park was Chicago 's second largest tourist attraction , trailing only Navy Pier . In 1999 , Millennium Park officials and a group of art collectors , curators and architects reviewed the artistic works of 30 different artists and asked two for proposals . American artist Jeff Koons submitted a proposal to erect a permanent 150 - foot ( 46 m ) sculpture of a playground slide ; his glass and steel design featured an observation deck 90 feet ( 27 m ) above the ground that was accessible via an elevator . The committee chose the second design by internationally acclaimed artist Anish Kapoor . Measuring 33 by 66 by 42 feet ( 10 by 20 by 13 m ) and weighing 110 short tons ( 100 t ; 98 long tons ) , the proposal featured a seamless , stainless steel surface inspired by liquid mercury . This mirror - like surface would reflect the Chicago skyline , but its elliptical shape would distort and twist the reflected image . As visitors walk around the structure , its surface acts like a fun - house mirror as it distorts their reflections . Anish Kapoor 's design proposal was chosen over works by thirty different artists . In the underside of the sculpture is the omphalos , an indentation whose mirrored surface provides multiple reflections of any subject situated beneath it . The apex of the omphalos is 27 feet ( 8.2 m ) above the ground . The concave underside allows visitors to walk underneath to see the omphalos , and through its arch to the other side so that they view the entire structure . During the grand opening week in July 2004 , press reports described the omphalos as the `` spoon - like underbelly '' . The stainless steel sculpture was originally envisioned as the centerpiece of the Lurie Garden at the southeast corner of the park . However , Park officials believed the piece was too large for the Lurie Garden and decided to locate it at AT&T Plaza , despite Kapoor 's objections . Skyscrapers to the north along East Randolph Street , including The Heritage , the Smurfit - Stone Building , Two Prudential Plaza , One Prudential Plaza , and Aon Center are visible , reflected on both the east and west sides of the sculpture . Although Kapoor does not draw with computers , computer modeling was essential to the process of analyzing the complex form , which created numerous issues . Since the sculpture was expected to be outdoors , concerns arose that it might retain and conduct heat in a way that would make it too hot to touch during the summer and so cold that one 's tongue might stick to it during the winter . The extreme temperature variation between seasons was also feared to weaken the structure . Graffiti , bird droppings and fingerprints were also potential problems , as they would affect the aesthetics of the surface . The most pressing issue was the need to create a single seamless exterior for the external shell , a feat architect Norman Foster once believed to be nearly impossible . While the sculpture was being constructed , public and media outlets nicknamed it `` The Bean '' because of its shape , a name that Kapoor described as `` completely stupid '' . Months later , Kapoor officially named the piece `` Cloud Gate '' . ( Kapoor eventually accepted the nickname of `` The Bean '' . ) Critical reviews describe the sculpture as a passage between realms . Three - quarters of the sculpture 's external surface reflects the sky and the name refers to it acting as a type of gate that helps bridge the space between the sky and the viewer . The sculpture and plaza are sometimes referred to jointly as `` Cloud Gate on the AT&T Plaza '' . It is Kapoor 's first public outdoor work in the United States , and is the work by which he is best known in the country according to the Financial Times . Construction and maintenance ( edit ) The first of two internal support rings for the sculpture is erected in Millennium Park at AT&T Plaza . The British engineering firm Atelier One and freelance engineer Chris Hornzee - Jones ( who later went on to form the engineering firm Aerotrope in 2005 ) provided the sculpture 's structural design , and Performance Structures , Inc . ( PSI ) was chosen to fabricate it because of their ability to produce nearly invisible welds . The project began with PSI attempting to recreate the design in miniature . A high - density polyurethane foam model was selected by Kapoor , which was then used to design the final structure , including the interior structural components . Initially , PSI planned to build and assemble the sculpture in Oakland , California , and ship it to Chicago through the Panama Canal and St. Lawrence Seaway . However , this plan was discarded after park officials deemed it too risky , so the decision was made to transport the individual panels by truck and to assemble the structure on - site , a task undertaken by MTH Industries . The sculpture 's weight raised concerns . Estimating the thickness of the steel needed to create the sculpture 's desired aesthetics before fabrication was difficult . Cloud Gate was originally estimated to weigh 60 short tons ( 54 t ; 54 long tons ) when completed . However , the final figure was almost twice as heavy at 110 short tons ( 100 t ; 98 long tons ) . This extra weight required engineers to reconsider the sculpture 's supporting structures . The roof of the Park Grill , upon which Cloud Gate sits , had to be built strong enough to bear the weight . The large retaining wall separating Chicago 's Metra train tracks from the North Grant Park garage supports much of the weight of the sculpture and forms the back side of the restaurant . This wall , along with the rest of the garage 's foundation , required additional bracing before the piece was erected . Cloud Gate is further buttressed by lateral members underneath the plaza that are anchored to the sculpture 's interior structure by tie rods . Inside Cloud Gate 's polished exterior shell are several steel structures that keep the sculpture standing . The first structural pieces , two type 304 stainless steel rings , were put into place in February 2004 . As construction continued , crisscrossing pipe trusses were assembled between the two rings . The trusses and supporting structures were only present for the construction phases . The finished sculpture has no inner bracing . The supporting structural components were designed and constructed to ensure that no specific point was overloaded , and to avoid producing unwanted indentations on the exterior shell . The frame was also designed to expand and contract with the sculpture as temperatures fluctuate . As a result , the two large rings supporting the sculpture move independently of each other , allowing the shell to move independently of the rings . When Cloud Gate 's interior components were completed , construction crews prepared to work on the outer shell ; this comprises 168 stainless steel panels , each ⁄ inch ( 10 mm ) thick and weighing 1,000 to 2,000 pounds ( 450 to 910 kg ) . They were fabricated using three - dimensional modeling software . Computers and robots were essential in the bending and shaping of the plates , which was performed by English wheel and a robotic scanning device . Metal stiffeners were welded to each panel 's interior face to provide a small degree of rigidity . About a third of the plates , along with the entire interior structure , were fabricated in Oakland . The plates were polished to 98 percent of their final state and covered with protective white film before being sent to Chicago via trucks . Once in Chicago , the plates were welded together on - site , creating 2,442 linear feet ( 744 m ) of welded seams . Welders used keyhole welding machines rather than traditional welding guns . The plates were fabricated so precisely that no on - site cutting or filing was necessary when lifting and fitting them into position . When construction of the shell began in June 2004 , a large tent was erected around the piece to shield it from public view . Construction began with the omphalos , where plates were attached to the supporting internal steel structure , from the inside ( underside ) of the sculpture downward to the outermost surfaces . This sequence caused the structure to resemble a large sombrero when the bottom was complete . The shell of Cloud Gate was fully erected for the grand opening of Millennium Park on July 15 , 2004 , although it was unpolished and thus unfinished , because its assembly had fallen behind schedule . The piece was temporarily uncovered on July 8 for the opening , although Kapoor was unhappy with this as it allowed the public to see the sculpture in an unfinished state . The original plan was to re-erect the tent around the sculpture for polishing on July 24 , but public appreciation for the piece convinced park officials to leave it uncovered for several months . The tent was again erected in January 2005 as a 24 - person crew from Ironworkers Local 63 polished the seams between each plate . In order to grind , sand and polish the seams , six levels of scaffolding were erected around the sides of the sculpture , while climbing ropes and harnesses were used to polish harder - to - reach areas . When the upper and side portions of the shell were completed , the tent was once again removed in August 2005 . On October 3 , the omphalos was closed off as workers polished the final section . Every weld on the Cloud Gate underwent a five - stage process , required to produce the sculpture 's mirror - like finish . Stage Name Equipment used Sandpaper type Purpose Rough cut 5 - pound ( 2.3 kg ) , 41⁄2 - inch ( 110 mm ) electric grinder 40 - grit Removed welded seams Initial contour 15 - pound ( 6.8 kg ) , 2 - inch ( 51 mm ) , air - driven belt sander 80 - grit , 100 - grit and 120 - grit Shaped the weld contours Sculpting air - driven 10 - pound ( 4.5 kg ) , 1 - inch ( 25 mm ) belt sander 80 - grit , 120 - grit , 240 - grit and 400 - grit Smoothed the weld contours Refining double action sander 400 - grit , 600 - grit and 800 - grit Removed the fine scratches that were left from the sculpting stage 5 Polishing 10 - inch ( 250 mm ) electric buffing wheel 10 pounds ( 4.5 kg ) of rouge Buffed and polished the surface to a mirror - like finish The sculpture was finally completed on August 28 , 2005 , and officially unveiled on May 15 , 2006 . The cost for the piece was first estimated at $6 million ; this had escalated to $11.5 million by the time the park opened in 2004 , with the final figure standing at $23 million in 2006 . No public funds were involved ; all funding came from donations from individuals and corporations . Kapoor 's contract states that the constructed piece should be expected to survive for 1,000 years . The lower 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) of Cloud Gate is wiped down twice a day by hand , while the entire sculpture is cleaned twice a year with 40 U.S. gallons ( 33 imp gal ; 150 L ) of liquid detergent . The daily cleanings use a Windex - like solution , while the semi-annual cleanings use Tide . A notable February 2009 rare incident saw two names etched in letters about 1 inch ( 25 mm ) tall on the northeast side of the curved sculpture . The graffiti was removed by the same firm that did the original polishing . Reception ( edit ) A tent was erected to cover Cloud Gate while it was being polished in 2004 and 2005 . Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley declared the day of the sculpture 's dedication , May 15 , 2006 , to be `` Cloud Gate Day '' . Kapoor attended the celebration , while local jazz trumpeter and bandleader Orbert Davis and the Chicago Jazz Philharmonic played `` Fanfare for Cloud Gate '' , which Davis composed . The public took an instant liking to the sculpture , affectionately referring to it as `` The Bean '' . Cloud Gate has become a popular piece of public art and is now a fixture on many souvenirs such as postcards , sweatshirts , and posters . The sculpture has attracted a large number of locals , tourists , and art aficionados from around the world . The sculpture is now the piece by which Kapoor is most identified in the United States . Time describes the piece as an essential photo opportunity , and more of a destination than a work of art. The New York Times writes that it is both a `` tourist magnet '' and an `` extraordinary art object '' , while USA Today refers to the sculpture as a monumental abstract work . Chicago art critic Edward Lifson considers Cloud Gate to be among the greatest pieces of public art in the world . The American Welding Society recognized Cloud Gate , MTH Industries and PSI with the group 's Extraordinary Welding Award . Time named Millennium Park one of the ten best architectural achievements of 2004 , citing Cloud Gate as one of the park 's major attractions . What I wanted to do in Millennium Park is make something that would engage the Chicago skyline ... so that one will see the clouds kind of floating in , with those very tall buildings reflected in the work . And then , since it is in the form of a gate , the participant , the viewer , will be able to enter into this very deep chamber that does , in a way , the same thing to one 's reflection as the exterior of the piece is doing to the reflection of the city around . -- Anish Kapoor When the park first opened in 2004 , Metra police stopped a Columbia College Chicago journalism student who was working on a photography project in Millennium Park and confiscated his film because of fears of terrorism . In 2005 , the sculpture attracted some controversy when a professional photographer without a paid permit was denied access to the piece . As is the case for all works of art currently covered by United States copyright law , the artist holds the copyright for the sculpture . This allows the public to freely photograph Cloud Gate , but permission from Kapoor or the City of Chicago ( which has licensed the art ) is required for any commercial reproductions of the photographs . The city first set a policy of collecting permit fees for photographs . These permits were initially set at $350 per day for professional still photographers , $1,200 per day for professional videographers and $50 per hour for wedding photographers . The policy has been changed so permits are only required for large - scale film , video and photography requiring ten - person crews and equipment . In addition to restricting photography of public art , closing a public park for a private event has also been controversial . In 2005 and 2006 , almost all of Millennium Park was closed for a day for corporate events . On both occasions , as one of the park 's primary attractions , Cloud Gate was the focus of controversy . On September 8 , 2005 , Toyota Motor Sales USA paid $800,000 to rent most venues in the park including Cloud Gate on AT&T Plaza from 6 a.m. to 11 p.m. On August 7 , 2006 , Allstate paid $700,000 to rent the park . For this price , Allstate acquired the visitation rights to a different set of features and only had exclusive access to Cloud Gate after 4 p.m. These corporate closures denied tourists access to Kapoor 's public sculpture , and commuters who walk through the park were forced to take alternative routes . City officials stated that the money would help finance free public programs in Millennium Park . In 2015 , a sculpture similar to Cloud Gate was reported in Karamay , China at the site of an oil discovery , which according to Eduardo Peñalver , the Dean of Cornell Law School , `` very probably '' is a copyright infringement against Cloud Gate . Though designed to resemble an oil bubble , Kapoor hoped that legal action would be taken against what he termed a Chinese knockoff . Mayor Rahm Emanuel was less concerned and said that it was a flattering imitation . Artistic themes ( edit ) Relevant Kapoor themes ( edit ) I hope what I have done is make a serious work , which deals with serious questions about form , public space and an object in space . You can capture the popular imagination and hold other points of interest , but that is not what I set out to do , although there is inevitably a certain spectacular in an object like this . -- Anish Kapoor Anish Kapoor has a reputation for creating spectacles in urban settings by producing works of extreme size and scale . Before creating Cloud Gate , Kapoor had created art that distorted images of the viewer instead of portraying images of its own . In so doing , he acquired experience blurring the boundary between the limit and the limitless . Kapoor drew on past experience to design Cloud Gate , in particular the designing of Sky Mirror ( 2001 ) , a 20 - foot ( 6.1 m ) 10 - short - ton ( 9 t ; 9 - long - ton ) concave stainless steel mirror that also used a theme of distorted perception on a grand scale . Kapoor 's objects often aim to evoke immateriality and the spiritual , an outcome he achieves either by carving dark voids into stone pieces , or more recently , through the sheer shine and reflectivity of his objects . This Indian artist 's works have no fixed identity , but rather occupy an illusionary space that is consistent with eastern theologies shared by Buddhism , Hinduism and Taoism , as well as Albert Einstein 's views of a non-three - dimensional world . Kapoor explores the theme of ambiguity with his works that place the viewer in a state of `` in - betweenness '' . The artist often questions and plays with such dualities as solidity -- emptiness or reality -- reflection , which in turn allude to such paired opposites as flesh -- spirit , the here -- the beyond , east -- west , sky -- earth , etc. that create the conflict between internal and external , superficial and subterranean , and conscious and unconscious . Kapoor also creates a tension between masculine and feminine within his art by having concave points of focus that invite the entry of visitors and multiplies their images when they are positioned correctly . Cloud Gate themes ( edit ) Kapoor often speaks of removing both the signature of the artist from his works as well as any traces of their fabrication , or what he refers to as `` traces of the hand '' . He aspires to make his works look like they have independent realities that he reveals rather than creates . For him , removing all the seams from Cloud Gate was necessary in order to make the sculpture seem as though it was `` perfect '' and ready - made . These effects increase the viewer 's fascination with it and makes them wonder what it is and where it came from . His attempts to hide his works ' seams as an artist stand in contrast to Frank Gehry 's architectural designs in the park , Jay Pritzker Pavilion and BP Pedestrian Bridge , which display their seams prominently . Cloud Gate is described as a transformative , iconic work . It is similar to many of Kapoor 's previous works in the themes and issues it addresses . While the sculpture 's mirror effects are reminiscent of fun - house fairground mirrors , they also have a more serious intent ; they help dematerialize this very large object , making it seem light and almost weightless . Cloud Gate is considered Kapoor 's most ambitious use of complex mirrored form dynamics . Kapoor challenges his viewers to internalize his work through intellectual and theoretical exercise . By reflecting the sky , visiting and non-visiting pedestrians and surrounding architecture , Cloud Gate limits its viewers to partial comprehension at any time . The interaction with the viewer who moves to create his own vision gives it a spiritual dimension . The sculpture is described as a disembodied , luminous form , which is also how his earlier 1000 Names ( 1979 -- 80 ) was described when it addressed the metaphysical and mystical . The viewer physically enters the art when he walks underneath it into its `` navel '' . The omphalos is a `` warped dimension of fluid space '' . In this dimension , solid is transformed into fluid in a disorienting multiplicative manner that intensifies the experience . It is emblematic of Kapoor 's work to deconstruct empirical space and venture into manifold possibilities of abstract space . The experience is described as a displaced or virtual depth that is composed of multiplied surfaces . According to project manager Lou Cerny of MTH Industries , `` When the light is right , you ca n't see where the sculpture ends and the sky begins . '' The sculpture challenges perception by distorting and deforming the surrounding architecture . The skyscrapers along East Randolph Street to the northeast ( Two Prudential Plaza , and Aon Center ) , north ( One Prudential Plaza ) and northwest ( The Heritage , Crain Communications Building ) are reflected on Cloud Gate 's surface when viewed from either the east or the west . The sculpture also warps viewers ' perception of time by changing the speed of movements such as the passing of clouds . Although in the conventional sense Cloud Gate is not an opening that leads anywhere in the same way that monumental gates do , it frames a view and is celebratory in the way it creates a ceremonial place . The work is credited with achieving a new level or understanding described as a transubstantiation of material , reminiscent of that which the artist experienced during a 1979 trip to India . Kapoor 's 1000 Names evolved immediately after this trip ; twenty - five years later he created Cloud Gate , an object that emerged from material forms to become immaterial . Kapoor often relies on tenets of Hinduism in his art and says that `` The experience of opposites allows for the expression of wholeness . '' Primal dualities that are one , such as the lingam and yoni , are important to Indian culture , and Cloud Gate represents both the male and female in one entity by symbolizing both the vagina and testicles . Thus , it represents the tension between the masculine and the feminine . In popular culture ( edit ) The sculpture has been used as a backdrop in commercial films , notably in the 2006 Hollywood film The Break - Up , which had to reshoot several scenes because the sculpture was under cover for the initial filming . It is also prominently featured in the ending scene of Source Code . Director Duncan Jones felt the structure was a metaphor for the movie 's subject matter and aimed for it to be shown at the beginning and end of the movie . The sculpture served as an aesthetic and symbolic setting for the 2012 film The Vow when the lead characters share a kiss under it . It also appears in the video to `` Homecoming '' , a song by Chicago native Kanye West , featuring Chris Martin of the band Coldplay . The sculpture is also featured in the 2008 mumblecore film Nights and Weekends . It was also featured in the Bollywood film Dhoom 3 and the 2014 movie , Transformers : Age of Extinction , the fourth installment in the Transformers series . A modified reproduction of Cloud Gate is also included in Watch Dogs , a video game released in 2014 that takes place in Chicago . Unlike the real sculpture , the in - game replica is a curved , white torus . A movement to Windex the Bean was started in 2017 , gaining the attention of over thirty thousand people on Facebook . The event took place on November 15th , 2017 , because of a consensus that the Bean is dirty and needs to be cleaned . See also ( edit ) List of public art in Chicago References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gilfoyle , Timothy J. ( August 6 , 2006 ) . `` Millennium Park '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Crain 's List Largest Tourist Attractions ( Sightseeing ) : Ranked by 2007 attendance '' . Crain 's Chicago Business . Crain Communications Inc . June 23 , 2008 . p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Schulze , Franz ( November 2004 ) . `` Sunday afternoon in the Cyber-Age Park : the city 's new greensward features Frank Gehny 's latest , plus `` interactive '' sculptural works by Jaume Plensa and Anish Kapoor `` . Art in America : 66 -- 69 . ^ Jump up to : Ahmed - Ullah , Noreen S. ( May 16 , 2006 ) . `` Bean 's gleam has creator beaming -- Artist Anish Kapoor admits being surprised by aspects of ` Cloud Gate ' at Monday 's dedication ceremony in Millennium Park '' . Chicago Tribune . Newsbank . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Artner , Alan G. ( April 25 , 2004 ) . `` Arts & Entertainment '' . Chicago Tribune . Newsbank . Retrieved September 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Sharoff , p. 61 Jump up ^ Daniel , Caroline ; Jeremy Grant ( September 10 , 2005 ) . `` Classical city soars above Capone clichés '' . The Financial Times . The Financial Times Ltd . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . ( registration required for entire article ) ^ Jump up to : Lacayo , Richard ( June 5 , 2008 ) . `` Anish Kapoor : Past , Present , Future '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved July 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gilfoyle , p. 203 Jump up ^ Gilfoyle , p. 261 Jump up ^ `` News '' . Journal Gazette ( Mattoon , IL ) . Newsbank . July 17 , 2004 . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bean , fountain highlight park opening '' . The Southern Illinoisan . Newsbank . July 17 , 2004 . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Nance , Kevin ( July 14 , 2004 ) . `` The Bean 's bone of contention '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Newsbank . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Baume , p. 53 ^ Jump up to : Gilfoyle , p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , Fred A. ( July 18 , 2004 ) . `` Art / Architecture ; Big Shoulders , Big Donors , Big Art '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Hedy ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Anish Kapoor , ' Cloud Gate ' artist : ' I call it `` The Bean , '' too ' `` . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Baume , pp. 123 -- 132 Jump up ^ Gilfoyle , pp. 263 -- 4 ^ Jump up to : `` Cloud Gate on the AT&T Plaza '' . Millennium Park . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2008 . Retrieved May 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Budick , Ariella ( June 14 , 2008 ) . `` Innies and outies '' . The Financial Times . The Financial Times Ltd . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Neil ; Chadwick , Aran ( 2009 ) . Liquid Threshold . Atelier One . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9562563 - 0 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` aerotrope profile '' . Aerotrope . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Steele , Jeffrey . `` Special Project -- Chicago 's Millennium Park Project '' . McGraw - Hill Construction . Retrieved May 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Sharoff , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Gilfoyle , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Gilfoyle , p. 402 . Jump up ^ `` Making Metal Gleam '' . USGlass. 42 ( 4 ) . April 2007 . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sharoff , p. 51 ^ Jump up to : Nunn , Emily ( August 24 , 2005 ) . `` Making it shine '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sharoff , p. 56 ^ Jump up to : Gilfoyle , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Becker , Lynn . `` A photo essay on the making of Anish Kapoor 's Cloud Gate sculpture in Chicago 's Millennium Park '' . Repeat . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2008 . Retrieved May 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gilfoyle , p. 206 . Jump up ^ `` Cloud Gate '' . Chicago Architecture Info . Retrieved June 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A place to reflect in Chicago '' . Los Angeles Times . January 2 , 2005 . Retrieved June 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Karen ( August 18 , 2005 ) . `` Cloud Gate Sculpture in Millennium Park to be Completely Untented by Sunday , August 28 '' ( PDF ) . Millennium Park . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 12 , 2010 . Retrieved June 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Yates , Jon ( July 15 , 2004 ) . `` Chicago finds ' bean ' meets taste test -- Sculpture reflects positively on city '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Bean Unveiled '' . Chicago Tonight . Chicago . May 15 , 2006 . WTTW . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ford , Liam ( July 11 , 2004 ) . `` City to finally open its new front yard -- Millennium Park 's price tag tripled '' . Chicago Tribune . Newsbank . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Daniel , Caroline ( July 20 , 2004 ) . `` How a steel bean gave Chicago fresh pride '' . The Financial Times . The Financial Times Ltd . Retrieved August 7 , 2008 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Bange , Jackie ( August 18 , 2005 ) . `` Clean the Bean '' . WGN - TV . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2012 . Retrieved June 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Artner , Alan G. ; Rex W. Huppke ( February 4 , 2009 ) . `` Someone scratched the Bean 's surface -- Authorities say vandalism rare , and this instance is easy to fix '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Lifson , Edward ( June 15 , 2006 ) . `` Cloud Gate Day '' . Chicago Public Radio . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2008 . Retrieved May 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Randy ( August 20 , 2006 ) . `` A Most Public Artist Polishes a New York Image '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Roberta ( May 30 , 2008 ) . `` Sculptor as Magician '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ King , John ( July 30 , 2006 ) . `` Chicago 's architectural razzmatazz : New or old , skyscrapers reflect city 's brash and playful character '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications Inc . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Randy ( May 25 , 2008 ) . `` The Week Ahead : May 25 -- 31 '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lacayo , Richard ( February 27 , 2007 ) . `` Thinking Way Out of the Box '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kinzer , Stephen ( July 13 , 2004 ) . `` Letter From Chicago ; A Prized Project , a Mayor and Persistent Criticism '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` What have artists wrought from 9 / 11 ? '' . USA Today . September 3 , 2004 . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AWS Honors MTH and Others for Work on Cloud Gate Project '' . USGlass Magazine . Key Communications , Inc. / The USGlass News Network . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lacayo , Richard ( December 18 , 2004 ) . `` The Best Architecture '' . Time . Time Inc . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2008 . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kim , Gina ( 2004 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Cops seize college photographer 's film '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Kleiman , Kelly ( March 30 , 2005 ) . `` Who owns public art ? '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved May 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Storch , Charles ( May 27 , 2005 ) . `` Millennium Park loosens its photo rules '' . Chicago Tribune . Newsbank . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ahmed - Ullah , Noreen S. ( September 9 , 2005 ) . `` No Walk In The Park -- Toyota VIPs receive Millennium Park ' s red - carpet treatment ; everyone else told to just keep on going '' . Chicago Tribune . Newsbank . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dardick , Hal ( May 6 , 2005 ) . `` This Sept. 8 , No Bean For You -- Unless you 're a Toyota dealer . In that case , feel free to frolic because the carmaker paid $800,000 to own the park for the day '' . Chicago Tribune . Newsbank . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Herrmann , Andrew ( May 4 , 2006 ) . `` Allstate pays $200,000 to book Millennium Park for one day '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Newsbank . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Bean and the Bubble '' . The Economist. 1 Aug 2015 . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Plucinska , Joanna ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` A New Public Sculpture in China Looks Just Like Chicago 's Iconic Cloud Gate '' . Time . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Felicia Sonmez ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Cloud Gate ' - Gate : Artist Refutes Chicago Mayor over China Art '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gilfoyle , p. 267 . ^ Jump up to : Gilfoyle , p. 264 . ^ Jump up to : Gilfoyle , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Gilfoyle , pp. 271 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Baume , p. 9 Jump up ^ Roston , Eric ( October 11 , 2004 ) . `` Windy City Redux '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Baume , p. 18 Jump up ^ Baume , p. 26 Jump up ^ Sharoff , p. 45 ^ Jump up to : Jodidio , pp. 120 -- 122 Jump up ^ Zwecker , Bill ( March 30 , 2006 ) . `` Vaughn , Aniston frolic under Cloud cover '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Newsbank . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Richards , Dean ( 2011 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Gyllenhaal says the ' Bean ' could be metaphor for ' Source Code ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Virtusio , Jessi ( 2012 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Movies : ' The Vow ' and films for hopeless romantics '' . SouthtownStar . Sun - Times Media Group . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Cave , Anthony ( 2012 - 02 - 10 ) . `` ' The Vow ' is real , defining '' . Sun - Sentinel . Tribune Company . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Bey , Lee ( 2010 - 04 - 23 ) . `` Hip - hop 's view of Chicago architecture '' . WBEZ . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago takes starring role in ' Dhoom 3 ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . 2013 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Zwecker , Bill ( 2014 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Grammer stars in huge weekend hit '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 2014 - 05 - 31 ) . `` ' Watch Dogs ' review : Ubisoft techno thriller compels until guns drawn '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Shaikh , Sehran ( May 28 , 2014 ) . `` Watch Dogs vs Real Life Chicago Comparison Screens Shows Astonishing Replica Of Real World In Video Games '' . Gamepur . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Erika June ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Are these Chicagoans really going to Windex the Bean ? '' . WGN . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Baume , Nicholas ( 2008 ) . Anish Kapoor : Past Present Future . The MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 02659 - 8 . Gilfoyle , Timothy J. ( 2006 ) . Millennium Park : Creating a Chicago Landmark . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 29349 - 3 . Jodidio , Philip ( 2005 ) . Architecture : Art . Prestel . ISBN 3 - 7913 - 3279 - 1 . Sharoff , Robert ( 2004 ) . Better than Perfect : The Making of Chicago 's Millennium Park . Walsh Construction Company . Thomas , Neil ; Chadwick , Aran ( 2009 ) . Liquid Threshold . Atelier One . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9562563 - 0 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cloud Gate . Cloud Gate on Anish Kapoor 's website City of Chicago Millennium Park Millennium Park map City of Chicago Loop Community Map Cloud Gate at Millennium Park , City of Chicago -- Images and description of Kapoor 's public sculpture Cloud Gate articles in the archive of the Chicago Tribune Places adjacent to Cloud Gate Wrigley Square Boeing Gallery Chase Promenade McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink Cloud Gate Chase Promenade Crown Fountain Boeing Gallery Chase Promenade Anish Kapoor Sculptures ArcelorMittal Orbit Cloud Column Cloud Gate Marsyas Sky Mirror Tees Valley Giants Grant Park Features and attractions Art Institute of Chicago Auditorium Building BP Pedestrian Bridge Buckingham Fountain Burnham Pavilions Chicago Lakefront Trail Grant Park Symphony Orchestra Maggie Daley Park Millennium Park Monroe Harbor Museum Campus Adler Planetarium Field Museum of Natural History Shedd Aquarium Soldier Field Nichols Bridgeway Petrillo Music Shell Public art 8th Street Fountain Abraham Lincoln : The Head of State Agora Big Beaver Totem Pole The Bowman and The Spearman Bust of Sir Georg Solti Chicago Stock Exchange Arch Cloud Gate Christopher Columbus Crown Fountain Cubi VII Flying Dragon Fountain of the Great Lakes Fountain of the Tritons General John Logan Memorial Joseph Rosenberg Fountain Large Interior Form Lions Magdalene Man Enters the Cosmos Man with Fish Olmec Head , Number 8 Spiral Galaxy Spirit of Music Events Bike The Drive Festival Chicago Blues Festival Chicago Jazz Festival Chicago Marathon Grant Park Music Festival Lollapalooza Taste of Chicago 1968 Democratic National Convention protests Barack Obama election victory speech ( 2008 ) Area streets Balbo Drive Columbus Drive Congress Parkway Historic Michigan Boulevard District Jackson Boulevard Lake Shore Drive Michigan Avenue Monroe Street Randolph Street Roosevelt Road Other Burnham Plan of Chicago Metra Electric District Millennium Station Municipal Grant Park Stadium South Shore Line Millennium Park Features and attractions AT&T Plaza Boeing Galleries BP Pedestrian Bridge Chase Promenade Cloud Gate Crown Fountain Exelon Pavilions Harris Theater Jay Pritzker Pavilion Lurie Garden McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink McDonald 's Cycle Center Millennium Station Nichols Bridgeway Park Grill Wrigley Square Surrounding streets Columbus Drive Historic Michigan Boulevard District Michigan Avenue Randolph Street Influences Frank Gehry Kathryn Gustafson Robert Israel Anish Kapoor Piet Oudolf Renzo Piano Jaume Plensa Skidmore , Owings & Merrill Related Burnham Pavilions Grant Park Grant Park Music Festival Petrillo Music Shell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cloud_Gate&oldid=840317273 '' Categories : 2006 sculptures British contemporary works of art Buildings and structures celebrating the third millennium Buildings and structures completed in 2006 Millennium Park Outdoor sculptures in Chicago Sculptures by Anish Kapoor Stainless steel sculptures in the United States Steel sculptures in Illinois 2006 establishments in Illinois Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources Articles with short description Featured articles Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Svenska Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 03 : 04 . 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"Cloud Gate is a public sculpture by Indian-born British artist Sir Anish Kapoor, that is the centerpiece of AT&T Plaza at Millennium Park in the Loop community area of Chicago, Illinois. The sculpture and AT&T Plaza are located on top of Park Grill, between the Chase Promenade and McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink. Constructed between 2004 and 2006, the sculpture is nicknamed The Bean because of its shape. Made up of 168 stainless steel plates welded together, its highly polished exterior has no visible seams. It measures 33 by 66 by 42 feet (10 by 20 by 13 m), and weighs 110 short tons (100 t; 98 long tons)."
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6023214147686895986 | Alexandra Borgia | Alexandra Borgia - wikipedia Alexandra Borgia Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This television - related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alexandra Borgia Law & Order character First appearance `` Fluency '' Last appearance `` Invaders '' Portrayed by Annie Parisse Time on show 2005 -- 2006 Seasons 15 , 16 Credited appearances 33 episodes ( total ) Preceded by Serena Southerlyn Succeeded by Connie Rubirosa Alexandra Borgia is a fictional character , played by Annie Parisse , who appeared on the long - running NBC drama series Law & Order from 2005 to 2006 . Appearing in only 33 episodes , she is the shortest serving ADA in the series ' history . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Borgia first appears in the episode `` Fluency '' , having been appointed by DA Arthur Branch ( Fred Thompson ) as a replacement for Serena Southerlyn ( Elisabeth Röhm ) . She principally assists Jack McCoy , but she also conducts detailed investigations , arraignments and hearings independent of McCoy and Branch . Prior to her last appointment , Borgia was engaged in trying many drug cases , which resulted in frequent kudos from police officers and fellow attorneys . She was also respected among her colleagues for her intelligence and adroit manner in preparing a case for prosecution . When asked by Detective Joe Fontana if her name was Italian , she answered that it was from Italy , France and Spain and that she still had relatives in Venice . She is a Christian and regularly goes to church . Unlike her predecessor , Borgia often agrees with the decisions of her superiors and follows their directions regardless of her own views . She shares many parallels with Abbie Carmichael ( Angie Harmon ) , including the latter 's conservatism and cooperation with the police in developing cases . Borgia also had a penchant for investigative work , a trait shared by Paul Robinette , whom she opposes in a case in the Season 16 episode `` Birthright '' . Borgia has a professional manner , balancing compassion for victims with adherence to legal rules and procedure . This is evident in her dealings with the mother of a victim of faulty influenza vaccine during her first case . The prosecution decides to drop the case among the numerous charges against the defendant , as it is too weak to use . Borgia impulsively promises the mother that the defendant would be severely punished in compensation . Although McCoy fulfills that promise by arranging multiple consecutive manslaughter sentences ( adding up to 240 years in prison ) , he asks Borgia to never again make similar promises . This compassion also helps her to get close to victims ' families , as demonstrated when she bonds with a murder victim 's son over their shared love of fishing . She is also highly respectful and polite in her dealings with colleagues . Simultaneously , she is never afraid to engage in heated byplay with defendants and convicts alike to ensure a successful prosecution . Borgia indicates her devout Catholicism as a factor in her belief in the religious transformation of a defendant and in arguing with her superiors , she also highlights her belief in a Christian ideal of forgiveness . Her Catholic background also influences her opposition to torture . Borgia was the shortest appearing Assistant District Attorney in the history of the Law & Order franchise , seen only in 33 episodes . In her final episode , while investigating a family 's murder , the DA 's office focuses on the husband , Frank Andreas , who is supplying killers with fake DEA badges which they use to commit home invasion robberies . Borgia presses Andreas to give up his accomplices , and is later kidnapped from her own apartment . Her body is subsequently found in the trunk of an abandoned car , bound , brutally beaten and dead of asphyxiation after choking on her own vomit . Outraged , McCoy arranges a sham prosecution to make sure her murderers go to prison for life , skirting legal ethics to the point that he almost faced disbarment and was replaced by a special prosecutor . Borgia 's position is filled by Connie Rubirosa ( Alana de la Garza ) in season 17 . Credits ( edit ) Parisse is credited in a total of 33 episodes of the Law & Order as Alexandra Borgia . Seasons Years Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 15 2005 16 2005 -- 2006 Seasons Years 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Episodes Regular cast × Regular cast + no appearance Recurring cast No credit + no appearance No episode References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Fluency '' . Law & Order . Season 15 . Episode 14 . January 19 , 2005 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` In God We Trust '' . Law & Order . Season 15 . Episode 23 . May 11 , 2005 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Obsession '' . Law & Order . Season 15 . Episode 15 . February 9 , 2005 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Invaders '' . Law & Order . Season 16 . Episode 22 . May 17 , 2006 . NBC . Jump up ^ Alexandra Borgia -- IMDb ( hide ) Law & Order Characters Police Sgt . Max Greevey Sgt . Phil Cerreta Lennie Briscoe Joe Fontana Ed Green Cyrus Lupo Mike Logan Rey Curtis Nick Falco Nina Cassady Kevin Bernard Captain Donald Cragen Lieutenant Anita Van Buren District attorneys Benjamin Stone Jack McCoy Michael Cutter Paul Robinette Claire Kincaid Jamie Ross Abbie Carmichael Serena Southerlyn Alexandra Borgia Connie Rubirosa Adam Schiff Nora Lewin Arthur Branch Recurring characters Elizabeth Olivet , Ph. D . Emil Skoda , M.D. Elizabeth Rodgers , M.D. Danielle Melnick Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Notable episodes `` Prescription for Death '' `` Everybody 's Favorite Bagman '' `` Manhood '' `` Aftershock '' `` Empire '' `` Mother 's Day '' `` Sunday in the Park with Jorge '' `` Public Service Homicide '' `` Burn Card '' `` The Drowned and the Saved '' `` Dignity '' `` Fed '' `` Blackmail '' `` Steel - Eyed Death '' `` Boy on Fire '' `` Rubber Room '' TV film Exiled : A Law & Order Movie See also Episodes Cast Law & Order franchise Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_Borgia&oldid=757662218 '' Categories : Fictional American people of Italian descent Fictional lawyers Law & Order characters Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from October 2009 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Television articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk About Wikipedia 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2016 , at 23 : 55 . About Wikipedia | who played ada borgia on law and order | [
"Alexandra Borgia is a fictional character, played by Annie Parisse, who appeared on the long-running NBC drama series Law & Order from 2005 to 2006. Appearing in only 33 episodes, she is the shortest serving ADA in the series' history."
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-2245369907453600660 | History of the Rosary | History of the Rosary - wikipedia History of the Rosary Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the Rosary of the Catholic Church A Catholic rosary . Overview Blessed Virgin Mary Roman Catholic Mariology Devotions and spirituality History of the rosary Methods of praying the rosary Our Lady of the Rosary Rosary and scapular Battle of Lepanto Prayers and promises Fatima Prayers Fifteen rosary promises The Mysteries Rosary - based prayers Rosary of the Holy Wounds Three Hail Marys Writings God Alone Ingruentium malorum Marialis cultus The Power of the Rosary Rosarium Virginis Mariae Secret of the Rosary People and societies Saint Dominic Blessed Alanus de Rupe Pope Saint Pius V Saint Louis de Montfort Rosary Pope ( Leo XIII ) Confraternity of the Rosary Our Lady 's Rosary Makers Catholicism portal There are differing views on the history of the Rosary . The exact origin of the Rosary as a prayer is less than clear and subject to debate among scholars . The use of knotted prayer ropes in Christianity goes back to the Desert Fathers in the 3rd and early 4th centuries . These counting devices were used for prayers such as the Jesus prayer in Christian monasticism . The period after the First Council of Ephesus in 431 witnessed a gradual growth in the use of Marian prayers during the Middle Ages . According to some Catholic traditions , the Rosary was given to Saint Dominic in a vision of the Blessed Virgin Mary and it was then promoted by Blessed Allan de la Roche . However , not all Catholics agree with that tradition . Some historians see a more gradual development for the Rosary , in that the repetition of Marian prayers which form the basis of the Rosary needed counting devices , which resulted in the modern form of the Rosary prayed on beads . The practice of meditation during the praying of the Hail Marys was attributed to Dominic of Prussia ( author of Liber experientiarum 1458 ) , a 15th - century Carthusian monk , who called it the `` Life of Jesus Rosary '' ( vita Christi Rosarium ) . However , in 1977 , a theologian from Trier named Andreas Heinz discovered a vita Christi Rosary that dated to 1300 , suggesting the origin of the current rosary extends back at least to that time . The Christian victory at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 was attributed to the praying of the Rosary by masses of Europeans based on the request of Pope Pius V and eventually resulted in the Feast of Our Lady of the Rosary . In 1569 , the papal bull Consueverunt Romani Pontifices established the devotion to the rosary in the Catholic Church . In 2002 Pope John Paul II introduced the Luminous Mysteries as an option in an Apostolic Letter on the Rosary , Rosarium Virginis Mariae . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Historical development 3 Official devotion 4 Key dates 5 Ropes , beads and prayers 6 See also 7 References History ( edit ) Prayers with beads like the rosary may have begun as a practice by the laity to imitate the Christian monasticism of the Liturgy of the Hours , during the course of which the monks prayed the 150 Psalms daily . As many of the laity and even lay monastics could not read , they substituted 150 repetitions of the Our Father ( Pater noster in Latin ) for the Psalms , sometimes using a cord with knots on it to keep an accurate count . According to a Dominican tradition , the rosary was given to Saint Dominic in an apparition by the Blessed Virgin Mary in the year 1214 in the church of Prouille . This Marian apparition received the title of Our Lady of the Rosary . In the 15th century Blessed Alanus de Rupe ( aka Alain de la Roche or Saint Alan of the Rock ) , who was a learned Dominican priest and theologian , is said to have received a vision from Jesus about the urgency of reinstating the rosary as a form of prayer . Blessed Alanus de Rupe also said that he received the Blessed Mother 's `` 15 Promises '' . Before his death on September 8 , 1475 he reinstituted the rosary in many countries and established many rosary confraternities . Despite the popularity of Blessed Alanus 's story about the origins of the rosary , there has never been found any historical evidence positively linking St. Dominic to the rosary . The story of St. Dominic 's devotion to the rosary and supposed apparition of Our Lady of the Rosary does not appear in any documents of the Church or Dominican Order prior to the writings of Blessed Alanus , some 300 years later . Historical development ( edit ) Our Lady of the Rosary Basilica , Rosario Argentina , 1887 , an example of Marian church architecture devoted to the rosary . During the middle ages , evidence suggests that both the Our Father and the Hail Mary were recited with prayer beads . In 13th century Paris , four trade guilds existed of prayer bead makers , who were referred to as paternosterers , and the beads were referred to as paternosters , suggesting a continued link between the Our Father ( Pater noster in Latin ) and the prayer beads . In the 12th century , the rule of the English anchorites , the Ancrene Wisse , specified how groups of 50 Hail Marys were to be broken into five decades of ten Hail Marys each . Gradually , the Hail Mary came to replace the Our Father as the prayer most associated with beads . Eventually , each decade came to be preceded by an Our Father , which further mirrored the structure of the monastic Divine Office . The practice of meditation during the praying of the Hail Marys is attributed to Dominic of Prussia ( 1382 -- 1460 ) , a Carthusian monk , who called it `` Life of Jesus Rosary '' . The German monk from Trier added a sentence to each of the 50 Hail Marys already popular at his time , using quotes from scriptures . Promoted by his superior Adolf von Essen and others , his practice became popular among Benedictines and Carthusians from Trier to adjoining Belgium and France , where it was greatly promoted by the preaching of the Dominican priest Alan de Rupe , who helped to spread the devotion in France , Flanders , and the Netherlands between 1460 and his death in 1475 . In 1475 James Sprenger formed one of the first rosary confraternities in Cologne . Rosary confraternities in Venice and Florence were formed in 1480 and 1481 . In the 16th century , Rosary confraternities for women spread in France and Italy , partly because women were excluded from most other societies and because this type did not involve common masses or processions , only private prayer . In 1571 Pope Pius V called for all of Europe to pray the rosary for victory at the Battle of Lepanto , in which the Christian belligerents included the Papal States . The Christian victory at Lepanto was at first celebrated as the feast of `` Our Lady of Victory '' on October 7 , but was later renamed the Feast of Our Lady of the Rosary . Official devotion ( edit ) See also : Rosary devotions and spirituality Our Lady of Lourdes appearing at Lourdes with Rosary beads . In 1569 , the papal bull Consueverunt Romani Pontifices by the Dominican Pope Pius V officially established the devotion to the rosary in the Catholic Church . Saint Peter Canisius , a Doctor of the Church , who is credited with adding to the Hail Mary the sentence `` Holy Mary , Mother of God , pray for us sinners '' , was an ardent advocate of the rosary and promoted it ( and its Marian devotion in general ) as the best way to repair the damage done to the Church by the Reformation . From the 16th to the early 20th century , the structure of the rosary remained essentially unchanged . There were 15 mysteries , one for each of the 15 decades . In the 20th century the addition of the Fatima Prayer to the end of each decade became popular . After Vatican Council II , Msgr . Annibale Bugnini , architect of the liturgical reform , proposed further changes to the structure of the Rosary , but Pope Paul VI refused to implement the proposal on the grounds that changing such a well - established and popular devotion would unsettle the piety of the faithful and show a lack of reverence for an ancient practice . There were thus no other changes until 2002 when John Paul II instituted five new Luminous Mysteries . In the 17th century , the Rosary began to appear as an element in key pieces of Roman Catholic Marian art . Key examples include Murrillo 's Madonna with the Rosary at the Museo del Prado in Spain , and the statue of Madonna with Rosary at the church of San Nazaro Maggiore in Milan . Several Roman Catholic Marian churches around the world have also been named after the rosary , e.g. Our Lady of the Rosary Basilica , in Rosario Argentina , the Rosary Basilica in Lourdes and Nossa Senhora do Rosário in Porto Alegre , Brazil . Key dates ( edit ) The table shows key dates in the development of the rosary. : 4th century prayer rope used by the Desert Fathers to count repetitions of the Jesus Prayer `` Hail Mary full of grace '' prayer employed in a Syriac ritual attributed to Severus , Patriarch of Antioch ( c. 513 ) on line link http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07110b.htm Catholic Encyclopedia written in 1914 By the 7th century prayers to Mary were becoming more common . c. 1075 Lady Godiva refers in her will to `` the circlet of precious stones which she had threaded on a cord in order that by fingering them one after another she might count her prayers exactly '' ( Malmesbury , `` Gesta Pont . '' , Rolls Series 311 ) A rule for anchorites in mid-12th century England gives directions on how 50 Hail Marys are to be said divided into sets of ten , with prostrations and other marks of reverence . A rosary from 1475 - 1500 , Germany . It is recorded by a contemporary biographer that St. Aibert , who died in 1140 , recited 150 Hail Marys daily , 100 with genuflexions and 50 with prostrations . 1214 traditional date of Saint Dominic 's reception of the rosary from the Virgin Mary as Our Lady of the Rosary It is recorded of St. Louis of France ( 1214 -- 70 ) that `` without counting his other prayers the holy King knelt down every evening 50 times and each time he stood upright then knelt again and repeated slowly an Ave Maria . '' 1268 A reference to guild of `` paternosterers '' in Paris in `` Livre des métiers '' of Stephen Boyleau . Early 15th century , Dominic of Prussia , a Carthusian , introduces 50 mysteries , one for each Ave Maria 15th century blessed Alanus de Rupe ( Alain de la Roche ) established the `` 15 rosary promises '' and started many rosary confraternities c. 1514 Hail Mary prayer attains its current form . 1569 Pope Pius V established the current form of the original 15 mysteries 1579 Instructions and advertisements , how to meditate the misteries of the rosarie of the most holy Virgin Mary by Gaspar Loarte is published 1587 Rosario della Sacratissima Vergine Maria by Ven . Luis de Granada is published . 1589 Instructions for the use of the beades by John Bucke is published . 1597 first recorded use of the term `` rosary '' to refer to prayer beads . 1917 Our Lady of Fatima is said to ask that the Fatima Prayer be added to the Rosary . Her visionaries state that she also asks for the Rosary to be said to stop the war . 1974 Pope Paul VI issues the Apostolic Letter Marialis Cultus which devotes 14 sections to the use of the rosary within the Roman Catholic Church . 2002 Pope John Paul II introduces the Luminous Mysteries as an option for Roman Catholics in an Apostolic Letter on the Rosary , Rosarium Virginis Mariae . Ropes , beads and prayers ( edit ) See also : History of prayer beads A Russian Lestovka . Unlike a Rosary , it has no Crucifix The English word bead derives from the Old English noun bede which means a prayer . The earliest Christian devices for counting prayers trace to the Desert Fathers who started Christian monasticism in the 3rd century . They had the habit of praying 150 psalms a day and in order to keep track of the count kept 150 pebbles in a bowl or a bag , and removed a pebble after each psalm . Anthony of Egypt and St. Pachomius are often associated with the development of prayer ropes in the 4th century . These were ropes with 150 knots and gained popularity because they weighed less than a bag of 150 pebbles . These prayer ropes ( also called komboskini ) continue to be used in Eastern Christianity today . These ropes were only used for prayers such as the Jesus Prayer and the Lord 's Prayer and involved no prayers to the Virgin Mary . The earliest known prayer to Mary is the Sub tuum praesidium , which begins with the words : `` Beneath your compassion , we take refuge . '' The earliest text of Sub tuum praesidium traces to the Coptic Orthodox liturgy and a copy written in Greek dates to around the year 250 . After the First Council of Ephesus in 431 the title Theotokos and the veneration of Mary as the `` Mother of God '' were established and a period of growth for Marian prayers started . An Egyptian Coptic ostracon that dates to around the year 600 bears the Greek words : `` Hail Mary full of grace , the Lord is with thee ; blessed art thou amongst women and blessed is the fruit of thy womb , because thou didst conceive Christ , the Son of God , the Redeemer of our souls '' . This Eastern variant of the Ave Maria was apparently intended for liturgical use , just as the earliest form of the Hail Mary in the Western Church took the shape of an antiphon . However , there is little or no trace of the Hail Mary as an accepted `` devotional formula '' before about 1050 . While two Anglo - Saxon manuscripts at the British Museum , one of which may be as old as the year 1030 , show the words `` Ave Maria '' etc. and `` benedicta tu in mulieribus et benedictus fructus ventris tui '' it is not certain when these clauses were first joined to make one prayer The way that the rosary works is that your pray multiple of smaller prayers that became one huge prayer to worship and honor Jesus , Mary , and God . See also ( edit ) Book : Mary and Mariology Catholic devotions Christian meditation Our Lady of the Rosary Prayer , meditation and contemplation in Christianity Rosary Rosary and scapular Rosary devotions and spirituality References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Winston - Allen , Anne . Stories of the Rose ( University Park , PA : Pennsylvania State University Press , 1997 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ Heinz , Andreas . Die Entstehung des Leben - Jesu - Rosenkranzes , in Der Rosenkranz : Andacht , Geschichte , Kunst , editors , Fredy Bühler and Urs - Beat Frei . ( Bern : Verlag Benteli / Museum Bruder Klaus Sachseln , 2003 ) , pages 23 -- 47 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , John D. , Beads and Prayers : The Rosary in History and Devotion , 2002 ISBN 0 - 86012 - 320 - 0 pages 7 - 15 ^ Jump up to : Thurston , Herbert , and Andrew Shipman . `` The Rosary . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 13 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1912 . 30 April 2014 Jump up ^ Catherine Beebe , St. Dominic and the Rosary ISBN 0 - 89870 - 518 - 5 Jump up ^ A Heinz , Rosenkranz , Marienlexikon , Eos , St. Ottilien , 1993 , 555 Jump up ^ McNicholas , John . `` Alanus de Rupe . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 1 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1907 . 30 April 2014 Jump up ^ Falhbusch , Erwin and Bromiley , Geoffrey William . The encyclopedia of Christianity , Volume 4 , 2005 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2416 - 1 p. 756 Jump up ^ Candelaria , Lorenzo . The Rosary Cantoral : Ritual and Social Design , 2008 ISBN 1 - 58046 - 205 - 7 pp. 70 - 72 Jump up ^ Winston - Allen , Anne . Stories of the rose : the making of the rosary in the Middle Ages , 1997 ISBN 0 - 271 - 01631 - 0 p. 69 Jump up ^ Black , Christopher F. , Italian Confraternities in the Sixteenth Century , 2003 ISBN 0 - 521 - 53113 - 6 p. 103 Jump up ^ Butler , Alban . Butler 's Lives Of The Saints ( April ) , ( 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 86012 - 253 - 0 page 222 Jump up ^ `` Battle of Lepanto ( 1571 ) '' , EWTN Jump up ^ Chesterton , Gilbert . Lepanto , 2004 , Ignatius Press ISBN 1 - 58617 - 030 - 9 Jump up ^ Scaperlanda , Maria Ruiz . The Seeker 's Guide to Mary , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 8294 - 1489 - 4 p. 151 Jump up ^ Finley , Mitch . The Seeker 's Guide to Saints , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 8294 - 1350 - 2 p. 73 Jump up ^ APOSTOLIC LETTER ROSARIUM VIRGINIS MARIAE OF THE SUPREME PONTIFF JOHN PAUL II TO THE BISHOPS , CLERGY AND FAITHFUL ON THE MOST HOLY ROSARY ( Dated Oct. 16 , 2002 ) Jump up ^ Thurston , Herbert . `` Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 15 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1912 . 30 April 2014 ^ Jump up to : Thurston , Herbert . `` Hail Mary . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 7 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1910 . 30 April 2014 Jump up ^ Mougel , Ambrose . `` Dominic of Prussia . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 5 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1909 . 30 April 2014 Jump up ^ `` CONSUEVERUNT ROMANI Pope Pius V '' . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Google books Jump up ^ Bucke , John . Gallica Online Library Transcribed into Modern English Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary - Rosary '' . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Pope Paul VI . `` Marialis Cultus '' Jump up ^ `` Apostolic Letter Rosarium Virginis Mariae '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ The concise dictionary of English etymology by Walter W. Skeat 1988 ISBN 1 - 85326 - 311 - 7 page 38 Jump up ^ Your Faith , Your Life : An Invitation to the Episcopal Church by Jenifer Gamber , Bill Lewellis 2009 ISBN 0 - 8192 - 2321 - 2 pages 134 - 136 Jump up ^ Winston , Kimberly . Bead One , Pray Too , 2008 ISBN 0 - 8192 - 2276 - 3 pages 4 - 10 Jump up ^ Kasten , Patricia Ann . Linking Your Beads : The Rosary 's History , Mysteries , and Prayers , 2011 ISBN 1 - 59276 - 929 - 2 OSV Publishers pages 11 - 13 Jump up ^ Mathewes - Green , Frederica . The Jesus Prayer , 2009 ISBN 1 - 55725 - 659 - 4 page 62 Jump up ^ Burke , Raymond L. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . Mariology : A Guide for Priests , Deacons , Seminarians , and Consecrated Persons ISBN 978 - 1 - 57918 - 355 - 4 page 178 Jump up ^ Mary for evangelicals by Tim S. Perry , William J. Abraham 2006 ISBN 0 - 8308 - 2569 - X page 142 Jump up ^ Matthewes - Green , Frederica ( 2007 ) . The Lost Gospel of Mary : The Mother of Jesus in Three Ancient Texts . Brewster MA : Paraclete Press . pp. 85 -- 87 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55725 - 536 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mary in the Christian tradition by Kathleen Coyle 1996 ISBN 0 - 85244 - 380 - 3 pages 49 - 50 Jump up ^ The Image of the Virgin Mary in the Akathistos Hymn by Leena Mari Peltomaa 2001 ISBN 90 - 04 - 12088 - 2 pages 76 - 77 Prayers of the Catholic Church Prayers of the Mass Agnus Dei Confiteor Creeds Apostles ' Creed Athanasian Creed Nicene Creed Gloria in excelsis Deo Gloria Patri Kyrie Eleison Pater Noster Sanctus Signum Crucis Marian prayers Alma Redemptoris Mater Angelus Ave Maria Ave Maris Stella Ave Regina Caelorum Fatima Prayer Litany Loreto Magnificat Maria Mater Gratiae Memorare Regina Coeli Rosary Salve Regina Sub Tuum Praesidium Three Hail Marys Other prayers Act of Contrition Adoro te devote Angele Dei Anima Christi Ave Verum Corpus Benedictus Chaplets Come , Holy Spirit Jesus Prayer Mental prayer Laudes Divinae Litanies Litany of the Saints Morning offering Novena Nunc Dimittis O Salutaris Hostia Penitential Psalms 51 : Miserere mei 130 : De Profundis Prayer before a Crucifix Prayer of Saint Francis Prayer to Saint Joseph Prayer to Saint Michael Requiem Aeternam Spiritual Communion Tantum Ergo Te Deum Thanksgiving after Communion Veni Creator Spiritus Veni Sancte Spiritus Visit to the Blessed Sacrament Way of the Cross Note : For prayers listed in italics , indulgences are normally granted . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the rosary become a catholic devotion | [
"In 1569, the papal bull Consueverunt Romani Pontifices by the Dominican Pope Pius V officially established the devotion to the rosary in the Catholic Church.[15] Saint Peter Canisius, a Doctor of the Church, who is credited with adding to the Hail Mary the sentence \"Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners\", was an ardent advocate of the rosary and promoted it (and its Marian devotion in general) as the best way to repair the damage done to the Church by the Reformation.[16]"
] | [
"1569"
] |
-7545190298768202697 | Take It to the Limit (Eagles song) | Take it to the Limit ( Eagles song ) - wikipedia Take it to the Limit ( Eagles song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Take It to the Limit '' European picture sleeve , mistitling `` Take It To the Limit '' as `` Take It To the Limits '' Single by Eagles from the album One of These Nights B - side `` After the Thrill is Gone '' Released November 15 , 1975 Format 7 '' Recorded Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 48 ( single version ) 4 : 48 ( album version ) Label Asylum Songwriter ( s ) Randy Meisner , Don Henley , Glenn Frey Producer ( s ) Bill Szymczyk Eagles singles chronology `` Lyin ' Eyes '' ( 1975 ) `` Take It to the Limit '' ( 1975 ) `` New Kid in Town '' ( 1976 ) `` Lyin ' Eyes '' ( 1975 ) `` Take It to the Limit '' ( 1975 ) `` New Kid in Town '' ( 1976 ) `` Take It to the Limit '' is a song by the Eagles from their fourth album One of These Nights from which it was issued as the third single on November 15 , 1975 . It reached No. 4 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and was also the Eagles ' greatest success to that point in the UK , going to No. 12 on the charts . Billboard ranked it as the No. 25 song for 1976 . The song was written by Eagles ' members Randy Meisner , Don Henley and Glenn Frey . Meisner , who sang lead on it , says the song began as his solo composition . As it remained unfinished when time came for the One of These Nights album to be recorded , Henley and Frey assisted Meisner in completing it . Meisner 's performance of the song was popular with the audience in Eagles ' concerts , but disputes over his reluctance to perform it would also directly lead to Meisner 's departure from the band . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Recordings 3 Live performances 4 Personnel 5 Chart performance 6 Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings version 6.1 Chart performance 7 Other versions 8 Notes 9 External links Background ( edit ) According to Meisner , he wrote the first few lines of the song one night while playing an acoustic guitar after returning from the Troubadour ; however he was not able to finish the song by the time they were close to recording it , and Frey and Henley then helped him with the lyrics . Meisner later said of how he would usually write songs with the Eagles : `` I 'd get a verse or two , and I 'm done , and they would help fill in the blanks '' On the meaning of the song , Meisner said in the documentary History of the Eagles : `` The line ' take it to the limit ' was to keep trying before you reach a point in your life where you feel you 've done everything and seen everything , sort of feeling , you know , part of getting old . And just to take it to the limit one more time , like every day just keep , you know , punching away at it ... That was the line , and from there the song took a different course . '' Meisner sings lead on `` Take it to the Limit '' and the song was released as the third single from the album One of These Nights . It is the first and only Eagles single where Meisner sings lead . Recordings ( edit ) `` Take It to the Limit '' is unique in the canon of the band 's singles , being the sole A-side on which Randy Meisner sang lead , as well as the first A-side Eagles single on which neither Henley nor Frey sang lead . It was also the last Eagles single to feature founding member Bernie Leadon before he was replaced by guitarist Joe Walsh . The single version of the song is 3 : 48 in length , almost a minute shorter than the album version . `` Take It to the Limit '' is one of few Eagles ' tracks written in waltz time . ( Other notable waltzes performed by the Eagles are `` Hollywood Waltz '' ; the Meisner / Henley / Frey waltz `` Saturday Night '' ( co-written with Leadon ) from the 1973 Desperado album ; Frey 's `` Most of Us are Sad '' from their self - titled debut album ; Frey / Henley / JD Souther 's hard - rocking `` Teenage Jail '' from 1979 's `` The Long Run '' album ; and Walsh 's `` Pretty Maids All in a Row '' on the 1976 album Hotel California . ) A live performance by Meisner from 1976 , recorded at The Forum , Inglewood , California , is included in the album Eagles Live , which was released in 1980 after the band had effectively broken up . The song was rerecorded on Meisner 's first solo album ( Randy Meisner ) released in 1978 . The song was performed with piano and acoustic guitar accompaniment , and 1970s teen idol David Cassidy singing in the backing vocals . Live performances ( edit ) Eagles - `` Take It to the Limit '' The climax of the song as performed by Randy Meisner in a concert in 1976 ( from Eagles Live ) . Meisner was concerned about not hitting the high notes , and his reluctance to sing the song led to disputes and eventually his departure from the band . Problems playing this file ? See media help . According to Frey , fans of the band loved Meisner 's performance of his signature song `` Take It to the Limit '' at concert . As Henley puts it : `` They went crazy when Randy hit those high notes '' . Meisner , however , was concerned about not being able to hit the high notes , but Frey was insistent that Meisner should perform the song in concert for the fans , and live performances of the song then became a source of great contention between Frey and Meisner , and would eventually become one reason for Meisner leaving the band . Meisner had been struggling to hit the crucial high notes in the song during the Hotel California tour . According to Joe Walsh , Meisner could perform the song , but would become nervous when told he had to sing it . By the time they had reached Knoxville , Tennessee in June 1977 , the band was feeling the strain of a long tour , with Meisner unhappy and suffering from a stomach ulcer . Meisner decided not to sing the song for an encore because he had been up late and caught the flu , Frey and Meisner then became involved in an angry physical confrontation backstage over Meisner 's refusal to perform the song . After the altercation , Meisner was frozen out from the band and he decided to leave . He left the band at the end of their tour in September 1977 and was replaced by Timothy B. Schmit , coincidentally the same bassist who had replaced him in Poco . The song was revived for the Eagles ' late 1999 shows at Los Angeles ' Staples Center and at those shows , as well as the Eagles ' Farewell 1 Tour in 2004 and 2005 and on subsequent tours , the song was sung by Frey . Originally in B major , the song was transposed down to G major to accommodate for Frey 's vocal range . For the band 's 2017 shows , lead vocals were taken by Vince Gill and was again transposed to A major . Personnel ( edit ) Randy Meisner -- lead vocals , bass guitar Glenn Frey -- 12 - string acoustic guitar , backing vocals Don Henley -- drums , backing vocals Don Felder -- lead guitar Bernie Leadon -- electric guitar Jim Ed Norman -- piano , conductor , string arrangements Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Peak position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 16 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 23 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 12 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings version ( edit ) `` Take It to the Limit '' Single by Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings from the album Take It to the Limit B - side `` ' Til I Gain Control Again '' Released October 8 , 1983 Genre Country Length 3 : 50 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Randy Meisner , Don Henley , Glenn Frey Producer ( s ) Willie Nelson , Waylon Jennings Willie Nelson singles chronology `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' ( 1983 ) Why Do I Have to Choose 1983 `` Take It to the Limit '' ( 1983 ) Take It to the Limit1983 `` Without a Song '' ( 1984 ) Without a Song 1984 Waylon Jennings singles chronology `` Hold On , I 'm Comin ' '' ( 1983 ) Hold On , I 'm Comin'1983 `` Take It to the Limit '' ( 1983 ) Take It to the Limit1983 `` The Conversation '' ( 1983 ) The Conversation 1983 The song was covered by country musicians Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings as the title track of their duet album , Take It to the Limit , which was released in 1983 . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 8 US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 31 Other versions ( edit ) Dave Mason covered this song . The song was covered by Jill Lancaster for the 1977 Christo documentary Running Fence . The song was covered in 1977 by Etta James . Cher performed the song on her first solo tour in 1979 -- 1980 and again in 1989 -- 1990 on the Heart of Stone Tour . In 1993 , Suzy Bogguss recorded the song for the album Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles . Sarah Dougher covered it on her 1999 album Day One . Richard Marx would regularly cover this song in concert . One 1987 performance , which was filmed , included both Meisner and Timothy B. Schmit , marking the only time ( outside of the Eagles ' induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ) the two former Eagles and Poco bassists shared a stage . Meisner played 12 - string acoustic guitar and Schmit sang backing vocals . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1976 Jump up ^ Harvey Kubernik , Scott Calamar ( October 7 , 2009 ) . Canyon of Dreams : The Magic and the Music of Laurel Canyon . Sterling . p. 281 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 6589 - 6 . Jump up ^ History of the Eagles. 2013 . Event occurs at 50 : 55 -- 51 : 57 . Jump up ^ History of the Eagles. 2013 . Event occurs at 1 : 12 : 40 -- 1 : 13 : 40 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Greil ( 2007 ) . Stranded : Rock and roll for a desert island ( 2nd Da Capo Press ed . ) . New York : Da Capo Press ( Perseus Books Group ) . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80682 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Randy Meisner -- Randy Meisner '' . Discogs . ^ Jump up to : History of the Eagles. 2013 . Event occurs at 1 : 39 : 20 -- 1 : 42 : 05 . ^ Jump up to : Andy Greene ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Flashback : The Eagles Play ' Take It to the Limit ' in 1977 '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Flashback : All the Eagles Unite for Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles -- Biography '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 4109a . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 4099 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Eagles -- Take It to the Limit '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Eagles : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 6717 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Webcom.com Preceded by `` Houston ( Means I 'm One Day Closer to You ) '' by Larry Gatlin & the Gatlin Brothers Band RPM Country Tracks number - one single ( Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings version ) January 14 , 1984 Succeeded by `` You Look So Good in Love '' by George Strait Eagles Glenn Frey Don Henley Bernie Leadon Randy Meisner Don Felder Joe Walsh Timothy B. Schmit Studio albums Eagles Desperado On the Border One of These Nights Hotel California The Long Run Long Road Out of Eden Live albums Eagles Live Hell Freezes Over Farewell 1 Tour - Live from Melbourne Compilation albums Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Eagles Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Very Best of the Eagles Selected Works : 1972 -- 1999 The Very Best Of Eagles Singles `` Take It Easy '' `` Witchy Woman '' `` Peaceful Easy Feeling '' `` Tequila Sunrise '' `` Outlaw Man '' `` Already Gone '' `` James Dean '' `` Best of My Love '' `` One of These Nights '' `` Lyin ' Eyes '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` New Kid in Town '' `` Hotel California '' `` Life in the Fast Lane '' `` Please Come Home for Christmas '' `` Heartache Tonight '' `` The Long Run '' `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' `` Seven Bridges Road '' `` Get Over It '' `` Love Will Keep Us Alive '' `` Hole in the World '' `` How Long '' `` Busy Being Fabulous '' Other songs `` Desperado '' `` Ol ' ' 55 '' `` The Last Resort '' `` In the City '' Tours Long Road Out of Eden Tour History of the Eagles Tour Related Discography Poco Linda Ronstadt Flying Burrito Brothers Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles History of the Eagles Heaven and Hell : My Life in the Eagles ( 1974 -- 2001 ) Book Waylon Jennings Albums Singles Studio albums Waylon at JD 's Folk - Country Leavin ' Town Nashville Rebel Waylon Sings Ol ' Harlan Love of the Common People The One and Only Hangin ' On Only the Greatest Jewels Just to Satisfy You Waylon Singer of Sad Songs The Taker / Tulsa Cedartown , Georgia Good Hearted Woman Ladies Love Outlaws Lonesome , On'ry and Mean Honky Tonk Heroes This Time The Ramblin ' Man Dreaming My Dreams Are You Ready for the Country Ol ' Waylon I 've Always Been Crazy What Goes Around Comes Around Music Man Black on Black It 's Only Rock + Roll Waylon and Company Never Could Toe the Mark Turn the Page Sweet Mother Texas Will the Wolf Survive Hangin ' Tough A Man Called Hoss Full Circle The Eagle Too Dumb for New York City , Too Ugly for L.A. Ol ' Waylon Sings Ol ' Hank Cowboys , Sisters , Rascals & Dirt Waymore 's Blues ( Part II ) Right for the Time Closing In on the Fire Waylon Forever Goin ' Down Rockin ' : The Last Recordings Live albums Waylon Live Never Say Die : Live Live from Austin , TX Never Say Die : The Final Concert Notable singles 1960s `` That 's the Chance I 'll Have to Take '' `` Stop the World ( And Let Me Off ) '' `` Anita , You 're Dreaming '' `` Time to Bum Again '' `` ( That 's What You Get ) For Lovin ' Me '' `` Green River '' `` Mental Revenge '' `` The Chokin ' Kind '' `` Walk On Out of My Mind '' `` I Got You '' with Anita Carter `` Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line '' `` Yours Love '' `` Something 's Wrong in California '' `` The Days of Sand and Shovels '' `` Brown Eyed Handsome Man '' 1970s `` Singer of Sad Songs '' `` The Taker '' `` ( Do n't Let the Sun Set on You ) Tulsa '' `` Mississippi Woman '' `` Under Your Spell Again '' with Jessi Colter `` Cedartown , Georgia '' `` Good Hearted Woman '' `` Sweet Dream Woman '' `` Pretend I Never Happened '' `` You Can Have Her '' `` We Had It All '' `` You Ask Me To '' `` This Time '' `` I 'm a Ramblin ' Man '' `` Rainy Day Woman '' `` Dreaming My Dreams with You '' `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' `` Bob Wills Is Still the King '' `` Ca n't You See '' `` Are You Ready for the Country '' `` Luckenbach , Texas ( Back to the Basics of Love ) '' `` I 've Always Been Crazy '' `` Do n't You Think This Outlaw Bit 's Done Got Out of Hand '' `` Amanda '' `` Come With Me '' `` I Ai n't Living Long Like This '' 1980s -- 1990s `` Clyde '' `` Good Ol ' Boys '' `` Storms Never Last '' with Jessi Colter `` Shine '' `` Just to Satisfy You '' with Willie Nelson `` Women Do Know How to Carry On '' `` Lucille ( You Wo n't Do Your Daddy 's Will ) '' `` Breakin ' Down '' `` Hold On , I 'm Comin ' '' with Jerry Reed `` The Conversation '' with Hank Williams Jr . `` I May Be Used ( But Baby I Ai n't Used Up ) '' `` Never Could Toe the Mark '' `` America '' `` Waltz Me to Heaven '' `` Drinkin ' and Dreamin ' '' `` The Devil 's on the Loose '' `` Working Without a Net '' `` Will the Wolf Survive '' `` What You 'll Do When I 'm Gone '' `` Rose in Paradise '' `` Fallin ' Out '' `` My Rough and Rowdy Days '' `` If Ole Hank Could Only See Us Now '' `` How Much Is It Worth to Live in L.A. '' `` Which Way Do I Go ( Now That I 'm Gone ) '' `` Trouble Man '' `` You Put the Soul in the Song '' `` Wrong '' `` Where Corn Do n't Grow '' `` What Bothers Me Most '' `` The Eagle '' `` Just Talkin ' '' `` Too Dumb for New York City '' `` Wild Ones '' `` I Know About Me Do n't Know About You '' `` Outlaw Shit '' Collaborations Waylon & Willie Albums : Waylon & Willie WWII Take It to the Limit Clean Shirt Super Hits Singles : `` The Wurlitzer Prize ( I Do n't Want to Get Over You ) '' `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` If I Can Find a Clean Shirt '' Other collaborations Country - Folk with The Kimberlys Leather and Lace with Jessi Colter Heroes with Johnny Cash Old 97 's & Waylon Jennings with Old 97 's Collaboration singles `` MacArthur Park '' with The Kimberlys `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter `` Good Hearted Woman '' with Willie Nelson ( Re-recording ) `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter ( Re-release from Wanted ! The Outlaws ) `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' with Johnny Cash `` Wish I Was Crazy Again '' with Johnny Cash `` The Wild Side of Life / It Was n't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels '' with Jessi Colter `` Leave Them Boys Alone '' with Hank Williams Jr. and Ernest Tubb `` Even Cowgirls Get the Blues '' with Johnny Cash `` Ballad of Forty Dollars '' with Johnny Cash `` Somewhere Between Ragged and Right '' with John Anderson `` High Ridin ' Heroes '' with David Lynn Jones `` One Good Love '' with Neil Diamond Compilations The Best of Waylon Jennings Do n't Think Twice Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line Heartaches by the Number Greatest Hits Waylon 's Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Best of Waylon New Classic Waylon Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line : The RCA Years The Journey : Six Strings Away The Journey : Destiny 's Child The Restless Kid : Live at JD 's 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Waylon Jennings RCA Country Legends Ultimate Waylon Jennings 16 Biggest Hits Nashville Rebel The Essential Waylon Jennings Related The Waylors Outlaw country Wanted ! The Outlaws `` We Are the World '' The Highwaymen Old Dogs Jessi Colter Waylon Albright `` Shooter '' Jennings Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place For Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1990s `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Take_It_to_the_Limit_(Eagles_song)&oldid=822580360 '' Categories : 1975 singles 1983 singles 1993 singles 1975 songs Eagles ( band ) songs Willie Nelson songs Waylon Jennings songs Suzy Bogguss songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Songs written by Glenn Frey Songs written by Don Henley Songs written by Randy Meisner Rock ballads Asylum Records singles Columbia Records singles Song recordings produced by Bill Szymczyk Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 27 January 2018 , at 06 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings lead vocals on take it to the limit | [
"Randy Meisner – lead vocals, bass guitar"
] | [
"Randy Meisner"
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2400219982948894786 | Exploratory committee | Exploratory committee - Wikipedia Exploratory committee Jump to : navigation , search In the election politics of the United States , an exploratory committee is an organization established to help determine whether a potential candidate should run for an elected office . They are most often cited in reference to United States Presidential hopefuls , prior to the primaries . Exploratory committees may be governed by law . For example , the District of Columbia legally defines Exploratory Committees as ( in DC Official Code § 1 - 1101.01 ( 6 ) ( B ) ( vi ) ) : Exploratory , draft or `` testing the waters '' committees are formed solely for the purpose of determining the feasibility of an individual 's candidacy for office . The activities of exploratory committees may include polling , travel , and telephone calls to determine whether the individual should become a candidate . Ron Elving described the use of exploratory committees in his article , Declaring for President is a Dance of Seven Veils , which aired on National Public Radio on December 5 , 2006 . He wrote : The exploratory committee has been around for decades , and technically it creates a legal shell for a candidate who expects to spend more than $5,000 while contemplating an actual run . Under the rules , exploratory money may be raised without the full disclosure of sources required of true candidates . Only when the candidate drops the exploratory label does the full responsibility of transparency apply . Candidates use an exploratory committee as not only a transitional phase for their bookkeeping but as an extra claim on media attention . Some of the most skillful handlers like to leak word that their candidate is testing the waters , then leak word that he or she is thinking about forming an exploratory committee . Additional `` news '' can be made when the same candidate actually forms such a committee and registers with the Federal Election Commission . Yet a fourth round of attention may be generated when the word exploratory gets dropped from the committee filing . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ NPR : Declaring for President is a Dance of Seven Veils External links ( edit ) Testing the Waters and Campaign Committees ( Press Release ) Federal Election Commission ( no date ) Candidate Registration Brochure Federal Election Commission , March 2005 , revised June 2008 . District of Columbia Campaign Finance Guide This article related to the politics of the United States is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exploratory_committee&oldid=778560849 '' Categories : Political terminology of the United States Committees United States politics stubs Talk About Wikipedia עברית Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2017 , at 21 : 56 . About Wikipedia | what is the main goal of an exploratory committee | [
"In the election politics of the United States, an exploratory committee is an organization established to help determine whether a potential candidate should run for an elected office. They are most often cited in reference to United States Presidential hopefuls, prior to the primaries."
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"to help determine whether a potential candidate should run for an elected office"
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-813815195004357806 | The Staircase | The Staircase - wikipedia The Staircase For the book , see The Staircase ( book ) . For other uses , see Staircase ( disambiguation ) . The Staircase Promotional poster French Soupçons Genre Documentary film Written by Jean - Xavier de Lestrade Directed by Jean - Xavier de Lestrade Starring Michael Peterson David Rudolf Ron Guerette Tom Maher Bill Peterson Freda Black Jim Hardin Arthur Holland Country of origin France Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 13 Production Production location ( s ) Durham , North Carolina Germany Running time 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Maha Productions Release Original network Canal+ ( episodes 1 -- 10 ) Netflix ( episodes 11 -- 13 ) First shown in France Original release October 7 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 07 ) -- October 28 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 28 ) ( episodes 1 -- 8 ) January 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 30 ) ( episodes 9 -- 10 ) June 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 08 ) ( episodes 11 -- 13 ) The Staircase ( French : Soupçons , lit . ' ' Suspicions ' ' ; also known as Death on the Staircase ) is a 2004 French television miniseries by Jean - Xavier de Lestrade documenting the trial of Michael Peterson , convicted of murdering his wife , Kathleen Peterson . Following from de Lestrade 's Oscar - winning Murder on a Sunday Morning , filming began soon after Peterson 's indictment . Camera crews were given access to the accused 's extended family , the defense attorneys , and the courtroom . The film features a brief appearance by Mike Nifong , a future figure in the Duke lacrosse case , working with the team prosecuting Peterson . An abbreviated version was broadcast as special two - hour presentation of American news show Primetime Thursday on July 22 , 2004 . The miniseries was completed in September 2004 , and premiered in October on Canal+ , from January 10 -- 14 , 2005 , on BBC Four ( as part of its Storyville documentary series ) , and from April 4 -- 25 on Sundance Channel . The BBC featured an interview with Lestrade in 2005 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Reception 3 Sequels 4 Legacy 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) In December 2001 , novelist Michael Peterson called to report that his wife Kathleen had fallen down a set of stairs in their Forest Hills mansion and died . The authorities disbelieved Peterson 's story that Kathleen had fallen while drunk and concluded instead that he had bludgeoned her to death , most likely with a fireplace poker which was discovered missing from the house . Peterson was soon charged with murder . The film details the ensuing case from the point of view of Peterson and his defense team , led by David Rudolf . During the trial it is discovered that while Peterson was living in Germany , a family friend died from an intra-cerebral haemorrhage , followed by the body falling down stairs after collapsing , which resulted in similar head injuries to those sustained by Peterson 's wife . An investigation by German police and US military authorities concluded that the death was accidental , and Peterson ended up adopting the woman 's two daughters . The prosecution introduce this death into the trial as an incident giving Peterson the idea of how to `` fake '' Kathleen 's accident . During the trial , Peterson 's daughters stand steadfastly by their father . The prosecution argues that Kathleen had discovered that Michael was bisexual and had been having affairs with men , which led to an argument in which he bludgeoned her to death . Peterson claimed that his wife knew about his sexuality and that they had an open marriage . He claims to have been outside by their pool when Kathleen fell down the stairs and injured herself . A defense team recreation shows that it would have been possible for Peterson to have missed his wife 's cries for help had he been by the pool . The jury ultimately convicts Peterson . Reception ( edit ) Reviews for The Staircase were generally positive . The film received an `` exceptional quality '' rating ( 8.5 out of 10 ) from Documentary-Review.com based on 9 reviews . It won a Peabody Award in 2005 . Sequels ( edit ) In April 2012 , it was revealed that Lestrade was working on four follow - up film to The Staircase for French broadcaster Canal+ , after Michael Peterson was released from jail , pending a retrial . The sequel , subtitled `` Last Chance , '' premiered at the International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam ( IDFA ) in November 2012 . It aired on Canal+ on January 30 , 2013 , and on BBC Four 's Storyville on February 4 . Sundance Channel aired a shorter alternative cut , presenting `` Last Chance '' as two new episodes of the original miniseries , airing March 4 and March 11 , 2013 . On November 23 , 2015 , Lestrade announced a second follow - up film at the IDFA Forum . Originally announced as Staircase III , the film documents the story of Peterson 's final trial , set for early 2016 . The film was commissioned by Canal+ . Last Chance producer Matthieu Belghiti of What 's Up Films was also attached . It was later picked up by Netflix to be released as three new episodes of the miniseries , together with the previous ten episodes on June 8 , 2018 . The first of the new episodes premiered April 28 , 2018 , at the Tribeca Film Festival . Legacy ( edit ) The 2017 sitcom Trial & Error parodies this documentary and the details of the case . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Icher , Bruno ( 7 October 2004 ) . `` Télé : `` soupçons '' , du réel en tranches `` . Libération ( in French ) . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mathieu , Pierre . `` De Lestrade , avocat à la caméra '' . La Dépêche . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Court TV coverage Archived 2006 - 01 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Stair Case '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2004 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lacob , Jace ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` The Staircase : Director Jean - Xavier de Lestrade on Michael Peterson , Owls , and More '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Staircase ( Soupçons ) ( 2004 ) '' . Maha Productions . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2008 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Storyville '' . BBC . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` With the Camera Lurking , Anatomy of a Defense Case '' . New York Times . April 4 , 2005 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Catlin , Roger ( April 25 , 2005 ) . `` Sundance Series Follows The Other Peterson Murder '' . The Hartford Courant . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC interview with de Lestrade , January 6 , 2005 '' . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews '' . Documentary-Review.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ 65th Annual Peabody Awards , May 2006 . Jump up ^ Adam Benzine ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` De Lestrade making sequel to `` The Staircase '' `` . Realscreen . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IDFA Catalogue 2012 '' ( Adobe Flash ) . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Staircase 2 : The Last Chance '' ( Adobe Flash ) . IDFA Special ( English ed . ) ( 1 ) . November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Soupçons -- La dernière chance '' . Canal+ . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Death on the Staircase : The Last Chance '' . BBC . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` the staircase -- new episodes coming soon '' . Sundance Channel . November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goodfellow , Melanie ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Lestrade steps up '' ( Portable Document Format ) . IDFA Industry Special 2015 ( 4 ) : 1 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Staircase III '' . IDFA . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix Continues Your True - Crime Obsession with ' The Staircase ' Trailer '' . Collider . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mount , Bailey ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Staircase ' : Everything You Need to Know About the Classic True Crime Series Coming to Netflix -- With New Episodes '' . IndieWire . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) The Staircase on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Staircase&oldid=854662990 '' Categories : 2000s French television series 2000s documentary films 2004 French television series debuts 2004 French television series endings Peabody Award - winning television programs 2000s French television miniseries Peabody Award winners Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 23 : 50 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when did the staircase come out on netflix | [
"The Staircase (French: Soupçons, lit. ''Suspicions''; also known as Death on the Staircase) is a 2004 French television miniseries by Jean-Xavier de Lestrade documenting the trial of Michael Peterson, convicted of murdering his wife, Kathleen Peterson.\n"
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4572014408334691641 | Monty Python's Flying Circus | Monty Python 's Flying Circus - Wikipedia Monty Python 's Flying Circus For other uses , see Monty Python 's Flying Circus ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Monty Python 's Flying Circus Genre Sketch comedy Surreal comedy Satire Black comedy Created by Graham Chapman John Cleese Terry Gilliam Eric Idle Terry Jones Michael Palin Written by Monty Python Neil Innes Douglas Adams Directed by Ian MacNaughton John Howard Davies Starring Graham Chapman John Cleese Terry Gilliam Eric Idle Terry Jones Michael Palin Carol Cleveland Opening theme `` The Liberty Bell '' by John Philip Sousa Composer ( s ) Neil Innes Fred Tomlinson Singers Country of origin United Kingdom No. of series No. of episodes 45 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time approx. 25 -- 30 minutes Release Original network BBC1 ( 1969 -- 1973 ) BBC2 ( 1974 ) Original release 5 October 1969 ( 1969 - 10 - 05 ) -- 5 December 1974 ( 1974 - 12 - 05 ) Chronology Followed by And Now for Something Completely Different External links Website Monty Python 's Flying Circus ( known during the final series as just Monty Python ) is a British sketch comedy series created by the comedy group Monty Python and broadcast by the BBC from 1969 to 1974 . The shows were composed of surreality , risqué or innuendo - laden humour , sight gags and observational sketches without punchlines . It also featured animations by group member Terry Gilliam , often sequenced or merged with live action . The first episode was recorded on 7 September and premiered on 5 October 1969 on BBC One , with 45 episodes airing over four series from 1969 to 1974 , plus two episodes for German TV . The show often targets the idiosyncrasies of British life , especially that of professionals , and is at times politically charged . The members of Monty Python were highly educated . Terry Jones and Michael Palin are Oxford University graduates ; Eric Idle , John Cleese , and Graham Chapman attended Cambridge University ; and American - born member Terry Gilliam graduated from Occidental College . Their comedy is often pointedly intellectual , with numerous erudite references to philosophers and literary figures . The series followed and elaborated upon the style used by Spike Milligan in his ground breaking series Q5 , rather than the traditional sketch show format . The team intended their humour to be impossible to categorise , and succeeded ( although , by their perspective , failed ) so completely that the adjective `` Pythonesque '' was invented to define it and , later , similar material . The Pythons play the majority of the series characters themselves , including the majority of the female characters , but occasionally they cast an extra actor . Regular supporting cast members include Carol Cleveland ( referred to by the team as the unofficial `` Seventh Python '' ) , Connie Booth ( Cleese 's first wife ) , series producer Ian MacNaughton , Ian Davidson , Neil Innes ( in the fourth series ) , and Fred Tomlinson and the Fred Tomlinson Singers ( for musical numbers ) . The theme music is the Band of the Grenadier Guards ' rendition of John Philip Sousa 's `` The Liberty Bell '' which was first published in 1893 . Under the Berne Convention 's `` country of origin '' concept , the composition was subject to United States copyright law which states that any works first published prior to 1923 was in the public domain due to copyright expiration . This enabled Gilliam to co-opt the march for the series without having to make any royalty payments . Contents 1 Title 2 Recurring characters 2.1 Frequently recurring characters ( six or more appearances ) 2.2 Characters who made multiple appearances 3 Popular character traits 3.1 Chapman 3.2 Cleese 3.3 Gilliam 3.4 Idle 3.5 Jones 3.6 Palin 4 Lost sketches 5 Monty Python 's Fliegender Zirkus 6 Stage incarnations 7 Landing of Flying Circus 8 Awards and honours 9 Legacy 10 Production 11 Transnational themes 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Title ( edit ) The title Monty Python 's Flying Circus was partly the result of the group 's reputation at the BBC . Michael Mills , the BBC 's Head of Comedy , wanted their name to include the word `` circus '' because the BBC referred to the six members wandering around the building as a circus , in particular , `` Baron Von Took 's Circus '' , after Barry Took , who had brought them to the BBC . The group added `` flying '' to make it sound less like an actual circus and more like something from World War I . The group was coming up with their name at a time when the 1966 Royal Guardsmen song Snoopy vs. the Red Baron had been at a peak . Freiherr von Richthofen , the World War I German flying ace known as The Red Baron , commanded a squadron of planes known as `` The Flying Circus . '' The words `` Monty Python '' were added because they claimed it sounded like a really bad theatrical agent , the sort of person who would have brought them together , with John Cleese suggesting `` Python '' as something slimy and slithery , and Eric Idle suggesting `` Monty '' . They later explained that the name Monty `` ... made us laugh because Monty to us means Lord Montgomery , our great general of the Second World War '' . The BBC had rejected some other names put forward by the group including Whither Canada ? , The Nose Show , Ow ! It 's Colin Plint ! , A Horse , a Spoon and a Basin , The Toad Elevating Moment and Owl Stretching Time . Several of these titles were later used for individual episodes . Recurring characters ( edit ) In contrast to many other sketch comedy shows , Flying Circus had only a handful of recurring characters , many of whom were involved only in titles and linking sequences . Continuity for many of these recurring characters was frequently non-existent from sketch to sketch , with sometimes even the most basic information ( such as a character 's name ) being changed from one appearance to the next . Frequently recurring characters ( six or more appearances ) ( edit ) The `` It 's '' Man ( Palin ) , a Robinson Crusoe - type castaway with torn clothes and a long , unkempt beard who would appear at the beginning of the programme . Often he is seen performing a long or dangerous task , such as falling off a tall , jagged cliff or running through a mine field a long distance towards the camera before introducing the show by just saying , `` It 's ... '' before being abruptly cut off by the opening titles and Terry Gilliam 's animation sprouting the words ' Monty Python 's Flying Circus ' . It 's was an early candidate for the title of the series . A BBC continuity announcer in a dinner jacket ( Cleese ) , seated at a desk , often in highly incongruous locations , such as a forest or a beach . His line , `` And now for something completely different , '' was used variously as a lead - in to the opening titles and a simple way to link sketches . Though Cleese is best known for it , Idle first introduced the phrase in Episode 2 , where he introduced a man with three buttocks . It eventually became the show 's catch phrase and served as the title for the troupe 's first movie . In Series 3 the line was shortened to simply : `` And now ... '' and was often combined with the `` It 's '' man in introducing the episodes . Gumbys on parade The Gumbys , a group of slow - witted individuals identically attired in gumboots ( from which they take their name ) , high - water trousers , braces , Fair Isle tanktops , and round , wire - rimmed glasses , with toothbrush moustaches and knotted handkerchiefs worn on their heads ( a stereotype of the English working - class holidaymaker ) . They hold their arms stiffly at their sides , speak slowly in loud , throaty voices punctuated by frequent grunts and groans , and have a fondness for pointless violence . All of them are surnamed Gumby : D.P. Gumby , R.S. Gumby , etc . Even though all Pythons played Gumbys in the show 's run , the character is most closely associated with Michael Palin . The Knight with a Raw Chicken ( Gilliam ) , who would hit characters over the head with the chicken when they said something particularly silly . The knight was a regular during the first series and made another appearance in the third . A nude organist ( played in his first appearance by Gilliam , later by Jones ) who provided a brief fanfare to punctuate certain sketches , most notably on a sketch poking fun at Sale of the Century or as yet another way to introduce the opening titles . This character was addressed as `` Onan '' by Palin 's host character in the ersatz game show sketch `` Blackmail '' . The `` Pepperpots '' are screeching middle - aged , lower - middle class housewives , played by the Pythons in frocks , and engage in surreal and inconsequential conversation . `` The Pepperpots '' was the in - house name that the Pythons used to identify these characters , and were never identified as such on - screen . On the rare occasion these women were named , it was often for comic effect , featuring such names as Mrs. Scum , Mrs. Non-Gorilla , or the duo Mrs. Premise and Mrs. Conclusion . `` Pepperpot '' refers to what the Pythons believed was the typical body shape of middle - class , British housewives , as explained by John Cleese in How to Irritate People . Terry Jones is perhaps most closely associated with the Pepperpots , but all the Pythons were frequent in performing the drag characters . Brief black - and - white stock footage , lasting only two or three seconds , of middle - aged women sitting in an audience and applauding . The film was taken from a Women 's Institute meeting and was sometimes presented with a colour tint . This was used as a reference to the types of audiences they had to face during the first series . Characters who made multiple appearances ( edit ) `` The Colonel '' ( Chapman ) , a British Army officer who interrupts sketches that are `` too silly '' or that contain material he finds offensive . The Colonel also appears when non-BBC broadcast repeats need to be cut off for time constraints in syndication . Arthur Pewtey ( Palin ) , a socially inept , extremely dull man who appears most notably in the `` Marriage Guidance Counsellor '' and `` Ministry of Silly Walks '' sketches . His sketches all take the form of an office appointment with an authority figure ( usually played by Cleese ) , which are used to parody the officious side of the British establishment by having the professional employed in the most bizarre field of expertise . The spelling of Pewtey 's surname is changed , between appearances . The Reverend Arthur Belling is the vicar of St Loony - Up - The - Cream - Bun - and - Jam . He is known for his bizarrely eccentric behaviour . In one sketch ( within Series 2 , played by Chapman ) , he makes an appeal to the insane people of the world to drive sane people insane . In another sketch ( within Series 3 , played by Palin ) , which is among the pantheon of fan favourites , he politely joins a honeymooning couple at an outdoor café , repeatedly insisting he does not wish to disturb them ; he then sits down , opens a suitcase full of props , and calmly proceeds to smash plates on the table , shake a baby doll in their faces , bounce a rubber crab from a ping - pong paddle , and spray shaving cream all over his face , all whilst loudly chanting nonsense syllables. Rev. Belling 's odd version of ' not being disturbing ' serves to convert the couple to his bizarre sect of Christianity . A somewhat disreputable shopkeeper , played by Palin , is a staple of many a two - person sketch ( notably `` Dead Parrot Sketch '' ) . He often speaks with a strong Cockney accent , and has no consistent name . Mr. Badger ( Idle ) , a Scotsman whose speciality was interrupting sketches ( ' I wo n't ruin your sketch , for a pound ' ) . He was once interviewed , in a sketch opposite Cleese , regarding his interpretation of the Magna Carta , which Badger believes was actually a piece of chewing gum on a bedspread in Dorset . He has also been seen as an aeroplane hijacker whose demands grow increasingly eccentric . Mr. Eric Praline , an eccentric , disgruntled man , played by Cleese and who often wears a Pac - a-Mac . His most famous appearance is in the `` Dead Parrot sketch '' . His name is only mentioned once on - screen , during the `` Fish Licence '' sketch , but his attire ( together with Cleese 's distinctive , nasal performance ) distinguishes him as a recognisable character who makes multiple appearances throughout the first two series . An audio re-recording of `` Fish Licence '' also reveals that he has multiple pets of wildly differing species , all of them named `` Eric '' . Mr. Cheeky , a well - dressed moustachioed man , referred to in the published scripts as `` Mr. Nudge '' ( Idle ) , who pointedly annoys uptight characters ( usually Jones ) . He is characterised by his constant nudging gestures and cheeky innuendo . His most famous appearance is in his initial sketch , `` Nudge Nudge '' , though he appears in several later sketches too , including `` The Visitors '' , where he claimed his name was Arthur Name . Biggles ( Chapman , and in one instance Jones ) , a World War I pilot . Derived from the famous series of fiction stories by W.E. Johns . Luigi Vercotti ( Palin ) , a mafioso entrepreneur and pimp featured during the first series , accompanied in his first appearance by his brother Dino ( Jones ) . He appears as the manager for Ron Obvious , the owner of La Gondola restaurant and as a victim of the Piranha Brothers . With his brother , he attempts to talk the Colonel into paying for protection of his Army base . The Spanish Inquisition would burst into a previously unrelated sketch whenever their name was mentioned . Their catchphrase was ' Nobody expects the Spanish Inquisition ! ' They consist of Cardinal Ximinez ( Palin ) , Cardinal Fang ( Gilliam ) , and Cardinal Biggles ( Jones ) . They premiered in series two and Ximinez had a cameo in `` The Buzz Aldrin Show '' . Frenchmen : Cleese and Palin would sometimes dress in stereotypical French garb , e.g. striped shirt , tight pants , beret , and speak in garbled French , with incomprehensible accents . They had one fake moustache between them , and each would stick it onto the other 's lip when it was his turn to speak . They appear giving a demonstration of the technical aspects of the flying sheep in episode 2 ( `` Sex and Violence '' ) , and appear in the Ministry of Silly Walks sketch as the developers of `` La Marche Futile '' . They also make an appearance in Monty Python and the Holy Grail . The Compère ( Palin ) , a sleazy nightclub emcee in a red jacket . He linked sketches by introducing them as nightclub acts , and was occasionally seen after the sketch , passing comment on it . In one link , he was the victim of the Knight with a Raw Chicken . Spiny Norman , a Gilliam animation of a giant hedgehog . He is introduced in Episode 1 of Series 2 in `` Piranha Brothers '' as an hallucination experienced by Dinsdale Piranha when he is depressed . Later , Spiny Norman appears randomly in the background of animated cityscapes , shouting ' Dinsdale ! ' Cardinal Richelieu ( Palin ) is impersonated by someone or is impersonating someone else . He is first seen as a witness in court , but he turns out to be Ron Higgins , a professional Cardinal Richelieu impersonator . He is later seen during the `` Historical Impersonations '' sketch as himself impersonating Petula Clark . Ken Shabby ( Palin ) , an unkempt , disgusting man who cleaned public lavatories , appeared in his own sketch in the first series , attempting to get approval from another man ( Chapman ) to marry his daughter ( Booth ) . In the second series , he appeared in several vox populi segments . He later founded his own religion ( as part of the `` Crackpot Religions '' sketch ) and called himself Archbishop Shabby . Raymond Luxury - Yacht ( Chapman ) is described as one of Britain 's leading skin specialists . He wears an enormous fake nose made of polystyrene . He proudly proclaims that his name ' is spelled `` Raymond Luxury - Yach - t '' , but it is pronounced `` Throat - Wobbler Mangrove '' ' . A Madman ( Chapman ) Often appears in vox pops segments . He wears a bowler hat and has a bushy moustache . He will always rant and ramble about his life whenever he appears and will occasionally foam at the mouth and fall over backwards . He appears in `` The Naked Ant '' , `` The Buzz Aldrin Show '' , and `` It 's a Living '' . Other returning characters include a married couple , often mentioned but never seen , Ann Haydon - Jones and her husband Pip . In `` Election Night Special '' , Pip has lost a political seat to Engelbert Humperdinck . Several recurring characters are played by different Pythons . Both Palin and Chapman played the insanely violent Police Constable Pan Am. Both Jones and Palin portrayed police sergeant Harry ' Snapper ' Organs of Q division . Various historical figures were played by a different cast member in each appearance , such as Mozart ( Cleese , then Palin ) , or Queen Victoria ( Jones , then Palin , then all five Pythons in Series 4 ) . Some of the Pythons ' real - life targets recurred more frequently than others . Reginald Maudling , a contemporary Conservative politician , was singled out for perhaps the most consistent ridicule . Then - Secretary of State for Education and Science , and ( well after the programme had ended ) Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , was occasionally mentioned , in particular referring to Thatcher 's brain as being in her shin received a hearty laugh from the studio audience . Then - US President Richard Nixon was also frequently mocked , as was Conservative party leader Edward Heath , prime minister for much of the series ' run . The British police were also a favourite target , often acting bizarrely , stupidly , or abusing their authority , frequently in drag . Popular character traits ( edit ) Although there were few recurring characters , and the six cast members played many diverse roles , each perfected some character traits . Chapman ( edit ) Graham Chapman often portrayed straight - faced men , of any age or class , frequently authority figures such as military officers , policemen or doctors . His characters could , at any moment , engage in `` Pythonesque '' maniacal behaviour and then return to their former sobriety . He was also skilled in abuse , which he brusquely delivered in such sketches as `` The Argument Clinic '' and `` Flying Lessons '' . He adopted a dignified demeanour as the leading `` straight man '' in the Python feature films Holy Grail ( King Arthur ) and Life of Brian ( title character Brian ) . Cleese ( edit ) John Cleese played ridiculous authority figures . Gilliam claims that Cleese is the funniest of the Pythons in drag , as he barely needs to be dressed up to look hilarious , with his square chin and 6'5 '' ( 196 cm ) frame ( see the `` Mr. and Mrs. Git '' sketch ) . Cleese also played intimidating maniacs , such as an instructor in the `` Self Defence Against Fresh Fruit '' sketch . His character Mr. Praline , the put - upon consumer , featured in some of the most popular sketches , most famously in `` Dead Parrot '' . One star turn that proved most memorable among Python fans was `` The Ministry of Silly Walks '' , where he worked for the eponymous government department . The sketch features some rather extravagant physical comedy from the notoriously tall and loose - limbed Cleese . Despite its popularity , particularly among American fans , Cleese himself particularly disliked the sketch , feeling that many of the laughs it generated were cheap and that no balance was provided by what could have been the true satirical centrepoint . Another of his trademarks is his over-the - top delivery of abuse , particularly his screaming `` You bastard ! '' Cleese often played foreigners with ridiculous accents , especially Frenchmen , most of the time with Palin . Sometimes this extended to the use of actual French or German ( such as `` The Funniest Joke in the World '' , `` Hitler in Minehead '' , or `` La Marche Futile '' at the end of `` The Ministry of Silly Walks '' ) , but still with a very heavy accent ( or impossible to understand , as for example Hitler 's speech ) . Gilliam ( edit ) The famous Python Foot can here be seen in its original format in the bottom left corner of `` Venus , Cupid , Folly and Time '' Many Python sketches were linked together by the cut - out animations of Terry Gilliam , including the opening titles featuring the iconic giant foot that became a symbol of all that was ' Pythonesque ' . Gilliam 's unique visual style was characterised by sudden , dramatic movements and deliberate mismatches of scale , set in surrealist landscapes populated by engravings of large buildings with elaborate architecture , grotesque Victorian gadgets , machinery , and people cut from old Sears Roebuck catalogues . Gilliam added airbrush illustrations and many famous pieces of art . All of these elements were combined in incongruous ways to obtain new and humorous meanings in the tradition of surrealist collage assemblies . The surreal nature of the series allowed Gilliam 's animation to go off on bizarre , imaginative tangents . Some running gags derived from these animations were a giant hedgehog named Spiny Norman who appeared over the tops of buildings shouting , `` Dinsdale ! '' , further petrifying the paranoid Dinsdale Piranha ; and The Foot of Cupid , the giant foot that suddenly squashed things . The latter is appropriated from the figure of Cupid in the Agnolo Bronzino painting `` Venus , Cupid , Folly and Time '' . Notable Gilliam sequences for the show include Conrad Poohs and his Dancing Teeth , the rampage of the cancerous black spot , The Killer Cars and a giant cat that stomps its way through London , destroying everything in its path . Initially only hired to be the animator of the series , Gilliam was not thought of ( even by himself ) as an on - screen performer at first , being American and not very good at the deep and sometimes exaggerated English accent of his fellows . The others felt they owed him something and so he sometimes appeared before the camera , usually in the parts that no one else wanted to play , generally because they required a lot of make - up or involved uncomfortable costumes . The most recurrent of these was The - Knight - Who - Hits - People - With - A-Chicken , a knight in armour who would walk on - set and hit another character on the head with a plucked chicken when they said something really corny . Some of Gilliam 's other on - screen portrayals included : A man with a stoat through his head Cardinal Fang in `` The Spanish Inquisition '' A dandy wearing only a mask , bikini underwear and a cape , in `` The Visitors '' A hotel clerk in `` The Cycling Tour '' episode A trouser-less man with a multi coloured wig and a Goat on a lead asking for `` Mrs. Rogers '' at the start of the New Gas Cooker sketch . A fat young man covered in beans in `` Most Awful Family In Britain '' A wheelchair using security guard , sporting an enormous sword through his head . Percy Bysshe Shelley in the `` Michael Ellis '' episode Gilliam soon became distinguished as the go - to member for the most obscenely grotesque characters . This carried over into the Holy Grail film , where Gilliam played King Arthur 's hunchbacked page ' Patsy ' and the bridgekeeper at the Bridge of Death . It has also been claimed that he was originally asked by Terry Jones to play Mr. Creosote in The Meaning Of Life , but turned it down . Idle ( edit ) Eric Idle is known for his roles as a cheeky , suggestive playboy ( `` Nudge Nudge '' ) , a variety of pretentious television presenters ( such as his over-the - top portrayal of Philip Jenkinson in the segments connecting the `` Cheese Shop '' and `` Salad Days '' sketches ) , a crafty , slick salesman ( `` Door - to - Door Joke Salesman '' , `` Encyclopedia Salesman '' ) and the merchant who loves to haggle in Monty Python 's Life of Brian . He is acknowledged as ' the master of the one - liner ' by the other Pythons . He is also considered the best singer / songwriter in the group ; for example , he wrote and performed `` Always Look on the Bright Side of Life '' from The Life of Brian . Unlike Jones , he often played female characters in a more straightforward way , only altering his voice slightly , as opposed to the falsetto shrieking used by the others . Several times , Idle appeared as upper - class , middle - aged females , such as Rita Fairbanks ( `` Reenactment of the Battle Of Pearl Harbor '' ) and the sexually - repressed Protestant wife in the `` Every Sperm is Sacred '' sketch , The Meaning of Life . Because he was not from an already - established writing partnership prior to Python , Idle wrote his sketches alone . Jones ( edit ) Although all of the Pythons played women , Terry Jones is renowned by the rest to be ' the best Rat - Bag woman in the business ' . His portrayal of a middle - aged housewife was louder , shriller , and more dishevelled than that of any of the other Pythons . Examples of this are the `` Dead Bishop '' sketch , his role as Brian 's mother Mandy in Life of Brian , Mrs. Linda S-C-U-M in `` Mr. Neutron '' and the café proprietor in `` Spam '' . Also recurring was the upper - class reserved men , in `` Nudge , Nudge '' and the `` It 's A Man 's Life '' sketch , and incompetent authority figures ( Harry `` Snapper '' Organs ) . He also played the iconic Nude Organist that introduced all of series three . Generally , he deferred to the others as a performer , but proved himself behind the scenes , where he would eventually end up pulling most of the strings . Palin ( edit ) Michael Palin was regarded by the other members of the troupe as the one with the widest range , equally adept as a straight man or wildly over the top character . He portrayed many working - class northerners , often portrayed in a disgusting light : `` The Funniest Joke in the World '' sketch and the `` Every Sperm Is Sacred '' segment of Monty Python 's The Meaning of Life . In contrast , Palin also played weak - willed , put - upon men such as the husband in the `` Marriage Guidance Counsellor '' sketch , or the boring accountant in the `` Vocational Guidance Counsellor '' sketch . He was equally at home as the indefatigable Cardinal Ximinez of Spain in `` The Spanish Inquisition '' sketch . Another high - energy character that Palin portrays is the slick TV show host , constantly smacking his lips together and generally being over-enthusiastic ( `` Blackmail '' sketch ) . In one sketch , he plays the role with an underlying hint of self - revulsion , where he wipes his oily palms on his jacket , makes a disgusted face , then continues . One of his most famous creations was the shopkeeper who attempts to sell useless goods by very weak attempts at being sly and crafty , which are invariably spotted by the customer ( often played by Cleese ) , as in the `` Dead Parrot '' and `` Cheese Shop '' sketches . Palin is also well known for his leading role in `` The Lumberjack Song '' . Palin also often plays heavy - accented foreigners , mostly French ( `` La marche futile '' ) or German ( `` Hitler in Minehead '' ) , usually alongside Cleese . In one of the last episodes , he delivers a full speech , first in English , then in French , then in heavily accented German . Of all the Pythons , Palin played the fewest female roles . Among his portrayals of women are : Queen Victoria in the `` Michael Ellis '' episode , Debbie Katzenberg the American in Monty Python 's The Meaning of Life , or as a rural idiot 's wife in the `` Idiot in rural society '' sketch . Lost sketches ( edit ) Some material originally recorded went missing later , such as the use of the word `` masturbation '' in the `` Summarise Proust '' sketch ( which was muted during the first airing , and later cut out entirely ) or `` What a silly bunt '' in the Travel Agent sketch ( which featured a character ( Idle ) who has a speech impediment that makes him pronounce `` C '' s as `` B '' s ) , which was cut before the sketch ever went to air . However , when this sketch was included in the album Monty Python 's Previous Record and the Live at the Hollywood Bowl film , the line remained intact . Some sketches were deleted in their entirety and later recovered . One such sketch is the `` Party Political Broadcast ( Choreographed ) '' , where a Conservative Party spokesman ( Cleese ) delivers a party political broadcast before getting up and dancing , being coached by a choreographer ( Idle ) , and being joined by a chorus of spokesmen dancing behind him . The camera passes two Labour Party spokesmen practising ballet , and an animation featuring Edward Heath in a tutu . Once deemed lost , a home - recorded tape of this sketch , captured from a broadcast from Buffalo , New York PBS outlet WNED - TV , turned up on YouTube in 2008 . Another high - quality recording of this sketch , broadcast on WTTW in Chicago , has also turned up on YouTube . The Buffalo version can be seen as an extra on the new Region 2 / 4 eight - disc The Complete Monty Python 's Flying Circus DVD set . The Region 1 DVD of Before The Flying Circus , which is included in The Complete Monty Python 's Flying Circus Collector 's Edition Megaset and Monty Python : The Other British Invasion , also contains the Buffalo version as an extra . Another lost sketch is the `` Satan '' animation following the `` Crackpot Religion '' piece and the `` Cartoon Religion Ltd '' animation , and preceding the `` How Not To Be Seen '' sketch : this had been edited out of the official tape . Six frames of the animation can be seen at the end of the episode , wherein that particular episode is repeated in fast - forward . A black and white 16 mm film print has since turned up ( found by a private film collector in the US ) showing the animation in its entirety . At least two references to cancer were censored , both during the second series . In the sixth episode ( `` It 's A Living '' or `` School Prizes '' ) , Carol Cleveland 's narration of a Gilliam cartoon suddenly has Michael Palin 's voice dub ' gangrene ' over the word cancer ( although the word ' cancer ' was used unedited when the animation appeared in the movie And Now for Something Completely Different as well as the 2006 special Terry Gilliam 's Personal Best ) . Another reference was removed from the sketch `` Conquistador Coffee Campaign '' , in the eleventh episode `` How Not to Be Seen '' , although a reference to leprosy remained intact . This line has also been recovered from the same 16 mm film print as the above - mentioned `` Satan '' animation . A sketch from Episode 7 of Series 2 ( subtitled ' The Attila the Hun Show ' ) featured a parody of Michael Miles , the 1960s TV game show host ( played by Cleese ) , and was introduced as ' Spot The Braincell ' . This sketch was deleted shortly afterwards from a repeat broadcast as a mark of respect following Miles ' death in February 1971 . A restored Region 2 DVD release of Series 1 -- 4 was released in 2007 , with no additional features . Monty Python 's Fliegender Zirkus ( edit ) Main article : Monty Python 's Fliegender Zirkus Two episodes were produced in German for WDR ( Westdeutscher Rundfunk ) , both entitled Monty Python 's Fliegender Zirkus , the literal German translation of the English title . While visiting the UK in the early 1970s , German entertainer and TV producer Alfred Biolek caught notice of the Pythons . Excited by their innovative , absurd sketches , he invited them to Germany in 1971 and 1972 to write and act in two special German episodes . The first episode , advertised as Monty Python 's Fliegender Zirkus : Blödeln für Deutschland ( `` Monty Python 's Flying Circus : Clowning around for Germany '' ) , was produced in 1971 and performed in German . The second episode , advertised as Monty Python 's Fliegender Zirkus : Blödeln auf die feine englische Art ( `` Monty Python 's Flying Circus : Clowning around in the distinguished English way '' ) , produced in 1972 , was recorded in English and dubbed into German for its broadcast in Germany . The original English recording was transmitted by the BBC in October 1973 . Stage incarnations ( edit ) The members of Monty Python embarked on a series of stage shows during and after the television series . These mostly consisted of sketches from the series , though they also included other famous sketches that had preluded them . One such sketch was the Four Yorkshiremen sketch , written by Cleese and Chapman , and performed for At Last the 1948 Show ; the sketch subsequently became part of the live Python repertoire . The shows also included songs from collaborator Neil Innes . Recordings of four of these stage shows have subsequently appeared as separate works : Monty Python Live at Drury Lane ( aka Monty Python Live at the Theatre Royal , Drury Lane ) , released in the UK in 1974 as their fifth record album Monty Python Live at City Center , performed in New York City and released as a record in 1976 in the US Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl , recorded in Los Angeles in 1980 and released as a film in 1982 Monty Python Live ( Mostly ) : One Down , Five to Go , the troupe 's reunion / farewell show , ran for 10 shows at The O2 Arena in London in July 2014 . The final performance on 20 July was live streamed to cinemas worldwide . A re-edited version was later released on Blu - Ray , DVD and double Compact Disc ; the CD version is exclusive to the deluxe version of the release which contains all 3 formats on 4 discs housed in a 60 - page hardback book . Graham Chapman also performed on stage at the Knebworth Festival in 1975 with Pink Floyd . In 2005 a troupe of actors headed by Rémy Renoux , translated and `` adapted '' a stage version of Monty Python 's Flying Circus into French . Usually the original actors defend their material very closely , but given in this case the `` adaptation '' and also the translation into French ( with subtitles ) , the group supported this production . The adapted material sticks close to the original text , mainly deviating when it comes to ending a sketch , something the Python members themselves changed many times over the course of their stage performances . Language differences also occur in the lyrics of several songs . For example , `` Sit on My Face '' ( which translated into French would be `` Asseyez - vous sur mon visage '' ) becomes `` cum in my mouth '' . Landing of Flying Circus ( edit ) John Cleese left the show after the third series and did not appear in the six episodes of the fourth and final series . ( However , he did receive writing credits for sketches derived from the writing sessions for the film of Holy Grail ) . Neil Innes and Douglas Adams are the only two non-Pythons to get writing credits in the show -- Innes for songs in episodes 40 , 42 and 45 ( and for contributing to a sketch in episode 45 ) , and Adams for contributing to a sketch about a doctor whose patients are stabbed by his nurse , in episode 45 . ( He also had walk - on acting parts in episodes 42 and 44 . ) Innes frequently appeared in the Pythons ' stage shows and can also be seen as Sir Robin 's lead minstrel in Monty Python and the Holy Grail and ( briefly ) in Life of Brian . Adams had become friends with Graham Chapman , and they later went on to write the failed sketch show pilot Out of the Trees . Although Cleese stayed for the third series , he claimed that he and Chapman only wrote two original sketches ( `` Dennis Moore '' and `` Cheese Shop '' ) , whereas he felt everything else was derivative of previous material . Either the third or fourth series are often seen as the weakest and most uneven of the show 's run by both fans and the Pythons themselves . However , with the fourth series , the Pythons started making episodes into more coherent stories that would be a precursor to their films , and featured Terry Gilliam onscreen more . The final episode of Series 4 was recorded on 16 November and broadcast on 5 December 1974 . That year NBC 's summer replacement series , Dean Martin 's Comedyworld aired several segments from the Python shows . This paid enough to the BBC - TV distributors , Time - Life Films , to finally pay for the conversion of the Flying Circus programmes from PAL to the American NTSC system , and meant the PBS stations could afford the series at last . It was an instant hit , rapidly garnering an enormous loyal cult following nationwide that surprised even the Pythons themselves , who did not believe that their humour was exportable without being tailored specifically , even without a language barrier . In 1974 , the PBS station KERA in Dallas was the first television station in the United States to broadcast episodes of Monty Python 's Flying Circus , and is often credited with introducing the programme to American audiences . When several episodes were broadcast by ABC in their Wide World of Entertainment showcase in 1975 , the episodes were re-edited , thus losing the continuity and flow intended in the originals . When ABC refused to stop treating the series in this way , the Pythons took them to court . Initially the court ruled that their artistic rights had indeed been violated , but it refused to stop the ABC broadcasts . However , on appeal the team gained control over all subsequent US broadcasts of its programmes . The case also led to their gaining the rights from the BBC , once their original contracts ended at the end of 1980 . The show also aired on MTV during the network 's infancy ; Monty Python was part of a two - hour comedy block on Sunday nights that also included another BBC series , The Young Ones . In April 2006 , Monty Python 's Flying Circus returned to non-cable American television on PBS . In connection with this , PBS commissioned Monty Python 's Personal Best , a six - episode series featuring each Python 's favourite sketches , plus a tribute to Chapman , who died in 1989 . BBC America has aired the series on a sporadic basis since the mid-2000s , in an extended 40 - minute time slot in order to include commercials . Independent Film Channel acquired the rights to the show in 2009 , though not exclusive , as BBC America still airs occasional episodes of the show . IFC also presented a six - part documentary Monty Python : Almost the Truth ( The Lawyers Cut ) , produced by Terry Jones ' son Bill . Awards and honours ( edit ) Monty Python 's Flying Circus placed fifth on a list of the BFI TV 100 , drawn up by the British Film Institute in 2000 , and voted for by industry professionals . Time magazine included the show on its 2007 list of the `` 100 Best TV Shows of All Time '' . In a list of the 50 Greatest British Sketches released by Channel 4 in 2005 , five Monty Python sketches made the list : # 2 -- Dead Parrot # 12 -- The Spanish Inquisition # 15 -- Ministry of Silly Walks # 31 -- Nudge Nudge # 49 -- The Lumberjack Song In 2004 and 2007 , Monty Python 's Flying Circus was ranked # 5 and # 6 on TV Guide 's Top Cult Shows Ever . In 2013 , the programme was ranked # 58 on TV Guide 's list of the 60 Best Series of All Time . Legacy ( edit ) Douglas Adams , creator of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy and co-writer of the `` Patient Abuse '' sketch , once said `` I loved Monty Python 's Flying Circus . For years I wanted to be John Cleese , I was most disappointed when I found out the job had been taken . '' Lorne Michaels counts the show as a major influence on his Saturday Night Live sketches . Cleese and Palin re-enacted the Dead Parrot sketch on SNL in 1997 . The show was a major influence on the Danish cult sketch show Casper & Mandrilaftalen ( 1999 ) and Cleese starred in its 50th episode . In computing , the terms spam and the Python programming language , are both derived from the series . As of 2013 , questions concerning the Pythons ' most famous sketches are incorporated in the examinations required of those seeking to become British citizens . Production ( edit ) The production team was headed by Ian MacNaughton . Other regular team members included Hazel Pethig ( costumes ) , Madelaine Gaffney ( makeup ) and John Horton ( video effects designer ) . Maggie Weston , who worked on both makeup and design , married Gilliam in 1973 and are still together . The series was primarily filmed in London studios and nearby locations , although location shooting to take in beaches and villages included filming in Somerset and Norwich . Transnational themes ( edit ) The overall humour of Monty Python 's Flying Circus is built on an inherent Britishness ; it is `` based on observations of British life , society , and institutions '' . However , part of this focus is achieved through seeing the ' other ' through a British lens . The often `` excessive generalization and utterly banal stereotypes '' can be seen as a persiflage of the views held by the British public , rather than poking fun at the cultures that were depicted . For example , while American culture is not often in the foreground in many sketches , it is rather a frequent side note in many skits . Almost all of the 45 episodes produced for the BBC contain a reference to Americans or American culture , with 230 references total , resulting in approximately five references per show , but increasing over the course of the show . In total , 140 references to the American entertainment industry are made . Entertainment tropes , such as Westerns , Film Noir , and Hollywood are referenced 39 times . Further , there are 12 references to arts and literature , 15 to US politics , 5 to the American military , 7 to US historical events , 12 to locations in the US , 7 to space and science fiction , 21 economic references , such as brands like Pan-Am , Time - Life , and Spam , and 8 sports references . Some references do double count in various categories . It is also notable that American music is regularly heard in the show , such as the theme to the television series Dr. Kildare , but most prominently the show 's theme tune ( The Liberty Bell by John Philip Sousa ) . While American entertainment was a pervasive cultural influence in Britain at the time of the production of the series , not all references to American culture can be seen as conscious decisions . For example , Terry Jones did not know that Spam was an American product at the time he wrote the sketch . Kevin Kern summarises in his analysis of references to the US ' that portrayals of American themes reflected three broad responses to American hegemony : 1 ) minor or passing references to specific individuals , events , or products of American culture , 2 ) American cultural tropes used to serve a general comedic purpose , and 3 ) satire aimed at American targets , specifically US economic power , the crassness or banality of American culture , or American violence and militarism ' . However , Kern does not see this as exhibiting anti-American tendencies , but as ' a natural extension of the Pythons ' frequent ( ... ) satirical focus on vulgarity , banality , violence , and militarism in the United Kingdom ( ... ) ' See also ( edit ) Television portal At Last the 1948 Show Do Not Adjust Your Set List of Monty Python 's Flying Circus episodes List of recurring Monty Python 's Flying Circus characters References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` Fred Tomlinson , singer on Monty Python -- obituary '' . The Daily Telegraph . 2016 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Slotnik , Daniel E. ( 2016 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Fred Tomlinson , Singer Who Led a ' Monty Python ' Troupe , Dies at 88 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ All Music Guide to Classical Music : The Definitive Guide to Classical Music . San Francisco , CA : Backbeat Books , 2005 . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 Jump up ^ Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States -- Cornell University Library Copyright Information Center . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 Jump up ^ Clark , Philip . `` Monty Python : Sousa , two - sheds and musical subversions , '' The Guardian , Friday , July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 Jump up ^ The term flying circus first being applied to Baron von Richthofen 's Jagdgeschwader 1 ^ Jump up to : Palin , Michael ( 2008 ) . Diaries 1969 -- 1979 : the Python Years / Michael Palin . Griffin . p. 650 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 38488 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Live At Aspen '' . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Larsen 2008 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Larsen 2008 , p. 292 . Jump up ^ Larsen 2008 , p. 288 . Jump up ^ Sketches `` An Appeal from the Vicar of St. Loony - up - the - Cream - Bun - and - Jam '' , `` The One - Man Wrestling Match '' , `` Johann Gambolputty ... '' and `` Argument Clinic '' Jump up ^ Zack Handlen ( 2011 ) . If You Like Monty Python ... : Here Are Over 200 Movies , TV Shows and Other Oddities That You Will Love . Limelight Editions . ISBN 9780879104320 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Graham ; Cleese , John ; Gilliam , Terry ; Idle , Eric ; Jones , Terry ; Palin , Michael ( 1989 ) . Wilmut , Roger , ed . The Complete Monty Python 's Flying Circus : All the Words , Volume One . New York , New York : Pantheon Books . p. 320 ( Appendix ) . ISBN 0 - 679 - 72647 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sean Adams ( 2017 ) . The Designer 's Dictionary of Color . Abrams . p. 104 . ISBN 9781683350026 . Jump up ^ Terry Gilliam ( 2004 ) . David Sterritt , Lucille Rhodes , ed . Terry Gilliam : Interviews ( illustrated ed . ) . Univ . Press of Mississippi . p. 80 . ISBN 9781578066247 . Jump up ^ Graham Chapman , John Cleese , Terry Gilliam , Michael Palin , Eric Idle , Terry Jones ( 2005 ) . Bob McCabe , ed . The Pythons : Autobiography ( illustrated ed . ) . Macmillan . p. 14 . ISBN 9780312311452 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Palin , Michael ( 2006 ) . Diaries 1969 -- 1979 : The Python Years . Weidenfeld & Nicolson . p. 473 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bill Cooke ( 2006 ) . Dictionary of Atheism , Skepticism , and Humanism . Prometheus Books . p. 349 . ISBN 9781615923656 . Jump up ^ `` Travel Agent / Watney 's Red Barrell '' . www.orangecow.org . Archived from the original on 24 September 2009 . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Monty Python ( 18 December 1971 ) . `` Monty Python - political choreographer '' . Monty Python - political choreographer . Spiny Norman . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Monty Python ( 18 December 1971 ) . `` Lost Sketch - Choreographed Party Political Broadcast from WTTW - 11 '' . Lost Sketch - Choreographed Party Political Broadcast - Monty Python 's Flying Circus WTTW Channel . MontyPythoNET . Retrieved 23 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Talk Review : The Complete Monty Python 's Flying Circus - Collectors Edition Megaset '' . 18 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Monty Pythons Flying Circus Vintagerock 's Weblog Jump up ^ Rebecca Thomas ( 3 August 2003 ) . `` Monty Python learns French '' . BBC Online News . BBC . Archived from the original on 6 August 2003 . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Clive Davis ( 31 January 2005 ) . `` Monty Python 's Flying Circus -- At Last , in French '' . The Times Online . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Logan , Brian ( 4 August 2003 ) . `` Ce perroquet est mort : Monty Python in French ? Brian Logan meets the team behind a world first '' . The Times . London . p. 18 . Accessed through ProQuest , 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Peppard , Alan ( 25 August 2011 ) . `` Alan Peppard : Bob Wilson hailed in KERA documentary '' . The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Monty Python , v. American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , 538 F. 2d 14 ( 2d Cir 1976 ) Jump up ^ MTV Monty Python Warning . YouTube . 31 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Best TV Shows of All - TIME '' . TIME. 6 September 2007 . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Channel 4 's 50 Greatest Comedy Sketches '' . Channel4.com . Archived from the original on 27 June 2009 . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 25 Top Cult Shows Ever ! '' . TV Guide Magazine Group . 30 May 2004 . Jump up ^ TV Guide Names the Top Cult Shows Ever - Today 's News : Our Take TV Guide : 29 June 2007 Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Magazine 's 60 Best Series of All Time '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ `` Douglas Adams - Biography - IMdb '' . Jump up ^ `` Lorne Michaels - Biography - IMDb '' . Jump up ^ Hansen , Helle Kastholm ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` LARS HJORTSHØJ : Mine børn sætter mig på plads '' . Ekstra Bladet ( in Danish ) . JP / Politikens Hus . p. 16 ( 4th section ) . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Casper & mandrilaftalen '' . Casper & Mandrilaftalen ( DK , 1999 ) . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` K'nyt : Cleese i Mandrillen '' . Dagbladet Information ( in Danish ) . September 4 , 1999 . p. 9 ( 1st section ) . I aftes , fredag , optrådte den store engelske komiker John Cleese som gæst i ' Casper og Mandrilaftalen ' . Jump up ^ `` General Python FAQ -- Python 2.7. 10 documentation '' . python.org . Jump up ^ `` Weird but true '' . New York Post . 28 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dobrogoszcz , Tomasz ( 2014 ) . Dobrogoszcz , Tomasz , ed . The British Look Abroad : Monty Python and the Foreign . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . ^ Jump up to : Kern , Kevin F. ( 2014 ) . Dobrogoszcz , Tomasz , ed . Twentieth - Century Vole , Mr. Neutron , and Spam : Portrayals of American Culture in the Work of Monty Python . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . Bibliography Landy , Marcia ( 2005 ) . Monty Python 's Flying Circus . Wayne State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8143 - 3103 - 3 . Larsen , Darl ( 2008 ) . Monty Python 's Flying Circus : An Utterly Complete , Thoroughly Unillustrated , Absolutely Unauthorized Guide to Possibly All the References From Arthur `` Two Sheds '' Jackson to Zambesi . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 9780810861312 . Larsen , Darl . Monty Python 's Flying Circus : An Utterly Complete , Thoroughly Unillustrated , Absolutely Unauthorized Guide to Possibly All the References From Arthur `` Two Sheds '' Jackson to Zambesi , Volumes 1 and 2 . Scarecrow Press , 2013 . ISBN 9781589797123 ( vol. 1 ) and ISBN 9781589798076 ( vol. 2 ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Monty Python 's Flying Circus Official website Monty Python 's Flying Circus on IMDb Museum of Broadcast Television British Film Institute Screen Online Monty Python 's Flying Circus -- Nostalgia Central Monty Python Graham Chapman John Cleese Terry Gilliam Eric Idle Terry Jones Michael Palin Carol Cleveland Neil Innes Television series Flying Circus episodes Fliegender Zirkus Personal Best Films And Now for Something Completely Different Holy Grail Life of Brian Live at the Hollywood Bowl The Meaning of Life The Crimson Permanent Assurance Studio albums Another Record Previous Record Matching Tie and Handkerchief Holy Grail Life of Brian Contractual Obligation The Meaning of Life Compilation albums Instant Record Collection Final Rip Off Sings Ultimate Rip Off Instant CD Collection Total Rubbish Live albums Flying Circus Live at Drury Lane Live at City Center Specials Parrot Sketch Not Included Live at Aspen Python Night Documentaries The Pythons Life of Python Almost the Truth ( Lawyers Cut ) And Now for Something Rather Similar The Meaning of Live Stage productions Spamalot Not the Messiah ( He 's a Very Naughty Boy ) An Evening Without Monty Python Live ( Mostly ) Literature Big Red Book Brand New Bok Holy Grail ( Book ) Life of Brian / SCRAPBOOK The Meaning of Life Just the Words Song Book A Pocketful of Python The Pythons Autobiography Live ! Video games Flying Circus Complete Waste of Time Quest for the Holy Grail The Meaning of Life Cow Tossing Characters Mr Praline Gumbys The Colonel Mr Creosote Rabbit of Caerbannog Ron Obvious Other characters Sketches Albatross ! Anne Elk 's Theory on Brontosauruses Architects Argument Clinic Bishop Bruces Cheese Shop Colin `` Bomber '' Harris vs Colin `` Bomber '' Harris Crunchy Frog Dead Parrot Dirty Fork Dirty Hungarian Phrasebook Election Night Special Fish Licence Fish - Slapping Dance Four Yorkshiremen The Funniest Joke in the World How Not to Be Seen Kilimanjaro Expedition Lifeboat Marriage Guidance Counsellor Ministry of Silly Walks Mouse Problem Nudge Nudge Patient Abuse Philosophers ' Football Match Piranha Brothers Sam Peckinpah 's `` Salad Days '' Seduced Milkmen Self Defence Against Fresh Fruit Spam Spanish Inquisition Undertakers Upper Class Twit of the Year Vocational Guidance Counsellor World Forum / Communist Quiz Songs `` Always Look on the Bright Side of Life '' `` Brian Song '' `` Bruces ' Philosophers Song '' `` Decomposing Composers '' `` Eric the Half - a-Bee '' `` Every Sperm Is Sacred '' `` Finland '' `` Galaxy Song '' `` I Bet You They Wo n't Play This Song on the Radio '' `` I Like Chinese '' `` I 've Got Two Legs '' `` The Lumberjack Song '' `` Medical Love Song '' `` Never Be Rude to an Arab '' `` Oliver Cromwell '' `` Sit on My Face '' Related articles Filmography The Foot of Cupid Cambridge Circus I 'm Sorry , I 'll Read That Again The Frost Report At Last the 1948 Show Twice a Fortnight Do Not Adjust Your Set We Have Ways of Making You Laugh How to Irritate People The Complete and Utter History of Britain Teach Yourself Heath Tiny Black Round Thing Bert Fegg 's Nasty Book for Boys and Girls Rutland Weekend Television Fawlty Towers Ripping Yarns Out of the Trees The Secret Policeman 's Ball Python On Song All You Need Is Cash The Hastily Cobbled Together for a Fast Buck Album Monty Python Live Concert for George Diaries 1969 -- 1979 : The Python Years The Seventh Python Holy Flying Circus A Liar 's Autobiography : The Untrue Story of Monty Python 's Graham Chapman Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus&oldid=851843709 '' Categories : 1969 British television programme debuts 1974 British television programme endings 1960s British television sketch shows 1970s British television sketch shows BBC television sketch shows British black comedy television programmes British satirical television programmes English - language television programs Metafictional television series Monty Python Postmodernism Self - reflexive television Television programs adapted into films Television programs adapted into video games Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) EngvarB from June 2016 Use dmy dates from June 2016 Articles needing additional references from October 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2018 , at 23 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who created the animations in monty pythons flying circus | [
"Monty Python’s Flying Circus (known during the final series as just Monty Python) is a British sketch comedy series created by the comedy group Monty Python and broadcast by the BBC from 1969 to 1974. The shows were composed of surreality, risqué or innuendo-laden humour, sight gags and observational sketches without punchlines. It also featured animations by group member Terry Gilliam, often sequenced or merged with live action. The first episode was recorded on 7 September and premiered on 5 October 1969 on BBC One, with 45 episodes airing over four series from 1969 to 1974, plus two episodes for German TV.\n"
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"Terry Gilliam"
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-1938036771256600668 | Timekeeping on Mars | Timekeeping on Mars - wikipedia Timekeeping on Mars Jump to : navigation , search Martian season lengths and time as compared to seasons on the Earth . Various schemes have been used or proposed for timekeeping on the planet Mars independently of Earth time and calendars . Mars has an axial tilt and a rotation period similar to those of Earth . Thus it experiences seasons of spring , summer , autumn and winter much like Earth , and its day is about the same length . Its year is almost twice as long as Earth 's , and its orbital eccentricity is considerably larger , which means among other things that the lengths of various Martian seasons differ considerably , and sundial time can diverge from clock time more than on Earth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Time of day 1.1 Coordinated Mars Time ( MTC ) 1.2 Time zones 1.2. 1 Pathfinder 1.2. 2 Spirit and Opportunity 1.2. 3 Phoenix 1.2. 4 Curiosity 1.2. 5 Other 2 Sols 3 Martian year 4 Martian calendars in science 5 Martian time in fiction 6 Formulas to compute MSD and MTC 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Time of day ( edit ) The average length of a Martian sidereal day is 24 h 37 m 22.663 s ( 88,642.66300 seconds based on SI units ) , and the length of its solar day ( often called a sol ) is 24 h 39 m 35.244147 s ( 88,775.244147 seconds ) . The corresponding values for Earth are 23 h 56 m 4.0916 s and 24h 00 m 00.002 s , respectively . This yields a conversion factor of 1.02749125170 days / sol . Thus Mars ' solar day is only about 2.7 % longer than Earth 's . A convention used by spacecraft lander projects to date has been to keep track of local solar time using a 24 - hour `` Mars clock '' on which the hours , minutes and seconds are 2.7 % longer than their standard ( Earth ) durations . For the Mars Pathfinder , Mars Exploration Rover ( MER ) , Phoenix , and Mars Science Laboratory missions , the operations team has worked on `` Mars time '' , with a work schedule synchronized to the local time at the landing site on Mars , rather than the Earth day . This results in the crew 's schedule sliding approximately 40 minutes later in Earth time each day . Wristwatches calibrated in Martian time , rather than Earth time , were used by many of the MER team members . Local solar time has a significant impact on planning the daily activities of Mars landers . Daylight is needed for the solar panels of landed spacecraft . Its temperature rises and falls rapidly at sunrise and sunset because Mars does not have the Earth 's thick atmosphere and oceans that buffer such fluctuations . Alternative clocks for Mars have been proposed , but no mission has chosen to use them . These include a metric time schema , with `` millidays '' and `` centidays '' , and an extended day which uses standard units but which counts to 24 h 39 m 35 s before ticking over to the next day . The analemma for Mars As on Earth , on Mars there is also an equation of time that represents the difference between sundial time and uniform ( clock ) time . The equation of time is illustrated by an analemma . Because of orbital eccentricity , the length of the solar day is not quite constant . Because its orbital eccentricity is greater than that of Earth , the length of day varies from the average by a greater amount than that of Earth , and hence its equation of time shows greater variation than that of Earth : on Mars , the Sun can run 50 minutes slower or 40 minutes faster than a Martian clock ( on Earth , the corresponding figures are 14m 22s slower and 16m 23s faster ) . Mars has a prime meridian , defined as passing through the small crater Airy - 0 . However , Mars does not have time zones defined at regular intervals from the prime meridian , as on Earth . Each lander so far has used an approximation of local solar time as its frame of reference , as cities did on Earth before the introduction of standard time in the 19th century . ( The two Mars Exploration Rovers happen to be approximately 12 hours and one minute apart . ) Note that the modern standard for measuring longitude on Mars is `` planetocentric longitude '' , which is measured from 0 ° -- 360 ° East and measures angles from the center of Mars . The older `` planetographic longitude '' was measured from 0 ° -- 360 ° West and used coordinates mapped onto the surface . Coordinated Mars time ( MTC ) ( edit ) MTC is a proposed Mars analog to Universal Time ( UT1 ) on Earth . It is defined as the mean solar time at Mars 's prime meridian . The prime meridian was first proposed by German astronomers Wilhelm Beer and Johann Heinrich Mädler in 1830 as marked by the fork in the albedo feature later named Sinus Meridiani by Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli . This convention was readily adopted by the astronomical community , the result being that Mars had a universally accepted prime meridian half a century before the International Meridian Conference of 1884 established one for Earth . The definition of the Martian prime meridian has since been refined on the basis of spacecraft imagery as the center of the crater Airy - 0 in Terra Meridiani . The name `` MTC '' is intended to parallel the Terran Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) , but this is somewhat misleading : what distinguishes UTC from other forms of UT is its leap seconds , but MTC does not use any such scheme . MTC is more closely analogous to UT1 . Use of the term `` MTC '' as the name of a planetary standard time for Mars first appeared in the Mars24 sunclock coded by the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies . It replaced Mars24 's previous use of the term `` Airy Mean Time '' ( AMT ) , which was a direct parallel of Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) . In an astronomical context , `` GMT '' is a deprecated name for Universal Time , or sometimes more specifically for UT1 . AMT has not yet been employed in official mission timekeeping . This is partially attributable to uncertainty regarding the position of Airy - 0 ( relative to other longitudes ) , which meant that AMT could n't be realized as accurately as local time at points being studied . At the start of the Mars Exploration Rover missions , the positional uncertainty of Airy - 0 corresponded to roughly a 20 - second uncertainty in realizing AMT . Time zones ( edit ) Each lander mission so far has used its own time zone , corresponding to average local solar time at the landing location . Of the six successful Mars landers to date , five employed offsets from local mean solar time ( LMST ) for the lander site while the sixth ( Mars Pathfinder ) used local true solar time ( LTST ) . Pathfinder ( edit ) Mars Pathfinder used the local apparent solar time at its location of landing . Its time zone was AAT - 02 : 13 : 01 , where `` AAT '' is Airy Apparent Time , meaning apparent solar time at Airy - 0 . Spirit and Opportunity ( edit ) The two Mars Exploration Rovers do not use precisely the LMST of the landing points . For mission operations purposes , they defined a time scale that would match the clock used for the mission to the apparent solar time about halfway through the nominal 90 - sol prime mission . This is referred to in mission planning as `` Hybrid Local Solar Time '' ( HLST ) . The time scales are uniform in the sense of mean solar time ( they are actually mean time of some longitude ) , and are not adjusted as the rovers travel . ( The rovers have traveled distances that make a few seconds difference to local solar time . ) The HLST of Spirit is AMT + 11 : 00 : 04 whereas the LMST at its landing site is AMT + 11 : 41 : 55 . The HLST of Opportunity is AMT - 01 : 01 : 06 whereas the LMST at its landing site is AMT - 00 : 22 : 06 . Neither rover is likely to ever reach the longitude at which its mission time scale matches local mean time . For science purposes , Local True Solar Time is used . Phoenix ( edit ) The Mars Phoenix project specified timekeeping that matched Local Mean Solar Time at its the planned landing longitude of - 126.65 ° E ( the actual landing site was about 0.7 ° east of that ) . This corresponds to a mission clock of AMT - 08 : 26 : 36 . Curiosity ( edit ) The MSL Curiosity Rover project opted for the use of Local Mean Solar Time at its originally planned landing longitude of 137.42 ° E ( the actual landing site was about 0.2 ° east of that ) . This corresponds to a mission clock of AMT + 09 : 09 : 40.8 . Other ( edit ) With the location of Airy - 0 now known much more precisely than when these missions landed , it is technically feasible for future missions to use a convenient offset from Airy Mean Time , rather than completely non-standard time zones . Although there are currently no official timezone system for Mars other than AMT / MTC , Ares Astronautics has also put forward a solution to this problem based upon the USGS Martian Quadrangles officially known as the Arean Time Zone System . Sols ( edit ) The term sol is used by planetary astronomers to refer to the duration of a solar day on Mars . A mean Martian solar day , or `` sol '' , is 24 hours , 39 minutes , and 35.244 seconds . When a spacecraft lander begins operations on Mars , the passing Martian days ( sols ) are tracked using a simple numerical count . The two Viking missions , Mars Phoenix and the Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity count the sol on which each lander touched down as `` Sol 0 '' , as will the InSight mission . Mars Pathfinder and the two Mars Exploration Rovers instead defined touchdown as `` Sol 1 '' . Although lander missions have twice occurred in pairs , no effort was made to synchronize the sol counts of the two landers within each pair . Thus , for example , although Spirit and Opportunity were sent to operate simultaneously on Mars , each counted its landing date as `` Sol 1 '' , putting their calendars approximately 21 sols out of sync . Spirit and Opportunity differ in longitude by 179 degrees , so when it is daylight for one it is night for the other , and they carried out activities independently while both were operational . On Earth , astronomers often use Julian Dates -- a simple sequential count of days -- for timekeeping purposes . `` For historical utility with respect to the Earth - based atmospheric , visual mapping , and polar - cap observations of Mars ... , a sequential count of sol - numbers '' the Mars Sol Date ( MSD ) was proposed starting `` prior to the 1877 perihelic opposition . '' This Mars Sol Date ( MSD ) , is a running count of sols since December 29 , 1873 ( the birth date of astronomer Carl Otto Lampland ) . Another proposal suggests a start date ( or epoch ) in the year 1608 ( invention of the telescope ) . Either choice is intended to ensure that all historically recorded events related to Mars occur after it . The Mars Sol Date is defined mathematically as MSD = ( Julian Date using International Atomic Time - 2451549.5 + k ) / 1.02749125 + 44796.0 , where k is a small correction of approximately 0.00014 d ( or 12 s ) due to uncertainty in the exact geographical position of the prime meridian at Airy - 0 crater . The word `` yestersol '' was coined by the NASA Mars operations team early during the MER mission to refer to the previous sol ( the Mars version of `` yesterday '' ) , and came into fairly wide use within that organization during the Mars Exploration Rover Mission of 2003 . It was even picked up and used by the press . Other neologisms include `` tosol '' ( for `` today '' on Mars ) , as well as one of three Mars versions of `` tomorrow '' : `` nextersol '' , `` morrowsol '' , or `` solmorrow '' . NASA planners coined the term `` soliday '' at least as far back as 2012 to refer to days off due to time phasing or the synching of planetary schedules . Martian year ( edit ) The length of time for Mars to complete one orbit around the Sun is its sidereal year , and is about 686.98 Earth solar days , or 668.5991 sols . Because of the eccentricity of Mars ' orbit , the seasons are not of equal length . Assuming that seasons run from equinox to solstice or vice versa , the season L 0 to L 90 ( northern - hemisphere spring / southern - hemisphere autumn ) is the longest season lasting 194 Martian sols , and L 180 to L 270 ( northern hemisphere autumn / southern - hemisphere spring ) is the shortest season , lasting only 142 Martian sols . One commonly used system in the scientific literature denotes year number relative to Mars Year 1 ( MY1 ) beginning with the northern Spring equinox of April 11 , 1955 . As on Earth , the sidereal year is not the quantity that is needed for calendar purposes . Rather , the tropical year would be likely to be used because it gives the best match to the progression of the seasons . It is slightly shorter than the sidereal year due to the precession of Mars ' rotational axis . The precession cycle is 93,000 Martian years ( 175,000 Earth years ) , much longer than on Earth . Its length in tropical years can be computed by dividing the difference between the sidereal year and tropical year by the length of the tropical year . Tropical year length depends on the starting point of measurement , due to the effects of Kepler 's second law of planetary motion . It can be measured in relation to an equinox or solstice , or can be the mean of various possible years including the March ( northward ) equinox year , June ( northern ) solstice year , the September ( southward ) equinox year , the December ( southern ) solstice year , and other such years . The Gregorian calendar uses the March equinox year . On Earth , the variation in the lengths of the tropical years is small , but on Mars it is much larger . The northward equinox year is 668.5907 sols , the northern solstice year is 668.5880 sols , the southward equinox year is 668.5940 sols , and the southern solstice year is 668.5958 sols . Averaging over an entire orbital period gives a tropical year of 668.5921 sols . ( Since , like Earth , the northern and southern hemispheres of Mars have opposite seasons , equinoxes and solstices must be labelled by hemisphere to remove ambiguity . ) Martian calendars in Science ( edit ) Long before mission control teams on Earth began scheduling work shifts according to the Martian sol while operating spacecraft on the surface of Mars , it was recognized that humans probably could adapt to this slightly longer diurnal period . This suggested that a calendar based on the sol and the Martian year might be a useful timekeeping system for astronomers in the short term and for explorers in the future . For most day - to - day activities on Earth , people do not use Julian days , as astronomers do , but the Gregorian calendar , which despite its various complications is quite useful . It allows for easy determination of whether one date is an anniversary of another , whether a date is in winter or spring , and what is the number of years between two dates . This is much less practical with Julian days count . For similar reasons , if it is ever necessary to schedule and co-ordinate activities on a large scale across the surface of Mars it would be necessary to agree on a calendar . American astronomer Percival Lowell expressed the time of year on Mars in terms of Mars dates that were analogous to Gregorian dates , with 20 March , 21 June , 22 September , and 21 December marking the southward equinox , southern solstice , northward equinox , and northern solstice , respectively ; Lowell 's focus was on the southern hemisphere of Mars because it is the hemisphere that is more easily observed from Earth during favorable oppositions . Lowell 's system was not a true calendar , since a Mars date could span nearly two entire sols ; rather it was a convenient device for expressing the time of year in the southern hemisphere in lieu of heliocentric longitude , which would have been less comprehensible to a general readership . Italian astronomer Mentore Maggini 's 1939 book describes a calendar developed years earlier by American astronomers Andrew Ellicott Douglass and William H. Pickering , in which the first nine months contain 56 sols and the last three months contain 55 sols . Their calendar year begins with the northward equinox on 1 March , thus imitating the original Roman calendar . Other dates of astronomical significance are : northern solstice , 27 June ; southward equinox , 36 September ; southern solstice , 12 December ; perihelion , 31 November ; and aphelion , 31 May . Pickering 's inclusion of Mars dates in a 1916 report of his observations may have been the first use of a Martian calendar in an astronomical publication . Maggini states : `` These dates of the Martian calendar are frequently used by observatories ... '' Despite his claim , this system eventually fell into disuse , and in its place new systems were proposed periodically which likewise did not gain sufficient acceptance to take permanent hold . In 1936 , when the calendar reform movement was at its height , American astronomer Robert G. Aitken published an article outlining a Martian calendar . In each quarter there are three months of 42 sols and a fourth month of 41 sols . The pattern of seven - day weeks repeats over a two - year cycle , i.e. , the calendar year always begins on a Sunday in odd - numbered years , thus effecting a perpetual calendar for Mars . Whereas previous proposals for a Martian calendar had not included an epoch , American astronomer I.M. Levitt developed a more complete system in 1954 . In fact , Ralph Mentzer , an acquaintance of Levitt 's who was a watchmaker for the Hamilton Watch Company , built several clocks designed by Levitt to keep time on both Earth and Mars . They could also be set to display the date on both planets according to Levitt 's calendar and epoch ( the Julian day epoch of 4713 BCE ) . Charles F. Capen included references to Mars dates in a 1966 Jet Propulsion Laboratory technical report associated with the Mariner 4 flyby of Mars . This system stretches the Gregorian calendar to fit the longer Martian year , much as Lowell had done in 1895 , the difference being that 20 March , 21 June , 22 September , and 21 December marks the northward equinox , northern solstice , southward equinox , southern solstice , respectively . Similarly , Conway B. Leovy et al. also expressed time in terms of Mars dates in a 1973 paper describing results from the Mariner 9 Mars orbiter . British astronomer Sir Patrick Moore described a Martian calendar of his own design in 1977 . His idea was to divide up a Martian year into 18 months . Months 6 , 12 and 18 , have 38 sols , while the rest of the months contain 37 sols . American aerospace engineer and political scientist Thomas Gangale first published regarding the Darian calendar in 1986 , with additional details published in 1998 and 2006 . It has 24 months to accommodate the longer Martian year while keeping the notion of a `` month '' that is reasonably similar to the length of an Earth month . On Mars , a `` month '' would have no relation to the orbital period of any moon of Mars , since Phobos and Deimos orbit in about 7 hours and 30 hours respectively . However , Earth and Moon would generally be visible to the naked eye when they were above the horizon at night , and the time it takes for the Moon to move from maximum separation in one direction to the other and back as seen from Mars is close to a Lunar month . Czech astronomer Josef Šurán offered a Martian calendar design in 1997 , in which a common year has 672 Martian days distributed into 24 months of 28 days ( or 4 weeks of 7 days each ) ; in skip years an entire week at the end of the twelfth month is omitted . Martian time in fiction ( edit ) Allusions to timekeeping on Mars in fiction tend to be cursory , meant only as part as the exotic ambience of another world . The first known reference to time on Mars appears in Percy Greg 's 1880 novel Across the Zodiac . The primary , secondary , tertiary , and quaternary divisions of the sol are based on the number 12 . Sols are numbered 0 through the end of the year , with no additional structure to the calendar . The epoch is `` the union of all races and nations in a single State , a union which was formally established 13,218 years ago '' . Edgar Rice Burroughs described the divisions of the sol into zodes , xats , and tals ; he may have been the first to make the mistake of describing the Martian year as lasting 687 Martian days , but he was far from the last . In Robert A. Heinlein 's 1949 novel Red Planet , humans living on Mars use a 24 - month calendar , alternating between familiar Earth months and newly created months such as Ceres and Zeus . For example , Ceres comes after March and before April , while Zeus comes after October and before November . Arthur C. Clarke 's 1951 novel The Sands of Mars mentions in passing that `` Monday followed Sunday in the usual way '' and `` the months also had the same names , but were fifty to sixty days in length '' . In H. Beam Piper 's 1957 short story `` Omnilingual '' , the Martian calendar and the periodic table are the keys to archaeologists ' deciphering of the records left by the long dead Martian civilization . Kurt Vonnegut 's 1959 novel The Sirens of Titan describes a Martian calendar divided into twenty - one months : `` twelve with thirty sols , and nine with thirty - one sols '' , for a total of only 639 sols . D.G. Compton states in his 1966 novel Farewell , Earth 's Bliss , during the prison ship 's journey to Mars , `` Nobody on board had any real idea how the people in the settlement would have organised their six - hundred - and - eighty - seven - day year '' . In Kim Stanley Robinson 's Mars Trilogy , clocks retain Earth - standard seconds , minutes , and hours , but freeze at midnight for 39.5 minutes . As the fictional colonization of Mars progresses , this `` timeslip '' becomes a sort of witching hour , a time when inhibitions can be shed , and the emerging identity of Mars as a separate entity from Earth is celebrated . ( It is not said explicitly whether this occurs simultaneously all over Mars , or at local midnight in each longitude . ) Also in the Mars Trilogy , the calendar year is divided into twenty - four months . The names of the months are the same as the Gregorian calendar , except for a `` 1 '' or `` 2 '' in front to indicate the first or second occurrence of that month ( for example , 1 January , 2 January , 1 February , 2 February ) . In the manga and anime series Aria by Kozue Amano , set on a terraformed Mars , the calendar year is also divided into twenty - four months . Following the modern Japanese calendar , the months are not named but numbered sequentially , running from 1st Month to 24th Month . The Darian calendar is mentioned in several works of fiction set on Mars : Star Trek : Department of Temporal Investigations : Watching the Clock by Christopher L. Bennett , Pocket Books / Star Trek ( April 26 , 2011 ) The Quantum Thief by Hannu Rajaniemi , Tor Books ; Reprint edition ( May 10 , 2011 ) In both The Martian ( Weir novel ) , a 2011 science fiction novel by Andy Weir , and The Martian ( film ) , a 2015 American film directed by Ridley Scott , based on the Weir novel , sols are counted and referenced frequently . In Ian McDonald 's Desolation Road , set on a terraformed Mars ( referred to by the book 's characters as `` Ares '' ) , characters follow an implied 24 - month calendar whose months are portmanteaus of Gregorian months , such as `` Julaugust , '' `` Augtember '' and `` Novodecember . '' Formulas to compute MSD and MTC ( edit ) MSD can be computed from the Julian date referred to Terrestrial Time ( TT ) , as MSD = ( JD − 2405522.0028779 ) / 1.0274912517 Terrestrial time , however , is not as easily available as Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) . TT can be computed from UTC by first adding the difference TAI − UTC , which is a positive integer number of seconds occasionally updated by the introduction of leap seconds ( see current number of leap seconds ) , then adding the constant difference TT − TAI = 32.184 s . This leads to the following formula giving MSD from the UTC - referred Julian date : MSD = ( JD + ( TAI − UTC ) / 86400 − 2405522.0025054 ) / 1.0274912517 where the difference TAI − UTC is in seconds . JD can in turn be computed from any epoch - based time stamp , by adding the Julian date of the epoch to the time stamp in days . For example , if t is a Unix timestamp in seconds , then JD = t / 86400 + 2440587.5 It follows , by a simple substitution : MSD = ( t + ( TAI − UTC ) ) / 88775.244147 + 34127.2954262 MTC is simply the fractional part of MSD , in hours , minutes and seconds : MTC = ( MSD mod 1 ) × 24 h For example , at the time this page was last generated ( 28 Feb 2018 , 13 : 15 : 30 UTC ) : JD = 2458178.05323 MSD = 51247.20066 MTC = 04 : 48 : 57 See also ( edit ) Astronomy on Mars Universal Time Coordinated Universal Time References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Watchmaker With Time to Lose '' . JPL Mars Exploration Rovers. 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Redd , Nola Taylor ( 18 March 2013 ) . `` After Finding Mars Was Habitable , Curiosity Keeps Roving '' . space.com . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mars Express - Where is zero degrees longitude on Mars ? '' . European Space Agency . 19 August 2004 . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mars24 Sunclock - Time on Mars '' . NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies . 5 August 2008 . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Allison , Michael ; McEwen , Megan ( 2000 ) . `` A post-Pathfinder evaluation of areocentric solar coordinates with improved timing recipes for Mars seasonal / diurnal climate studies '' . Planetary and Space Science . 48 ( 2 - 3 ) : 215 -- 235 . Bibcode : 2000P&SS ... 48 ... 215A . doi : 10.1016 / S0032 - 0633 ( 99 ) 00092 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Allison , Michael ( 5 August 2008 ) . `` Technical Notes on Mars Solar Time '' . NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Little , Dean . `` Arean Time Zone System '' . Ares Astronautics . Jump up ^ `` Opportunity 's View , Sol 959 ( Vertical ) '' . NASA . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Mars Mission - Mission - Mission Phases - On Mars '' . Phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu. 29 February 2008 . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Rusch , Elizabeth ( 2012 ) . The Mighty Mars Rovers : The Incredible Adventures of Spirit and Opportunity . ISBN 9780547822808 . Jump up ^ Martínez - Frías , Jesús ( 28 September 2002 ) . `` Marte : ' yestersol ' , ' tosol ' y ' solmorrow ' '' ( Mars : ' yestersol ' , ' tosol ' , and ' solmorrow ' ) . El Mundo ( in Spanish ) . Madrid , Spain : Unidad Editorial S.A . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MSL abbreviations and acronyms '' . an.rsl.wustl.edu. 31 October 2012 . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . Jump up ^ J. Appelbaum and G.A. Landis , Solar Radiation on Mars -- Update 1991 , NASA Technical Memorandum TM - 105216 , September 1991 ( also published in Solar Energy , Vol. 50 No. 1 ( 1993 ) ) . Jump up ^ Clancy , R.T. ; Sandor , B.J. ; Wolff , M.J. ; Christensen , P.R. ; Smith , M.D. ; Pearl , J.C. ; Conrath , B.J. ; Wilson , R.J. , ( 2000 ) An intercomparison of ground - based millimeter , MGS TES , and Viking atmospheric temperature measurements : Seasonal and interannual variability of temperatures and dust loading in the global Mars atmosphere , Journal of Geophysical Research , 105 ( E4 ) . Jump up ^ Lowell , Percival . ( 1895 - 01 - 01 ) . Mars . Houghton , Mifflin . Jump up ^ Pickering , William H. ( 1916 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Report on Mars , No. 17 . '' Popular Astronomy , Vol. 24 , p. 639 . Jump up ^ Maggini , Mentore. ( 1939 - 01 - 01 ) . Il pianeta Marte . Scuola Tip . Figli Della Provvidenza . Jump up ^ Aitken , Robert G. ( 1936 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Time Measures on Mars . '' Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets , No. 95 . Jump up ^ Levitt , I.M. ( 1954 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Mars Clock and Calendar . '' Sky and Telescope , May , 1954 , pp. 216 - 217 . Jump up ^ Levitt , I.M. ( 1956 - 01 - 01 ) . A Space Traveller 's Guide to Mars . Henry Holt . Jump up ^ Capen , Charles F. ( 1966 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The Mars 1964 - 1965 Apparition . '' Technical Report 32 - 990 . Jet Propulsion Laboratory , California Institute of Technology ... Jump up ^ Leovy , C.B. , G.A. Briggs , B.A. Smith . ( 1973 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Mars atmosphere during the Mariner 9 extended mission : Television results . '' Journal of Geophysical Research , Volume 78 , Issue 20 . Jump up ^ Moore , Patrick . ( 1977 - 01 - 01 ) . Guide to Mars . Lutterworth Press . Jump up ^ Gangale , Thomas . ( 1986 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Martian Standard Time '' . Journal of the British Interplanetary Society . Vol. 39 , No. 6 , p. 282 - 288 . Jump up ^ Gangale , Thomas . ( 1998 - 08 - 01 ) . `` The Darian Calendar '' . Mars Society . MAR 98 - 095 . Proceedings of the Founding Convention of the Mars Society . Volume III . Ed . Robert M. Zubrin , Maggie Zubrin . San Diego , California . Univelt , Incorporated. 13 - Aug - 1998 . Jump up ^ Gangale , Thomas . ( 2006 - 07 - 01 ) . `` The Architecture of Time , Part 2 : The Darian System for Mars . '' Society of Automotive Engineers . SAE 2006 - 01 - 2249 . Jump up ^ Šurán , Josef. ( 1997 - 06 - 01 ) . `` A Calendar for Mars . '' Planetary and Space Science , Vol. 45 , No. 6 . pp. 705 - 708 . Jump up ^ Greg , Percy. ( 1880 - 01 - 01 ) . Across the Zodiac : The Story of a Wrecked Record . Trübner . Jump up ^ Burroughs , Edgar Rice . ( 1913 - 01 - 01 ) . The Gods of Mars . All - Story . January -- May . Jump up ^ Burroughs , Edgar Rice . ( 1913 - 12 - 01 ) . The Warlord of Mars . All - Story Magazine , December , 1913 - March , 1914 . Jump up ^ `` Heinlein Concordance `` Red Planet '' `` . Heinlein Society . 2013 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Arthur C. ( 1951 - 01 - 01 ) . The Sands of Mars . Sidgwick & Jackson . Jump up ^ Piper , H. Beam . ( 1957 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Omnilingual . '' Astounding Science Fiction , February . Jump up ^ Vonnegut , Kurt . ( 1959 - 01 - 01 ) . The Sirens of Titan . Delacorte . Jump up ^ Compton . D.G. ( 1966 - 01 - 01 ) . Farewell , Earth 's Bliss . Hodder & Stoughton . Jump up ^ Amano , Kozue ( February 2008 ) . `` Navigation 06 : My First Customer '' . Aqua volume 2 . Tokyopop . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4278 - 0313 - 9 . Jump up ^ This is a trivial simplification of the formula ( JD − 2451549.5 ) / 1.0274912517 + 44796.0 − 0.0009626 given in Mars24 Algorithm and Worked Examples . External links ( edit ) Martian Time MARS24 Application NASA Algorithms NASA Mars Clock ( Curiosity Rover ) mclock - Command Line Mars Clock Mars Outline of Mars Geography Atmosphere Circulation Climate Dust devil tracks Methane Regions Arabia Terra Cerberus Hemisphere Cydonia Eridania Lake Iani Chaos Olympia Undae Planum Australe Planum Boreum Quadrangles Sinus Meridiani Tempe Terra Terra Cimmeria Terra Sabaea Tharsis Undae Ultimi Scopuli Vastitas Borealis Physical Features Canyons Catenae Chaos terrain Craters Fossae Gullies Mensae Labyrinthi Mountains by height Observed rocks Outflow channels Plains Valley network Valleys Gravity Geology Brain terrain Canals ( list ) Carbonates Chaos terrain Color Composition Concentric crater fill Dark slope streak Dichotomy Fretted terrain Geysers Glaciers Groundwater Gullies Lakes Lava tubes Lobate debris apron Meteorites on Earth on Mars North Polar Basin Ocean hypothesis Ore resources Polar caps Recurring slope lineae ( RSL ) Ring mold craters Rootless cones Seasonal flows Soil Spherules Surface `` Swiss cheese '' feature Terrain softening Tharsis bulge Volcanology Water Yardangs History Amazonian Hesperian Noachian Observation history Classical albedo features Astronomy Moons Phobos Stickney crater Monolith Deimos Swift crater Voltaire crater Transits Solar eclipses on Mars Satellite transits Phobos Deimos Planetary transits Earth Venus Mercury Asteroids Mars - crossers 2007 WD 5 Trojans 5261 Eureka 1998 VF 1999 UJ 2007 NS Comets C / 2013 A1 ( Siding Spring ) ( Mars close approach , 19 Oct 2014 ) Exploration Concepts Flyby Orbiter Landing Rover Sample return Manned mission Permanent settlement Colonization Terraforming Current ExoMars orbiter lander Mangalyaan Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity observed Mars Express 2001 Mars Odyssey Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter HiRISE HiWish program Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity timeline MAVEN Past Beagle 2 Deep Space 2 Mariner program Mariner 4 Mariner 6 and 7 Mariner 9 Mars program Mars 1 Mars 2 Mars 3 Mars 4 Mars 5 Mars 6 Mars 7 Mars 96 Mars Exploration Rover Spirit observed Mars Global Surveyor MOC Mars Observer Mars Pathfinder Sojourner Mars Surveyor ' 98 program Mars Climate Orbiter Mars Polar Lander Nozomi Phobos program Phobos 1 Phobos 2 Phoenix Viking program Viking 1 Viking 2 Yinghuo - 1 Zond 2 Future Emirates Mars Mission Mars Terahertz Microsatellite ExoMars rover surface platform InSight Mars Cube One Mangalyaan 2 Mars 2020 MOXIE PIXL SHERLOC Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover MMX Proposed Robotic Icebreaker Life Mars 2022 orbiter Mars Geyser Hopper Mars - Grunt MELOS MetNet Northern Light PADME Phobos Surveyor Phootprint Human Mars Base Camp Mars Design Reference Mission Austere Human Missions to Mars Mars Direct Mars One Mars to Stay SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure Abandoned Caves of Mars Project Mars Piloted Orbital Station Red Dragon SCIM TMK Simulations Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition Haughton -- Mars Project HI - SEAS Mars Analogue Research Station Program Euro - MARS FMARS MARS - Oz MDRS MARS - 500 Strategies Mars Scout Program Mars Exploration Program Mars Exploration Joint Initiative Mars Next Generation Advocacy The Mars Project The Case for Mars Inspiration Mars Foundation Mars Institute Mars Society ICAMSR Mars race Related Artificial objects on Mars Memorials on Mars Fiction List of films set on Mars Martian Martian scientist Mythology Phobos and Deimos in fiction Flag of Mars Life on Mars Sub-Earth Timekeeping on Mars Darian calendar Book Portal Mars portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timekeeping_on_Mars&oldid=825166725 '' Categories : Mars Timekeeping Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Cymraeg Español Français Nederlands Slovenčina Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 21 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is a day on mars compared to earth | [
"The average length of a Martian sidereal day is 24 h 37 m 22.663 s (88,642.66300 seconds based on SI units), and the length of its solar day (often called a sol) is 24 h 39 m 35.244147 s (88,775.244147 seconds). The corresponding values for Earth are 23 h 56 m 4.0916 s and 24h 00 m 00.002 s, respectively. This yields a conversion factor of 1.02749125170 days/sol. Thus Mars' solar day is only about 2.7% longer than Earth's."
] | [
"only about 2.7% longer"
] |
6548243500707577315 | David de Gea | David De Gea - wikipedia David De Gea Jump to : navigation , search For the motorcycle racer , see José David de Gea . This name uses Spanish naming customs : the first or paternal family name is De Gea and the second or maternal family name is Quintana . David de Gea De Gea with Spain under - 21s in 2011 Full name David de Gea Quintana Date of birth ( 1990 - 11 - 07 ) 7 November 1990 ( age 26 ) Place of birth Madrid , Spain Height 1.92 m ( 6 ft 4 in ) Playing position Goalkeeper Club information Current team Manchester United Number Youth career 2003 -- 2008 Atlético Madrid Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 2008 -- 2009 Atlético Madrid B 35 ( 0 ) 2009 -- 2011 Atlético Madrid 57 ( 0 ) 2011 -- Manchester United 209 ( 0 ) National team Spain U15 12 ( 0 ) 2007 Spain U17 15 ( 2 ) 2007 -- 2009 Spain U19 15 ( 0 ) 2009 Spain U20 ( 0 ) 2009 -- 2013 Spain U21 27 ( 0 ) 2012 Spain U23 5 ( 0 ) 2014 -- Spain 24 ( 0 ) * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 17 : 00 , 21 October 2017 ( UTC ) . ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 18 : 33 , 8 October 2017 ( UTC ) David de Gea Quintana ( Spanish pronunciation : ( daˈβið ðe ˈxea kinˈtana ) ; born 7 November 1990 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for English club Manchester United and the Spain national team . He has been hailed as one of the best goalkeepers in the world . Born in Madrid , De Gea began his career aged 13 with Atlético Madrid and rose through the academy system at the club before making his senior debut in 2009 . After being made Atlético 's first - choice goalkeeper , he helped the team win both the UEFA Europa League and the UEFA Super Cup in 2010 . His performances attracted the attention of Manchester United , whom he joined in June 2011 for £ 18.9 million , a British record for a goalkeeper . Since joining United , De Gea has made over 200 appearances and won a Premier League title , an FA Cup , a League Cup , three Community Shields and the UEFA Europa League . For three consecutive seasons from 2013 -- 14 to 2015 -- 16 , he was elected as United 's Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year , the first player in the award 's history to win on three successive occasions . De Gea was the captain for the Spain under - 21 national side that won the European Championship in 2011 and 2013 , and also competed in the 2012 Olympics . He made his debut for the senior team in 2014 and was selected for that year 's World Cup . He was tipped by many to become the successor to Iker Casillas as Spain 's long - term goalkeeper . Contents ( hide ) 1 Club career 1.1 Atlético Madrid 1.2 Manchester United 1.2. 1 2011 -- 12 season 1.2. 2 2012 -- 13 season 1.2. 3 2013 -- 14 season 1.2. 4 2014 -- 15 season 1.2. 5 2015 -- 16 season 1.2. 6 2016 -- 17 season 1.2. 7 2017 -- 18 season 2 International career 2.1 Youth 2.2 Senior 3 Personal life 4 Career statistics 4.1 Club 4.2 International 5 Honours 5.1 Club 5.2 International 5.3 Individual 6 References 7 External links Club career ( edit ) De Gea playing for Atlético Madrid in 2010 Atlético Madrid ( edit ) Born in Madrid and raised in Illescas , De Gea joined Atlético Madrid at the age of 13 when his then - coach Juan Luis Martín lied to the club that Rayo Vallecano were set to sign him . A few days later , Diego Díaz Garrido scouted De Gea and signed him immediately . He eventually made his way up through the youth ranks at the club before signing his first professional contract in 2008 , aged 17 , contracting him to Atlético until 2011 . He spent his second season for Atlético Madrid B in Segunda División B. In the summer of 2009 , De Gea was approached by Numancia and English team Queens Park Rangers with regards to a loan move , with Atlético sporting director Jesús García Pitarch pushing for him to move to Numancia . De Gea rejected the approach , and was punished by being forced to train by himself . Weeks later , Atlético manager Abel Resino noticed De Gea training alone and invited him to train with the first team , where he was rated as the third - choice goalkeeper . The same summer , Atlético rejected an offer from English team Wigan Athletic for a permanent transfer for De Gea . With first - choice goalkeeper Sergio Asenjo away on international duty at the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup , De Gea was called up to the senior side as cover for Roberto . He made his debut for the Atlético first - team at the age of 18 on 30 September 2009 , coming on as a substitute after Roberto was injured after 27 minutes of Atlético 's UEFA Champions League Group Stage match away to Porto ; De Gea conceded two late goals as Atlético lost 2 -- 0 . Roberto 's injury meant that De Gea was given his La Liga debut three days later , at home to Real Zaragoza ; he gave away a penalty kick in the 19th minute , but immediately redeemed himself by saving Marko Babić 's attempt in an eventual 2 -- 1 win . He described starting at the Vicente Calderón Stadium as a `` dream since childhood '' . In January 2010 , De Gea was touted as a possible replacement for Manchester United goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar , who was set to retire in 2011 . Days later , however , he signed a new contract which would keep him with Atlético until 2013 . After some costly mistakes by Asenjo , and the arrival of Quique Sánchez Flores as manager , De Gea finished the 2009 -- 10 season as the starting `` number one '' . He won two man of the match awards along the way , against Athletic Bilbao and Valencia . Additionally , he appeared in eight games in the club 's victorious UEFA Europa League campaign , including the 2 -- 1 final win against Fulham . Diego Forlán later said of his first season , `` David was good enough for the top level at 19 and the players had confidence in him . '' This boy is as cold as a wolf . He has composure , nerve and self - confidence . The pressures that others might feel do n't affect him . `` '' -- Atlético youth goalkeeping coach Ángel Mejías in 2010 . De Gea started 2010 -- 11 in impressive fashion , helping Atlético win the season 's UEFA Super Cup . In the 90th minute of the 2 -- 0 win against Internazionale , he saved a Diego Milito penalty kick . In September , it was reported that Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson had missed a League Cup match with Scunthorpe United to travel to Spain to watch De Gea in action against Valencia . De Gea played down the rumours , saying , `` The important thing is that I have a contract here and I 'm an Atletico player until 2013 . '' Even though he 's still growing physically and mentally , he 's already on the road to becoming one of the best keepers around . Any other outcome would be a disappointment . `` '' -- Atlético goalkeeping coach Diego Díaz Garrido in 2010 . Following his `` faultless '' performance in the Madrid Derby on 7 November , De Gea was hailed as the heir apparent to Real Madrid 's goalkeeper Iker Casillas for Spain , a sentiment Casillas agreed with , saying , `` In Spain we are lucky to have very good goalkeepers and De Gea soon be fighting my place in the team , '' while Spain manager Vicente del Bosque described De Gea as `` the future of the team '' . He remained the undisputed starting goalkeeper for the remainder of the season , going on to play in every La Liga match for the team en route to a seventh - place finish . During his time with Atlético Madrid , De Gea shared a locker with Cléber Santana , who died aboard LaMia Flight 2933 on the way to the first - leg of the 2016 Copa Sudamericana Finals . Manchester United ( edit ) Throughout the 2010 -- 11 season , speculation regarding how Manchester United would replace their retiring goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar was widespread , and much attention focused on De Gea as United 's key target . After Gary Neville 's testimonial against Juventus on 24 May , United manager Sir Alex Ferguson claimed that a deal had been done to bring De Gea to Old Trafford , but this was later denied by the player 's representatives and the Atlético management , with De Gea stating that he would not consider his future until after the UEFA Under - 21 Championship . Following Spain 's victory in the tournament , De Gea was spotted in Manchester undergoing a medical with United on 27 June . The next day , he reported that United were making him a contract offer , and the transfer was confirmed on 29 June for a British record fee for a goalkeeper of approximately £ 18.9 million . Growing up , De Gea had admired United goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel , and was often compared to Van der Sar , furthered by being dubbed `` Van der Gea '' . 2011 -- 12 season ( edit ) De Gea is high , has good feet , comes with authority and is agile ... has everything to be one of the greatest goalkeepers in the next ten years . `` '' -- Edwin van der Sar , former Manchester United goalkeeper . De Gea made his first appearance for Manchester United in a 3 -- 1 friendly win over Chicago Fire on 23 July 2011 . He made his competitive debut for United against Manchester City in the Community Shield on 7 August . Despite being caught out in the first - half by a header from Joleon Lescott and a long - range Edin Džeko strike that put City into a 2 -- 0 lead , United rallied in the second half and won 3 -- 2 . De Gea made his league debut for Manchester United against West Bromwich Albion a week later , where he received criticism for failing to save Shane Long 's goal during a 2 -- 1 United victory , which Ferguson described as `` a learning process '' . De Gea kept his first clean sheet for United on his Old Trafford debut in the following fixture , a 3 -- 0 victory against Tottenham Hotspur . In the following match , six days later , De Gea saved a penalty from Arsenal captain Robin van Persie , which would have cancelled out United 's 1 -- 0 lead . He made further saves to deny Van Persie and Andrey Arshavin in United 's 8 -- 2 victory . Teammate Wayne Rooney backed De Gea to succeed at United and hailed him as a `` strong character '' . De Gea playing for Manchester United in 2012 On 18 September , Manchester United beat Chelsea 3 -- 1 at Old Trafford , with De Gea making a string of impressive saves , particularly from Ramires -- when the midfielder had an empty net to side - foot home , De Gea quickly got across to smother the ball away . De Gea 's improvement in form continued in his next appearance , as he made two stunning saves to help his side to a 1 -- 1 draw away at Stoke City , and his overall performance was praised by teammates Patrice Evra and Darren Fletcher . De Gea made his first ever UEFA Champions League start in a 3 -- 3 draw against Basel on 27 September 2011 . On 15 October , De Gea was praised for his efforts at Anfield as United drew 1 -- 1 against Liverpool , providing important saves in a nerve - free performance , prompting Liverpool manager Kenny Dalglish to joke , `` I thought the press said the boy was struggling . '' On 23 October 2011 , De Gea played as Manchester United suffered their worst home defeat since 1955 with a 6 -- 1 loss against cross-town rivals Manchester City , the first time United had conceded six goals at home since 1930 . De Gea was in goal during the league defeat to Blackburn Rovers and was blamed by most media outlets for failing to deal with an aerial ball that led to the conceding of a late goal by Grant Hanley in a 3 -- 2 defeat . De Gea was nonplussed by the error , saying , `` all keepers make mistakes once in a while and none of us like it when we do . I have every intention of spending many years here at Manchester United . I want to become a great United keeper and I want to earn and deserve the respect I hope to get , '' and spoke of his intentions of surpassing his predecessor : `` Hopefully , I will equal or even surpass the performance and contribution Edwin van der Sar made to the club . '' After this match , De Gea was dropped and replaced by United 's second - choice goalkeeper , Anders Lindegaard . An injury to Lindegaard saw De Gea return to the starting line - up for a 3 -- 3 draw with Chelsea at Stamford Bridge on 5 February 2012 . De Gea later cited his last - minute save from Juan Mata during this match as the turning point in his season , as he went on to play the club 's last 19 matches , keeping eight clean sheets . After a difficult first season in England , De Gea said , `` There have been doubts in the first season but I always had faith in my ability . The pressure at an elite club like United is huge but Ferguson just told me to do what I did at Atlético . You have to be as strong when things go wrong but I do n't get nervous . Mistakes are normal ; everyone makes them . '' His goalkeeping rival Lindegaard , however , promised to fight for the place he lost via injury , saying , `` I want the number one spot because I am the best . I am sure he is a bit in front right now because he did well last season , so I need to take every chance I get to prove myself worthy of the number one spot . '' De Gea later admitted that he thought about leaving after the first season . 2012 -- 13 season ( edit ) Due to his involvement in the 2012 Olympics , De Gea missed Manchester United 's pre-season tour , but nevertheless returned to the starting line - up for the opening match of the season against Everton . Despite some `` outstanding '' saves from De Gea , United lost 1 -- 0 . In the next match , a 3 -- 2 win at home to Fulham , he made some noteworthy saves from Mladen Petrić , Moussa Dembélé and Bryan Ruiz . In attempting to claim a cross from Matthew Briggs , however , a misunderstanding with Nemanja Vidić led to the Serbian defender putting the ball in his own net for Fulham 's second goal . I 've no doubts that David De Gea can be a top goalkeeper , one of the best in the world . He 's physically going to mature in the next 18 months and he needs a championship . `` '' -- Gary Neville in 2013 . On 9 December , De Gea made back - to - back saves from Manchester City 's Carlos Tevez and David Silva , helping United to a 3 -- 2 Manchester Derby win at the City of Manchester Stadium . In the next match , a 3 -- 1 win against Sunderland at Old Trafford , De Gea produced an important double - save from Craig Gardner and Stéphane Sessègnon 's follow - up . De Gea received criticism from former United captain Gary Neville for a punch that allowed Tottenham to score a stoppage time equaliser in a 1 -- 1 draw at White Hart Lane on 20 January 2013 , saying , `` You 've got to learn the hard way and he 's learning in a very unforgiving environment where he 's judged continuously at the highest level . There 's a theory that he saved Manchester United because he made two or three great saves , but unfortunately that 's a waste of time . He played well yesterday , but playing well for 92 - and - a-half minutes and then doing that in the 93rd is a problem at a club like that . '' Ferguson responded by saying De Gea 's critics were `` idiots . '' On 13 February 2013 , De Gea made several saves to help United to a 1 -- 1 draw against Real Madrid at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in the first leg of the last 16 of the Champions League , and was praised by manager Sir Alex Ferguson for his `` excellent '' performance , one which was said to have turned him from `` villain to hero '' and made him `` come of age '' . You bring a boy into the Premier League at 20 , it 's not easy . He 's learning in the toughest environment in the world . But the one thing he has is fantastic inner strength . We teach him that the calmest man on the field has to be the goalkeeper . And one of his great strengths is his calmness . `` '' -- goalkeeping coach Eric Steele in 2013 . On 23 February , De Gea recorded his second consecutive clean sheet for United , stopping a Loïc Rémy shot and a Christopher Samba header to help United to 2 -- 0 victory over Queens Park Rangers . This was followed by a 4 -- 0 win at Old Trafford against Norwich City on 2 March . Another clean sheet came on 16 March in a 1 -- 0 victory against Reading . De Gea was on the receiving end of a controversial aerial challenge by West Ham United striker Andy Carroll that left him `` poleaxed '' , with Ferguson expressing his disbelief at the lack of a red card . De Gea 's form throughout the season was recognised by his peers , culminating in being voted into the PFA Premier League Team of the Year . He ended the season with his first Premier League winner 's medal with United , making 28 appearances and keeping 11 clean sheets , as the team topped the Premier League table by 11 points . This placed him joint - fifth in the race for the Premier League Golden Glove . 2013 -- 14 season ( edit ) He has huge faith in himself , which is a really important virtue . He does n't let anything affect him . The day he makes a mistake he knows he has made a mistake but it never sinks him . He uses it to make sure that he does n't make the mistake next time . It 's a great quality . `` '' -- Juan Mata in 2014 . De Gea 's season began with a clean sheet in the 2 -- 0 win over Wigan in the Community Shield at Wembley Stadium . On 5 October 2013 , De Gea 's save to deny Sunderland 's Emanuele Giaccherini during a 2 -- 1 away win was described by former Manchester United goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel as one of the best saves ever seen in the Premier League . Manager David Moyes agreed with Schmeichel 's assessment , describing the save was a `` turning point '' in a match in which they were losing 1 -- 0 at the time , and said De Gea `` is improving all the time '' . On 1 December , De Gea made his 100th appearance for Manchester United in a 2 -- 2 draw against Tottenham . He received the backing of teammate Darren Fletcher , when , in the League Cup semi-final second leg against Sunderland on 22 January 2014 , De Gea was deemed to be at fault when he let a weak Phil Bardsley shot past him deep into extra time ; a Javier Hernández goal soon after left the aggregate score at 3 -- 3 , resulting in a penalty shoot - out , where De Gea 's penalty saves from Steven Fletcher and Adam Johnson were not enough to help United advance , losing 2 -- 1 . On 19 March , whilst playing against Olympiacos in the first knockout stage of the Champions League as United came from 2 -- 0 down to win 3 -- 2 on aggregate , De Gea made a crucial double - save before half - time which was said to have defied `` all known laws of physics and physiology '' in a performance described as `` magnificent '' . Teammate Phil Jones claimed that `` he 's up there with the best goalkeepers in the world '' . De Gea 's performances throughout the season saw him named as both the club 's Players ' Player of the Year and Fans ' Player of the Year . 2014 -- 15 season ( edit ) We are now seeing a huge improvement in his game . And he is winning United match after match , which is what I expect from a United goalkeeper . He has now become a great goalkeeper . `` '' -- Gary Neville in 2014 . De Gea helped United secure back - to - back victories for the first time under their new manager Louis van Gaal in a home victory against Everton on 5 October 2014 . During the match , De Gea made three important saves , including one penalty from Leighton Baines , to help United secure a 2 -- 1 win in which he was voted by Manchester United fans as man of the match . He became the first goalkeeper to stop a penalty from Baines , who had previously converted all of his 14 Premier League penalties . After several vital stops against Everton , West Brom and Chelsea , he was named Manchester United 's Player of the Month for October . On 14 December , De Gea was awarded the man of the match for his `` outstanding '' performance against Liverpool , making eight saves in a 3 -- 0 victory , a performance rated as the best of the Premier League season . He was hailed by Van Gaal as `` unbelievable '' for his performances , and was called the `` saving grace '' for being the one constant in the team throughout the season . Amid rumours of a departure , he said he was `` proud '' to play for United , and was prompted by Peter Schmeichel and Gary Neville to sign a new contract with the club . At the end of the season , De Gea was shortlisted for the PFA Players ' Player of the Year and the PFA Young Player of the Year , before losing out to Eden Hazard and Harry Kane respectively . On 26 April 2015 , De Gea was named in the PFA Team of the Year as its goalkeeper and its only Manchester United player . He also won both Fans ' Player of the Year and Players ' Player of the Year awards for the second consecutive season . His save against Everton was voted as Premier League Save of the Season by Match of the Day , the second consecutive year he won the award . 2015 -- 16 season ( edit ) De Gea playing for Manchester United in 2016 On 7 August 2015 , Manchester United manager Louis van Gaal confirmed that De Gea would not be considered for selection for United 's Premier League opener against Tottenham the following day , due to the uncertainty surrounding his future . On 13 August , Van Gaal revealed that De Gea had requested to goalkeeping coach Frans Hoek that he be left out of the side . De Gea claimed he never expressed a desire not to play , but trained with the reserves soon after . On 31 August , after a summer of speculation , an agreement for a transfer was reached between Manchester United and Real Madrid worth £ 29 million , including the part - exchange of fellow goalkeeper Keylor Navas . The deal , however , collapsed due to paperwork not being submitted before the transfer window in Spain closed . After the transfer window closed , Spanish head coach Vicente del Bosque admitted that it would be difficult for him to select De Gea in Spain 's European Championship squad if Manchester United continued not to select him . On 11 September , De Gea signed a new four - year deal with Manchester United , with an option to extend it for a further year . Twelve days later , in the third round of the League Cup , De Gea captained Manchester United for the first time , wearing the armband for the final nine minutes of their win over Ipswich Town . In April 2016 , while leading the race for the Golden Glove with 14 clean sheets , De Gea was the sole Manchester United player named in the PFA Team of the Year . On 23 April , in a 2 -- 1 win over Everton in the FA Cup semi-finals , he saved a penalty from Romelu Lukaku . In May 2016 , De Gea became the first player ever to win Manchester United 's Player of the Year for a third consecutive season . During the same month , he also won BBC Match of the Day Save of the Season for the third consecutive year , for his save against Watford on 21 November 2015 . In the last league match of the season , a 3 -- 1 win over AFC Bournemouth , De Gea was denied the chance to share the Premier League Golden Glove with Arsenal 's Petr Čech due to a stoppage - time own goal by Chris Smalling . 2016 -- 17 season ( edit ) Under new Manchester United manager José Mourinho , De Gea made his first appearance of the season in FA Community Shield against Premier League winners Leicester City . The match ended in a 2 -- 1 victory for United . On 20 April 2017 , De Gea was selected as goalkeeper in the PFA Team of the Year for the fourth time . 2017 -- 18 season ( edit ) On 17 September 2017 , at the fifth game of the Premier League against Everton , De Gea made his fourth clean sheet of the season and 100th in overall for Manchester United . International career ( edit ) Youth ( edit ) De Gea playing for Spain U21 during the 2013 European Championships De Gea helped Spain 's under - 17 team win the 2007 European Championship , and finish second at the 2007 World Cup . In early May 2010 , courtesy of solid Atlético performances , he was named by senior squad manager Vicente del Bosque in a provisional 30 - man squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup ; however , he did not make the final cut . In 2011 , he was part of the Spain under - 21 team that won the 2011 European Championship . On 15 May 2012 , De Gea was called up for to the Spanish senior side for two matches against Serbia and PR China . He was in consideration for Del Bosque 's Euro 2012 squad , but did not make the final 23 - man group . He was selected , however , to play at the London 2012 Olympics , and played all three matches as the nation was eliminated in the group stage . De Gea and Spain under - 21 retained their European title in 2013 . Senior ( edit ) On 13 May 2014 , De Gea was selected in Spain 's 30 - man provisional squad for the 2014 World Cup , and later made the final squad . He made his first senior international appearance against El Salvador in a 2 -- 0 friendly victory on 8 June in preparation for the tournament , replacing Iker Casillas for the last seven minutes of the match at the FedExField in Washington , D.C. As third - choice goalkeeper behind Casillas and Pepe Reina , De Gea was the only member of the squad not to feature at that World Cup , in which Spain were eliminated in the group stage . On 4 September 2014 , he made his first start for Spain , playing the whole 90 minutes against France in a Paris friendly and conceding a goal from Loïc Rémy to lose 1 -- 0 . He played his first competitive international on his third cap on 12 October , keeping a clean sheet in a 4 -- 0 win away to Luxembourg in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying . He has been tipped by many to succeed Casillas as the long - term number one goalkeeper , including Casillas himself . On 31 May 2016 , he was named to Vicente del Bosque 's final 23 - man Spanish squad for UEFA Euro 2016 . He started their opening match against the Czech Republic in Toulouse , keeping a clean sheet in a 1 -- 0 victory . He followed up with another clean sheet against Turkey as Spain won 3 -- 0 . The following match , however , he conceded twice to Croatia as his team lost 2 -- 1 . Spain was eliminated in the round of 16 , with their opponent Italy scoring the only two goals of the match . Personal life ( edit ) In January 2012 , De Gea was confirmed as farsighted , although this is not thought to have affected his performances . Career statistics ( edit ) Club ( edit ) As of match played 21 October 2017 Appearances and goals by club , season and competition Club Season League National Cup League Cup Continental Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Atlético Madrid B 2008 -- 09 Segunda División B 35 0 -- -- -- -- 35 0 Atlético Madrid 2009 -- 10 La Liga 19 0 7 0 -- 9 0 -- 35 0 2010 -- 11 La Liga 38 0 5 0 -- 5 0 0 49 0 Total 57 0 12 0 -- 14 0 0 84 0 Manchester United 2011 -- 12 Premier League 29 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 39 0 2012 -- 13 Premier League 28 0 5 0 0 7 0 -- 41 0 2013 -- 14 Premier League 37 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 52 0 2014 -- 15 Premier League 37 0 5 0 0 -- -- 43 0 2015 -- 16 Premier League 34 0 6 0 0 8 0 -- 49 0 2016 -- 17 Premier League 35 0 0 5 0 0 0 45 0 2017 -- 18 Premier League 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 Total 209 0 18 0 12 0 39 0 0 282 0 Career total 301 0 30 0 12 0 53 0 5 0 401 0 Jump up ^ One appearance in UEFA Champions League , eight in UEFA Europa League ^ Jump up to : Appearances in UEFA Europa League ^ Jump up to : Appearance in UEFA Super Cup Jump up ^ Four appearances in UEFA Champions League , four in UEFA Europa League ^ Jump up to : Appearance in FA Community Shield ^ Jump up to : Appearances in UEFA Champions League Jump up ^ Six appearances in UEFA Champions League , two in UEFA Europa League International ( edit ) As of match played 6 October 2017 Appearances and goals by national team and year National team Year Apps Goals Spain 2014 0 2015 0 2016 11 0 2017 6 0 Total 24 0 Honours ( edit ) Club ( edit ) Atlético Madrid UEFA Europa League : 2009 -- 10 UEFA Super Cup : 2010 Manchester United Premier League : 2012 -- 13 FA Cup : 2015 -- 16 EFL Cup : 2016 -- 17 FA Community Shield : 2011 , 2013 , 2016 UEFA Europa League : 2016 -- 17 International ( edit ) Spain U17 UEFA European Under - 17 Championship : 2007 Spain U21 UEFA European Under - 21 Championship : 2011 , 2013 Individual ( edit ) UEFA European Under - 21 Championship Team of the Tournament : 2011 , 2013 Premier League PFA Team of the Year : 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 PFA Fans ' Premier League Player of the Month : November 2014 Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year : 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 Manchester United Players ' Player of the Year : 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2015 -- 16 Match of the Day Save of the Season : 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 FIFPro World XI 2nd team : 2015 FIFPro World XI 3rd team : 2016 , 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Premier League Clubs submit Squad Lists '' ( PDF ) . Premier League . 4 February 2014 . p. 22 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 March 2014 . Retrieved 26 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : David de Gea '' . Premier League . Retrieved 9 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 15 December 2014 ) . `` Wayne Rooney : Man Utd can win title with ' best in world ' David de Gea '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` David de Gea 's performance sparks ' best goalkeeper in the world ' debate '' . The Daily Telegraph . 15 December 2014 . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Player of the Year Awards 2015 16 '' . ManUtd.com. 3 May 2016 . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jenson , Pete ( 15 October 2014 ) . `` David De Gea has finally come of age and looks the future for both Spain and Manchester United '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hidalgo , Dani ( 5 October 2009 ) . `` Un Illescas orgulloso se volcó con De Gea '' ( A proud Illescas turned to De Gea ) . AS ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Casáñez , Juan ( 9 October 2009 ) . `` Mentí al Atlético para que fichara a De Gea '' ( I lied to bring Atletico De Gea ) . AS ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` De Gea firma contrato profesional con el Atlético hasta 2011 '' ( De Gea signs professional contract with Atletico until 2011 ) . AS ( in Spanish ) . 11 March 2008 . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mitten , Andy ( 15 December 2014 ) . `` In - form David De Gea embodies Man United 's upturn in fortunes '' . ESPN . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` De Gea rechazó una oferta del Wigan '' ( De Gea rejected an offer from Wigan ) . Marca ( in Spanish ) . 1 September 2009 . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bryan , Paul ( 5 October 2009 ) . `` De Gea stands tall after whirlwind bow '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` De Gea : `` Empezar aquí parando un penalti ha sido un sueño '' '' ( De Gea : `` Starting here by stopping a penalty has been a dream '' ) . Marca ( in Spanish ) . 14 October 2009 . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` De Gea : `` Debutar en el Calderón es mi sueño desde pequeño '' '' ( De Gea : `` Start at the Calderon is my dream since childhood '' ) . Marca ( in Spanish ) . 1 October 2009 . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` La prensa inglesa sitúa a De Gea en el radar del Manchester United '' ( The British press puts De Gea on the radar of Manchester United ) . Marca ( in Spanish ) . 24 January 2010 . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Molina , Francisco ( 28 January 2010 ) . `` De Gea , hasta 2013 de rojiblanco '' ( De Gea , Atletico until 2013 ) . Marca ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` De Gea factfile '' . Sky Sports . BSkyB. 27 June 2011 . Retrieved 27 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Atletico Madrid 2 -- 1 Fulham '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 12 May 2010 . Retrieved 13 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bryan , Paul ( 14 May 2014 ) . `` Atlético trust in youthful De Gea '' . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Slick Atlético seal Super Cup success '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 27 August 2010 . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United linked with De Gea after Fergie misses cup clash '' . ESPN . 23 September 2010 . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ferguson espió a De Gea '' ( Ferguson spied on De Gea ) . Marca ( in Spanish ) . 23 September 2010 . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` De Gea not thinking about Manchester United move '' . ESPN . 28 September 2010 . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Train , Rob ( 11 November 2010 ) . `` Spain is in very good hands '' . ESPN . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Del Estal , Sandra ( 5 November 2010 ) . `` Casillas : `` De Gea peleará pronto por mi puesto '' '' ( Casillas : `` De Gea will fight soon in my position '' ) . AS ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Davie , Chris ( 29 November 2016 ) . `` David De Gea pays tribute to former team - mate Cleber Santana killed in plane crash '' . Metro . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Ducker , James ( 17 November 2010 ) . `` Manchester United eye David De Gea to succeed Edwin van der Sar '' . The Times . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United close to signing keeper -- David Gill '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 16 May 2011 . Retrieved 29 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` De Gea denies Manchester United deal is imminent '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 26 May 2011 . Retrieved 29 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Ian ( 28 June 2011 ) . `` £ 17.8 m keeper De Gea set for United after medical '' . independent.co.uk . London : Independent Print . Retrieved 15 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United confirm signing of David de Gea '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 29 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Graham ( 23 March 2011 ) . `` Is he the one ? Why David De Gea could be Manchester United 's next goalkeeper '' . ESPN . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Estepa , Javier ( 26 May 2011 ) . `` De Van der Sar a ' Van der Gea ' '' ( Van der Sar to ' Van der Gea ' ) . Marca ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Balague , Guillem ( 2 October 2010 ) . `` Van Der Sar : `` De Gea tiene un aire a mí cuando yo era joven '' '' ( Van Der Sar : `` De Gea has an air to me when I was young '' ) . AS ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 24 July 2011 ) . `` Manchester United goalkeeper David de Gea shines on debut in 3 -- 1 victory over Chicago Fire on US Tour '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 7 August 2011 ) . `` Man City 2 -- 3 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 14 August 2011 ) . `` West Brom 1 -- 2 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 14 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 14 August 2011 ) . `` Nervous start has put David De Gea 's Manchester United place in doubt '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 22 August 2011 ) . `` Manchester United 3 Tottenham Hotspur 0 : match report '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 28 August 2011 ) . `` Man Utd 8 -- 2 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 29 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rooney backs David de Gea to succeed at Manchester United '' . The Guardian . 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Da Silva , Michael ( 24 August 2011 ) . `` Stoke 1 -- 1 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 25 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Mathieson , Stuart ( 26 September 2011 ) . `` Manchester United star David de Gea 's homework pays off '' . Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 15 October 2011 ) . `` Manchester United goalkeeper David de Gea passes the test of nerve at Liverpool 's Kop End '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Jolly , Richard ( 15 October 2011 ) . `` Ferguson shuffles his pack at Anfield '' . ESPN . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 23 October 2011 ) . `` Man Utd 1 -- 6 Man City '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 23 October 2011 ) . `` Regal Manchester City destroy United to threaten the old order '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Stone , Simon ( 1 January 2012 ) . `` De Gea gift - wraps points for Blackburn '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Stone , Simon ( 3 January 2012 ) . `` Manchester United goalkeeper David de Gea relaxed about mistakes '' . The Independent . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I can surpass Van der Sar -- De Gea '' . ESPN . 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 6 January 2012 ) . `` Manchester United are dogged by too many problems '' . The Independent . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( 5 February 2012 ) . `` Manchester United 's David de Gea shows true worth in Spanish duel '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Mathieson , Stuart ( 7 February 2013 ) . `` De Gea 's future is still in his hands '' . Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 's De Gea : ' I always had faith in my ability ' '' . ESPN . 23 July 2012 . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Stone , Simon ( 20 July 2012 ) . `` Anders Lindegaard plans to usurp David de Gea as Manchester United number one '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Hirst , Paul ( 7 October 2014 ) . `` David de Gea considered leaving United after ' difficult ' start to life at Old Trafford '' . The Independent . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 20 August 2012 ) . `` Everton 1 -- 0 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Magowan , Alistair ( 25 August 2012 ) . `` Man Utd 3 -- 2 Fulham '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gary Neville says Manchester United players will demand more of David De Gea after Tottenham error '' . Sky Sports . 22 January 2013 . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Kevin ( 9 December 2012 ) . `` Manchester City vs. Manchester United : Final score 3 -- 2 , Robin van Persie wins match marred by crowd trouble '' . sbnation . SBNATION . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Mathieson , Stuart ( 15 December 2012 ) . `` Manchester United 3 Sunderland 1 : Premier League match report '' . MENmedia . Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 16 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 26 January 2013 ) . `` Manchester United 's Alex Ferguson calls David de Gea 's critics ' idiots ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 13 February 2013 ) . `` Sir Alex Ferguson praises David de Gea '' . bbc.co.uk . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 14 February 2013 ) . `` Manchester United goalkeeper David De Gea transported from villain to hero in 90 minutes in Madrid '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 20 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Ian ( 14 February 2013 ) . `` Did Manchester United goalkeeper David de Gea come of age against Real Madrid ? '' . The Independent . Retrieved 20 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 14 February 2013 ) . `` David de Gea looking the part in Manchester United 's glove department '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Magowan , Alistair ( 23 February 2013 ) . `` QPR 0 -- 2 Manchester United '' . bbc.co.uk . BBC Sport . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Ornstein , David ( 2 March 2013 ) . `` Manchester United 4 -- 0 Norwich '' . bbc.co.uk . BBC Sport . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Magowan , Alistair ( 16 March 2013 ) . `` Manchester United 1 -- 0 Reading '' . bbc.co.uk . BBC Sport . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Hytner , David ( 18 April 2013 ) . `` Manchester United bemoan lack of red card for Andy Carroll of West Ham '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United dominate PFA team of the year '' . Sky Sports . 28 April 2013 . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 14 May 2014 ) . `` Man Utd 's Juan Mata : David de Gea is so calm he is ' almost unconscious ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Rostance , Tom ( 11 August 2013 ) . `` Man Utd 2 -- 0 Wigan '' . BBC . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Oscroft , Tim ( 5 October 2013 ) . `` Schmeichel lauds De Gea save '' . Manchester United F.C. Official Website . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Murray , Ewan ( 6 October 2013 ) . `` David de Gea 's saves give Manchester United a platform at Sunderland '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Graeme ( 7 October 2013 ) . `` David Moyes hails form of Manchester United goalkeeper David De Gea '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Anderson , David ( 13 November 2013 ) . `` Manchester United 's David De Gea looking for more as he closes in on his 100th appearance '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Darren Fletcher backs David de Gea following semi-final mistake '' . The Guardian . 23 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United 's Darren Fletcher backs goalkeeper David de Gea '' . Sky Sports . 23 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 December 2014 . Jump up ^ De Menezes , Jack ( 23 January 2014 ) . `` The worst penalty shoot - out ever ? Penalty - by - penalty analysis of Sunderland 's Capital One Cup victory over Manchester United '' . The Independent . Retrieved 20 December 2014 . Jump up ^ White , Jim ( 20 March 2014 ) . `` Manchester United goalkeeper David De Gea stands tall as his side progress to Champions League quarter - finals '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Gemma ( 20 March 2014 ) . `` De Gea is world class '' . Manchester United F.C. Official Website . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Richards , Chris ( 8 May 2014 ) . `` David de Gea named Manchester United Player of the Year AND Players ' Player of the Year '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Neville , Gary ( 16 December 2014 ) . `` Manchester United 's David de Gea ' has now become a great goalkeeper ' , says Gary Neville '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Grant , Ryan ( 5 October 2014 ) . `` David De Gea named Man of the Match '' . Manchester United F.C. Official Website . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United vs Everton : Leighton Baines misses first penalty of his Premier League career '' . The Independent . 5 October 2014 . Retrieved 20 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Froggatt , M ; Tuck , J ( 31 October 2014 ) . `` De Gea is October Player of the Month '' . Manchester United F.C. Official Website . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 14 December 2014 ) . `` David De Gea outstanding as clinical United make Liverpool suffer '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Which is the only game De Gea 's made more Premier League saves in ? '' . FourFourTwo. 14 December 2014 . Retrieved 20 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Syed , Matthew ( 15 December 2014 ) . `` David de Gea 's wizardry stops opponents and admirers in tracks '' . The Times . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` David de Gea is an unbelievable goalkeeper , says Louis van Gaal '' . Sky Sports . 5 March 2015 . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 14 March 2015 ) . `` David de Gea is saving grace of Manchester United 's confusing season '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David De Gea deal would send a signal -- Man Utd legend Peter Schmeichel '' . ESPN . 24 February 2015 . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Orr , James ( 13 April 2015 ) . `` David De Gea says he is ' proud to be a red ' as Gary Neville warns Manchester United must keep the goalkeeper at all costs '' . The Independent . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Luckhurst , Samuel ( 16 April 2015 ) . `` Manchester United goalkeeper De Gea nominated for PFA Player of the Year award '' . Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PFA awards : Kane , Hazard , De Gea , Coutinho on both shortlists '' . BBC . 16 April 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 's Eden Hazard named PFA Player of the Year '' . BBC Sport . BBC Sport . BBC Sport. 26 April 2015 . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PFA Team of the Year : Chelsea have six players selected '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 26 April 2015 . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Froggatt , Mark ( 19 May 2015 ) . `` De Gea is Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Froggatt , Mark ( 19 May 2015 ) . `` David De Gea wins Players ' Player of the Year prize '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What was your Premier League save of the season ? '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 17 May 2015 . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd : David De Gea not the same as last season -- Van Gaal '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 7 August 2015 . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Jolly , Richard ( 13 August 2015 ) . `` Louis van Gaal says David De Gea agreed to be left out against Spurs '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Roan , Dan ( 14 August 2015 ) . `` Man Utd : David De Gea is surprised at being left out '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David De Gea : Man Utd deny blame for failed Real Madrid deal '' . BBC Sport. 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vicente del Bosque warns David de Gea over Euro 2016 spot '' . Sky Sports . 2 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` De Gea signs new United contract '' . Manchester United . 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Jolly , Richard ( 24 September 2015 ) . `` David De Gea ' proud ' to captain Man United after Real Madrid transfer saga '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PFA awards : Leicester and Spurs dominate Premier League team '' . BBC Sport. 21 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 23 April 2016 ) . `` Anthony Martial takes Manchester United past Everton to final at the last '' . The Observer . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David de Gea wins Manchester United Player of the Year for record third time '' . Sky Sports . Sky Sports . 3 May 2016 . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC MOTD Save of the Season '' . BBC . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Petr Cech wins Premier League Golden Glove award '' . Sky Sports . Sky Sports . 18 May 2016 . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Mourinho began his reign as Manchester United manager with a trophy '' . 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea , Tottenham dominate PFA Premier League Team of the Year '' . FourFourTwo. 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Higgins , Adam ( 17 September 2017 ) . `` David De Gea 's Century of Clean Sheets '' . Manutd.com . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Bandini , Paolo ( 25 May 2011 ) . `` The ' New van der Sar ' fulfils his destiny '' . guardian.co.uk . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 25 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Valdés , De Gea , Azpilicueta , Javi Martínez y Pedro entran en la preselección de 30 '' ( Valdés , De Gea , Azpilicueta , Javi Martinez and Pedro are short listed 30 ) . Marca ( in Spanish ) . 10 May 2010 . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 trio Mata , Alba & Martinez in Spain Olympic squad '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 5 July 2012 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` El Salvador 0 -- 2 Spain '' . BBC Sport. 3 June 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` France beat Spain 1 -- 0 in Paris courtesy of a Loic Remy goal '' . Sky Sports News . 4 September 2014 . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` David De Gea should replace Iker Casillas as Spain 's No. 1 '' . ESPN . 10 October 2014 . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Balague , Guillem ( 13 October 2014 ) . `` David De Gea has toppled Iker Casillas as No. 1 '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Casillas tips De Gea for greatness '' . FourFourTwo. 2 June 2011 . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2016 : Arsenal 's Hector Bellerin in Spain squad after injury forces out Dani Carvajal '' . BBC Sport. 31 May 2016 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gerard Pique heads late winner as holders Spain edge past Czech Republic '' . BT Sport. 13 June 2016 . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 19 January 2012 ) . `` Manchester United 's error - prone David de Gea may need eye surgery '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . Jump up ^ `` United keeper De Gea facing eye surgery '' . ESPN . 20 January 2012 . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` De Gea : David De Gea Quintana : 2008 -- 09 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` De Gea : David De Gea Quintana : 2009 -- 10 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` De Gea : David De Gea Quintana : 2010 -- 11 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Games played by David de Gea in 2011 / 2012 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Games played by David de Gea in 2012 / 2013 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Games played by David de Gea in 2013 / 2014 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Games played by David de Gea in 2014 / 2015 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Games played by David de Gea in 2015 / 2016 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Games played by David de Gea in 2013 / 2014 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Games played by David de Gea in 2013 / 2014 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` De Gea , David '' . National Football Teams . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` David de Gea -- UEFA.com '' . UEFA.com. 29 July 2013 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David de Gea '' . Soccerway . Perform Group . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thiago leads all - star squad dominated by Spain '' . UEFA . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PFA Team of the Year foe 2017 '' . Dailymail / PFA . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 's David De Gea wins PFA Fans ' Player of the Month for November '' . PFA Fans ' Player of the Month . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Grant , Ryan ; Thomas , Nathan ( 2 May 2016 ) . `` David de Gea wins third successive Player of the Year award '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Froggatt , Mark ( 19 May 2015 ) . `` David De Gea wins Players ' Player of the Year prize '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season '' . UEFA. 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 's De Gea has won save of the season every year since it began '' . Metro. 28 May 2016 . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 World XI : the Reserve Teams -- FIFPro World Players ' Union '' . FIFPro.org. 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 World 11 : the reserve teams -- FIFPro World Players ' Union '' . FIFPro.org. 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 - 2017 World 11 : the Reserve Teams -- FIFPro World Players ' Union '' . FIFPro.org. 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to David de Gea . Manchester United profile David de Gea at BDFutbol David de Gea at Soccerbase David de Gea -- UEFA competition record David de Gea -- FIFA competition record Manchester United F.C. -- current squad 1 De Gea 2 Lindelöf 3 Bailly 4 Jones 5 Rojo 6 Pogba 8 Mata 9 Lukaku 10 Ibrahimović 11 Martial 12 Smalling 14 Lingard 16 Carrick ( c ) 17 Blind 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Romero 21 Herrera 22 Mkhitaryan 23 Shaw 25 Valencia 27 Fellaini 29 Wilson 31 Matić 35 Mitchell 36 Darmian 38 Tuanzebe 39 McTominay 40 J. Pereira 45 O'Hara Manager : Mourinho Awards 2012 -- 13 Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : David de Gea DF : Pablo Zabaleta DF : Jan Vertonghen DF : Rio Ferdinand DF : Leighton Baines MF : Gareth Bale MF : Juan Mata MF : Michael Carrick MF : Eden Hazard FW : Robin van Persie FW : Luis Suárez 2014 -- 15 Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : David de Gea DF : Branislav Ivanović DF : Gary Cahill DF : John Terry DF : Ryan Bertrand MF : Nemanja Matić MF : Alexis Sánchez MF : Philippe Coutinho MF : Eden Hazard FW : Diego Costa FW : Harry Kane 2015 -- 16 Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : David de Gea DF : Héctor Bellerín DF : Wes Morgan DF : Toby Alderweireld DF : Danny Rose MF : N'Golo Kanté MF : Dele Alli MF : Dimitri Payet MF : Riyad Mahrez FW : Jamie Vardy FW : Harry Kane 2016 -- 17 Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : David de Gea DF : Kyle Walker DF : Gary Cahill DF : David Luiz DF : Danny Rose MF : Eden Hazard MF : Dele Alli MF : N'Golo Kanté MF : Sadio Mané FW : Harry Kane FW : Romelu Lukaku Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year 1988 : McClair 1989 : Robson 1990 : Pallister 1991 : Hughes 1992 : McClair 1993 : Ince 1994 : Cantona 1995 : Kanchelskis 1996 : Cantona 1997 : Beckham 1998 : Giggs 1999 : Keane 2000 : Keane 2001 : Sheringham 2002 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 : Van Nistelrooy 2004 : Ronaldo 2005 : Heinze 2006 : Rooney 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Vidić 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Hernández 2012 : Valencia 2013 : Van Persie 2014 : De Gea 2015 : De Gea 2016 : De Gea 2017 : Herrera Spain squads Spain men 's football squad -- 2012 Summer Olympics 1 De Gea 2 Azpilicueta 3 Domínguez 4 J. Martínez ( c ) 5 I. Martínez 6 Alba 7 Adrián 8 Muniain 9 Rodrigo 10 Mata 11 Koke 12 Montoya 13 Botía 14 Romeu 15 Isco 16 Tello 17 Herrera 18 Mariño Coach : Milla Spain squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Casillas ( c ) 2 Albiol 3 Piqué 4 Martínez 5 Juanfran 6 Iniesta 7 Villa 8 Xavi 9 Torres 10 Fàbregas 11 Pedro 12 De Gea 13 Mata 14 Alonso 15 Ramos 16 Busquets 17 Koke 18 Alba 19 Diego Costa 20 Cazorla 21 Silva 22 Azpilicueta 23 Reina Coach : Del Bosque Spain squad -- UEFA Euro 2016 1 Casillas 2 Azpilicueta 3 Piqué 4 Bartra 5 Busquets 6 Iniesta 7 Morata 8 Koke 9 Vázquez 10 Fàbregas 11 Pedro 12 Bellerín 13 De Gea 14 Thiago 15 Ramos ( c ) 16 Juanfran 17 San José 18 Alba 19 Bruno 20 Aduriz 21 Silva 22 Nolito 23 Rico Coach : Del Bosque Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_de_Gea&oldid=807163363 '' Categories : 1990 births Living people Sportspeople from Madrid Spanish footballers Madrilenian footballers Association football goalkeepers La Liga players Segunda División B players Atlético Madrid B players Atlético Madrid footballers Premier League players Manchester United F.C. players Spain youth international footballers Spain under - 21 international footballers Spain under - 23 international footballers Spain international footballers Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics 2014 FIFA World Cup players Olympic footballers of Spain Spanish expatriate footballers Expatriate footballers in England Spanish expatriates in England UEFA Euro 2016 players UEFA Europa League winning players Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content NFT template with ID same as Wikidata Use dmy dates from September 2017 UEFA player ID same as Wikidata FIFA player ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy Malti მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 09 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did man u buy de gea from | [
"Born in Madrid, De Gea began his career aged 13 with Atlético Madrid and rose through the academy system at the club before making his senior debut in 2009. After being made Atlético's first-choice goalkeeper, he helped the team win both the UEFA Europa League and the UEFA Super Cup in 2010. His performances attracted the attention of Manchester United, whom he joined in June 2011 for £18.9 million, a British record for a goalkeeper."
] | [
"Atlético Madrid"
] |
-9063000446346043201 | Forbes' list of world's highest-paid athletes | Forbes ' list of World 's Highest - Paid Athletes - wikipedia Forbes ' list of World 's Highest - Paid Athletes This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 26 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of the highest - paid athletes in the world as ranked by Forbes magazine . Contents ( hide ) 1 2017 list 2 2016 list 3 2015 list 4 2014 list 5 2013 list 6 2012 list 7 See also 8 References 9 External links 2017 list ( edit ) The 2017 list : Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $93 million $58 million $35 million LeBron James Basketball United States $86.2 million $31.2 million $55 million Lionel Messi Football Argentina $80 million $53 million $27 million Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $64 million $6 million $58 million 5 Kevin Durant Basketball United States $60.6 million $26.6 million $34 million 6 Andrew Luck American football United States $50 million $47 million $3 million 6 Rory McIlroy Golf Northern Ireland $50 million $16 million $34 million 8 Stephen Curry Basketball United States $47.3 million $12.3 million $35 million 9 James Harden Basketball United States $46.6 million $26.6 million $20 million 10 Lewis Hamilton Auto racing England $46 million $38 million $8 million 2016 list ( edit ) The 2016 list : Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $88 million $56 million $32 million Lionel Messi Football Argentina $81.4 million $53.4 million $28 million LeBron James Basketball United States $77.2 million $23.2 million $54 million Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $67.8 million $7.8 million $60 million 5 Kevin Durant Basketball United States $56.2 million $20.2 million $36 million 6 Novak Djokovic Tennis Serbia $55.8 million $21.8 million $34 million 7 Cam Newton American football United States $53.1 million $41.1 million $12 million 8 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $52.9 million $2.9 million $50 million 9 Jordan Spieth Golf United States $52.8 million $20.8 million $32 million 10 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $50 million $25 million $25 million 2015 list ( edit ) The 2015 list was released on 10 June 2015 . Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Floyd Mayweather Jr . Boxing United States $300 million $285 million $15 million Manny Pacquiao Boxing Philippines $160 million $148 million $12 million Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $79.6 million $52.6 million $27 million Lionel Messi Football Argentina $73.8 million $51.8 million $22 million 5 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $67 million $9 million $58 million 6 LeBron James Basketball United States $64.8 million $20.8 million $44 million 7 Kevin Durant Basketball United States $54.1 million $19.1 million $35 million 8 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $50.8 million $2.8 million $48 million 9 Tiger Woods Golf United States $50.6 million $0.6 million $50 million 10 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $49.5 million $23.5 million $26 million 2014 list ( edit ) The 2014 list was released on 11 June 2014 . Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Floyd Mayweather Jr . Boxing United States $105 million $105 million $0 Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $80 million $52 million $28 million LeBron James Basketball United States $72.3 million $19.3 million $53 million Lionel Messi Football Argentina $64.7 million $41.7 million $23 million 5 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $61.5 million $30.5 million $31 million 6 Tiger Woods Golf United States $61.2 million $6.2 million $55 million 7 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $56.2 million $4.2 million $52 million 8 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $53.2 million $5.2 million $48 million 9 Rafael Nadal Tennis Spain $44.5 million $14.5 million $30 million 10 Matt Ryan American football United States $43.8 million $42 million $1.8 million 2013 list ( edit ) The 2013 list was released on 5 June 2013 . Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Tiger Woods Golf United States $78.1 million $13.1 million $65 million Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $71.5 million $6.5 million $65 million Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $61.9 million $27.9 million $34 million LeBron James Basketball United States $59.8 million $17.8 million $42 million 5 Drew Brees American football United States $51 million $40 million $11 million 6 Aaron Rodgers American football United States $49 million $43 million $6 million 7 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $48.7 million $4.7 million $44 million 8 David Beckham Football England $47.2 million $5.2 million $42 million 9 Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $44 million $23 million $21 million 10 Lionel Messi Football Argentina $41.3 million $20.3 million $21 million 2012 list ( edit ) The 2012 list was released on 18 June 2012 . Rank Name Sport Nationality Total earnings Salary / winnings Endorsements Floyd Mayweather Jr . Boxing United States $85 million $85 million $0 Manny Pacquiao Boxing Philippines $62 million $56 million $6 million Tiger Woods Golf United States $59.4 million $4.4 million $55 million LeBron James Basketball United States $53 million $13 million $40 million 5 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $52.7 million $7.7 million $45 million 6 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $52.3 million $20.3 million $32 million 7 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $47.8 million $4.8 million $43 million 8 David Beckham Football England $46 million $9 million $37 million 9 Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $42.5 million $20.5 million $22 million 10 Peyton Manning American football United States $42.4 million $32.4 million $10 million See also ( edit ) List of professional sports leagues by revenue References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest Paid Athletes 2017 '' . Jump up ^ `` World 's Highest Paid Athletes 2016 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Forbes Announces 2015 List Of The World 's 100 Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Floyd Mayweather Heads 2014 List Of The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes 2013 : Behind The Numbers '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mayweather Tops List Of The World 's 100 Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes List - Forbes ( hide ) Forbes magazine lists Companies Global 2000 People General Celebrity 100 30 Under 30 China Celebrity 100 Fictional 15 Korea Power Celebrity World 's 100 Most Powerful Women World 's Most Powerful People Richest The World 's Billionaires Forbes 400 Forbes Asia Australia 's 50 Richest Places America 's Best Colleges Sports Highest - paid athletes Most valuable sports teams Most valuable football clubs Technology Midas List ( Tech 's Top Deal Makers ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forbes%27_list_of_world%27s_highest-paid_athletes&oldid=802457899 '' Categories : Forbes lists Lists of people by magazine appearance Lists of sports superlatives Income of sportspeople Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 07 : 41 . About Wikipedia | who's the most paid athlete in the world | [
"\n\nRank\nName\nSport\nNation\nTotal\nSalary/Winnings\nEndorsements\n\n\n1\nCristiano Ronaldo\nFootball\n Portugal\n$93 million\n$58 million\n$35 million\n\n\n2\nLeBron James\nBasketball\n United States\n$86.2 million\n$31.2 million\n$55 million\n\n\n3\nLionel Messi\nFootball\n Argentina\n$80 million\n$53 million\n$27 million\n\n\n4\nRoger Federer\nTennis\n Switzerland\n$64 million\n$6 million\n$58 million\n\n\n5\nKevin Durant\nBasketball\n United States\n$60.6 million\n$26.6 million\n$34 million\n\n\n6\nAndrew Luck\nAmerican football\n United States\n$50 million\n$47 million\n$3 million\n\n\n6\nRory McIlroy\nGolf\n Northern Ireland\n$50 million\n$16 million\n$34 million\n\n\n8\nStephen Curry\nBasketball\n United States\n$47.3 million\n$12.3 million\n$35 million\n\n\n9\nJames Harden\nBasketball\n United States\n$46.6 million\n$26.6 million\n$20 million\n\n\n10\nLewis Hamilton\nAuto racing\n England\n$46 million\n$38 million\n$8 million\n\n"
] | [
"Cristiano Ronaldo\nFootball\n Portugal\n$93 million\n$58 million\n$35 million"
] |
698321316511605871 | Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency | Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency - wikipedia Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency Jump to : navigation , search Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency DIA Seal Incumbent Vincent R. Stewart since January , 2015 Defense Intelligence Agency Reports to The Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence Appointer The President Formation October 1961 Website DIA.mil The Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency is an intelligence officer who , upon nomination by the President and confirmation by the Senate , serves as the nation 's highest - ranking military intelligence officer . As the chief of the Defense Intelligence Agency , the Director is the primary intelligence adviser to the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and also answers to the Director of National Intelligence through the civilian Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence . The Director is also the Commander of the Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence , Surveillance and Reconnaissance , a subordinate command of United States Strategic Command . Additionally , he chairs the Military Intelligence Board , which coordinates activities of the entire defense intelligence community . List of DIA directors ( edit ) All but two directors were active members of the military . Nagy served briefly in the USAF before joining the DIA . Shedd never served in the military . # Director Photo Service Term President ( s ) served under Joseph Carroll USAF October 1961 -- September 1969 John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Donald V. Bennett USA September 1969 -- August 1972 Richard Nixon Vincent P. de Poix USN August 1972 -- September 1974 Richard Nixon Gerald Ford Daniel O. Graham USA September 1974 -- December 1975 Gerald Ford Samuel V. Wilson USA May 1976 -- August 1977 Gerald Ford Jimmy Carter 6 Eugene F. Tighe USAF September 1977 -- August 1981 Jimmy Carter Ronald Reagan 7 James A. Williams USA September 1981 -- September 1985 Ronald Reagan 8 Leonard H. Perroots USAF October 1985 -- December 1988 Ronald Reagan 9 Harry E. Soyster USA December 1988 -- September 1991 Ronald Reagan George H.W. Bush 10 Dennis M. Nagy Civilian September 1991 -- November 1991 George H.W. Bush 11 James R. Clapper USAF November 1991 -- August 1995 George H.W. Bush Bill Clinton 12 Kenneth Minihan USAF August 1995 -- February 1996 Bill Clinton 13 Patrick M. Hughes USA February 1996 -- July 1999 Bill Clinton 14 Thomas R. Wilson USN July 1999 -- July 2002 Bill Clinton George W. Bush 15 Lowell E. Jacoby USN July 2002 -- November 2005 George W. Bush 16 Michael D. Maples USA November 2005 -- March 2009 George W. Bush Barack Obama 17 Ronald Burgess USA March 2009 -- July 2012 Barack Obama 18 Michael T. Flynn USA July 2012 -- August 2014 Barack Obama 19 David Shedd Civilian August 2014 -- January 2015 Barack Obama 20 Vincent R. Stewart USMC January 2015 -- Present Barack Obama Donald Trump References ( edit ) Jump up ^ DIA Public Web Page , Leadership External links ( edit ) DIA Web Site Defense Intelligence Agency Subordinate organizations Defense Clandestine Service Defense Attaché System Defense Cover Office Missile and Space Intelligence Center National Center for Medical Intelligence National Media Exploitation Center Joint Intelligence Operations Center Europe Analytic Center / Joint Intelligence Center National Intelligence University Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence , Surveillance and Reconnaissance Projects , operations , and programs Project Socrates Stargate Project Able Danger Iraq Survey Group Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System Soviet Military Power Oversight United States Secretary of Defense Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence Military Intelligence Board Director of National Intelligence United States Intelligence Community United States Department of Defense SSCI HPSCI People Robert McNamara Directors Facilities Defense Intelligence Agency Headquarters The Pentagon DIA Memorial Wall Directors of the Defense Intelligence Agency Carroll Bennett de Poix Graham Wilson Tighe Williams Perroots Soyster Nagy ( acting ) Clapper Minihan Hughes Wilson Jacoby Maples Burgess Flynn Shedd ( acting ) Stewart Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Director_of_the_Defense_Intelligence_Agency&oldid=802747952 '' Categories : People of the Defense Intelligence Agency Directors of the Defense Intelligence Agency Directors of intelligence agencies Talk About Wikipedia 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 06 : 03 . About Wikipedia | who is the director of the defense intelligence agency | [
"\n\n#\nDirector\nPhoto\nService\nTerm\nPresident(s) served under\n\n\n1\nJoseph Carroll\n\nUSAF\nOctober 1961 – September 1969\nJohn F. Kennedy\nLyndon B. Johnson\n\n\n2\nDonald V. Bennett\n\nUSA\nSeptember 1969 – August 1972\nRichard Nixon\n\n\n3\nVincent P. de Poix\n\nUSN\nAugust 1972 – September 1974\nRichard Nixon\nGerald Ford\n\n\n4\nDaniel O. Graham\n\nUSA\nSeptember 1974 – December 1975\nGerald Ford\n\n\n5\nSamuel V. Wilson\n\nUSA\nMay 1976 – August 1977\nGerald Ford\nJimmy Carter\n\n\n6\nEugene F. Tighe\n\nUSAF\nSeptember 1977 – August 1981\nJimmy Carter\nRonald Reagan\n\n\n7\nJames A. Williams\n\nUSA\nSeptember 1981 – September 1985\nRonald Reagan\n\n\n8\nLeonard H. Perroots\n\nUSAF\nOctober 1985 – December 1988\nRonald Reagan\n\n\n9\nHarry E. Soyster\n\nUSA\nDecember 1988 – September 1991\nRonald Reagan\nGeorge H. W. Bush\n\n\n10\nDennis M. Nagy\n\nCivilian\nSeptember 1991 – November 1991\nGeorge H. W. Bush\n\n\n11\nJames R. Clapper\n\nUSAF\nNovember 1991 – August 1995\nGeorge H. W. Bush\nBill Clinton\n\n\n12\nKenneth Minihan\n\nUSAF\nAugust 1995 – February 1996\nBill Clinton\n\n\n13\nPatrick M. Hughes\n\nUSA\nFebruary 1996 – July 1999\nBill Clinton\n\n\n14\nThomas R. Wilson\n\nUSN\nJuly 1999 – July 2002\nBill Clinton\nGeorge W. Bush\n\n\n15\nLowell E. Jacoby\n\nUSN\nJuly 2002 – November 2005\nGeorge W. Bush\n\n\n16\nMichael D. Maples\n\nUSA\nNovember 2005 – March 2009\nGeorge W. Bush\nBarack Obama\n\n\n17\nRonald Burgess\n\nUSA\nMarch 2009 – July 2012\nBarack Obama\n\n\n18\nMichael T. Flynn\n\nUSA\nJuly 2012 – August 2014\nBarack Obama\n\n\n19\nDavid Shedd\n\nCivilian\nAugust 2014 – January 2015\nBarack Obama\n\n\n20\nVincent R. Stewart\n\nUSMC\nJanuary 2015 – Present\nBarack Obama\nDonald Trump\n\n"
] | [
"Vincent R. Stewart"
] |
5087964680990352086 | The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company | The Ritz - Carlton Hotel company - wikipedia The Ritz - Carlton Hotel company Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the parent company to The Ritz - Carlton Hotel brand . For other uses , see Ritz ( disambiguation ) . The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Company , LLC Type Subsidiary Industry Hospitality Founded 1983 ( 1983 ) Headquarters Chevy Chase , Maryland , United States Number of locations 130 hotels worldwide Key people Bill Marriott , ( Chairman ) Arne Sorenson , ( Chief Executive Officer ) Herve Humler , ( President & Chief Operating Officer ) Kathleen Oberg , ( Chief Financial Officer ) Bob Kharazmi , ( Global Officer , Worldwide Operations ) Ed French , ( Global Officer , Sales & Marketing Revenue US $ 3 billion ( 2012 ) Number of employees 40,000 ( in 2017 ) Parent Marriott International Website www.ritzcarlton.com The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Company , LLC is an American company that operates the luxury hotel chain known as The Ritz - Carlton . The company has 91 luxury hotels and resorts in 30 countries and territories . The current company was founded in 1983 , when the previous owners sold the Ritz - Carlton brand name and the Ritz - Carlton hotel in Boston , Massachusetts . The brand was subsequently expanded to other locations . The company is today a subsidiary of Marriott International . Contents ( hide ) 1 Predecessor company 1.1 Ritz , Carlton and Ritz - Carlton in Europe 1.2 The Ritz - Carlton in North America 1.3 The first Ritz - Carlton chain 1.4 The Boston hotel 1.5 Decline of the first Ritz - Carlton chain 1.6 The Blakeley years : 1964 -- 1983 2 Current company 2.1 The corporate years : 1983 -- 1999 2.2 Disposal of the historic Boston property 3 The Ritz - Carlton today 3.1 Awards 3.2 Other accomplishments 3.3 Notable current properties 4 Former properties 4.1 Asia 4.2 Europe 4.3 North America 4.4 Australia 5 The Ritz - Carlton hotels in popular culture 6 References 7 External links Predecessor company ( edit ) Ritz , Carlton and Ritz - Carlton in Europe ( edit ) The story of The Ritz - Carlton begins with Swiss hotelier César Ritz , who was well known in the hotel industry as the `` king of hoteliers and hotelier to kings '' redefined luxury accommodation in Europe with his management of The Ritz in Paris and the Carlton Hotel in London , among others . He and the renowned chef from his hotels , Auguste Escoffier , opened a la carte restaurants known as Ritz - Carlton on board the Hamburg - Amerika Line ocean liners SS Amerika in 1905 and SS Imperator in 1913 . The restaurants on those ships ceased operating in 1914 with the outbreak of World War I . Although Ritz died in 1918 , his wife Marie continued the tradition of opening hotels in his name . The Ritz - Carlton in North America ( edit ) The Ritz - Carlton logo at the former Hong Kong property The Ritz - Carlton Investing Company was established by Albert Keller , who bought and franchised the name in the United States . The first Ritz - Carlton Hotel in the U.S. opened in New York City in 1911 . It was located at 46th Street and Madison Avenue . Louis Diat ran the kitchens and invented Vichyssoise there . In 1911 , the Ritz company announced its intention to expand to Philadelphia and Atlantic City . The Ritz - Carlton Philadelphia followed in 1913 at Broad & Walnut streets , designed by Horace Trumbauer and Warren & Wetmore . The Ritz - Carlton Montreal opened in 1912 , not owned by Keller as it was located in Canada . Keller 's Ritz - Carlton Atlantic City opened in 1921 . The first Ritz - Carlton chain ( edit ) Entrance to the now - demolished Ritz - Carlton Hong Kong In the early 1920s , the Ritz - Carlton chain consisted of 15 hotels : Argentina Plaza Hotel Buenos Aires France Ritz Hotel , Paris Imperial Hotel , Menton Royal Hotel , Évian - les - Bains Splendide Hotel , Évian - les - Bains Italy Grand Hotel Excelsior , Rome Grand Hotel , Rome ( today The St. Regis Rome ) Grand Hotel and New Casino , Rapallo Grand Hotel et des Iles Borromees , Lake Maggiore Excelsior Hotel , Naples Switzerland Grand Hotel National , Lucerne United Kingdom Carlton Hotel , London Ritz Hotel , London The Ritz - Carlton Rewards membership card United States Ritz - Carlton Hotel , New York City Ritz - Carlton Hotel , Atlantic City The Boston Hotel ( edit ) In October 1926 , 29 - year - old Edward N. Wyner bought a third - acre parcel at the corner of Arlington and Newbury streets and formed a partnership called The Ritz - Arlington Trust with his father , George , and business associate , John S. Slater . The trust sold $2.1 million of bonds to finance the construction of an apartment building to be called the Mayflower . The 18 - story , 201 - foot ( 61 m ) brick building , designed by Strickland , Blodget & Law Architects , was far taller than anything else along Newbury Street at the time . Construction had started on the second floor when Wyner was persuaded by then - Mayor James Michael Curley to make the Mayflower a world - class , 300 - room Ritz - Carlton Hotel , which opened May 19 , 1927 . Room rates were $5 to $15 per night ; $40 per night for suites . After a hugely successful opening , the stock market crash of 1929 and ensuing Depression brought financial difficulties . The Wyner family funded the hotel 's operating losses during the early 1930s , although the interest on the bonds went unpaid . Still in 1933 , when only 30 guests were registered in the hotel , Wyner turned on the lights in every guest room to give the appearance the hotel was full . Decline of the first Ritz - Carlton chain ( edit ) The Philadelphia location was converted to an office building after only a few years in operation . The Atlantic City hotel was sold to Schine Hotels in the late 1940s , and later Sheraton Hotels in 1959 . The New York hotel was demolished in 1951 , leaving only the Boston location . Edward Wyner died of a heart attack on December 5 , 1961 . His six sons tried to continue operation of the Boston hotel , but were unable to overcome difficulties , and decided to sell . The Blakeley years : 1964 -- 1983 ( edit ) The Ritz - Carlton , Washington , D.C. The unpaid interest on the bonds dissuaded many from trying to buy the hotel . But Cabot , Cabot & Forbes principal Gerald F. Blakeley Jr. was interested . After more than a year of legal work , Hale and Dorr succeeded at clearing the bond obligations , and in October 1964 Blakeley and associates Paul Hellmuth and Charles Spaulding acquired the Ritz - Carlton Boston for $3.8 million . `` Out of the 20 years I owned it , it made money three years . The other years it broke even , but from a public relations standpoint for CC&F , it was a tremendous asset , '' said Blakeley , who completed a 19 - story Ritz - Carlton luxury condominium complex on land adjacent to the hotel in 1981 . In the late 1960s Blakeley obtained the rights to the Ritz - Carlton name in North America ( with the exception of Montreal and New York ) . In June 1978 , Blakeley was awarded the rights and privileges of the Ritz - Carlton trademark in the United States and was given a US Service Mark Registration . In the 1970s , the Ritz - Carlton name was licensed to the builders of a new hotel in Chicago . The Ritz - Carlton Chicago opened in 1975 in a tower atop Water Tower Place . It joined the Four Seasons Hotels & Resorts chain in 1977 , as there was no Ritz - Carlton chain at the time . Confusingly , it remained part of Four Seasons for decades , marketed as `` The Ritz - Carlton Chicago ( A Four Seasons Hotel ) '' . It had no association with the modern Ritz - Carlton chain , though it used the name and the iconic logo . The property was sold in 2013 and left Four Seasons , joining the modern Ritz - Carlton chain as a franchise on August 1 , 2015 . In 1982 , Blakely licensed the name to hotelier John B. Coleman for two hotels he was renovating , The Fairfax in Washington , D.C. and the Navarro in New York City . Coleman renamed them The Ritz - Carlton Washington D.C. and The Ritz - Carlton New York in April 1982 . Coleman paid Blakely a fee of 1.5 percent of each hotel 's annual gross revenue for use of the name . The two hotels eventually joined the modern chain that would be founded a few years later . Current company ( edit ) In August 1983 , Blakeley sold The Ritz - Carlton Boston and the US trademark for $75.5 million to developer William B. Johnson , who assembled a four - person development team in Atlanta , headed by hotelier Horst Schulze , to create The Ritz - Carlton concept and established The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Co . In 1988 , Johnson subsequently obtained the exclusive rights to The Ritz - Carlton name throughout the world except for the 210 - room Hotel - Ritz Paris , The Ritz - Carlton at Water Tower Place in Chicago , and The Ritz - Carlton in Montreal . The Corporate years : 1983 -- 1999 ( edit ) The Ritz - Carlton at the Autostadt in Wolfsburg , Germany : completed in 2000 , it was the first hotel of the company to open in Europe . From 1951 to 1975 , The Ritz - Carlton Boston had been one of only two Ritz - Carlton hotels in the US . The other was the independently owned Ritz - Carlton Atlantic City which had since been converted to condominiums . Johnson 's company paid the Atlantic City establishment to abandon its name and rename itself The Ritz Condominiums . Johnson would later enlarge the company from just the Boston property to 30 hotels worldwide in just 10 years . He obtained financing to do so from Manufacturers Hanover Trust of New York in 1983 in the amount of $85 million secured by The Ritz - Carlton Boston . This loan was refinanced in 1989 by Manhattan Tops USA of New York for $136.5 million and again in 1994 by Sumitomo Bank of Japan . By 1996 , this mortgage was in default and the interest and penalties brought the total debt to $214.8 million . By splitting this mortgage note into three parts , Sumitomo Bank was able to unbundle The Ritz - Carlton Boston from the trademark rights to The Ritz - Carlton brand worldwide . Blackstone Real Estate Acquisitions of New York bought The Ritz - Carlton Boston at auction for $75 million in February 1998 . A month later , Marriott International of Bethesda , Maryland , acquired the hotel from Blackstone for $100 million . Marriott , which franchises and manages Marriott 's 325,000 rooms , then bought The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Co. and rights to The Ritz - Carlton name worldwide from W.B. Johnson for $290 million in a two - part transaction completed in 1998 . Disposal of the historic Boston property ( edit ) In 1998 , Christopher Jeffries , founding partner of Millennium Partners , obtained The Ritz - Carlton franchises from Marriott for four hotel properties under construction : two in Washington , one in New York City , and one in Atlanta , Georgia . In addition , Jeffries was searching for a brand affiliation for the new 155 - room hotel and 270 - luxury condominiums he was constructing as part of Boston 's 1,800,000 - square - foot ( 170,000 m ) Millennium Place , a mixed - use complex on lower Washington Street . Due to noncompetition clauses , the only way he could obtain a second Ritz - Carlton flag in Boston was to own the existing Ritz - Carlton . Millennium Partners acquired the original Ritz - Carlton Boston for $122 million ( though it had sold for just $75 million less than two years prior ) and spent $50 million for renovations . Marriott agreed to allow The Ritz - Carlton affiliation for the condominium complex , known as The Residences at The Ritz - Carlton , sharing all of the services of the hotel . From 2001 to 2007 , Boston was home to two Ritz - Carlton hotels that faced each other across Boston Common . The Ritz - Carlton , Boston Common opened in 2001 . In November 2006 , Taj Hotels , a subsidiary of the India - based Tata Group , purchased The Ritz - Carlton Boston from its owners , Millennium Partners for $170 million . The Ritz - Carlton Boston became the Taj Boston on January 11 , 2007 . The Ritz - Carlton today ( edit ) The Ritz - Carlton Hotel , Istanbul , from the Bosphorus The company grew under the leadership of President and COO Horst Schulze . Schulze instituted a company - wide concentration on both the personal and the data - driven sides of service : He coined the company 's well - known customer / employee - centered motto , `` We are Ladies and Gentlemen Serving Ladies and Gentlemen '' and the set of specific service values ( standards ) on which The Ritz - Carlton employees base service through the present day . Under his leadership the hotels earned an unprecedented two Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Awards and grew from four to forty U.S. locations . During this time , The Ritz - Carlton also became known for its influence on service in a wide range of industries , through the creation of The Ritz - Carlton Learning Institute and The Ritz - Carlton Leadership Center , created by then - Ritz executive Leonardo Inghilleri , who was an architect of the Ritz 's second Baldrige award , where executives from other companies worldwide in many disciplines come to learn The Ritz - Carlton principles of service . In 1995 , Marriott International purchased a 49 % stake in The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Company , and in 1998 , they purchased an additional 50 % stake in the company , giving it 99 % ownership of the company . Schulze and other executives ( including Leonardo Inghilleri , Robert A. Warman and Peter Schoch ) left to form the West Paces Hotel Group , which took the name of its primary brand , Capella Hotels , in December 2011 . In 2007 , the partners also formed Solís Hotels . The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Company is now headquartered in Chevy Chase , Maryland , located in the Washington , D.C. MSA . The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Company partnered with Bulgari in 2001 to operate a chain of hotels owned by and operated under the BVLGARI brand . The company currently has marketing agreements with Bulgari Hotels & Resorts , the Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas , the privately owned Ritz - Carlton Montreal , The Ritz Hotel London and the Hotel Ritz Madrid . In 2011 , The Ritz - Carlton , Hong Kong was opened . It is the tallest hotel in the world . Simon Cooper joined Ritz - Carlton in 2001 as President and Chief Operating Officer , taking the helm from Horst Schulze . Cooper 's mandate was to grow the chain through hotel expansion and product diversification . Under Cooper 's watch the company has aggressively expanded its hotels and added The Ritz - Carlton Residences , private residential units , and The Ritz - Carlton Destination Club , fractional ownership residences , to the company 's development program . August 12 , 2010 , Ritz - Carlton announced its new President and Chief Operations Officer would be Herve Humler , one of the founders of the 1983 company , who will be responsible for leading brand operations and global growth strategy . In 2015 , The Ritz - Carlton , Macau was opened . It is located at the Galaxy Macau . The Ritz - Carlton , Macau is designed as a gold palace . Awards ( edit ) The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Company has been featured on Zagat Survey Top Lists for dining , hotels and service . The Dallas , USA and Wolfsburg , Germany locations both received top honors from Zagat in 2009 , including Top Large Hotel for the Dallas location . The Ritz - Carlton is the only company to date to win two Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Awards ( 1992 and 1999 ) . Ritz - Carlton 's President and COO Horst Schulze was recognized for Ritz - Carlton 's contributions during his tenure with Corporate Hotelier of the World Ishikawa Medal for contributions to the Quality movement . Other accomplishments ( edit ) The Ritz - Carlton is notable for attempting to share its knowledge of quality as it applies to service . Initially this was done at the request of the Baldrige committee , but The Ritz - Carlton ultimately adopted this as a central mission through the creation of The Ritz - Carlton Learning Institute and The Ritz - Carlton Leadership Center . In October , 2011 , Angella Reid , the General Manager of The Ritz - Carlton Hotel in Pentagon City , Virginia was appointed as White House Chief Usher , becoming the first woman to serve in that post . It also has major service training operations in its Ritz - Carlton Learning Institute and Ritz - Carlton Leadership Center , created by Ritz - Carlton executive ( emeritus ) Leonardo Inghilleri , where nearly 50,000 executives from other companies worldwide have been trained in The Ritz - Carlton principles of service . Notable current properties ( edit ) The Ritz - Carlton , located in Moscow In 1999 Ritz - Carlton acquired the former Hotel St. Moritz in New York City , reestablishing a presence in New York for the first time since the 1951 demolition of their previous building . Actually , a Ritz - Carlton opened in Manhattan , New York City , in 1982 or 1983 . See `` NEW RITZ - CARLTON OFFERS LUXURY ON SMALLER SCALE , '' New York Times , April 25 , 1982 . https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/25/nyregion/new-ritz-carlton-offers-luxury-on-smaller-scale.html The first Ritz - Carlton Hotel in Russia , The Moscow Ritz - Carlton ( ru ) , opened 1 July 2007 on Tverskaya Street . The Ritz - Carlton Suite , billed at US $ 13,715 per night , is listed at number 13 on World 's 15 most expensive hotel suites compiled by CNN in 2012 . In 2014 , Oberoi Realty and Ritz - Carlton announced they would construct a hotel in Mumbai with an expected opening in 2016 . Ritz - Carlton opened its first Indian property in Bangalore in 2013 . The Ritz - Carlton , Hong Kong occupies floors 102 to 108 of the International Commerce Centre On 29 March 2011 , The Ritz - Carlton opened the highest hotel in the world , The Ritz - Carlton , Hong Kong on floors 102 - 108 of the International Commerce Centre in Tsim Sha Tsui on Kowloon Peninsula , Hong Kong . The lobby is 425 m ( 1,394 ft ) above the ground , making the hotel the tallest in Asia . Asian Headquarters of Morgan Stanley , Credit Suisse , and Deutsche Bank are located in the same 110 - storey building . The Ritz - Carlton , Charlotte which opened in October 2009 is the first Ritz - Carlton property to earn LEED Gold Certification and the youngest Ritz - Carlton property to earn five - diamonds , and is the only five diamond property in Charlotte ( and one of only three in the state of North Carolina ) . The Ritz - Carlton , Fort Lauderdale ( AAA Five Diamond Award ) which opened in August 2008 opened as a St. Regis just one year prior . The Ritz - Carlton and JW Marriott Hotels at L.A. Live opened February 2010 and share the first skyscraper built since the early 1990s in Downtown Los Angeles . The Ritz - Carlton , Los Angeles was awarded a LEED silver certification . The readers of Condé Nast Traveler elected The Ritz - Carlton Shanghai , Pudong as `` The Best Hotel in Asia '' from 2012 through 2014 . The Ritz - Carlton operates fractional residences at several locations in the United States under the name Ritz - Carlton Destination Club . Properties include Aspen Highlands and Vail in Colorado , St. Thomas in the U.S. Virgin Islands , San Francisco and Jupiter , Florida . On Tuesday 17 July 2009 , at 7 : 47 a.m. Jakarta time , a bomb exploded in The Ritz - Carlton Mega Kuningan , Jakarta , Indonesia destroying the first floor of the hotel . The explosion occurred 2 minutes after the explosion at the nearby JW Marriott Jakarta . The hotel was scheduled to host the Manchester United football club the following Monday during the Indonesia leg of its Asia tour , but the visit was canceled due to the bombing . Nine people including 2 suicide bombers were killed . On 26 August 2013 , members of the Filipino diaspora protested at The Ritz - Carlton , Los Angeles and JW Marriott Hotels at L.A. Live against the Priority Development Assistance Fund scam . It is believed that the family of the alleged mastermind of the scam Janet Lim - Napoles owned a condominium unit in the building said to be worth $2 million . On 31 October 2013 , The Ritz - Carlton Bangalore is opened and the first property in India . On 4 November 2013 , the Ritz - Carlton Kazakhstan opened in Almaty . The 145 - room hotel sits on the top floors of the Esentai Tower , the tallest building in Central Asia . The upper floors also include the Ritz - Carlton Residences as well . The hotel includes a steakhouse , a sky bar , a business center , spa and 9,000 square metres ( 97,000 sq ft ) of meeting space . The rooms include in - room safes , power outlets for laptops , iPod docking stations and marble bathrooms . In January 2014 , Ritz - Carlton opened a hotel in Herzliya , Israel featuring a spa and the brand 's first kosher restaurant . The Ritz - Carlton Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia 's capital city , opened in 1997 , is the only ' all butler hotel ' operating in the city , offering butler service to all of its 300 + rooms and suites and has since been ranked among the `` Gold List '' of hotels by Condé Nast , ranked as `` one of the top five butler hotels '' by The Independent and regarded by Travel and Leisure as one of `` The World 's Greatest Hotels '' . Former properties ( edit ) Asia ( edit ) Jimbaran , Bali , Indonesia , India : Management terminated in 2009 Europe ( edit ) Enniskerry , Ireland : Ritz - Carlton Powerscourt : Management terminated 1 October 2013 North America ( edit ) Atlanta , Georgia : Buckhead Ritz - Carlton - reopened as The Whitley December 2017 Montego Bay , Jamaica : Ritz - Carlton Rose Hall -- Management terminated July 2013 Aspen , Colorado : Ritz - Carlton Aspen -- Management terminated 2 Aug 1997 Dearborn Michigan : Ritz - Carlton Dearborn -- Management terminated 2 June 2010 Houston , Texas : Ritz - Carlton Houston -- Management terminated 2 Aug 1997 Kansas City , Missouri : Ritz - Carlton Kansas City Lake Las Vegas Ritz - Carlton : Opened 2003 ; closed 2 May 2010 Palm Beach , Florida : Ritz - Carlton Palm Beach -- Management terminated 1 July 2013 Pasadena , California : Ritz - Carlton Huntington -- Opened 1991 ; management terminated January 2008 Phoenix , Arizona : Ritz - Carlton Phoenix -- Opened 1988 ; management contract ended 24 July 2015 Washington , District of Columbia : Ritz - Carlton Washington D.C. -- Management terminated 2 Aug 1997 Australia ( edit ) Sydney Ritz - Carlton Double Bay : management terminated 2001 The Ritz - Carlton hotels in popular Culture ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In E.B. White 's children 's novel The Trumpet of the Swan , the main character Louis ( a trumpeter swan ) stays at the Ritz - Carlton Boston , where he eats watercress sandwiches and sleeps in the bathtub . Ritz - Carlton in Half Moon Bay , California On the HBO original series Boardwalk Empire , the character of Enoch `` Nucky '' Thompson ( portrayed by Steve Buscemi ) , the treasurer of Atlantic County , occupies the entire 9th floor of a fictionalized version of the hotel in Atlantic City , New Jersey . The real Enoch `` Nucky '' Johnson on which Nucky Thompson was based did in fact occupy an entire floor of suites at the Ritz - Carlton Atlantic City until his arrest in 1941 on charges of tax evasion . A 1922 short story by F. Scott Fitzgerald is titled , `` The Diamond as Big as the Ritz . '' The 2003 movie , American Wedding used the Ritz - Carlton in Half Moon Bay , California , as the filming location for the wedding venue . The Ritz also features in the Irving Berlin song `` Puttin ' On the Ritz '' in which the hotel chain served as an inspiration for the titular expression , meaning to live opulently In 2015 , the rapper Plies released the song `` Ritz Carlton '' . In the song , he raps about his affinity for routinely spending time at the lavish hotel . He also boasts about a prior situation where he `` ran off on the plug twice '' . The Ritz Paris was also referenced in Kenneth Oppel 's novel Skybreaker . The main character visits for a meeting with a man who wants the coordinates of the mythical airship Hyperion . The man he meets mentions that he enjoyed `` putting on the Ritz '' , but would be foolish to pay for it . Michael Hutchence of INXS aged 37 was found dead at the Ritz - Carlton hotel in Double Bay , Sydney on 22 November 1997 in Room 524 American telenovela and drama Jane the Virgin , aired on The CW , uses the Ritz - Carlton Marina Del Rey 's property as the setting for the show , while the storyline is based in Miami ( whereas that Ritz - Carlton Marina Del Ray is in Los Angeles , California ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Ritz - Carlton Fact Sheet '' . The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Company . 2017 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Wellman , Jos . `` The Emperor of Chefs and the Chef of Emperors '' . Escoffier.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Company History '' . Ritz - Carlton . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ritz - Carlton : the beginning '' . The Most Famous Hotels in the World . 4 November 2014 . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Kamp , David ( 12 September 2006 ) . The United States of Arugula . New York : Clarkson Potter . ISBN 978 - 0767915793 . Jump up ^ `` Hotel Chain here for Ritz - Carlton Co '' . The New York Times . May 20 , 1911 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel J. Terra Building '' . Emporis . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Ritz - Carlton Hotel '' . Philadelphia Architects and Buildings . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Ritz - Carlton Hotel '' . Architectural Record . XXXIV : 213 -- 224 . September 1913 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Ritz - Carlton Hotel - Atlantic City '' ( PDF ) . Historical Timeline . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Ritz - Carlton Hotel '' . New York Architecture . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ McGinnis , Chris ( 5 May 2015 ) . `` Ritz - Carlton Chicago becomes a ... Ritz - Carlton '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Conroy , Sarah Booth ( October 26 , 1998 ) . `` Accommodating a Hotel 's Good Name '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Pederson , Jay P. ( 2001 ) . The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Company , L.L.C. International Directory of Company Histories. 40 . St. James Press . pp. 455 -- 457 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Jack Hayes ( January 1997 ) . `` Horst Schulze : puttin ' on the Ritz '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Taj buys Ritz - Carlton in Boston for $170 m '' . The Economic Times . 11 November 2006 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Horst Schulze '' . American Way . 15 July 2006 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Two Manufacturers , Two Service Companies Win 1999 Baldrige Awards '' ( Press release ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . 23 November 1999 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Michelli , Joseph A. ( 4 July 2008 ) . The New Gold Standard . McGraw Hill . p. 6 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Learning Institute '' . Master Connection Associates . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The West Paces Hotel Group Changes Name to Capella Hotel Group to Capitalize on its Successful Luxury Brand Partners with Private Equity Firm Stonleigh Capital for Rapid Global Expansion '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Capella Hotel Group . 14 December 2011 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Solis Lough Eske Castle Hotel opened this weekend '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Solis Hotels. 20 December 2007 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Micah ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Ritz - Carlton President Herve Humler 's Leadership , Culture And Customer Service Secrets '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Jenna ( 12 November 2008 ) . `` Zagat Releases 2009 U.S. Hotels Survey '' . HotelChatter.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Service Excellence presented by Horst Schulze '' . Meeting Professionals International . 19 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 26 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` White House Announces New Chief Usher , Angella Reid '' ( Press release ) . Office of the First Lady . 4 October 2011 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Bagli , Charles V. ( 8 November 1999 ) . `` Buyer Plans for St. Moritz To Be Ritz - Carlton Flagship '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Helen ( 25 March 2012 ) . `` World 's 15 most expensive hotel suites '' . CNN . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Oberoi Realty ties up with Ritz - Carlton for upcoming Worli hotel '' . The Economic Times . 8 May 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` International Commerce Centre Hong Kong '' . e-architect.com. 8 April 2011 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Amenities - Hotels '' . Sun Hung Kai Properties Ltd. 2011 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Hana R. ( 19 May 2010 ) . `` The World 's Highest Hotel '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Ritz - Carlton , Charlotte Celebrates LEED Gold Certification '' . GreenLodgingNews.com. 24 April 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` New JW Marriott Hotel Los Angeles at L.A. LIVE Opens '' ( Press release ) . Marriott International . 16 February 2010 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Readers of Conde Nast Traveler , U.S. Name the Ritz - Carlton Shanghai , Pudong Top Hotel in Asia '' ( Press release ) . Yahoo ! Finance . 8 December 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Governor asks MU to reconsider cancellation '' . The Jakarta Post . 17 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 20 July 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Fugitive linked to Jakarta blasts '' . BBC News . 18 July 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-pork barrel protest spreads to provinces , some cities abroad '' . GMA News TV . 26 August 2013 . Retrieved 25 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Ritz - Carlton enters India with its first property in Bangalore '' . India Hospitality Review . 31 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 16 July 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Ritz - Carlton Follows The Footsteps Of Marco Polo And Opens In Almaty , On The Old Silk Road '' ( Press release ) . MarketWatch. 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Mark ( 5 November 2013 ) . `` Ritz - Carlton debuts in Kazakhstan '' . TravelDaily . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Elis , Niv ( 16 December 2013 ) . `` Ritz - Carlton opens its doors in Israel , eyes more branches '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Ritz - Carlton Kuala Lumpur now refreshed '' . 1 April 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : JasonD ( 26 June 2013 ) . `` Ritz - Carlton Returns To Bali , But Loses Palm Beach and Ireland '' . Hotel Chatter . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ McConnell , Daniel ; Quinlan , Ronald ( 2 June 2013 ) . `` Ritz sold for € 1m and debts wiped '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` After today , the Ritz - Carlton , Buckhead is no more Atlanta Buzz with Jennifer Brett '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Chanize ( 18 July 2013 ) . `` The Ritz - Carlton , Montego Bay Closes and Other Caribbean News '' . Hotel Chatter . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Hyatt to Open All - Inclusive Resort at Former Ritz - Carlton in Montego Bay '' . Caribbean Journal . 26 August 2013 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Lii , Jane H. ( 1997 - 08 - 03 ) . `` 4 Hotels Lose Use of Ritz - Carlton Name '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ King , R.J. ( 20 October 2012 ) . `` The Henry in Dearborn is riding a major renovation and an economic upswing '' . D Business . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Dostal , Erin ( 2 May 2010 ) . `` Lake Las Vegas , 350 workers say goodbye to Ritz - Carlton '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Herman , Valli ( 28 November 2007 ) . `` Pasadena Ritz - Carlton to be rebranded '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Doerfler , Sue ( 15 May 2015 ) . `` Ritz - Carlton Phoenix to close , be rebranded '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Grenoble , Ryan ( 24 July 2013 ) . `` Former Ritz - Carlton Double Bay In Sydney Changes Hands For $60 Million Following Celebrity Death '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ritz - Carlton . Ritz - Carlton Hotels Official Website Ritz - Carlton Destination Club Official Website Ritz - Carlton Corporate Website Marriott International Marriott Corporation ( 1929 -- 1993 ) Marriott International ( 1992 -- ) Starwood ( 1980 -- ) Luxury Ritz - Carlton St. Regis EDITION Hotels The Luxury Collection Bulgari Hotels & Resorts W Hotels JW Marriott Full service Marriott Hotels & Resorts Sheraton Delta Hotels Le Méridien Westin Autograph Collection Design Hotels Renaissance Hotels Tribute Portfolio Gaylord Hotels Protea Hotels by Marriott AC Hotels Aloft MOXY Hotels Focused service Short - term lodging Courtyard Fairfield Inn Four Points by Sheraton SpringHill Suites Extended - stay lodging Marriott Executive Apartments Residence Inn TownePlace Suites Element by Westin ExecuStay -- sold in 2014 but still participates in Marriott Rewards Vacation ownership Marriott Vacation Club Grand Residence Club Marriott Vacation Club Ritz - Carlton Destination Club Loyalty program Marriott Rewards Ritz - 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"Blackstone Real Estate Acquisitions of New York bought The Ritz-Carlton Boston at auction for $75 million in February 1998. A month later, Marriott International of Bethesda, Maryland, acquired the[where?]hotel from Blackstone for $100 million. Marriott, which franchises and manages Marriott’s 325,000 rooms, then bought The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Co. and rights to The Ritz-Carlton name worldwide from W.B. Johnson for $290 million in a two-part transaction completed in 1998."
] | [
"1998"
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-4000062322067894697 | Million Dollar Baby | Million Dollar Baby - wikipedia Million Dollar Baby For the 1941 film , see Million Dollar Baby ( 1941 film ) . Not to be confused with Billion Dollar Baby . Million Dollar Baby Theatrical release poster Directed by Clint Eastwood Produced by Clint Eastwood Albert S. Ruddy Tom Rosenberg Paul Haggis Screenplay by Paul Haggis Story by F.X. Toole Based on Rope Burns : Stories from the Corner by F.X. Toole Starring Clint Eastwood Hilary Swank Morgan Freeman Music by Clint Eastwood Cinematography Tom Stern Edited by Joel Cox Production company Lakeshore Entertainment Malpaso Productions Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date December 15 , 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 15 ) Running time 132 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $30 million Box office $216.8 million Million Dollar Baby is a 2004 American sports drama film directed , co-produced , and scored by Clint Eastwood , and starring Eastwood , Hilary Swank , and Morgan Freeman . This film is about an underappreciated boxing trainer , the mistakes that haunt him from his past , and his quest for atonement by helping an underdog amateur boxer achieve her dream of becoming a professional . Million Dollar Baby opened to wide acclaim from critics , and won four Academy Awards , including Best Picture . Its screenplay was written by Paul Haggis , based on short stories by F.X. Toole , the pen name of fight manager and cutman Jerry Boyd . Originally published under the title Rope Burns , the stories have since been republished under the film 's title . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Development and production 4 Box office 5 Critical reception 6 Accolades 7 Home media 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Margaret `` Maggie '' Fitzgerald , a waitress from a Missouri town in the Ozarks , shows up in the Hit Pit , a run - down Los Angeles gym owned and operated by Frankie Dunn , an old , cantankerous boxing trainer . Maggie asks Frankie to train her , but he initially refuses . Maggie works out tirelessly each day in his gym , even after Frankie tells her she 's `` too old '' to begin a boxing career at her age . Eddie `` Scrap - Iron '' Dupris , Frankie 's friend and employee -- and the film 's narrator -- encourages and helps her . Frankie 's prize prospect , `` Big '' Willie Little , signs with successful manager Mickey Mack after becoming impatient with Frankie rejecting offers for a championship bout . With prodding from Scrap and impressed with her persistence , Frankie reluctantly agrees to train Maggie . He warns her that he will teach her only the basics and then find her a manager . Other than Maggie and his employees , the only person Frankie has contact with is a local priest , with whom he spars verbally at daily Mass . Before her first fight , Frankie leaves Maggie with a random manager in his gym , much to her dismay ; upon being told by Scrap that said manager deliberately put her up against his best girl ( coaching the novice to lose ) to give her an easy win , Frankie rejoins Maggie in the middle of the bout and coaches her instead to an unforeseen victory . A natural , she fights her way up in the women 's amateur boxing division with Frankie 's coaching , winning many of her lightweight bouts with first - round knockouts . Earning a reputation for her KOs , Frankie must resort to bribery to get other managers to put their trainee fighters up against her . Eventually , Frankie takes a risk by putting her in the junior welterweight class , where her nose is broken in her first match . Frankie comes to establish a paternal bond with Maggie , who substitutes for his estranged daughter . Scrap , concerned when Frankie rejects several offers for big fights , arranges a meeting for her with Mickey Mack at a diner on her 33rd birthday . Out of loyalty , she declines . Frankie begrudgingly accepts a fight for her against a top - ranked opponent in the UK , where he bestows a Gaelic nickname on her . The two travel to Europe as she continues to win ; Maggie eventually saves up enough of her winnings to buy her mother a house , but she berates Maggie for endangering her government aid , claiming that everyone back home is laughing at her . Frankie is finally willing to arrange a title fight . He secures Maggie a $1 million match in Las Vegas , Nevada against the WBA women 's welterweight champion , Billie `` The Blue Bear '' Osterman , a German ex-prostitute who has a reputation as a dirty fighter . Overcoming a shaky start , Maggie begins to dominate the fight , but after a round has ended , Billie knocks her out with an illegal sucker punch from behind after the bell has sounded to indicate the end of the round . Before Frankie can pull the corner stool out of the way which was inappropriately placed on its side by Frankie 's assistant , Maggie lands hard on it , breaking her neck and leaving her a ventilator - dependent quadriplegic . Frankie is shown experiencing the first three of the five stages of grief : first seeking multiple doctors ' opinions in denial , then blaming Scrap in anger and later trying to bargain with God through prayer . In a medical rehabilitation facility , Maggie looks forward to a visit from her family , but they arrive accompanied by an attorney and only after having first visited Disneyland and Universal Studios Hollywood ; their only concern is to transfer Maggie 's assets to them . She orders them to leave , threatening to sell the house and inform the IRS of her mother 's welfare fraud if they ever show their faces again . As the days pass , Maggie develops bedsores and undergoes an amputation for an infected leg . She asks a favor of Frankie : to help her die , declaring that she got everything she wanted out of life . A horrified Frankie refuses , and Maggie later bites her tongue repeatedly in an attempt to bleed to death , but the medical staff saves her and takes measures to prevent further suicide attempts . The priest Frankie has harassed for 23 years , Father Horvak , warns him that he would never find himself again if he were to go through with Maggie 's wishes . Frankie sneaks in one night , unaware that Scrap is watching from the shadows . Just before administering a fatal injection of adrenaline , he finally tells Maggie the meaning of a nickname he gave her , Mo Chuisle ( spelled incorrectly in the film as `` mo cuishle '' ) : Irish for `` my darling , and my blood '' ( literally , `` my pulse '' ) . He never returns to the gym . Scrap 's narration is revealed to be a letter to Frankie 's daughter , informing her of her father 's true character . The last shot of the film shows Frankie sitting at the counter of a diner where Maggie once took him , and after having a homemade lemon meringue pie with her , said `` Now I can die and go to heaven '' . Cast ( edit ) Clint Eastwood as Frankie Dunn , a gruff but well - meaning elderly boxing trainer . Hilary Swank as Mary Margaret `` Maggie '' Fitzgerald , a determined , aspiring boxer trained up by Frankie Dunn . Morgan Freeman as Eddie `` Scrap - Iron '' Dupris , Dunn 's gym assistant ; an elderly former boxer , he was blinded in one eye in his 109th , and last , fight . Jay Baruchel as Dangerous Dillard Fighting Flippo Bam - Bam Barch or `` Danger '' , a simple - minded would - be boxer . Mike Colter as `` Big '' Willie Little , a boxer whom Dunn has trained for years . Lucia Rijker as Billie `` The Blue Bear '' Osterman , a vicious , ex-prostitute boxer . Brían F. O'Byrne as Father Horvak , the priest of the church which Dunn attends , who can not stand Dunn . Anthony Mackie as Shawrelle Berry , an overzealous boxer and frequent tenant of Dunn 's gym . Margo Martindale as Earline Fitzgerald , Maggie 's selfish mother . Riki Lindhome as Mardell Fitzgerald , Maggie 's welfare - cheating sister . Michael Peña as Omar , a boxer and Shawrelle 's best friend . Benito Martinez as Billie 's manager Grant L. Roberts as Billie 's cut man , ( trainer ) trained Hilary Swank off screen for her Academy Award - winning role Bruce MacVittie as Mickey Mack , a rival of Dunn . David Powledge as Counterman at Diner Joe D'Angerio as Cut Man Aaron Stretch as Himself Don Familton as Ring Announcer Development and production ( edit ) The film was stuck in so - called `` development hell '' for years before it was shot . Several studios rejected the project even when Eastwood signed on as actor and director . Even Warner Bros. , Eastwood 's longtime home base , would not agree to a US $ 30 million budget . Eastwood persuaded Lakeshore Entertainment 's Tom Rosenberg to put up half the budget ( as well as handle foreign distribution ) , with Warner Bros. contributing the rest ( $15 million ) . Eastwood shot the film in less than 40 days between June and July 2004 . Filming took place in Los Angeles and film sets at Warner Bros. Studios . The term ' Million Dollar Baby ' was from the nose art of a World War II Consolidated B - 24 Liberator heavy bomber . Eastwood had his daughter Morgan Colette appear in a brief role as a girl who waves to Swank 's character at a gas station . Eastwood had confidence in Swank 's acting background , but upon seeing Swank 's small physique , he had concerns , `` I just thought , ' Yeah , this gal would be great . If we can get her trained up . If we can get a little bit more bulk on her , to make her look like a fighter ' ... She was like a feather . But what happened is , she had this great work ethic . '' Consequently , to prepare for her role , Swank underwent extensive training in the ring and weight room gaining 19 pounds of muscle , aided by professional trainer Grant L Roberts . She trained for nearly five hours every day , winding up with a potentially life - threatening staphylococcus infection . She did not tell Eastwood about the infection because she thought it would be out of character for Maggie . Box office ( edit ) Million Dollar Baby initially had a limited release , opening in eight theaters in December 2004 . In its later wide release opening , the film earned $12,265,482 in North America and quickly became a box - office hit both domestically and internationally . It grossed $216,763,646 in theaters ; $100,492,203 in the United States , and $116,271,443 overseas . The film played in theaters for six and a half months . Critical reception ( edit ) The film received critical acclaim . It holds a 91 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 261 reviews , with an average rating of 8.4 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Clint Eastwood 's assured direction - combined with knockout performances from Hilary Swank and Morgan Freeman - help Million Dollar Baby to transcend its clichés , and the result is deeply heartfelt and moving . '' It also has a score of 86 out of 100 on Metacritic , based on 39 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times gave the film four stars and stated that `` Clint Eastwood 's Million Dollar Baby is a masterpiece , pure and simple , '' listing it as the best film of 2004 . Michael Medved stated : `` My main objection to Million Dollar Baby always centered on its misleading marketing , and effort by Warner Brothers to sell it as a movie about a female Rocky , with barely a hint of the pitch - dark substance that led Andrew Sarris of the New York Observer ... to declare that ' no movie in my memory has depressed me more than Million Dollar Baby . ' '' In early 2005 , the film sparked controversy when some disability rights activists protested the ending . Wesley J. Smith in The Weekly Standard also criticized the film for its ending and for missed opportunities ; Smith said , `` The movie could have ended with Maggie triumphing once again , perhaps having obtained an education and becoming a teacher ; or , opening a business managing boxers ; or perhaps , receiving a standing ovation as an inspirational speaker . '' Eastwood responded to the criticism by saying the film was about the American dream . In an interview with the Los Angeles Times , Eastwood distanced himself from the actions of characters in his films , noting , `` I 've gone around in movies blowing people away with a . 44 Magnum . But that does n't mean I think that 's a proper thing to do '' . Roger Ebert stated that `` a movie is not good or bad because of its content , but because of how it handles its content . Million Dollar Baby is classical in the clean , clear , strong lines of its story and characters , and had an enormous emotional impact '' . Some commentators criticized the fact that the phrase mo chuisle , a term of endearment meaning literally `` my pulse '' , and generally `` my darling '' , was misspelled in the film as Mo Cuishle , as shown on the back of Maggie 's robe . It is translated in the film as `` my darling , my blood '' , although an Irish Gaelic translation site states that it is always translated as `` pulse '' , not as `` blood '' . The original phrase is short for a chuisle mo chroí , meaning `` O pulse of my heart '' . The film has been praised , however , for stirring renewed interest in the Irish language in the U.S. Accolades ( edit ) Million Dollar Baby received the award for Best Picture of 2004 at the 77th Academy Awards . Clint Eastwood was awarded his second Best Director Oscar for the film , and also received a Best Actor in a Leading Role nomination . Hilary Swank and Morgan Freeman received Best Actress in a Leading Role and Best Actor in a Supporting Role Oscars , respectively . Joel Cox , Eastwood 's editor for many years , was nominated for Best Film Editing , and Paul Haggis was nominated for the Best Adapted Screenplay award . The film was named the third `` Best Film of the 21st Century So Far '' in 2017 by The New York Times . Award Subject Result Academy Award Best Picture Clint Eastwood , Albert S. Ruddy and Tom Rosenberg Won Best Director Clint Eastwood Won Best Actress Hilary Swank Won Best Supporting Actor Morgan Freeman Won Best Actor Clint Eastwood Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Paul Haggis Nominated Best Film Editing Joel Cox Nominated ACE Eddie Best Editing Nominated Amanda Award Best Foreign Feature Film Clint Eastwood Nominated American Screenwriters Association Discover Screenwriting Award Paul Haggis Won Art Directors Guild Award Best Contemporary Feature Film Henry Bumstead Jack G. Taylor Jr . Nominated Billie Award Best Film Clint Eastwood Albert S. Ruddy Tom Rosenberg Paul Haggis Nominated Black Reel Award Best Supporting Actor Morgan Freeman Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Association Award Best Actress Hilary Swank Won Best Supporting Actor Morgan Freeman Nominated Best Director Clint Eastwood Nominated Best Film Clint Eastwood Albert S. Ruddy Tom Rosenberg Paul Haggis Nominated Casting Society of America Award Best Casting for Feature Film : Drama Phyllis Huffman Nominated César Award Best Foreign Film Clint Eastwood Albert S. Ruddy Tom Rosenberg Paul Haggis Won Chicago Film Critics Association Award Best Director Clint Eastwood Won Directors Guild of America Award Outstanding Directing Won Director 's Guild of Great Britain Outstanding Director Nominated ESPY Award Best Sports Movie Clint Eastwood Albert S. Ruddy Tom Rosenberg Paul Haggis Nominated Florida Film Critics Circle Award Best Actress Hilary Swank Won Golden Globe Award Best Actress Won Best Director Clint Eastwood Won Best Supporting Actor Morgan Freeman Nominated Best Motion Picture - Drama Clint Eastwood Albert S. Ruddy Tom Rosenberg Paul Haggis Nominated Best Original Score Clint Eastwood Nominated Grammy Award Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Nominated Motion Picture Sound Editors Award Best Sound Editing Alar Robert Murray Bub Asman David Grimaldi Jason King Nominated MTV Movie Award Best Female Performance Hilary Swank Nominated NAACP Image Award Outstanding Supporting Actor Morgan Freeman Won National Board of Review Award Best Film Clint Eastwood Albert S. Ruddy Tom Rosenberg Paul Haggis Nominated Best Director Clint Eastwood Nominated Best Actor Nominated New York Film Critics Circle Award Best Director Won Producers Guild of America Award Best Theatrical Motion Picture Clint Eastwood Albert S. Ruddy Tom Rosenberg Paul Haggis Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Award Best Actress Hilary Swank Won Best Actor Clint Eastwood Nominated Best Director Nominated Best Supporting Actor Morgan Freeman Nominated Best Film Clint Eastwood Albert S. Ruddy Tom Rosenberg Paul Haggis Nominated Satellite Award Best Actress Hilary Swank Won Best Adapted Screenplay Paul Haggis Won Screen Actors Guild Award Best Actress Hilary Swank Won Best Supporting Actor Morgan Freeman Won Best Cast Nominated Home Media ( edit ) The film was released on VHS and DVD on July 12 , 2005 , and all editions of the Region 1 DVD , except for the `` Deluxe Edition '' , came with a paperback copy of the book Rope Burns : Stories from the Corner . An HD DVD release was issued on April 18 , 2006 . The Blu - ray Disc version was released on November 14 , 2006 . It was the first Best Picture winner released on either high - definition optical disc format in the U.S. ; it and Unforgiven were the only ones released in the U.S. on HD DVD prior to the first one released in the U.S. on Blu - ray , Crash.It is also available online for downloading and streaming video rentals through Amazon , Apple 's iTunes Store and Vudu . See also ( edit ) Film portal Cinema of the United States List of American films of 2004 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Eliot ( 2009 ) , p. 309 ^ Jump up to : Hughes , p. 156 ^ Jump up to : `` Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 6 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Hughes , p. 157 Jump up ^ Fold 3 WWII Crew photos ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Leung ( March 2 , 2005 ) . `` Hilary Swank : Oscar Gold -- 60 Minutes '' . CBS News . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hughes , p. 160 Jump up ^ `` Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Million Dollar Baby Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 7 January 2005 ) . `` Million Dollar Baby '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved 26 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Medved , Michael . `` My ' Million Dollar ' Answer , '' OpinionJournal / Dow Jones & Company , Inc. ( 17 February 2005 ) . Archived at TownHall.com . Jump up ^ `` Million Dollar Missed Opportunity '' . weeklystandard.com . Jump up ^ The New York Times > Arts > Frank Rich : How Dirty Harry Turned Commie Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( 29 January 2005 ) . `` Critics have no right to play spoiler '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 27 November 2007 . Jump up ^ IrishGaelicTranslator.com . Million Dollar Baby movie ^ Jump up to : Wes Davis Fighting Words . New York Times , 26 February 2005 Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ; Scott , A.O. `` The 25 Best Films of the 21st Century ... So Far '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Historical HD DVD Release Dates , High - Def Digest , accessed 12 March 2012 ^ Jump up to : Historical Blu - ray Release Dates , High - Def Digest , accessed 12 March 2012 Bibliography Eliot , Marc ( 2009 ) . American Rebel : The Life of Clint Eastwood . Harmony Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 33688 - 0 . Hughes , Howard ( 2009 ) . Aim for the Heart . London : I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 902 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Million Dollar Baby Million Dollar Baby on IMDb Million Dollar Baby at the TCM Movie Database Million Dollar Baby at AllMovie Million Dollar Baby at Box Office Mojo Million Dollar Baby at Rotten Tomatoes Million Dollar Baby at Metacritic US News article : Million Dollar Maybe , A real - life version of Maggie Fitzgerald Another possible real - life Maggie Fitzgerald Million Dollar Baby at the Sports Movie Database Films directed by Clint Eastwood Play Misty for Me ( 1971 ) High Plains Drifter ( 1973 ) Breezy ( 1973 ) The Eiger Sanction ( 1975 ) The Outlaw Josey Wales ( 1976 ) The Gauntlet ( 1977 ) Bronco Billy ( 1980 ) Firefox ( 1982 ) Honkytonk Man ( 1982 ) Sudden Impact ( 1983 ) Pale Rider ( 1985 ) Heartbreak Ridge ( 1986 ) Bird ( 1988 ) White Hunter Black Heart ( 1990 ) The Rookie ( 1990 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) A Perfect World ( 1993 ) The Bridges of Madison County ( 1995 ) Absolute Power ( 1997 ) Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil ( 1997 ) True Crime ( 1999 ) Space Cowboys ( 2000 ) Blood Work ( 2002 ) Piano Blues ( 2003 ) Mystic River ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Changeling ( 2008 ) Gran Torino ( 2008 ) Invictus ( 2009 ) Hereafter ( 2010 ) J. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the female boxer in million dollar baby | [
"Clint Eastwood as Frankie Dunn, a gruff but well-meaning elderly boxing trainer.\nHilary Swank as Mary Margaret \"Maggie\" Fitzgerald, a determined, aspiring boxer trained up by Frankie Dunn.\nMorgan Freeman as Eddie \"Scrap-Iron\" Dupris, Dunn's gym assistant; an elderly former boxer, he was blinded in one eye in his 109th, and last, fight.\nJay Baruchel as Dangerous Dillard Fighting Flippo Bam-Bam Barch or \"Danger\", a simple-minded would-be boxer.\nMike Colter as \"Big\" Willie Little, a boxer whom Dunn has trained for years.\nLucia Rijker as Billie \"The Blue Bear\" Osterman, a vicious, ex-prostitute boxer.\nBrían F. O'Byrne as Father Horvak, the priest of the church which Dunn attends, who cannot stand Dunn.\nAnthony Mackie as Shawrelle Berry, an overzealous boxer and frequent tenant of Dunn's gym.\nMargo Martindale as Earline Fitzgerald, Maggie's selfish mother.\nRiki Lindhome as Mardell Fitzgerald, Maggie's welfare-cheating sister.\nMichael Peña as Omar, a boxer and Shawrelle's best friend.\nBenito Martinez as Billie's manager\nGrant L. Roberts as Billie's cut man, (trainer) trained Hilary Swank off screen for her Academy Award-winning role\nBruce MacVittie as Mickey Mack, a rival of Dunn.\nDavid Powledge as Counterman at Diner\nJoe D'Angerio as Cut Man\nAaron Stretch as Himself\nDon Familton as Ring Announcer"
] | [
"Hilary Swank"
] |
2627672364840617190 | Photosynthesis | Photosynthesis - wikipedia Photosynthesis Jump to : navigation , search Schematic of photosynthesis in plants . The carbohydrates produced are stored in or used by the plant . Overall equation for the type of photosynthesis that occurs in plants Composite image showing the global distribution of photosynthesis , including both oceanic phytoplankton and terrestrial vegetation . Dark red and blue - green indicate regions of high photosynthetic activity in the ocean and on land , respectively . Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms ' activities ( energy transformation ) . This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules , such as sugars , which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water -- hence the name photosynthesis , from the Greek φῶς , phōs , `` light '' , and σύνθεσις , synthesis , `` putting together '' . In most cases , oxygen is also released as a waste product . Most plants , most algae , and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis ; such organisms are called photoautotrophs . Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth 's atmosphere , and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth . Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species , the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments . In plants , these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts , which are most abundant in leaf cells , while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane . In these light - dependent reactions , some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances , such as water , producing oxygen gas . The hydrogen freed by the splitting of water is used in the creation of two further compounds that act as an immediate energy storage means : reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ( NADPH ) and adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , the `` energy currency '' of cells . In plants , algae and cyanobacteria , long - term energy storage in the form of sugars is produced by a subsequent sequence of light - independent reactions called the Calvin cycle ; some bacteria use different mechanisms , such as the reverse Krebs cycle , to achieve the same end . In the Calvin cycle , atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds , such as ribulose bisphosphate ( RuBP ) . Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light - dependent reactions , the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates , such as glucose . The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide , rather than water , as sources of electrons . Cyanobacteria appeared later ; the excess oxygen they produced contributed directly to the oxygenation of the Earth , which rendered the evolution of complex life possible . Today , the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts , which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization . Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100 -- 115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Photosynthetic membranes and organelles 3 Light - dependent reactions 3.1 Z scheme 3.2 Water photolysis 4 Light - independent reactions 4.1 Calvin cycle 4.2 Carbon concentrating mechanisms 4.2. 1 On land 4.2. 2 In water 5 Order and kinetics 6 Efficiency 7 Evolution 7.1 Symbiosis and the origin of chloroplasts 7.2 Cyanobacteria and the evolution of photosynthesis 8 Discovery 8.1 Development of the concept 8.2 C3 : C4 photosynthesis research 9 Factors 9.1 Light intensity ( irradiance ) , wavelength and temperature 9.2 Carbon dioxide levels and photorespiration 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 12.1 Books 12.2 Papers 13 External links Overview Photosynthesis changes sunlight into chemical energy , splits water to liberate O , and fixes CO into sugar . Photosynthetic organisms are photoautotrophs , which means that they are able to synthesize food directly from carbon dioxide and water using energy from light . However , not all organisms that use light as a source of energy carry out photosynthesis ; photoheterotrophs use organic compounds , rather than carbon dioxide , as a source of carbon . In plants , algae , and cyanobacteria , photosynthesis releases oxygen . This is called oxygenic photosynthesis and is by far the most common type of photosynthesis used by living organisms . Although there are some differences between oxygenic photosynthesis in plants , algae , and cyanobacteria , the overall process is quite similar in these organisms . There are also many varieties of anoxygenic photosynthesis , used mostly by certain types of bacteria , which consume carbon dioxide but do not release oxygen . Carbon dioxide is converted into sugars in a process called carbon fixation . Photosynthesis provides the energy in the form of free electrons that are used to split carbon from carbon dioxide that is then used to fix that carbon once again as carbohydrate . Carbon fixation is an endothermic redox reaction , so photosynthesis supplies the energy that drives both process . In general outline , photosynthesis is the opposite of cellular respiration , in which glucose and other compounds are oxidized to produce carbon dioxide and water , and to release chemical energy ( an exothermic reaction ) to drive the organism 's metabolism . The two processes , reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate and then later oxidation of the carbohydrate , are distinct : photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place through a different sequence of chemical reactions and in different cellular compartments . The general equation for photosynthesis as first proposed by Cornelius van Niel is therefore : CO + 2H A + photons → ( CH O ) + 2A + H O carbon dioxide + electron donor + light energy → carbohydrate + oxidized electron donor + water Since water is used as the electron donor in oxygenic photosynthesis , the equation for this process is : CO + 2H O + photons → ( CH O ) + O + H O carbon dioxide + water + light energy → carbohydrate + oxygen + water This equation emphasizes that water is both a reactant in the light - dependent reaction and a product of the light - independent reaction , but canceling n water molecules from each side gives the net equation : CO + H O + photons → ( CH O ) + O carbon dioxide + water + light energy → carbohydrate + oxygen Other processes substitute other compounds ( such as arsenite ) for water in the electron - supply role ; for example some microbes use sunlight to oxidize arsenite to arsenate : The equation for this reaction is : CO + ( AsO 3 − 3 ) + photons → ( AsO 3 − 4 ) + CO carbon dioxide + arsenite + light energy → arsenate + carbon monoxide ( used to build other compounds in subsequent reactions ) Photosynthesis occurs in two stages . In the first stage , light - dependent reactions or light reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy - storage molecules ATP and NADPH . During the second stage , the light - independent reactions use these products to capture and reduce carbon dioxide . Most organisms that utilize oxygenic photosynthesis use visible light for the light - dependent reactions , although at least three use shortwave infrared or , more specifically , far - red radiation . Some organisms employ even more radical variants of photosynthesis . Some archea use a simpler method that employs a pigment similar to those used for vision in animals . The bacteriorhodopsin changes its configuration in response to sunlight , acting as a proton pump . This produces a proton gradient more directly , which is then converted to chemical energy . The process does not involve carbon dioxide fixation and does not release oxygen , and seems to have evolved separately from the more common types of photosynthesis . Photosynthetic membranes and organelles Chloroplast ultrastructure : 1 . outer membrane 2 . intermembrane space 3 . inner membrane ( 1 + 2 + 3 : envelope ) 4 . stroma ( aqueous fluid ) 5 . thylakoid lumen ( inside of thylakoid ) 6 . thylakoid membrane 7 . granum ( stack of thylakoids ) 8 . thylakoid ( lamella ) 9 . starch 10 . ribosome 11 . plastidial DNA 12 . plastoglobule ( drop of lipids ) Main articles : Chloroplast and Thylakoid In photosynthetic bacteria , the proteins that gather light for photosynthesis are embedded in cell membranes . In its simplest form , this involves the membrane surrounding the cell itself . However , the membrane may be tightly folded into cylindrical sheets called thylakoids , or bunched up into round vesicles called intracytoplasmic membranes . These structures can fill most of the interior of a cell , giving the membrane a very large surface area and therefore increasing the amount of light that the bacteria can absorb . In plants and algae , photosynthesis takes place in organelles called chloroplasts . A typical plant cell contains about 10 to 100 chloroplasts . The chloroplast is enclosed by a membrane . This membrane is composed of a phospholipid inner membrane , a phospholipid outer membrane , and an intermembrane space . Enclosed by the membrane is an aqueous fluid called the stroma . Embedded within the stroma are stacks of thylakoids ( grana ) , which are the site of photosynthesis . The thylakoids appear as flattened disks . The thylakoid itself is enclosed by the thylakoid membrane , and within the enclosed volume is a lumen or thylakoid space . Embedded in the thylakoid membrane are integral and peripheral membrane protein complexes of the photosynthetic system . Plants absorb light primarily using the pigment chlorophyll . The green part of the light spectrum is not absorbed but is reflected which is the reason that most plants have a green color . Besides chlorophyll , plants also use pigments such as carotenes and xanthophylls . Algae also use chlorophyll , but various other pigments are present , such as phycocyanin , carotenes , and xanthophylls in green algae , phycoerythrin in red algae ( rhodophytes ) and fucoxanthin in brown algae and diatoms resulting in a wide variety of colors . These pigments are embedded in plants and algae in complexes called antenna proteins . In such proteins , the pigments are arranged to work together . Such a combination of proteins is also called a light - harvesting complex . Although all cells in the green parts of a plant have chloroplasts , the majority of those are found in specially adapted structures called leaves . Certain species adapted to conditions of strong sunlight and aridity , such as many Euphorbia and cactus species , have their main photosynthetic organs in their stems . The cells in the interior tissues of a leaf , called the mesophyll , can contain between 450,000 and 800,000 chloroplasts for every square millimeter of leaf . The surface of the leaf is coated with a water - resistant waxy cuticle that protects the leaf from excessive evaporation of water and decreases the absorption of ultraviolet or blue light to reduce heating . The transparent epidermis layer allows light to pass through to the palisade mesophyll cells where most of the photosynthesis takes place . Light - dependent reactions Light - dependent reactions of photosynthesis at the thylakoid membrane Main article : Light - dependent reactions In the light - dependent reactions , one molecule of the pigment chlorophyll absorbs one photon and loses one electron . This electron is passed to a modified form of chlorophyll called pheophytin , which passes the electron to a quinone molecule , starting the flow of electrons down an electron transport chain that leads to the ultimate reduction of NADP to NADPH . In addition , this creates a proton gradient ( energy gradient ) across the chloroplast membrane , which is used by ATP synthase in the synthesis of ATP . The chlorophyll molecule ultimately regains the electron it lost when a water molecule is split in a process called photolysis , which releases a dioxygen ( O ) molecule as a waste product . The overall equation for the light - dependent reactions under the conditions of non-cyclic electron flow in green plants is : 2 H O + 2 NADP + 3 ADP + 3 P + light → 2 NADPH + 2 H + 3 ATP + O Not all wavelengths of light can support photosynthesis . The photosynthetic action spectrum depends on the type of accessory pigments present . For example , in green plants , the action spectrum resembles the absorption spectrum for chlorophylls and carotenoids with absorption peaks in violet - blue and red light . In red algae , the action spectrum is blue - green light , which allows these algae to use the blue end of the spectrum to grow in the deeper waters that filter out the longer wavelengths ( red light ) used by above ground green plants . The non-absorbed part of the light spectrum is what gives photosynthetic organisms their color ( e.g. , green plants , red algae , purple bacteria ) and is the least effective for photosynthesis in the respective organisms . Z scheme The `` Z scheme '' In plants , light - dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts where they drive the synthesis of ATP and NADPH . The light - dependent reactions are of two forms : cyclic and non-cyclic . In the non-cyclic reaction , the photons are captured in the light - harvesting antenna complexes of photosystem II by chlorophyll and other accessory pigments ( see diagram at right ) . The absorption of a photon by the antenna complex frees an electron by a process called photoinduced charge separation . The antenna system is at the core of the chlorophyll molecule of the photosystem II reaction center . That freed electron is transferred to the primary electron - acceptor molecule , pheophytin . As the electrons are shuttled through an electron transport chain ( the so - called Z - scheme shown in the diagram ) , it initially functions to generate a chemiosmotic potential by pumping proton cations ( H ) across the membrane and into the thylakoid space . An ATP synthase enzyme uses that chemiosmotic potential to make ATP during photophosphorylation , whereas NADPH is a product of the terminal redox reaction in the Z - scheme . The electron enters a chlorophyll molecule in Photosystem I . There it is further excited by the light absorbed by that photosystem . The electron is then passed along a chain of electron acceptors to which it transfers some of its energy . The energy delivered to the electron acceptors is used to move hydrogen ions across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen . The electron is eventually used to reduce the co-enzyme NADP with a H to NADPH ( which has functions in the light - independent reaction ) ; at that point , the path of that electron ends . The cyclic reaction is similar to that of the non-cyclic , but differs in that it generates only ATP , and no reduced NADP ( NADPH ) is created . The cyclic reaction takes place only at photosystem I. Once the electron is displaced from the photosystem , the electron is passed down the electron acceptor molecules and returns to photosystem I , from where it was emitted , hence the name cyclic reaction . Water photolysis Main articles : Photodissociation and Oxygen evolution The NADPH is the main reducing agent produced by chloroplasts , which then goes on to provide a source of energetic electrons in other cellular reactions . Its production leaves chlorophyll in photosystem I with a deficit of electrons ( chlorophyll has been oxidized ) , which must be balanced by some other reducing agent that will supply the missing electron . The excited electrons lost from chlorophyll from photosystem I are supplied from the electron transport chain by plastocyanin . However , since photosystem II is the first step of the Z - scheme , an external source of electrons is required to reduce its oxidized chlorophyll a molecules . The source of electrons in green - plant and cyanobacterial photosynthesis is water . Two water molecules are oxidized by four successive charge - separation reactions by photosystem II to yield a molecule of diatomic oxygen and four hydrogen ions ; the electrons yielded are transferred to a redox - active tyrosine residue that then reduces the oxidized chlorophyll a ( called P680 ) that serves as the primary light - driven electron donor in the photosystem II reaction center . That photo receptor is in effect reset and is then able to repeat the absorption of another photon and the release of another photo - dissociated electron . The oxidation of water is catalyzed in photosystem II by a redox - active structure that contains four manganese ions and a calcium ion ; this oxygen - evolving complex binds two water molecules and contains the four oxidizing equivalents that are used to drive the water - oxidizing reaction . Photosystem II is the only known biological enzyme that carries out this oxidation of water . The hydrogen ions released contribute to the transmembrane chemiosmotic potential that leads to ATP synthesis . Oxygen is a waste product of light - dependent reactions , but the majority of organisms on Earth use oxygen for cellular respiration , including photosynthetic organisms . Light - independent reactions Calvin cycle Main articles : Calvin cycle , Carbon fixation , and Light - independent reactions In the light - independent ( or `` dark '' ) reactions , the enzyme RuBisCO captures CO from the atmosphere and , in a process called the Calvin - Benson cycle , it uses the newly formed NADPH and releases three - carbon sugars , which are later combined to form sucrose and starch . The overall equation for the light - independent reactions in green plants is 3 CO + 9 ATP + 6 NADPH + 6 H → C H O - phosphate + 9 ADP + 8 P + 6 NADP + 3 H O Overview of the Calvin cycle and carbon fixation Carbon fixation produces the intermediate three - carbon sugar product , which is then converted to the final carbohydrate products . The simple carbon sugars produced by photosynthesis are then used in the forming of other organic compounds , such as the building material cellulose , the precursors for lipid and amino acid biosynthesis , or as a fuel in cellular respiration . The latter occurs not only in plants but also in animals when the energy from plants is passed through a food chain . The fixation or reduction of carbon dioxide is a process in which carbon dioxide combines with a five - carbon sugar , ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate , to yield two molecules of a three - carbon compound , glycerate 3 - phosphate , also known as 3 - phosphoglycerate . Glycerate 3 - phosphate , in the presence of ATP and NADPH produced during the light - dependent stages , is reduced to glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate . This product is also referred to as 3 - phosphoglyceraldehyde ( PGAL ) or , more generically , as triose phosphate . Most ( 5 out of 6 molecules ) of the glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate produced is used to regenerate ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate so the process can continue . The triose phosphates not thus `` recycled '' often condense to form hexose phosphates , which ultimately yield sucrose , starch and cellulose . The sugars produced during carbon metabolism yield carbon skeletons that can be used for other metabolic reactions like the production of amino acids and lipids . Carbon concentrating mechanisms On land Overview of C4 carbon fixation In hot and dry conditions , plants close their stomata to prevent water loss . Under these conditions , CO will decrease and oxygen gas , produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis , will increase , causing an increase of photorespiration by the oxygenase activity of ribulose - 1 , 5 - bisphosphate carboxylase / oxygenase and decrease in carbon fixation . Some plants have evolved mechanisms to increase the CO concentration in the leaves under these conditions . Main article : C4 carbon fixation Plants that use the C carbon fixation process chemically fix carbon dioxide in the cells of the mesophyll by adding it to the three - carbon molecule phosphoenolpyruvate ( PEP ) , a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme called PEP carboxylase , creating the four - carbon organic acid oxaloacetic acid . Oxaloacetic acid or malate synthesized by this process is then translocated to specialized bundle sheath cells where the enzyme RuBisCO and other Calvin cycle enzymes are located , and where CO released by decarboxylation of the four - carbon acids is then fixed by RuBisCO activity to the three - carbon 3 - phosphoglyceric acids . The physical separation of RuBisCO from the oxygen - generating light reactions reduces photorespiration and increases CO fixation and , thus , the photosynthetic capacity of the leaf . C plants can produce more sugar than C plants in conditions of high light and temperature . Many important crop plants are C plants , including maize , sorghum , sugarcane , and millet . Plants that do not use PEP - carboxylase in carbon fixation are called C plants because the primary carboxylation reaction , catalyzed by RuBisCO , produces the three - carbon 3 - phosphoglyceric acids directly in the Calvin - Benson cycle . Over 90 % of plants use C carbon fixation , compared to 3 % that use C carbon fixation ; however , the evolution of C in over 60 plant lineages makes it a striking example of convergent evolution . Main article : CAM photosynthesis Xerophytes , such as cacti and most succulents , also use PEP carboxylase to capture carbon dioxide in a process called Crassulacean acid metabolism ( CAM ) . In contrast to C metabolism , which spatially separates the CO fixation to PEP from the Calvin cycle , CAM temporally separates these two processes . CAM plants have a different leaf anatomy from C plants , and fix the CO at night , when their stomata are open . CAM plants store the CO mostly in the form of malic acid via carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate to oxaloacetate , which is then reduced to malate . Decarboxylation of malate during the day releases CO inside the leaves , thus allowing carbon fixation to 3 - phosphoglycerate by RuBisCO . Sixteen thousand species of plants use CAM . In water Cyanobacteria possess carboxysomes , which increase the concentration of CO around RuBisCO to increase the rate of photosynthesis . An enzyme , carbonic anhydrase , located within the carboxysome releases CO from the dissolved hydrocarbonate ions ( HCO − 3 ) . Before the CO diffuses out it is quickly sponged up by RuBisCO , which is concentrated within the carboxysomes . HCO − 3 ions are made from CO outside the cell by another carbonic anhydrase and are actively pumped into the cell by a membrane protein . They can not cross the membrane as they are charged , and within the cytosol they turn back into CO very slowly without the help of carbonic anhydrase . This causes the HCO − 3 ions to accumulate within the cell from where they diffuse into the carboxysomes . Pyrenoids in algae and hornworts also act to concentrate CO around rubisco . Order and kinetics The overall process of photosynthesis takes place in four stages : Stage Description Time scale Energy transfer in antenna chlorophyll ( thylakoid membranes ) femtosecond to picosecond Transfer of electrons in photochemical reactions ( thylakoid membranes ) picosecond to nanosecond Electron transport chain and ATP synthesis ( thylakoid membranes ) microsecond to millisecond Carbon fixation and export of stable products millisecond to second Efficiency Probability distribution resulting from one - dimensional discrete time random walks . The quantum walk created using the Hadamard coin is plotted ( blue ) vs a classical walk ( red ) after 50 time steps . Main article : Photosynthetic efficiency Plants usually convert light into chemical energy with a photosynthetic efficiency of 3 -- 6 % . Absorbed light that is unconverted is dissipated primarily as heat , with a small fraction ( 1 -- 2 % ) re-emitted as chlorophyll fluorescence at longer ( redder ) wavelengths . A fact that allows measurement of the light reaction of photosynthesis by using chlorophyll fluorometers . Actual plants ' photosynthetic efficiency varies with the frequency of the light being converted , light intensity , temperature and proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere , and can vary from 0.1 % to 8 % . By comparison , solar panels convert light into electric energy at an efficiency of approximately 6 -- 20 % for mass - produced panels , and above 40 % in laboratory devices . The efficiency of both light and dark reactions can be measured but the relationship between the two can be complex . For example , the ATP and NADPH energy molecules , created by the light reaction , can be used for carbon fixation or for photorespiration in C plants . Electrons may also flow to other electron sinks . For this reason , it is not uncommon for authors to differentiate between work done under non-photorespiratory conditions and under photorespiratory conditions . Chlorophyll fluorescence of photosystem II can measure the light reaction , and Infrared gas analyzers can measure the dark reaction . It is also possible to investigate both at the same time using an integrated chlorophyll fluorometer and gas exchange system , or by using two separate systems together . Infrared gas analyzers and some moisture sensors are sensitive enough to measure the photosynthetic assimilation of CO , and of ΔH O using reliable methods CO is commonly measured in μmols / m / s , parts per million or volume per million and H 0 is commonly measured in mmol / m / s or in mbars . By measuring CO assimilation , ΔH O , leaf temperature , barometric pressure , leaf area , and photosynthetically active radiation or PAR , it becomes possible to estimate , `` A '' or carbon assimilation , `` E '' or transpiration , `` gs '' or stomatal conductance , and Ci or intracellular CO . However , it is more common to used chlorophyll fluorescence for plant stress measurement , where appropriate , because the most commonly used measuring parameters FV / FM and Y ( II ) or F / FM ' can be made in a few seconds , allowing the measurement of larger plant populations . Gas exchange systems that offer control of CO levels , above and below ambient , allow the common practice of measurement of A / Ci curves , at different CO levels , to characterize a plant 's photosynthetic response . Integrated chlorophyll fluorometer -- gas exchange systems allow a more precise measure of photosynthetic response and mechanisms . While standard gas exchange photosynthesis systems can measure Ci , or substomatal CO levels , the addition of integrated chlorophyll fluorescence measurements allows a more precise measurement of C to replace Ci . The estimation of CO at the site of carboxylation in the chloroplast , or C , becomes possible with the measurement of mesophyll conductance or g using an integrated system . Photosynthesis measurement systems are not designed to directly measure the amount of light absorbed by the leaf . But analysis of chlorophyll - fluorescence , P700 - and P515 - absorbance and gas exchange measurements reveal detailed information about e.g. the photosystems , quantum efficiency and the CO assimilation rates . With some instruments even wavelength - dependency of the photosynthetic efficiency can be analyzed . A phenomenon known as quantum walk increases the efficiency of the energy transport of light significantly . In the photosynthetic cell of an algae , bacterium , or plant , there are light - sensitive molecules called chromophores arranged in an antenna - shaped structure named a photocomplex . When a photon is absorbed by a chromophore , it is converted into a quasiparticle referred to as an exciton , which jumps from chromophore to chromophore towards the reaction center of the photocomplex , a collection of molecules that traps its energy in a chemical form that makes it accessible for the cell 's metabolism . The exciton 's wave properties enable it to cover a wider area and try out several possible paths simultaneously , allowing it to instantaneously `` choose '' the most efficient route , where it will have the highest probability of arriving at its destination in the minimum possible time . Because that quantum walking takes place at temperatures far higher than quantum phenomena usually occur , it is only possible over very short distances , due to obstacles in the form of destructive interference that come into play . These obstacles cause the particle to lose its wave properties for an instant before it regains them once again after it is freed from its locked position through a classic `` hop '' . The movement of the electron towards the photo center is therefore covered in a series of conventional hops and quantum walks . Evolution Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Land life Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary Axis scale : millions of years ago . Orange labels : ice ages . Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline Main article : Evolution of photosynthesis Early photosynthetic systems , such as those in green and purple sulfur and green and purple nonsulfur bacteria , are thought to have been anoxygenic , and used various other molecules as electron donors rather than water . Green and purple sulfur bacteria are thought to have used hydrogen and sulfur as electron donors . Green nonsulfur bacteria used various amino and other organic acids as an electron donor . Purple nonsulfur bacteria used a variety of nonspecific organic molecules . The use of these molecules is consistent with the geological evidence that Earth 's early atmosphere was highly reducing at that time . Fossils of what are thought to be filamentous photosynthetic organisms have been dated at 3.4 billion years old . The main source of oxygen in the Earth 's atmosphere derives from oxygenic photosynthesis , and its first appearance is sometimes referred to as the oxygen catastrophe . Geological evidence suggests that oxygenic photosynthesis , such as that in cyanobacteria , became important during the Paleoproterozoic era around 2 billion years ago . Modern photosynthesis in plants and most photosynthetic prokaryotes is oxygenic . Oxygenic photosynthesis uses water as an electron donor , which is oxidized to molecular oxygen ( O 2 ) in the photosynthetic reaction center . Symbiosis and the origin of chloroplasts Plant cells with visible chloroplasts ( from a moss , Plagiomnium affine ) Several groups of animals have formed symbiotic relationships with photosynthetic algae . These are most common in corals , sponges and sea anemones . It is presumed that this is due to the particularly simple body plans and large surface areas of these animals compared to their volumes . In addition , a few marine mollusks Elysia viridis and Elysia chlorotica also maintain a symbiotic relationship with chloroplasts they capture from the algae in their diet and then store in their bodies . This allows the mollusks to survive solely by photosynthesis for several months at a time . Some of the genes from the plant cell nucleus have even been transferred to the slugs , so that the chloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive . An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts . Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria , including a circular chromosome , prokaryotic - type ribosome , and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center . The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired ( by endocytosis ) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells . Therefore , chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells . Like mitochondria , chloroplasts possess their own DNA , separate from the nuclear DNA of their plant host cells and the genes in this chloroplast DNA resemble those found in cyanobacteria . DNA in chloroplasts codes for redox proteins such as those found in the photosynthetic reaction centers . The CoRR Hypothesis proposes that this Co-location is required for Redox Regulation . Cyanobacteria and the evolution of photosynthesis The biochemical capacity to use water as the source for electrons in photosynthesis evolved once , in a common ancestor of extant cyanobacteria . The geological record indicates that this transforming event took place early in Earth 's history , at least 2450 -- 2320 million years ago ( Ma ) , and , it is speculated , much earlier . Because the Earth 's atmosphere contained almost no oxygen during the estimated development of photosynthesis , it is believed that the first photosynthetic cyanobacteria did not generate oxygen . Available evidence from geobiological studies of Archean ( > 2500 Ma ) sedimentary rocks indicates that life existed 3500 Ma , but the question of when oxygenic photosynthesis evolved is still unanswered . A clear paleontological window on cyanobacterial evolution opened about 2000 Ma , revealing an already - diverse biota of blue - green algae . Cyanobacteria remained the principal primary producers of oxygen throughout the Proterozoic Eon ( 2500 -- 543 Ma ) , in part because the redox structure of the oceans favored photoautotrophs capable of nitrogen fixation . Green algae joined blue - green algae as the major primary producers of oxygen on continental shelves near the end of the Proterozoic , but it was only with the Mesozoic ( 251 -- 65 Ma ) radiations of dinoflagellates , coccolithophorids , and diatoms did the primary production of oxygen in marine shelf waters take modern form . Cyanobacteria remain critical to marine ecosystems as primary producers of oxygen in oceanic gyres , as agents of biological nitrogen fixation , and , in modified form , as the plastids of marine algae . Discovery Although some of the steps in photosynthesis are still not completely understood , the overall photosynthetic equation has been known since the 19th century . Jan van Helmont began the research of the process in the mid-17th century when he carefully measured the mass of the soil used by a plant and the mass of the plant as it grew . After noticing that the soil mass changed very little , he hypothesized that the mass of the growing plant must come from the water , the only substance he added to the potted plant . His hypothesis was partially accurate -- much of the gained mass also comes from carbon dioxide as well as water . However , this was a signaling point to the idea that the bulk of a plant 's biomass comes from the inputs of photosynthesis , not the soil itself . Joseph Priestley , a chemist and minister , discovered that , when he isolated a volume of air under an inverted jar , and burned a candle in it , the candle would burn out very quickly , much before it ran out of wax . He further discovered that a mouse could similarly `` injure '' air . He then showed that the air that had been `` injured '' by the candle and the mouse could be restored by a plant . In 1778 , Jan Ingenhousz , repeated Priestley 's experiments . He discovered that it was the influence of sunlight on the plant that could cause it to revive a mouse in a matter of hours . In 1796 , Jean Senebier , a Swiss pastor , botanist , and naturalist , demonstrated that green plants consume carbon dioxide and release oxygen under the influence of light . Soon afterward , Nicolas - Théodore de Saussure showed that the increase in mass of the plant as it grows could not be due only to uptake of CO but also to the incorporation of water . Thus , the basic reaction by which photosynthesis is used to produce food ( such as glucose ) was outlined . Cornelis Van Niel made key discoveries explaining the chemistry of photosynthesis . By studying purple sulfur bacteria and green bacteria he was the first to demonstrate that photosynthesis is a light - dependent redox reaction , in which hydrogen reduces carbon dioxide . Robert Emerson discovered two light reactions by testing plant productivity using different wavelengths of light . With the red alone , the light reactions were suppressed . When blue and red were combined , the output was much more substantial . Thus , there were two photosystems , one absorbing up to 600 nm wavelengths , the other up to 700 nm . The former is known as PSII , the latter is PSI . PSI contains only chlorophyll `` a '' , PSII contains primarily chlorophyll `` a '' with most of the available chlorophyll `` b '' , among other pigment . These include phycobilins , which are the red and blue pigments of red and blue algae respectively , and fucoxanthol for brown algae and diatoms . The process is most productive when the absorption of quanta are equal in both the PSII and PSI , assuring that input energy from the antenna complex is divided between the PSI and PSII system , which in turn powers the photochemistry . Melvin Calvin works in his photosynthesis laboratory . Robert Hill thought that a complex of reactions consisting of an intermediate to cytochrome b ( now a plastoquinone ) , another is from cytochrome f to a step in the carbohydrate - generating mechanisms . These are linked by plastoquinone , which does require energy to reduce cytochrome f for it is a sufficient reductant . Further experiments to prove that the oxygen developed during the photosynthesis of green plants came from water , were performed by Hill in 1937 and 1939 . He showed that isolated chloroplasts give off oxygen in the presence of unnatural reducing agents like iron oxalate , ferricyanide or benzoquinone after exposure to light . The Hill reaction is as follows : 2 H O + 2 A + ( light , chloroplasts ) → 2 AH + O where A is the electron acceptor . Therefore , in light , the electron acceptor is reduced and oxygen is evolved . Samuel Ruben and Martin Kamen used radioactive isotopes to determine that the oxygen liberated in photosynthesis came from the water . Melvin Calvin and Andrew Benson , along with James Bassham , elucidated the path of carbon assimilation ( the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle ) in plants . The carbon reduction cycle is known as the Calvin cycle , which ignores the contribution of Bassham and Benson . Many scientists refer to the cycle as the Calvin - Benson Cycle , Benson - Calvin , and some even call it the Calvin - Benson - Bassham ( or CBB ) Cycle . Nobel Prize - winning scientist Rudolph A. Marcus was able to discover the function and significance of the electron transport chain . Otto Heinrich Warburg and Dean Burk discovered the I - quantum photosynthesis reaction that splits the CO , activated by the respiration . Louis N.M. Duysens and Jan Amesz discovered that chlorophyll a will absorb one light , oxidize cytochrome f , chlorophyll a ( and other pigments ) will absorb another light , but will reduce this same oxidized cytochrome , stating the two light reactions are in series . Development of the concept In 1893 , Charles Reid Barnes proposed two terms , photosyntax and photosynthesis , for the biological process of synthesis of complex carbon compounds out of carbonic acid , in the presence of chlorophyll , under the influence of light . Over time , the term photosynthesis came into common usage as the term of choice . Later discovery of anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria and photophosphorylation necessitated redefinition of the term . C3 : C4 photosynthesis Research After WWII at late 1940 at the University of California , Berkeley , the details of photosynthetic carbon metabolism were sorted out by the chemists Melvin Calvin , Andrew Benson , James Bassham and a score of students and researchers utilizing the carbon - 14 isotope and paper chromatography techniques . The pathway of CO2 fixation by the algae Chlorella in a fraction of a second in light resulted in a 3 carbon molecule called phosphoglyceric acid ( PGA ) . For that original and ground - breaking work , a Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Melvin Calvin 1961 . In parallel , plant physiologists studied leaf gas exchanges using the new method of infrared gas analysis and a leaf chamber where the net photosynthetic rates ranged from 10 to 13 u mole CO2 / square metere. sec. , with the conclusion that all terrestrial plants having the same photosynthetic capacities that were light saturated at less than 50 % of sunlight . These rates were determined in potted plants grown indoors under low light intensity . Later in 1958 - 1963 at Cornell University , field grown maize was reported to have much greater leaf photosynthetic rates of 40 u mol CO2 / square meter. sec and was not saturated at near full sunlight . This higher rate in maize was almost double those observed in other species such as wheat and soybean , indicating that large differences in photosynthesis exist among higher plants . At the University of Arizona , detailed gas exchange research on more than 15 species of monocot and dicot uncovered for the first time that differences in leaf anatomy are crucial factors in differentiating photosynthetic capacities among species . In tropical grasses , including maize , sorghum , sugarcane , Bermuda grass and in the dicot amaranthus , leaf photosynthetic rates were around 38 − 40 u mol CO2 / square meter. sec. , and the leaves have two types of green cells , i.e. outer layer of mesophyll cells surrounding a tightly packed cholorophyllous vascular bundle sheath cells . This type of anatomy was termed Kranz anatomy in the 19th century by the botanist Gottlieb Haberlandt while studying leaf anatomy of sugarcane . Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration , very low CO2 compensation point , high optimum temperature , high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light . The research at Arizona was designated Citation Classic by the ISI 1986 . These species was later termed C4 plants as the first stable compound of CO2 fixation in light has 4 carbon as malate and aspartate . Other species that lack Kranz anatomy were termed C3 type such as cotton and sunflower , as the first stable carbon compound is the 3 - carbon PGA acid . At 1000 ppm CO2 in measuring air , both the C3 and C4 plants had similar leaf photosynthetic rates around 60 u mole CO2 / square meter. sec . indicating the suppression of photorespiration in C3 plants . Factors The leaf is the primary site of photosynthesis in plants . There are three main factors affecting photosynthesis and several corollary factors . The three main are : Light irradiance and wavelength Carbon dioxide concentration Temperature . Light intensity ( irradiance ) , wavelength and temperature See also : PI ( photosynthesis - irradiance ) curve Absorbance spectra of free chlorophyll a ( green ) and b ( red ) in a solvent . The action spectra of chlorophyll molecules are slightly modified in vivo depending on specific pigment - protein interactions . The process of photosynthesis provides the main input of free energy into the biosphere , and is one of four main ways in which radiation is important for plant life . The radiation climate within plant communities is extremely variable , with both time and space . In the early 20th century , Frederick Blackman and Gabrielle Matthaei investigated the effects of light intensity ( irradiance ) and temperature on the rate of carbon assimilation . At constant temperature , the rate of carbon assimilation varies with irradiance , increasing as the irradiance increases , but reaching a plateau at higher irradiance . At low irradiance , increasing the temperature has little influence on the rate of carbon assimilation . At constant high irradiance , the rate of carbon assimilation increases as the temperature is increased . These two experiments illustrate several important points : First , it is known that , in general , photochemical reactions are not affected by temperature . However , these experiments clearly show that temperature affects the rate of carbon assimilation , so there must be two sets of reactions in the full process of carbon assimilation . These are , of course , the light - dependent ' photochemical ' temperature - independent stage , and the light - independent , temperature - dependent stage . Second , Blackman 's experiments illustrate the concept of limiting factors . Another limiting factor is the wavelength of light . Cyanobacteria , which reside several meters underwater , can not receive the correct wavelengths required to cause photoinduced charge separation in conventional photosynthetic pigments . To combat this problem , a series of proteins with different pigments surround the reaction center . This unit is called a phycobilisome . Carbon dioxide levels and photorespiration Photorespiration As carbon dioxide concentrations rise , the rate at which sugars are made by the light - independent reactions increases until limited by other factors . RuBisCO , the enzyme that captures carbon dioxide in the light - independent reactions , has a binding affinity for both carbon dioxide and oxygen . When the concentration of carbon dioxide is high , RuBisCO will fix carbon dioxide . However , if the carbon dioxide concentration is low , RuBisCO will bind oxygen instead of carbon dioxide . This process , called photorespiration , uses energy , but does not produce sugars . RuBisCO oxygenase activity is disadvantageous to plants for several reasons : One product of oxygenase activity is phosphoglycolate ( 2 carbon ) instead of 3 - phosphoglycerate ( 3 carbon ) . Phosphoglycolate can not be metabolized by the Calvin - Benson cycle and represents carbon lost from the cycle . A high oxygenase activity , therefore , drains the sugars that are required to recycle ribulose 5 - bisphosphate and for the continuation of the Calvin - Benson cycle . Phosphoglycolate is quickly metabolized to glycolate that is toxic to a plant at a high concentration ; it inhibits photosynthesis . Salvaging glycolate is an energetically expensive process that uses the glycolate pathway , and only 75 % of the carbon is returned to the Calvin - Benson cycle as 3 - phosphoglycerate . The reactions also produce ammonia ( NH ) , which is able to diffuse out of the plant , leading to a loss of nitrogen . A highly simplified summary is : 2 glycolate + ATP → 3 - phosphoglycerate + carbon dioxide + ADP + NH The salvaging pathway for the products of RuBisCO oxygenase activity is more commonly known as photorespiration , since it is characterized by light - dependent oxygen consumption and the release of carbon dioxide . See also Environment portal Ecology portal Earth sciences portal Jan Anderson ( scientist ) Artificial photosynthesis Calvin - Benson cycle Carbon fixation Cellular respiration Chemosynthesis Integrated fluorometer Light - dependent reaction Organic reaction Photobiology Photoinhibition Photosynthetic reaction center Photosynthetically active radiation Photosystem Photosystem I Photosystem II Quantum biology Radiosynthesis Red edge Vitamin D Hill reaction References Jump up ^ `` photosynthesis '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ φῶς . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ σύνθεσις . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project ^ Jump up to : Bryant DA , Frigaard NU ( Nov 2006 ) . `` Prokaryotic photosynthesis and phototrophy illuminated '' . Trends in Microbiology. 14 ( 11 ) : 488 -- 96 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tim. 2006.09. 001 . PMID 16997562 . 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Jump up ^ Lloyd S ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` Quantum Biology : Better Living Through Quantum Mechanics - The Nature of Reality '' . Nova : PBS Online , WGBH Boston . Jump up ^ Hildner R , Brinks D , Nieder JB , Cogdell RJ , van Hulst NF ( Jun 2013 ) . `` Quantum coherent energy transfer over varying pathways in single light - harvesting complexes '' . Science . 340 ( 6139 ) : 1448 -- 51 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1235820 . PMID 23788794 . Jump up ^ Gale , Joseph ( 2009 ) . Astrobiology of Earth : The emergence , evolution and future of life on a planet in turmoil . OUP Oxford . pp. 112 -- 113 . ISBN 9780191548352 . Jump up ^ Photosynthesis got a really early start , New Scientist , 2 October 2004 Jump up ^ Revealing the dawn of photosynthesis , New Scientist , 19 August 2006 Jump up ^ Venn AA , Loram JE , Douglas AE ( 2008 ) . `` Photosynthetic symbioses in animals '' . Journal of Experimental Botany. 59 ( 5 ) : 1069 -- 80 . doi : 10.1093 / jxb / erm328 . PMID 18267943 . 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Photosynthesis among species in relation to characteristics of leaf anatomy and CO2 diffusion resistances . Crop Sci. 5 : 517 - 521 . ^ Jump up to : El - Sharkawy , M.A. , and Hesketh , J.D. 1986. Citation Classic - Photosynthesis among species in relation to characteristics of leaf anatomy and CO2 diffusion resistances . Curr . Cont. / Agr. Biol. Environ. 27 : 14 - 14 . Online http://www.library.upenn/edu/classics1986/A1986C691300001.pdf . Jump up ^ Haberlandt , G. 1904. Physiologische Pflanzanatomie . Engelmann , Leipzig . Jump up ^ El - Sharkawy , M.A. 1965. Factors Limiting Photosynthetic Rates of Different Plant Species . Ph. D. Dissertation , The University of Arizona , Tucson , USA . Jump up ^ Karpilov YS ( 1960 ) . `` The distribution of radioactvity in carbon - 14 among the products of photosynthesis in maize '' . Proc. Kazan Agric . Inst. 14 : 15 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Kortschak HP , Hart CE , Burr GO ( 1965 ) . `` Carbon dioxide fixation in sugarcane leaves '' . Plant Physiol. 40 : 209 -- 213 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 40.2. 209 . Jump up ^ Hatch MD , Slack CR ( 1966 ) . `` Photosynthesis by sugar - cane leaves . A new carboxylation reaction and the pathway of sugar formation '' . Biochem. J. 101 : 103 -- 111 . doi : 10.1042 / bj1010103 . Jump up ^ Jones HG ( 2014 ) . Plants and Microclimate : a Quantitative Approach to Environmental Plant Physiology ( Third ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 27959 - 8 . Further reading Books Bidlack JE , Stern KR , Jansky S ( 2003 ) . Introductory plant biology . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 290941 - 2 . Blankenship RE ( 2014 ) . Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis ( 2nd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 8975 - 0 . Govindjee , Beatty JT , Gest H , Allen JF ( 2006 ) . Discoveries in Photosynthesis . Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. 20 . Berlin : Springer . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 3323 - 0 . Reece JB , et al. ( 2013 ) . Campbell Biology . Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 978 - 0321775658 . Papers Gupta RS , Mukhtar T , Singh B ( Jun 1999 ) . `` Evolutionary relationships among photosynthetic prokaryotes ( Heliobacterium chlorum , Chloroflexus aurantiacus , cyanobacteria , Chlorobium tepidum and proteobacteria ) : implications regarding the origin of photosynthesis '' . Molecular Microbiology. 32 ( 5 ) : 893 -- 906 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2958.1999. 01417. x . PMID 10361294 . Rutherford AW , Faller P ( Jan 2003 ) . `` Photosystem II : evolutionary perspectives '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . Series B , Biological Sciences . 358 ( 1429 ) : 245 -- 53 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2002.1186 . PMC 1693113 . PMID 12594932 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Photosynthesis . A collection of photosynthesis pages for all levels from a renowned expert ( Govindjee ) In depth , advanced treatment of photosynthesis , also from Govindjee Science Aid : Photosynthesis Article appropriate for high school science Metabolism , Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis -- The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Overall examination of Photosynthesis at an intermediate level Overall Energetics of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Discovery Milestones -- experiments and background The source of oxygen produced by photosynthesis Interactive animation , a textbook tutorial Marshall J ( 2011 - 03 - 29 ) . `` First practical artificial leaf makes debut '' . Discovery News . 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Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . 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area curve Umbrella species Species interaction Antibiosis Biological interaction Commensalism Community ecology Ecological facilitation Interspecific competition Mutualism Storage effect Spatial ecology Biogeography Cross-boundary subsidy Ecocline Ecotone Ecotype Disturbance Edge effects Foster 's rule Habitat fragmentation Ideal free distribution Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Island biogeography Landscape ecology Landscape epidemiology Landscape limnology Metapopulation Patch dynamics r / K selection theory Source -- sink dynamics Niche Ecological niche Ecological trap Ecosystem engineer Environmental niche modelling Guild Habitat Marine habitats Limiting similarity Niche apportionment models Niche construction Niche differentiation Other networks Assembly rules Bateman 's principle Bioluminescence Ecological collapse Ecological debt Ecological deficit Ecological energetics Ecological indicator Ecological threshold Ecosystem diversity Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber 's law Liebig 's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson 's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state Balance of nature Biological data visualization Constructal theory Ecocline Ecological economics Ecological footprint Ecological forecasting Ecological humanities Ecological stoichiometry Ecopath Ecosystem based fisheries Endolith Evolutionary ecology Functional ecology Industrial ecology Macroecology Microecosystem Natural environment Regime shift Systems ecology Urban ecology Theoretical ecology List of ecology topics GND : 4045936 - 6 NDL : 00566168 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photosynthesis&oldid=808413099 '' Categories : Agronomy Biological processes Botany Cellular respiration Metabolism Photosynthesis Plant physiology Ecosystems Quantum biology Plant nutrition Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Luganda Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 18 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | during photosynthesis carbon dioxide combines with water in the presence of sunlight to form | [
"Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation). This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, \"light\", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, \"putting together\".[1][2][3] In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth's atmosphere, and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.[4]"
] | [
"carbohydrate molecules"
] |
904035272333474334 | Abhi | Abhi - wikipedia Abhi This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( June 2014 ) Abhi ( Devanagari अभि ) is a preposition in Sanskrit , also found in Pali , Bengali , Assamese and Hindi . Today , it remains a productive element in forming names . A similar word , `` abhī '' ( अभी ) , meaning `` fearless , '' was often discussed by Swami Vivekananda ( see below ) . Contents 1 Origin 2 Meaning 3 Usage 4 Famous Historical Figures 5 Famous Modern - Day Figures 6 Famous Movies 7 References 8 External links Origin ( edit ) The first reference to the word `` Abhi '' is found in the ancient Hindu sacred text Rigveda book 1 , hymn 164 . The word frequently appears in the Vedas , Upnishad and Bhagavad Gita . Meaning ( edit ) `` Abhi '' is an adverb or preposition ( see Upasarga ) with various meanings depending on its context . According to Macdonnell 's Sanskrit dictionary : As an adverb , it means `` unto , near '' As a preposition plus accusative , it means `` towards ; to , against ; over ; for , for the sake of ; with regard to '' As a preposition plus ablative , it means `` without '' It is believed that the word `` Abhi '' on its own in Sanskrit ( for example , in ancient poetry ) means the first ray of sunlight . According to Swami Vivekananda the meaning of the word `` Abhih '' mentioned in the Vedantas is `` fearless . '' While pronouncing `` Abhih , '' the second `` h '' is silent . He also told a `` Vedantist is to be Abhih , fearless '' . The meaning of the Hindi word `` abhi , '' if translated to English , would be ( ab + hi ) `` just now '' or `` now itself '' ( ab meaning now ) . Usage ( edit ) `` Abhi '' is also a common Indian name for boys and men . Although a name less common in girls , it is often used as a nickname , short for `` Abhilasha . '' Confusion results from the fact that the name also has a current meaning in Hindi ( `` now '' ) . The word ' Abhi ' is used as a prefix in many Indian male and female names and words . Example of names : Abhinay , Abhigyan , Abhiram , Abhirami , Abhiras , Abhinesh , Abhijeet , Abhilash , Abhimanyu , Abhishek , Abhinav , Abhichandra , Abhinehsan Example of words : Abhidhamma , Abhikarta , Abhimana , Abhineta , Abhisheka , Abhivandana , Abhiyan , Abhiyanta , Abhinash Famous Historical Figures ( edit ) Abhimanyu Famous Modern - Day Figures ( edit ) Abhishek Bachchan Abhinav Bindra Abhijeet Bhattacharya ( Singer ) Famous Movies ( edit ) Abhimaan Abhilasha Abhinetri References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See Macdonnell 's Sanskrit Dictionary Jump up ^ The Rig Veda in Sanskrit : Rig Veda Book 1 : Hymn 164 Jump up ^ See Macdonnell 's dictionary Jump up ^ Wikisource : The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda / Volume 3 / Lectures from Colombo to Almora / Vedanta in its Application to Indian Life Jump up ^ Wikisource : The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda / Volume 3 / Lectures from Colombo to Almora / Bhakti Jump up ^ `` Swami Vivekananda on Abhih '' . Swami Vivekananda Quotes . External links ( edit ) Comprehensive commentary on the origin and meaning of the word `` Abhi , '' with references , by Shikaripura Harihareswara Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abhi&oldid=850830173 '' Categories : Sanskrit words and phrases Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from June 2014 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from June 2014 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 July 2018 , at 06 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the meaning of abhi in hindi | [
"The meaning of the Hindi word \"abhi,\" if translated to English, would be (ab + hi) \"just now\" or \"now itself\" (ab meaning now).\n"
] | [
"\"just now\" or \"now itself\" (ab meaning now)"
] |
6153339934119460384 | List of Super Bowl champions | List of Super Bowl champions - wikipedia List of Super Bowl champions Jump to : navigation , search The Super Bowl is the annual American football game that determines the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The game culminates a season that begins in the previous calendar year , and is the conclusion of the NFL playoffs . The contest is held in an American city , chosen three to four years beforehand , usually at warm - weather sites or domed stadiums . Since January 1971 , the winner of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) Championship Game has faced the winner of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) Championship Game in the culmination of the NFL playoffs . The Packers defeated the Chiefs in the first AFL -- NFL Championship Game ( Super Bowl I ) . Before the 1970 merger between the American Football League ( AFL ) and the National Football League ( NFL ) , the two leagues met in four such contests . The first two were marketed as the `` AFL -- NFL World Championship Game '' , but were also casually referred to as `` the Super Bowl game '' during the television broadcast . Super Bowl III in January 1969 was the first such game that carried the `` Super Bowl '' moniker in official marketing ; the names `` Super Bowl I '' and `` Super Bowl II '' were retroactively applied to the first two games . The NFC / NFL leads in Super Bowl wins with 27 , while the AFC / AFL has won 25 . Twenty franchises , including teams that have relocated to another city , have won the Super Bowl . The Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 -- 2 ) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships , while the New England Patriots ( 5 -- 5 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 5 -- 3 ) , and the San Francisco 49ers ( 5 -- 1 ) have five wins . New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with ten , while the Buffalo Bills ( 0 -- 4 ) have the most consecutive appearances with four ( all losses ) from 1990 to 1993 . The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances : 1972 -- 1974 . The Denver Broncos ( 3 -- 5 ) and Patriots have each lost a record five Super Bowls . The Minnesota Vikings ( 0 -- 4 ) and the Bills have lost four . The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises : the Green Bay Packers ( 1966 -- 1967 ) , the Miami Dolphins ( 1972 -- 1973 ) , the Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1974 -- 1975 and 1978 -- 1979 , the only team to accomplish this feat twice ) , the San Francisco 49ers ( 1988 -- 1989 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 1992 -- 1993 ) , the Denver Broncos ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , and the New England Patriots ( 2003 -- 2004 ) . Among those , Dallas ( 1992 -- 1993 ; 1995 ) and New England ( 2001 ; 2003 -- 2004 ) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls . The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII . The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens , who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position . Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl , including franchise relocations and renaming : the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Houston Texans , though both the Browns ( 1964 ) and Lions ( 1957 ) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Super Bowl Championship ( 1966 -- present ) 1.1 Consecutive winners 1.2 Consecutive losers 2 Super Bowl appearances by team 2.1 Teams with no Super Bowl appearances 2.2 Teams with long Super Bowl droughts 2.3 Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories 2.4 Super Bowl rematches 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Super Bowl championship ( 1966 -- present ) Numbers in parentheses in the table are Super Bowl appearances as of the date of that Super Bowl and are used as follows : Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a Super Bowl as well as each respective teams ' Super Bowl record to date . Venue column indicates number of times that stadium has hosted a Super Bowl . City column indicates number of times that metropolitan area has hosted a Super Bowl . National Football League ( NFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) American Football League ( AFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) NFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) AFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) National Football Conference ( NFC , 1971 -- present ) American Football Conference ( AFC , 1971 -- present ) NFC champion ( 48 , 25 -- 23 ) AFC champion ( 48 , 23 -- 25 ) Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref 01 ! I 000000001967 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1967 Green Bay Packers 01 ! Green Bay Packers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3510 ! 35 -- 10 Kansas City Chiefs 01 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , California 01 ! Los Angeles , California 061946 ! 61,946 02 ! II 000000001968 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1968 Green Bay Packers 02 ! Green Bay Packers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3314 ! 33 -- 14 Oakland Raiders 01 ! Oakland Raiders ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 01 ! Miami Orange Bowl Miami , Florida 01 ! Miami , Florida 075546 ! 75,546 03 ! III 000000001969 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1969 New York Jets 01 ! New York Jets ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1607 ! 16 -- 7 Indianapolis Colts 01 ! Baltimore Colts ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 02 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 02 ! Miami , Florida ( 2 ) 075389 ! 75,389 04 ! IV 000000001970 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1970 Kansas City Chiefs 02 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2307 ! 23 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 01 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 01 ! Tulane Stadium New Orleans , Louisiana 01 ! New Orleans , Louisiana 080562 ! 80,562 05 ! V 000000001971 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1971 Indianapolis Colts 02 ! Baltimore Colts ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1613 ! 16 -- 13 Dallas Cowboys 01 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 03 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 03 ! Miami , Florida ( 3 ) 079204 ! 79,204 06 ! VI 000000001972 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1972 Dallas Cowboys 02 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2403 ! 24 -- 3 Miami Dolphins 01 ! Miami Dolphins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 02 ! Tulane Stadium ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 02 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 2 ) 081023 ! 81,023 07 ! VII 000000001973 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1973 Miami Dolphins 02 ! Miami Dolphins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1407 ! 14 -- 7 Washington Redskins 01 ! Washington Redskins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 2 ) Los Angeles , California 02 ! Los Angeles , California ( 2 ) 090182 ! 90,182 08 ! VIII 000000001974 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1974 Miami Dolphins 03 ! Miami Dolphins ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2407 ! 24 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 02 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rice Stadium 01 ! Rice Stadium Houston , Texas 01 ! Houston , Texas 071882 ! 71,882 09 ! IX 000000001975 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1975 Pittsburgh Steelers 01 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1606 ! 16 -- 6 Minnesota Vikings 03 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Tulane Stadium 03 ! Tulane Stadium ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 03 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 3 ) 080997 ! 80,997 10 ! X 000000001976 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1976 Pittsburgh Steelers 02 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys 03 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Miami Orange Bowl 04 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 04 ! Miami , Florida ( 4 ) 080187 ! 80,187 11 ! XI 000000001977 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1977 Oakland Raiders 02 ! Oakland Raiders ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 3214 ! 32 -- 14 Minnesota Vikings 04 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Rose Bowl 01 ! Rose Bowl Los Angeles , California 03 ! Pasadena , California ( 3 ) 103438 ! 103,438 12 ! XII 000000001978 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1978 Dallas Cowboys 04 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Denver Broncos 01 ! Denver Broncos ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 01 ! Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 04 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 4 ) 076400 ! 76,400 13 ! XIII 000000001979 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1979 Pittsburgh Steelers 03 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3531 ! 35 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys 05 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Miami Orange Bowl 05 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 05 ! Miami , Florida ( 5 ) 079484 ! 79,484 14 ! XIV 000000001980 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1980 Pittsburgh Steelers 04 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 3119 ! 31 -- 19 Los Angeles Rams 01 ! Los Angeles Rams ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Rose Bowl 02 ! Rose Bowl ( 2 ) Los Angeles , California 04 ! Pasadena , California ( 4 ) 103985 ! 103,985 15 ! XV 000000001981 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1981 Oakland Raiders 03 ! Oakland Raiders ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Philadelphia Eagles 01 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 02 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 05 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 5 ) 076135 ! 76,135 16 ! XVI 000000001982 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1982 San Francisco 49ers 01 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 2621 ! 26 -- 21 Cincinnati Bengals 01 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Pontiac Silverdome 01 ! Pontiac Silverdome Detroit , Michigan 01 ! Pontiac , Michigan 081270 ! 81,270 17 ! XVII 000000001983 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1983 Washington Redskins 02 ! Washington Redskins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Miami Dolphins 04 ! Miami Dolphins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 03 ! Rose Bowl ( 3 ) Los Angeles , California 05 ! Pasadena , California ( 5 ) 103667 ! 103,667 18 ! XVIII 000000001984 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1984 Oakland Raiders 04 ! Los Angeles Raiders ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 3809 ! 38 -- 9 Washington Redskins 03 ! Washington Redskins ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Tampa Stadium 01 ! Tampa Stadium Tampa , Florida 01 ! Tampa , Florida 072920 ! 72,920 19 ! XIX 000000001985 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1985 San Francisco 49ers 02 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3816 ! 38 -- 16 Miami Dolphins 05 ! Miami Dolphins ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Stanford Stadium 01 ! Stanford Stadium San Francisco , California 01 ! Stanford , California 084059 ! 84,059 20 ! XX 000000001986 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1986 Chicago Bears 01 ! Chicago Bears ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4610 ! 46 -- 10 New England Patriots 01 ! New England Patriots ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 03 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 06 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 6 ) 073818 ! 73,818 21 ! XXI 000000001987 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1987 New York Giants 01 ! New York Giants ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3920 ! 39 -- 20 Denver Broncos 02 ! Denver Broncos ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 04 ! Rose Bowl ( 4 ) Los Angeles , California 06 ! Pasadena , California ( 6 ) 101063 ! 101,063 22 ! XXII 000000001988 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1988 Washington Redskins 04 ! Washington Redskins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 4210 ! 42 -- 10 Denver Broncos 03 ! Denver Broncos ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Qualcomm Stadium 01 ! San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium San Diego , California 01 ! San Diego , California 073302 ! 73,302 23 ! XXIII 000000001989 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1989 San Francisco 49ers 03 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 2016 ! 20 -- 16 Cincinnati Bengals 02 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 01 ! Joe Robbie Stadium Miami , Florida 06 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 6 ) 075129 ! 75,129 24 ! XXIV 000000001990 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1990 San Francisco 49ers 04 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 5510 ! 55 -- 10 Denver Broncos 04 ! Denver Broncos ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Louisiana Superdome 04 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 4 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 07 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 7 ) 072919 ! 72,919 25 ! XXV 000000001991 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1991 New York Giants 02 ! New York Giants ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2019 ! 20 -- 19 Buffalo Bills 01 ! Buffalo Bills ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tampa Stadium 02 ! Tampa Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 02 ! Tampa , Florida ( 2 ) 073813 ! 73,813 26 ! XXVI 000000001992 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1992 Washington Redskins 05 ! Washington Redskins ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 3724 ! 37 -- 24 Buffalo Bills 02 ! Buffalo Bills ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Metrodome 01 ! Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 01 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota 063130 ! 63,130 27 ! XXVII 000000001993 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1993 Dallas Cowboys 06 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) 5217 ! 52 -- 17 Buffalo Bills 03 ! Buffalo Bills ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Rose Bowl 05 ! Rose Bowl ( 5 ) Los Angeles , California 07 ! Pasadena , California ( 7 ) 098374 ! 98,374 28 ! XXVIII 000000001994 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1994 Dallas Cowboys 07 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) 3013 ! 30 -- 13 Buffalo Bills 04 ! Buffalo Bills ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Georgia Dome 01 ! Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 01 ! Atlanta , Georgia 072817 ! 72,817 29 ! XXIX 000000001995 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1995 San Francisco 49ers 05 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) 4926 ! 49 -- 26 San Diego Chargers 01 ! San Diego Chargers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 02 ! Joe Robbie Stadium ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 07 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 7 ) 074107 ! 74,107 30 ! XXX 000000001996 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1996 Dallas Cowboys 08 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Pittsburgh Steelers 05 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Sun Devil Stadium 01 ! Sun Devil Stadium Phoenix , Arizona 01 ! Tempe , Arizona 076347 ! 76,347 31 ! XXXI 000000001997 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1997 Green Bay Packers 03 ! Green Bay Packers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3521 ! 35 -- 21 New England Patriots 02 ! New England Patriots ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 05 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 5 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 08 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 8 ) 072301 ! 72,301 32 ! XXXII 000000001998 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1998 Denver Broncos 05 ! Denver Broncos ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) 3124 ! 31 -- 24 Green Bay Packers 04 ! Green Bay Packers ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Qualcomm Stadium 02 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 2 ) San Diego , California 02 ! San Diego , California ( 2 ) 068912 ! 68,912 33 ! XXXIII 000000001999 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1999 Denver Broncos 06 ! Denver Broncos ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) 3419 ! 34 -- 19 Atlanta Falcons 01 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 03 ! Pro Player Stadium ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 08 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 8 ) 074803 ! 74,803 34 ! XXXIV 000000002000 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2000 Los Angeles Rams 02 ! St. Louis Rams ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2316 ! 23 -- 16 Tennessee Titans 01 ! Tennessee Titans ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Georgia Dome 02 ! Georgia Dome ( 2 ) Atlanta , Georgia 02 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 2 ) 072625 ! 72,625 35 ! XXXV 000000002001 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 2001 Baltimore Ravens 01 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3407 ! 34 -- 7 New York Giants 03 ! New York Giants ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 01 ! Raymond James Stadium Tampa , Florida 03 ! Tampa , Florida ( 3 ) 071921 ! 71,921 36 ! XXXVI 000000002002 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2002 New England Patriots 03 ! New England Patriots ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 2017 ! 20 -- 17 Los Angeles Rams 03 ! St. Louis Rams ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 06 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 6 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 09 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 9 ) 072922 ! 72,922 37 ! XXXVII 000000002003 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2003 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01 ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4821 ! 48 -- 21 Oakland Raiders 05 ! Oakland Raiders ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Qualcomm Stadium 03 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 3 ) San Diego , California 03 ! San Diego , California ( 3 ) 067603 ! 67,603 38 ! XXXVIII 000000002004 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2004 New England Patriots 04 ! New England Patriots ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 3229 ! 32 -- 29 Carolina Panthers 01 ! Carolina Panthers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) NRG Stadium 01 ! Reliant Stadium Houston , Texas 02 ! Houston , Texas ( 2 ) 071525 ! 71,525 39 ! XXXIX 000000002005 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2005 New England Patriots 05 ! New England Patriots ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 2421 ! 24 -- 21 Philadelphia Eagles 02 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) ALLTEL Stadium 01 ! Alltel Stadium Jacksonville , Florida 01 ! Jacksonville , Florida 078125 ! 78,125 40 ! XL 000000002006 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2006 Pittsburgh Steelers 06 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) 2110 ! 21 -- 10 Seattle Seahawks 01 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ford Field 01 ! Ford Field Detroit , Michigan 02 ! Detroit , Michigan ( 2 ) 068206 ! 68,206 41 ! XLI 000000002007 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2007 Indianapolis Colts 03 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2917 ! 29 -- 17 Chicago Bears 02 ! Chicago Bears ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 04 ! Dolphin Stadium ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 09 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 9 ) 074512 ! 74,512 42 ! XLII 000000002008 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2008 New York Giants 04 ! New York Giants ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 1714 ! 17 -- 14 New England Patriots 06 ! New England Patriots ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 01 ! University of Phoenix Stadium Phoenix , Arizona 02 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 2 ) 071101 ! 71,101 43 ! XLIII 000000002009 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2009 Pittsburgh Steelers 07 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) 2723 ! 27 -- 23 Arizona Cardinals 01 ! Arizona Cardinals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 02 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 04 ! Tampa , Florida ( 4 ) 070774 ! 70,774 44 ! XLIV 000000002010 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2010 New Orleans Saints 01 ! New Orleans Saints ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3117 ! 31 -- 17 Indianapolis Colts 04 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 05 ! Sun Life Stadium ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 10 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 10 ) 074059 ! 74,059 45 ! XLV 000000002011 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2011 Green Bay Packers 05 ! Green Bay Packers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 3125 ! 31 -- 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 08 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 8 , 6 -- 2 ) Cowboys Stadium 01 ! Cowboys Stadium Arlington , Texas 01 ! Arlington , Texas 103219 ! 103,219 46 ! XLVI 000000002012 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2012 New York Giants 05 ! New York Giants ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 New England Patriots 07 ! New England Patriots ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Lucas Oil Stadium 01 ! Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 01 ! Indianapolis , Indiana 068658 ! 68,658 47 ! XLVII 000000002013 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2013 Baltimore Ravens 02 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3431 ! 34 -- 31 San Francisco 49ers 06 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 07 ! Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( 7 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 10 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 10 ) 071024 ! 71,024 48 ! XLVIII 000000002014 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2014 Seattle Seahawks 02 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 4308 ! 43 -- 8 Denver Broncos 07 ! Denver Broncos ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) MetLife Stadium 01 ! MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey 01 ! East Rutherford , New Jersey 082529 ! 82,529 49 ! XLIX 000000002015 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2015 New England Patriots 08 ! New England Patriots ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) 2824 ! 28 -- 24 Seattle Seahawks 03 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 02 ! University of Phoenix Stadium ( 2 ) Phoenix , Arizona 03 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 3 ) 070288 ! 70,288 50 ! 50 000000002016 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2016 Denver Broncos 08 ! Denver Broncos ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) 2410 ! 24 -- 10 Carolina Panthers 02 ! Carolina Panthers ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Levi 's Stadium 01 ! Levi 's Stadium San Francisco , California 02 ! Santa Clara , California ( 2 ) 071088 ! 71,088 51 ! LI 000000002017 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2017 New England Patriots 09 ! New England Patriots ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) 3428 ! 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Atlanta Falcons 02 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) NRG Stadium 02 ! NRG Stadium ( 2 ) Houston , Texas 03 ! Houston , Texas ( 3 ) 070807 ! 70,807 52 ! LII 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2018 Philadelphia Eagles 03 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 4133 ! 41 -- 33 New England Patriots 10 ! New England Patriots ( 10 , 5 -- 5 ) U.S. Bank Stadium 01 ! U.S. Bank Stadium Minneapolis , Minnesota 02 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota ( 2 ) 067612 ! 67,612 53 ! LIII 000000002019 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2019 X 2019 ! 2018 -- 19 AFC champion at 2018 -- 19 NFC champion 0019 ! -- X 2019 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium 01 ! Mercedes - Benz Stadium Atlanta , Georgia 03 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 3 ) TBD 54 ! LIV 000000002020 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2020 X 2020 ! 2019 -- 20 NFC champion at 2019 -- 20 AFC champion 0020 ! -- X 2020 ! To be determined Hard Rock Stadium 06 ! Hard Rock Stadium ( 6 ) Miami , Florida 11 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 11 ) TBD 55 ! LV 000000002021 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2021 X 2020 ! 2020 -- 21 AFC champion at 2020 -- 21 NFC champion 0021 ! -- X 2021 ! To be determined Raymond James Stadium 03 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 3 ) Tampa , Florida 05 ! Tampa , Florida ( 5 ) TBD 56 ! LVI 000000002022 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2022 X 2021 ! 2021 -- 22 NFC champion at 2021 -- 22 AFC champion 0022 ! -- X 2022 ! To be determined City of Champions Stadium 01 ! Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Los Angeles , California 08 ! Inglewood , California ( 8 ) TBD Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref Consecutive winners The Steelers defeated the Rams in Super Bowl XIV to win an unprecedented four championships in six years . Seven franchises have won consecutive Super Bowls , one of which ( Pittsburgh ) has accomplished it twice : Green Bay Packers ( Super Bowls I and II ) Miami Dolphins ( VII and VIII ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( twice : IX and X as well as XIII and XIV ) San Francisco 49ers ( XXIII and XXIV ) Dallas Cowboys ( XXVII and XXVIII ) Denver Broncos ( XXXII and XXXIII ) New England Patriots ( XXXVIII and XXXIX ) No franchise has yet won three Super Bowls in a row , although several have come close : The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls , and also won the NFL championship the preceding year . The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls ( VI , VII , and VIII ) , winning the last two . The Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( IX and X ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders . They also won two more consecutive Super Bowls ( XIII and XIV ) for four wins in six seasons . The San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXIII and XXIV ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . The Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXVII and XXVIII ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons . The New England Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVI , which was two years before their consecutive wins in XXXVIII and XXXIX , for three wins in four seasons . They did not make the playoffs in the intervening season ( XXXVII ) . The Patriots also won Super Bowls XLIX and LI and in the intervening season ( 50 ) were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual champion Denver Broncos . Consecutive losers Three franchises have lost consecutive Super Bowls : Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) ( Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII ) -- The only team to appear in four straight Super Bowls , let alone lose in all four appearances . Minnesota Vikings ( 2 ) ( Super Bowls VIII and IX ) -- They also lost Super Bowl XI , and were knocked out of the playoffs for Super Bowl X by the eventual losers the Dallas Cowboys for three losses in four seasons . Denver Broncos ( 2 ) ( Super Bowls XXI and XXII ) -- They also lost Super Bowl XXIV , but did not even make the playoffs for Super Bowl XXIII for three losses in four seasons . Super Bowl appearances by team The Patriots played their first championship game in Super Bowl XX ( pictured ) and hold the record for most Super Bowl appearances ( 10 ) and are tied for the most losses ( 5 ) as of 2018 . NFL / NFC teams ( 27 wins ) AFL / AFC teams ( 25 wins ) NFL / AFC team ( 0 - 1 as part of the NFL , 2 - 1 as part of the AFC ) In the sortable table below , teams are ordered first by number of appearances , then by number of wins , and finally by number of years since last appearing in a Super Bowl . In the `` Seasons '' column , bold years indicate winning seasons , and italic years indicate games not yet completed . Appearances Team Wins Losses Winning percentage Seasons 10A - 05W - 01YA - 02YW ! 10 New England Patriots 05W - 10A - 02YW - 01YA ! 5 05L - 10A - 01YL - 01YA ! 5 . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 08A - 06W - 08YA - 10YW ! 8 Pittsburgh Steelers 06W - 08A - 10YW - 08YA ! 6 02L - 08A - 08YL - 08YA ! 2 . 750 1974 ! 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1995 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 08A - 05W - 23YA - 23YW ! 8 Dallas Cowboys 05W - 08A - 23YW - 23YA ! 5 03L - 08A - 40YL - 23YA ! 3 . 625 1970 ! 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 08A - 03W - 03YA - 03YW ! 8 Denver Broncos 03W - 08A - 03YW - 03YA ! 3 05L - 08A - 05YL - 03YA ! 5 . 375 1977 ! 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 06A - 05W - 06YA - 24YW ! 6 San Francisco 49ers 05W - 06A - 24YW - 06YA ! 5 01L - 06A - 06YL - 06YA ! 1 . 833 1981 ! 1981 , 1984 , 1988 , 1989 , 1994 , 2012 05A - 04W - 08YA - 08YW ! 5 Green Bay Packers 04W - 05A - 08YW - 08YA ! 4 01L - 05A - 21YL - 08YA ! 1 . 800 1966 ! 1966 , 1967 , 1996 , 1997 , 2010 05A - 04W - 07YA - 07YW ! 5 New York Giants 04W - 05A - 07YW - 07YA ! 4 01L - 05A - 18YL - 07YA ! 1 . 800 1986 ! 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 05A - 03W - 27YA - 27YW ! 5 Washington Redskins 03W - 05A - 27YW - 27YA ! 3 02L - 05A - 35YL - 27YA ! 2 . 600 1972 ! 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1987 , 1991 05A - 03W - 16YA - 35YW ! 5 Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 03W - 05A - 35YW - 16YA ! 3 02L - 05A - 16YL - 16YA ! 2 . 600 1967 , 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , 2002 05A - 02W - 34YA - 45YW ! 5 Miami Dolphins 02W - 05A - 45YW - 34YA ! 2 03L - 05A - 34YL - 34YA ! 3 . 400 1971 ! 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1982 , 1984 04A - 02W - 09YA - 12YW ! 4 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 02W - 04A - 12YW - 09YA ! 2 02L - 04A - 09YL - 09YA ! 2 . 500 1968 ! 1968 , 1970 , 2006 , 2009 04A - 00W - 42YA - 53YW ! 4 Minnesota Vikings 00W - 04A - 53YW - 25YA ! 0 04L - 04A - 42YL - 42YA ! 4 . 000 1969 ! 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 04A - 00W - 25YA - 53YW ! 4 Buffalo Bills 00W - 04A - 53YW - 25YA ! 0 04L - 04A - 25YL - 25YA ! 4 . 000 1990 ! 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 03A - 01W - 17YA - 19YW ! 3 St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams 01W - 03A - 19YW - 17YA ! 1 02L - 03A - 17YL - 17YA ! 2 . 333 1979 ! 1979 , 1999 , 2001 03A - 01W - 03YA - 04YW ! 3 Seattle Seahawks 01W - 03A - 04YW - 03YA ! 1 02L - 03A - 03YL - 03YA ! 2 . 333 2005 ! 2005 , 2013 , 2014 03A - 01W - 01YA - 01YW ! 3 Philadelphia Eagles 01W - 03A - 01YW - 01YA ! 1 02L - 03A - 14YL - 01YA ! 2 . 333 1980 ! 1980 , 2004 , 2017 02A - 02W - 06YA - 06YW ! 2 Baltimore Ravens 02W - 02A - 06YW - 06YA ! 2 00L - 02A - 22YL - 06YA ! 0 1.000 2000 ! 2000 , 2012 02A - 01W - 49YA - 49YW ! 2 Kansas City Chiefs 01W - 02A - 49YW - 49YA ! 1 01L - 02A - 52YL - 49YA ! 1 . 500 1966 ! 1966 , 1969 02A - 01W - 12YA - 33YW ! 2 Chicago Bears 01W - 02A - 33YW - 12YA ! 1 01L - 02A - 12YL - 12YA ! 1 . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 2006 02A - 00W - 30YA - 53YW ! 2 Cincinnati Bengals 00W - 02A - 53YW - 30YA ! 0 02L - 02A - 30YL - 30YA ! 2 . 000 1981 ! 1981 , 1988 02A - 00W - 03YA - 23YW ! 2 Carolina Panthers 00W - 02A - 23YW - 03YA ! 0 02L - 02A - 03YL - 03YA ! 2 . 000 2003 ! 2003 , 2015 02A - 00W - 02YA - 53YW ! 2 Atlanta Falcons 00W - 02A - 53YW - 02YA ! 0 02L - 02A - 02YL - 02YA ! 2 . 000 1998 ! 1998 , 2016 01A - 01W - 50YA - 50YW ! 1 New York Jets 01W - 01A - 50YW - 50YA ! 1 00L - 01A - 53YL - 50YA ! 0 1.000 1968 ! 1968 01A - 01W - 18YA - 18YW ! 1 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01W - 01A - 18YW - 18YA ! 1 00L - 01A - 44YL - 18YA ! 0 1.000 2002 ! 2002 01A - 01W - 09YA - 09YW ! 1 New Orleans Saints 01W - 01A - 09YW - 09YA ! 1 00L - 01A - 52YL - 09YA ! 0 1.000 2009 ! 2009 01A - 00W - 24YA - 53YW ! 1 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 00W - 01A - 53YW - 24YA ! 0 01L - 01A - 24YL - 24YA ! 1 . 000 1994 ! 1994 01A - 00W - 19YA - 53YW ! 1 Houston / Tennessee Oilers / Tennessee Titans 00W - 01A - 53YW - 19YA ! 0 01L - 01A - 19YL - 19YA ! 1 . 000 1999 ! 1999 01A - 00W - 10YA - 53YW ! 1 St. Louis / Arizona Cardinals 00W - 01A - 53YW - 10YA ! 0 01L - 01A - 10YL - 10YA ! 1 . 000 2008 ! 2008 00A - 00W - 53YA - 53YW - 11CG ! 0 Cleveland Browns 00W - 00A - 53YW - 53YA - 11CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 53YL - 53YA - 11CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 53YA - 53YW - 05CG ! 0 Detroit Lions 00W - 00A - 53YW - 53YA - 05CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 53YL - 53YA - 05CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 23YA - 23YW - 00CG ! 0 Jacksonville Jaguars 00W - 00A - 23YW - 23YA - 00CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 23YL - 23YA - 00CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 16YA - 16YW - 00CG ! 0 Houston Texans 00W - 00A - 16YW - 16YA - 00CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 16YL - 16YA - 00CG ! 0 -- none Appearances Team Wins Losses Winning percentage Seasons Teams with no Super Bowl appearances Four current teams have never reached the Super Bowl . Two of them held NFL league championships prior to Super Bowl I in the 1966 NFL season : Cleveland Browns , NFL champions four times in 1950 , 1954 , 1955 , and 1964 ; appeared in seven other NFL championship games in 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1965 , 1968 , and 1969 ; and appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 . The Browns are officially viewed as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 as a member of the All - America Football Conference , joined the NFL in 1950 , suspended operations from 1996 to 1998 , and resumed play in 1999 . The Baltimore Ravens were created as an expansion team with former Browns players in 1996 , and have since won two Super Bowls . Detroit Lions , NFL champions four times in 1935 , 1952 , 1953 , and 1957 ; appeared in one other NFL Championship Game in 1954 ; and appeared in one NFC Championship Game in 1991 Jacksonville Jaguars , 1995 expansion team ; appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1996 , 1999 , and 2017 . Houston Texans , 2002 expansion team ; Divisional Round appearances in 2011 , 2012 , and 2016 seasons . In addition , Detroit , Houston , and Jacksonville have hosted Super Bowls , making Cleveland the only current NFL city that has neither hosted nor had its team play in a Super Bowl . Teams with long Super Bowl droughts The Jets ' last championship appearance was their victory over the Colts in Super Bowl III . Although Jacksonville and Houston have never appeared in a Super Bowl , there are teams whose most recent Super Bowl appearance is older than when Jacksonville and Houston joined the NFL ( 1995 and 2002 , respectively ) , resulting in longer Super Bowl droughts than these teams for the following eight teams . Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since before the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 : New York Jets ( most recently appeared in Super Bowl III , 1968 season ) Kansas City Chiefs ( Super Bowl IV in 1969 season ) However , the Jets and the Chiefs are the only non-NFL teams to win the Super Bowl , both being members of the now - defunct AFL at the time . The most recent Super Bowl appearance for the following teams was after the AFL -- NFL merger , but prior to the 1995 regular season : Minnesota Vikings ( Super Bowl XI , 1976 season ) Miami Dolphins ( Super Bowl XIX , 1984 season ) Cincinnati Bengals ( Super Bowl XXIII , 1988 season ) Washington Redskins ( Super Bowl XXVI , 1991 season ) Buffalo Bills ( Super Bowl XXVIII , 1993 season ) Los Angeles Chargers ( played as San Diego Chargers in Super Bowl XXIX , 1994 season ) Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories Eight teams have appeared in the Super Bowl without ever winning . In descending order of number of appearances , they are : Minnesota Vikings ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI . They won the NFL Championship Game in 1969 , the last year before the AFL -- NFL merger , but failed to win the subsequent Super Bowl . An NFL expansion team in 1961 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII . Their second and last AFL championship was in 1965 , the season before the first Super Bowl . Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII . An AFL expansion team in 1968 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Atlanta Falcons ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI . An expansion team in 1966 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Carolina Panthers ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 . A post-merger expansion team , their first season was in 1995 . Arizona Cardinals ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XLIII . Their last championship was in 1947 as the Chicago Cardinals . Los Angeles Chargers ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXIX as the San Diego Chargers . Their only AFL championship was in 1963 . Tennessee Titans ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXXIV . They won the first two AFL Championships in 1960 and 1961 as the Houston Oilers . Super Bowl rematches The 49ers and the Bengals , who faced off in Super Bowl XVI ( pictured ) , would rematch each other again in Super Bowl XXIII . The following teams have faced each other more than once in the Super Bowl : Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 ) -- Super Bowls X and XIII were won by Pittsburgh , and Super Bowl XXX was won by Dallas . See also Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry . Miami Dolphins and Washington Redskins ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl VII was won by Miami , and Super Bowl XVII was won by Washington . Cincinnati Bengals and San Francisco 49ers ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XVI and XXIII were both won by San Francisco . Buffalo Bills and Dallas Cowboys ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII , the only rematch in consecutive seasons , were both won by Dallas . New England Patriots and New York Giants ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XLII and XLVI were both won by New York . New England Patriots and Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl XXXIX was won by New England , Super Bowl LII was won by Philadelphia . See also National Football League portal American football portal History of the National Football League championship List of AFC champions List of NFC champions List of NFL champions List of Super Bowl records Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award List of NFL franchise post-season droughts List of NFL franchise post-season streaks Notes ^ Jump up to : Los Angeles , Pasadena , and Inglewood are all located in the Greater Los Angeles Area . Pontiac , Michigan , is a suburb of Detroit . Both Tempe and Glendale are suburbs of Phoenix , Arizona . Both Stanford and Santa Clara are part of the San Francisco Bay Area Combined Statistical Area . ^ Jump up to : The Miami Orange Bowl was in Miami proper . Hard Rock Stadium , also in Miami - Dade County , opened in an unincorporated area with a Miami address ; the area was incorporated as Miami Gardens in 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Stadium renaming : SDCCU Stadium was originally known as San Diego Stadium , San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium , and Qualcomm Stadium . Hard Rock Stadium has also been variously known over the years as Joe Robbie Stadium , Pro Player Park , Pro Player Stadium , Dolphins Stadium ( with a plural `` s '' ) , Dolphin Stadium ( with no `` s '' ) , Land Shark Stadium , and Sun Life Stadium . NRG Stadium was originally known as Reliant Stadium . Jump up ^ Unlike other Super Bowls , Super Bowl 50 's official name , as designated by the NFL , uses the Arabic numeral `` 50 '' instead of the Roman numeral `` L '' . ^ Jump up to : Dates are tentative , pending possible future changes to the NFL calendar . ^ Jump up to : The Colts , Steelers , and Browns moved from the NFL to the newly - formed AFC , joining the ten extant AFL franchises , when the two leagues merged in 1970 . The Colts are the only team to have played in the Super Bowl for both the NFL and AFC . ^ Jump up to : Although the 1995 Cleveland Browns became the 1996 Baltimore Ravens , the Browns ' name , brand and history remained in Cleveland and was continued by the 1999 Cleveland Browns ; the Ravens , for historical purposes , are considered a separate franchise . References Jump up ^ Forbes , Gordon ( 1990 - 11 - 08 ) . `` The process of choosing a host city '' . USA Today . p. 4C . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl cities are far and few between '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Top Plays in Super Bowl History `` and the old veteran scores the first touchdown of the Super Bowl game '' YouTube , NFL Highlights . Jump up ^ `` Culture in NFL History '' . Shmoop.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Pasadena , California '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pontiac , Michigan '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Glendale , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tempe , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` OMB Bulletin No. 13 - 01 -- The White House '' ( PDF ) . Federal government of the United States . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1967 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Bread - and - butter Packers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2 : Lombardi 's Starr Rises '' . Sporting News . 1968 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 3 : The Broadway Joe Show '' . Sporting News . January 12 , 1969 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2006 . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl IV '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl V '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1972 - 01 - 24 ) . `` A Cowboy Stampede '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1973 - 01 - 22 ) . `` 17 -- 0 -- 0 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1974 - 01 - 21 ) . `` It Was The Day Of The Dolphins '' . 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CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 16 : 49ers Strike It Rich '' . Sporting News . January 24 , 1982 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1983 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Hail To The Redskins ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1984 - 01 - 30 ) . `` A Runaway For The Raiders '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1985 - 01 - 28 ) . `` The Niners Were Never Finer '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Magee , Jerry ( January 28 , 2007 ) . `` ' 85 Bears never lost in shuffle '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXI : New York Giants 39 , Denver Broncos 20 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . 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National Football League . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bay Area , Houston get Super Bowls '' . ESPN.com . May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl LII headed to Minnesota '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wells , Mike ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Minneapolis to host 2018 Super Bowl '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Atlanta , South Florida , L.A. chosen to host Super Bowls '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClure , Vaughn ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Owners award 2019 Super Bowl to Atlanta , 2020 to South Florida , 2021 to Los Angeles '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Year By Year Season results '' . Cleveland Browns . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Romano , John ( 1996 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Rams fear Phillips is a perpetual faux pas Series : NFL '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 9C . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Neumann , Thomas ( 2008 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Page 2 's ultimate NFL power rankings , Nos. 21 -- 32 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 07 . External links National Football League Super Bowl List of winning rosters Super Bowl champions I : Green Bay Packers II : Green Bay Packers III : New York Jets IV : Kansas City Chiefs V : Baltimore Colts VI : Dallas Cowboys VII : Miami Dolphins VIII : Miami Dolphins IX : Pittsburgh Steelers X : Pittsburgh Steelers XI : Oakland Raiders XII : Dallas Cowboys XIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers XV : Oakland Raiders XVI : San Francisco 49ers XVII : Washington Redskins XVIII : Los Angeles Raiders XIX : San Francisco 49ers XX : Chicago Bears XXI : New York Giants XXII : Washington Redskins XXIII : San Francisco 49ers XXIV : San Francisco 49ers XXV : New York Giants XXVI : Washington Redskins XXVII : Dallas Cowboys XXVIII : Dallas Cowboys XXIX : San Francisco 49ers XXX : Dallas Cowboys XXXI : Green Bay Packers XXXII : Denver Broncos XXXIII : Denver Broncos XXXIV : St. Louis Rams XXXV : Baltimore Ravens XXXVI : New England Patriots XXXVII : Tampa Bay Buccaneers XXXVIII : New England Patriots XXXIX : New England Patriots XL : Pittsburgh Steelers XLI : Indianapolis Colts XLII : New York Giants XLIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XLIV : New Orleans Saints XLV : Green Bay Packers XLVI : New York Giants XLVII : Baltimore Ravens XLVIII : Seattle Seahawks XLIX : New England Patriots 50 : Denver Broncos LI : New England Patriots LII : Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network Radio Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Super_Bowl_champions&oldid=833105797 '' Categories : Super Bowl lists Lists of sports championships Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2013 Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 18 : 13 . 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"\n\nGame\nDate\nWinning team\nScore\nLosing team\nVenue\nCity\nAttendance\nRef\n\n\n01 !I\n000000001967-01-15-0000January 15, 1967\nGreen Bay Packers 01 !Green Bay Packers‡\n(1, 1–0)\n3510 !35–10\nKansas City Chiefs 01 !Kansas City Chiefs^\n(1, 0–1)\nLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum\nLos Angeles, California 01 !Los Angeles, California[note 1]\n061946 !61,946\n[11]\n\n\n02 !II\n000000001968-01-14-0000January 14, 1968\nGreen Bay Packers 02 !Green Bay Packers‡\n(2, 2–0)\n3314 !33–14\nOakland Raiders 01 !Oakland Raiders^\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 01 !Miami Orange Bowl\nMiami, Florida 01 !Miami, Florida[note 2]\n075546 !75,546\n[12]\n\n\n03 !III\n000000001969-01-12-0000January 12, 1969\nNew York Jets 01 !New York Jets^\n(1, 1–0)\n1607 !16–7 \nIndianapolis Colts 01 !Baltimore Colts‡\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 02 !Miami Orange Bowl (2)\nMiami, Florida 02 !Miami, Florida (2)[note 2]\n075389 !75,389\n[13]\n\n\n04 !IV\n000000001970-01-11-0000January 11, 1970\nKansas City Chiefs 02 !Kansas City Chiefs^\n(2, 1–1)\n2307 !23–7 \nMinnesota Vikings 01 !Minnesota Vikings‡\n(1, 0–1)\nTulane Stadium 01 !Tulane Stadium\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 01 !New Orleans, Louisiana\n080562 !80,562\n[14]\n\n\n05 !V\n000000001971-01-17-0000January 17, 1971\nIndianapolis Colts 02 !Baltimore Colts†\n(2, 1–1)\n1613 !16–13 \nDallas Cowboys 01 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 03 !Miami Orange Bowl (3)\nMiami, Florida 03 !Miami, Florida (3)[note 2]\n079204 !79,204\n[15]\n\n\n06 !VI\n000000001972-01-16-0000January 16, 1972\nDallas Cowboys 02 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(2, 1–1)\n2403 !24–3 \nMiami Dolphins 01 !Miami Dolphins†\n(1, 0–1)\nTulane Stadium 02 !Tulane Stadium (2)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 02 !New Orleans, Louisiana (2)\n081023 !81,023\n[16]\n\n\n07 !VII\n000000001973-01-14-0000January 14, 1973\nMiami Dolphins 02 !Miami Dolphins†\n(2, 1–1)\n1407 !14–7 \nWashington Redskins 01 !Washington Redskins*\n(1, 0–1)\nLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (2)\nLos Angeles, California 02 !Los Angeles, California (2)[note 1]\n090182 !90,182\n[17]\n\n\n08 !VIII\n000000001974-01-13-0000January 13, 1974\nMiami Dolphins 03 !Miami Dolphins†\n(3, 2–1)\n2407 !24–7 \nMinnesota Vikings 02 !Minnesota Vikings*\n(2, 0–2)\nRice Stadium 01 !Rice Stadium\nHouston, Texas 01 !Houston, Texas\n071882 !71,882\n[18]\n\n\n09 !IX\n000000001975-01-12-0000January 12, 1975\nPittsburgh Steelers 01 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(1, 1–0)\n1606 !16–6 \nMinnesota Vikings 03 !Minnesota Vikings*\n(3, 0–3)\nTulane Stadium 03 !Tulane Stadium (3)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 03 !New Orleans, Louisiana (3)\n080997 !80,997\n[19]\n\n\n10 !X\n000000001976-01-18-0000January 18, 1976\nPittsburgh Steelers 02 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(2, 2–0)\n2117 !21–17\nDallas Cowboys 03 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(3, 1–2)\nMiami Orange Bowl 04 !Miami Orange Bowl (4)\nMiami, Florida 04 !Miami, Florida (4)[note 2]\n080187 !80,187\n[20]\n\n\n11 !XI\n000000001977-01-09-0000January 9, 1977\nOakland Raiders 02 !Oakland Raiders†\n(2, 1–1)\n3214 !32–14\nMinnesota Vikings 04 !Minnesota Vikings*\n(4, 0–4)\nRose Bowl 01 !Rose Bowl\nLos Angeles, California 03 !Pasadena, California (3)[note 1]\n103438 !103,438\n[21]\n\n\n12 !XII\n000000001978-01-15-0000January 15, 1978\nDallas Cowboys 04 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(4, 2–2)\n2710 !27–10\nDenver Broncos 01 !Denver Broncos†\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 01 !Louisiana Superdome\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 04 !New Orleans, Louisiana (4)\n076400 !76,400\n[22]\n\n\n13 !XIII\n000000001979-01-21-0000January 21, 1979\nPittsburgh Steelers 03 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(3, 3–0)\n3531 !35–31\nDallas Cowboys 05 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(5, 2–3)\nMiami Orange Bowl 05 !Miami Orange Bowl (5)\nMiami, Florida 05 !Miami, Florida (5)[note 2]\n079484 !79,484\n[23]\n\n\n14 !XIV\n000000001980-01-20-0000January 20, 1980\nPittsburgh Steelers 04 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(4, 4–0)\n3119 !31–19\nLos Angeles Rams 01 !Los Angeles Rams*\n(1, 0–1)\nRose Bowl 02 !Rose Bowl (2)\nLos Angeles, California 04 !Pasadena, California (4)[note 1]\n103985 !103,985\n[24]\n\n\n15 !XV\n000000001981-01-25-0000January 25, 1981\nOakland Raiders 03 !Oakland Raiders†\n(3, 2–1)\n2710 !27–10\nPhiladelphia Eagles 01 !Philadelphia Eagles*\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 02 !Louisiana Superdome (2)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 05 !New Orleans, Louisiana (5)\n076135 !76,135\n[25]\n\n\n16 !XVI\n000000001982-01-24-0000January 24, 1982\nSan Francisco 49ers 01 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(1, 1–0)\n2621 !26–21\nCincinnati Bengals 01 !Cincinnati Bengals†\n(1, 0–1)\nPontiac Silverdome 01 !Pontiac Silverdome\nDetroit, Michigan 01 !Pontiac, Michigan[note 1]\n081270 !81,270\n[26]\n\n\n17 !XVII\n000000001983-01-30-0000January 30, 1983\nWashington Redskins 02 !Washington Redskins*\n(2, 1–1)\n2717 !27–17\nMiami Dolphins 04 !Miami Dolphins†\n(4, 2–2)\nRose Bowl 03 !Rose Bowl (3)\nLos Angeles, California 05 !Pasadena, California (5)[note 1]\n103667 !103,667\n[27]\n\n\n18 !XVIII\n000000001984-01-22-0000January 22, 1984\nOakland Raiders 04 !Los Angeles Raiders†\n(4, 3–1)\n3809 !38–9 \nWashington Redskins 03 !Washington Redskins*\n(3, 1–2)\nTampa Stadium 01 !Tampa Stadium\nTampa, Florida 01 !Tampa, Florida\n072920 !72,920\n[28]\n\n\n19 !XIX\n000000001985-01-20-0000January 20, 1985\nSan Francisco 49ers 02 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(2, 2–0)\n3816 !38–16\nMiami Dolphins 05 !Miami Dolphins†\n(5, 2–3)\nStanford Stadium 01 !Stanford Stadium\nSan Francisco, California 01 !Stanford, California[note 1]\n084059 !84,059\n[29]\n\n\n20 !XX\n000000001986-01-26-0000January 26, 1986\nChicago Bears 01 !Chicago Bears*\n(1, 1–0)\n4610 !46–10\nNew England Patriots 01 !New England Patriots†\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 03 !Louisiana Superdome (3)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 06 !New Orleans, Louisiana (6)\n073818 !73,818\n[30]\n\n\n21 !XXI\n000000001987-01-25-0000January 25, 1987\nNew York Giants 01 !New York Giants*\n(1, 1–0)\n3920 !39–20\nDenver Broncos 02 !Denver Broncos†\n(2, 0–2)\nRose Bowl 04 !Rose Bowl (4)\nLos Angeles, California 06 !Pasadena, California (6)[note 1]\n101063 !101,063\n[31]\n\n\n22 !XXII\n000000001988-01-31-0000January 31, 1988\nWashington Redskins 04 !Washington Redskins*\n(4, 2–2)\n4210 !42–10\nDenver Broncos 03 !Denver Broncos†\n(3, 0–3)\nQualcomm Stadium 01 !San Diego–Jack Murphy Stadium[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 01 !San Diego, California\n073302 !73,302\n[32]\n\n\n23 !XXIII\n000000001989-01-22-0000January 22, 1989\nSan Francisco 49ers 03 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(3, 3–0)\n2016 !20–16\nCincinnati Bengals 02 !Cincinnati Bengals†\n(2, 0–2)\nHard Rock Stadium 01 !Joe Robbie Stadium[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 06 !Miami Gardens, Florida (6)[note 2]\n075129 !75,129\n[33]\n\n\n24 !XXIV\n000000001990-01-28-0000January 28, 1990\nSan Francisco 49ers 04 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(4, 4–0)\n5510 !55–10\nDenver Broncos 04 !Denver Broncos†\n(4, 0–4)\nLouisiana Superdome 04 !Louisiana Superdome (4)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 07 !New Orleans, Louisiana (7)\n072919 !72,919\n[34]\n\n\n25 !XXV\n000000001991-01-27-0000January 27, 1991\nNew York Giants 02 !New York Giants*\n(2, 2–0)\n2019 !20–19\nBuffalo Bills 01 !Buffalo Bills†\n(1, 0–1)\nTampa Stadium 02 !Tampa Stadium (2)\nTampa, Florida 02 !Tampa, Florida (2)\n073813 !73,813\n[35]\n\n\n26 !XXVI\n000000001992-01-26-0000January 26, 1992\nWashington Redskins 05 !Washington Redskins*\n(5, 3–2)\n3724 !37–24\nBuffalo Bills 02 !Buffalo Bills†\n(2, 0–2)\nMetrodome 01 !Metrodome\nMinneapolis, Minnesota 01 !Minneapolis, Minnesota\n063130 !63,130\n[36]\n\n\n27 !XXVII\n000000001993-01-31-0000January 31, 1993\nDallas Cowboys 06 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(6, 3–3)\n5217 !52–17\nBuffalo Bills 03 !Buffalo Bills†\n(3, 0–3)\nRose Bowl 05 !Rose Bowl (5)\nLos Angeles, California 07 !Pasadena, California (7)[note 1]\n098374 !98,374\n[37]\n\n\n28 !XXVIII\n000000001994-01-30-0000January 30, 1994\nDallas Cowboys 07 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(7, 4–3)\n3013 !30–13\nBuffalo Bills 04 !Buffalo Bills†\n(4, 0–4)\nGeorgia Dome 01 !Georgia Dome\nAtlanta, Georgia 01 !Atlanta, Georgia\n072817 !72,817\n[38]\n\n\n29 !XXIX\n000000001995-01-29-0000January 29, 1995\nSan Francisco 49ers 05 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(5, 5–0)\n4926 !49–26\nSan Diego Chargers 01 !San Diego Chargers†\n(1, 0–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 02 !Joe Robbie Stadium (2)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 07 !Miami Gardens, Florida (7)[note 2]\n074107 !74,107\n[39]\n\n\n30 !XXX\n000000001996-01-28-0000January 28, 1996\nDallas Cowboys 08 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(8, 5–3)\n2717 !27–17\nPittsburgh Steelers 05 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(5, 4–1)\nSun Devil Stadium 01 !Sun Devil Stadium\nPhoenix, Arizona 01 !Tempe, Arizona[note 1]\n076347 !76,347\n[40]\n\n\n31 !XXXI\n000000001997-01-26-0000January 26, 1997\nGreen Bay Packers 03 !Green Bay Packers*\n(3, 3–0)\n3521 !35–21\nNew England Patriots 02 !New England Patriots†\n(2, 0–2)\nLouisiana Superdome 05 !Louisiana Superdome (5)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 08 !New Orleans, Louisiana (8)\n072301 !72,301\n[41]\n\n\n32 !XXXII\n000000001998-01-25-0000January 25, 1998\nDenver Broncos 05 !Denver Broncos†\n(5, 1–4)\n3124 !31–24\nGreen Bay Packers 04 !Green Bay Packers*\n(4, 3–1)\nQualcomm Stadium 02 !Qualcomm Stadium (2)[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 02 !San Diego, California (2)\n068912 !68,912\n[42]\n\n\n33 !XXXIII\n000000001999-01-31-0000January 31, 1999\nDenver Broncos 06 !Denver Broncos†\n(6, 2–4)\n3419 !34–19\nAtlanta Falcons 01 !Atlanta Falcons*\n(1, 0–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 03 !Pro Player Stadium (3)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 08 !Miami Gardens, Florida (8)[note 2]\n074803 !74,803\n[43]\n\n\n34 !XXXIV\n000000002000-01-30-0000January 30, 2000\nLos Angeles Rams 02 !St. Louis Rams*\n(2, 1–1)\n2316 !23–16\nTennessee Titans 01 !Tennessee Titans†\n(1, 0–1)\nGeorgia Dome 02 !Georgia Dome (2)\nAtlanta, Georgia 02 !Atlanta, Georgia (2)\n072625 !72,625\n[44]\n\n\n35 !XXXV\n000000002001-01-28-0000January 28, 2001\nBaltimore Ravens 01 !Baltimore Ravens†\n(1, 1–0)\n3407 !34–7 \nNew York Giants 03 !New York Giants*\n(3, 2–1)\nRaymond James Stadium 01 !Raymond James Stadium\nTampa, Florida 03 !Tampa, Florida (3)\n071921 !71,921\n[45]\n\n\n36 !XXXVI\n000000002002-02-03-0000February 3, 2002\nNew England Patriots 03 !New England Patriots†\n(3, 1–2)\n2017 !20–17\nLos Angeles Rams 03 !St. Louis Rams*\n(3, 1–2)\nLouisiana Superdome 06 !Louisiana Superdome (6)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 09 !New Orleans, Louisiana (9)\n072922 !72,922\n[46]\n\n\n37 !XXXVII\n000000002003-01-26-0000January 26, 2003\nTampa Bay Buccaneers 01 !Tampa Bay Buccaneers*\n(1, 1–0)\n4821 !48–21\nOakland Raiders 05 !Oakland Raiders†\n(5, 3–2)\nQualcomm Stadium 03 !Qualcomm Stadium (3)[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 03 !San Diego, California (3)\n067603 !67,603\n[47]\n\n\n38 !XXXVIII\n000000002004-02-01-0000February 1, 2004\nNew England Patriots 04 !New England Patriots†\n(4, 2–2)\n3229 !32–29\nCarolina Panthers 01 !Carolina Panthers*\n(1, 0–1)\nNRG Stadium 01 !Reliant Stadium[note 3]\nHouston, Texas 02 !Houston, Texas (2)\n071525 !71,525\n[48]\n\n\n39 !XXXIX\n000000002005-02-06-0000February 6, 2005\nNew England Patriots 05 !New England Patriots†\n(5, 3–2)\n2421 !24–21\nPhiladelphia Eagles 02 !Philadelphia Eagles*\n(2, 0–2)\nALLTEL Stadium 01 !Alltel Stadium\nJacksonville, Florida 01 !Jacksonville, Florida\n078125 !78,125\n[49]\n\n\n40 !XL\n000000002006-02-05-0000February 5, 2006\nPittsburgh Steelers 06 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(6, 5–1)\n2110 !21–10\nSeattle Seahawks 01 !Seattle Seahawks*\n(1, 0–1)\nFord Field 01 !Ford Field\nDetroit, Michigan 02 !Detroit, Michigan (2)[note 1]\n068206 !68,206\n[50]\n\n\n41 !XLI\n000000002007-02-04-0000February 4, 2007\nIndianapolis Colts 03 !Indianapolis Colts†\n(3, 2–1)\n2917 !29–17\nChicago Bears 02 !Chicago Bears*\n(2, 1–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 04 !Dolphin Stadium (4)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 09 !Miami Gardens, Florida (9)[note 2]\n074512 !74,512\n[51]\n\n\n42 !XLII\n000000002008-02-03-0000February 3, 2008\nNew York Giants 04 !New York Giants*\n(4, 3–1)\n1714 !17–14\nNew England Patriots 06 !New England Patriots†\n(6, 3–3)\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium 01 !University of Phoenix Stadium\nPhoenix, Arizona 02 !Glendale, Arizona (2)[note 1]\n071101 !71,101\n[52]\n\n\n43 !XLIII\n000000002009-02-01-0000February 1, 2009\nPittsburgh Steelers 07 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(7, 6–1)\n2723 !27–23\nArizona Cardinals 01 !Arizona Cardinals*\n(1, 0–1)\nRaymond James Stadium 02 !Raymond James Stadium (2)\nTampa, Florida 04 !Tampa, Florida (4)\n070774 !70,774\n[53]\n\n\n44 !XLIV\n000000002010-02-07-0000February 7, 2010\nNew Orleans Saints 01 !New Orleans Saints*\n(1, 1–0)\n3117 !31–17\nIndianapolis Colts 04 !Indianapolis Colts†\n(4, 2–2)\nHard Rock Stadium 05 !Sun Life Stadium (5)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 10 !Miami Gardens, Florida (10)[note 2]\n074059 !74,059\n[54]\n\n\n45 !XLV\n000000002011-02-06-0000February 6, 2011\nGreen Bay Packers 05 !Green Bay Packers*\n(5, 4–1)\n3125 !31–25\nPittsburgh Steelers 08 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(8, 6–2)\nCowboys Stadium 01 !Cowboys Stadium\nArlington, Texas 01 !Arlington, Texas\n103219 !103,219\n[55]\n\n\n46 !XLVI\n000000002012-02-05-0000February 5, 2012\nNew York Giants 05 !New York Giants*\n(5, 4–1)\n2117 !21–17\nNew England Patriots 07 !New England Patriots†\n(7, 3–4)\nLucas Oil Stadium 01 !Lucas Oil Stadium\nIndianapolis, Indiana 01 !Indianapolis, Indiana\n068658 !68,658\n[56][57]\n\n\n47 !XLVII\n000000002013-02-03-0000February 3, 2013\nBaltimore Ravens 02 !Baltimore Ravens†\n(2, 2–0)\n3431 !34–31\nSan Francisco 49ers 06 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(6, 5–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 07 !Mercedes-Benz Superdome (7)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 10 !New Orleans, Louisiana (10)\n071024 !71,024\n[56][58]\n\n\n48 !XLVIII\n000000002014-02-02-0000February 2, 2014\nSeattle Seahawks 02 !Seattle Seahawks*\n(2, 1–1)\n4308 !43–8\nDenver Broncos 07 !Denver Broncos†\n(7, 2–5)\nMetLife Stadium 01 !MetLife Stadium\nEast Rutherford, New Jersey 01 !East Rutherford, New Jersey\n082529 !82,529\n[59]\n\n\n49 !XLIX\n000000002015-02-01-0000February 1, 2015\nNew England Patriots 08 !New England Patriots†\n(8, 4–4)\n2824 !28–24\nSeattle Seahawks 03 !Seattle Seahawks*\n(3, 1–2)\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium 02 !University of Phoenix Stadium (2)\nPhoenix, Arizona 03 !Glendale, Arizona (3)[note 1]\n070288 !70,288\n[60][61]\n\n\n50 !50 [note 4]\n000000002016-02-07-0000February 7, 2016\nDenver Broncos 08 !Denver Broncos†\n(8, 3–5)\n2410 !24–10\nCarolina Panthers 02 !Carolina Panthers*\n(2, 0–2)\nLevi's Stadium 01 !Levi's Stadium\nSan Francisco, California 02 !Santa Clara, California (2)[note 1]\n071088 !71,088\n[61][62][63]\n\n\n51 !LI\n000000002017-02-05-0000February 5, 2017\nNew England Patriots 09 !New England Patriots†\n(9, 5–4)\n3428 !34–28 (OT)\nAtlanta Falcons 02 !Atlanta Falcons*\n(2, 0–2)\nNRG Stadium 02 !NRG Stadium (2)[note 3]\nHouston, Texas 03 !Houston, Texas (3)\n070807 !70,807\n[61][62][63]\n\n\n52 !LII\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4, 2018\nPhiladelphia Eagles 03 !Philadelphia Eagles*\n(3, 1–2)\n4133 !41–33\nNew England Patriots 10 !New England Patriots†\n(10, 5–5)\nU.S. Bank Stadium 01 !U.S. Bank Stadium\nMinneapolis, Minnesota 02 !Minneapolis, Minnesota (2)\n067612 !67,612\n[64][65]\n\n\n53 !LIII\n000000002019-02-03-0000February 3, 2019 [note 5]\nX 2019 !2018–19 AFC champion† at 2018–19 NFC champion*\n0019 !—\nX 2019 !To be determined (TBD)\nMercedes-Benz Stadium 01 !Mercedes-Benz Stadium\nAtlanta, Georgia 03 !Atlanta, Georgia (3)\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n54 !LIV\n000000002020-02-02-0000February 2, 2020 [note 5]\nX 2020 !2019–20 NFC champion* at 2019–20 AFC champion†\n0020 !—\nX 2020 !To be determined\nHard Rock Stadium 06 !Hard Rock Stadium (6)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 11 !Miami Gardens, Florida (11)[note 2]\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n55 !LV\n000000002021-02-07-0000February 7, 2021 [note 5]\nX 2020 !2020–21 AFC champion† at 2020–21 NFC champion*\n0021 !—\nX 2021 !To be determined\nRaymond James Stadium 03 !Raymond James Stadium (3)\nTampa, Florida 05 !Tampa, Florida (5)\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n56 !LVI\n000000002022-02-06-0000February 6, 2022 [note 5]\nX 2021 !2021–22 NFC champion† at 2021–22 AFC champion*\n0022 !—\nX 2022 !To be determined\nCity of Champions Stadium 01 !Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park\nLos Angeles, California 08 !Inglewood, California (8)[note 1]\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n\nGame\nDate\nWinning team\nScore\nLosing team\nVenue\nCity\nAttendance\nRef\n",
"\n\nGame\nDate\nWinning team\nScore\nLosing team\nVenue\nCity\nAttendance\nRef\n\n\n01 !I\n000000001967-01-15-0000January 15, 1967\nGreen Bay Packers 01 !Green Bay Packers‡\n(1, 1–0)\n3510 !35–10\nKansas City Chiefs 01 !Kansas City Chiefs^\n(1, 0–1)\nLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum\nLos Angeles, California 01 !Los Angeles, California[note 1]\n061946 !61,946\n[11]\n\n\n02 !II\n000000001968-01-14-0000January 14, 1968\nGreen Bay Packers 02 !Green Bay Packers‡\n(2, 2–0)\n3314 !33–14\nOakland Raiders 01 !Oakland Raiders^\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 01 !Miami Orange Bowl\nMiami, Florida 01 !Miami, Florida[note 2]\n075546 !75,546\n[12]\n\n\n03 !III\n000000001969-01-12-0000January 12, 1969\nNew York Jets 01 !New York Jets^\n(1, 1–0)\n1607 !16–7 \nIndianapolis Colts 01 !Baltimore Colts‡\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 02 !Miami Orange Bowl (2)\nMiami, Florida 02 !Miami, Florida (2)[note 2]\n075389 !75,389\n[13]\n\n\n04 !IV\n000000001970-01-11-0000January 11, 1970\nKansas City Chiefs 02 !Kansas City Chiefs^\n(2, 1–1)\n2307 !23–7 \nMinnesota Vikings 01 !Minnesota Vikings‡\n(1, 0–1)\nTulane Stadium 01 !Tulane Stadium\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 01 !New Orleans, Louisiana\n080562 !80,562\n[14]\n\n\n05 !V\n000000001971-01-17-0000January 17, 1971\nIndianapolis Colts 02 !Baltimore Colts†\n(2, 1–1)\n1613 !16–13 \nDallas Cowboys 01 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 03 !Miami Orange Bowl (3)\nMiami, Florida 03 !Miami, Florida (3)[note 2]\n079204 !79,204\n[15]\n\n\n06 !VI\n000000001972-01-16-0000January 16, 1972\nDallas Cowboys 02 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(2, 1–1)\n2403 !24–3 \nMiami Dolphins 01 !Miami Dolphins†\n(1, 0–1)\nTulane Stadium 02 !Tulane Stadium (2)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 02 !New Orleans, Louisiana (2)\n081023 !81,023\n[16]\n\n\n07 !VII\n000000001973-01-14-0000January 14, 1973\nMiami Dolphins 02 !Miami Dolphins†\n(2, 1–1)\n1407 !14–7 \nWashington Redskins 01 !Washington Redskins*\n(1, 0–1)\nLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (2)\nLos Angeles, California 02 !Los Angeles, California (2)[note 1]\n090182 !90,182\n[17]\n\n\n08 !VIII\n000000001974-01-13-0000January 13, 1974\nMiami Dolphins 03 !Miami Dolphins†\n(3, 2–1)\n2407 !24–7 \nMinnesota Vikings 02 !Minnesota Vikings*\n(2, 0–2)\nRice Stadium 01 !Rice Stadium\nHouston, Texas 01 !Houston, Texas\n071882 !71,882\n[18]\n\n\n09 !IX\n000000001975-01-12-0000January 12, 1975\nPittsburgh Steelers 01 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(1, 1–0)\n1606 !16–6 \nMinnesota Vikings 03 !Minnesota Vikings*\n(3, 0–3)\nTulane Stadium 03 !Tulane Stadium (3)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 03 !New Orleans, Louisiana (3)\n080997 !80,997\n[19]\n\n\n10 !X\n000000001976-01-18-0000January 18, 1976\nPittsburgh Steelers 02 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(2, 2–0)\n2117 !21–17\nDallas Cowboys 03 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(3, 1–2)\nMiami Orange Bowl 04 !Miami Orange Bowl (4)\nMiami, Florida 04 !Miami, Florida (4)[note 2]\n080187 !80,187\n[20]\n\n\n11 !XI\n000000001977-01-09-0000January 9, 1977\nOakland Raiders 02 !Oakland Raiders†\n(2, 1–1)\n3214 !32–14\nMinnesota Vikings 04 !Minnesota Vikings*\n(4, 0–4)\nRose Bowl 01 !Rose Bowl\nLos Angeles, California 03 !Pasadena, California (3)[note 1]\n103438 !103,438\n[21]\n\n\n12 !XII\n000000001978-01-15-0000January 15, 1978\nDallas Cowboys 04 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(4, 2–2)\n2710 !27–10\nDenver Broncos 01 !Denver Broncos†\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 01 !Louisiana Superdome\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 04 !New Orleans, Louisiana (4)\n076400 !76,400\n[22]\n\n\n13 !XIII\n000000001979-01-21-0000January 21, 1979\nPittsburgh Steelers 03 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(3, 3–0)\n3531 !35–31\nDallas Cowboys 05 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(5, 2–3)\nMiami Orange Bowl 05 !Miami Orange Bowl (5)\nMiami, Florida 05 !Miami, Florida (5)[note 2]\n079484 !79,484\n[23]\n\n\n14 !XIV\n000000001980-01-20-0000January 20, 1980\nPittsburgh Steelers 04 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(4, 4–0)\n3119 !31–19\nLos Angeles Rams 01 !Los Angeles Rams*\n(1, 0–1)\nRose Bowl 02 !Rose Bowl (2)\nLos Angeles, California 04 !Pasadena, California (4)[note 1]\n103985 !103,985\n[24]\n\n\n15 !XV\n000000001981-01-25-0000January 25, 1981\nOakland Raiders 03 !Oakland Raiders†\n(3, 2–1)\n2710 !27–10\nPhiladelphia Eagles 01 !Philadelphia Eagles*\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 02 !Louisiana Superdome (2)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 05 !New Orleans, Louisiana (5)\n076135 !76,135\n[25]\n\n\n16 !XVI\n000000001982-01-24-0000January 24, 1982\nSan Francisco 49ers 01 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(1, 1–0)\n2621 !26–21\nCincinnati Bengals 01 !Cincinnati Bengals†\n(1, 0–1)\nPontiac Silverdome 01 !Pontiac Silverdome\nDetroit, Michigan 01 !Pontiac, Michigan[note 1]\n081270 !81,270\n[26]\n\n\n17 !XVII\n000000001983-01-30-0000January 30, 1983\nWashington Redskins 02 !Washington Redskins*\n(2, 1–1)\n2717 !27–17\nMiami Dolphins 04 !Miami Dolphins†\n(4, 2–2)\nRose Bowl 03 !Rose Bowl (3)\nLos Angeles, California 05 !Pasadena, California (5)[note 1]\n103667 !103,667\n[27]\n\n\n18 !XVIII\n000000001984-01-22-0000January 22, 1984\nOakland Raiders 04 !Los Angeles Raiders†\n(4, 3–1)\n3809 !38–9 \nWashington Redskins 03 !Washington Redskins*\n(3, 1–2)\nTampa Stadium 01 !Tampa Stadium\nTampa, Florida 01 !Tampa, Florida\n072920 !72,920\n[28]\n\n\n19 !XIX\n000000001985-01-20-0000January 20, 1985\nSan Francisco 49ers 02 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(2, 2–0)\n3816 !38–16\nMiami Dolphins 05 !Miami Dolphins†\n(5, 2–3)\nStanford Stadium 01 !Stanford Stadium\nSan Francisco, California 01 !Stanford, California[note 1]\n084059 !84,059\n[29]\n\n\n20 !XX\n000000001986-01-26-0000January 26, 1986\nChicago Bears 01 !Chicago Bears*\n(1, 1–0)\n4610 !46–10\nNew England Patriots 01 !New England Patriots†\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 03 !Louisiana Superdome (3)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 06 !New Orleans, Louisiana (6)\n073818 !73,818\n[30]\n\n\n21 !XXI\n000000001987-01-25-0000January 25, 1987\nNew York Giants 01 !New York Giants*\n(1, 1–0)\n3920 !39–20\nDenver Broncos 02 !Denver Broncos†\n(2, 0–2)\nRose Bowl 04 !Rose Bowl (4)\nLos Angeles, California 06 !Pasadena, California (6)[note 1]\n101063 !101,063\n[31]\n\n\n22 !XXII\n000000001988-01-31-0000January 31, 1988\nWashington Redskins 04 !Washington Redskins*\n(4, 2–2)\n4210 !42–10\nDenver Broncos 03 !Denver Broncos†\n(3, 0–3)\nQualcomm Stadium 01 !San Diego–Jack Murphy Stadium[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 01 !San Diego, California\n073302 !73,302\n[32]\n\n\n23 !XXIII\n000000001989-01-22-0000January 22, 1989\nSan Francisco 49ers 03 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(3, 3–0)\n2016 !20–16\nCincinnati Bengals 02 !Cincinnati Bengals†\n(2, 0–2)\nHard Rock Stadium 01 !Joe Robbie Stadium[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 06 !Miami Gardens, Florida (6)[note 2]\n075129 !75,129\n[33]\n\n\n24 !XXIV\n000000001990-01-28-0000January 28, 1990\nSan Francisco 49ers 04 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(4, 4–0)\n5510 !55–10\nDenver Broncos 04 !Denver Broncos†\n(4, 0–4)\nLouisiana Superdome 04 !Louisiana Superdome (4)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 07 !New Orleans, Louisiana (7)\n072919 !72,919\n[34]\n\n\n25 !XXV\n000000001991-01-27-0000January 27, 1991\nNew York Giants 02 !New York Giants*\n(2, 2–0)\n2019 !20–19\nBuffalo Bills 01 !Buffalo Bills†\n(1, 0–1)\nTampa Stadium 02 !Tampa Stadium (2)\nTampa, Florida 02 !Tampa, Florida (2)\n073813 !73,813\n[35]\n\n\n26 !XXVI\n000000001992-01-26-0000January 26, 1992\nWashington Redskins 05 !Washington Redskins*\n(5, 3–2)\n3724 !37–24\nBuffalo Bills 02 !Buffalo Bills†\n(2, 0–2)\nMetrodome 01 !Metrodome\nMinneapolis, Minnesota 01 !Minneapolis, Minnesota\n063130 !63,130\n[36]\n\n\n27 !XXVII\n000000001993-01-31-0000January 31, 1993\nDallas Cowboys 06 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(6, 3–3)\n5217 !52–17\nBuffalo Bills 03 !Buffalo Bills†\n(3, 0–3)\nRose Bowl 05 !Rose Bowl (5)\nLos Angeles, California 07 !Pasadena, California (7)[note 1]\n098374 !98,374\n[37]\n\n\n28 !XXVIII\n000000001994-01-30-0000January 30, 1994\nDallas Cowboys 07 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(7, 4–3)\n3013 !30–13\nBuffalo Bills 04 !Buffalo Bills†\n(4, 0–4)\nGeorgia Dome 01 !Georgia Dome\nAtlanta, Georgia 01 !Atlanta, Georgia\n072817 !72,817\n[38]\n\n\n29 !XXIX\n000000001995-01-29-0000January 29, 1995\nSan Francisco 49ers 05 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(5, 5–0)\n4926 !49–26\nSan Diego Chargers 01 !San Diego Chargers†\n(1, 0–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 02 !Joe Robbie Stadium (2)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 07 !Miami Gardens, Florida (7)[note 2]\n074107 !74,107\n[39]\n\n\n30 !XXX\n000000001996-01-28-0000January 28, 1996\nDallas Cowboys 08 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(8, 5–3)\n2717 !27–17\nPittsburgh Steelers 05 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(5, 4–1)\nSun Devil Stadium 01 !Sun Devil Stadium\nPhoenix, Arizona 01 !Tempe, Arizona[note 1]\n076347 !76,347\n[40]\n\n\n31 !XXXI\n000000001997-01-26-0000January 26, 1997\nGreen Bay Packers 03 !Green Bay Packers*\n(3, 3–0)\n3521 !35–21\nNew England Patriots 02 !New England Patriots†\n(2, 0–2)\nLouisiana Superdome 05 !Louisiana Superdome (5)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 08 !New Orleans, Louisiana (8)\n072301 !72,301\n[41]\n\n\n32 !XXXII\n000000001998-01-25-0000January 25, 1998\nDenver Broncos 05 !Denver Broncos†\n(5, 1–4)\n3124 !31–24\nGreen Bay Packers 04 !Green Bay Packers*\n(4, 3–1)\nQualcomm Stadium 02 !Qualcomm Stadium (2)[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 02 !San Diego, California (2)\n068912 !68,912\n[42]\n\n\n33 !XXXIII\n000000001999-01-31-0000January 31, 1999\nDenver Broncos 06 !Denver Broncos†\n(6, 2–4)\n3419 !34–19\nAtlanta Falcons 01 !Atlanta Falcons*\n(1, 0–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 03 !Pro Player Stadium (3)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 08 !Miami Gardens, Florida (8)[note 2]\n074803 !74,803\n[43]\n\n\n34 !XXXIV\n000000002000-01-30-0000January 30, 2000\nLos Angeles Rams 02 !St. Louis Rams*\n(2, 1–1)\n2316 !23–16\nTennessee Titans 01 !Tennessee Titans†\n(1, 0–1)\nGeorgia Dome 02 !Georgia Dome (2)\nAtlanta, Georgia 02 !Atlanta, Georgia (2)\n072625 !72,625\n[44]\n\n\n35 !XXXV\n000000002001-01-28-0000January 28, 2001\nBaltimore Ravens 01 !Baltimore Ravens†\n(1, 1–0)\n3407 !34–7 \nNew York Giants 03 !New York Giants*\n(3, 2–1)\nRaymond James Stadium 01 !Raymond James Stadium\nTampa, Florida 03 !Tampa, Florida (3)\n071921 !71,921\n[45]\n\n\n36 !XXXVI\n000000002002-02-03-0000February 3, 2002\nNew England Patriots 03 !New England Patriots†\n(3, 1–2)\n2017 !20–17\nLos Angeles Rams 03 !St. Louis Rams*\n(3, 1–2)\nLouisiana Superdome 06 !Louisiana Superdome (6)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 09 !New Orleans, Louisiana (9)\n072922 !72,922\n[46]\n\n\n37 !XXXVII\n000000002003-01-26-0000January 26, 2003\nTampa Bay Buccaneers 01 !Tampa Bay Buccaneers*\n(1, 1–0)\n4821 !48–21\nOakland Raiders 05 !Oakland Raiders†\n(5, 3–2)\nQualcomm Stadium 03 !Qualcomm Stadium (3)[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 03 !San Diego, California (3)\n067603 !67,603\n[47]\n\n\n38 !XXXVIII\n000000002004-02-01-0000February 1, 2004\nNew England Patriots 04 !New England Patriots†\n(4, 2–2)\n3229 !32–29\nCarolina Panthers 01 !Carolina Panthers*\n(1, 0–1)\nNRG Stadium 01 !Reliant Stadium[note 3]\nHouston, Texas 02 !Houston, Texas (2)\n071525 !71,525\n[48]\n\n\n39 !XXXIX\n000000002005-02-06-0000February 6, 2005\nNew England Patriots 05 !New England Patriots†\n(5, 3–2)\n2421 !24–21\nPhiladelphia Eagles 02 !Philadelphia Eagles*\n(2, 0–2)\nALLTEL Stadium 01 !Alltel Stadium\nJacksonville, Florida 01 !Jacksonville, Florida\n078125 !78,125\n[49]\n\n\n40 !XL\n000000002006-02-05-0000February 5, 2006\nPittsburgh Steelers 06 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(6, 5–1)\n2110 !21–10\nSeattle Seahawks 01 !Seattle Seahawks*\n(1, 0–1)\nFord Field 01 !Ford Field\nDetroit, Michigan 02 !Detroit, Michigan (2)[note 1]\n068206 !68,206\n[50]\n\n\n41 !XLI\n000000002007-02-04-0000February 4, 2007\nIndianapolis Colts 03 !Indianapolis Colts†\n(3, 2–1)\n2917 !29–17\nChicago Bears 02 !Chicago Bears*\n(2, 1–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 04 !Dolphin Stadium (4)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 09 !Miami Gardens, Florida (9)[note 2]\n074512 !74,512\n[51]\n\n\n42 !XLII\n000000002008-02-03-0000February 3, 2008\nNew York Giants 04 !New York Giants*\n(4, 3–1)\n1714 !17–14\nNew England Patriots 06 !New England Patriots†\n(6, 3–3)\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium 01 !University of Phoenix Stadium\nPhoenix, Arizona 02 !Glendale, Arizona (2)[note 1]\n071101 !71,101\n[52]\n\n\n43 !XLIII\n000000002009-02-01-0000February 1, 2009\nPittsburgh Steelers 07 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(7, 6–1)\n2723 !27–23\nArizona Cardinals 01 !Arizona Cardinals*\n(1, 0–1)\nRaymond James Stadium 02 !Raymond James Stadium (2)\nTampa, Florida 04 !Tampa, Florida (4)\n070774 !70,774\n[53]\n\n\n44 !XLIV\n000000002010-02-07-0000February 7, 2010\nNew Orleans Saints 01 !New Orleans Saints*\n(1, 1–0)\n3117 !31–17\nIndianapolis Colts 04 !Indianapolis Colts†\n(4, 2–2)\nHard Rock Stadium 05 !Sun Life Stadium (5)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 10 !Miami Gardens, Florida (10)[note 2]\n074059 !74,059\n[54]\n\n\n45 !XLV\n000000002011-02-06-0000February 6, 2011\nGreen Bay Packers 05 !Green Bay Packers*\n(5, 4–1)\n3125 !31–25\nPittsburgh Steelers 08 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(8, 6–2)\nCowboys Stadium 01 !Cowboys Stadium\nArlington, Texas 01 !Arlington, Texas\n103219 !103,219\n[55]\n\n\n46 !XLVI\n000000002012-02-05-0000February 5, 2012\nNew York Giants 05 !New York Giants*\n(5, 4–1)\n2117 !21–17\nNew England Patriots 07 !New England Patriots†\n(7, 3–4)\nLucas Oil Stadium 01 !Lucas Oil Stadium\nIndianapolis, Indiana 01 !Indianapolis, Indiana\n068658 !68,658\n[56][57]\n\n\n47 !XLVII\n000000002013-02-03-0000February 3, 2013\nBaltimore Ravens 02 !Baltimore Ravens†\n(2, 2–0)\n3431 !34–31\nSan Francisco 49ers 06 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(6, 5–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 07 !Mercedes-Benz Superdome (7)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 10 !New Orleans, Louisiana (10)\n071024 !71,024\n[56][58]\n\n\n48 !XLVIII\n000000002014-02-02-0000February 2, 2014\nSeattle Seahawks 02 !Seattle Seahawks*\n(2, 1–1)\n4308 !43–8\nDenver Broncos 07 !Denver Broncos†\n(7, 2–5)\nMetLife Stadium 01 !MetLife Stadium\nEast Rutherford, New Jersey 01 !East Rutherford, New Jersey\n082529 !82,529\n[59]\n\n\n49 !XLIX\n000000002015-02-01-0000February 1, 2015\nNew England Patriots 08 !New England Patriots†\n(8, 4–4)\n2824 !28–24\nSeattle Seahawks 03 !Seattle Seahawks*\n(3, 1–2)\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium 02 !University of Phoenix Stadium (2)\nPhoenix, Arizona 03 !Glendale, Arizona (3)[note 1]\n070288 !70,288\n[60][61]\n\n\n50 !50 [note 4]\n000000002016-02-07-0000February 7, 2016\nDenver Broncos 08 !Denver Broncos†\n(8, 3–5)\n2410 !24–10\nCarolina Panthers 02 !Carolina Panthers*\n(2, 0–2)\nLevi's Stadium 01 !Levi's Stadium\nSan Francisco, California 02 !Santa Clara, California (2)[note 1]\n071088 !71,088\n[61][62][63]\n\n\n51 !LI\n000000002017-02-05-0000February 5, 2017\nNew England Patriots 09 !New England Patriots†\n(9, 5–4)\n3428 !34–28 (OT)\nAtlanta Falcons 02 !Atlanta Falcons*\n(2, 0–2)\nNRG Stadium 02 !NRG Stadium (2)[note 3]\nHouston, Texas 03 !Houston, Texas (3)\n070807 !70,807\n[61][62][63]\n\n\n52 !LII\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4, 2018\nPhiladelphia Eagles 03 !Philadelphia Eagles*\n(3, 1–2)\n4133 !41–33\nNew England Patriots 10 !New England Patriots†\n(10, 5–5)\nU.S. Bank Stadium 01 !U.S. Bank Stadium\nMinneapolis, Minnesota 02 !Minneapolis, Minnesota (2)\n067612 !67,612\n[64][65]\n\n\n53 !LIII\n000000002019-02-03-0000February 3, 2019 [note 5]\nX 2019 !2018–19 AFC champion† at 2018–19 NFC champion*\n0019 !—\nX 2019 !To be determined (TBD)\nMercedes-Benz Stadium 01 !Mercedes-Benz Stadium\nAtlanta, Georgia 03 !Atlanta, Georgia (3)\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n54 !LIV\n000000002020-02-02-0000February 2, 2020 [note 5]\nX 2020 !2019–20 NFC champion* at 2019–20 AFC champion†\n0020 !—\nX 2020 !To be determined\nHard Rock Stadium 06 !Hard Rock Stadium (6)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 11 !Miami Gardens, Florida (11)[note 2]\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n55 !LV\n000000002021-02-07-0000February 7, 2021 [note 5]\nX 2020 !2020–21 AFC champion† at 2020–21 NFC champion*\n0021 !—\nX 2021 !To be determined\nRaymond James Stadium 03 !Raymond James Stadium (3)\nTampa, Florida 05 !Tampa, Florida (5)\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n56 !LVI\n000000002022-02-06-0000February 6, 2022 [note 5]\nX 2021 !2021–22 NFC champion† at 2021–22 AFC champion*\n0022 !—\nX 2022 !To be determined\nCity of Champions Stadium 01 !Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park\nLos Angeles, California 08 !Inglewood, California (8)[note 1]\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n\nGame\nDate\nWinning team\nScore\nLosing team\nVenue\nCity\nAttendance\nRef\n",
"\n\nGame\nDate\nWinning team\nScore\nLosing team\nVenue\nCity\nAttendance\nRef\n\n\n01 !I\n000000001967-01-15-0000January 15, 1967\nGreen Bay Packers 01 !Green Bay Packers‡\n(1, 1–0)\n3510 !35–10\nKansas City Chiefs 01 !Kansas City Chiefs^\n(1, 0–1)\nLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum\nLos Angeles, California 01 !Los Angeles, California[note 1]\n061946 !61,946\n[11]\n\n\n02 !II\n000000001968-01-14-0000January 14, 1968\nGreen Bay Packers 02 !Green Bay Packers‡\n(2, 2–0)\n3314 !33–14\nOakland Raiders 01 !Oakland Raiders^\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 01 !Miami Orange Bowl\nMiami, Florida 01 !Miami, Florida[note 2]\n075546 !75,546\n[12]\n\n\n03 !III\n000000001969-01-12-0000January 12, 1969\nNew York Jets 01 !New York Jets^\n(1, 1–0)\n1607 !16–7 \nIndianapolis Colts 01 !Baltimore Colts‡\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 02 !Miami Orange Bowl (2)\nMiami, Florida 02 !Miami, Florida (2)[note 2]\n075389 !75,389\n[13]\n\n\n04 !IV\n000000001970-01-11-0000January 11, 1970\nKansas City Chiefs 02 !Kansas City Chiefs^\n(2, 1–1)\n2307 !23–7 \nMinnesota Vikings 01 !Minnesota Vikings‡\n(1, 0–1)\nTulane Stadium 01 !Tulane Stadium\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 01 !New Orleans, Louisiana\n080562 !80,562\n[14]\n\n\n05 !V\n000000001971-01-17-0000January 17, 1971\nIndianapolis Colts 02 !Baltimore Colts†\n(2, 1–1)\n1613 !16–13 \nDallas Cowboys 01 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 03 !Miami Orange Bowl (3)\nMiami, Florida 03 !Miami, Florida (3)[note 2]\n079204 !79,204\n[15]\n\n\n06 !VI\n000000001972-01-16-0000January 16, 1972\nDallas Cowboys 02 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(2, 1–1)\n2403 !24–3 \nMiami Dolphins 01 !Miami Dolphins†\n(1, 0–1)\nTulane Stadium 02 !Tulane Stadium (2)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 02 !New Orleans, Louisiana (2)\n081023 !81,023\n[16]\n\n\n07 !VII\n000000001973-01-14-0000January 14, 1973\nMiami Dolphins 02 !Miami Dolphins†\n(2, 1–1)\n1407 !14–7 \nWashington Redskins 01 !Washington Redskins*\n(1, 0–1)\nLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (2)\nLos Angeles, California 02 !Los Angeles, California (2)[note 1]\n090182 !90,182\n[17]\n\n\n08 !VIII\n000000001974-01-13-0000January 13, 1974\nMiami Dolphins 03 !Miami Dolphins†\n(3, 2–1)\n2407 !24–7 \nMinnesota Vikings 02 !Minnesota Vikings*\n(2, 0–2)\nRice Stadium 01 !Rice Stadium\nHouston, Texas 01 !Houston, Texas\n071882 !71,882\n[18]\n\n\n09 !IX\n000000001975-01-12-0000January 12, 1975\nPittsburgh Steelers 01 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(1, 1–0)\n1606 !16–6 \nMinnesota Vikings 03 !Minnesota Vikings*\n(3, 0–3)\nTulane Stadium 03 !Tulane Stadium (3)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 03 !New Orleans, Louisiana (3)\n080997 !80,997\n[19]\n\n\n10 !X\n000000001976-01-18-0000January 18, 1976\nPittsburgh Steelers 02 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(2, 2–0)\n2117 !21–17\nDallas Cowboys 03 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(3, 1–2)\nMiami Orange Bowl 04 !Miami Orange Bowl (4)\nMiami, Florida 04 !Miami, Florida (4)[note 2]\n080187 !80,187\n[20]\n\n\n11 !XI\n000000001977-01-09-0000January 9, 1977\nOakland Raiders 02 !Oakland Raiders†\n(2, 1–1)\n3214 !32–14\nMinnesota Vikings 04 !Minnesota Vikings*\n(4, 0–4)\nRose Bowl 01 !Rose Bowl\nLos Angeles, California 03 !Pasadena, California (3)[note 1]\n103438 !103,438\n[21]\n\n\n12 !XII\n000000001978-01-15-0000January 15, 1978\nDallas Cowboys 04 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(4, 2–2)\n2710 !27–10\nDenver Broncos 01 !Denver Broncos†\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 01 !Louisiana Superdome\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 04 !New Orleans, Louisiana (4)\n076400 !76,400\n[22]\n\n\n13 !XIII\n000000001979-01-21-0000January 21, 1979\nPittsburgh Steelers 03 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(3, 3–0)\n3531 !35–31\nDallas Cowboys 05 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(5, 2–3)\nMiami Orange Bowl 05 !Miami Orange Bowl (5)\nMiami, Florida 05 !Miami, Florida (5)[note 2]\n079484 !79,484\n[23]\n\n\n14 !XIV\n000000001980-01-20-0000January 20, 1980\nPittsburgh Steelers 04 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(4, 4–0)\n3119 !31–19\nLos Angeles Rams 01 !Los Angeles Rams*\n(1, 0–1)\nRose Bowl 02 !Rose Bowl (2)\nLos Angeles, California 04 !Pasadena, California (4)[note 1]\n103985 !103,985\n[24]\n\n\n15 !XV\n000000001981-01-25-0000January 25, 1981\nOakland Raiders 03 !Oakland Raiders†\n(3, 2–1)\n2710 !27–10\nPhiladelphia Eagles 01 !Philadelphia Eagles*\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 02 !Louisiana Superdome (2)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 05 !New Orleans, Louisiana (5)\n076135 !76,135\n[25]\n\n\n16 !XVI\n000000001982-01-24-0000January 24, 1982\nSan Francisco 49ers 01 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(1, 1–0)\n2621 !26–21\nCincinnati Bengals 01 !Cincinnati Bengals†\n(1, 0–1)\nPontiac Silverdome 01 !Pontiac Silverdome\nDetroit, Michigan 01 !Pontiac, Michigan[note 1]\n081270 !81,270\n[26]\n\n\n17 !XVII\n000000001983-01-30-0000January 30, 1983\nWashington Redskins 02 !Washington Redskins*\n(2, 1–1)\n2717 !27–17\nMiami Dolphins 04 !Miami Dolphins†\n(4, 2–2)\nRose Bowl 03 !Rose Bowl (3)\nLos Angeles, California 05 !Pasadena, California (5)[note 1]\n103667 !103,667\n[27]\n\n\n18 !XVIII\n000000001984-01-22-0000January 22, 1984\nOakland Raiders 04 !Los Angeles Raiders†\n(4, 3–1)\n3809 !38–9 \nWashington Redskins 03 !Washington Redskins*\n(3, 1–2)\nTampa Stadium 01 !Tampa Stadium\nTampa, Florida 01 !Tampa, Florida\n072920 !72,920\n[28]\n\n\n19 !XIX\n000000001985-01-20-0000January 20, 1985\nSan Francisco 49ers 02 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(2, 2–0)\n3816 !38–16\nMiami Dolphins 05 !Miami Dolphins†\n(5, 2–3)\nStanford Stadium 01 !Stanford Stadium\nSan Francisco, California 01 !Stanford, California[note 1]\n084059 !84,059\n[29]\n\n\n20 !XX\n000000001986-01-26-0000January 26, 1986\nChicago Bears 01 !Chicago Bears*\n(1, 1–0)\n4610 !46–10\nNew England Patriots 01 !New England Patriots†\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 03 !Louisiana Superdome (3)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 06 !New Orleans, Louisiana (6)\n073818 !73,818\n[30]\n\n\n21 !XXI\n000000001987-01-25-0000January 25, 1987\nNew York Giants 01 !New York Giants*\n(1, 1–0)\n3920 !39–20\nDenver Broncos 02 !Denver Broncos†\n(2, 0–2)\nRose Bowl 04 !Rose Bowl (4)\nLos Angeles, California 06 !Pasadena, California (6)[note 1]\n101063 !101,063\n[31]\n\n\n22 !XXII\n000000001988-01-31-0000January 31, 1988\nWashington Redskins 04 !Washington Redskins*\n(4, 2–2)\n4210 !42–10\nDenver Broncos 03 !Denver Broncos†\n(3, 0–3)\nQualcomm Stadium 01 !San Diego–Jack Murphy Stadium[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 01 !San Diego, California\n073302 !73,302\n[32]\n\n\n23 !XXIII\n000000001989-01-22-0000January 22, 1989\nSan Francisco 49ers 03 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(3, 3–0)\n2016 !20–16\nCincinnati Bengals 02 !Cincinnati Bengals†\n(2, 0–2)\nHard Rock Stadium 01 !Joe Robbie Stadium[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 06 !Miami Gardens, Florida (6)[note 2]\n075129 !75,129\n[33]\n\n\n24 !XXIV\n000000001990-01-28-0000January 28, 1990\nSan Francisco 49ers 04 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(4, 4–0)\n5510 !55–10\nDenver Broncos 04 !Denver Broncos†\n(4, 0–4)\nLouisiana Superdome 04 !Louisiana Superdome (4)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 07 !New Orleans, Louisiana (7)\n072919 !72,919\n[34]\n\n\n25 !XXV\n000000001991-01-27-0000January 27, 1991\nNew York Giants 02 !New York Giants*\n(2, 2–0)\n2019 !20–19\nBuffalo Bills 01 !Buffalo Bills†\n(1, 0–1)\nTampa Stadium 02 !Tampa Stadium (2)\nTampa, Florida 02 !Tampa, Florida (2)\n073813 !73,813\n[35]\n\n\n26 !XXVI\n000000001992-01-26-0000January 26, 1992\nWashington Redskins 05 !Washington Redskins*\n(5, 3–2)\n3724 !37–24\nBuffalo Bills 02 !Buffalo Bills†\n(2, 0–2)\nMetrodome 01 !Metrodome\nMinneapolis, Minnesota 01 !Minneapolis, Minnesota\n063130 !63,130\n[36]\n\n\n27 !XXVII\n000000001993-01-31-0000January 31, 1993\nDallas Cowboys 06 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(6, 3–3)\n5217 !52–17\nBuffalo Bills 03 !Buffalo Bills†\n(3, 0–3)\nRose Bowl 05 !Rose Bowl (5)\nLos Angeles, California 07 !Pasadena, California (7)[note 1]\n098374 !98,374\n[37]\n\n\n28 !XXVIII\n000000001994-01-30-0000January 30, 1994\nDallas Cowboys 07 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(7, 4–3)\n3013 !30–13\nBuffalo Bills 04 !Buffalo Bills†\n(4, 0–4)\nGeorgia Dome 01 !Georgia Dome\nAtlanta, Georgia 01 !Atlanta, Georgia\n072817 !72,817\n[38]\n\n\n29 !XXIX\n000000001995-01-29-0000January 29, 1995\nSan Francisco 49ers 05 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(5, 5–0)\n4926 !49–26\nSan Diego Chargers 01 !San Diego Chargers†\n(1, 0–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 02 !Joe Robbie Stadium (2)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 07 !Miami Gardens, Florida (7)[note 2]\n074107 !74,107\n[39]\n\n\n30 !XXX\n000000001996-01-28-0000January 28, 1996\nDallas Cowboys 08 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(8, 5–3)\n2717 !27–17\nPittsburgh Steelers 05 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(5, 4–1)\nSun Devil Stadium 01 !Sun Devil Stadium\nPhoenix, Arizona 01 !Tempe, Arizona[note 1]\n076347 !76,347\n[40]\n\n\n31 !XXXI\n000000001997-01-26-0000January 26, 1997\nGreen Bay Packers 03 !Green Bay Packers*\n(3, 3–0)\n3521 !35–21\nNew England Patriots 02 !New England Patriots†\n(2, 0–2)\nLouisiana Superdome 05 !Louisiana Superdome (5)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 08 !New Orleans, Louisiana (8)\n072301 !72,301\n[41]\n\n\n32 !XXXII\n000000001998-01-25-0000January 25, 1998\nDenver Broncos 05 !Denver Broncos†\n(5, 1–4)\n3124 !31–24\nGreen Bay Packers 04 !Green Bay Packers*\n(4, 3–1)\nQualcomm Stadium 02 !Qualcomm Stadium (2)[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 02 !San Diego, California (2)\n068912 !68,912\n[42]\n\n\n33 !XXXIII\n000000001999-01-31-0000January 31, 1999\nDenver Broncos 06 !Denver Broncos†\n(6, 2–4)\n3419 !34–19\nAtlanta Falcons 01 !Atlanta Falcons*\n(1, 0–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 03 !Pro Player Stadium (3)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 08 !Miami Gardens, Florida (8)[note 2]\n074803 !74,803\n[43]\n\n\n34 !XXXIV\n000000002000-01-30-0000January 30, 2000\nLos Angeles Rams 02 !St. Louis Rams*\n(2, 1–1)\n2316 !23–16\nTennessee Titans 01 !Tennessee Titans†\n(1, 0–1)\nGeorgia Dome 02 !Georgia Dome (2)\nAtlanta, Georgia 02 !Atlanta, Georgia (2)\n072625 !72,625\n[44]\n\n\n35 !XXXV\n000000002001-01-28-0000January 28, 2001\nBaltimore Ravens 01 !Baltimore Ravens†\n(1, 1–0)\n3407 !34–7 \nNew York Giants 03 !New York Giants*\n(3, 2–1)\nRaymond James Stadium 01 !Raymond James Stadium\nTampa, Florida 03 !Tampa, Florida (3)\n071921 !71,921\n[45]\n\n\n36 !XXXVI\n000000002002-02-03-0000February 3, 2002\nNew England Patriots 03 !New England Patriots†\n(3, 1–2)\n2017 !20–17\nLos Angeles Rams 03 !St. Louis Rams*\n(3, 1–2)\nLouisiana Superdome 06 !Louisiana Superdome (6)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 09 !New Orleans, Louisiana (9)\n072922 !72,922\n[46]\n\n\n37 !XXXVII\n000000002003-01-26-0000January 26, 2003\nTampa Bay Buccaneers 01 !Tampa Bay Buccaneers*\n(1, 1–0)\n4821 !48–21\nOakland Raiders 05 !Oakland Raiders†\n(5, 3–2)\nQualcomm Stadium 03 !Qualcomm Stadium (3)[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 03 !San Diego, California (3)\n067603 !67,603\n[47]\n\n\n38 !XXXVIII\n000000002004-02-01-0000February 1, 2004\nNew England Patriots 04 !New England Patriots†\n(4, 2–2)\n3229 !32–29\nCarolina Panthers 01 !Carolina Panthers*\n(1, 0–1)\nNRG Stadium 01 !Reliant Stadium[note 3]\nHouston, Texas 02 !Houston, Texas (2)\n071525 !71,525\n[48]\n\n\n39 !XXXIX\n000000002005-02-06-0000February 6, 2005\nNew England Patriots 05 !New England Patriots†\n(5, 3–2)\n2421 !24–21\nPhiladelphia Eagles 02 !Philadelphia Eagles*\n(2, 0–2)\nALLTEL Stadium 01 !Alltel Stadium\nJacksonville, Florida 01 !Jacksonville, Florida\n078125 !78,125\n[49]\n\n\n40 !XL\n000000002006-02-05-0000February 5, 2006\nPittsburgh Steelers 06 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(6, 5–1)\n2110 !21–10\nSeattle Seahawks 01 !Seattle Seahawks*\n(1, 0–1)\nFord Field 01 !Ford Field\nDetroit, Michigan 02 !Detroit, Michigan (2)[note 1]\n068206 !68,206\n[50]\n\n\n41 !XLI\n000000002007-02-04-0000February 4, 2007\nIndianapolis Colts 03 !Indianapolis Colts†\n(3, 2–1)\n2917 !29–17\nChicago Bears 02 !Chicago Bears*\n(2, 1–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 04 !Dolphin Stadium (4)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 09 !Miami Gardens, Florida (9)[note 2]\n074512 !74,512\n[51]\n\n\n42 !XLII\n000000002008-02-03-0000February 3, 2008\nNew York Giants 04 !New York Giants*\n(4, 3–1)\n1714 !17–14\nNew England Patriots 06 !New England Patriots†\n(6, 3–3)\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium 01 !University of Phoenix Stadium\nPhoenix, Arizona 02 !Glendale, Arizona (2)[note 1]\n071101 !71,101\n[52]\n\n\n43 !XLIII\n000000002009-02-01-0000February 1, 2009\nPittsburgh Steelers 07 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(7, 6–1)\n2723 !27–23\nArizona Cardinals 01 !Arizona Cardinals*\n(1, 0–1)\nRaymond James Stadium 02 !Raymond James Stadium (2)\nTampa, Florida 04 !Tampa, Florida (4)\n070774 !70,774\n[53]\n\n\n44 !XLIV\n000000002010-02-07-0000February 7, 2010\nNew Orleans Saints 01 !New Orleans Saints*\n(1, 1–0)\n3117 !31–17\nIndianapolis Colts 04 !Indianapolis Colts†\n(4, 2–2)\nHard Rock Stadium 05 !Sun Life Stadium (5)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 10 !Miami Gardens, Florida (10)[note 2]\n074059 !74,059\n[54]\n\n\n45 !XLV\n000000002011-02-06-0000February 6, 2011\nGreen Bay Packers 05 !Green Bay Packers*\n(5, 4–1)\n3125 !31–25\nPittsburgh Steelers 08 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(8, 6–2)\nCowboys Stadium 01 !Cowboys Stadium\nArlington, Texas 01 !Arlington, Texas\n103219 !103,219\n[55]\n\n\n46 !XLVI\n000000002012-02-05-0000February 5, 2012\nNew York Giants 05 !New York Giants*\n(5, 4–1)\n2117 !21–17\nNew England Patriots 07 !New England Patriots†\n(7, 3–4)\nLucas Oil Stadium 01 !Lucas Oil Stadium\nIndianapolis, Indiana 01 !Indianapolis, Indiana\n068658 !68,658\n[56][57]\n\n\n47 !XLVII\n000000002013-02-03-0000February 3, 2013\nBaltimore Ravens 02 !Baltimore Ravens†\n(2, 2–0)\n3431 !34–31\nSan Francisco 49ers 06 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(6, 5–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 07 !Mercedes-Benz Superdome (7)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 10 !New Orleans, Louisiana (10)\n071024 !71,024\n[56][58]\n\n\n48 !XLVIII\n000000002014-02-02-0000February 2, 2014\nSeattle Seahawks 02 !Seattle Seahawks*\n(2, 1–1)\n4308 !43–8\nDenver Broncos 07 !Denver Broncos†\n(7, 2–5)\nMetLife Stadium 01 !MetLife Stadium\nEast Rutherford, New Jersey 01 !East Rutherford, New Jersey\n082529 !82,529\n[59]\n\n\n49 !XLIX\n000000002015-02-01-0000February 1, 2015\nNew England Patriots 08 !New England Patriots†\n(8, 4–4)\n2824 !28–24\nSeattle Seahawks 03 !Seattle Seahawks*\n(3, 1–2)\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium 02 !University of Phoenix Stadium (2)\nPhoenix, Arizona 03 !Glendale, Arizona (3)[note 1]\n070288 !70,288\n[60][61]\n\n\n50 !50 [note 4]\n000000002016-02-07-0000February 7, 2016\nDenver Broncos 08 !Denver Broncos†\n(8, 3–5)\n2410 !24–10\nCarolina Panthers 02 !Carolina Panthers*\n(2, 0–2)\nLevi's Stadium 01 !Levi's Stadium\nSan Francisco, California 02 !Santa Clara, California (2)[note 1]\n071088 !71,088\n[61][62][63]\n\n\n51 !LI\n000000002017-02-05-0000February 5, 2017\nNew England Patriots 09 !New England Patriots†\n(9, 5–4)\n3428 !34–28 (OT)\nAtlanta Falcons 02 !Atlanta Falcons*\n(2, 0–2)\nNRG Stadium 02 !NRG Stadium (2)[note 3]\nHouston, Texas 03 !Houston, Texas (3)\n070807 !70,807\n[61][62][63]\n\n\n52 !LII\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4, 2018\nPhiladelphia Eagles 03 !Philadelphia Eagles*\n(3, 1–2)\n4133 !41–33\nNew England Patriots 10 !New England Patriots†\n(10, 5–5)\nU.S. Bank Stadium 01 !U.S. Bank Stadium\nMinneapolis, Minnesota 02 !Minneapolis, Minnesota (2)\n067612 !67,612\n[64][65]\n\n\n53 !LIII\n000000002019-02-03-0000February 3, 2019 [note 5]\nX 2019 !2018–19 AFC champion† at 2018–19 NFC champion*\n0019 !—\nX 2019 !To be determined (TBD)\nMercedes-Benz Stadium 01 !Mercedes-Benz Stadium\nAtlanta, Georgia 03 !Atlanta, Georgia (3)\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n54 !LIV\n000000002020-02-02-0000February 2, 2020 [note 5]\nX 2020 !2019–20 NFC champion* at 2019–20 AFC champion†\n0020 !—\nX 2020 !To be determined\nHard Rock Stadium 06 !Hard Rock Stadium (6)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 11 !Miami Gardens, Florida (11)[note 2]\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n55 !LV\n000000002021-02-07-0000February 7, 2021 [note 5]\nX 2020 !2020–21 AFC champion† at 2020–21 NFC champion*\n0021 !—\nX 2021 !To be determined\nRaymond James Stadium 03 !Raymond James Stadium (3)\nTampa, Florida 05 !Tampa, Florida (5)\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n56 !LVI\n000000002022-02-06-0000February 6, 2022 [note 5]\nX 2021 !2021–22 NFC champion† at 2021–22 AFC champion*\n0022 !—\nX 2022 !To be determined\nCity of Champions Stadium 01 !Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park\nLos Angeles, California 08 !Inglewood, California (8)[note 1]\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n\nGame\nDate\nWinning team\nScore\nLosing team\nVenue\nCity\nAttendance\nRef\n",
"\n\nGame\nDate\nWinning team\nScore\nLosing team\nVenue\nCity\nAttendance\nRef\n\n\n01 !I\n000000001967-01-15-0000January 15, 1967\nGreen Bay Packers 01 !Green Bay Packers‡\n(1, 1–0)\n3510 !35–10\nKansas City Chiefs 01 !Kansas City Chiefs^\n(1, 0–1)\nLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum\nLos Angeles, California 01 !Los Angeles, California[note 1]\n061946 !61,946\n[11]\n\n\n02 !II\n000000001968-01-14-0000January 14, 1968\nGreen Bay Packers 02 !Green Bay Packers‡\n(2, 2–0)\n3314 !33–14\nOakland Raiders 01 !Oakland Raiders^\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 01 !Miami Orange Bowl\nMiami, Florida 01 !Miami, Florida[note 2]\n075546 !75,546\n[12]\n\n\n03 !III\n000000001969-01-12-0000January 12, 1969\nNew York Jets 01 !New York Jets^\n(1, 1–0)\n1607 !16–7 \nIndianapolis Colts 01 !Baltimore Colts‡\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 02 !Miami Orange Bowl (2)\nMiami, Florida 02 !Miami, Florida (2)[note 2]\n075389 !75,389\n[13]\n\n\n04 !IV\n000000001970-01-11-0000January 11, 1970\nKansas City Chiefs 02 !Kansas City Chiefs^\n(2, 1–1)\n2307 !23–7 \nMinnesota Vikings 01 !Minnesota Vikings‡\n(1, 0–1)\nTulane Stadium 01 !Tulane Stadium\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 01 !New Orleans, Louisiana\n080562 !80,562\n[14]\n\n\n05 !V\n000000001971-01-17-0000January 17, 1971\nIndianapolis Colts 02 !Baltimore Colts†\n(2, 1–1)\n1613 !16–13 \nDallas Cowboys 01 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 03 !Miami Orange Bowl (3)\nMiami, Florida 03 !Miami, Florida (3)[note 2]\n079204 !79,204\n[15]\n\n\n06 !VI\n000000001972-01-16-0000January 16, 1972\nDallas Cowboys 02 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(2, 1–1)\n2403 !24–3 \nMiami Dolphins 01 !Miami Dolphins†\n(1, 0–1)\nTulane Stadium 02 !Tulane Stadium (2)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 02 !New Orleans, Louisiana (2)\n081023 !81,023\n[16]\n\n\n07 !VII\n000000001973-01-14-0000January 14, 1973\nMiami Dolphins 02 !Miami Dolphins†\n(2, 1–1)\n1407 !14–7 \nWashington Redskins 01 !Washington Redskins*\n(1, 0–1)\nLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (2)\nLos Angeles, California 02 !Los Angeles, California (2)[note 1]\n090182 !90,182\n[17]\n\n\n08 !VIII\n000000001974-01-13-0000January 13, 1974\nMiami Dolphins 03 !Miami Dolphins†\n(3, 2–1)\n2407 !24–7 \nMinnesota Vikings 02 !Minnesota Vikings*\n(2, 0–2)\nRice Stadium 01 !Rice Stadium\nHouston, Texas 01 !Houston, Texas\n071882 !71,882\n[18]\n\n\n09 !IX\n000000001975-01-12-0000January 12, 1975\nPittsburgh Steelers 01 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(1, 1–0)\n1606 !16–6 \nMinnesota Vikings 03 !Minnesota Vikings*\n(3, 0–3)\nTulane Stadium 03 !Tulane Stadium (3)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 03 !New Orleans, Louisiana (3)\n080997 !80,997\n[19]\n\n\n10 !X\n000000001976-01-18-0000January 18, 1976\nPittsburgh Steelers 02 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(2, 2–0)\n2117 !21–17\nDallas Cowboys 03 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(3, 1–2)\nMiami Orange Bowl 04 !Miami Orange Bowl (4)\nMiami, Florida 04 !Miami, Florida (4)[note 2]\n080187 !80,187\n[20]\n\n\n11 !XI\n000000001977-01-09-0000January 9, 1977\nOakland Raiders 02 !Oakland Raiders†\n(2, 1–1)\n3214 !32–14\nMinnesota Vikings 04 !Minnesota Vikings*\n(4, 0–4)\nRose Bowl 01 !Rose Bowl\nLos Angeles, California 03 !Pasadena, California (3)[note 1]\n103438 !103,438\n[21]\n\n\n12 !XII\n000000001978-01-15-0000January 15, 1978\nDallas Cowboys 04 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(4, 2–2)\n2710 !27–10\nDenver Broncos 01 !Denver Broncos†\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 01 !Louisiana Superdome\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 04 !New Orleans, Louisiana (4)\n076400 !76,400\n[22]\n\n\n13 !XIII\n000000001979-01-21-0000January 21, 1979\nPittsburgh Steelers 03 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(3, 3–0)\n3531 !35–31\nDallas Cowboys 05 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(5, 2–3)\nMiami Orange Bowl 05 !Miami Orange Bowl (5)\nMiami, Florida 05 !Miami, Florida (5)[note 2]\n079484 !79,484\n[23]\n\n\n14 !XIV\n000000001980-01-20-0000January 20, 1980\nPittsburgh Steelers 04 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(4, 4–0)\n3119 !31–19\nLos Angeles Rams 01 !Los Angeles Rams*\n(1, 0–1)\nRose Bowl 02 !Rose Bowl (2)\nLos Angeles, California 04 !Pasadena, California (4)[note 1]\n103985 !103,985\n[24]\n\n\n15 !XV\n000000001981-01-25-0000January 25, 1981\nOakland Raiders 03 !Oakland Raiders†\n(3, 2–1)\n2710 !27–10\nPhiladelphia Eagles 01 !Philadelphia Eagles*\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 02 !Louisiana Superdome (2)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 05 !New Orleans, Louisiana (5)\n076135 !76,135\n[25]\n\n\n16 !XVI\n000000001982-01-24-0000January 24, 1982\nSan Francisco 49ers 01 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(1, 1–0)\n2621 !26–21\nCincinnati Bengals 01 !Cincinnati Bengals†\n(1, 0–1)\nPontiac Silverdome 01 !Pontiac Silverdome\nDetroit, Michigan 01 !Pontiac, Michigan[note 1]\n081270 !81,270\n[26]\n\n\n17 !XVII\n000000001983-01-30-0000January 30, 1983\nWashington Redskins 02 !Washington Redskins*\n(2, 1–1)\n2717 !27–17\nMiami Dolphins 04 !Miami Dolphins†\n(4, 2–2)\nRose Bowl 03 !Rose Bowl (3)\nLos Angeles, California 05 !Pasadena, California (5)[note 1]\n103667 !103,667\n[27]\n\n\n18 !XVIII\n000000001984-01-22-0000January 22, 1984\nOakland Raiders 04 !Los Angeles Raiders†\n(4, 3–1)\n3809 !38–9 \nWashington Redskins 03 !Washington Redskins*\n(3, 1–2)\nTampa Stadium 01 !Tampa Stadium\nTampa, Florida 01 !Tampa, Florida\n072920 !72,920\n[28]\n\n\n19 !XIX\n000000001985-01-20-0000January 20, 1985\nSan Francisco 49ers 02 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(2, 2–0)\n3816 !38–16\nMiami Dolphins 05 !Miami Dolphins†\n(5, 2–3)\nStanford Stadium 01 !Stanford Stadium\nSan Francisco, California 01 !Stanford, California[note 1]\n084059 !84,059\n[29]\n\n\n20 !XX\n000000001986-01-26-0000January 26, 1986\nChicago Bears 01 !Chicago Bears*\n(1, 1–0)\n4610 !46–10\nNew England Patriots 01 !New England Patriots†\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 03 !Louisiana Superdome (3)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 06 !New Orleans, Louisiana (6)\n073818 !73,818\n[30]\n\n\n21 !XXI\n000000001987-01-25-0000January 25, 1987\nNew York Giants 01 !New York Giants*\n(1, 1–0)\n3920 !39–20\nDenver Broncos 02 !Denver Broncos†\n(2, 0–2)\nRose Bowl 04 !Rose Bowl (4)\nLos Angeles, California 06 !Pasadena, California (6)[note 1]\n101063 !101,063\n[31]\n\n\n22 !XXII\n000000001988-01-31-0000January 31, 1988\nWashington Redskins 04 !Washington Redskins*\n(4, 2–2)\n4210 !42–10\nDenver Broncos 03 !Denver Broncos†\n(3, 0–3)\nQualcomm Stadium 01 !San Diego–Jack Murphy Stadium[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 01 !San Diego, California\n073302 !73,302\n[32]\n\n\n23 !XXIII\n000000001989-01-22-0000January 22, 1989\nSan Francisco 49ers 03 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(3, 3–0)\n2016 !20–16\nCincinnati Bengals 02 !Cincinnati Bengals†\n(2, 0–2)\nHard Rock Stadium 01 !Joe Robbie Stadium[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 06 !Miami Gardens, Florida (6)[note 2]\n075129 !75,129\n[33]\n\n\n24 !XXIV\n000000001990-01-28-0000January 28, 1990\nSan Francisco 49ers 04 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(4, 4–0)\n5510 !55–10\nDenver Broncos 04 !Denver Broncos†\n(4, 0–4)\nLouisiana Superdome 04 !Louisiana Superdome (4)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 07 !New Orleans, Louisiana (7)\n072919 !72,919\n[34]\n\n\n25 !XXV\n000000001991-01-27-0000January 27, 1991\nNew York Giants 02 !New York Giants*\n(2, 2–0)\n2019 !20–19\nBuffalo Bills 01 !Buffalo Bills†\n(1, 0–1)\nTampa Stadium 02 !Tampa Stadium (2)\nTampa, Florida 02 !Tampa, Florida (2)\n073813 !73,813\n[35]\n\n\n26 !XXVI\n000000001992-01-26-0000January 26, 1992\nWashington Redskins 05 !Washington Redskins*\n(5, 3–2)\n3724 !37–24\nBuffalo Bills 02 !Buffalo Bills†\n(2, 0–2)\nMetrodome 01 !Metrodome\nMinneapolis, Minnesota 01 !Minneapolis, Minnesota\n063130 !63,130\n[36]\n\n\n27 !XXVII\n000000001993-01-31-0000January 31, 1993\nDallas Cowboys 06 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(6, 3–3)\n5217 !52–17\nBuffalo Bills 03 !Buffalo Bills†\n(3, 0–3)\nRose Bowl 05 !Rose Bowl (5)\nLos Angeles, California 07 !Pasadena, California (7)[note 1]\n098374 !98,374\n[37]\n\n\n28 !XXVIII\n000000001994-01-30-0000January 30, 1994\nDallas Cowboys 07 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(7, 4–3)\n3013 !30–13\nBuffalo Bills 04 !Buffalo Bills†\n(4, 0–4)\nGeorgia Dome 01 !Georgia Dome\nAtlanta, Georgia 01 !Atlanta, Georgia\n072817 !72,817\n[38]\n\n\n29 !XXIX\n000000001995-01-29-0000January 29, 1995\nSan Francisco 49ers 05 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(5, 5–0)\n4926 !49–26\nSan Diego Chargers 01 !San Diego Chargers†\n(1, 0–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 02 !Joe Robbie Stadium (2)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 07 !Miami Gardens, Florida (7)[note 2]\n074107 !74,107\n[39]\n\n\n30 !XXX\n000000001996-01-28-0000January 28, 1996\nDallas Cowboys 08 !Dallas Cowboys*\n(8, 5–3)\n2717 !27–17\nPittsburgh Steelers 05 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(5, 4–1)\nSun Devil Stadium 01 !Sun Devil Stadium\nPhoenix, Arizona 01 !Tempe, Arizona[note 1]\n076347 !76,347\n[40]\n\n\n31 !XXXI\n000000001997-01-26-0000January 26, 1997\nGreen Bay Packers 03 !Green Bay Packers*\n(3, 3–0)\n3521 !35–21\nNew England Patriots 02 !New England Patriots†\n(2, 0–2)\nLouisiana Superdome 05 !Louisiana Superdome (5)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 08 !New Orleans, Louisiana (8)\n072301 !72,301\n[41]\n\n\n32 !XXXII\n000000001998-01-25-0000January 25, 1998\nDenver Broncos 05 !Denver Broncos†\n(5, 1–4)\n3124 !31–24\nGreen Bay Packers 04 !Green Bay Packers*\n(4, 3–1)\nQualcomm Stadium 02 !Qualcomm Stadium (2)[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 02 !San Diego, California (2)\n068912 !68,912\n[42]\n\n\n33 !XXXIII\n000000001999-01-31-0000January 31, 1999\nDenver Broncos 06 !Denver Broncos†\n(6, 2–4)\n3419 !34–19\nAtlanta Falcons 01 !Atlanta Falcons*\n(1, 0–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 03 !Pro Player Stadium (3)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 08 !Miami Gardens, Florida (8)[note 2]\n074803 !74,803\n[43]\n\n\n34 !XXXIV\n000000002000-01-30-0000January 30, 2000\nLos Angeles Rams 02 !St. Louis Rams*\n(2, 1–1)\n2316 !23–16\nTennessee Titans 01 !Tennessee Titans†\n(1, 0–1)\nGeorgia Dome 02 !Georgia Dome (2)\nAtlanta, Georgia 02 !Atlanta, Georgia (2)\n072625 !72,625\n[44]\n\n\n35 !XXXV\n000000002001-01-28-0000January 28, 2001\nBaltimore Ravens 01 !Baltimore Ravens†\n(1, 1–0)\n3407 !34–7 \nNew York Giants 03 !New York Giants*\n(3, 2–1)\nRaymond James Stadium 01 !Raymond James Stadium\nTampa, Florida 03 !Tampa, Florida (3)\n071921 !71,921\n[45]\n\n\n36 !XXXVI\n000000002002-02-03-0000February 3, 2002\nNew England Patriots 03 !New England Patriots†\n(3, 1–2)\n2017 !20–17\nLos Angeles Rams 03 !St. Louis Rams*\n(3, 1–2)\nLouisiana Superdome 06 !Louisiana Superdome (6)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 09 !New Orleans, Louisiana (9)\n072922 !72,922\n[46]\n\n\n37 !XXXVII\n000000002003-01-26-0000January 26, 2003\nTampa Bay Buccaneers 01 !Tampa Bay Buccaneers*\n(1, 1–0)\n4821 !48–21\nOakland Raiders 05 !Oakland Raiders†\n(5, 3–2)\nQualcomm Stadium 03 !Qualcomm Stadium (3)[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 03 !San Diego, California (3)\n067603 !67,603\n[47]\n\n\n38 !XXXVIII\n000000002004-02-01-0000February 1, 2004\nNew England Patriots 04 !New England Patriots†\n(4, 2–2)\n3229 !32–29\nCarolina Panthers 01 !Carolina Panthers*\n(1, 0–1)\nNRG Stadium 01 !Reliant Stadium[note 3]\nHouston, Texas 02 !Houston, Texas (2)\n071525 !71,525\n[48]\n\n\n39 !XXXIX\n000000002005-02-06-0000February 6, 2005\nNew England Patriots 05 !New England Patriots†\n(5, 3–2)\n2421 !24–21\nPhiladelphia Eagles 02 !Philadelphia Eagles*\n(2, 0–2)\nALLTEL Stadium 01 !Alltel Stadium\nJacksonville, Florida 01 !Jacksonville, Florida\n078125 !78,125\n[49]\n\n\n40 !XL\n000000002006-02-05-0000February 5, 2006\nPittsburgh Steelers 06 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(6, 5–1)\n2110 !21–10\nSeattle Seahawks 01 !Seattle Seahawks*\n(1, 0–1)\nFord Field 01 !Ford Field\nDetroit, Michigan 02 !Detroit, Michigan (2)[note 1]\n068206 !68,206\n[50]\n\n\n41 !XLI\n000000002007-02-04-0000February 4, 2007\nIndianapolis Colts 03 !Indianapolis Colts†\n(3, 2–1)\n2917 !29–17\nChicago Bears 02 !Chicago Bears*\n(2, 1–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 04 !Dolphin Stadium (4)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 09 !Miami Gardens, Florida (9)[note 2]\n074512 !74,512\n[51]\n\n\n42 !XLII\n000000002008-02-03-0000February 3, 2008\nNew York Giants 04 !New York Giants*\n(4, 3–1)\n1714 !17–14\nNew England Patriots 06 !New England Patriots†\n(6, 3–3)\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium 01 !University of Phoenix Stadium\nPhoenix, Arizona 02 !Glendale, Arizona (2)[note 1]\n071101 !71,101\n[52]\n\n\n43 !XLIII\n000000002009-02-01-0000February 1, 2009\nPittsburgh Steelers 07 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(7, 6–1)\n2723 !27–23\nArizona Cardinals 01 !Arizona Cardinals*\n(1, 0–1)\nRaymond James Stadium 02 !Raymond James Stadium (2)\nTampa, Florida 04 !Tampa, Florida (4)\n070774 !70,774\n[53]\n\n\n44 !XLIV\n000000002010-02-07-0000February 7, 2010\nNew Orleans Saints 01 !New Orleans Saints*\n(1, 1–0)\n3117 !31–17\nIndianapolis Colts 04 !Indianapolis Colts†\n(4, 2–2)\nHard Rock Stadium 05 !Sun Life Stadium (5)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 10 !Miami Gardens, Florida (10)[note 2]\n074059 !74,059\n[54]\n\n\n45 !XLV\n000000002011-02-06-0000February 6, 2011\nGreen Bay Packers 05 !Green Bay Packers*\n(5, 4–1)\n3125 !31–25\nPittsburgh Steelers 08 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(8, 6–2)\nCowboys Stadium 01 !Cowboys Stadium\nArlington, Texas 01 !Arlington, Texas\n103219 !103,219\n[55]\n\n\n46 !XLVI\n000000002012-02-05-0000February 5, 2012\nNew York Giants 05 !New York Giants*\n(5, 4–1)\n2117 !21–17\nNew England Patriots 07 !New England Patriots†\n(7, 3–4)\nLucas Oil Stadium 01 !Lucas Oil Stadium\nIndianapolis, Indiana 01 !Indianapolis, Indiana\n068658 !68,658\n[56][57]\n\n\n47 !XLVII\n000000002013-02-03-0000February 3, 2013\nBaltimore Ravens 02 !Baltimore Ravens†\n(2, 2–0)\n3431 !34–31\nSan Francisco 49ers 06 !San Francisco 49ers*\n(6, 5–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 07 !Mercedes-Benz Superdome (7)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 10 !New Orleans, Louisiana (10)\n071024 !71,024\n[56][58]\n\n\n48 !XLVIII\n000000002014-02-02-0000February 2, 2014\nSeattle Seahawks 02 !Seattle Seahawks*\n(2, 1–1)\n4308 !43–8\nDenver Broncos 07 !Denver Broncos†\n(7, 2–5)\nMetLife Stadium 01 !MetLife Stadium\nEast Rutherford, New Jersey 01 !East Rutherford, New Jersey\n082529 !82,529\n[59]\n\n\n49 !XLIX\n000000002015-02-01-0000February 1, 2015\nNew England Patriots 08 !New England Patriots†\n(8, 4–4)\n2824 !28–24\nSeattle Seahawks 03 !Seattle Seahawks*\n(3, 1–2)\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium 02 !University of Phoenix Stadium (2)\nPhoenix, Arizona 03 !Glendale, Arizona (3)[note 1]\n070288 !70,288\n[60][61]\n\n\n50 !50 [note 4]\n000000002016-02-07-0000February 7, 2016\nDenver Broncos 08 !Denver Broncos†\n(8, 3–5)\n2410 !24–10\nCarolina Panthers 02 !Carolina Panthers*\n(2, 0–2)\nLevi's Stadium 01 !Levi's Stadium\nSan Francisco, California 02 !Santa Clara, California (2)[note 1]\n071088 !71,088\n[61][62][63]\n\n\n51 !LI\n000000002017-02-05-0000February 5, 2017\nNew England Patriots 09 !New England Patriots†\n(9, 5–4)\n3428 !34–28 (OT)\nAtlanta Falcons 02 !Atlanta Falcons*\n(2, 0–2)\nNRG Stadium 02 !NRG Stadium (2)[note 3]\nHouston, Texas 03 !Houston, Texas (3)\n070807 !70,807\n[61][62][63]\n\n\n52 !LII\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4, 2018\nPhiladelphia Eagles 03 !Philadelphia Eagles*\n(3, 1–2)\n4133 !41–33\nNew England Patriots 10 !New England Patriots†\n(10, 5–5)\nU.S. Bank Stadium 01 !U.S. Bank Stadium\nMinneapolis, Minnesota 02 !Minneapolis, Minnesota (2)\n067612 !67,612\n[64][65]\n\n\n53 !LIII\n000000002019-02-03-0000February 3, 2019 [note 5]\nX 2019 !2018–19 AFC champion† at 2018–19 NFC champion*\n0019 !—\nX 2019 !To be determined (TBD)\nMercedes-Benz Stadium 01 !Mercedes-Benz Stadium\nAtlanta, Georgia 03 !Atlanta, Georgia (3)\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n54 !LIV\n000000002020-02-02-0000February 2, 2020 [note 5]\nX 2020 !2019–20 NFC champion* at 2019–20 AFC champion†\n0020 !—\nX 2020 !To be determined\nHard Rock Stadium 06 !Hard Rock Stadium (6)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 11 !Miami Gardens, Florida (11)[note 2]\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n55 !LV\n000000002021-02-07-0000February 7, 2021 [note 5]\nX 2020 !2020–21 AFC champion† at 2020–21 NFC champion*\n0021 !—\nX 2021 !To be determined\nRaymond James Stadium 03 !Raymond James Stadium (3)\nTampa, Florida 05 !Tampa, Florida (5)\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n56 !LVI\n000000002022-02-06-0000February 6, 2022 [note 5]\nX 2021 !2021–22 NFC champion† at 2021–22 AFC champion*\n0022 !—\nX 2022 !To be determined\nCity of Champions Stadium 01 !Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park\nLos Angeles, California 08 !Inglewood, California (8)[note 1]\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n\nGame\nDate\nWinning team\nScore\nLosing team\nVenue\nCity\nAttendance\nRef\n"
] | [
"Chicago Bears",
"Green Bay Packers",
"New York Giants",
"Philadelphia Eagles"
] |
-6110574334267868301 | List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters | List of a series of Unfortunate Events characters - wikipedia List of a series of Unfortunate Events characters This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The children 's novel series A Series of Unfortunate Events features a large cast of characters created by Daniel Handler by the pen - name of Lemony Snicket . The series follows the turbulent lives of the Baudelaire orphans after their parents , Bertrand and Beatrice , are killed in an arsonous structure fire and their multiple escapes from their murderous relative Count Olaf , who is after their family fortune . The author of the series is Lemony Snicket ( the nom de plume of Daniel Handler ) , who plays a major role in the plot himself . Although the series is given no distinct location , other real people appear in the narrative , including the series ' illustrator , Brett Helquist , and Daniel Handler himself . Contents 1 Main characters 1.1 Count Olaf 1.2 Violet Baudelaire 1.3 Klaus Baudelaire 1.4 Sunny Baudelaire 1.5 Arthur Poe 1.6 Lemony Snicket 2 Supporting characters 2.1 Baudelaire family members 2.1. 1 Bertrand Baudelaire 2.1. 2 Beatrice Baudelaire 2.1. 3 Beatrice Baudelaire II 2.1. 4 Montgomery Montgomery 2.1. 5 Josephine Anwhistle 2.2 Count Olaf 's acting troupe 2.2. 1 The Hook - Handed Man 2.2. 2 The Bald Man With the Long Nose 2.2. 3 The Person of Indeterminate Gender 2.2. 4 The White - Faced Women 2.2. 5 The Wart - Faced Man 2.2. 6 Esmé Squalor 2.2. 7 Carmelita Spats 2.2. 8 Caligari Carnival freaks 2.2. 8.1 Hugo 2.2. 8.2 Colette 2.2. 8.3 Kevin 2.2. 9 The Man with a Beard But No Hair 2.2. 10 The Woman with Hair But No Beard 2.2. 11 Unseen associates 2.3 Quagmire triplets 2.3. 1 Duncan and Isadora Quagmire 2.3. 2 Quigley Quagmire 2.4 Baudelaire children guardians 2.4. 1 Sir 2.4. 1.1 Charles 2.4. 2 Vice-Principal Nero 2.4. 3 Jerome Squalor 2.4. 4 Hector 2.4. 5 Hal 2.4. 6 Olivia Caliban 2.4. 7 Bruce 2.4. 8 Captain Widdershins 2.4. 9 Dewey Denouement 2.4. 9.1 Frank and Ernest Denouement 3 Other characters 3.1 Edgar and Albert Poe 3.2 Eleanora Poe 3.3 Polly Poe 3.4 Justice Strauss 3.5 Gustav Sebald 3.6 Larry 3.7 Phil 3.8 Dr. Georgina Orwell 3.9 Mr. Remora 3.10 Mrs. Bass 3.11 Ms. Tench 3.12 Mr. and Mrs. Quagmire 3.13 Council of Elders 3.14 Mrs. Morrow 3.15 Mr. Lesko 3.16 Jacques Snicket 3.17 Geraldine Julienne 3.18 Milt 3.19 Lou 3.20 Babs 3.21 The Man with Pimples On His Chin 3.22 The Woman With Dyed Hair 3.23 Fiona 3.24 Kit Snicket 3.25 Castaways 3.25. 1 Ishmael 3.25. 2 Friday Caliban 3.25. 3 Minor castaways 4 Animals 4.1 Incredibly Deadly Viper 4.2 Mamba du Mal 4.3 Lachrymose Leech 4.4 V.F.D. Crows 4.5 Volunteer Feline Detectives 4.6 Snow Gnats 4.7 V.F.D. Eagles 5 See also 6 References Main characters ( edit ) Count Olaf ( edit ) Count Olaf is the main antagonist and one of the primary characters of the series , making an appearance in each installment with the Baudelaire children . Olaf is an eccentric criminal and a member of the Volunteer Fire Department that became a massive secret organization prior to the events of the first book in the series . Olaf is repeatedly described as an extremely tall and thin person with a monobrow , wheezy voice , gleaming eyes , extremely poor hygiene , and a tattoo of an eye on his left ankle . Following the death of their parents , the Baudelaire orphans are placed under his care , and he proves to be a horrible guardian who is only interested in the Baudelaire fortune left behind by their mom and dad . It is implied that he gained his dislike of the Baudelaire and Snicket families after the Baudelaire children 's parents , perhaps with the help of Kit and Lemony Snicket , killed his parents , orphaning him at a seemingly young age . After Olaf loses his guardianship over the children , he begins a series of attempts to steal the fortune by wearing various disguises and murdering Gustav Sebald , Montgomery Montgomery , Josephine Anwhistle , Jacques Snicket , and Olivia Caliban as well as attempting to murder Charles and countless other characters . Count Olaf 's aliases have included : Al Funcoot - Al Funcoot is an anagram of `` Count Olaf '' that he uses it as his nom de plume when writing The Marvellous Marriage , The Most Handsome Man in the World , its sequel , Why , I Believe I 've Become Even More Handsome ! , and One Last Warning to Those Who Try to Stand in My Way , as referenced in The Unauthorised Autobiography . Stephano ( / ˈstɛfənoʊ / STEF - ə - noh ) - An assistant herpetologist with a long beard , a shaved head , and no eyebrows . He used special makeup to cover his ankle tattoo . In the TV series , he wears thick cartoonish glasses and speaks in a nasally accent . Captain Julio Sham - A sea captain with an eye - patch and a wooden leg who uses a t obacco pipe for smoking . Count Olaf murdered the real Julio Sham , who was the captain of the Prospero . Shirley T. Sinoit - Pécer - Dr. Georgina Orwell 's feminine receptionist that wears stockings with eyes on them to cover his ankle tattoo . T. Sinoit - Pécer is `` receptionist '' spelled backwards . The alias was renamed Shirley St. Ives in the TV series . Coach Genghis - A sweatsuit - wearing gym teacher with a turban that he claims to wear for religious reasons covering his one eyebrow , and expensive looking running shoes covering his eye tattoo . In the TV series , Coach Genghis speaks in a southern American accent . Gunther ( / ˈɡuːntər / GOON - tər ) - A pinstripe suit - wearing auctioneer . He pretends to come from a foreign country so that people will believe that he does n't speak fluent English . Gunther constantly says `` please '' after and in the middle of every sentence in this disguise . He wears horse riding boots to cover up his tattoo and a monocle to distort his eyebrow . In the TV series , Gunther wears glasses . Detective Dupin - A `` famous '' detective obsessed with cool things , including ridiculous sunglasses which cover up his eyebrow and green plastic shoes with yellow lightning bolts on them to cover his tattoo . The alias name is a reference to C. Auguste Dupin . In the TV series , Detective Dupin is obsessed with scat singing and resorts to finding ways to get out of answering some questions . Mattathias ( / ˌmætəˈθaɪ. əs / MAT - ə - THY - əs ) - Heimlich Hospital 's new Human Resources director . The only sign of his presence is his voice over Heimlich Hospital 's intercom . In the TV series , Mattathias is a doctor and has the full name of Mattathias Medicalschool who plans to do a `` Crainioectomy '' on `` Laura V. Bleediotie . '' Kit Snicket - Olaf used this disguise in The End , but failed to fool anyone on the Island . The disguise consists of seaweed hair , Esme Squalor 's dress which she wore in The Slippery Slope , and a diving helmet with the Medusoid Mycelium to make it look like Olaf is pregnant . Yessica Haircut - Exclusive to the Netflix TV series , Count Olaf used this improvisational disguise to convince Mr. Poe ( who had a haircut scheduled ) that the Baudelaire children should be given to Count Olaf prior the events of The Bad Beginning . While the Baudelaire children are always able to see through his disguises and intentions , the adults around them remain completely oblivious to the villain and fail to aid the children , forcing the Baudelaires to unmask Count Olaf and his various schemes numerous times throughout the series . With the death of Jacques , who is mistakenly identified as the count by The Daily Punctilio , the target of the police manhunt for Olaf shifts to the Baudelaires , who are framed for the murder of Jacques . Olaf uses his newfound immunity to burn Heimlich Hospital and Caligari Carnival without repercussions . When he and the Baudelaires burn the Hotel Denouement down , they are forced to flee the authorities by escaping to sea , where they are shipwrecked on the island on the coastal shelf . In an attempt to take control of the island , Olaf threatens to release the airborne pathogens of Medusoid Mycelium on the colonists , but is harpooned by Ishmael . Olaf lives long enough to help Kit Snicket safely deliver her child , then he softly kisses her on the lips , which the Baudelaires refer to as the `` one good thing '' in his life . In the 2004 film , Count Olaf is portrayed by Jim Carrey while the video game adaption had Count Olaf 's additional dialogue provided by Robin Atkin Downes . Due to Carrey 's comedic manner , Olaf 's sinister nature was toned down and his occupation as an actor was increased , with him being comically bad at performing , but exceptional at improvising . His disguises for Stephano and Sham are slightly altered . Stephano now had thinning hair , prescription glasses , and a thin mustache that is `` a tad askew '' which Olaf claims was due to an incident involving a moray eel . He also spoke with a thick Italian American accent similar to comedian Ray Romano . His Sham disguise still kept the pegleg , but he had no eye patch ( though the DVD extras reveal that at one point the filmmakers considered having him wear a strap around his head in place of a typical patch ) . After his plot was exposed and Count Olaf was arrested by the constable as the crowd converged on him , Lemony Snicket stated that the judge had decreed that Count Olaf be made to suffer every hardship he caused on the Baudelaire children before serving a life sentence . However , Lemony Snicket later stated that Count Olaf `` vanished '' after a jury of his peers overturned his sentence . In the video game , after being exposed , someone turned off the lights , enabling Count Olaf to escape as he vows to get his hands on the fortune . In the 2017 TV series , he is portrayed by Neil Patrick Harris . Much like Carrey 's portrayal of the character , Harris ' portrayal was lighthearted , but still sinister in some fashion . The show dives into his acting persona with him being capable of thinking up a plan and disguise on the spot . In addition , he assumes the alias of an unrelated Count Olaf who works as the Caligari Carnival 's ringmaster in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' after Count Olaf 's apparent death . Violet Baudelaire ( edit ) Violet Baudelaire is one of the three protagonists of the series ; she appears in all thirteen novels . In the TV series she is played by Malina Weissman . Violet helps her twelve - year - old brother Klaus and her baby sister Sunny solve problems with her inventing skills . As the eldest , she is the natural leader of the group . Violet is the eldest Baudelaire : she is fourteen at the beginning of the series and turns fifteen in The Grim Grotto . Brett Helquist 's drawings indicate she has long , dark brown hair , and though her eye colour is never specified , it is implied that her eyes are a different colour than Klaus 's . When thinking and concentrating on new inventions , Violet ties her hair in a purple ribbon to keep it out of her face . Violet is a brilliant inventor , inventing various items such as : A grappling hook that gets her up Count Olaf 's tower in The Bad Beginning . A lock pick that enables her to open Count Olaf 's suitcase in The Reptile Room . A signaling device in The Wide Window . A staple - making device in The Austere Academy using a small crab , a potato , metal rods , creamed spinach , and a fork . A mobile designed to brighten up the Orphan Shack while keeping the crab infestation at bay in the TV adaptation of The Austere Academy . A climbing device made from ties , curtains , and extension cords in The Ersatz Elevator . 3 welding devices made of fire tongs in The Ersatz Elevator . An invention created from bread and water that frees the three siblings from the Village of Fowl Devotees ' uptown jail in The Vile Village before two of them are to be burned alive . A rubber band ladder to escape the burning Heimlich Hospital in The Hostile Hospital . A cart as an escape vehicle made from vines , roller coaster parts , and a piece of rubber in The Carnivorous Carnival . Fork - assisted climbing shoes that help her and Quigley Quagmire climb the frozen waterfall of Mount Fraught in The Slippery Slope . When Violet and her siblings were accused of killing `` Count Olaf , '' they use a series of disguises while evading the authorities and Count Olaf 's group . Violet 's disguises include : In The Hostile Hospital , Count Olaf disguises her as a patient named Laura V. Bleediotie when he plans to perform a `` Crainioectomy '' surgery that will serve as a cover - up for Count Olaf 's plot to behead her . In The Carnivorous Carnival , Violet and Klaus do a shared disguise of Beverly and Elliot where they disguise themselves as a two - headed person . In The Slippery Slope , Violet poses as a Snow Scout and a volunteer when saving Sunny from Count Olaf . In The Grim Grotto , Violet dresses as a scuba diver . In The Penultimate Peril , she and her siblings pose as concierges until Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf . Justice Strauss states to the crowd that they will have a blindfolded trial to determine who is guilty and who is not . However , the other two judges are discovered by the Baudelaires to be the Man With a Beard But No Hair and the Woman With Hair But No Beard . Violet and her siblings see Strauss being kidnapped , but nobody else does since the entire courtroom is blindfolded . Following Olaf , Violet and her siblings help him unlock the laundry room to get the sugar bowl . Using three clues , they break in , but find that the sugar bowl is not there . Angered , Olaf declares that he is going to the roof to get the Medusoid Mycelium which he will spread through the hotel , kill everyone , and escape by jumping off the roof in a boat . Violet , realizing his plan is foolish , agrees to help . Klaus is surprised that she would do this but Violet knows that they need an escape route , and going with Olaf may be the only way . Then , Sunny abruptly suggests that they burn down the Hotel , and Olaf agrees . On the roof , Klaus reveals that the sugar bowl fell into the pond and not into the laundry room . Here , Violet deduces that Sunny suggested they set the Hotel on fire as a signal so that noble people like Kit , Hector and the Quagmires would cancel the meeting . As Sunny says `` the last safe place is safe no more '' . Violet makes a chute for the boat to safely make it off the building , and they use the giant spatulas used for flipping sunbathers as oars . Justice Strauss attempts to stop the Baudelaires leaving on the boat , but Sunny bites her hand and makes her let go . The boat floats safely down to the ocean , and the Baudelaires are left `` in the same boat '' as Count Olaf . Flames engulf the Hotel Denouement and Count Olaf gets away yet again . In The End , the boat carries Violet , Klaus , Sunny and Olaf away from the burning hotel . After surviving a storm , they find themselves on a coastal shelf of an island inhabited by a mysterious group of people . They are first greeted by a little girl named Friday Caliban . Count Olaf , who had previously proclaimed himself king of Olaf - Land , threatens the girl with a harpoon gun . Friday is unfazed ; she refuses Olaf permission to land on the island , but invites the Baudelaires onto the island . Along the way , she describes what the islanders do with their time -- all year long , they build an outrigger on the coastal shelf , and once a year the water rises high enough to submerge the shelf and launch the outrigger . This is known as Decision Day , when anyone who wishes can board the ship , bite a bitter apple , spit it back out , and sail away . The island facilitator , Ishmael , introduces the Baudelaires to the strange island customs and has the islanders introduce themselves to the Baudelaires . After Count Olaf and Kit Snicket die , Violet , Klaus , and Sunny adopt Kit 's baby daughter Beatrice as they leave their island . Not much was known about the Baudelaires since then . In the 2004 film and its video game adaption , Violet is portrayed by Emily Browning . In the 2017 TV series , she is portrayed by Malina Weissman . She is much more kind to her siblings as she does n't fight with Klaus like she does in The Wide Window episodes . Klaus Baudelaire ( edit ) Klaus Baudelaire is one of the three orphans of the series who appears in all thirteen novels . Klaus is the middle child of the Baudelaire orphans ; he has an older sister named Violet and a younger sister named Sunny . His sister , Violet , is the family inventor , Sunny is the family biter , and he is the researcher . He is twelve years old at the beginning of the series and is fourteen by the end of the series . Klaus is the `` bookworm '' of the family , and his love of books has often helped him save himself and his sisters from Count Olaf . He tries to research their way out of the Marvellous Marriage in The Bad Beginning , helped prove that Stephano was really Count Olaf in disguise in The Reptile Room , and decoded Aunt Josephene 's note , leading him and his siblings to Curdled Cave . In The Ersatz Elevator , Klaus helped Violet and Sunny find out what V.F.D means . He also found his book knowledge important when he and his siblings were accused of killing `` Count Olaf . '' From The Vile Village onwards , the Baudelaire orphans use a series of disguises while evading the authorities and Count Olaf 's group . Klaus ' disguises include : In The Hostile Hospital , Klaus disguises himself as a doctor with Sunny . In the TV series , this disguise was named Dr. Faustus . In The Carnivorous Carnival , Klaus and Violet dress as a two - headed freak named Beverly and Elliot with Klaus as Elliot and Violet as Beverly . In The Slippery Slope , Klaus poses as a Snow Scout and a volunteer when saving Sunny from Count Olaf . In The Grim Grotto , Klaus wears a diving suit with a picture of Herman Melville on the front . When it came to The Penultimate Peril , Klaus and his siblings pose as concierges until Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf . Justice Strauss states to the crowd that they will have a blindfolded trial to determine who is guilty and who is not . However , the other two judges are discovered by the Baudelaires to be the Man With a Beard But No Hair and the Woman With Hair But No Beard . Violet and her siblings see Strauss being kidnapped , but nobody else does since the entire courtroom is blindfolded . Following Olaf , Violet and her siblings help him unlock the laundry room to get the sugar bowl . Using three clues , they break in , but find that the sugar bowl is not there . Angered , Olaf declares that he is going to the roof to get the Medusoid Mycelium , which he will spread through the hotel , kill everyone , and escape , by jumping off the roof in a boat . Violet , realizing his plan is foolish , agrees to help . Klaus is surprised that she would do this but Violet knows that they need an escape route , and going with Olaf may be the only way . Then , Sunny abruptly suggests that they burn down the Hotel , and Olaf agrees . On the roof , Klaus reveals that the sugar bowl fell into the pond and not into the laundry room . Here , Violet deduces that Sunny suggested they set the Hotel on fire as a signal so that noble people like Kit , Hector and the Quagmires would cancel the meeting . As Sunny says , `` the last safe place is safe no more '' . Violet makes a chute for the boat to safely make it off the building , and they use the giant spatulas used for flipping sunbathers as oars . Justice Strauss attempts to stop the Baudelaires leaving on the boat , but Sunny bites her hand and makes her let go . The boat floats safely down to the ocean , and the Baudelaires are left `` in the same boat '' as Count Olaf . Flames engulf the Hotel Denouement , and Count Olaf gets away yet again . In The End , the boat carries Violet , Klaus , Sunny and Olaf away from the burning hotel . After surviving a storm , they find themselves on a coastal shelf of an island inhabited by a mysterious group of people . They are first greeted by a little girl , Friday Caliban . Count Olaf , who had previously proclaimed himself king of Olaf - Land , threatens the girl with a harpoon gun . Friday is unfazed ; she refuses Olaf permission to land on the island , but invites the Baudelaires onto the island . Along the way , she describes what the islanders do with their time -- all year long , they build an outrigger on the coastal shelf , and once a year the water rises high enough to submerge the shelf and launch the outrigger . This is known as Decision Day , when anyone who wishes can board the ship , bite a bitter apple , spit it back out , and sail away . The island facilitator , Ishmael , introduces the Baudelaires to the strange island customs and has the islanders introduce themselves to the Baudelaires . After Count Olaf and Kit Snicket die , Violet , Klaus , and Sunny adopt Kit 's baby daughter Beatrice as they leave the island . Not much was known about the Baudelaires since then . In the 2004 film as well as its video game adaption , Klaus is portrayed by Liam Aiken . He does n't have glasses unlike his book counterpart . In the 2017 TV series , he is portrayed by Louis Hynes . Sunny Baudelaire ( edit ) Sunny Baudelaire is one of the three protagonists of Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events series who appears in all thirteen novels . Sunny is the youngest of the three Baudelaire orphans and is described as an infant through much of the series . Although Sunny can not walk until the end of the seventh book and speaks in idiosyncratic baby talk , she repeatedly demonstrates advanced problem solving skills , motor dexterity , comprehension , moral reasoning , and intelligence . Early in the series , Sunny is frequently noted for the size and strength of her teeth . While Klaus and Violet often use their respective talents of reading and inventing to solve their problems , Sunny is required on multiple occasions to use her sharp teeth . As the books progress and Sunny grows out of infancy , she develops a love for cooking . When Sunny and her siblings were accused of killing `` Count Olaf , '' they use a series of disguises while evading the authorities and Count Olaf 's group . Sunny 's disguises include : A surgeon in The Hostile Hospital . Chabo the Wolf Baby in The Carnivorous Carnival . Sunny uses Count Olaf 's fake beard to make her look hairy . A scuba diver in The Grim Grotto . She is curled up in a diving helmet In The Penultimate Peril , Sunny and her siblings pose as concierges until Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf . Justice Strauss states to the crowd that they will have a blindfolded trial to determine who is guilty and who is not . However , the other two judges are discovered by the Baudelaires to be the Man With a Beard But No Hair and the Woman With Hair But No Beard . Violet and her siblings see Strauss being kidnapped , but nobody else does since the entire courtroom is blindfolded as the two villains state for everyone not to take their blindfolds off . Following Olaf , Violet and her siblings help him unlock the laundry room to get the sugar bowl . Using three clues , they break in , only to find that the sugar bowl is not there . Angered , Olaf declares that he is going to the roof to get Medusoid Mycelium which he will spread through the hotel , kill everyone , and escape by jumping off the roof in a boat . Violet , realizing his plan is foolish , agrees to help . Klaus is surprised that she would do this but Violet knows that they need an escape route , and going with Olaf may be the only way . Then , Sunny abruptly suggests that they burn down the Hotel , and Olaf agrees . On the roof , Klaus reveals that the sugar bowl fell into the pond and not into the laundry room . Here , Violet deduces that Sunny suggested they set the Hotel on fire as a signal so that noble people like Kit , Hector and the Quagmires would cancel the meeting . As Sunny says , `` the last safe place is safe no more '' . Violet makes a chute for the boat to safely make it off the building , and they use the giant spatulas used for flipping sunbathers as oars . Justice Strauss attempts to stop the Baudelaires leaving on the boat , but Sunny bites her hand and makes her let go . The boat floats safely down to the ocean , and the Baudelaires are left `` in the same boat '' as Count Olaf . Flames engulf the Hotel Denouement , and Count Olaf gets away yet again . In The End , the boat carries Violet , Klaus , Sunny and Olaf away from the burning hotel . After surviving a storm , they find themselves on a coastal shelf of an island inhabited by a mysterious group of people . They are first greeted by a little girl , Friday Caliban . Count Olaf , who had previously proclaimed himself king of Olaf - Land , threatens the girl with a harpoon gun . Friday is unfazed ; she refuses Olaf permission to land on the island , but invites the Baudelaires onto the island . Along the way , she describes what the islanders do with their time -- all year long , they build an outrigger on the coastal shelf , and once a year the water rises high enough to submerge the shelf and launch the outrigger . This is known as Decision Day , when anyone who wishes can board the ship , bite a bitter apple , spit it back out , and sail away . The island facilitator , Ishmael , introduces the Baudelaires to the strange island customs . Also , Ishmael has the islanders ( most named after famous literary or historical castaways ) introduce themselves to the Baudelaires . After Count Olaf and Kit Snicket die , Violet , Klaus , and Sunny adopt Kit 's baby daughter Beatrice as they leave their island . Not much was known about the Baudelaires since then . In the 2004 film , Sunny is portrayed by Kara and Shelby Hoffman . In the video game adaption , her vocal effects are provided by Karis Campbell . In the 2017 TV series , Sunny is portrayed by Presley Smith and her vocal effects are provided by Tara Strong . Arthur Poe ( edit ) Arthur Poe is a banker in charge of the Baudelaire and Quagmire fortunes and the Baudelaire orphans ' guardianship . He is distinguished by a congenital cough , purblind demeanour , and general inefficacy in caring for the Baudelaire and Quagmire children . Poe is the first to bring the news of Bertrand and Beatrice 's death to the Baudelaire children who were at Briny Beach . As executor of the Baudelaire estate , he interprets the will 's instructions that the children `` be raised in the most convenient way possible '' , meaning they should remain within the city limits , and arranges for their distant relative Count Olaf to take custody . When the Baudelaires contact Poe at his bank , Mulctuary Money Management , to report Olaf 's abuse , the banker points out that Olaf is acting in loco parentis , and can raise them as he sees fit . However , when Olaf traps Sunny in a birdcage and attempts to force Violet to marry him during the play while exposing his plot , Poe invokes citizen 's arrest just prior to Count Olaf 's escape . Since then , Arthur Poe tries to find a suitable guardian to watch over the kids . He is not a very big help to the Baudelaire orphans . The Baudelaires are unable to contact him after the events of The Vile Village . In The Grim Grotto , the Baudelaires appear on Briny Beach and run into Mr. Poe again . He offers to help the Baudelaires prove their innocence only for them to get into a taxi that Kit Snicket was in . In The Penultimate Peril , Arthur Poe was staying at the Hotel Denouement . He came out of his hotel room during Count Olaf 's confrontation with Dewey Denouement . Count Olaf being surprised by Arthur Poe 's appearance resulted in the accident where Dewey Denouement was killed by the harpoon gun . During the trial of the Baudelaires and Count Olaf , Mr. Poe submitted some financial records as evidence . When Mrs. Bass claimed that the Baudelaires robbed banks , Mr. Poe quoted `` Who said that ? '' When the hotel was burned down , Mr. Poe was last seen on the third floor as he states that he is still in charge of the affairs of the Baudelaire family as the elevator closes on him . Lemony Snicket says `` it was n't Mr. Poe 's destiny to be killed by a harpoon gun , at least not this evening in particular . '' This means that Mr. Poe may be killed on another occasion by a Harpoon Gun and may suggest that he survived the Hotel Denouement fire . In the 2004 film , Arthur Poe is portrayed by Timothy Spall . Unlike the books , Arthur Poe repossesses the children from Count Olaf after he `` let Sunny drive . '' This led Arthur Poe to take the Baudelaire children to relative after relative . Following the incident in Lake Lachrymose , Arthur Poe and the constable saw that Count Olaf had `` redeemed himself '' by rescuing the Baudelaire children from the Lachrymose Leeches . When Count Olaf 's plot had been exposed , he and the crowd converged on him . After Count Olaf `` vanished '' after a jury of his peers overturned his sentence , Arthur Poe allowed the Baudelaire children to visit their old home before being taken to their next guardian . In the video game adaption , he is voiced by Daniel Hagen . In the 2017 TV series , he is portrayed by K. Todd Freeman . In `` The Wide Window '' Pt. 2 , Mr. Poe loses the Baudelaire children during the confusion when Count Olaf was exposed . In `` The Miserable Mill , '' Eleanora assists Mr. Poe into finding the Baudelaires and were able to locate them at Lucky Smells Lumbermill following Count Olaf 's escape . In `` The Vile Village '' Pt. 2 , Mr. Poe hears about the Baudelaire 's `` murder '' of `` Count Olaf . '' As he is unable to believe the Baudelaires ' claim that the man that was killed was n't Count Olaf , Mr. Poe is unable to help them and prepares to say his goodbyes to them before they are burned at the stake . Mr. Poe was surprised that Eleanora showed up to get a story and stated that they should 've carpooled . After a crow is accidentally injured by Esmé during the Baudelaire 's escape , Mr. Poe tells the villagers that they got to take the crow to the veterinarian . In `` The Hostile Hospital '' Pt. 2 , Mr. Poe goes to Heimlich Hospital thinking that he contracted swine flu during his time at the Village of Fowl Devotees when he speaks to Hal about it . When he receives a ticket to the `` crainoectomy '' held by Count Olaf under the alias of Mattathias Medicalschool , Klaus and Sunny 's disguises come undone as Mr. Poe is displeased that Klaus and Sunny were partaking in an operation where they did n't have a medical license . After Heimlich Hospital is set on fire , Mr. Poe gets out and comforts Babs . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 2 , Mr. Poe attends the lion - feeding event at the Caligari Carnival . He was there after getting an anonymous tip that the Baudelaire children were sighted in the area . After the Caligari Carnival was burned to the ground , Mr. Poe was driving home as he plans to give Mrs. Bass a tour of his bank first . Lemony Snicket ( edit ) Main article : Lemony Snicket Lemony Snicket is the author of the book series who has chronicled the lives to the Baudelaire children . He dedicates his books to his long lost girlfriend , Beatrice Baudelaire . In the 2004 film , Lemony Snicket is portrayed by Jude Law where he is shown writing the story on a typewriter inside a clock tower . In the video game adaptation and the audiobooks , he is voiced by Tim Curry . In the 2017 TV series , he is portrayed by Patrick Warburton who appears as the onscreen narrator that is shown in different outfits to go with specific scenes . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 , a flashback showed Lemony Snicket with Jacques at a party at the V.F.D. headquarters . He gets a root beer message stating `` Olaf knows '' as he rushes to get to Beatrice before Count Olaf can make an attempt on her life . In the present , the Baudelaire children notice him on the film reel they find at the Caligari Carnival about the V.F.D. and claim that he looks like Jacques Snicket . Supporting characters ( edit ) Baudelaire family members ( edit ) Bertrand Baudelaire ( edit ) Bertrand Baudelaire is the father of Violet , Klaus , and Sunny Baudelaire , the husband of Beatrice , and a V.F.D. member . Throughout the series , the children remember anecdotes about their father , such as him cooking at a dinner party . He was a childhood friend of Beatrice and a good friend of Dewey Denouement . As a member of the V.F.D. , Bertrand helped train the V.F.D. lions to become the Volunteer Feline Detectives . Count Olaf implies that Bertrand and Beatrice murdered Olaf 's parents . At the beginning of the series , Bertrand died in the fire that destroyed the Baudelaire Mansion . In the TV series , Bertrand is portrayed by an unnamed extra . Beatrice Baudelaire ( edit ) Lemony Snicket was in love with Beatrice Baudelaire and they could not get married but Beatrice cancelled the marriage and married Bertrand instead because she believed that Lemony was dead after his obituary appeared in The Daily Punctilio newspaper . Various hints are dispensed throughout the series as to why she called off the marriage . According to Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , Snicket is mistakenly reported by the notoriously inaccurate Punctilio as dead . In The Grim Grotto , Lemony makes reference to Captain Widdershins 's having convinced Beatrice that a story in a newspaper was true , which could be the report of his death . The other evidence for her belief was that she had planned to name Violet ' Lemony ' had she been a boy , in accordance with the family custom of naming a child after a dead friend . We can assume that Beatrice at one time believed that Snicket was dead . When Lemony was revealed to be alive , she had already married Bertrand and she could not marry him . However , in The Beatrice Letters the reader is told that Beatrice returned Lemony 's engagement ring and sent him a 200 - page book explaining why the two could not wed , something she could not have done had she believed Snicket to be dead ; although this may have been after he was revealed to be alive . This may contradict Ishmael 's statement from The End that the ring was given to Beatrice then back to Lemony to Kit to Bertrand then back to Beatrice . Also , the newspaper article mentions Lemony 's work as the biographer of the Baudelaires , so this particular article could not have been published until after Beatrice 's death , so this puts a damper on the idea that she read that particular article . She could , of course , have believed a completely different article about him ( perhaps one accusing him of crimes he did not commit -- Snicket makes frequent references to such articles and false information ) , sent him the book and the letter , then later when she had married Bertrand , discovered the truth and also believed him ( for a time at least ) to be dead for some reason -- though again , it could not be the obituary that appears in the Daily Punctilio that convinces her of this as that must appear after her death . When Kit Snicket nears death , she informs the Baudelaire children that `` their families have always been close , even if they had to stay apart from one another '' . In the 2004 film , Beatrice is portrayed in an uncredited cameo by Helena Bonham Carter . In the TV series , Beatrice is portrayed by an unnamed extra . A flashback in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' had Lemony running to warn Beatrice that Count Olaf is after her . Count Olaf 's attempt on Beatrice 's life is revealed to have failed . Beatrice Baudelaire II ( edit ) `` The End '' `` Chapter Fourteen '' Beatrice Baudelaire II is the daughter of Kit Snicket , who dies after giving birth . The infant Beatrice is adopted by the Baudelaire orphans , hence the use of the surname Baudelaire . At age one , `` she looks very much like her mother , '' according to Chapter Fourteen . The younger Beatrice was named for the Baudelaires ' mother Beatrice , at Kit 's request and in keeping with the tradition of naming children after deceased friends . In The Beatrice Letters , which is set ten years after the main series , she is the second Beatrice Baudelaire . She is searching for her uncle Lemony Snicket and for the Baudelaire orphans , who have apparently disappeared . She follows her uncle and writes him six letters . However , he constantly refuses to see her and actively runs from her . She writes that she attends a `` secretarial school that is n't really a secretarial school '' , implying that she has found a V.F.D. training school . Her sixth letter is signed `` Beatrice Baudelaire , Baticeer Extraordinaire . '' Montgomery Montgomery ( edit ) `` The Reptile Room '' Dr. Montgomery Montgomery or `` Uncle Monty '' ( introduced and killed in The Reptile Room ) is Bertrand Baudelaire 's cousin 's brother - in - law and Violet , Klaus , and Sunny 's second guardian , but he prefers to be called Uncle Monty . His sole appearance is in The Reptile Room . It is thought that his name is inspired by Monty Python , as he is a herpetologist ( one who studies snakes ) whose first name is Monty . Uncle Monty is a `` fat , short , chubby man with a round red face . '' He discovered the Incredibly Deadly Viper ( which is in fact not deadly at all ) . When the Baudelaires first meet him , he gives them homemade coconut cream cake , and the Baudelaires instantly warm to him . He plans to take them to Peru with his assistant Gustav Sebald , but receives Gustav 's apparent letter of resignation the day before ( it is later revealed that Gustav was actually killed by Count Olaf ) , so Uncle Monty hires `` Stephano '' ( Count Olaf in disguise ) in his place . The Baudelaires quickly recognize Stephano as Olaf . Uncle Monty , on the other hand , thinks that Stephano is a jealous spy from the herpetology society , there to steal the Incredibly Deadly Viper , which he has not yet revealed to the society . When the Baudelaires tried to tell Uncle Monty Stephano 's true identity , he misunderstood them , thinking that they were saying that Stephano 's `` plan to steal the Incredibly Deadly Viper '' was as despicable as Olaf , rather than Stephano actually being Olaf . Olaf murders Uncle Monty ( using snake venom ) , then blames it on the Mamba Du Mal ( the Incredibly Deadly Viper in the movie ) , another snake owned by Uncle Monty . The Baudelaires escape Olaf upon his hand in Monty 's death being exposed , but they never again find a nicer or more caring guardian than Uncle Monty . Uncle Monty also had some connection to the Quagmire family because there is a tunnel connecting the two houses . Snicket 's autobiography indicates that Uncle Monty 's death may be partly attributable to his failure to learn Sebald Code , with which a message intended for him was hidden in the movie Zombies in the Snow , which he had taken the children to see . In the book , Monty dearly wishes to have a family , but never found the right woman ( the movie revealed that Monty had a wife and children , but they were killed by yet another arson attack presumably at the hands of Count Olaf ) . On the book cover , Monty 's hair is red while other media adaptions have it in different colors . In the book Who Could That Be at This Hour ? , Monty is mentioned by Hector in the final chapter . In the film adaptation , Montgomery Montgomery is portrayed by Billy Connolly . Klaus sees Uncle Monty with a spyglass similar to the one he found in his father 's desk drawer , and later finds one that belongs to Aunt Josephine . Klaus also found a picture with his parents , Aunt Josephine , Uncle Monty , and other presumably V.F.D. members , all holding spyglasses . He is older and one of the more sympathetic characters in the movie . He gives the children a wonderful home , but faces the same fate as the other sympathetic guardians . In the video game adaption , he is voiced by Bob Joles . In the 2017 Netflix television series , Montgomery Montgomery is portrayed by Aasif Mandvi . Monty is also shown to have a ticket seller ally who spliced the film footage so that Monty can copy down the remaining message . In addition , he fought off the two White - Faced Women 's attempt to capture him while thinking that they were helping Stefano to steal his research for the herpetology society . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 , Montgomery made an appearance in a flashback at a celebration at the V.F.D. headquarters on the day when Count Olaf failed to murder Beatrice . He was seen talking with the ticket seller about a Mamba du Mal code that he was working on . In the present , he appears on a film reel at the Caligari Carnival that talks about the V.F.D. Josephine Anwhistle ( edit ) Josephine Anwhistle or Aunt Josephine is Violet , Klaus and Sunny 's second cousin 's sister - in - law , and becomes their guardian in The Wide Window . Aunt Josephine thinks that grammar is the greatest joy in life . She keeps many books about Lake Lachrymose under her bed . These books include The Tides of Lake Lachrymose , The Bottom of Lake Lachrymose , Lachrymose Trout , The History of the Damocles Dock Region , Ivan Lachrymose - Lake Explorer , How Water Is Made and A Lachrymose Atlas . Ever since her husband Isaac ( Ike for short ) was devoured by Lachrymose Leeches due to not waiting an entire hour after eating something , she has developed numerous fears including irrational concerns about doorknobs , radiators , telephones , and ovens . In Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , several events Josephine was irrationally afraid of occur when her home falls into the lake including a fridge nearly falling on Klaus and a radiator exploding . In the end , Josephine pleads with Count Olaf ( in his disguise of Captain Sham ) to let her live by offering the Baudelaire children and their fortune in exchange for her own safety , but he pushes her overboard from a small sailboat after she corrected the grammar of her own death sentence , literally . It is heavily implied that she meets the same fate as her husband . Josephine is surrounded by leeches and her tattered life jackets are found later by fishermen at the time the orphans were in Prufrock Preparatory School , two books later , but it is not conclusively established if she survived or not . The Grim Grotto implies that she might still be alive . She and Esmé Squalor are the only female guardians the Baudelaires have in the series . In the film adaptation , Aunt Josephine is portrayed by Meryl Streep . Unlike the books , Josephine was more courageous before Ike 's death . Also , Count Olaf did n't use his Captain Sham disguise when he did away with Josephine . In the video game adaption , she is voiced by Donna Bullock . In the 2017 Netflix television series , Aunt Josephine is portrayed by Alfre Woodard . Just like the book , Josephine was more courageous before Ike 's death . She had her first encounter with Count Olaf 's Captain Sham alias where his theater troupe posed as random civilians talking about him . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival , '' Josephine made an appearance in a flashback at a celebration at the V.F.D. headquarters on the day when Count Olaf failed to murder Beatrice . She was seen with Ike back when he was still alive where she wanted to do some thrill - seeking activities and made a brief silent reaction when Ike wanted to have kids . In the present , she appears on a film reel at the Caligari Carnival that talks about the V.F.D. Count Olaf 's acting troupe ( edit ) Count Olaf 's acting troupe is a troupe of actors who are the followers of Count Olaf . They follow Count Olaf in his plans to obtain the Baudelaire fortune . Among the members are : The Hook - Handed Man ( edit ) The Bad Beginning The Reptile Room The Ersatz Elevator The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Grim Grotto Fernald , commonly known as the Hook - Handed Man , is an assistant of Count Olaf who has hooks instead of hands . He wears fake hands on his hooks and / or other outfits that would hide his hooks when posing as different people . First appearing in The Bad Beginning as part of his theatre troupe , he was sent to Justice Strauss ' house to retrieve the Baudelaires where he even claimed to them that Count Olaf has n't ripped them limb from limb yet because he does n't have the Baudelaire fortune yet . The Hook - Handed Man was the one who catches Violet when she climbs up the side of Count Olaf 's tower in an attempt to rescue Sunny and informs Count Olaf about it . When Count Olaf 's true nature is exposed , the Hook - Handed Man is among the members of Count Olaf 's theater troupe that escape in the blackout . In The Reptile Room , the Hook - Handed Man poses as a doctor named Dr. O. Lucafont to examine the supposed bite marks that the Mamba Du Mal supposedly left on Montgomery Montgomery . When Stefano was exposed as Count Olaf , Sunny bites off the Dr. O. Lucafont 's fake hands exposing him as well . Both men managed to get away . In The Ersatz Elevator , the Hook - Handed Man poses as a doorman at 667 Dark Avenue . He wore a long coat that had long sleeves that hid his hooks . He appears in The Hostile Hospital , posing as a doctor at Heimlich Hospital where he assisted Olaf 's surgical attempt to murder Violet . In The Carnivorous Carnival , the Hook - Handed Man helped to dig the pit for the lions that will be used for the lion - feeding event at the Caligari Carnival . While he has told the Man with Pimples On His Chin that he is not a freak , the Hook - Handed Man was advised to get some realistic hands . In addition , the Hook - Handed Man was equipped with a giant noodle to whip any disobeying freaks . In The Slippery Slope , the Hook - Handed Man is taken to The Carmelita with the Snow Scouts . In The Grim Grotto , Fiona meets him and it is revealed that they are siblings where Captain Widdershins is his stepfather . He joined Olaf and left Captain Widdershins after burning down Anwhistle Aquatics and killing Gregor Anwhistle . He also joined Count Olaf because Captain Widdershins always said `` Aye ! '' which annoyed him . Fiona convinces him to steal Olaf 's submarine which is successful as mentioned in The Penultimate Peril where Count Olaf claimed to the Baudelaires , Dewey Denouement , Justice Strauss , and Jerome Squalor that Fernald and Fiona double - crossed him . Their fate is unknown as Kit Snicket reports in The End that she abandoned them in the face of the `` Great Unknown . '' It is also revealed that when he had to wait , he played a card game he made up named Fernald 's Folly . In the film , the Hook - Handed Man is portrayed by Jamie Harris . He is British and as revealed in the deleted scenes , is obsessed with pirates which is something that annoys Count Olaf . The Hook - Handed Man seems to relish in his use of his hook hands . In the video game adaption , the Hook - Handed Man is voiced by Jay Gordon . In the Netflix series , he is portrayed by Usman Ally . He has scars on his face , is bald - headed , and his hook hands have claws . He has the most interaction with the Baudelaires and despite making constant threats , is relatively mild - mannered and not entirely unfriendly to them , to the point that he even concerns himself with their well - being . He understands Sunny 's speech as clearly as her siblings , as opposed to almost every other adult in the series , and on occasion even responds directly to her . As a nod to the books , he likes to play cards and does so with Sunny while he is guarding her . However , just like the Bald Man , the Hook - Handed Man too appears to be comically unintelligent . In addition , his Lucafont alias is used by the Person of Indeterminate Gender instead while the Hook - Handed Man joined the rest of the troupe in posing as members of the sheriff 's department putting Uncle Monty 's house under `` quarantine '' following Uncle Monty 's death . In `` The Wide Window , '' the Bald Man later appeared as a random citizen at Lake Lachrymose , speaking highly of Captain Sham when Josephine Anwhistle meets him . In `` The Miserable Mill , '' the Hook - Handed Man was the one who posed as Foreman Flacutano . In `` The Austere Academy , '' the Hook - Handed Man assists the Bald Man in posing as the dead horse mascot . He is the one who catches Duncan and Isadora Quigley . In `` The Ersatz Elevator , '' the Hook - Handed Man posed as a doorman , a worker at the Herring Houdini restaurant , and a staff member of Veblen Hall . In `` The Vile Village , '' the Hook - Handed Man posed as a villager that assisted in Detective Dupin 's scat by playing music . In `` The Hostile Hospital , '' the Hook - Handed Man poses as a doctor associate of Mattathias Medicalschool where he introduces himself as Dr. Flacutano . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' , Madame Lulu mentions that the Hook - Handed Man 's sister relies on him , shocking him , and he is later seen wondering if he should call her and dreading his stepfather picking up . This presumably is a hint at Fiona and Captain Widdershins . In addition , he is the one who plays the calliope at the Caligari Carnival . The Bald Man with the long Nose ( edit ) The Bad Beginning The Miserable Mill The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Bald Man With the Long Nose is one of Olaf 's henchmen , he is described as a bald man with a hooked nose who always wears a black robe . At the time when Count Olaf 's true nature is exposed , the Bald Man is among the members of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe that escape during the blackout . In The Miserable Mill , the Bald Man disguises himself as Foreman Flacutono at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill . In The Hostile Hospital , the Bald Man disguises himself as the head doctor at Heimlich Hospital while using a surgical mask to cover his face both times . In The Carnivorous Carnival , the Bald Man helped to dig the pit for the lions that will be used in the lion - feeding event at the Caligari Carnival . He and Olivia Caliban fell into the lion pit during the crowd chaos and are devoured by the lions . In the film , the Bald Man is portrayed by Luis Guzmán . He is shown to be the least sinister with no long nose but a short one , and for that matter least intelligent of the troupe . The deleted scenes reveal that he wishes to have a prominent role in The Marvelous Marriage , but Count Olaf makes him the effects man instead . In the video game adaption , the Bald Man is voiced by S. Scott Bullock . In the Netflix series , the Bald Man is portrayed by John DeSantis . He is shown to be rather large and intimidating with a short nose instead of a long one . In addition , the Bald Man has a deep bellowing voice . Despite this , he is shown to be just as unintelligent as his movie counterpart . As seen in the second part of `` The Bad Beginning , '' he catches Mr. Poe 's secretary Jacquelyn eying Count Olaf 's car at the time when he was posing as `` Yessica Haircut '' causing the Bald Man to tie her to a tree to keep her from interfering . In addition , he was the one who caused the blackout that enabled Count Olaf and his theatre troupe to get away . In `` The Reptile Room , '' the Bald Man joined his fellow troupe members into posing as members of the sheriff 's department putting Uncle Monty 's house under `` quarantine '' following Uncle Monty 's death . In `` The Wide Window , '' the Bald Man later appeared as a random citizen at Lake Lachrymose talking good about Captain Sham when Josephine Anwhistle meets him . In `` The Miserable Mill , '' his Foreman Flacutono alias was used by the Hook - Handed Man instead . In `` The Austere Academy , '' the Bald Man assists the Hook - Handed Man in posing as the dead horse mascot . In `` The Ersatz Elevator , '' the Bald Man posed as a worker at the Herring Houdini restaurant and a security guard at the entrance of Veblen Hall . In `` The Vile Village , '' the Bald Man posed as a villager that assisted in Detective Dupin 's scat by playing music . In `` The Hostile Hospital , '' the Bald Man poses as a doctor associate of Mattathias Medicalschool named Dr. Tocuna . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival , '' the Bald Man worked as a vendor at the Caligari Carnival . Unlike the books , he did not fall into the lion pit . The Person of Indeterminate Gender ( edit ) The Bad Beginning The Wide Window The Hostile Hospital The Person of Undetermined Gender is one of Olaf 's henchpeople who appears in The Bad Beginning , The Wide Window , and Hostile Hospital . Described as a gigantic , overweight individual , with pure white eyes and an androgynous appearance . The Person is immensely strong and never speaks , except in bellows and roars . As the Person 's gender is said to not look like a man nor a woman , even Count Olaf does n't know what the Person 's gender is . At the time when Count Olaf 's true nature is exposed , the Person is among the members of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe that escape during the blackout . In The Wide Window , the Person posed as a security guard at `` Captain Sham 's Sailboat Rentals . '' In The Hostile Hospital , the Person poses as a hospital security guard . The Person is last seen trapped in a fire at Heimlich Hospital trying to catch the Baudelaires . Its fate is unknown . In the film , the Person is portrayed by Craig Ferguson . Most of the Person 's dialogue is cut from the film , the Person possess a Scottish accent and surprisingly they too are unsure of their gender , though Count Olaf calls the Person ' Eliza ' even after referring to the Person as ' he . ' In the Netflix series , the Person is portrayed by Matty Cardarople . The Person is the youngest member of the troupe and unlike the books , actually talks a lot . However , the Person 's speaking is prone to mumbling and mostly consists of rather educated observations that tend to agree with the Baudelaires ' arguments much to the annoyance of Count Olaf and their fellow troupe members . In the episodes adapted from `` The Reptile Room , '' the Person poses as Nurse Lucafont while their fellow troupe members pose as members of the sheriff 's department putting Uncle Monty 's house under `` quarantine '' following Uncle Monty 's death . In `` The Wide Window , '' the Person later appeared as a random citizen at Lake Lachrymose talking good about Captain Sham when Josephine Anwhistle meets them . In `` The Austere Academy , '' the Person of Indeterminate Gender poses as a teacher who teaches indeterminate gender studies . In `` The Ersatz Elevator , '' the Person of Indeterminate Gender posed as a worker at the Herring Houdini restaurant and an attendant of the In Auction at Veblen Hall . In `` The Vile Village , '' the Person of Indeterminate Gender posed as a villager that assisted in Detective Dupin 's scat by playing music . In `` The Hostile Hospital '' Pt. 2 , the Person once again poses as Nurse Lucafont who is an associate of Mattathias Medicalschool . Unlike the books , the Person survives the Heimlich Hospital fire and continues assisting Count Olaf in the following escapades . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival , '' the Person of Indeterminate Gender posed as a popcorn vendor at the Caligari Carnival . The White - Faced Women ( edit ) The Bad Beginning The Austere Academy The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The two White - Faced Women are two members of Olaf 's theater troupe who always cover their faces in white powder . They are apparently twins . They disguise themselves as cafeteria workers in The Austere Academy where they succeed in abducting the Quagmire Children . In The Hostile Hospital , the White - Faced Women posed as Heimlich Hospital 's workers Dr. Tocuna and Nurse Flo . In The Carnivorous Carnival , the White - Faced Women helped to dig the pit for the lions that will be used for the lion - feeding event at the Caligari Carnival . The White - Faced Women abandon Count Olaf in The Slippery Slope after accusing him of starting a fire that killed their third sibling and when they refused to kill Sunny . Their fates have been speculated by Lemony Snicket to either have them singing sad songs in some of the gloomiest music halls in the city , living together in the Hinterlands attempting to grow rhubarb in the dry and barren ground , or never making it out of the Mortmain Mountains where their bones can be found in one of the mountain range 's many caves . In the film , the White - Faced Women are portrayed by Jennifer Coolidge and Jane Adams . They are both rather vain and seem to have a slight attraction to Count Olaf . As revealed in the deleted scenes , they seem to be slightly reciprocated . In the video game adaption , the White - Faced Women are voiced by Jocelyn Blue and Kari Wahlgren . The White - Faced Women in the video game adaption are named White - Faced Jen and White - Faced Jane after the actress that portrayed them in the film . In the Netflix series , the White - Faced Women are portrayed by Jacqueline and Joyce Robbins . They are twins , they both wear glasses , and are both elderly . They admire Count Olaf and are always finishing each other 's sentences . The first part of `` The Reptile Room '' episode had them attempting to capture Uncle Montgomery only for him to thwart their plan . The second part had them posing as members of the sheriff 's department putting Uncle Monty 's house under `` quarantine '' following Uncle Monty 's death . Later on , the White - Faced Women join their fellow troupe members into posing as members of the sheriff 's department putting Uncle Monty 's house under `` quarantine '' following Uncle Monty 's death . In `` The Wide Window , '' the White - Faced Women later appeared as a random citizen at Lake Lachrymose where talking good about Captain Sham when Josephine Anwhistle meets him . In `` The Austere Academy , '' the White - Faced Women assist Count Olaf in throwing Larry into the walk - in freezer and later pose as cheerleaders . In `` The Ersatz Elevator , '' the White - Faced Women posed as workers at the Herring Houdini restaurant and presenters of the items at the In Auction held that is held at Veblen Hall . In `` The Vile Village , '' the White - Faced Women posed as villagers that assisted in Detective Dupin 's scat by playing music . In `` The Hostile Hospital , '' the White - Faced Women pose as nurses who are associates of Mattathias Medicalschool . While the Dr. Tocuna alias was used by the Bald Man , the aliases they use are Nurse Flo and Nurse Glo . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival , '' the White - Faced Women operated the lights at the Caligari Carnival . The Wart - Faced Man ( edit ) The Bad Beginning The Wart - Faced Man is a man with warts on his face who is a minor member of Count Olaf 's theater troupe where he works on Count Olaf 's play that would have him actually marrying Violet . Lemony Snicket described him as being important - looking . Upon Count Olaf 's true nature being exposed during the play , the Wart - Faced Man causes a blackout that enables himself , Count Olaf , the Hook - Handed Man , the Bald Man with the Long Nose , the Person of Indeterminate Gender , and the two White - Faced Women to escape . The Wart - Faced Man is n't seen again after that . Esmé Squalor ( edit ) The Ersatz Elevator The Vile Village The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Grim Grotto The Penultimate Peril Esmé Gigi Genevieve Squalor is Count Olaf 's girlfriend and the ex-wife of Jerome Squalor . Her name is likely a reference to the short story For Esmé -- with Love and Squalor by J.D. Salinger . Prior to the events of the series , she was a professional stage actress and member of V.F.D. Esmé is distinguished by her very tall height and her obsession with high fashion . She often wears ridiculous outfits that she considers stylish . Lemony Snicket mentions that Esmé and Beatrice Baudelaire met for the first time at a Thursday tea party . While the Baudelaires are living with the Squalors in The Ersatz Elevator , Esmé conspires with Count Olaf while he is still in disguise as the auctioneer Gunther . After the `` In Auction '' , during which Olaf in the disguise of Gunther completes a complicated scheme to `` launder '' the kidnapping of the remaining Quagmire triplets , he drives away with her in his truck . Although the Baudelaires attempt to warn her of Gunther 's true identity , she reveals that she not only knew all along , but that Olaf was her acting teacher . Later while staying in the Village of Fowl Devotees in The Vile Village , the Baudelaires hear that the two of them are dating . Besides being Olaf 's girlfriend , Esmé acts as one of his henchmen , although always within the limits of what is `` in '' . During this time , Esmé Squalor poses as a police officer named Officer Luciana . When Esmé accidentally harms one of the V.F.D. crows in violation of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' # 1 rule of not harming crows as well as the use of a mechanical device like a harpoon gun , she and Count Olaf ( acting as Detective Dupin ) are forced to flee the villagers . In The Hostile Hospital , Esmé poses as a doctor is sent to destroy the Snicket File , one of the last remaining pieces of evidence that could send Count Olaf to jail . The file is kept in the Library of Records at the hospital , where the Baudelaires have been working in the hope of discovering more about V.F.D. Esmé uses her sharp stilettos ( the heels being real stiletto knives ) to attempt to harm the orphans . Esmé is unable to claim the file as not only had the authorities had removed it beforehand , but also Klaus has retrieved the thirteenth page and hidden it in his pocket . She attempts to murder the orphans by crushing them with book shelves and later burns down the Library of Records . Esmé captures Violet , but fails to keep her captive . In The Carnivorous Carnival , Esmé wears different outfits while at the Caligari Carnival and has a rivalry with Madame Lulu as Madame Lulu had a certain affection for Count Olaf . Esmé constantly gives her angry glances and has the original idea of tossing Lulu to the lions for the upcoming lion - feeding event at the Caligari Carnival . In The Slippery Slope , Esmé was present when the Man with a Beard But No Hair and the Woman with Hair But No Beard show up to discuss some plans with Count Olaf . The Baudelaires and Quigley Quagmire consider taking Esmé hostage in a plan to rescue Sunny Baudelaire , but cancel the plan because it was `` too villainous '' . In The Grim Grotto , Esmé dresses up as an octopus and uses a giant noodle to slap the captive children who are being used to power The Carmelita . In The Penultimate Peril , Olaf and Esmé break up after fighting during the dramatic `` harpoon gun '' incident in The Vile Village . She wears a `` lettuce bikini '' with silver sandals and silver lipstick , and has her name carved into her fingernails at the time when she and Carmelita Spats were staying at the Hotel Denouement and sighted at its rooftop sunbathing salon . The different guests talked about a cocktail party held by her boyfriend with the initials `` J.S. '' on Thursday . Jerome tried to get back together with Esmé during the confrontation , an idea which Esmé spurned instantly as she is not on his side . After Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed , Esmé claims that the Baudelaires are guilty as sin as she has her fingers on Carmelita . During the trial of the Baudelaire children and Count Olaf , Esmé submitted a blank testimony to Justice Strauss and the two judges who were actually the Man with a Beard But No Hair and the Woman with Hair But No Beard . At the end , it is not known whether Esmé escaped the fire at Hotel Denouement with Carmelita Spats , but the narrative suggests that if she did , she never again met the Baudelaire children . She was on the 2nd floor when the Baudelaires last saw her . In the Netflix TV series , Esmé is portrayed by Lucy Punch . She is said to be the original owner of the mysterious sugar bowl which was stolen from her by Lemony Snicket and Beatrice Baudelaire . Unlike the books , Esmé is shown to be strong enough to carry an unconscious Jerome back to her apartment . After she and Count Olaf fight in `` The Vile Village '' , Esmé begins to be much more interested in recovering this bowl than assisting Count Olaf in kidnapping the Baudelaires until he leads her to believe the Baudelaires have the bowl . In `` The Hostile Hospital , '' Esmé poses as a nurse where she says that her name is Nurse Cassandra Ursula Terrific Elliandra - before the rest of the name is cut off by Count Olaf in his alias of Mattathias Medicalschool . Carmelita Spats ( edit ) The Austere Academy The Slippery Slope The Grim Grotto The Penultimate Peril Carmelita Spats is a pupil of Prufock Preparatory School and a Snow Scout , appearing in The Austere Academy , The Slippery Slope , The Grim Grotto and The Penultimate Peril . She dislikes the Baudelaires , taunting them for being orphans and calling them `` cakesniffers . '' Carmelita is liked by Vice-Principal Nero and disliked by Mrs. Bass . Her uncle Bruce is the leader of the Snow Scouts as seen in The Slippery Slope . She hikes up the Mortmain Mountain every year with the group , which celebrates the False Spring by crowning her queen . One year later , she meets Olaf and Esmé at the peak of the mountain and they unofficially adopt her . In The Grim Grotto , she claims to be a `` tap - dancing ballerina fairy princess veterinarian '' and performs a recital . Esmé finds this adorable while Olaf is annoyed by it . In The Penultimate Peril , she dresses as a `` ballplaying cowboy superhero soldier pirate '' and has a pool and a ship brought to the rooftop sunbathing salon of the Hotel Denouement . In the Netflix TV series , Carmelita Spats is portrayed by Kitana Turnbull . Unlike the books , Carmelita was the one who snuck Count Olaf and his troupe into Prufrock Preparatory School upon Count Olaf making a deal with her through the bleachers . In addition , she also helped Count Olaf and the White - Faced Women trap Larry in the walk - in freezer . The series also comically depicts her literally sniffing cakes which she does in secret in the middle of the night when nobody is looking . Caligari Carnival freaks ( edit ) The Caligari Carnival freaks are members of a freak show that reside in the Caligari Carnival 's House of Freaks . They later side with Count Olaf . Hugo ( edit ) The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Penultimate Peril Hugo is a hunchback who is one of the Caligari Carnival freaks . He has a hunched back that makes him look slightly awkward . He is good - natured and always flexible towards the present circumstances . Hugo lives with the Baudelaire children for a small period of time in The Carnivorous Carnival and appears to bond with Sunny Baudelaire when they make soup together . He later became one of Count Olaf 's henchmen when Esmé gives him the large coat that was a part of the Hook - Handed Man 's doorman disguise that would hide his hunchback . After discovering that the Baudelaire siblings are n't actually freaks , Hugo appears specially bitter towards them at The Slippery Slope . In The Penultimate Peril , which marks his final appearance in the series , he and the freaks are present at the Hotel Denouement where Hugo poses as a worker at the hotel 's rooftop sunbathing salon . When Dewey Denouement is killed during the confrontation with Count Olaf which awakens all the hotel patrons , he agrees with Mrs. Bass when she claims that the Baudelaire children are criminals and he says that they are too freakish to be allowed to move around freely . During the blindfolded trial presided over by Justice Strauss , Hugo presents some carnival posters as evidence . When Hotel Denouement catches fire , Hugo , Colette , and Kevin are last seen holding the bird paper that Klaus hung on the outside of the sauna . Hugo asks if the plan for the hors - d'oeuvres is still in operation . It is left uncertain whether Hugo survived the fire at the Hotel Denouement . In the TV series , Hugo is portrayed by Kevin Cahoon . Colette ( edit ) The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Penultimate Peril Colette is a contortionist who is one of the Caligari Carnival freaks . She considers her trait to be an abnormality rather than an ability . In The Carnivrous Carnival , Esmé swayed her to Count Olaf 's side by giving her a large robe that would allow her to contort her body into any shape she wanted without people being aware . In The Slippery Slope , Colette wondered why the White - Faced Women disliked their paleness since they used makeup and powder in front of her . In The Penultimate Peril , Colette was present at the Hotel Denouement where she posed as a chemist in a long white coat and surgical mask staying at the Hotel Denouement that is outside of the sauna when Frank or Ernest Denouement suggests that she takes Sir and Charles to room 547 where Organic Chemistry is . During the blindfolded trial , Colette submitted some drawings as evidence . When Hotel Denouement was starting to catch on fire , Hugo , Colette , and Kevin were last seen holding the bird paper that Klaus hung on the outside of the sauna . Colette talks about plucking the feathers off some crows . It is left uncertain if Colette survived the fire at the Hotel Denouement . In the TV series , Colette is portrayed by real - life contortionist Bonnie Morgan . Kevin ( edit ) The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Penultimate Peril Kevin is an ambidextrous man with a wrinkly face who is one of the Caligari Carnival freaks . Though his trait is considered advantageous by many people , he views it as a disability . In The Carnivorous Carnival , Esmé swayed Kevin to Count Olaf 's side by giving him a rope that would enable him to tie one hand behind his back so that he can look normal . In The Penultimate Peril , Kevin was present at the Hotel Denouement where he poses as a washerwoman in the Hotel Denouement 's laundry room . During the blindfolded trial , Kevin submitted books as evidence with both his hands . When Hotel Denouement was starting to catch on fire , Hugo , Colette , and Kevin were last seen holding the bird paper that Klaus hung on the outside of the sauna . Kevin wonders if he should hold the bird paper with his left hand or his right hand . It is left uncertain if Kevin survived the fire at the Hotel Denouement . In the TV series , Kevin is portrayed by Robbie Amell . The Man with a Beard but No Hair ( edit ) The Slippery Slope The Penultimate Peril The Man with a Beard But No Hair is a high - voiced man who has no background history , but is said to be villainous to the point that even Count Olaf fears him . He is the latest member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . He and the Woman with Hair But No Beard first appear in The Slippery Slope where they congratulate Count Olaf for setting fire to the Caligari Carnival and gave him the coveted Snicket File when they meet him at the Mortmain Mountains . After some eagles are summoned to abduct the Snow Scouts , the Man with a Beard But No Hair and the Woman with Hair But No Beard escape on some of them telling Count Olaf that they will see them at the Hotel Denouement . In The Penultimate Peril , the Man with a Beard But No Hair and the Woman with Hair But No Beard served as judges alongside Justice Strauss at the trial of the Baudelaire children and Count Olaf . When Count Olaf starts the fire at the Hotel Denouement , the Man with a Beard But No Hair was last seen on the first floor with his hand on Jerome Squalor as he secretly praises Count Olaf for starting the fire . When Jerome asks how arson is a good thing , the Man with a Beard But No Hair changes his comment by helping the Woman with Hair But No Beard into directing Frank and Ernest Denouement to the elevator . It is left uncertain if the Man with a Beard But No Hair survived the fire at the Hotel Denouement . The Woman with Hair but No Beard ( edit ) The Slippery Slope The Penultimate Peril The Woman with Hair But No Beard is a low deep - voiced associate of the Man with a Beard But No Hair where they are the latest members of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Her `` aura of menace '' even frightens Count Olaf and Lemony Snicket states that he refused to write down her real name . She and the Man with a Beard But No Hair first appeared in The Slippery Slope where they congratulate Count Olaf for setting fire to the Caligari Carnival and gave him the coveted Snicket File when they meet him at the Mortmain Mountains . After some eagles are summoned to abduct the Snow Scouts , the Man with a Beard But No Hair and the Woman with Hair But No Beard escape on some of them telling Count Olaf that they will see them at the Hotel Denouement . In The Penultimate Peril , the Woman with Hair But No Beard and the Man with a Beard But No Hair served as judges alongside Justice Strauss at the trial of the Baudelaire children and Count Olaf . When Count Olaf starts the fire at the Hotel Denouement , the Woman with Hair But No Beard was last seen on the first floor where she directs the blindfolded Frank and Ernest to the elevator . It is left uncertain if the Woman with Hair But No Beard survived the fire at the Hotel Denouement . Unseen associates ( edit ) In The Bad Beginning , it was mentioned that there were at least seven other members of Count Olaf 's troupe that attended Count Olaf 's dinner party . While the Baudelaires did n't get a good look at them , they can tell that they are frightening like the rest of the troupe members . Chapter 10 of Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography mentioned the tallying of 17 total members of Count Olaf 's acting troupe in Lemony 's commonplace book that was sent to Valorous Farms Dairy . These unseen associates were mentioned here . Quagmire triplets ( edit ) Duncan , Isadora , and Quigley Quagmire are triplets who help the Baudelaires on some of their adventures . While they are often mistaken to be twins because Quigley supposedly died in a fire , Duncan and Isadora still consider themselves to be triplets . Duncan and Isadora Quagmire ( edit ) Duncan and Isadora Quagmire are students at Prufrock Preparatory School in The Austere Academy . They are named after Isadora Duncan , a dancer who was strangled to death when her scarf became caught in the wheel of her car . They become friends with the Baudelaires : both families lost their parents in a fire and will inherit a large fortune upon turning 18 . The Quagmires attempt to help the Baudelaires work out Count Olaf 's plan , but end up being kidnapped by him . They return in The Ersatz Elevator and The Vile Village and the Baudelaires try to help them escape Olaf 's clutches . In the latter , they end up escaping in a hot - air balloon house with Hector . In The End , Kit Snicket tells the Baudelaires that she briefly met up with them , but does not know what happened to them as she abandoned them when threatened by the Great Unknown . In the TV series , Duncan and Isadora are portrayed by Dylan Kingwell and Avi Lake , respectively . The TV series portrays a romantic relationship between Duncan and Violet Baudelaire that is not seen in the books and was originally depicted there with Quigley . Quigley Quagmire ( edit ) Quigley Quagmire is the brother of Duncan and Isadora Quagmire , who supposedly died in the fire which killed his parents . He actually escaped and eventually managed to find the Baudelaires in The Slippery Slope , where he helped Violet and Klaus rescue their sister and later falls in love with Violet . He was then separated from the Baudelaires . Though he managed to meet up with his siblings according to Kit Snicket in The End , she does not know what happened to him after abandoning him to the Great Unknown . In the TV series , Quigley is portrayed by Dylan Kingwell . Baudelaire children guardians ( edit ) Violet Baudelaire , Klaus Baudelaire , and Sunny Baudelaire live with various guardians following the death of Mr. and Mrs. Baudelaire . After a brief stay with Mr. Poe , the children are shuffled from one legal guardian to another until The Vile Village when they run away from the Village of Fowl Devotees and become fugitives for the `` murder '' of Count Olaf . From this point on , there is always someone ( or in some cases several someones ) who takes care of them . Besides Count Olaf , Uncle Montgomery , and Aunt Josephine , among the known guardians in order of appearance are : Sir ( edit ) Sir A Series of Unfortunate Events character First appearance The Miserable Mill Last appearance The Penultimate Peril Portrayed by Don Johnson ( TV series ) Occupation Owner of Lucky Smells Lumbermill In The Miserable Mill , Sir is the proprietor of the Lucky Smells Lumbermill , located in Paltryville . His real name is not known , although it has been described as being hard to pronounce . Mr. Poe has attempted to pronounce the first syllable of the name , using a radically different syllable every time ( Wuz , Qui , Bek , Duy , Sho , Gek , etc . ) . Klaus may have been able to pronounce it , but he is shot down by Mr. Poe stating it 's too complicated for an adult . Equally obscure is Sir 's appearance . Sir 's entire head is hidden by the thick smoke of his ever - burning cigar ; Lemony Snicket also stated that neither the Baudelaires , the reader , or himself would ever see Sir 's face . He shows little or no concern for either the Baudelaire orphans or his employees , whom he pays in coupons and provides with an unsatisfying meal of chewing gum . His partner Charles mentions that he has had a terrible childhood . Following Count Olaf being exposed , the death of Dr. Georgina Orwell , and Count Olaf 's escape with the Bald Man with the Big Nose , Sir fires the Baudelaire children , thinking that they would bring misery to Lucky Smells Lumbermill much to Charles ' objection . He later appears in The Penultimate Peril where he and Charles were at Hotel Denouement and staying in room 674 which was reserved for people in the lumbermill industry . Klaus takes them to the sauna down the hall . Charles explains to Sir that he wants to apologize to the Baudelaires for their treatment . While in the sauna , the two of them talk about a party on Thursday held by a person with the initials J.S. as well as Charles addressing to Sir about fires being used in the lumber industry . In addition , Sir mentions that lumber from Lucky Smells Lumbermill was used to build Hotel Denouement . Frank or Ernest Denouement appears and states to Sir and Charles that the sauna has to be cleared out . To satisfy Sir 's claim of liking the burning wood smell , Frank or Ernest has Colette posing as a chemist waiting outside to take them to room 547 where Organic Chemistry is . When Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf which woke up all the patrons , Sir claimed the Baudelaires caused accidents at the Lucky Smells Lumbermills where Charles stated that Count Olaf was responsible for them . During the blindfolded trial , Sir submitted employment papers as evidence . When Count Olaf starts a fire at the Hotel Denouement , Sir was last seen holding hands with Charles on one of the floors arguing about the use of fires in the lumbermill industry . In the 2017 Netflix series , he is portrayed by Don Johnson . Unlike the novel , his face is completely shown . As he never encountered Mr. Poe , he met the Baudelaire children when they were brought to him by Charles who found them near the Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Upon the Baudelaire children breaking Georgina Orwell 's hypnosis on the workers , Sir flees during the employee chaos . Charles ( edit ) The Miserable Mill The Penultimate Peril Charles is Sir 's partner at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill in The Miserable Mill . Charles is kind to the Baudelaires but not very helpful ; he organizes a library to be set up at the mill but it only contained three books . He was nearly killed by a hypnotized Klaus before being broken free from Dr. Georgina Orwell 's hypnosis by Violet . When Sir fires the Baudelaire children thinking that they will bring more misery to the lumbermill , Charles objected to Sir 's action . Charles makes an appearance in The Penultimate Peril , staying with Sir in the Hotel Denouement where they are seen in room 674 with other people in the lumbermill industry . He explains to Sir that he wants to apologize to the Baudelaires for their treatment and he is sent a letter by J.S. , which assists him in his search . Both of them are taken by Klaus to the sauna that 's down the hall where they both talk about a party on Thursday held by someone with the initials J.S. Although it is not stated in the book , Charles may be on the firefighting side of V.F.D. due to a mentioning by Kit Snicket where he sent her some blueprints . Charles voices his concerns about fires being used in the lumber business to Sir . Frank or Ernest Denouement appears and states to Sir and Charles that the sauna has to be cleared off . To satisfy Sir 's claim of liking the burning wood smell , Frank or Ernest has Colette posing as a chemist waiting outside to take them to room 547 where Organic Chemistry is . When Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf which woke up all the patrons , Charles objects to Sir 's claims that the Baudelaires caused accidents at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill and states that Count Olaf was responsible . During the blindfolded trial , Sir submitted some environmental studies as evidence . When Count Olaf starts a fire at the Hotel Denouement , Charles was last seen holding hands with Sir one one of the floors where they argue about the use of fire in the lumbermill industry . In the 2017 Netflix TV series , Charles is portrayed by Rhys Darby . It is strongly implied that Charles is Sir 's domestic partner , something that was only vaguely implied in The Penultimate Peril . In this show , Charles was the one who found the Baudelaires near the property and brought them to Sir . Charles mentions that he does things for Sir like ironing his clothes , cooking his omelets , and making him milkshakes . Before leaving to find Sir after he fled during the employee chaos , Charles shows the Baudelaires the truth about their parents actually fighting the fire in Paltryville . Vice-Principal Nero ( edit ) The Austere Academy The Penultimate Peril Vice-Principal Nero is the childish , narcissistic , egotistic , and delusional vice-principal of Prufrock Preparatory School in The Austere Academy . His name is seemingly an allusion to the Roman Emperor Nero , who is often said to have `` fiddled while Rome burned . '' Vice Principal Nero plays the violin , and he expects all the students to attend his daily six - hour violin performances . Nero dresses in a brown suit with a necktie patterned with pictures of snails . In The Austere Academy , his hair is tied into four pigtails , but by The Penultimate Peril , they have grown into four long braids that dangle behind him . Nero often mimics what others have just said in a high , mocking tone and has numerous strict and unusual punishments for his students , especially if they miss his violin performances where those who miss it must by a bag of candy and watch Nero eat the whole bag . In his first appearance , he gives Mr. Poe the approval to let the Baudelaires live at his boarding school where his security system will detect Count Olaf if he came near the school . Vice-Principal Nero had them in the Orphans Shack with the Quagmire Children and had Sunny work as his administrative assistant . While he has adorded the student Carmelita Spats , he unknowingly hired Count Olaf in the form of Coach Genghis to be the new gym teacher . When the Baudelaires were caught `` cheating '' in the S.O.R.E. exams , Nero gleefully expels the Baudelaires much to the objection of Mrs. Bass and Mr. Remora . Even after Count Olaf was exposed as Coach Genghis and gets away , Nero still would n't have the Baudelaires living with him which he argued with Mr. Poe on . In Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , it was mentioned that Kit Snicket went to Prufrock Preparatory School where she operated under the alias of Ms. K following Mr. Remora 's retirement . This lasted until Vice-Principal Nero fired her upon Carmelita Spats ' parents tipping him off that Ms. K had given her students books that were n't on the approved reading list . Upon Nero firing her , she ran off and took two orphaned students with her . Nero re-appears in The Penultimate Peril when he , along with Mr. Remora and Mrs. Bass staying in room 371 at the Hotel Denouement and are invited to a cocktail party hosted by `` J.S. '' and Esmé Squalor . When being taken by a disguised Sunny to the Hotel Denouement 's Indian restaurant run by Hal , Nero expresses interest to perform his violin at the cocktail party so that his musical genius can be recognized and he can resign as vice-principal . When Nero hears from Hal that they do n't serve candy in his restaurant , Nero comments that he wo n't have anything . When Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf which woke up all the patrons , Nero mimics what Mr. Remora claimed about the Baudelaire children and claims that Violet and Klaus failed all the tests and were n't good students while Sunny was the worst administrative assistant . During the blindfolded trial , Nero submitted administrative records as evidence . When Count Olaf starts the fire at the Hotel Denouement , Nero and Mr. Remora were last seen wandering the seventh story as Nero starts to worry about his violin case . In the Netflix TV series , Vice-Principal Nero is portrayed by Roger Bart . In this show , his full name is Nero Feint where he is less cruel and more sympathetic as well as being financially poor . He is also shown to be extremely out of the loop , wondering why Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart does not reply to his letters and thinks Voltaire is probably some French kid he expelled for smoking . When Sunny was working as Nero 's administrative assistant , he had her write letters to certain people in the music community to ask them about the reasons behind the restraining orders they sent him . In addition , Nero is also shown to not like Olivia Caliban . Nero later assists Mr. Remora and Mrs. Bass into giving an exam to the Baudelaires where he had Sunny organize the list of students who owe him candy by the color of the candy in question . Sunny passes this test as Nero is inspired to keep improving his musical ways . He was shown to have been surprised when Count Olaf was exposed . Unlike the books , Nero does n't expel the Baudelaires . Instead , Mr. Poe takes them away to their next guardian following Count Olaf 's escape . Though it was mentioned that Nero put Olivia on an unpaid leave in `` The Ersatz Elevator '' Pt. 1 . Jerome Squalor ( edit ) Jerome Squalor A Series of Unfortunate Events character First appearance The Ersatz Elevator Last appearance The Penultimate Peril Family Esmé Squalor ( wife ) the Baudelaire siblings ( briefly ) Jerome Squalor first appears in The Ersatz Elevator as the husband of Esme Squalor . Together , Esmé and Jerome briefly adopted the Baudelaires . Jerome is kind to the Baudelaires , but completely submissive to Esmé and other characters due to his distaste for arguing . He is less of a follower of fashion than Esmé . Jerome is rich and successful as is his wife . At the end of the novel , Esmé leaves Jerome to become a member of Count Olaf 's troupe and Count Olaf 's girlfriend . The Baudelaires leave Jerome behind as he does not wish to help them rescue the Quagmires . In Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , there are two letters concerning Jerome . One letter Lemony got from Jerome had him mentioning that the food at `` The Anxious Clown '' was terrible . Jerome returns in The Penultimate Peril . Feeling guilty at his desertion of the Baudelaires , he has been researching their case and writing a book about injustice entitled Odious Lusting After Finance ( a backronym of `` Olaf '' ) . He arrives with Justice Strauss to meet up with the Baudelaires and Dewey Denouement which led to them being confronted by Count Olaf . Jerome also meets his wife Esmé at the Hotel Denouement during the confrontation . When she dumps Count Olaf publicly , Jerome urges Esmé to rejoin his side . Esmé refuses his offer . When Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during this confrontation which woke up all the patrons , Jerome states that the Baudelaires are n't murderers . He gives his book to Justice Strauss to be used as evidence against Count Olaf at Count Olaf and the Baudelaires 's trial which was met with a mix of cheers and hisses . His book was later used for kindling when Count Olaf started the fire at the Hotel Denouement . As the fire starts , Jerome is last seen on the first floor with the Man with a Beard But No Hair 's hand on him . When Jerome asks how arson is a good thing when he hears the Man with a Beard But No Hair praise Count Olaf , the Man with a Beard But No Hair changes his comment by helping the Woman with Hair But No Beard direct Frank and Ernest to the elevator . In the Netflix TV series , Jerome Squalor is portrayed by Tony Hale . Unlike the book , Jerome does not teach the Baudelaires how to slide down the banisters and he only kisses Sunny when they go their separate ways . Hector ( edit ) The Vile Village Hector is the handyman in the Village of Fowl Devotees appearing in the seventh book The Vile Village . He is the last official guardian of the Baudelaire children . He was given the task of taking care of the Baudelaires under the Council of Elders ' direction because nobody else wanted the job . Hector is known to be skittish and always looks down and never speaks when in front of the Council of Elders , even when the Baudelaires needed his help in proving their innocence of Jacques Snicket 's murder at the time when Jacques was mistaken for Count Olaf . He later escapes with the Quagmire triplets on his self - sustaining hot air mobile home , after finally standing up to the Council of Elders . Notably , Hector is the only one of the Baudelaires ' guardians who immediately believes them when they say that Count Olaf is present in disguise . He is also the only guardian who actively tries to help them discover more about V.F.D. , and the only non-villain who wanted them to stay with him under any circumstances ( not including the guardians of the Baudelaires that had died ) . In the TV series , Hector is portrayed by Ithamar Enriquez . He is shown to have fainting spells when he is addressed by the Council of Elders which challenges his courage . Hector mentioned to the Baudelaires that his mother was busted for violating the rule where you ca n't wear white after Yom Kippur . He mentioned that his mom had to pay a fine and she later moved to the City where she opened a gallery . Hal ( edit ) The Hostile Hospital The Penultimate Peril Hal is a near - sighted man in small glasses that first appears in the eighth novel The Hostile Hospital . Working as a bookkeeper at the Library of Records in the Heimlich Hospital , he is one of the oldest men that the Baudelaires have ever met . When the Library of Records is burned down with the hospital by Count Olaf , Hal is quick to believe that the Baudelaires are responsible and so turns against them . He eventually forgives the Baudelaires and apologizes for believing Geraldine Julienne 's stories in The Daily Punctilio . In The Penultimate Peril , he reappears as the owner of an Indian restaurant at the Hotel Denouement in room 954 after he was approached by Dewey Denouement . He waited on Vice-Principal Nero , Mr. Remora , and Mrs. Bass when they were brought to his restaurant by a disguised Sunny . Although he owns the Indian restaurant and is seen wearing a turban , Hal is a terrible cook as mentioned when somebody 's voice was heard in one of the windows claiming that he or she could n't sleep because of the Indian food that he made . It is hinted that Hal may be a V.F.D. member as he says the code `` I did n't realize this was a sad occasion '' to Mr. Remora who failed to understand it as Mr. Remora quotes that `` it will be a sad occasion if you do n't feed us . '' When Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf which woke up all the patrons , Hal firmly says that the Baudelaires are n't criminals . During the blindfolded trial , Hal submitted some paperwork . In the TV series , Hal is portrayed by David Alan Grier . In this show , he wears normal - sized glasses have magnifying lenses that are on both sides of his glasses . After Esmé destroys the Library of Records , Hal is depressed and operates the front desk when Mr. Poe arrives . Hal has him fill out the paperwork to get him checked out for his hay fever . When Klaus and Sunny in their alias of Dr. Faustus are exposed by Esmé , Hal comes in feeling deceived by the Baudelaires as the Baudelaires try to explain themselves . As Count Olaf in the alias of Mattathias Medicalschool starts a fire at the Heimlich Hospital and blames the Baudelaires for starting it , Hal joins the Person of Indeterminate Gender and some members of the Volunteers Fighting Disease into pursuing them . Before the fire can get worse , Hal managed to make it out alive feeling depressed at the loss of the Library of Records as he walks passed Lemony Snicket during his narration . Olivia Caliban ( edit ) Olivia Caliban ( a.k.a. Madame Lulu ) appears solely in The Carnivorous Carnival . She is technically the ninth guardian of the Baudelaire orphans due to the fact that the Baudelaires go to work for her . She is a fraudulent fortune - teller . Her lightning device ( operated by reflecting beams of the sunrise ) tricks guests into believing in magical lightning . After instructing them to close their eyes , she seeks out the answers from the archival library under her table . Madame Lulu says she just likes giving people what they want . It is implied , but not explicitly stated , that she is a member of V.F.D. The Grim Grotto reveals that she once knew Captain Widdershins . It is strongly implied that she is in love with Count Olaf , earning her the enmity of Olaf 's then - girlfriend Esmé Squalor . She speaks in broken English with a thick fake accent , saying `` please '' in the middle or the end of her sentences . Lulu promised the Baudelaires that she would n't tell Count Olaf where they were if they took her to the Mortmain Mountains . This place was marked on her map , but Klaus found that it was a coffee stain , but he later said that it might be there to refer to as a secret place , such as the headquarters of V.F.D. Esmé Squalor convinces the `` freaks '' in the Caligari Carnival to murder her by pushing Madame Lulu into the lion pit in exchange for being hired by Count Olaf . She met a sticky end when she fell into the lions ' pit along with the Bald Man With the Long Nose during the crowd chaos . After that , at the performance `` Madame Lulu was to throw `` Beverly and Eliot '' into the pit . She was uncertain , which led everyone into a frenzy , rushing to throw them in . In all the commotion Madame Lulu fell into the pit . Later Count Olaf reveals that Madame Lulu told him about the Baudelaires ' disguises . She has been implied to be a fortune - teller mentioned in a much earlier book who cursed Lemony Snicket when a policeman tripped Mr. Snicket , causing him to break the crystal ball he was holding . She also states in the book that Olaf promised to give her the Snicket Fortune for the times she helped Olaf . When Olivia removes her turban , Snicket states she has blond hair but in illustrations , she is shown with black hair . If this is simply a mistake or not is unknown . A later book mentions an `` Olivia Caliban '' , who may be Olivia and who thus may be the sister of Friday 's father Thursday Caliban . In the TV series , Olivia Caliban is portrayed by Sara Rue . Her role is expanded where she first appears as a school librarian at Prufrock Preporatory School that is often disliked by Vice-Principal Nero . After the Hook - Handed Man makes off with Duncan and Isadora Quagmire , Olivia walks off with the book on secret organizations . After Olivia visits Mr. Poe and attempts to show him the book in `` The Ersatz Elevator '' while also mentioning that Vice-Principal Nero put her on an unpaid leave , Jacquelyn enlists Jacques Snicket to bring Olivia into the organization . While Larry keeps Esmé busy at Café Salmonella , Olivia accompanies Jacques into searching the Squalors ' building for Duncan and Isadora . Olivia and Jacques later attend an auction presided over by Count Olaf 's Gunther alias . In `` The Vile Village '' after Count Olaf 's Detective Dupin alias tricks the Village of Fowl Devotees into thinking that Jacques Snicket is Count Olaf , Olivia negotiates with Esmé in exchange for the information about the Sugar Bowl that she is looking for . Jacques later directs Olivia to `` Madame Lulu '' so that she can find the Sugar Bowl before Count Olaf does . Madame Lulu turns out to be a title for the V.F.D. member stationed at the Caligari Carnival and the current Madame Lulu heads to Heimlich Hospital to recover the Sugar Bowl while Olivia takes the Madame Lulu mantle . When Count Olaf and his troop arrive at the carnival in hopes of finding out whether or not one of the Baudelaires ' parents survived the fire as seen in `` The Carnivorous Carnival , '' Olivia attempts to stall them until the other Madame Lulu arrives . She later encounters the Baudelaires , disguised as freaks , and gives them some of the information she has gained as a member of V.F.D. , but also reveals that she has no idea whether or not one of their parents survived . However , she promises to take them to the old V.F.D. headquarters , where their parent may be if they are , in fact , alive . Before they can leave , unfortunately , Count Olaf begins the performance where one of the freaks will be thrown into the lion 's pit , picking Klaus and Violet 's two - headed disguise . Klaus and Violet attempt to trick Count Olaf out onto the platform by telling him to come push them in to make it more dramatic , plotting to push him in instead , but he sends Olivia to push them in in his place . Olivia manages to push them over the pit to safety . Before she can take out Count Olaf , he cuts the rope on the platform and drops her into the pit where she is devoured by the lions offscreen , much to the horror of the crowd . Bruce ( edit ) Bruce is briefly a guardian of the Baudelaires . He first appears at the end of The Reptile Room in which he moves Uncle Monty 's reptiles . In The Slippery Slope , Bruce appears again as the leader of the Snow Scouts . The Baudelaires learn that he is the uncle of Carmelita Spats , a member of the Snow Scouts . Count Olaf cheated him out of Uncle Monty 's reptile collection ( except for one reptile , most likely the Incredibly Deadly Viper ) . This was confirmed in Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , in which Lemony receives the letter from the owners of the Prospero ) . Bruce is kidnapped by the Man with a Beard But No Hair and the Woman with Hair But No Beard , along with all the Snow Scouts , save for Carmelita , at the end of the book . At Hotel Denouement shortly after Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed , a man 's voice is heard from one of the windows calling for a man named Bruce to come back to bed . Later as the hotel starts to burn , the Baudelaires hear the same man calling out for this Bruce while a woman calls out for her mother . It has n't been confirmed if this is the same Bruce or a different Bruce . Captain Widdershins ( edit ) Captain Widdershins is the captain of the Queequeg submarine and the stepfather of Fiona and Fernald . In The Grim Grotto , he finds Klaus , Violet , and Sunny Baudelaire at sea while he is looking for the sugar bowl and takes them aboard the Queequeg . He is extremely emphatic , with almost all of his sentences being exclamations , and permeates his speech with the word `` Aye ! '' His personal philosophy is `` He who hesitates is lost '' , which the Baudelaires find to be unreasonable . Captain Widdershins is considered the eleventh guardian of the Baudelaires . He seems aware that Fiona takes a fancy to Klaus ( he accuses them of flirting when Fiona is proud Klaus knows what a mycologist is ) , stating that if Klaus finds the sugar bowl , he will `` allow ( Klaus ) to marry Fiona . '' After sending the Baudelaires and Fiona into the Gorgonian Grotto , he and Phil appear to desert the Queequeg . The reason may have to do with a woman who approached the Queequeg to tell Captain Widdershins something involving him being required to leave the submarine . In The Penultimate Peril , Kit Snicket says that she intends to meet Captain Widdershins and is later mentioned water - skiing towards and , soon after , away from him . Kit had contacted all three of the Quagmire Triplets as well as their guardian Hector and had met with them and the crew of the Queequeg when their self - sustaining mobile home crashed into it . This reunion was short - lived , however , as all of the crew as well as the triplets were picked up by the mysterious ' ? ' Shape ( dubbed by Kit Snicket as `` The Great Unknown '' ) . Another note to make is that though he himself stated that The Great Unknown was `` something worse than Olaf himself '' , he seemed to insist to take his chances with it as mentioned by Kit Snicket in The End . It is possible that Captain Widdershins also has , or had , a fortune because when Count Olaf is talking about all the fortunes he will obtain , he says `` the Widdershins fortune . '' Widdershins says that Fiona 's mother died in a manatee accident . Dewey Denouement ( edit ) Dewey Denouement is the hotel manager of the Hotel Denouement and the brother of Frank and Ernest , but far fewer people are aware he exists . In addition to Dewey being an old friend of Bertrand Baudelaire , Count Olaf describes Dewey as a `` legendary figure . '' He calls himself a `` sub-sub - librarian '' and has spent his life cataloging evidence hidden beneath the pond near the Hotel Denouement . Dewey was four when the Schism began and later began a relationship with Kit Snicket . Also , his parents house was burned down which killed his parents . At Hotel Denouement , Dewey was also responsible for winding up the clock that is built into the ceiling there . He made himself known to the Baudelaires at midnight where he revealed his library at the bottom of the nearby pond . Dewey and the Baudelaires meet up with the arriving Justice Strauss and Jerome Squalor where all six of them are confronted in the lobby by Count Olaf and his remaining associates . When he refuses to tell Count Olaf the passwords to unlock a door ( which supposedly led to a room containing the sugar bowl ) , Count Olaf threatens to shoot him with a harpoon gun . The Baudelaires try to save Dewey , but Count Olaf drops the gun when Mr. Poe shows up having been awoken by both sides and it goes off killing Dewey whose body falls into the pond which then sinks . He even quoted `` Kit '' as his final word . The harpoon gun going off also woke up the other patrons and staff members . As for Dewey 's secret library , Lemony Snicket stated that it was unharmed when Hotel Denouement was set on fire . In The End , Dewey is mentioned by Kit to be the father of her child . Frank and Ernest Denouement ( edit ) Frank Denouement and Ernest Denouement are identical brothers of Dewey and are managers of the Hotel Denouement who oversee the maintenance of the hotel and the needs of the guests . Frank is a `` volunteer '' while Ernest is a `` villain '' who used to be part of Count Olaf 's theater troupe . The Baudelaires work in the hotel as concierges and meet the managers on several occasions , but fail to tell Frank and Ernest apart . When their brother is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf which woke up all the patrons , Frank and Ernest were charged by Justice Strauss to put the Baudelaires in room 121 and Count Olaf in room 165 until her fellow judges arrive . As both of them are blindfolded for the trial as well , it was not known which one brought the Baudelaires to where the blindfolded trial is . During the trial , Frank and Ernest submitted a commonplace book as evidence . When Count Olaf starts the fire at the Hotel Denouement , Frank and Ernest were last seen on the first floor as the Woman With Hair But No Beard directs them to the elevator where the Baudelaires , Count Olaf , and Justice Strauss are . When Violet asks for them to call the fire department , Frank and Ernest ask `` which one '' as the elevator closes on them . Their names are a reference to the phrase `` You be frank and I 'll be earnest . '' Other characters ( edit ) Edgar and Albert Poe ( edit ) The Bad Beginning Edgar and Albert are Mr. Poe 's two sons . They are only seen in The Bad Beginning when the Baudelaires stay with Mr. Poe following their parents ' death . The two brothers are unwelcoming to the Baudelaire orphans . Their names are apparent allusions to Edgar Allan Poe , though they may also be derived from Edgar Albert Guest ( who is mentioned in The Grim Grotto ) . In the TV series , Edgar and Albert are played by Kaniel Jacob - Cross and Jack Forrester , respectively . Their unwelcoming attitude goes so far to the point that they both think the Baudelaires caused the fire themselves . Lemony Snicket reveals that later in life one became a banker like their father while the other lives in a cave , but that both think that `` the other has it better . '' Eleanora Poe ( edit ) Eleanora Poe is the sister of Mr. Arthur Poe , who is in charge of the Baudelaire orphans ' affairs . Eleanora is the editor - in - chief of The Daily Punctilio . She is first mentioned as `` a tiresome woman named Eleanora '' who was in an elevator at the Hotel Preludio with the Baudelaire family one day when Bertrand played a prank that forced her to stop at every floor on the way to her hotel room . It is implied that Eleanora and Arthur are not part of the V.F.D. organization because at The Anxious Clown , Larry the Waiter uses a code for V.F.D. members . Neither Eleanora nor Arthur seem to understand it or decide to ignore it . In Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Biography , she once fired Lemony Snicket for giving a `` bad '' review about Al Funcoot 's play titled `` One Last Warning to Those Who Stand in My Way '' and Esmé Squalor . Eleanora was eventually locked in the basement of the newspaper building by her `` star reporter '' Geraldine Julienne on the orders of Esmé . She tried to telegram her brother only for an imposter to tell Mr. Poe to ignore all incoming telegrams . This was likely to secure the influence of the newspaper for the villainous side of V.F.D. In the TV series , her character is changed to be Mr. Poe 's wife upon being amalgamated with Polly Poe and she is portrayed by Cleo King . She is shown to be more concerned with the Baudelaires ' fame in the papers than their actual living conditions . In addition , she has used the `` Wait until the readers of the Daily Punctilio see that ! '' catchphrase that Geraldine uses . In `` The Vile Village , '' Eleanora arrives at the Village of Fowl Devotees to get the news on the Baudelaires having `` murdered '' Count Olaf . Arthur was surprised by her appearance and stated that they should 've carpooled . She even joins in the villagers pursuing of them and the Quagmires in order to get an interview from them . Her story about Count Olaf 's `` death '' makes the front page of the Daily Punctilio . Polly Poe ( edit ) Polly Poe is Arthur Poe 's wife . She is mentioned in The Bad Beginning when the Baudelaires stay with the Poe family . While the Baudelaires stay at the Poes ' house , she buys a lot of itchy and ugly clothing . She later appears at the theater for Count Olaf 's performance of The Marvelous Marriage and was there when Count Olaf 's plot was exposed . In The Ersatz Elevator , Mr. Poe says that he will tell his wife that dark is in , indicating that she is interested in fashion . In the film , she is played by Deborah Theaker . In the television series , her character is combined with Eleanora Poe who is portrayed by Cleo King . Justice Strauss ( edit ) Justice Strauss A Series of Unfortunate Events character First appearance The Bad Beginning Last appearance The Penultimate Peril Portrayed by Catherine O'Hara ( film ) Joan Cusack ( TV series ) Occupation Judge Justice Strauss is a judge who lives next door to Count Olaf . The Baudelaires initially take a liking to her as soon as they meet in The Bad Beginning and her library also comes in handy in the foiling of Count Olaf 's plot to get the Baudelaire fortune . At the purported mock wedding that Olaf sets up at the theater , she plays the judge and unwittingly almost marries Violet to Olaf , legally . At the end of the book following Count Olaf and his troupe getting away , she offers to look after the Baudelaires only for it to not be possible due to legal obligations on the part of Mr. Poe . Strauss reappears in The Penultimate Peril . She has been researching the Baudelaire case and attempts to bring Count Olaf to justice . Justice Strauss and Jerome Squalor meet up with Dewey Denouement and the Baudelaires at Hotel Denouement where they are confronted in the lobby by Count Olaf and his remaining associates . After Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed , Justice Strauss breaks up the commotion between the guests . She informs everyone present that the authorities have been summoned and that they will have a trial on the Baudelaire children and Count Olaf . Justice Strauss has the Baudelaires placed in room 121 while Count Olaf is placed in room 165 . When it came to the trial , she had issued an order beforehand to have the Baudelaires , Count Olaf , Frank and Ernest Denouement , and those attending the trial wear blindfolds to go with the `` Justice is blind '' saying . Though she did had to direct them to where the respectful benches are . In addition , Justice Strauss states that anyone who peaks will be found guilty of contempt of court . As the trial progressed where the judges were given their evidence against the Baudelaires and Count Olaf , it turns out that her two fellow High Court judges are actually Olaf 's associates the Man With a Beard But No Hair and the Woman with Hair But No Beard . Olaf kidnaps Justice Strauss and the Baudelaires follow the two . They end up ascending the roof of the Hotel Denouement after setting fire to the building as part of the Baudelaire children 's plan to leave a signal in the sky to warn those of the firefighting side of the V.F.D. that the upcoming meeting is cancelled and that Hotel Denouement is no longer safe for them . Justice Strauss attempts to prevent the escape of Count Olaf , Violet , Klaus , and Sunny , but they leave her behind . It is unknown if she got out of the burning hotel or not . In the film , Justice Strauss is portrayed by Catherine O'Hara . When Count Olaf 's plot during the play was exposed , Justice Strauss was shocked that she was duped and ran off stating that she did n't know . In the video game adaption , she is voiced by April Stewart . In the Netflix series , she is portrayed by Joan Cusack . Justice Strauss ' library is shown to have a book on secret societies . At the end of the second part of `` The Bad Beginning , '' she pushes the book on secret societies that was partially pulled out back in sometime after the Baudelaire children were transferred to Uncle Monty . Gustav Sebald ( edit ) Gustav Sebald is a film director and member of the V.F.D. who invented the Sebald Code which was used by V.F.D. members in their correspondence . Gustav 's films contained crucial messages to the V.F.D. In The Reptile Room , Gustav was mentioned to be the assistant of Montgomery Montgomery . When Count Olaf arrived at his house in the disguise of Stephano , Montgomery was informed that Gustav has suddenly and suspiciously resigned . Gustav 's movie `` Zombies in the Snow '' was seen at Tedia 's local theater by the Baudelaire children , Montgomery , and Stephano . The coded message that Montgomery could n't understand was `` Attention ! Hidden in the snowman is a survivor of the fire . Meet us in the town where this film takes place . Bring the three children . Your new assistant is not one of us . Beware ! '' Following Gustav 's death , his sister Sally is managing his estate . In the film , Gustav Sebald is portrayed by John Dexter . He was briefly seen having been strapped to the front of a train by Count Olaf . In the TV series , Gustav Sebald is portrayed by Luke Camilleri . He first appeared in `` The Bad Beginning '' Pt. 2 where he met Jacquelyn underground after she escaped from the Bald Man 's trap and informed him what happened . When Count Olaf 's plot to get the Baudelaire fortune is exposed , Jacquelyn and Gustav made themselves known as they revealed that Montgomery Montgomery was supposed to get the Baudelaire children and not Count Olaf . Before Count Olaf can be apprehended , the lights go off enabling Count Olaf and his associates to get away . When outside Montgomery 's house to make sure the Baudelaire children arrived safely , he is hit by a tranquilizer dart fired by an offscreen Count Olaf where his body sinks into a pond in Swarthy Swamp . Gustav 's death enabled Count Olaf to begin his next plot as Stephano . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 , Gustav made an appearance in a flashback at a celebration at the V.F.D. headquarters on the day when Count Olaf failed at murdering Beatrice . He was seen being hypnotized by Georgina Orwell into kissing her which Orwell covered up in front of Jacquelyn . In the present , he appears on a film reel at the Caligari Carnival that talks about the V.F.D. where he talked about his movie codes and showed the different disguises . Larry ( edit ) Larry is a waiter who works at the `` Anxious Clown '' restaurant in The Wide Window who is implied to be a member of V.F.D. as he uses the coded phrase `` I did n't realize this was a sad occasion . '' He also has a history with Josephine Anwhistle . He first appears where he serves food to the Baudelaire children , Mr. Poe , and Count Olaf in his alias of Captain Sham . In Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , a letter Lemony received from Jacques advised him to visit The Anxious Clown and look for a waiter who quoted `` I did n't realize this was a sad occasion . '' In the Netflix TV series , Larry is portrayed by Patrick Breen . He was first seen in `` The Wide Window '' sweeping outside his restaurant when Count Olaf appears . Count Olaf manages to overpower Larry as the rest of his troupe swarms over him . While Count Olaf in the disguise of Captain Sham has dinner at the Anxious Restaurant with Mr. Poe and the Baudelaire children , Larry serves them food as Count Olaf 's theater troupe makes sure that he sticks to the script . While struggling to get untied , he does managed to answer a call from Mr. and Mrs. Quagmire . When the Hook - Handed Man grabbed the phone , Mr. and Mrs. Quagmire hung up knowing that the Anxious Clown has been compromised . In `` The Austere Academy , '' Larry appears as a cafeteria worker at Prufrock Preporatory school where he misplaced a book about secret societies that Jacquelyn gave him . He gets locked in the walk - in refrigerator by Count Olaf and is later freed by Jacques Snicket . In `` The Ersatz Elevator '' Pt. 1 , Larry appears as a waiter at Café Salmonella where he stalls Esmé while Jacques and Olivia sneak into their building to find Duncan and Isadora Quagmire . In `` The Vile Village '' Pt. 2 , Larry hears about Jacques ' death assists Jacquelyn into distracting the Village of Fowl Devotees ' inhabitants in order to give the Baudelaires time to get away from them . He was shown to have a history with Mrs. Morrow and Mr. Lesko . Though they are tied up by Count Olaf 's troupe , Larry and Jacquelyn are pleased that the Baudelaire children and the Quagmire children successfully got away in their own ways . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 , Larry was seen in a flashback at a party at V.F.D. HQ where he has a message passed along to Lemony Snicket that tells him `` Olaf knows '' as Lemony runs out in an attempt to thwart Count Olaf 's attempt on Beatrice Baudelaire 's life . In the present , he appears on a film reel at the Caligari Carnival that talks about the V.F.D. as he talks about the different coded phrases . While in the tunnels , he is on the phone with someone about the survivor of the Baudelaire fire being sighted at the Mortmain Mountains when he starts to smell smoke . Phil ( edit ) The Miserable Mill The Grim Grotto Phil worked at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill in The Miserable Mill . Phil was one of the friendlier mill workers , and helped the Baudelaires adjust to their new home . During the Baudelaires ' stay at the lumbermill , Phil was injured by a mill machine , operated by Klaus , who was hypnotized at the time . On the bright side , Phil is an eternally optimistic character who is not upset about the accident , by saying things such as `` at least no one would ask whether I 'm right - handed or left - handed . '' In The Grim Grotto , Phil worked as a cook at a submarine manned by Captain Widdershins ( who calls him Cookie ) and his stepdaughter Fiona although all he can make are damp casseroles . Klaus believes that Phil is still being affected by the stamping machine accident , but Phil claims it to be a shark bite . He , along with Captain Widdershins , abandons the Baudelaires and Fiona during the middle of the novel for unknown reasons , ( or had been captured ) , and does not appear in The Penultimate Peril or The End . It is suspected that Phil may have left his work at Lucky Smells Lumbermill due to a lack of sufficient pay ; in The Miserable Mill he states that he has read law books and learned that being paid with coupons is illegal . Despite bringing this up with Sir , it is stated in The Penultimate Peril the workers at the mill are still being paid in coupons . In the TV series , he is portrayed by Chris Gauthier . Dr. Georgina Orwell ( edit ) The Miserable Mill Dr. Georgina Orwell is an optometrist and an accomplice to Count Olaf in his attempts to steal the Baudelaire fortune in The Miserable Mill by hypnotizing Klaus after the Bald Man with the Big Nose posing as Foreman Flacutano breaks his glasses . Her name is an allusion to George Orwell . She is killed when she falls into a gigantic lumber saw while battling Sunny , sword vs. teeth . In the TV series , she is portrayed by Catherine O'Hara ( who previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the film adaptation ) . Instead of being killed by the gigantic lumber saw , she falls into the furnace where all that was left of her was her glasses . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival , '' Georgina made an appearance in a flashback at the celebration at the V.F.D. headquarters the day when Count Olaf failed at murdering Beatrice . She hypnotized Gustav into kissing her and had to cover up this act in front of Jacquelyn . In the present , she appears on a film reel at the Caligari Carnival that talks about the V.F.D. Mr. Remora ( edit ) The Austere Academy The Penultimate Peril Mr. Remora is a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School in The Austere Academy teaching Violet Baudelaire . He loves bananas and is constantly seen eating one , smearing banana pulp on his moustache . In his class , students are forced to listen to tiresome and extremely short stories he dictates after which he gives examinations on various objective aspects of the stories . He thinks that the Baudelaires are good students and even objected to Vice-Principal Nero expelling them . Lemony Snicket reveals in Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography that Mr. Remora later retired from his teaching job because he choked on a banana and was briefly replaced by Kit Snicket under the alias of Miss K . Whether retired or not depending on when the banana - choking incident happened , Mr. Remora reappears in The Penultimate Peril staying in room 371 with Vice-Principal Nero and Mrs. Bass , having been invited to a cocktail party at the Hotel Denouement by `` J.S. '' and makes a brief reference to running from the law ( possibly a reference to Mrs. Bass 's bank robbery ) . Hal also tries to communicate with him using a V.F.D. coded phrase `` I did n't realize this was a sad occasion . '' However , Mr. Remora fails to understand , meaning that he is probably not part of V.F.D. , and commented to Hal `` it will be a sad occasion if you do n't feed us . '' When making his order , Mr. Remora goes with a dish that has bananas in them . When Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf which woke up all the patrons , Mr. Remora chose the side of the Baudelaire children where he mentioned good things about them which Vice-Principal Nero mimicked . During the blindfolded trial , Mr. Remora submits the gradebooks as evidence . When Count Olaf starts the fire at the Hotel Denouement , Mr. Remora was last seen wandering the seventh story with Nero while wondering about fried bananas . In the TV series , Mr. Remora is portrayed by Malcolm Stewart . During the pep rally , he and Mrs. Bass shoot down Duncan and Isadora 's attempts to warn the Baudelaires that Count Olaf is in the school . He later assists Vice-Principal Nero and Mrs. Bass in giving the Baudelaires their exam . Unlike the books , Mr. Remora made an appearance in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 2 attending the Caligari Carnival with Mrs. Bass where they watched the lion - feeding event . He mentions that he has a skin condition when someone mistakes him for a freak . Mrs. Bass ( edit ) The Austere Academy The Penultimate Peril Mrs. Bass is Klaus Baudelaire 's teacher in The Austere Academy , obsessed with measuring in metric and all of her lessons are on measuring certain items . Mrs. Bass is described to having long messy hair that vaguely made her resemble a gorilla . She and Mr. Remora only agree that Violet and Klaus are good students after their final examination that would determine their expulsion from Prufrock Preparatory . Prior to this however , they were under the impression that Violet and Klaus were the two worst students in the history of the school . Mrs. Bass at this occasion states that she dislikes Carmelita Spats . She reappears in The Penultimate Peril where she is staying at Hotel Denouement in room 371 with Vice-Principal Nero and Mr. Remora . Mrs. Bass was wearing a thin black mask and a small white wig as a disguise . It is implied , as foreshadowed in The Austere Academy and Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , that she has robbed a bank , having in her possession several bags of money marked with name of Mulctuary Money Management . It is also implied that the money she stole is from the Spats Fortune . She makes no attempt to conceal her crime from Vice Principal Nero and Mr. Remora and they in turn do not judge her , seeming to look on her robbery as an everyday occurrence . She also reveals that her invitation to the cocktail party hosted by `` J.S. '' which asked her to bring all her valuables and since she did not earn enough as a teacher to have valuables she was forced to turn to a life of crime . When being served by Hal at the Hotel Denouement 's Indian restaurant , Mrs. Bass states that she is so hungry that she can eat a whole decagram of rice . Despite her defense of the Baudelaires in The Austere Academy when their own identities are revealed at the Hotel Denouement following the death of Dewey Denouement , she claims that they are criminals that should be punished which Hugo agreed with her on . During the blindfolded trial , Mrs. Bass submits the blueprints for banks and later claims that the Baudelaires robbed a bank to which Mr. Poe quoted `` Who said that ? '' When Count Olaf starts a fire at the Hotel Denouement , Mrs. Bass was last seen on the third story muttering something about a getaway car . It is assumed that she survives the fire because it is mentioned in The Austere Academy that she was arrested for bank robbery at Mulctuary Money Management by Lemony Snicket which is one of the reasons why Prufrock Preparatory School closed down . In the TV series , Mrs. Bass is portrayed by BJ Harrison . This version is an African - American woman and does n't have messy hair . During the pep rally , she and Mr. Remora shoot down Duncan and Isadora 's attempts to warn the Baudelaires that Count Olaf is in the school . She later assists Vice-Principal Nero and Mr. Remora into giving the Baudelaires their exam . Like the books , she starts to become a bank robber . Unlike the books , Mrs. Bass appeared in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 2 attending the Caligari Carnival with Mr. Remora where they watched the lion - feeding event . She is shown to have a bag of money in her hands which she passes off as quiz papers . While the Caligari Carnival was burning down , she hitches a ride with Mr. Poe where she wants him to give her a `` tour '' of Mulctuary Money Management . Ms. Tench ( edit ) Ms. Tench is the gym teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School . She was mentioned in The Austere Academy where Vice-Principal Nero stated that Ms. Tench `` fell out of a third story window a few days ago . '' Though it was n't mentioned if she is dead or injured . Either way , she was replaced by Count Olaf posing as Coach Genghis . In the TV series , Miss Tench is portrayed by Bronwen Smith . While riding a bus with the pep squad and sports team , the bus is hijacked by Count Olaf . While it was mentioned that Count Olaf and his troupe left Ms. Tench , the pep squad and sports team , and the bus driver on the side of the road , Count Olaf 's disguise as Coach Genghis seems to include her stolen tracksuit . Mr. and Mrs. Quagmire ( edit ) Mr. and Mrs. Quagmire are the parents of Duncan , Isadora , and Quigley Quagmire who are on the fire - fighting side of the V.F.D. They perished in the fire at their home after getting their children to safety . In the TV series , Mr. and Mrs. Quagmire are portrayed by Will Arnett and Cobie Smulders . Their subplot throughout the first season had them captured by the fire - starting side of the V.F.D. and their escape as they make their way back to their kids . During a flight over Lake Lachrymose , the two of them managed to secretly help the Baudelaires set off a signal light at the time when they are being attacked by the Lachrymose Leeches . Mr. and Mrs. Quagmire were able to reunite with their children . Later that night , an unseen person starts to set fire to their mansion from a distance causing Mr. and Mrs. Quagmire to perish offscreen . Council of Elders ( edit ) The Vile Village The Council of Elders are the governing force behind the Village of Fowl Devotees . It consists of the village 's 25 elders . Each of the members of the Council of Elders worship the crows and wear hats that have fake crows on top of their hats . They sit on a long bench in the Village of Fowl Devotees ' City Hall to discuss some things . The youngest member of the Council of Elders was The Woman Who Was About Eighty - One . Some of the laws they enforced are no murder , no harming the crows , no villains allowed , no mechanical devices , no books on mechanical devices , only police officers can talk on the platform , and the Council of Elders ' hot fudge sundae can only have 15 nuts on them . In The Vile Village , the Council of Elders meet the Baudelaire children during an assembly and ask who would watch over them . They got Hector to watch over them because nobody else wanted the job . When Count Olaf in the alias of Detective Dupin and Esmé Squalor in the alias of Officer Luciana frame the Baludelaires for the murder of `` Count Olaf ( who was actually Jacques Snicket ) , the Council of Elders sentences them to be burned at the stake . The Council of Elders join the villagers into pursuing the Baudelaires and the Quagmires even when Hector 's mobile home appears in the sky . After someone sees Detective Dupin without his sunglasses , some members of the Council of Elders struggled with him to see if there is an eye - shaped tattoo on him where they got his green plastic shoe off . In addition , the Council of Elders are among those who get angry at Officer Luciana when she was discovered to have harmed a crow with one of the harpoons from the harpoon gun . After Count Olaf and Esmé escape on a motorcycle , a member of the Council of Elders tells the Baudelaires to stay put as they are still going to be burned at the stake for the rules they broke right after the villagers take the injured crow to the V.F.D. veterinarian . In the TV series , the Council of Elders only has three members . They are named Anabelle , Jemma , and Sam and are portrayed by Mindy Sterling , Carol Mansell , and Ken Jenkins respectively . Anabelle is the one who quotes `` silence '' when someone breaks the rule that states `` No one may talk while on the platform '' even when asked a question that is rephrased to the other villagers . Though she would overlook it if the person on the platform is a police officer or a bank consultant . Carol is the soft - spoken of the Council of Elders while Sam has a gruff voice . Mrs. Morrow ( edit ) The Vile Village The Penultimate Peril Mrs. Morrow is a citizen from the Village of Fowl Devotees in The Vile Village . She is seen at Town Hall wearing a pink bathrobe when the Baudelaires arrive . She is one of the people who does not want the Baudelaires living with her . Mrs. Morrow makes them trim her hedges and later complains about their poor job . Mrs. Morrow delivers the news about Jacques Snicket 's mysterious death whom she , like the other villagers , thought was Count Olaf . Mrs. Morrow is one of the villagers most determined to burn the Baudelaires ( and any other person in violation of the many thousands of village rules ) at the stake . She was with the villagers when Esmé Squalor in the alias of Officer Luciana accidentally injured a crow with her harpoon gun and was among the villagers that retaliated at this rule violation . After Count Olaf and Esmé got away , Mrs. Morrow and the rest of the villagers took the injured crow to the V.F.D. veterinarian . She reappears in The Penultimate Peril as a guest at Hotel Denouement alongside Mr. Lesko . Mrs. Morrow was awoken up by a shot from the harpoon gun that killed Dewey Denouement . When Charles states to Sir that Count Olaf caused accidents at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill and not the Baudelaire children , Mrs. Morrow stated that `` Count Olaf '' was murdered by the Baudelaire children in her village . She submits constitutions to be used as evidence at the blindfolded trial for the Baudelaires and Count Olaf . When Count Olaf starts a fire at the Hotel Denouement , Mrs. Morrow was last seen on one of the floors arguing with Mr. Lesko . In the TV series , Mrs. Morrow is portrayed by Lossen Chambers . While helping Jacquelyn buy the Baudelaires and the Quagmire 's time to get away , Larry mentioned to Mrs. Morrow that he remembered her and her mother from book club . Mrs. Morrow stated that it 's now a magazine club and she hates magazines . Unlike the books , Mrs. Morrow appears in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 2 attending the Caligari Carnival with Mr. Lesko and some of their fellow villagers where they watched the lion - feeding event . Mr. Lesko ( edit ) The Vile Village The Penultimate Peril Mr. Lesko is a citizen of the Village of Fowl Devotees from The Vile Village . The Baudelaires first meet him at a meeting in Town Hall where he is shown wearing plaid pants . He and several other citizens do not want the Baudelaires to live with him and describes them as `` noisy '' children . Mr. Lesko is very mean to them and makes them and Hector clean the windows of his house . He is the one who suggests the Baudelaires be burned at the stake because he thinks they killed Count Olaf ( who was actually Jacques Snicket ) . In addition , Mr. Lesko was also shown to have knowledge on motorcycle safety . Mr. Lesko was with the villagers when Esmé Squalor in the alias of Officer Luciana accidentally injured a crow with her harpoon gun and was among the villagers that retaliated at this rule violation . After Count Olaf and Esmé got away , Mr. Lesko and the rest of the villagers took the injured crow to the V.F.D. veterinarian . He returns in The Penultimate Peril where he was seen with Mrs. Morrow . He is woken up when Dewey Denouement is killed . When Mrs. Morrow claims that `` Count Olaf '' was killed by the Baudelaire children in her village , Mr. Lesko claims that he thought the man that was killed was named `` Count Omar . '' At the Baudelaires and Count Olaf 's blindfolded trial , he hands in rule books for evidence . When Count Olaf starts the fire at the Hotel Denouement , Mr. Lesko was last seen on one of the floors arguing with Mrs. Morrow . In the TV series , Mr. Lesko is portrayed by Kevin Chamberlin and is first referred to as `` The Man in Plaid Pants '' by the Council of Elders . While helping Jacquelyn buy the Baudelaires and the Quagmire 's time to get away , Larry asked Mr. Morrow how his retirement was . He did n't get an answer out of him . Unlike the books , Mr. Lesko appears in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 2 attending the Caligari Carnival with Mrs. Morrow and some of their fellow villagers where they watched the lion - feeding event . Jacques Snicket ( edit ) The Vile Village Jacques Snicket is the older brother of Lemony Snicket and the twin brother of Kit Snicket as well as a member of the V.F.D. At some point during his work , he lost contact with Lemony and remained close to Kit . Jacques was first seen in The Vile Village where the villagers of the Village of Fowl Devotees mistook him for Count Olaf . He was to be burned at the stake only to be killed by the real Count Olaf ( who was disguised as Detective Dupin at the time ) who framed the Baudelaire siblings for his death . Before he died , he tried to mention to the Baudelaire children that he worked for the V.F.D. In the Netflix TV series , Jacques Snicket is portrayed by Nathan Fillion . He is first seen in `` The Austere Academy '' where he frees Larry from the walk - in refrigerator that Count Olaf trapped him in . In `` The Ersatz Elevator , '' Jacquelyn enlists Jacques Snicket to bring Olivia Caliban into their organization . While Esmé is kept busy by Larry at Café Salmonella , Jacques and Olivia sneak into the Squalors ' building to find Duncan and Isadora Quagmire . When Count Olaf in the form of Gunther holds an auction , Jacques and Olivia attend it . In `` The Vile Village , '' Jacques and Olivia arrive in the Village of Fowl Devotees in order to detain Count Olaf . Unfortunately , Count Olaf poses as Detective Dupin where he fools the villagers into thinking that Jacques Snicket is actually Olaf and the Council of Elders sentence Jacques to death . While Jacques still had the V.F.D. tattoo , Count Olaf put a fake extension between his eyebrows to make it look like one eyebrow . He did silently introduce himself to the Baudelaires and explain the tattoo description to them while Detective Dupin and the Council of Elders were talking . After Olivia negotiates with Esmé in the disguise of Officer Luciana for their freedom in exchange for the information about the Sugar Bowl that Count Olaf seeks , Jacques sends Olivia to find `` Madame Lulu . '' When Jacques confronts Count Olaf and Esmé , they managed to incapacitate him as Count Olaf struck him with a crowbar offscreen . The next day , the Baudelaires are informed that `` Count Olaf '' was murdered . Olaf as Detective Dupin pins the blame of his death on the Baudelaires . In `` The Hostile Hospital '' Pt. 1 and 2 , Jacques Snicket appeared on a film reel that is in Heimlich Hospital 's Library of records . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 , Jacques Snicket was seen in a flashback at a party at the V.F.D. Headquarters with Lemony . In the present , he appears on a film reel at the Caligari Carnival that talks about the V.F.D. Geraldine Julienne ( edit ) The Vile Village The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Penultimate Peril Geraldine Julienne is the star reporter for the Daily Punctilo . She is depicted as always carrying a microphone and incorrectly reports on events throughout the series . In addition , Geraldine is a devoted fan of Esmé Squalor . Her catchphrase upon coming across a headline is `` Wait until the readers of the Daily Punctilio see that ! '' She was first mentioned in The Vile Village where she wrote the inaccurate article about the Baudelaire children murdering Count Olaf . What really happened is that Count Olaf framed them at the time when Jacques Snicket was mistaken for Count Olaf . In The Hostile Hospital , Geraldine is present at Violet Baudelaire 's surgery . In The Carnivous Carnival , Geraldine appears at the Caligari Carnival reporting on the lion show there . In The Penultimate Peril , Geraldine is seen at the Hotel Denouement . She was seen in the rooftop sunbathing salon with Esmé Squalor and Carmelita Spats . When Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf which woke up all the patrons , Geraldine quotes that the Baudelaires are no ordinary murderers . When Justice Strauss proposes a blindfolded trial , she did not want Geraldine to do any premature news stories . During the blindfolded trial , Geraldine submitted some newspaper articles as evidence . When Count Olaf starts the fire at the Hotel Denouement , Geraldine was last seen on one of the floors using her microphone as a cane while squealing about the headlines . In Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , Esmé orders Geraldine to lock Eleanora Poe in the basement of the Daily Punctilo . In the TV series , Geraldine Julienne had written different articles in the series like the loss of the Baudelaire children 's parents , them being raised by Count Olaf , and the accident at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Milt ( edit ) The Hostile Hospital Milt is the shopkeeper at the Last Chance General Store . He first appears in The Hostile Hospital when the Baudelaires appear the Last Chance General Store after escaping from the Village of Fowl Devotees . He gives them cranberry muffins . When Lou shows up with the newspapers from the Daily Punctilio talking about the Baudelaires murdering `` Count Olaf , '' Milt and Lou try to catch them only for the Baudelaires to escape into the van of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . In the TV series , Milt is portrayed by Serge Houde . Like the book , he meets the Baudelaires when they arrive at his store . Instead of Milt recognizing them from the newspaper , the Baudelaires leave when Count Olaf shows up . Though he still gets the newspapers when the Baudelaires escape into the van of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . Lou ( edit ) The Hostile Hospital Lou is a newspaper delivery boy . He first appears in The Hostile Hospital where he brings the newspapers from the Daily Punctilio to the Last Chance General Store . When the front page lists that the Baudelaires have murdered `` Count Olaf , '' he and Milt try to catch the Baudelaires only for them to escape into the van of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . In the TV series , Lou is portrayed by Gabe Khouth . Instead of Lou and Milt recognizing the Baudelaires from the newspaper , the Baudelaires leave when Count Olaf shows up . Though Lou still unloaded the newspapers when the Baudelaires escape into the van of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . Babs ( edit ) The Hostile Hospital Babs first appears in The Hostile Hospital . She is the head of Heimilich Hospital 's Human Resources Department . She is never seen but is heard over an intercom , which distorts her voice and makes it sound ' scratchy ' . She seems to believe that the Baudelaires should be `` seen and not heard '' which is ironic since she ca n't see them anyway . Count Olaf , disguised as Mattathias , later stole her position to take control of the hospital and hinted that he pushed her off the roof of the hospital as he said she had `` decided to pursue a career as a stuntwoman ' and had ' started jumping off buildings immediately . '' This means that Olaf probably pushed her off a roof or forced her to jump off one . Either way , Babs was killed . In the TV series , Babs is portrayed by Kerri Kenney - Silver . She is actually seen in this version and is easily stressed , carrying a paper bag around to breathe into when she begins to hyperventilate . Babs is also obsessed with paperwork . Despite them not being on her list , she allows Count Olaf , disguised as Dr. Mattathias Medicalschool , and his troupe into the hospital . Later , they capture her and Count Olaf replaces her as the head of the Human Resources Department . When Violet is also captured , she attempts to escape with Babs , but Babs 's nervous laughter and loud speech results in them being captured by Count Olaf again and separated . Despite Count Olaf threatening to kill her at this point , Babs survives and is later seen escaping Heimlich Hospital during the fire and mourning the loss of her clipboard and paperwork . Mr. Poe attempts to comfort her as he chases after the Baudelaires . The Man with Pimples on his Chin ( edit ) The Man with Pimples On His Chin is a middle - aged man and a resident of the Hinterlands several large pimples on his chin and a skin condition that cause people to mistake him for a freak . In addition , he has a mother who also has pimples on her . The Man with Pimples On His Chin first appears in The Carnivorous Carnival where he mistakes the Hook - Handed Man as a freak to which the Hook - Handed Man states that he is n't one . The Man with Pimples On His Chin apologizes and advises the Hook - Handed Man to get some fake hands . During the show , he joins the Hook - Handed Man into heckling Hugo . Violet and Klaus in the alias of the two - headed person Beverly and Elliot encountered the Man With Pimples On His Chin before the lion - feeding event where he asks them why one of them does n't wear a bag over their head . Sunny in the alias of Chabo the Wolf Baby grows at them as Violet tells him to leave them alone as Chabo is protective of them . The Man With Pimples On His Chin states that Chabo wo n't be a match for the lions which his mother agrees on . During the lion - feeding show , The Man with Pimples On His Chin tells Beverly and Elliot to jump into the lion pit . During the commotion where nobody would push Beverly and Elliot into the lion pit , The Man with Pimples On His Chin was accidentally slapped by an audience member as he begins to argue with him and his wife where the worsening commotion caused Madame Lulu and the Bald Man with the Big Nose to be accidentally knocked into the lion pit where they are devoured . When the Caligari Carnival was set on fire , The Man with Pimples On His Chin and his mother are n't seen again after that . In the TV series , his role is filled by an exclusive character named Mr. Willums who is portrayed by David Burtka where the character also speaks the lines that are also said by The Woman With Dyed Hair . He has a wife named Mrs. Williams ( portrayed by Jill Morrison ) and children Skip and Trixie Willums ( portrayed by Gideon Burtka - Harris and Harper Burtka - Harris ) where they attend the Caligari Carnival . During the `` House of Freaks '' show , he is the only one who applauds . During the lion - feeding event , Mr. Willums starts to get more excited about the selected freak being fed to the lions . Though he and his son annoy Count Olaf when Mr. Willums asks why he gets to pick which freak gets devoured by lions and his son asking if it is legal . Mr. Willums is among those horrified when Madame Lulu is thrown to the lions as his kids sadly state that they want to go home . When the Caligari Carnival is burned down , Mr. Willums and his family are n't seen again after that . The Woman with Dyed Hair ( edit ) The Woman With Dyed Hair is a woman whose hair has been dyed . She is seen in The Carnivorous Carnival as a spectator of the Caligari Carnival where she mocks the freaks . Fiona ( edit ) The Grim Grotto Fiona is a very bright mycologist and is the stepdaughter of Captain Widdershins and the sister of Fernald ( the Hook - Handed Man ) . She is also the love interest of Klaus Baudelaire . Fiona first appears in The Grim Grotto , when Violet , Klaus and Sunny Baudelaire enter the Queequeg . Though she is not part of the Queequeg 's `` Crew of Two '' , she is the ship 's head engineer . Fiona is the first non-Baudelaire that can actually understand some of Sunny 's utterances . Later , Fiona goes with the Baudelaires into the Gorgonian Grotto to look for the sugar bowl , but when the four children come back , empty - handed , they find the Queequeg deserted ; Captain Widdershins and Phil had been convinced by an unnamed woman to abandon the ship . Count Olaf then captures the submarine with his own , the Carmelita , and takes the Baudelaires and Fiona to the brig to be tortured by the Hook - Handed Man , who turns out to be Fiona 's long - lost brother Fernald . The Baudelaires and Fiona persuade Fernald to join them and help them escape . The Baudelaires escape , but Fiona and Fernald are caught and tell Esmé Squalor that they support Count Olaf . At this point , Esmé begins to call Fiona `` Triangle - Eyes '' , due to the triangular shape of her glasses . Later , Fernald persuades Fiona to really be part of Count Olaf 's troupe . Fiona , knowing that she is wrong , allows the Baudelaires free access to the Queequeg to escape . But she can not go with them , out of loyalty to her brother , but before she rejoins Olaf , however , she kisses Klaus . Fiona did not appear in The Penultimate Peril , but Count Olaf says that she and Fernald stole the Carmelita . In The End , it was revealed that both returned to the Fire - Fighting Side of V.F.D. , but they may have been sucked into The Great Unknown . Kit Snicket ( edit ) The Grim Grotto The Penultimate Peril The End Kit Snicket is the sister of Lemony and Jacques Snicket , the lover of Dewey Denouement , and the mother of Beatrice II . She was four years old when the Schism began and became a member of the fire - fighting side of the V.F.D. In Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , Kit Snicket went to Prufrock Preparatory to work as a teacher under the alias of Mrs. K following Mr. Remora 's retirement . When Carmelita Spats ' parents informed Vice-Principal Nero that Mrs. K was having the students read books that are not on the recommended list , Vice-Principal Nero fired her as Kit made off with two orphans that were attending Prufrock Preparatory . In The Grim Grotto ' , Kit Snicket was mentioned to have helped Captain Widdershin in constructing the Queequg . She also warned Gregor Anwhistle about the use of the Medusoid Mycelium . By the end of the book , she meets the Baudelaires at Briny Beach and takes them away in her taxicab . In The Penultimate Peril , Kit Snicket brings the Baudelaires to Hotel Denouement where she provides them with concierge disguises , mentions that she is pregnant and informs them about Frank and Ernest Denouement . Lemony Snicket mentioned that Kit rode a jet ski in order to meet up with Captain Widdershin . In The End , Kit Snicket and the Incredible Deadly Viper wash up on the coastal shelf of the island on a raft of books where her legs are injured . After regaining conscious , she tells the Baudelaires about how Hector 's mobile home crashed into the Queequeg and she got injured when the telegram device fell on her legs . Kit also mentions that she does n't know what happened to Hector , the Quagmires , Captain Widdershin , Fernald , and Fiona when the Great Unknown neared the wreckage . Later on , Kit is among those who are poisoned by the Medusoi Mycelium and refuses the hybrid horseradish apple that counters it due to the side effects it has on unborn children . As Kit goes into labour , Count Olaf performs his only act of kindness by carrying her to a place to give birth as he helps to deliver her child . After Kit dies giving birth , Count Olaf dies from his injuries . Both of them are buried next to each other as the Baudelaires take Beatrice Baudelaire II into their custody . Castaways ( edit ) The Castaways are a group of people that live on an island that Count Olaf tried to christen as Olaf Land . Among the known castaways are : Ishmael ( edit ) The End Ishmael appears in The End . Ishmael is the facilitator of a small colony of island inhabitants and former member of V.F.D. He blames Count Olaf for the fire that destroyed his home to which Count Olaf claimed was n't caused by him . Ishmael uses peer pressure and the sedative of fermented coconut cordial to influence the islanders . While claiming to be unable to walk , he often sneaks off to the island 's arboretum writing diary entries and organizing shipwrecked objects . The Baudelaires , when on this island , discover that he used to know their parents and forced them off the island when their mother was pregnant with Violet . When they ask him why he keeps so many secrets from the islanders , he says that he is trying to keep them safe . He is last seen on a boat leaving the island , surrounded by poisoned islanders , although he previously consumed an antidote . Friday Caliban ( edit ) The End Friday Caliban is a young island girl who quickly befriends the Baudelaires , giving Sunny a whisk as a gift , and making enemies with Count Olaf by abandoning him . She is the daughter of Thursday and Miranda Caliban . Her mother told her that her father was eaten by a manatee in the storm which shipwrecked her on the island , but the truth is that Miranda and Thursday were separated by the schism and Miranda did not want her daughter to know this . Friday was forced to leave the island on a boat with the other islanders , all of them infected by the Medusoid Mycelium , leaving the Baudelaires behind . Minor castaways ( edit ) The following castaways do n't play a big part in the series : Alonso - Not much is known about Alonso except for the fact that prior to living on the island , he was involved in a dreadful political scandal . He is named after a character in Shakespeare 's The Tempest . Ariel - Prior to arriving on the island , Ariel spent time in prison where she was disguised as a man for years before escaping . She is named after a character in Shakespeare 's The Tempest . Brewster - He is named after Maud Brewster , a character in Jack London 's The Sea - Wolf . Byam - He is named after Roger Byam , a fictional character in the novel Mutiny on the Bounty . Calypso - She is named after the sea nymph Calypso from Greek mythology . Dr. Kurtz - He is named after a character in Joseph Conrad 's Heart of Darkness . Erewhon - A former inhabitant of an island far away from the castaway 's island . Erewhon was the one responsible for orchestrating the mutiny on Ishmael . She is named after the utopia in Samuel Butler 's book of the same name . It is also an anagram of Nowhere . Finn - A young girl who assisted Omeros in picking the wild onions . Finn once found a typewriter in one of the shipwrecks . She is named after Mark Twain 's Huckleberry Finn . Jonah and Sadie Bellamy - Two siblings who brought the boat containing the Baudelaires in while storm scavenging . They are named after named after the biblical Jonah ; a character in The Adventures of Sadie , aka Our Girl Friday , a 1953 film about a shipwrecked girl ; and Samuel `` Black Sam '' Bellamy , an 18th - century pirate who was shipwrecked off Cape Cod . The surname may also refer to Edward Bellamy , author of the utopian novel Looking Backward . Larsen - The island 's residential fisherman . He is named after Wolf Larsen , a character in Jack London 's The Sea - Wolf . Madame Nordoff - She is named after Charles Nordhoff , co-author of Mutiny on the Bounty . Miranda Caliban - The mother of Friday and the husband of Thursday . Miranda covered up the fact to her daughter that her father left the island by stating that he was killed in a manatee accident . Though Miranda stated that it was better that she and Friday remained on the island . She is named after a character in Shakespeare 's The Tempest . Mr. Pitcairn - He is named after the Pitcairn Islands where the Bounty mutineers eventually settled . Ms. Marlow - She is named after a character in Joseph Conrad 's Heart of Darkness . Omeros - He is possibly named after the Greek epic poet Homer , whose Iliad and Odyssey deal extensively with sea voyages and shipwrecks ; another possibility is the 1990 poem of the same name by Derek Walcott , which is partly a retelling of the Odyssey set in the Caribbean . Professor Fletcher - He is named after Bounty mutineer Fletcher Christian . Rabbi Bligh - The castaways ' residential rabbi . He is named after Bounty captain William Bligh . Robinson - He is named after the title character in Daniel Defoe 's Robinson Crusoe . Sherman - He is named after General William Tecumseh Sherman , who survived two shipwrecks ; or from William Pène du Bois 's The Twenty - One Balloons . Thursday - The father of Friday Caliban and the husband of Miranda Caliban . He was an islander for a short time before the events of book . Miranda covered up the fact to her daughter that her father left the island by stating that he was killed in a manatee accident . Weyden - A red - haired woman who first arrived at the island on a raft . She is named after Humphrey Van Weyden , a character in Jack London 's The Sea - Wolf . Willa - She is possibly named after writer Willa Cather who refers to a shipwreck in a notable quotation . Animals ( edit ) There are different animals that appear in this franchise and are listed in order of appearance : Incredibly Deadly Viper ( edit ) The Incredible Deadly Viper ( also known as Ink and Inky ) is a snake that was discovered by Montgomery Montgomery . In The Reptile Room , Inky was presented to the Baudelaire children as Montgomery 's latest discovery '' where it bonded with Sunny . When Count Olaf posed as Stephano and killed Montgomery while framing Inky , the Baudelaire children were able to prove its innocence and expose Stephano as Count Olaf . After Count Olaf and the Hook - Handed Man got away , Inky was among the reptiles that were packed up by Bruce to be sent to the Herpetology Society . In The End , Inky arrived on the island with a pregnant Kit Snicket who revealed that Inky lived on the island before being `` discovered '' by Montgomery . Following Count Olaf and Kit Snicket 's deaths , Inky rounded up the type of apples that were mixed with normal apples and horseradishes in order to give them to the departed castaways following their infection of the Medusoid Mycelium . In the film , Count Olaf as Stephano pinned the blame of Montgomery 's death on the Incredibly Deadly Viper to Mr. Poe and the Constable . This plot was foiled when Sunny plays with it causing Count Olaf to secretly get away while shedding his disguise on the way out . In the TV series , Count Olaf as Stephano pinned the blame of Montgomery 's death on the Incredibly Deadly Viper to Mr. Poe with the help of the Person of Indeterminate Gender posing as Nurse Lucafont while the rest of Count Olaf 's troupe posed as members of the Sheriff Department . Just like the book , Violet finds the vial containing the Mamba du Mal poison in Stephano 's briefcase . Mamba du Mal ( edit ) The Mamba du Mal is a snake in Montgomery Montgomery 's collection which is `` one of the deadliest snakes in the hemisphere '' that kills its victims by strangling them . In The Reptile Room , Count Olaf in his alias of Stephano used its venom to kill Montgomery and frame the Incredibly Dangerous Viper for the death . After Count Olaf was exposed and the Incredibly Deadly Viper was innocent , the Mamba du Mal is among the reptiles that are packed up by Bruce in order to take them to the Herpetology Society . While the Mamba du Mal does not appear in the film , its venom was used in the TV series during the final parts of `` The Reptile Room '' Pt. 1 . When Stephano talks about the Mamba du Mal in the second part , it shifts to a snake that might by the Mamba du Mal . Either way , it alongside the other creatures in Montgomery 's collection are claimed by the Herpetology Society in light of Montgomery 's death . Lachrymose Leech ( edit ) The Lachrymose Leech is a type of leech that lives in the waters of Lake Lachrymose where they have six rows of sharp teeth , a sharp pointed nose , and a smell of food . As they are blind , the Lachrymose Leeches can attack any human who has just eaten something as well as their usual food of small fish and crabs . Anyone traveling on the lake must wait one hour after eating before entering it for any reason . In The Wide Window , Josephine Anwhistle mentioned that she lost her husband Ike to the Lachrymose Leeches when he waited 45 minutes before going swimming . When the Baudelaire children and Josephine were leaving Curdling Cave by water , the Baudelaires did not know that Josephine ate a banana which started to attract the Lachrymose Leeches . As their boat is attacked by the Lachrymose Leeches , Violet invents a signal light that attracts a passing boat . However , the boat is operated by Count Olaf in the alias of Captain Sham . When Josephine begs for Captain Sham to spare her , he got irritated with Josephine and pushed her into the water where the Lachrymose Leeches are . In The Beatrice Letters , there was a Lachrymose Leech paperweight that Ike Anwhistle gave Lemony Snicket as a graduation present . In the film , the Baudelaires were rescued from the Lachrymose Leeches by Count Olaf who left Josephine to her fate . In the TV series , the Baudelaires were rescued from the Lachrymose Leeches by Captain Sham and the disguised members of Count Olaf 's troupe . V.F.D. Crows ( edit ) The V.F.D. Crows are a type of crows that are worshiped by the Village of Fowl Devotees and have the same migratory pattern every day . The # 1 rule in the Village of Fowl Devotees is to never harm a crow . In The Vile Village , Esmé Squalor in the alias of Officer Luciana accidentally harmed a crow when she fired a harpoon gun at the books that the Quagmire children were throwing to the Baudelaire children . This incited the wrath of the villagers causing Count Olaf and Esmé to flee . Volunteer Feline Detectives ( edit ) The Volunteer Feline Detectives are a group of lions that lived in the caves of the Mortmain Mountains . They were trained by the V.F.D. to smell out smoke . At some point following the Schism , the fire - starting side of the V.F.D. gained possession of the lions . On a related note , one of Gustav Sebald 's movies was called Lions in the Mountains which references these lions and their habitat in the Mortmain Mountains . In The Carnivorous Carnival , Count Olaf whipped and abused them enough for them to have scars where the Baudelaire children noticed that as they can see the ribs of one of them due to them being lethargic and malnourished . When Count Olaf put on a show at the Caligari Carnival , he held an event where one of its freaks would be fed to the lions . During the crowd chaos , Olivia Caliban and the Bald Man with the Big Nose were knocked into the lion pit and devoured by the lions . When the Caligari Carnival is burned by Count Olaf , the lions perished in the fire as Count Olaf neglected to get them out of the pit . Lemony Snicket stated that the lions ' bodies were blackened when he found them . It was n't mentioned what happened to the remaining lions in the Volunteer Feline Detectives . In the TV series , a group of starving lions lurk in the haunts near the Caligari Carnival . Two of the lions were captured by Count Olaf for his lion - feeding event . Just like the book , the lions perished in the Caligari Carnival 's fire . Snow Gnats ( edit ) The Snow Gnats are small flying insects that inhabit the Mortmain Mountains . Similar to red ants , they enjoy stinging people for no reason . There are two ways to prevent Snow Gnats from stinging people . One is to create smoke by starting a fire since Snow Gnats hate smoke . Another way is to cover the entire body so that they wo n't attack . In The Slippery Slope , the Snow Gnats are first seen attacking Violet and Klaus . They managed to find shelter in a cave where Bruce , Carmelita Spats , and the Snow Scouts are taking refuge in . V.F.D. Eagles ( edit ) The V.F.D. Eagles are a type of eagle that are used by the fire - starting side of the V.F.D. They bend to their whim upon hearing their whistles . In The Slippery Slope , the V.F.D. Eagles are summoned by Count Olaf to carry off Bruce and the Snow Scouts . The Man with a Beard But No Hair and the Woman with Hair But No Beard escaped on some of them . In The End , it was mentioned that the V.F.D. Eagles have attacked Hector 's self - sustaining hot - air mobile home causing it to crash into the Queequeg . This was foreshadowed by Kit Snicket in The Penultimate Peril where Quigley Quagmire used a homemade net to save his fellow siblings . See also ( edit ) Lemony Snicket portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ LS to BB # 5 , Dewey is killed in book 13 The End . When Violet accidentally drops a harpoon gun causing Dewey to be shot . The Beatrice Letters Jump up ^ The Bad Beginning : Rare Edition Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony ( 2006 ) . The End . A Series of Unfortunate Events . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 441016 - 1 . Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony ( 2006 ) . The Beatrice Letters . A Series of Unfortunate Events . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 058658 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Unauthorized Autobiography , p. 79 ^ Jump up to : UPI ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Nathan Fillion , Tony Hale Book Roles on ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . TV Insider . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Behind the Scenes of `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' ^ Jump up to : https://screenrant.com/series-unfortunate-events-season-2-cast-characters/ Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` A most unfortunate update : @ robbieamell joins Season 2 of # ASOUE . Our repeated letters instructing him to run swiftly in the opposite direction must have failed to arrive '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . ^ Jump up to : Melody Joy Kramer ( October 12 , 2006 ) . `` A Series Of Unfortunate Literary Allusions '' . NPR . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Maureen ; Overturf , Brenda ( November 7 , 2012 ) . The Common Core : Teaching K - 5 Students to Meet the Reading Standards . International Reading Assoc . p. 92 . ISBN 0872078159 . clearly a reference to the Roman Emperor Nero , who allegedly fiddled while Rome burned Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/a-series-of-unfortunate-events-season-2-review-release-watch-netflix-date-cast-count-olaf-a8274776.html#gallery Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` The sad truth is the truth is sad . @ davidalangrier joins Season 2 , adding to the ranks of people who did not heed our sound advice to avoid this grim tale at all costs '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ p. 163 of The Carnivorous Carnival calls Madame Lulu `` the fake name of the woman '' . Jump up ^ French , Emma ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Best librarian characters in fantasy fiction '' . OUPblog . Oxford University Press . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony . `` Lemony Snicket : The Unauthroized Autobiography '' . HarperCollins , 2002 , p. 140 - 141 . Works by Lemony Snicket A Series of Unfortunate Events Novels The Bad Beginning The Reptile Room The Wide Window The Miserable Mill The Austere Academy The Ersatz Elevator The Vile Village The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Grim Grotto The Penultimate Peril The End Related works The Unauthorized Autobiography The Beatrice Letters Horseradish : Bitter Truths You Ca n't Avoid Media Feature film Soundtrack Video game The Tragic Treasury TV series Other Characters All the Wrong Questions Who Could That Be at This Hour ? When Did You See Her Last ? Should n't You Be in School ? Why Is This Night Different From All Other Nights ? Other works The Latke Who Could n't Stop Screaming The Lump of Coal The Composer Is Dead Related Daniel Handler Brett Helquist Seth Portal Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_A_Series_of_Unfortunate_Events_characters&oldid=855686526 '' Categories : A Series of Unfortunate Events characters Lists of literary characters Lists of minor fictional characters Fictional members of secret societies Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 03 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | a series of unfortunate events the baudelaire parents | [
"The children's novel series A Series of Unfortunate Events features a large cast of characters created by Daniel Handler by the pen-name of Lemony Snicket. The series follows the turbulent lives of the Baudelaire orphans after their parents, Bertrand and Beatrice, are killed in an arsonous structure fire and their multiple escapes from their murderous relative Count Olaf, who is after their family fortune.\n"
] | [
"Bertrand and Beatrice"
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-3869424257398006982 | Anthropomorphism | Anthropomorphism - wikipedia Anthropomorphism Compare anthropocentrism . In this illustration by Milo Winter of Aesop 's fable , `` The North Wind and the Sun '' , a personified North Wind tries to strip the cloak off of a traveler . Personification of Music by Antonio Franchi , circa 1650 Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human traits , emotions , or intentions to non-human entities . It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology . Personification is the related attribution of human form and characteristics to abstract concepts such as nations , emotions , and natural forces , such as seasons and weather . Both have ancient roots as storytelling and artistic devices , and most cultures have traditional fables with anthropomorphized animals as characters . People have also routinely attributed human emotions and behavioural traits to wild as well as domesticated animals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Examples in prehistory 3 In religion and mythology 3.1 Criticism 4 In literature 4.1 Religious texts 4.2 Fables 4.3 Fairy tales 4.4 Modern literature 5 In film , television , and video games 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Video games 6 Art history 6.1 Claes Oldenburg 6.2 Minimalism 6.3 Post Minimalism 7 Mascots 8 Animals 9 In science 10 In computing 11 Psychology 11.1 Foundational research 11.2 Three - factor theory 11.3 Developmental perspective 11.4 Effect on learning 11.5 In mental health 11.6 In marketing 12 Image gallery 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Sources 17 Further reading 18 External links Name Anthropomorphism derives from its verb form anthropomorphize , itself derived from the Greek ánthrōpos ( ἄνθρωπος , lit . `` human '' ) and morphē ( μορφή , `` form '' ) . It is first attested in 1753 , originally in reference to the heresy of applying a human form to the Christian God . Examples in Prehistory The 40,000 - year - old Löwenmensch figurine From the beginnings of human behavioural modernity in the Upper Paleolithic , about 40,000 years ago , examples of zoomorphic ( animal - shaped ) works of art occur that may represent the earliest evidence we have of anthropomorphism . One of the oldest known is an ivory sculpture , the Löwenmensch figurine , Germany , a human - shaped figurine with the head of a lioness or lion , determined to be about 32,000 years old . It is not possible to say what these prehistoric artworks represent . A more recent example is The Sorcerer , an enigmatic cave painting from the Trois - Frères Cave , Ariège , France : the figure 's significance is unknown , but it is usually interpreted as some kind of great spirit or master of the animals . In either case there is an element of anthropomorphism . This anthropomorphic art has been linked by archaeologist Steven Mithen with the emergence of more systematic hunting practices in the Upper Palaeolithic ( Mithen 1998 ) . He proposes that these are the product of a change in the architecture of the human mind , an increasing fluidity between the natural history and social intelligences , where anthropomorphism allowed hunters to identify empathetically with hunted animals and better predict their movements . In Religion and mythology Main article : Anthropotheism In religion and mythology , anthropomorphism is the perception of a divine being or beings in human form , or the recognition of human qualities in these beings . Ancient mythologies frequently represented the divine as deities with human forms and qualities . They resemble human beings not only in appearance and personality ; they exhibited many human behaviors that were used to explain natural phenomena , creation , and historical events . The deities fell in love , married , had children , fought battles , wielded weapons , and rode horses and chariots . They feasted on special foods , and sometimes required sacrifices of food , beverage , and sacred objects to be made by human beings . Some anthropomorphic deities represented specific human concepts , such as love , war , fertility , beauty , or the seasons . Anthropomorphic deities exhibited human qualities such as beauty , wisdom , and power , and sometimes human weaknesses such as greed , hatred , jealousy , and uncontrollable anger . Greek deities such as Zeus and Apollo often were depicted in human form exhibiting both commendable and despicable human traits . Anthropomorphism in this case is , more specifically , anthropotheism . From the perspective of adherents to religions in which humans were created in the form of the divine , the phenomenon may be considered theomorphism , or the giving of divine qualities to humans . Anthropomorphism has cropped up as a Christian heresy , particularly prominently with the Audians in third century Syria , but also in fourth century Egypt and tenth century Italy . This often was based on a literal interpretation of Genesis 1 : 27 : `` So God created man in His own image , in the image of God created He him ; male and female created He them '' . Criticism Some religions , scholars , and philosophers objected to anthropomorphic deities . The Greek philosopher Xenophanes ( 570 -- 480 BCE ) argued against the conception of deities as fundamentally anthropomorphic : But if cattle and horses and lions had hands or could paint with their hands and create works such as men do , horses like horses and cattle like cattle also would depict the gods ' shapes and make their bodies of such a sort as the form they themselves have . ... Ethiopians say that their gods are snub -- nosed ( σιμούς ) and black Thracians that they are pale and red - haired . He said that `` the greatest god '' resembles man `` neither in form nor in mind '' . Both Judaism and Islam reject an anthropomorphic deity , believing that God is beyond human comprehension . Judaism 's rejection of an anthropomorphic deity grew during the Hasmonean period ( circa 300 BCE ) , when Jewish belief incorporated some Greek philosophy . Judaism 's rejection grew further after the Islamic Golden Age in the tenth century , which Maimonides codified in the twelfth century , in his thirteen principles of Jewish faith . Hindus do not reject the concept of a deity in the abstract unmanifested , but note practical problems . Lord Krishna said in the Bhagavad Gita , Chapter 12 , Verse 5 , that it is much more difficult for people to focus on a deity as the unmanifested than one with form , using anthropomorphic icons ( murtis ) , because people need to perceive with their senses . In Faces in the Clouds , anthropologist Stewart Guthrie proposes that all religions are anthropomorphisms that originate in the brain 's tendency to detect the presence or vestiges of other humans in natural phenomena . In literature Religious texts There are various examples of personification as a literary device in both Hebrew Bible and Christian New Testament and also in the texts of some other religions . Fables From the Panchatantra : Rabbit fools Elephant by showing the reflection of the moon Anthropomorphism , also referred to as personification , is a well established literary device from ancient times . The story of `` The Hawk and the Nightingale '' in Hesiod 's Works and Days preceded Aesop 's fables by centuries . Collections of linked fables from India , the Jataka Tales and Panchatantra , also employ anthropomorphized animals to illustrate principles of life . Many of the stereotypes of animals that are recognized today , such as the wily fox and the proud lion , can be found in these collections . Aesop 's anthropomorphisms were so familiar by the first century CE that they colored the thinking of at least one philosopher : And there is another charm about him , namely , that he puts animals in a pleasing light and makes them interesting to mankind . For after being brought up from childhood with these stories , and after being as it were nursed by them from babyhood , we acquire certain opinions of the several animals and think of some of them as royal animals , of others as silly , of others as witty , and others as innocent . -- Apollonius of Tyana Apollonius noted that the fable was created to teach wisdom through fictions that are meant to be taken as fictions , contrasting them favorably with the poets ' stories of the deities that are sometimes taken literally . Aesop , `` by announcing a story which everyone knows not to be true , told the truth by the very fact that he did not claim to be relating real events '' . The same consciousness of the fable as fiction is to be found in other examples across the world , one example being a traditional Ashanti way of beginning tales of the anthropomorphic trickster - spider Anansi : `` We do not really mean , we do not really mean that what we are about to say is true . A story , a story ; let it come , let it go . '' Fairy tales Anthropomorphic motifs have been common in fairy tales from the earliest ancient examples set in a mythological context to the great collections of the Brothers Grimm and Perrault . The Tale of Two Brothers ( Egypt , 13th century BCE ) features several talking cows and in Cupid and Psyche ( Rome , 2nd century CE ) Zephyrus , the west wind , carries Psyche away . Later an ant feels sorry for her and helps her in her quest . Modern literature John Tenniel 's depiction of this anthropomorphic rabbit was featured in the first chapter of Lewis Carroll 's Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland From The Emperor 's Rout ( 1831 ) Building on the popularity of fables and fairy tales , specifically children 's literature began to emerge in the nineteenth century with works such as Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( 1865 ) by Lewis Carroll , The Adventures of Pinocchio ( 1883 ) by Carlo Collodi and The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) by Rudyard Kipling , all employing anthropomorphic elements . This continued in the twentieth century with many of the most popular titles having anthropomorphic characters , examples being The Tales of Beatrix Potter ( 1901 onwards ) , The Wind in the Willows ( 1908 ) by Kenneth Grahame , The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis and Winnie - the - Pooh ( 1926 ) by A.A. Milne . In many of these stories the animals can be seen as representing facets of human personality and character . As John Rowe Townsend remarks , discussing The Jungle Book in which the boy Mowgli must rely on his new friends the bear Baloo and the black panther Bagheera , `` The world of the jungle is in fact both itself and our world as well '' . A notable work aimed at an adult audience is George Orwell 's Animal Farm , in which all the main characters are anthropomorphic animals . Non-animal examples include Rev. W Awdry 's children 's stories of Thomas the Tank Engine and other anthropomorphic locomotives . The fantasy genre developed from mythological , fairy tale , and Romance motifs and characters , sometimes with anthropomorphic animals . The best - selling examples of the genre are The Hobbit ( 1937 ) and The Lord of the Rings ( 1954 -- 1955 ) , both by J.R.R. Tolkien , books peopled with talking creatures such as ravens , spiders , and the dragon Smaug and a multitude of anthropomorphic goblins and elves . John D. Rateliff calls this the `` Doctor Dolittle Theme '' in his book The History of the Hobbit and Tolkien saw this anthropomorphism as closely linked to the emergence of human language and myth : `` ... The first men to talk of ' trees and stars ' saw things very differently . To them , the world was alive with mythological beings ... To them the whole of creation was `` myth - woven and elf - patterned '' . ' Richard Adams developed a distinctive take on anthropomorphic writing in the 1970s : his debut novel , Watership Down ( 1972 ) , featured rabbits that could talk , with their own distinctive language ( Lapine ) and mythology , and included a warren , Efrafa , run along the lines of a police state . Despite this , Adams attempted to ensure his characters ' behaviour mirrored that of wild rabbits , engaging in fighting , copulating and defecating , drawing on Ronald Lockley 's study The Private Life of the Rabbit as research . Adams returned to anthropomorphic storytelling in his later novels The Plague Dogs ( 1977 ) and Traveller ( 1988 ) . By the 21st century , the children 's picture book market had expanded massively . Perhaps a majority of picture books have some kind of anthropomorphism , with popular examples being The Very Hungry Caterpillar ( 1969 ) by Eric Carle and The Gruffalo ( 1999 ) by Julia Donaldson . Anthropomorphism in literature and other media led to a sub-culture known as furry fandom , which promotes and creates stories and artwork involving anthropomorphic animals , and the examination and interpretation of humanity through anthropomorphism . Anthropomorphic characters have also been a staple of the comic book genre . The most prominent one was Neil Gaiman 's the Sandman which had a huge impact on how characters that are physical embodiments are written in the fantasy genre . Other examples also include the mature Hellblazer ( personified political and moral ideas ) , Fables and its spin - off series Jack of Fables , which was unique for having anthropomorphic representation of literary techniques and genres . Various Japanese manga and anime have used anthropomorphism as the basis of their story . Examples include Squid Girl ( anthropomorphized squid ) , Hetalia : Axis Powers ( personified countries ) , Upotte ! ! ( personified guns ) , Arpeggio of Blue Steel and Kancolle ( personified ships ) . In film , television , and video games Play media Big Buck Bunny is a free animated short featuring anthropomorphic characters Film Some of the most notable examples are the Walt Disney characters the Magic Carpet from Disney 's Aladdin franchise , Mickey Mouse , Donald Duck , Goofy , and Oswald the Lucky Rabbit ; the Looney Tunes characters Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , and Porky Pig ; and an array of others from the 1920s to present day . In the films Cars ( 2006 ) , Cars 2 ( 2011 ) , Planes ( 2013 ) , Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) and Cars 3 ( 2017 ) , all the characters are anthropomorphic vehicles . Discussing Madagascar , Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) , and Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) , Laurie suggests that `` social differences based on conflict and contradiction are naturalized and made less ' contestable ' through the classificatory matrix of human and nonhuman relations '' . All of the characters in Walt Disney Animation Studios ' Zootopia ( 2016 ) are anthropomorphic animals . Television Since the 1960s , anthropomorphism has also been represented in various animated television shows such as Biker Mice From Mars ( 1993 -- 1996 ) and SWAT Kats : The Radical Squadron ( 1993 -- 1995 ) . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , first aired in 1987 , features four pizza - loving anthropomorphic turtles with a great knowledge of ninjutsu , led by their anthropomorphic rat sensei , Master Splinter . In the American animated TV series Family Guy , one of the show 's main characters , Brian , is a dog . Brian shows many human characteristics -- he walks upright , talks , smokes , and drinks Martinis -- but also acts like a normal dog in other ways ; for example he can not resist chasing a ball and barks at the mailman , believing him to be a threat . Video games Play media In Armello , anthropomorphic animals battle it out for control of the animal kingdom Sonic the Hedgehog , a game released in 1991 , features a speedy blue hedgehog as the protagonist . This series ' characters are almost all anthropomorphic animals such as foxes , cats , and other hedgehogs who are able to speak and walk on their hind legs like normal humans . As with most anthropomorphisms of animals , clothing is of little or no importance , where some characters may be fully clothed while some wear only shoes and gloves . Another example in video games is Super Mario Bros. , which was released in 1985 . Some of the characters include Yoshi , a dinosaur who is able to talk , run and jump , and Bowser , a `` Koopa '' that is able to perform most human characteristics , with some exceptions , as he can breathe fire . Art History Anthropomorphic pareidolia by Giuseppe Arcimboldo Claes Oldenburg Claes Oldenburg 's soft sculptures are commonly described as anthropomorphic . Depicting common household objects , Oldenburg 's sculptures were considered Pop Art . Reproducing these objects , often at a greater size than the original , Oldenburg created his sculptures out of soft materials . The anthropomorphic qualities of the sculptures were mainly in their sagging and malleable exterior which mirrored the not so idealistic forms of the human body . In `` Soft Light Switches '' Oldenburg creates a household light switch out of vinyl . The two identical switches , in a dulled orange , insinuate nipples . The soft vinyl references the aging process as the sculpture wrinkles and sinks with time . Minimalism In the essay `` Art and Objecthood '' , Michael Fried makes the case that `` Literalist art '' ( Minimalism ) becomes theatrical by means of anthropomorphism . The viewer engages the minimalist work , not as an autonomous art object , but as a theatrical interaction . Fried references a conversation in which Tony Smith answers questions about his `` six - foot cube , Die . '' Q : Why did n't you make it larger so that it would loom over the observer ? A : I was not making a monument . Q : then why did n't you make it smaller so that the observer could see over the top ? A : I was not making an object . Fried implies an anthropomorphic connection by means of `` a surrogate person - that is , a kind of statue . '' The minimalist decision of `` hollowness '' in much of their work , was also considered by Fried , to be `` blatantly anthropomorphic . '' This `` hollowness '' contributes to the idea of a separate inside ; an idea mirrored in the human form . Fried considers the Literalist art 's `` hollowness '' to be `` biomorphic '' as it references a living organism . Post Minimalism Curator Lucy Lippard 's Eccentric Abstraction show , in 1966 , sets up Briony Fer 's writing of a post minimalist anthropomorphism . Reacting to Fried 's interpretation of minimalist art 's `` looming presence of objects which appear as actors might on a stage '' , Fer interprets the artists in Eccentric Abstraction to a new form of anthropomorphism . She puts forth the thoughts of Surrealist writer Roger Caillois , who speaks of the `` spacial lure of the subject , the way in which the subject could inhabit their surroundings . '' Caillous uses the example of an insect who `` through camouflage does so in order to become invisible ... and loses its distinctness . '' For Fer , the anthropomorphic qualities of imitation found in the erotic , organic sculptures of artists Eva Hesse and Louise Bourgeois , are not necessarily for strictly `` mimetic '' purposes . Instead , like the insect , the work must come into being in the `` scopic field ... which we can not view from outside . '' Mascots Fatso the Fat - Arsed Wombat , a popular symbol of the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics created as a parody of the blandly commercial official mascots . Main articles : Mascot and List of mascots For branding , merchandising , and representation , figures known as mascots are now often employed to personify sports teams , corporations , and major events such as the World 's Fair and the Olympics . These personifications may be simple human or animal figures , such as Ronald McDonald or the ass that represents the United States 's Democratic Party . Other times , they are anthropomorphic items , such as `` Clippy '' or the `` Michelin Man '' . Most often , they are anthropomorphic animals such as the Energizer Bunny or the San Diego Chicken . The practice is particularly widespread in Japan , where cities , regions , and companies all have mascots , collectively known as yuru - chara . Two of the most popular are Kumamon ( a bear who represents Kumamoto Prefecture ) and Funassyi ( a pear who represents Funabashi , a suburb of Tokyo ) . Animals This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2016 ) Other examples of anthropomorphism include the attribution of human traits to animals , especially domesticated pets such as dogs and cats . Examples of this include thinking a dog is smiling simply because he is showing his teeth , or a cat is bored because it is not reacting to commands . Anthropomorphism may be beneficial to the welfare of animals . A 2012 study by Butterfield et al. found that utilizing anthropomorphic language when describing dogs created a greater willingness to help them in situations of distress . Previous studies have shown that individuals who attribute human characteristics to animals are less willing to eat them and that the degree to which individuals perceive minds in other animals predicts the moral concern afforded to them . It is possible that anthropomorphism leads humans to like non-humans more when they have apparent human qualities , since perceived similarity has been shown to increase prosocial behavior toward other humans . In Science In science , the use of anthropomorphic language that suggests animals have intentions and emotions has traditionally been deprecated as indicating a lack of objectivity . Biologists have been warned to avoid assumptions that animals share any of the same mental , social , and emotional capacities of humans , and to rely instead on strictly observable evidence . In 1927 Ivan Pavlov wrote that animals should be considered `` without any need to resort to fantastic speculations as to the existence of any possible subjective states '' . More recently , The Oxford companion to animal behaviour ( 1987 ) advised that `` one is well advised to study the behaviour rather than attempting to get at any underlying emotion '' . Some scientists , like William M Wheeler ( writing apologetically of his use of anthropomorphism in 1911 ) , have used anthropomorphic language in metaphor to make subjects more humanly comprehensible or memorable . Despite the impact of Charles Darwin 's ideas in The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals ( Konrad Lorenz in 1965 called him a `` patron saint '' of ethology ) ethology has generally focused on behavior , not on emotion in animals . Though in other ways Darwin was and is the epitome of science , his acceptance of anecdote and anthropomorphism stands out in sharp contrast to the lengths to which later scientists would go to overlook apparent mindedness , selfhood , individuality , and agency : `` Even insects play together , as has been described by that excellent observer , P. Huber , who saw ants chasing and pretending to bite each other , like so many puppies . '' -- Charles Darwin , The Descent of Man The study of great apes in their own environment and in captivity has changed attitudes to anthropomorphism . In the 1960s the three so - called `` Leakey 's Angels '' , Jane Goodall studying chimpanzees , Dian Fossey studying gorillas and Biruté Galdikas studying orangutans , were all accused of `` that worst of ethological sins -- anthropomorphism '' . The charge was brought about by their descriptions of the great apes in the field ; it is now more widely accepted that empathy has an important part to play in research . De Waal has written : `` To endow animals with human emotions has long been a scientific taboo . But if we do not , we risk missing something fundamental , about both animals and us . '' Alongside this has come increasing awareness of the linguistic abilities of the great apes and the recognition that they are tool - makers and have individuality and culture . Writing of cats in 1992 , veterinarian Bruce Fogle points to the fact that `` both humans and cats have identical neurochemicals and regions in the brain responsible for emotion '' as evidence that `` it is not anthropomorphic to credit cats with emotions such as jealousy '' . In computing In science fiction , an artificially - intelligent computer or robot , even though it has not been programmed with human emotions , often spontaneously experiences those emotions anyway : for example , Agent Smith in The Matrix was influenced by a `` disgust '' toward humanity . This is an example of anthropomorphism : in reality , while an artificial intelligence could perhaps be deliberately programmed with human emotions , or could develop something similar to an emotion as a means to an ultimate goal if it is useful to do so , it would not spontaneously develop human emotions for no purpose whatsoever , as portrayed in fiction . One example of anthropomorphism would be to believe that your PC is angry at you because you insulted it ; another would be to believe that an intelligent robot would naturally find a woman sexy and be driven to mate with her . Scholars sometimes disagree with each other about whether a particular prediction about an artificial intelligence 's behavior is logical , or whether the prediction constitutes illogical anthropomorphism . An example that might initially be considered anthropomorphism , but is in fact a logical statement about an artificial intelligence 's behavior , would be the Dario Floreano experiments where certain robots spontaneously evolved a crude capacity for `` deception '' , and tricked other robots into eating `` poison '' and dying : here a trait , `` deception '' , ordinarily associated with people rather than with machines , spontaneously evolves in a type of convergent evolution . The conscious use of anthropomorphic metaphor is not intrinsically unwise ; ascribing mental processes to the computer , under the proper circumstances , may serve the same purpose as it does when we do it to other people : it may help us to understand what the computer will do , how our actions will affect the computer , how to compare computers with ourselves , and conceivably how to design computer programs . However , inappropriate use of anthropomorphic metaphors can result in false beliefs about the behavior of computers , for example by causing people to overestimate how `` flexible '' computers are . According to Paul R. Cohen and Edward Feigenbaum , in order to differentiate between anthropomorphization and logical prediction of AI behavior , `` the trick is to know enough about how humans and computers think to say exactly what they have in common , and , when we lack this knowledge , to use the comparison to suggest theories of human thinking or computer thinking . '' Computers overturn the childhood hierarchical taxonomy of `` stones ( non-living ) → plants ( living ) → animals ( conscious ) → humans ( rational ) '' , by introducing a non-human `` actor '' that appears to regularly behave rationally . Much of computing terminology derives from anthropomorphic metaphors : computers can `` read '' , `` write '' , or `` catch a virus '' . Information technology presents no clear correspondence with any other entities in the world besides humans ; the options are either to leverage a mushy , imprecise human metaphor , or to reject imprecise metaphor and make use of more precise , domain - specific technical terms . People often grant an unnecessary social role to computers during interactions . The underlying causes are debated ; Youngme Moon and Clifford Nass propose that humans are emotionally , intellectually and physiologically biased toward social activity , and so when presented with even tiny social cues , deeply - infused social responses are triggered automatically . The field of `` social computing '' attempts to make computers easier to use by leveraging anthropomorphism as a `` language '' of human - computer interaction . Psychology Foundational research In psychology , the first empirical study of anthropomorphism was conducted in 1944 by Fritz Heider and Marianne Simmel . In the first part of this experiment , the researchers showed a 2 - and - a-half minute long animation of several shapes moving around on the screen in varying directions at various speeds . When subjects were asked to describe what they saw , they gave detailed accounts of the intentions and personalities of the shapes . For instance , the large triangle was characterized as a bully , chasing the other two shapes until they could trick the large triangle and escape . The researchers concluded that when people see objects making motions for which there is no obvious cause , they view these objects as intentional agents . Modern psychologists generally characterize anthropomorphism as a cognitive bias . That is , anthropomorphism is a cognitive process by which people use their schemas about other humans as a basis for inferring the properties of non-human entities in order to make efficient judgements about the environment , even if those inferences are not always accurate . Schemas about humans are used as the basis because this knowledge is acquired early in life , is more detailed than knowledge about non-human entities , and is more readily accessible in memory . Anthropomorphism can also function as a strategy to cope with loneliness when other human connections are not available . Three - factor theory Since making inferences requires cognitive effort , anthropomorphism is likely to be triggered only when certain aspects about a person and their environment are true . Psychologist Adam Waytz and his colleagues created a three - factor theory of anthropomorphism to describe these aspects and predict when people are most likely to anthropomorphize . The three factors are : Elicited agent knowledge , or the amount of prior knowledge held about an object and the extent to which that knowledge is called to mind . Effectance , or the drive to interact with and understand one 's environment . Sociality , the need to establish social connections . When elicited agent knowledge is low and effectance and sociality are high , people are more likely to anthropomorphize . Various dispositional , situational , developmental , and cultural variables can affect these three factors , such as need for cognition , social disconnection , cultural ideologies , uncertainty avoidance , etc . Developmental perspective Children appear to anthropomorphize and use egocentric reasoning from an early age and use it more frequently than adults . Examples of this are describing a storm cloud as `` angry '' or drawing flowers with faces . This penchant for anthropomorphism is likely because children have acquired vast amounts of socialization , but not as much experience with specific non-human entities , so thus they have less developed alternative schemas for their environment . In contrast , autistic children tend to describe anthropomorphized objects in purely mechanical terms because they have difficulties with theory of mind . Effect on Learning Anthropomorphism can be used to assist learning . Specifically , anthropomorphized words and describing scientific concepts with intentionality can improve later recall of these concepts . In mental Health In people with depression , social anxiety , or other mental illnesses , emotional support animals are a useful component of treatment partially because anthropomorphism of these animals can satisfy the patients ' need for social connection . In marketing Anthropomorphism of inanimate objects can affect product buying behavior . When products seem to resemble a human schema , such as the front of a car resembling a face , potential buyers evaluate that product more positively than if they do n't anthropomorphize the object . People also tend to trust robots to do more complex tasks such as driving a car or childcare if the robot resembles humans in ways such as having a face , voice , and name ; mimicking human motions ; expressing emotion ; and displaying some variability in behavior . Image gallery A glass door in the Chatham House Almada tram in smiley livery Pareidolia of a face in a rock Seymore D. Fair 1st - ever World Expo Mascot See also Children 's literature portal Aniconism -- antithetic concept Animism Anthropic principle Anthropocentrism Anthropology Anthropomorphic maps Anthropopathism Funny animal Great Chain of Being Human - animal hybrid Humanoid Moe anthropomorphism National personification Pareidolia -- seeing faces in everyday objects Pathetic fallacy Prosopopoeia Speciesism Talking animals in fiction Zoomorphism Notes Jump up ^ Possibly via Frenchn anthropomorphisme . Jump up ^ Anthropomorphism , among divines , the error of those who ascribe a human figure to the deity . Jump up ^ In the New York Review of Books , Gardner opined that `` I find most convincing Mithen 's claim that human intelligence lies in the capacity to make connections : through using metaphors '' . Jump up ^ Many other translations of this passage have Xenophanes state that the Thracians were `` blond '' . Jump up ^ Moses Maimonides quoted Rabbi Abraham Ben David : `` It is stated in the Torah and books of the prophets that God has no body , as stated ' Since G-d your God is the god ( lit . gods ) in the heavens above and in the earth below '' and a body can not be in both places . And it was said ' Since you have not seen any image ' and it was said ' To who would you compare me , and I would be equal to them ? ' and if he was a body , he would be like the other bodies . '' Jump up ^ The Victoria and Albert Museum wrote : `` Beatrix Potter is still one of the world 's best - selling and best - loved children 's authors . Potter wrote and illustrated a total of 28 books , including the 23 Tales , the ' little books ' that have been translated into more than 35 languages and sold over 100 million copies . '' Jump up ^ 150 million sold , a 2007 estimate of copies of the full story sold , whether published as one volume , three , or some other configuration . Jump up ^ It is estimated that the UK market for children 's books was worth £ 672m in 2004 . Jump up ^ In 1911 , Wheeler wrote : `` The larval insect is , if I may be permitted to lapse for a moment into anthropomorphism , a sluggish , greedy , self - centred creature , while the adult is industrious , abstemious and highly altruistic ... '' Jump up ^ In 1946 , Hebb wrote : `` A thoroughgoing attempt to avoid anthropomorphic description in the study of temperament was made over a two - year period at the Yerkes laboratories . All that resulted was an almost endless series of specific acts in which no order or meaning could be found . On the other hand , by the use of frankly anthropomorphic concepts of emotion and attitude one could quickly and easily describe the peculiarities of individual animals ... Whatever the anthropomorphic terminology may seem to imply about conscious states in chimpanzee , it provides an intelligible and practical guide to behavior . '' References ^ Jump up to : Oxford English Dictionary , 1st ed. `` anthropomorphism , n . '' Oxford University Press ( Oxford ) , 1885 . ^ Jump up to : Hutson , Matthew ( 2012 ) . The 7 Laws of Magical Thinking : How Irrational Beliefs Keep Us Happy , Healthy , and Sane . New York : Hudson Street Press . pp. 165 -- 81 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 55832 - 4 . Jump up ^ Moss , Stephen ( 15 January 2016 ) . `` What you see in this picture says more about you than the kangaroo '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Chambers 's Cyclopædia , Supplement , 1753 Jump up ^ `` Lionheaded Figurine '' . Jump up ^ Dalton ( 1 January 2004 ) . `` Löwenmensch Oldest Statue '' . VNN World . Archived from the original on 25 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Howard ( 9 October 1997 ) , `` Thinking About Thinking '' , New York Review of Books , archived from the original on 29 March 2010 , retrieved 8 May 2010 Jump up ^ `` anthropotheism '' . Ologies & - Isms . The Gale Group , Inc. 2008 . Jump up ^ Fox , James Joseph ( 1907 ) . `` Anthropomorphism '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 1 . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ Chambers , Ephraim , ed. ( 1728 ) . `` Anthropomorphite '' . Cyclopædia , or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences ( first ed . ) . James and John Knapton , et al . Jump up ^ Diels - Kranz , Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker , Xenophanes frr. 15 - 16 . Jump up ^ Clement of Alexandria , Miscellanies V xiv 109.1 -- 3 Jump up ^ Maimonides , Moses , `` Fundamentals of Torah , Ch. 1 , § 8 '' , Book of Science Jump up ^ Fowler , Jeanne D. ( 1997 ) . Hinduism : Beliefs and Practices . Sussex Academic Press . pp. 42 -- 43 . ISBN 1898723605 . Jump up ^ Narayan , M.K.V. ( 2007 ) . Flipside of Hindu Symbolism . Fultus . pp. 84 -- 85 . ISBN 1596821175 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , Stewart E. ( 1995 ) . Faces in the Clouds : A New Theory of Religion . Oxford University Press . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509891 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Philostratus , Flavius ( c. 210 CE ) . The Life of Apollonius , 5.14 . Translated by F.C. Conybeare . the Loeb Classical Library ( 1912 ) Jump up ^ Kwesi Yankah ( 1983 ) . `` The Akan Trickster Cycle : Myth or Folktale ? '' ( PDF ) . Trinidad University of the West Indes . ^ Jump up to : `` The top 50 children 's books '' . The Telegraph . 22 February 2008 . and Sophie Borland ( 22 February 2008 ) . `` Narnia triumphs over Harry Potter '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Beatrix Potter '' , Official website , Victoria and Albert Museum ^ Jump up to : Gamble , Nikki ; Yates , Sally ( 2008 ) . Exploring Children 's Literature . Sage Publications Ltd ; . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 3013 - 0 . Jump up ^ John Grant and John Clute , The Encyclopedia of Fantasy , p 621 , ISBN 0 - 312 - 19869 - 8 Jump up ^ 100 million copies sold : BBC : Tolkien 's memorabilia go on sale . 18 March 2008 Jump up ^ The Toronto Star , 16 April 2007 Jump up ^ Rateliff , John D. ( 2007 ) . The History of the Hobbit : Return to Bag - end . London : HarperCollins . p. 654 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 723555 - 1 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey ( 1979 ) . The Inklings : C.S. Lewis , J.R.R. Tolkien , Charles Williams and Their Friends . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . p. 43 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 27628 - 4 . Jump up ^ Pallardy , Richard ( 14 January 2016 ) . `` Richard Adams '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Chicago , IL : Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Levy , Keren ( 19 December 2013 ) . `` Watership Down by Richard Adams : A tale of courage , loyalty , language '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . 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Discover . pp. 50 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Fogle , Bruce ( 1992 ) . If Your Cat Could Talk . London : Dorling Kindersley . p. 11 . ISBN 9781405319867 . ^ Jump up to : Yudkowsky , Eliezer . `` Artificial intelligence as a positive and negative factor in global risk . '' Global catastrophic risks ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ `` Real - Life Decepticons : Robots Learn to Cheat '' . Wired magazine . 18 August 2009 . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : MARAKAS , GEORGE M. ; JOHNSON , RICHARD D. ; PALMER , JONATHAN W. ( April 2000 ) . `` A theoretical model of differential social attributions toward computing technology : when the metaphor becomes the model '' . International Journal of Human - Computer Studies . 52 ( 4 ) : 719 -- 750 . doi : 10.1006 / ijhc. 1999.0348 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Paul R. , and Edward A. Feigenbaum , eds . The handbook of artificial intelligence . Vol. 3 . Butterworth - Heinemann , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moon , Youngme , and Clifford Nass . `` How ' real ' are computer personalities ? Psychological responses to personality types in human - computer interaction . '' Communication research 23.6 ( 1996 ) : 651 - 674 . Jump up ^ Duffy , Brian R. ( March 2003 ) . `` Anthropomorphism and the social robot '' . Robotics and Autonomous Systems . 42 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 177 -- 190 . doi : 10.1016 / S0921 - 8890 ( 02 ) 00374 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Fritz Heider & Marianne Simmel : An Experimental Study of Apparent Behavior '' . Psychology . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Epley , Nicholas ; Waytz , Adam ; Cacioppo , John T. ( 2007 ) . `` On seeing human : A three - factor theory of anthropomorphism '' . Psychological Review . 114 ( 4 ) : 864 -- 886 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 295x. 114.4. 864 . PMID 17907867 . Jump up ^ Waytz , Adam . Social Connection and Seeing Human - Oxford Handbooks . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordhb / 9780195398700.013. 0023 . Jump up ^ Piaget , Jean ( 1929 ) . The Child 's Conception of the World : A 20th - Century Classic of Child Psychology . New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 16887 - 2 . Jump up ^ Castelli , Fulvia ; Frith , Chris ; Happé , Francesca ; Frith , Uta ( 1 August 2002 ) . `` Autism , Asperger syndrome and brain mechanisms for the attribution of mental states to animated shapes '' . Brain . 125 ( 8 ) : 1839 -- 1849 . doi : 10.1093 / brain / awf189 . ISSN 0006 - 8950 . PMID 12135974 . Jump up ^ Blanchard , Jay ; Mcnincth , George ( 1 November 1984 ) . `` The Effects of Anthropomorphism on Word Learning '' . The Journal of Educational Research . 78 ( 2 ) : 105 -- 110 . doi : 10.1080 / 00220671.1984. 10885582 . ISSN 0022 - 0671 . Jump up ^ Dorion , K. A Learner 's Tactic : How Secondary Students ' Anthropomorphic Language may Support Learning of Abstract Science Concepts . Electronic Journal of Science Education . Vol. 12 , No. 2 . 2011 Retrieved from http://ejse.southwestern.edu . Jump up ^ Cusack , Odean ( 2013 ) . Pets and Mental Health . Binghamton , NY : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 86656 - 652 - X . Jump up ^ Aggarwal , Pankaj ; McGill , Ann L. ( 1 December 2007 ) . `` Is That Car Smiling at Me ? Schema Congruity as a Basis for Evaluating Anthropomorphized Products '' . Journal of Consumer Research . 34 ( 4 ) : 468 -- 479 . doi : 10.1086 / 518544 . ISSN 0093 - 5301 . Jump up ^ Waytz , Adam ; Norton , Michael . `` How to Make Robots Seem Less Creepy '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Waytz , Adam ( 13 May 2014 ) . `` Seeing Human '' . Slate . ISSN 1091 - 2339 . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . Sources Masson , Jeffrey Moussaieff ; McCarthy , Susan ( 1996 ) . When Elephants Weep : Emotional Lives of Animals . Vintage . p. 272 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 947891 - 9 . Further reading Baynes , T.S. , ed. ( 1878 ) . `` Anthropomorphism '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 ( 9th ed . ) . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 123 -- 124 . Mackintosh , Robert ( 1911 ) . `` Anthropomorphism '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 120 . Kennedy , John S. ( 1992 ) . The New Anthropomorphism . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 42267 - 3 . Mithen , Steven ( 1998 ) . The Prehistory Of The Mind : A Search for the Origins of Art , Religion and Science . Phoenix . p. 480 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7538 - 0204 - 5 . External links Find more aboutAnthropomorphismat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity `` Anthropomorphism '' entry in the Encyclopedia of Human - Animal Relationships ( Horowitz A. , 2007 ) `` Anthropomorphism '' entry in the Encyclopedia of Astrobiology , Astronomy , and Spaceflight `` Anthropomorphism '' in mid-century American print advertising . Collection at The Gallery of Graphic Design . 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"Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities.[1] It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology.[2]"
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-2688684480337601721 | Pi | Pi - wikipedia Pi Jump to : navigation , search `` π '' and `` π '' redirect here . For the Greek letter , see Pi ( letter ) . For other uses , see Pi ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series of articles on the mathematical constant π Uses Area of a circle Circumference Use in other formulae Properties Irrationality Transcendence Value Less than 22 / 7 Approximations Memorization People Archimedes Liu Hui Zu Chongzhi Aryabhata Madhava Ludolph van Ceulen Seki Takakazu Takebe Kenko William Jones John Machin William Shanks John Wrench Chudnovsky brothers Yasumasa Kanada History Chronology Book In culture Legislation Holiday Related topics Squaring the circle Basel problem Six nines in π Other topics related to π The number π ( / ˈpaɪ / ) is a mathematical constant . Originally defined as the ratio of a circle 's circumference to its diameter , it now has various equivalent definitions and appears in many formulas in all areas of mathematics and physics . It is approximately equal to 3.14159 . It has been represented by the Greek letter `` π '' since the mid-18th century , though it is also sometimes spelled out as `` pi '' . Being an irrational number , π can not be expressed exactly as a common fraction ( equivalently , its decimal representation never ends and never settles into a permanent repeating pattern ) . Still , fractions such as 22 / 7 and other rational numbers are commonly used to approximate π . The digits appear to be randomly distributed . In particular , the digit sequence of π is conjectured to satisfy a specific kind of statistical randomness , but to date no proof of this has been discovered . Also , π is a transcendental number ; that is , a number that is not the root of any non-zero polynomial having rational coefficients . This transcendence of π implies that it is impossible to solve the ancient challenge of squaring the circle with a compass and straightedge . Ancient civilizations required fairly accurate computed values for π for practical reasons . It was calculated to seven digits , using geometrical techniques , in Chinese mathematics , and to about five digits in Indian mathematics in the 5th century AD . The historically first exact formula for π , based on infinite series , was not available until a millennium later , when in the 14th century the Madhava -- Leibniz series was discovered in Indian mathematics . In the 20th and 21st centuries , mathematicians and computer scientists discovered new approaches that , when combined with increasing computational power , extended the decimal representation of π to many trillions of digits after the decimal point . Practically all scientific applications require no more than a few hundred digits of π , and many substantially fewer , so the primary motivation for these computations is the quest to find more efficient algorithms for calculating lengthy numeric series , as well as the desire to break records . The extensive calculations involved have also been used to test supercomputers and high - precision multiplication algorithms . Because its most elementary definition relates to the circle , π is found in many formulae in trigonometry and geometry , especially those concerning circles , ellipses , and spheres . In more modern mathematical analysis , the number is instead defined using the spectral properties of the real number system , as an eigenvalue or a period , without any reference to geometry . It appears therefore in areas of mathematics and the sciences having little to do with the geometry of circles , such as number theory and statistics , as well as in almost all areas of physics . The ubiquity of π makes it one of the most widely known mathematical constants both inside and outside the scientific community ; several books devoted to it have been published , the number is celebrated on Pi Day , and record - setting calculations of the digits of π often result in news headlines . Attempts to memorize the value of π with increasing precision have led to records of over 70,000 digits . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fundamentals 1.1 Name 1.2 Definition 1.3 Irrationality and normality 1.4 Transcendence 1.5 Continued fractions 1.6 Approximate value 1.7 Complex numbers and Euler 's identity 2 History 2.1 Antiquity 2.2 Polygon approximation era 2.3 Infinite series 2.3. 1 Rate of convergence 2.4 Irrationality and transcendence 2.5 Adoption of the symbol π 3 Modern quest for more digits 3.1 Computer era and iterative algorithms 3.2 Motives for computing π 3.3 Rapidly convergent series 3.4 Monte Carlo methods 3.5 Spigot algorithms 4 Role and characterizations in mathematics 4.1 Geometry and trigonometry 4.2 Eigenvalues 4.3 Inequalities 4.4 Fourier transform and Heisenberg uncertainty principle 4.5 Gaussian integrals 4.6 Projective geometry 4.7 Topology 4.8 Vector calculus 4.9 Cauchy 's integral formula 4.10 The gamma function and Stirling 's approximation 4.11 Number theory and Riemann zeta function 4.12 Fourier series 4.13 Modular forms and theta functions 4.14 Cauchy distribution and potential theory 4.15 Complex dynamics 5 Outside mathematics 5.1 Describing physical phenomena 5.2 Memorizing digits 5.3 In popular culture 5.4 In computer culture 6 Notes 7 Further reading 8 External links Fundamentals Name The symbol used by mathematicians to represent the ratio of a circle 's circumference to its diameter is the lowercase Greek letter π , sometimes spelled out as pi , and derived from the first letter of the Greek word perimetros , meaning circumference . In English , π is pronounced as `` pie '' ( / paɪ / , paɪ ) . In mathematical use , the lowercase letter π ( or π in sans - serif font ) is distinguished from its capitalized and enlarged counterpart ∏ , which denotes a product of a sequence , analogous to how ∑ denotes summation . The choice of the symbol π is discussed in the section Adoption of the symbol π . Definition The circumference of a circle is slightly more than three times as long as its diameter . The exact ratio is called π . π is commonly defined as the ratio of a circle 's circumference C to its diameter d : π = C d ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( \ frac ( C ) ( d ) ) ) The ratio C / d is constant , regardless of the circle 's size . For example , if a circle has twice the diameter of another circle it will also have twice the circumference , preserving the ratio C / d . This definition of π implicitly makes use of flat ( Euclidean ) geometry ; although the notion of a circle can be extended to any curved ( non-Euclidean ) geometry , these new circles will no longer satisfy the formula π = C / d . Here , the circumference of a circle is the arc length around the perimeter of the circle , a quantity which can be formally defined independently of geometry using limits , a concept in calculus . For example , one may compute directly the arc length of the top half of the unit circle given in Cartesian coordinates by x + y = 1 , as the integral : π = ∫ − 1 1 d x 1 − x 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ pi = \ int _ ( - 1 ) ^ ( 1 ) ( \ frac ( dx ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 - x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) . ) An integral such as this was adopted as the definition of π by Karl Weierstrass , who defined it directly as an integral in 1841 . Definitions of π such as these that rely on a notion of circumference , and hence implicitly on concepts of the integral calculus , are no longer common in the literature . Remmert ( 1991 ) explains that this is because in many modern treatments of calculus , differential calculus typically precedes integral calculus in the university curriculum , so it is desirable to have a definition of π that does not rely on the latter . One such definition , due to Richard Baltzer , and popularized by Edmund Landau , is the following : π is twice the smallest positive number at which the cosine function equals 0 . The cosine can be defined independently of geometry as a power series , or as the solution of a differential equation . In a similar spirit , π can be defined instead using properties of the complex exponential , exp ( z ) , of a complex variable z . Like the cosine , the complex exponential can be defined in one of several ways . The set of complex numbers at which exp ( z ) is equal to one is then an ( imaginary ) arithmetic progression of the form : ( ... , − 2 π i , 0 , 2 π i , 4 π i , ... ) = ( 2 π k i ∣ k ∈ Z ) ( \ displaystyle \ ( \ dots , - 2 \ pi i , 0 , 2 \ pi i , 4 \ pi i , \ dots \ ) = \ ( 2 \ pi ki \ mid k \ in \ mathbb ( Z ) \ ) ) and there is a unique positive real number π with this property . A more abstract variation on the same idea , making use of sophisticated mathematical concepts of topology and algebra , is the following theorem : there is a unique ( up to automorphism ) continuous isomorphism from the group R / Z of real numbers under addition modulo integers ( the circle group ) onto the multiplicative group of complex numbers of absolute value one . The number π is then defined as half the magnitude of the derivative of this homomorphism . A circle encloses the largest area that can be attained within a given perimeter . Thus the number π is also characterized as the best constant in the isoperimetric inequality ( times one - fourth ) . There are many other , closely related , ways in which π appears as an eigenvalue of some geometrical or physical process ; see below . Irrationality and normality π is an irrational number , meaning that it can not be written as the ratio of two integers ( fractions such as 22 / 7 are commonly used to approximate π , but no common fraction ( ratio of whole numbers ) can be its exact value ) . Because π is irrational , it has an infinite number of digits in its decimal representation , and it does not settle into an infinitely repeating pattern of digits . There are several proofs that π is irrational ; they generally require calculus and rely on the reductio ad absurdum technique . The degree to which π can be approximated by rational numbers ( called the irrationality measure ) is not precisely known ; estimates have established that the irrationality measure is larger than the measure of e or ln ( 2 ) but smaller than the measure of Liouville numbers . The digits of π have no apparent pattern and have passed tests for statistical randomness , including tests for normality ; a number of infinite length is called normal when all possible sequences of digits ( of any given length ) appear equally often . The conjecture that π is normal has not been proven or disproven . Since the advent of computers , a large number of digits of π have been available on which to perform statistical analysis . Yasumasa Kanada has performed detailed statistical analyses on the decimal digits of π and found them consistent with normality ; for example , the frequencies of the ten digits 0 to 9 were subjected to statistical significance tests , and no evidence of a pattern was found . Any random sequence of digits contains arbitrarily long subsequences that appear non-random , by the infinite monkey theorem . Thus , because the sequence of π 's digits passes statistical tests for randomness , it contains some sequences of digits that may appear non-random , such as a sequence of six consecutive 9s that begins at the 762nd decimal place of the decimal representation of π . This is also called the `` Feynman point '' in mathematical folklore , after Richard Feynman , although no connection to Feynman is known . Transcendence Because π is a transcendental number , squaring the circle is not possible in a finite number of steps using the classical tools of compass and straightedge . In addition to being irrational , more strongly π is a transcendental number , which means that it is not the solution of any non-constant polynomial equation with rational coefficients , such as x / 120 − x / 6 + x = 0 . The transcendence of π has two important consequences : First , π can not be expressed using any finite combination of rational numbers and square roots or n - th roots such as √ 31 or √ 10 . Second , since no transcendental number can be constructed with compass and straightedge , it is not possible to `` square the circle '' . In other words , it is impossible to construct , using compass and straightedge alone , a square whose area is exactly equal to the area of a given circle . Squaring a circle was one of the important geometry problems of the classical antiquity . Amateur mathematicians in modern times have sometimes attempted to square the circle and sometimes claim success despite the fact that it is mathematically impossible . Continued fractions The constant π is represented in this mosaic outside the Mathematics Building at the Technical University of Berlin . Like all irrational numbers , π can not be represented as a common fraction ( also known as a simple or vulgar fraction ) , by the very definition of `` irrational number '' ( that is , `` not a rational number '' ) . But every irrational number , including π , can be represented by an infinite series of nested fractions , called a continued fraction : π = 3 + 1 7 + 1 15 + 1 1 + 1 292 + 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 + ⋱ ( \ displaystyle \ pi = 3 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 1 ) ( 7 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 1 ) ( 15 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 1 ) ( 1 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 1 ) ( 292 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 1 ) ( 1 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 1 ) ( 1 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 1 ) ( 1 + \ ddots ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Truncating the continued fraction at any point yields a rational approximation for π ; the first four of these are 3 , 22 / 7 , 333 / 106 , and 355 / 113 . These numbers are among the most well - known and widely used historical approximations of the constant . Each approximation generated in this way is a best rational approximation ; that is , each is closer to π than any other fraction with the same or a smaller denominator . Because π is known to be transcendental , it is by definition not algebraic and so can not be a quadratic irrational . Therefore , π can not have a periodic continued fraction . Although the simple continued fraction for π ( shown above ) also does not exhibit any other obvious pattern , mathematicians have discovered several generalized continued fractions that do , such as : π = 4 1 + 1 2 2 + 3 2 2 + 5 2 2 + 7 2 2 + 9 2 2 + ⋱ = 3 + 1 2 6 + 3 2 6 + 5 2 6 + 7 2 6 + 9 2 6 + ⋱ = 4 1 + 1 2 3 + 2 2 5 + 3 2 7 + 4 2 9 + ⋱ ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ pi & = \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 4 ) ( 1 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 1 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 3 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 5 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 7 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 9 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 + \ ddots ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) = 3 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 1 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 3 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 5 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 7 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 9 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6 + \ ddots ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) \ \ ( 8pt ) & = \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 4 ) ( 1 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 1 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 3 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 2 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 5 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 3 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 7 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 4 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 9 + \ ddots ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Approximate value Some approximations of pi include : Integers : 3 Fractions : Approximate fractions include ( in order of increasing accuracy ) 22 / 7 , 333 / 106 , 355 / 113 , 52163 / 16604 , 103993 / 33102 , and 245850922 / 78256779 . ( List is selected terms from A063674 and A063673 . ) Decimal : The first 50 decimal digits are 3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288 41971 69399 37510 ... ( see A000796 ) Binary : The base 2 approximation to 48 digits is 11.0010 0100 0011 1111 0110 1010 1000 1000 1000 0101 1010 0011 ... ( see A004601 ) Hexadecimal : The base 16 approximation to 20 digits is 3.243 F6A8885A308D31319 ... ( see A062964 ) Sexagesimal : A base 60 approximation to five sexagesimal digits is 3 ; 8 , 29 , 44 , 0 , 47 ( see A060707 ) Complex numbers and Euler 's identity The association between imaginary powers of the number e and points on the unit circle centered at the origin in the complex plane given by Euler 's formula . Any complex number , say z , can be expressed using a pair of real numbers . In the polar coordinate system , one number ( radius or r ) is used to represent z 's distance from the origin of the complex plane and the other ( angle or φ ) to represent a counter-clockwise rotation from the positive real line as follows : z = r ⋅ ( cos φ + i sin φ ) , ( \ displaystyle z = r \ cdot ( \ cos \ varphi + i \ sin \ varphi ) , ) where i is the imaginary unit satisfying i = − 1 . The frequent appearance of π in complex analysis can be related to the behavior of the exponential function of a complex variable , described by Euler 's formula : e i φ = cos φ + i sin φ , ( \ displaystyle e ^ ( i \ varphi ) = \ cos \ varphi + i \ sin \ varphi , ) where the constant e is the base of the natural logarithm . This formula establishes a correspondence between imaginary powers of e and points on the unit circle centered at the origin of the complex plane . Setting φ = π in Euler 's formula results in Euler 's identity , celebrated by mathematicians because it contains the five most important mathematical constants : e i π + 1 = 0 . ( \ displaystyle e ^ ( i \ pi ) + 1 = 0 . ) There are n different complex numbers z satisfying z = 1 , and these are called the `` n - th roots of unity '' . They are given by this formula : e 2 π i k / n ( k = 0 , 1 , 2 , ... , n − 1 ) . ( \ displaystyle e ^ ( 2 \ pi ik / n ) \ qquad ( k = 0 , 1 , 2 , \ dots , n - 1 ) . ) History Main article : Approximations of π See also : Chronology of computation of π Antiquity The best known approximations to π dating before the Common Era were accurate to two decimal places ; this was improved upon in Chinese mathematics in particular by the mid first millennium , to an accuracy of seven decimal places . After this , no further progress was made until the late medieval period . Some Egyptologists have claimed that the ancient Egyptians used an approximation of π as 22 / 7 from as early as the Old Kingdom . This claim has met with skepticism . The earliest written approximations of π are found in Egypt and Babylon , both within one percent of the true value . In Babylon , a clay tablet dated 1900 -- 1600 BC has a geometrical statement that , by implication , treats π as 25 / 8 = 3.125 . In Egypt , the Rhind Papyrus , dated around 1650 BC but copied from a document dated to 1850 BC , has a formula for the area of a circle that treats π as ( 16 / 9 ) ≈ 3.1605 . Astronomical calculations in the Shatapatha Brahmana ( ca . 4th century BC ) use a fractional approximation of 339 / 108 ≈ 3.139 ( an accuracy of 9 × 10 ) . Other Indian sources by about 150 BC treat π as √ 10 ≈ 3.1622 . Polygon approximation Era π can be estimated by computing the perimeters of circumscribed and inscribed polygons . The first recorded algorithm for rigorously calculating the value of π was a geometrical approach using polygons , devised around 250 BC by the Greek mathematician Archimedes . This polygonal algorithm dominated for over 1,000 years , and as a result π is sometimes referred to as `` Archimedes ' constant '' . Archimedes computed upper and lower bounds of π by drawing a regular hexagon inside and outside a circle , and successively doubling the number of sides until he reached a 96 - sided regular polygon . By calculating the perimeters of these polygons , he proved that 223 / 71 < π < 22 / 7 ( that is 3.1408 < π < 3.1429 ) . Archimedes ' upper bound of 22 / 7 may have led to a widespread popular belief that π is equal to 22 / 7 . Around 150 AD , Greek - Roman scientist Ptolemy , in his Almagest , gave a value for π of 3.1416 , which he may have obtained from Archimedes or from Apollonius of Perga . Mathematicians using polygonal algorithms reached 39 digits of π in 1630 , a record only broken in 1699 when infinite series were used to reach 71 digits . Archimedes developed the polygonal approach to approximating π . In ancient China , values for π included 3.1547 ( around 1 AD ) , √ 10 ( 100 AD , approximately 3.1623 ) , and 142 / 45 ( 3rd century , approximately 3.1556 ) . Around 265 AD , the Wei Kingdom mathematician Liu Hui created a polygon - based iterative algorithm and used it with a 3,072 - sided polygon to obtain a value of π of 3.1416 . Liu later invented a faster method of calculating π and obtained a value of 3.14 with a 96 - sided polygon , by taking advantage of the fact that the differences in area of successive polygons form a geometric series with a factor of 4 . The Chinese mathematician Zu Chongzhi , around 480 AD , calculated that π ≈ 355 / 113 ( a fraction that goes by the name Milü in Chinese ) , using Liu Hui 's algorithm applied to a 12,288 - sided polygon . With a correct value for its seven first decimal digits , this value of 3.141592920 ... remained the most accurate approximation of π available for the next 800 years . The Indian astronomer Aryabhata used a value of 3.1416 in his Āryabhaṭīya ( 499 AD ) . Fibonacci in c. 1220 computed 3.1418 using a polygonal method , independent of Archimedes . Italian author Dante apparently employed the value 3 + √ 2 / 10 ≈ 3.14142 . The Persian astronomer Jamshīd al - Kāshī produced 9 sexagesimal digits , roughly the equivalent of 16 decimal digits , in 1424 using a polygon with 3 × 2 sides , which stood as the world record for about 180 years . French mathematician François Viète in 1579 achieved 9 digits with a polygon of 3 × 2 sides . Flemish mathematician Adriaan van Roomen arrived at 15 decimal places in 1593 . In 1596 , Dutch mathematician Ludolph van Ceulen reached 20 digits , a record he later increased to 35 digits ( as a result , π was called the `` Ludolphian number '' in Germany until the early 20th century ) . Dutch scientist Willebrord Snellius reached 34 digits in 1621 , and Austrian astronomer Christoph Grienberger arrived at 38 digits in 1630 using 10 sides , which remains the most accurate approximation manually achieved using polygonal algorithms . Infinite series Comparison of the convergence of several historical infinite series for π . S is the approximation after taking n terms . Each subsequent subplot magnifies the shaded area horizontally by 10 times . ( click for detail ) The calculation of π was revolutionized by the development of infinite series techniques in the 16th and 17th centuries . An infinite series is the sum of the terms of an infinite sequence . Infinite series allowed mathematicians to compute π with much greater precision than Archimedes and others who used geometrical techniques . Although infinite series were exploited for π most notably by European mathematicians such as James Gregory and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz , the approach was first discovered in India sometime between 1400 and 1500 AD . The first written description of an infinite series that could be used to compute π was laid out in Sanskrit verse by Indian astronomer Nilakantha Somayaji in his Tantrasamgraha , around 1500 AD . The series are presented without proof , but proofs are presented in a later Indian work , Yuktibhāṣā , from around 1530 AD . Nilakantha attributes the series to an earlier Indian mathematician , Madhava of Sangamagrama , who lived c. 1350 -- c. 1425 . Several infinite series are described , including series for sine , tangent , and cosine , which are now referred to as the Madhava series or Gregory -- Leibniz series . Madhava used infinite series to estimate π to 11 digits around 1400 , but that value was improved on around 1430 by the Persian mathematician Jamshīd al - Kāshī , using a polygonal algorithm . Isaac Newton used infinite series to compute π to 15 digits , later writing `` I am ashamed to tell you to how many figures I carried these computations '' . The first infinite sequence discovered in Europe was an infinite product ( rather than an infinite sum , which are more typically used in π calculations ) found by French mathematician François Viète in 1593 : 2 π = 2 2 ⋅ 2 + 2 2 ⋅ 2 + 2 + 2 2 ⋯ ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( \ pi ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 2 + ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 2 + ( \ sqrt ( 2 + ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ cdots ) The second infinite sequence found in Europe , by John Wallis in 1655 , was also an infinite product : π 2 = 2 1 ⋅ 2 3 ⋅ 4 3 ⋅ 4 5 ⋅ 6 5 ⋅ 6 7 ⋅ 8 7 ⋅ 8 9 ⋯ ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 1 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 3 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 6 ) ( 5 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 8 ) ( 7 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 8 ) ( 9 ) ) \ cdots ) The discovery of calculus , by English scientist Isaac Newton and German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in the 1660s , led to the development of many infinite series for approximating π . Newton himself used an arcsin series to compute a 15 digit approximation of π in 1665 or 1666 , later writing `` I am ashamed to tell you to how many figures I carried these computations , having no other business at the time . '' In Europe , Madhava 's formula was rediscovered by Scottish mathematician James Gregory in 1671 , and by Leibniz in 1674 : arctan z = z − z 3 3 + z 5 5 − z 7 7 + ⋯ ( \ displaystyle \ arctan z = z - ( \ frac ( z ^ ( 3 ) ) ( 3 ) ) + ( \ frac ( z ^ ( 5 ) ) ( 5 ) ) - ( \ frac ( z ^ ( 7 ) ) ( 7 ) ) + \ cdots ) This formula , the Gregory -- Leibniz series , equals π / 4 when evaluated with z = 1 . In 1699 , English mathematician Abraham Sharp used the Gregory -- Leibniz series for z = 1 3 ( \ displaystyle z = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ) ) to compute π to 71 digits , breaking the previous record of 39 digits , which was set with a polygonal algorithm . The Gregory -- Leibniz for z = 1 ( \ displaystyle z = 1 ) series is simple , but converges very slowly ( that is , approaches the answer gradually ) , so it is not used in modern π calculations . In 1706 John Machin used the Gregory -- Leibniz series to produce an algorithm that converged much faster : π 4 = 4 arctan 1 5 − arctan 1 239 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) = 4 \ , \ arctan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ) - \ arctan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 239 ) ) ) Machin reached 100 digits of π with this formula . Other mathematicians created variants , now known as Machin - like formulae , that were used to set several successive records for calculating digits of π . Machin - like formulae remained the best - known method for calculating π well into the age of computers , and were used to set records for 250 years , culminating in a 620 - digit approximation in 1946 by Daniel Ferguson -- the best approximation achieved without the aid of a calculating device . A record was set by the calculating prodigy Zacharias Dase , who in 1844 employed a Machin - like formula to calculate 200 decimals of π in his head at the behest of German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss . British mathematician William Shanks famously took 15 years to calculate π to 707 digits , but made a mistake in the 528th digit , rendering all subsequent digits incorrect . Rate of convergence Some infinite series for π converge faster than others . Given the choice of two infinite series for π , mathematicians will generally use the one that converges more rapidly because faster convergence reduces the amount of computation needed to calculate π to any given accuracy . A simple infinite series for π is the Gregory -- Leibniz series : π = 4 1 − 4 3 + 4 5 − 4 7 + 4 9 − 4 11 + 4 13 − ⋯ ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 1 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 3 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 7 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 9 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 11 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 13 ) ) - \ cdots ) As individual terms of this infinite series are added to the sum , the total gradually gets closer to π , and -- with a sufficient number of terms -- can get as close to π as desired . It converges quite slowly , though -- after 500,000 terms , it produces only five correct decimal digits of π . An infinite series for π ( published by Nilakantha in the 15th century ) that converges more rapidly than the Gregory -- Leibniz series is : π = 3 + 4 2 × 3 × 4 − 4 4 × 5 × 6 + 4 6 × 7 × 8 − 4 8 × 9 × 10 + ⋯ ( \ displaystyle \ pi = 3 + ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 2 \ times 3 \ times 4 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 4 \ times 5 \ times 6 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 6 \ times 7 \ times 8 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 8 \ times 9 \ times 10 ) ) + \ cdots ) The following table compares the convergence rates of these two series : Infinite series for π After 1st term After 2nd term After 3rd term After 4th term After 5th term Converges to : π = 4 1 − 4 3 + 4 5 − 4 7 + 4 9 − 4 11 + 4 13 ⋯ . ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 1 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 3 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 7 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 9 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 11 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 13 ) ) \ cdots . ) 4.0000 2.6666 ... 3.4666 ... 2.8952 ... 3.3396 ... π = 3.1415 ... π = 3 + 4 2 × 3 × 4 − 4 4 × 5 × 6 + 4 6 × 7 × 8 ⋯ . ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( 3 ) + ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 2 \ times 3 \ times 4 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 4 \ times 5 \ times 6 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 6 \ times 7 \ times 8 ) ) \ cdots . ) 3.0000 3.1666 ... 3.1333 ... 3.1452 ... 3.1396 ... After five terms , the sum of the Gregory -- Leibniz series is within 0.2 of the correct value of π , whereas the sum of Nilakantha 's series is within 0.002 of the correct value of π . Nilakantha 's series converges faster and is more useful for computing digits of π . Series that converge even faster include Machin 's series and Chudnovsky 's series , the latter producing 14 correct decimal digits per term . Irrationality and transcendence See also : Proof that π is irrational and Proof that π is transcendental Not all mathematical advances relating to π were aimed at increasing the accuracy of approximations . When Euler solved the Basel problem in 1735 , finding the exact value of the sum of the reciprocal squares , he established a connection between π and the prime numbers that later contributed to the development and study of the Riemann zeta function : π 2 6 = 1 1 2 + 1 2 2 + 1 3 2 + 1 4 2 + ⋯ ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ pi ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + \ cdots ) Swiss scientist Johann Heinrich Lambert in 1761 proved that π is irrational , meaning it is not equal to the quotient of any two whole numbers . Lambert 's proof exploited a continued - fraction representation of the tangent function . French mathematician Adrien - Marie Legendre proved in 1794 that π is also irrational . In 1882 , German mathematician Ferdinand von Lindemann proved that π is transcendental , confirming a conjecture made by both Legendre and Euler . Hardy and Wright states that `` the proofs were afterwards modified and simplified by Hilbert , Hurwitz , and other writers '' . Adoption of the symbol π Leonhard Euler popularized the use of the Greek letter π in works he published in 1736 and 1748 . In the earliest usages , the Greek letter π was an abbreviation of the Greek word for periphery ( περιφέρεια ) , and was combined in ratios with δ ( for diameter ) or ρ ( for radius ) to form circle constants . ( Before then , mathematicians sometimes used letters such as c or p instead . ) The first recorded use is Oughtred 's `` δ. π '' , to express the ratio of periphery and diameter in the 1647 and later editions of Clavis Mathematicae . Barrow likewise used `` π δ ( \ textstyle ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( \ delta ) ) ) '' to represent the constant 3.14 ... , while Gregory instead used `` π ρ ( \ textstyle ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( \ rho ) ) ) '' to represent 6.28 ... . The earliest known use of the Greek letter π alone to represent the ratio of a circle 's circumference to its diameter was by Welsh mathematician William Jones in his 1706 work Synopsis Palmariorum Matheseos ; or , a New Introduction to the Mathematics . The Greek letter first appears there in the phrase `` 1 / 2 Periphery ( π ) '' in the discussion of a circle with radius one . However , he writes that his equations for π are from the `` ready pen of the truly ingenious Mr. John Machin '' , leading to speculation that Machin may have employed the Greek letter before Jones . Jones ' notation was not immediately adopted by other mathematicians , with the fraction notation still being used as late as 1767 . Euler started using the single - letter form beginning with his 1727 Essay Explaining The Properties Of Air , though he used π = 6.28 ... , the ratio of radius to periphery , in this and some later writing . Euler first used π = 3.14 ... in his 1736 work Mechanica , and continued in his widely - read 1748 work Introductio in analysin infinitorum ( he wrote : `` for the sake of brevity we will write this number as π ; thus π is equal to half the circumference of a circle of radius 1 '' ) . Because Euler corresponded heavily with other mathematicians in Europe , the use of the Greek letter spread rapidly , and the practice was universally adopted thereafter in the Western world . Modern quest for more digits Computer Era and iterative algorithms John von Neumann was part of the team that first used a digital computer , ENIAC , to compute π . The Gauss -- Legendre iterative algorithm : Initialize a 0 = 1 b 0 = 1 2 t 0 = 1 4 p 0 = 1 ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle a_ ( 0 ) = 1 \ quad b_ ( 0 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) \ quad t_ ( 0 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) \ quad p_ ( 0 ) = 1 ) Iterate a n + 1 = a n + b n 2 b n + 1 = a n b n ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle a_ ( n + 1 ) = ( \ frac ( a_ ( n ) + b_ ( n ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ quad \ quad b_ ( n + 1 ) = ( \ sqrt ( a_ ( n ) b_ ( n ) ) ) ) t n + 1 = t n − p n ( a n − a n + 1 ) 2 p n + 1 = 2 p n ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle t_ ( n + 1 ) = t_ ( n ) - p_ ( n ) ( a_ ( n ) - a_ ( n + 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \ quad \ quad p_ ( n + 1 ) = 2p_ ( n ) ) Then an estimate for π is given by π ≈ ( a n + b n ) 2 4 t n ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ pi \ approx ( \ frac ( ( a_ ( n ) + b_ ( n ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4t_ ( n ) ) ) ) The development of computers in the mid-20th century again revolutionized the hunt for digits of π . American mathematicians John Wrench and Levi Smith reached 1,120 digits in 1949 using a desk calculator . Using an inverse tangent ( arctan ) infinite series , a team led by George Reitwiesner and John von Neumann that same year achieved 2,037 digits with a calculation that took 70 hours of computer time on the ENIAC computer . The record , always relying on an arctan series , was broken repeatedly ( 7,480 digits in 1957 ; 10,000 digits in 1958 ; 100,000 digits in 1961 ) until 1 million digits were reached in 1973 . Two additional developments around 1980 once again accelerated the ability to compute π . First , the discovery of new iterative algorithms for computing π , which were much faster than the infinite series ; and second , the invention of fast multiplication algorithms that could multiply large numbers very rapidly . Such algorithms are particularly important in modern π computations , because most of the computer 's time is devoted to multiplication . They include the Karatsuba algorithm , Toom -- Cook multiplication , and Fourier transform - based methods . The iterative algorithms were independently published in 1975 -- 1976 by American physicist Eugene Salamin and Australian scientist Richard Brent . These avoid reliance on infinite series . An iterative algorithm repeats a specific calculation , each iteration using the outputs from prior steps as its inputs , and produces a result in each step that converges to the desired value . The approach was actually invented over 160 years earlier by Carl Friedrich Gauss , in what is now termed the arithmetic -- geometric mean method ( AGM method ) or Gauss -- Legendre algorithm . As modified by Salamin and Brent , it is also referred to as the Brent -- Salamin algorithm . The iterative algorithms were widely used after 1980 because they are faster than infinite series algorithms : whereas infinite series typically increase the number of correct digits additively in successive terms , iterative algorithms generally multiply the number of correct digits at each step . For example , the Brent - Salamin algorithm doubles the number of digits in each iteration . In 1984 , the Canadian brothers John and Peter Borwein produced an iterative algorithm that quadruples the number of digits in each step ; and in 1987 , one that increases the number of digits five times in each step . Iterative methods were used by Japanese mathematician Yasumasa Kanada to set several records for computing π between 1995 and 2002 . This rapid convergence comes at a price : the iterative algorithms require significantly more memory than infinite series . Motives for computing π As mathematicians discovered new algorithms , and computers became available , the number of known decimal digits of π increased dramatically . Note that the vertical scale is logarithmic . For most numerical calculations involving π , a handful of digits provide sufficient precision . According to Jörg Arndt and Christoph Haenel , thirty - nine digits are sufficient to perform most cosmological calculations , because that is the accuracy necessary to calculate the circumference of the observable universe with a precision of one atom . Despite this , people have worked strenuously to compute π to thousands and millions of digits . This effort may be partly ascribed to the human compulsion to break records , and such achievements with π often make headlines around the world . They also have practical benefits , such as testing supercomputers , testing numerical analysis algorithms ( including high - precision multiplication algorithms ) ; and within pure mathematics itself , providing data for evaluating the randomness of the digits of π . Rapidly convergent series Srinivasa Ramanujan , working in isolation in India , produced many innovative series for computing π . Modern π calculators do not use iterative algorithms exclusively . New infinite series were discovered in the 1980s and 1990s that are as fast as iterative algorithms , yet are simpler and less memory intensive . The fast iterative algorithms were anticipated in 1914 , when the Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan published dozens of innovative new formulae for π , remarkable for their elegance , mathematical depth , and rapid convergence . One of his formulae , based on modular equations , is 1 π = 2 2 9801 ∑ k = 0 ∞ ( 4 k ) ! ( 1103 + 26390 k ) k ! 4 ( 396 4 k ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ pi ) ) = ( \ frac ( 2 ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) ( 9801 ) ) \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( ( 4k ) ! ( 1103 + 26390k ) ) ( k ! ^ ( 4 ) ( 396 ^ ( 4k ) ) ) ) . ) This series converges much more rapidly than most arctan series , including Machin 's formula . Bill Gosper was the first to use it for advances in the calculation of π , setting a record of 17 million digits in 1985 . Ramanujan 's formulae anticipated the modern algorithms developed by the Borwein brothers and the Chudnovsky brothers . The Chudnovsky formula developed in 1987 is 1 π = 12 640320 3 / 2 ∑ k = 0 ∞ ( 6 k ) ! ( 13591409 + 545140134 k ) ( 3 k ) ! ( k ! ) 3 ( − 640320 ) 3 k . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ pi ) ) = ( \ frac ( 12 ) ( 640320 ^ ( 3 / 2 ) ) ) \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( ( 6k ) ! ( 13591409 + 545140134k ) ) ( ( 3k ) ! ( k ! ) ^ ( 3 ) ( - 640320 ) ^ ( 3k ) ) ) . ) It produces about 14 digits of π per term , and has been used for several record - setting π calculations , including the first to surpass 1 billion ( 10 ) digits in 1989 by the Chudnovsky brothers , 2.7 trillion ( 2.7 × 10 ) digits by Fabrice Bellard in 2009 , and 10 trillion ( 10 ) digits in 2011 by Alexander Yee and Shigeru Kondo . For similar formulas , see also the Ramanujan -- Sato series . In 2006 , Canadian mathematician Simon Plouffe used the PSLQ integer relation algorithm to generate several new formulas for π , conforming to the following template : π k = ∑ n = 1 ∞ 1 n k ( a q n − 1 + b q 2 n − 1 + c q 4 n − 1 ) , ( \ displaystyle \ pi ^ ( k ) = \ sum _ ( n = 1 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( n ^ ( k ) ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( a ) ( q ^ ( n ) - 1 ) ) + ( \ frac ( b ) ( q ^ ( 2n ) - 1 ) ) + ( \ frac ( c ) ( q ^ ( 4n ) - 1 ) ) \ right ) , ) where q is e ( Gelfond 's constant ) , k is an odd number , and a , b , c are certain rational numbers that Plouffe computed . Monte Carlo methods Buffon 's needle . Needles a and b are dropped randomly . Random dots are placed on the quadrant of a square with a circle inscribed in it . Monte Carlo methods , based on random trials , can be used to approximate π . Monte Carlo methods , which evaluate the results of multiple random trials , can be used to create approximations of π . Buffon 's needle is one such technique : If a needle of length l is dropped n times on a surface on which parallel lines are drawn t units apart , and if x of those times it comes to rest crossing a line ( x > 0 ) , then one may approximate π based on the counts : π ≈ 2 n l x t ( \ displaystyle \ pi \ approx ( \ frac ( 2n \ ell ) ( xt ) ) ) Another Monte Carlo method for computing π is to draw a circle inscribed in a square , and randomly place dots in the square . The ratio of dots inside the circle to the total number of dots will approximately equal π / 4 . Five random walks with 200 steps . The sample mean of W is μ = 56 / 5 , and so 2 ( 200 ) μ ≈ 3.19 is within 0.05 of π Another way to calculate π using probability is to start with a random walk , generated by a sequence of ( fair ) coin tosses : independent random variables X such that X ∈ ( − 1 , 1 ) with equal probabilities . The associated random walk is W n = ∑ k = 1 n X k ( \ displaystyle W_ ( n ) = \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( n ) X_ ( k ) ) so that , for each n , W is drawn from a standard binomial distribution . As n varies W defines a ( discrete ) stochastic process . Then π can be calculated by π = lim n → ∞ 2 n E ( W n ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ pi = \ lim _ ( n \ to \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 2n ) ( E ( W_ ( n ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) This Monte Carlo method is independent of any relation to circles , and is a consequence of the central limit theorem , discussed above . These Monte Carlo methods for approximating π are very slow compared to other methods , and do not provide any information on the exact number of digits that are obtained . Thus they are never used to approximate π when speed or accuracy is desired . Spigot algorithms Two algorithms were discovered in 1995 that opened up new avenues of research into π . They are called spigot algorithms because , like water dripping from a spigot , they produce single digits of π that are not reused after they are calculated . This is in contrast to infinite series or iterative algorithms , which retain and use all intermediate digits until the final result is produced . American mathematicians Stan Wagon and Stanley Rabinowitz produced a simple spigot algorithm in 1995 . Its speed is comparable to arctan algorithms , but not as fast as iterative algorithms . Another spigot algorithm , the BBP digit extraction algorithm , was discovered in 1995 by Simon Plouffe : π = ∑ k = 0 ∞ 1 16 k ( 4 8 k + 1 − 2 8 k + 4 − 1 8 k + 5 − 1 8 k + 6 ) ( \ displaystyle \ pi = \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 16 ^ ( k ) ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 8k + 1 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 8k + 4 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 8k + 5 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 8k + 6 ) ) \ right ) ) This formula , unlike others before it , can produce any individual hexadecimal digit of π without calculating all the preceding digits . Individual binary digits may be extracted from individual hexadecimal digits , and octal digits can be extracted from one or two hexadecimal digits . Variations of the algorithm have been discovered , but no digit extraction algorithm has yet been found that rapidly produces decimal digits . An important application of digit extraction algorithms is to validate new claims of record π computations : After a new record is claimed , the decimal result is converted to hexadecimal , and then a digit extraction algorithm is used to calculate several random hexadecimal digits near the end ; if they match , this provides a measure of confidence that the entire computation is correct . Between 1998 and 2000 , the distributed computing project PiHex used Bellard 's formula ( a modification of the BBP algorithm ) to compute the quadrillionth ( 10 th ) bit of π , which turned out to be 0 . In September 2010 , a Yahoo ! employee used the company 's Hadoop application on one thousand computers over a 23 - day period to compute 256 bits of π at the two - quadrillionth ( 2 × 10 th ) bit , which also happens to be zero . Role and characterizations in mathematics Because π is closely related to the circle , it is found in many formulae from the fields of geometry and trigonometry , particularly those concerning circles , spheres , or ellipses . Other branches of science , such as statistics , physics , Fourier analysis , and number theory , also include π in some of their important formulae . Geometry and trigonometry The area of the circle equals π times the shaded area . π appears in formulae for areas and volumes of geometrical shapes based on circles , such as ellipses , spheres , cones , and tori . Below are some of the more common formulae that involve π . The circumference of a circle with radius r is 2πr . The area of a circle with radius r is πr . The volume of a sphere with radius r is 4 / 3πr . The surface area of a sphere with radius r is 4πr . The formulae above are special cases of the volume of the n - dimensional ball and the surface area of its boundary , the ( n − 1 ) - dimensional sphere , given below . Definite integrals that describe circumference , area , or volume of shapes generated by circles typically have values that involve π . For example , an integral that specifies half the area of a circle of radius one is given by : ∫ − 1 1 1 − x 2 d x = π 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( - 1 ) ^ ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 - x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ , dx = ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) . ) In that integral the function √ 1 − x represents the top half of a circle ( the square root is a consequence of the Pythagorean theorem ) , and the integral ∫ 1 − 1 computes the area between that half of a circle and the x axis . Sine and cosine functions repeat with period 2π . The trigonometric functions rely on angles , and mathematicians generally use radians as units of measurement . π plays an important role in angles measured in radians , which are defined so that a complete circle spans an angle of 2π radians . The angle measure of 180 ° is equal to π radians , and 1 ° = π / 180 radians . Common trigonometric functions have periods that are multiples of π ; for example , sine and cosine have period 2π , so for any angle θ and any integer k , sin θ = sin ( θ + 2 π k ) and cos θ = cos ( θ + 2 π k ) . ( \ displaystyle \ sin \ theta = \ sin \ left ( \ theta + 2 \ pi k \ right ) ( \ text ( and ) ) \ cos \ theta = \ cos \ left ( \ theta + 2 \ pi k \ right ) . ) Eigenvalues The overtones of a vibrating string are eigenfunctions of the second derivative , and form a harmonic progression . The associated eigenvalues form the arithmetic progression of integer multiples of π . Many of the appearances of π in the formulas of mathematics and the sciences have to do with its close relationship with geometry . However , π also appears in many natural situations having apparently nothing to do with geometry . In many applications it plays a distinguished role as an eigenvalue . For example , an idealized vibrating string can be modelled as the graph of a function f on the unit interval ( 0 , 1 ) , with fixed ends f ( 0 ) = f ( 1 ) = 0 . The modes of vibration of the string are solutions of the differential equation f `` ( x ) + λ f ( x ) = 0 . Here λ is an associated eigenvalue , which is constrained by Sturm -- Liouville theory to take on only certain specific values . It must be positive , since the second derivative is negative definite , so it is convenient to write λ = ν where ν > 0 is called the wavenumber . Then f ( x ) = sin ( π x ) satisfies the boundary conditions and the differential equation with ν = π . The value π is in fact the least such value of the wavenumber , and is associated with the fundamental mode of vibration of the string . One way to obtain this is by estimating the energy . The energy satisfies an inequality , Wirtinger 's inequality for functions , which states that if a function f : ( 0 , 1 ) → C is given such that f ( 0 ) = f ( 1 ) = 0 and f and f ' are both square integrable , then the inequality holds : π 2 ∫ 0 1 f ( x ) 2 d x ≤ ∫ 0 1 f ′ ( x ) 2 d x , ( \ displaystyle \ pi ^ ( 2 ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 1 ) f ( x ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , dx \ leq \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 1 ) f ' ( x ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , dx , ) and the case of equality holds precisely when f is a multiple of sin ( π x ) . So π appears as an optimal constant in Wirtinger 's inequality , and from this it follows that it is the smallest such wavenumber , using the variational characterization of the eigenvalue . As a consequence , π is the smallest singular value of the derivative on the space of functions on ( 0 , 1 ) vanishing at both endpoints ( the Sobolev space H 0 1 ( 0 , 1 ) ( \ displaystyle H_ ( 0 ) ^ ( 1 ) ( 0 , 1 ) ) ) . Inequalities The ancient city of Carthage was the solution to an isoperimetric problem , according to a legend recounted by Lord Kelvin ( Thompson 1894 ) : those lands bordering the sea that Queen Dido could enclose on all other sides within a single given oxhide , cut into strips . The number π serves appears in similar eigenvalue problems in higher - dimensional analysis . As mentioned above , it can be characterized via its role as the best constant in the isoperimetric inequality : the area A enclosed by a plane Jordan curve of perimeter P satisfies the inequality 4 π A ≤ P 2 , ( \ displaystyle 4 \ pi A \ leq P ^ ( 2 ) , ) and equality is clearly achieved for the circle , since in that case A = πr and P = 2πr . Ultimately as a consequence of the isoperimetric inequality , π appears in the optimal constant for the critical Sobolev inequality in n dimensions , which thus characterizes the role of π in many physical phenomena as well , for example those of classical potential theory . In two dimensions , the critical Sobolev inequality is 2 π ∥ f ∥ 2 ≤ ∥ ∇ f ∥ 1 ( \ displaystyle 2 \ pi \ f \ _ ( 2 ) \ leq \ \ nabla f \ _ ( 1 ) ) for f a smooth function with compact support in R , ∇ f ( \ displaystyle \ nabla f ) is the gradient of f , and ∥ f ∥ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ f \ _ ( 2 ) ) and ∥ ∇ f ∥ 1 ( \ displaystyle \ \ nabla f \ _ ( 1 ) ) refer respectively to the L and L - norm . The Sobolev inequality is equivalent to the isoperimetric inequality ( in any dimension ) , with the same best constants . Wirtinger 's inequality also generalizes to higher - dimensional Poincaré inequalities that provide best constants for the Dirichlet energy of an n - dimensional membrane . Specifically , π is the greatest constant such that π ≤ ( ∫ G ∇ u 2 ) 1 / 2 ( ∫ G u 2 ) 1 / 2 ( \ displaystyle \ pi \ leq ( \ frac ( \ left ( \ int _ ( G ) \ nabla u ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ^ ( 1 / 2 ) ) ( \ left ( \ int _ ( G ) u ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ^ ( 1 / 2 ) ) ) ) for all convex subsets G of R of diameter 1 , and square - integrable functions u on G of mean zero . Just as Wirtinger 's inequality is the variational form of the Dirichlet eigenvalue problem in one dimension , the Poincaré inequality is the variational form of the Neumann eigenvalue problem , in any dimension . Fourier transform and Heisenberg uncertainty principle An animation of a geodesic in the Heisenberg group , showing the close connection between the Heisenberg group , isoperimetry , and the constant π . The cumulative height of the geodesic is equal to the area of the shaded portion of the unit circle , while the arc length ( in the Carnot -- Carathéodory metric ) is equal to the circumference . The constant π also appears as a critical spectral parameter in the Fourier transform . This is the integral transform , that takes a complex - valued integrable function f on the real line to the function defined as : f ^ ( ξ ) = ∫ − ∞ ∞ f ( x ) e − 2 π i x ξ d x . ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( f ) ) ( \ xi ) = \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) f ( x ) e ^ ( - 2 \ pi ix \ xi ) \ , dx . ) There are several different conventions for the Fourier transform , all of which involve a factor of π that is placed somewhere . The appearance of π is essential in these formulas , as there is there is no possibility to remove π altogether from the Fourier transform and its inverse transform . The definition given above is the most canonical however , because it describes the unique unitary operator on L that is also an algebra homomorphism of L to L . The Heisenberg uncertainty principle also contains the number π . The uncertainty principle gives a sharp lower bound on the extent to which it is possible to localize a function both in space and in frequency : with our conventions for the Fourier transform , ∫ − ∞ ∞ x 2 f ( x ) 2 d x ∫ − ∞ ∞ ξ 2 f ^ ( ξ ) 2 d ξ ≥ ( 1 4 π ∫ − ∞ ∞ f ( x ) 2 d x ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) x ^ ( 2 ) f ( x ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , dx \ \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) \ xi ^ ( 2 ) ( \ hat ( f ) ) ( \ xi ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , d \ xi \ geq \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 \ pi ) ) \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) f ( x ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , dx \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) . ) The physical consequence , about the uncertainty in simultaneous position and momentum observations of a quantum mechanical system , is discussed below . The appearance of π in the formulae of Fourier analysis is ultimately a consequence of the Stone -- von Neumann theorem , asserting the uniqueness of the Schrödinger representation of the Heisenberg group . Gaussian integrals A graph of the Gaussian function ƒ ( x ) = e . The colored region between the function and the x-axis has area √ π . The fields of probability and statistics frequently use the normal distribution as a simple model for complex phenomena ; for example , scientists generally assume that the observational error in most experiments follows a normal distribution . The Gaussian function , which is the probability density function of the normal distribution with mean μ and standard deviation σ , naturally contains π : f ( x ) = 1 σ 2 π e − ( x − μ ) 2 / ( 2 σ 2 ) ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = ( 1 \ over \ sigma ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) ) \ , e ^ ( - ( x - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) / ( 2 \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) For this to be a probability density , the area under the graph of f needs to be equal to one . This follows from a change of variables in the Gaussian integral : ∫ − ∞ ∞ e − u 2 d u = π ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) e ^ ( - u ^ ( 2 ) ) \ , du = ( \ sqrt ( \ pi ) ) ) which says that the area under the basic bell curve in the figure is equal to the square root of π . π can be computed from the distribution of zeros of a one - dimensional Wiener process The central limit theorem explains the central role of normal distributions , and thus of π , in probability and statistics . This theorem is ultimately connected with the spectral characterization of π as the eigenvalue associated with the Heisenberg uncertainty principle , and the fact that equality holds in the uncertainty principle only for the Gaussian function . Equivalently , π is the unique constant making the Gaussian normal distribution e equal to its own Fourier transform . Indeed , according to Howe ( 1980 ) , the `` whole business '' of establishing the fundamental theorems of Fourier analysis reduces to the Gaussian integral . Projective geometry Let V be the set of all twice differentiable real functions f : R → R ( \ displaystyle f : \ mathbb ( R ) \ to \ mathbb ( R ) ) that satisfy the ordinary differential equation f '' ( x ) + f ( x ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle f ' ' ( x ) + f ( x ) = 0 ) . Then V is a two - dimensional real vector space , with two parameters corresponding to a pair of initial conditions for the differential equation . For any t ∈ R ( \ displaystyle t \ in \ mathbb ( R ) ) , let e t : V → R ( \ displaystyle e_ ( t ) : V \ to \ mathbb ( R ) ) be the evaluation functional , which associates to each f ∈ V ( \ displaystyle f \ in V ) the value e t ( f ) = f ( t ) ( \ displaystyle e_ ( t ) ( f ) = f ( t ) ) of the function f at the real point t . Then , for each t , the kernel of e t ( \ displaystyle e_ ( t ) ) is a one - dimensional linear subspace of V. Hence t ↦ ker e t ( \ displaystyle t \ mapsto \ ker e_ ( t ) ) defines a function from R → P ( V ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( R ) \ to \ mathbb ( P ) ( V ) ) from the real line to the real projective line . This function is periodic , and the quantity π can be characterized as the period of this map . Topology Uniformization of the Klein quartic , a surface of genus three and Euler characteristic − 4 , as a quotient of the hyperbolic plane by the symmetry group PSL ( 2 , 7 ) of the Fano plane . The hyperbolic area of a fundamental domain is 8π , by Gauss -- Bonnet . The constant π appears in the Gauss -- Bonnet formula which relates the differential geometry of surfaces to their topology . Specifically , if a compact surface Σ has Gauss curvature K , then ∫ Σ K d A = 2 π χ ( Σ ) ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( \ Sigma ) K \ , dA = 2 \ pi \ chi ( \ Sigma ) ) where χ ( Σ ) is the Euler characteristic , which is an integer . An example is the surface area of a sphere S of curvature 1 ( so that its radius of curvature , which coincides with its radius , is also 1 . ) The Euler characteristic of a sphere can be computed from its homology groups , and is found to be equal to two . Thus we have A ( S ) = ∫ S 1 d A = 2 π ⋅ 2 = 4 π ( \ displaystyle A ( S ) = \ int _ ( S ) 1 \ , dA = 2 \ pi \ cdot 2 = 4 \ pi ) reproducing the formula for the surface area of a sphere of radius 1 . The constant appears in many other integral formulae in topology , in particular those involving characteristic classes via the Chern -- Weil homomorphism . Vector calculus The techniques of vector calculus can be understood in terms of decompositions into spherical harmonics ( shown ) Vector calculus is a branch of calculus that is concerned with the properties of vector fields , and has many physical applications such as to electricity and magnetism . The Newtonian potential for a point source Q situated at the origin of a three dimensional Cartesian coordinate system is V ( x ) = − k Q x ( \ displaystyle V ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) = - ( \ frac ( kQ ) ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) ) which represents the potential energy of a unit mass ( or charge ) placed a distance x from the source , and k is a dimensional constant . The field , denoted here by E , which may be the ( Newtonian ) gravitational field or the ( Coulomb ) electric field , is the negative gradient of the potential : E = − ∇ V . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( E ) = - \ nabla V . ) Special cases include Coulomb 's law and Newton 's law of universal gravitation . Gauss ' law states that the outward flux of the field through any smooth , simple , closed , orientable surface S containing the origin is equal to 4πkQ : 4 π k Q = ( \ displaystyle 4 \ pi kQ = ) S ( \ displaystyle ( \ scriptstyle S ) ) E ⋅ d A ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( E ) \ cdot d \ mathbf ( A ) ) It is standard to absorb this factor of 4π into the constant k , but this argument shows why it must appear somewhere . Furthermore , 4π is the surface area of the unit sphere , but we have not assumed that S is the sphere . However , as a consequence of the divergence theorem , because the region away from the origin is vacuum ( source - free ) it is only the homology class of the surface S in R \ ( 0 ) that matters in computing the integral , so it can be replaced by any convenient surface in the same homology class , in particular a sphere , where spherical coordinates can be used to calculate the integral . A consequence of the Gauss law is that the negative Laplacian of the potential V is equal to 4πkQ times the Dirac delta function : Δ V ( x ) = − 4 π k Q δ ( x ) . ( \ displaystyle \ Delta V ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) = - 4 \ pi kQ \ delta ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) . ) More general distributions of matter ( or charge ) are obtained from this by convolution , giving the Poisson equation Δ V ( x ) = − 4 π k ρ ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ Delta V ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) = - 4 \ pi k \ rho ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) where ρ is the distribution function . Einstein 's equation states that the curvature of space - time is produced by the matter - energy content . The constant π also plays an analogous role in four - dimensional potentials associated with Einstein 's equations , a fundamental formula which forms the basis of the general theory of relativity and describes the fundamental interaction of gravitation as a result of spacetime being curved by matter and energy : R μ ν − 1 2 R g μ ν + Λ g μ ν = 8 π G c 4 T μ ν , ( \ displaystyle R_ ( \ mu \ nu ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) Rg_ ( \ mu \ nu ) + \ Lambda g_ ( \ mu \ nu ) = ( \ frac ( 8 \ pi G ) ( c ^ ( 4 ) ) ) T_ ( \ mu \ nu ) , ) where R is the Ricci curvature tensor , R is the scalar curvature , g is the metric tensor , Λ is the cosmological constant , G is Newton 's gravitational constant , c is the speed of light in vacuum , and T is the stress -- energy tensor . The left - hand side of Einstein 's equation is a non-linear analog of the Laplacian of the metric tensor , and reduces to that in the weak field limit , with the Λ g ( \ displaystyle \ Lambda g ) term playing the role of a Lagrange multiplier , and the right hand side is the analog of the distribution function , times 8π . Cauchy 's integral formula Complex analytic functions can be visualized as a collection of streamlines and equipotentials , systems of curves intersecting at right angles . Here illustrated is the complex logarithm of the Gamma function . One of the key tools in complex analysis is contour integration of a function over a positively oriented ( rectifiable ) Jordan curve γ . A form of Cauchy 's integral formula states that if a point z is interior to γ , then ∮ γ d z z − z 0 = 2 π i . ( \ displaystyle \ oint _ ( \ gamma ) ( \ frac ( dz ) ( z - z_ ( 0 ) ) ) = 2 \ pi i . ) Although the curve γ is not a circle , and hence does not have any obvious connection to the constant π , a standard proof of this result uses Morera 's theorem , which implies that the integral is invariant under homotopy of the curve , so that it can be deformed to a circle and then integrated explicitly in polar coordinates . More generally , it is true that if a rectifiable closed curve γ does not contain z , then the above integral is 2πi times the winding number of the curve . The general form of Cauchy 's integral formula establishes the relationship between the values of a complex analytic function f ( z ) on the Jordan curve γ and the value of f ( z ) at any interior point z of γ : ∮ γ f ( z ) z − z 0 d z = 2 π i f ( z 0 ) ( \ displaystyle \ oint _ ( \ gamma ) ( f ( z ) \ over z - z_ ( 0 ) ) \ , dz = 2 \ pi if ( z_ ( 0 ) ) ) provided f ( z ) is analytic in the region enclosed by γ and extends continuously to γ . Cauchy 's integral formula is a special case of the residue theorem , that if g ( z ) is a meromorphic function the region enclosed by γ and is continuous in a neighborhood of γ , then ∮ γ g ( z ) d z = 2 π i ∑ Res ( g , a k ) ( \ displaystyle \ oint _ ( \ gamma ) g ( z ) \ , dz = 2 \ pi i \ sum \ operatorname ( Res ) ( g , a_ ( k ) ) ) where the sum is of the residues at the poles of g ( z ) . The gamma function and Stirling 's approximation The Hopf fibration of the 3 - sphere , by Villarceau circles , over the complex projective line with its Fubini -- Study metric ( three parallels are shown ) . The identity S ( 1 ) / S ( 1 ) = π / 2 is a consequence . The factorial function n ! is the product of all of the positive integers through n . The gamma function extends the concept of factorial ( normally defined only for non-negative integers ) to all complex numbers , except the negative real integers . When the gamma function is evaluated at half - integers , the result contains π ; for example Γ ( 1 / 2 ) = π ( \ displaystyle \ Gamma ( 1 / 2 ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ pi ) ) ) and Γ ( 5 / 2 ) = 3 π 4 ( \ displaystyle \ Gamma ( 5 / 2 ) = ( \ frac ( 3 ( \ sqrt ( \ pi ) ) ) ( 4 ) ) ) . The gamma function is defined by its Weierstrass product development : Γ ( z ) = e − γ z ∏ n = 1 ∞ e z / n 1 + z / n ( \ displaystyle \ Gamma ( z ) = e ^ ( - \ gamma z ) \ prod _ ( n = 1 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( e ^ ( z / n ) ) ( 1 + z / n ) ) ) where γ is the Euler -- Mascheroni constant . Evaluated at z = 1 / 2 and squared , the equation Γ ( 1 / 2 ) = π reduces to the Wallis product formula . The gamma function is also connected to the Riemann zeta function and identities for the functional determinant , in which the constant π plays an important role . The gamma function is used to calculate the volume V ( r ) of the n - dimensional ball of radius r in Euclidean n - dimensional space , and the surface area S ( r ) of its boundary , the ( n − 1 ) - dimensional sphere : V n ( r ) = π n / 2 Γ ( n 2 + 1 ) r n ( \ displaystyle V_ ( n ) ( r ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi ^ ( n / 2 ) ) ( \ Gamma ( ( \ frac ( n ) ( 2 ) ) + 1 ) ) ) r ^ ( n ) ) S n − 1 ( r ) = n π n / 2 Γ ( n 2 + 1 ) r n − 1 ( \ displaystyle S_ ( n - 1 ) ( r ) = ( \ frac ( n \ pi ^ ( n / 2 ) ) ( \ Gamma ( ( \ frac ( n ) ( 2 ) ) + 1 ) ) ) r ^ ( n - 1 ) ) Further , it follows from the functional equation that 2 π r = S n + 1 ( r ) V n ( r ) . ( \ displaystyle 2 \ pi r = ( \ frac ( S_ ( n + 1 ) ( r ) ) ( V_ ( n ) ( r ) ) ) . ) The gamma function can be used to create a simple approximation to the factorial function n ! for large n : n ! ∼ 2 π n ( n e ) n ( \ displaystyle n ! \ sim ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi n ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( n ) ( e ) ) \ right ) ^ ( n ) ) which is known as Stirling 's approximation . Equivalently , π = lim n → ∞ e 2 n n ! 2 2 n 2 n + 1 . ( \ displaystyle \ pi = \ lim _ ( n \ to \ infty ) ( \ frac ( e ^ ( 2n ) n ! ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2n ^ ( 2n + 1 ) ) ) . ) As a geometrical application of Stirling 's approximation , let Δ denote the standard simplex in n - dimensional Euclidean space , and ( n + 1 ) Δ denote the simplex having all of its sides scaled up by a factor of n + 1 . Then Vol ( ( n + 1 ) Δ n ) = ( n + 1 ) n n ! ∼ e n + 1 2 π n . ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( Vol ) ( ( n + 1 ) \ Delta _ ( n ) ) = ( \ frac ( ( n + 1 ) ^ ( n ) ) ( n ! ) ) \ sim ( \ frac ( e ^ ( n + 1 ) ) ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi n ) ) ) . ) Ehrhart 's volume conjecture is that this is the ( optimal ) upper bound on the volume of a convex body containing only one lattice point . Number theory and Riemann zeta function Each prime has an associated Prüfer group , which are arithmetic localizations of the circle . The L - functions of analytic number theory are also localized in each prime p . Solution of the Basel problem using the Weil conjecture : the value of ζ ( 2 ) ( \ displaystyle \ zeta ( 2 ) ) is the hyperbolic area of a fundamental domain of the modular group , times 2 π ( \ displaystyle 2 \ pi ) The Riemann zeta function ζ ( s ) is used in many areas of mathematics . When evaluated at s = 2 it can be written as ζ ( 2 ) = 1 1 2 + 1 2 2 + 1 3 2 + ⋯ ( \ displaystyle \ zeta ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + \ cdots ) Finding a simple solution for this infinite series was a famous problem in mathematics called the Basel problem . Leonhard Euler solved it in 1735 when he showed it was equal to π / 6 . Euler 's result leads to the number theory result that the probability of two random numbers being relatively prime ( that is , having no shared factors ) is equal to 6 / π . This probability is based on the observation that the probability that any number is divisible by a prime p is 1 / p ( for example , every 7th integer is divisible by 7 . ) Hence the probability that two numbers are both divisible by this prime is 1 / p , and the probability that at least one of them is not is 1 − 1 / p . For distinct primes , these divisibility events are mutually independent ; so the probability that two numbers are relatively prime is given by a product over all primes : ∏ p ∞ ( 1 − 1 p 2 ) = ( ∏ p ∞ 1 1 − p − 2 ) − 1 = 1 1 + 1 2 2 + 1 3 2 + ⋯ = 1 ζ ( 2 ) = 6 π 2 ≈ 61 % . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ prod _ ( p ) ^ ( \ infty ) \ left ( 1 - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( p ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) & = \ left ( \ prod _ ( p ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 - p ^ ( - 2 ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ \ ( 4pt ) & = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + \ cdots ) ) \ \ ( 4pt ) & = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ zeta ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 6 ) ( \ pi ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ approx 61 \ %. \ end ( aligned ) ) ) This probability can be used in conjunction with a random number generator to approximate π using a Monte Carlo approach . The solution to the Basel problem implies that the geometrically derived quantity π is connected in a deep way to the distribution of prime numbers . This is a special case of Weil 's conjecture on Tamagawa numbers , which asserts the equality of similar such infinite products of arithmetic quantities , localized at each prime p , and a geometrical quantity : the reciprocal of the volume of a certain locally symmetric space . In the case of the Basel problem , it is the hyperbolic 3 - manifold SL ( R ) / SL ( Z ) . The zeta function also satisfies Riemann 's functional equation , which involves π as well as the gamma function : ζ ( s ) = 2 s π s − 1 sin ( π s 2 ) Γ ( 1 − s ) ζ ( 1 − s ) . ( \ displaystyle \ zeta ( s ) = 2 ^ ( s ) \ pi ^ ( s - 1 ) \ \ sin \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ pi s ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) \ \ Gamma ( 1 - s ) \ \ zeta ( 1 - s ) \ ! . ) Furthermore , the derivative of the zeta function satisfies exp ( − ζ ′ ( 0 ) ) = 2 π . ( \ displaystyle \ exp ( - \ zeta ' ( 0 ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) . ) A consequence is that π can be obtained from the functional determinant of the harmonic oscillator . This functional determinant can be computed via a product expansion , and is equivalent to the Wallis product formula . The calculation can be recast in quantum mechanics , specifically the variational approach to the spectrum of the hydrogen atom . Fourier series π appears in characters of p - adic numbers ( shown ) , which are elements of a Prüfer group . Tate 's thesis makes heavy use of this machinery . The constant π also appears naturally in Fourier series of periodic functions . Periodic functions are functions on the group T = R / Z of fractional parts of real numbers . The Fourier decomposition shows that a complex - valued function f on T can be written as an infinite linear superposition of unitary characters of T. That is , continuous group homomorphisms from T to the circle group U ( 1 ) of unit modulus complex numbers . It is a theorem that every character of T is one of the complex exponentials e n ( x ) = e 2 π i n x ( \ displaystyle e_ ( n ) ( x ) = e ^ ( 2 \ pi inx ) ) . There is a unique character on T , up to complex conjugation , that is a group isomorphism . Using the Haar measure on the circle group , the constant π is half the magnitude of the Radon -- Nikodym derivative of this character . The other characters have derivatives whose magnitudes are positive integral multiples of 2π . As a result , the constant π is the unique number such that the group T , equipped with its Haar measure , is Pontrjagin dual to the lattice of integral multiples of 2π . This is a version of the one - dimensional Poisson summation formula . Modular forms and theta functions Theta functions transform under the lattice of periods of an elliptic curve . The constant π is connected in a deep way with the theory of modular forms and theta functions . For example , the Chudnovsky algorithm involves in an essential way the j - invariant of an elliptic curve . Modular forms are holomorphic functions in the upper half plane characterized by their transformation properties under the modular group S L 2 ( Z ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( SL ) _ ( 2 ) ( \ mathbb ( Z ) ) ) ( or its various subgroups ) , a lattice in the group S L 2 ( R ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( SL ) _ ( 2 ) ( \ mathbb ( R ) ) ) . An example is the Jacobi theta function θ ( z , τ ) = ∑ n = − ∞ ∞ e 2 π i n z + i π n 2 τ ( \ displaystyle \ theta ( z , \ tau ) = \ sum _ ( n = - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) e ^ ( 2 \ pi inz + i \ pi n ^ ( 2 ) \ tau ) ) which is a kind of modular form called a Jacobi form . This is sometimes written in terms of the nome q = e π i τ ( \ displaystyle q = e ^ ( \ pi i \ tau ) ) . The constant π is the unique constant making the Jacobi theta function an automorphic form , which means that it transforms in a specific way . Certain identities hold for all automorphic forms . An example is θ ( z + τ , τ ) = e − π i τ − 2 π i z θ ( z , τ ) , ( \ displaystyle \ theta ( z+ \ tau , \ tau ) = e ^ ( - \ pi i \ tau - 2 \ pi iz ) \ theta ( z , \ tau ) , ) which implies that θ transforms as a representation under the discrete Heisenberg group . General modular forms and other theta functions also involve π , once again because of the Stone -- von Neumann theorem . Cauchy distribution and potential theory The Witch of Agnesi , named for Maria Agnesi ( 1718 -- 1799 ) , is a geometrical construction of the graph of the Cauchy distribution . The Cauchy distribution g ( x ) = 1 π ⋅ 1 x 2 + 1 ( \ displaystyle g ( x ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ pi ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) ) ) is a probability density function . The total probability is equal to one , owing to the integral : ∫ − ∞ ∞ 1 x 2 + 1 d x = π . ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) ) \ , dx = \ pi . ) The Shannon entropy of the Cauchy distribution is equal to log ( 4π ) , which also involves π . The Cauchy distribution governs the passage of Brownian particles through a membrane . The Cauchy distribution plays an important role in potential theory because it is the simplest Furstenberg measure , the classical Poisson kernel associated with a Brownian motion in a half - plane . Conjugate harmonic functions and so also the Hilbert transform are associated with the asymptotics of the Poisson kernel . The Hilbert transform H is the integral transform given by the Cauchy principal value of the singular integral H f ( t ) = 1 π ∫ − ∞ ∞ f ( x ) d x x − t . ( \ displaystyle Hf ( t ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ pi ) ) \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( f ( x ) \ , dx ) ( x-t ) ) . ) The constant π is the unique ( positive ) normalizing factor such that H defines a linear complex structure on the Hilbert space of square - integrable real - valued functions on the real line . The Hilbert transform , like the Fourier transform , can be characterized purely in terms of its transformation properties on the Hilbert space L ( R ) : up to a normalization factor , it is the unique bounded linear operator that commutes with positive dilations and anticommutes with all reflections of the real line . The constant π is the unique normalizing factor that makes this transformation unitary . Complex dynamics π can be computed from the Mandelbrot set , by counting the number of iterations required before point ( − 0.75 , ε ) diverges . An occurrence of π in the Mandelbrot set fractal was discovered by David Boll in 1991 . He examined the behavior of the Mandelbrot set near the `` neck '' at ( − 0.75 , 0 ) . If points with coordinates ( − 0.75 , ε ) are considered , as ε tends to zero , the number of iterations until divergence for the point multiplied by ε converges to π . The point ( 0.25 , ε ) at the cusp of the large `` valley '' on the right side of the Mandelbrot set behaves similarly : the number of iterations until divergence multiplied by the square root of ε tends to π . Outside mathematics Describing physical phenomena Although not a physical constant , π appears routinely in equations describing fundamental principles of the universe , often because of π 's relationship to the circle and to spherical coordinate systems . A simple formula from the field of classical mechanics gives the approximate period T of a simple pendulum of length L , swinging with a small amplitude ( g is the earth 's gravitational acceleration ) : T ≈ 2 π L g . ( \ displaystyle T \ approx 2 \ pi ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( L ) ( g ) ) ) . ) One of the key formulae of quantum mechanics is Heisenberg 's uncertainty principle , which shows that the uncertainty in the measurement of a particle 's position ( Δx ) and momentum ( Δp ) can not both be arbitrarily small at the same time ( where h is Planck 's constant ) : Δ x Δ p ≥ h 4 π . ( \ displaystyle \ Delta x \ , \ Delta p \ geq ( \ frac ( h ) ( 4 \ pi ) ) . ) The fact that π is approximately equal to 3 plays a role in the relatively long lifetime of orthopositronium . The inverse lifetime to lowest order in the fine - structure constant α is 1 τ = 2 π 2 − 9 9 π m α 6 , ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ tau ) ) = 2 ( \ frac ( \ pi ^ ( 2 ) - 9 ) ( 9 \ pi ) ) m \ alpha ^ ( 6 ) , ) where m is the mass of the electron . π is present in some structural engineering formulae , such as the buckling formula derived by Euler , which gives the maximum axial load F that a long , slender column of length L , modulus of elasticity E , and area moment of inertia I can carry without buckling : F = π 2 E I L 2 . ( \ displaystyle F = ( \ frac ( \ pi ^ ( 2 ) EI ) ( L ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) The field of fluid dynamics contains π in Stokes ' law , which approximates the frictional force F exerted on small , spherical objects of radius R , moving with velocity v in a fluid with dynamic viscosity η : F = 6 π η R v . ( \ displaystyle F = 6 \ , \ pi \ , \ eta \ , R \ , v . ) Under ideal conditions ( uniform gentle slope on a homogeneously erodible substrate ) , the sinuosity of a meandering river approaches π . The sinuosity is the ratio between the actual length and the straight - line distance from source to mouth . Faster currents along the outside edges of a river 's bends cause more erosion than along the inside edges , thus pushing the bends even farther out , and increasing the overall loopiness of the river . However , that loopiness eventually causes the river to double back on itself in places and `` short - circuit '' , creating an ox - bow lake in the process . The balance between these two opposing factors leads to an average ratio of π between the actual length and the direct distance between source and mouth . Memorizing digits Main article : Piphilology Piphilology is the practice of memorizing large numbers of digits of π , and world - records are kept by the Guinness World Records . The record for memorizing digits of π , certified by Guinness World Records , is 70,000 digits , recited in India by Rajveer Meena in 9 hours and 27 minutes on 21 March 2015 . In 2006 , Akira Haraguchi , a retired Japanese engineer , claimed to have recited 100,000 decimal places , but the claim was not verified by Guinness World Records . One common technique is to memorize a story or poem in which the word lengths represent the digits of π : The first word has three letters , the second word has one , the third has four , the fourth has one , the fifth has five , and so on . An early example of a memorization aid , originally devised by English scientist James Jeans , is `` How I want a drink , alcoholic of course , after the heavy lectures involving quantum mechanics . '' When a poem is used , it is sometimes referred to as a piem . Poems for memorizing π have been composed in several languages in addition to English . Record - setting π memorizers typically do not rely on poems , but instead use methods such as remembering number patterns and the method of loci . A few authors have used the digits of π to establish a new form of constrained writing , where the word lengths are required to represent the digits of π . The Cadaeic Cadenza contains the first 3835 digits of π in this manner , and the full - length book Not a Wake contains 10,000 words , each representing one digit of π . In popular culture A pi pie . The circular shape of pie makes it a frequent subject of pi puns . Perhaps because of the simplicity of its definition and its ubiquitous presence in formulae , π has been represented in popular culture more than other mathematical constructs . In the 2008 Open University and BBC documentary co-production , The Story of Maths , aired in October 2008 on BBC Four , British mathematician Marcus du Sautoy shows a visualization of the -- historically first exact -- formula for calculating π when visiting India and exploring its contributions to trigonometry . In the Palais de la Découverte ( a science museum in Paris ) there is a circular room known as the pi room . On its wall are inscribed 707 digits of π . The digits are large wooden characters attached to the dome - like ceiling . The digits were based on an 1853 calculation by English mathematician William Shanks , which included an error beginning at the 528th digit . The error was detected in 1946 and corrected in 1949 . In Carl Sagan 's novel Contact it is suggested that the creator of the universe buried a message deep within the digits of π . The digits of π have also been incorporated into the lyrics of the song `` Pi '' from the album Aerial by Kate Bush . In the United States , Pi Day falls on 14 March ( written 3 / 14 in the US style ) , and is popular among students . π and its digital representation are often used by self - described `` math geeks '' for inside jokes among mathematically and technologically minded groups . Several college cheers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology include `` 3.14159 '' . Pi Day in 2015 was particularly significant because the date and time 3 / 14 / 15 9 : 26 : 53 reflected many more digits of pi . During the 2011 auction for Nortel 's portfolio of valuable technology patents , Google made a series of unusually specific bids based on mathematical and scientific constants , including π . In 1958 Albert Eagle proposed replacing π by τ ( tau ) , where τ = π / 2 , to simplify formulas . However , no other authors are known to use τ in this way . Some people use a different value , τ = 6.283185 ... = 2π , arguing that τ , as the number of radians in one turn or as the ratio of a circle 's circumference to its radius rather than its diameter , is more natural than π and simplifies many formulas . Celebrations of this number , because it approximately equals 6.28 , by making 28 June `` Tau Day '' and eating `` twice the pie '' , have been reported in the media . However , this use of τ has not made its way into mainstream mathematics . In 1897 , an amateur American mathematician attempted to persuade the Indiana legislature to pass the Indiana Pi Bill , which described a method to square the circle and contained text that implied various incorrect values for π , including 3.2 . The bill is notorious as an attempt to establish a value of scientific constant by legislative fiat . The bill was passed by the Indiana House of Representatives , but rejected by the Senate , meaning it did not become a law . In computer culture In contemporary internet culture , individuals and organizations frequently pay homage to the number π . For instance , the computer scientist Donald Knuth let the version numbers of his program TeX approach π . The versions are 3 , 3.1 , 3.14 , and so forth . Notes Footnotes Jump up ^ Andrews , George E. ; Askey , Richard ; Roy , Ranjan ( 1999 ) . Special Functions . Cambridge University Press . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 78988 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gupta , R.C. ( 1992 ) . `` On the remainder term in the Madhava -- Leibniz 's series '' . Ganita Bharati. 14 ( 1 -- 4 ) : 68 -- 71 . Jump up ^ π trillion digits of π Archived 6 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine . -- the exact number of digits increases periodically -- it should not be included in this article by citing only a primary reference source . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Bailey , David ; Borwein , Jonathan ; Borwein , Peter ; Plouffe , Simon ( 1997 ) . `` The Quest for Pi '' . The Mathematical Intelligencer. 19 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 56 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.138. 7085 . doi : 10.1007 / bf03024340 . Jump up ^ Boeing , Niels ( 14 March 2016 ) . `` Die Welt ist Pi '' ( The World is Pi ) . Zeit Online ( in German ) . Archived from the original on 17 March 2016 . Die Ludolphsche Zahl oder Kreiszahl erhielt nun auch das Symbol , unter dem wir es heute kennen : William Jones schlug 1706 den griechischen Buchstaben π vor , in Anlehnung an perimetros , griechisch für Umfang . Leonhard Euler etablierte π schließlich in seinen mathematischen Schriften . ( The Ludolphian number or circle number now also received the symbol under which we know it today : William Jones proposed in 1706 the Greek letter π , based on perimetros ( περίμετρος ) , Greek for perimeter . Leonhard Euler firmly established π in his mathematical writings . ) Jump up ^ `` pi '' . Dictionary.reference.com. 2 March 1993 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2014 . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Apostol , Tom ( 1967 ) . Calculus , volume 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . Wiley ... Page 102 : `` From a logical point of view , this is unsatisfactory at the present stage because we have not yet discussed the concept of arc length . '' Arc length is introduced on page 529 . ^ Jump up to : Remmert , Reinhold ( 1991 ) , `` What is π ? '' , Numbers , Springer , p. 129 Jump up ^ Remmert ( 1991 ) . The precise integral that Weierstrass used was π = ∫ − ∞ ∞ d x 1 + x 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ pi = \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( dx ) ( 1 + x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) Jump up ^ Baltzer , Richard ( 1870 ) , Die Elemente der Mathematik ( The Elements of Mathematics ) ( in German ) , Hirzel , p. 195 , archived from the original on 14 September 2016 Jump up ^ Landau , Edmund ( 1934 ) , Einführung in die Differentialrechnung und Integralrechnung ( in German ) , Noordoff , p. 193 ^ Jump up to : Rudin , Walter ( 1976 ) . Principles of Mathematical Analysis . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 054235 - X . , p 183 . Jump up ^ Rudin , Walter ( 1986 ) . Real and complex analysis . McGraw - Hill . , p 2 . Jump up ^ Ahlfors , Lars ( 1966 ) , Complex analysis , McGraw - Hill , p. 46 Jump up ^ Bourbaki , Nicolas ( 1981 ) , Topologie generale , Springer , § VIII. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Bourbaki , Nicolas ( 1979 ) , Fonctions d'une variable réelle ( in French ) , Springer , § II. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Salikhov , V. ( 2008 ) . `` On the Irrationality Measure of pi '' . Russian Mathematical Survey . 53 ( 3 ) : 570 -- 572 . Bibcode : 2008RuMaS ... 63 ... 570S . doi : 10.1070 / RM2008v063n03ABEH004543 . ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 22 -- 23 Preuss , Paul ( 23 July 2001 ) . `` Are The Digits of Pi Random ? Lab Researcher May Hold The Key '' . Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory . Archived from the original on 20 October 2007 . Retrieved 10 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 22 , 28 -- 30 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Mayer , Steve . `` The Transcendence of π '' . Archived from the original on 2000 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 4 November 2007 . Jump up ^ The polynomial shown is the first few terms of the Taylor series expansion of the sine function . Jump up ^ Posamentier & Lehmann 2004 , p. 25 Jump up ^ Eymard & Lafon 1999 , p. 129 Jump up ^ Beckmann 1989 , p. 37 Schlager , Neil ; Lauer , Josh ( 2001 ) . Science and Its Times : Understanding the Social Significance of Scientific Discovery . Gale Group . ISBN 0 - 7876 - 3933 - 8 . , p 185 . ^ Jump up to : Eymard & Lafon 1999 , p. 78 Jump up ^ `` Sloane 's A001203 : Continued fraction for Pi '' . The On - Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Lange , L.J. ( May 1999 ) . `` An Elegant Continued Fraction for π '' . The American Mathematical Monthly . 106 ( 5 ) : 456 -- 458 . JSTOR 2589152 . doi : 10.2307 / 2589152 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 240 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 242 Jump up ^ Kennedy , E.S. , `` Abu - r - Raihan al - Biruni , 973 -- 1048 '' , Journal for the History of Astronomy , 9 : 65 , Bibcode : 1978JHA ... 9 ... 65K , doi : 10.1177 / 002182867800900106 . Ptolemy used a three - sexagesimal - digit approximation , and Jamshīd al - Kāshī expanded this to nine digits ; see Aaboe , Asger ( 1964 ) , Episodes from the Early History of Mathematics , New Mathematical Library , 13 , New York : Random House , p. 125 , archived from the original on 29 November 2016 Jump up ^ Ayers 1964 , p. 100 ^ Jump up to : Bronshteĭn & Semendiaev 1971 , p. 592 Jump up ^ Maor , Eli , E : The Story of a Number , Princeton University Press , 2009 , p 160 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14134 - 3 ( `` five most important '' constants ) . Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. `` Roots of Unity '' . MathWorld . Jump up ^ Petrie , W.M.F. Wisdom of the Egyptians ( 1940 ) Jump up ^ Based on the Great Pyramid of Giza , supposedly built so that the circle whose radius is equal to the height of the pyramid has a circumference equal to the perimeter of the base ( it is 1760 cubits around and 280 cubits in height ) . Verner , Miroslav . The Pyramids : The Mystery , Culture , and Science of Egypt 's Great Monuments . Grove Press . 2001 ( 1997 ) . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3935 - 3 Jump up ^ Rossi , Corinna Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypt , Cambridge University Press . 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 69053 - 9 . Jump up ^ Legon , J.A.R. On Pyramid Dimensions and Proportions ( 1991 ) Discussions in Egyptology ( 20 ) 25 -- 34 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` We can conclude that although the ancient Egyptians could not precisely define the value of π , in practice they used it '' . Verner , M. ( 2003 ) . `` The Pyramids : Their Archaeology and History '' . , p. 70 . Petrie ( 1940 ) . `` Wisdom of the Egyptians '' . , p. 30 . See also Legon , J.A.R. ( 1991 ) . `` On Pyramid Dimensions and Proportions '' . Discussions in Egyptology. 20 : 25 -- 34 . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 ... See also Petrie , W.M.F. ( 1925 ) . `` Surveys of the Great Pyramids '' . Nature . 116 ( 2930 ) : 942 -- 942 . Bibcode : 1925Natur. 116 ... 942P . doi : 10.1038 / 116942a0 . Jump up ^ Egyptologist : Rossi , Corinna , Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypt , Cambridge University Press , 2004 , pp 60 -- 70 , 200 , ISBN 9780521829540 . Skeptics : Shermer , Michael , The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience , ABC - CLIO , 2002 , pp 407 -- 408 , ISBN 9781576076538 . See also Fagan , Garrett G. , Archaeological Fantasies : How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents The Past and Misleads the Public , Routledge , 2006 , ISBN 9780415305938 . For a list of explanations for the shape that do not involve π , see Herz - Fischler , Roger ( 2000 ) . The Shape of the Great Pyramid . Wilfrid Laurier University Press . pp. 67 -- 77 , 165 -- 166 . ISBN 9780889203242 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2016 . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 167 Jump up ^ Chaitanya , Krishna . A profile of Indian culture . Indian Book Company ( 1975 ) . p. 133 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 169 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 170 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 175 , 205 Jump up ^ `` The Computation of Pi by Archimedes : The Computation of Pi by Archimedes -- File Exchange -- MATLAB Central '' . Mathworks.com . Archived from the original on 25 February 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 171 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 176 Boyer & Merzbach 1991 , p. 168 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 15 -- 16 , 175 , 184 -- 186 , 205 . Grienberger achieved 39 digits in 1630 ; Sharp 71 digits in 1699 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 176 -- 177 ^ Jump up to : Boyer & Merzbach 1991 , p. 202 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 177 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 178 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 179 ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 180 Jump up ^ Azarian , Mohammad K. ( 2010 ) . `` al - Risāla al - muhītīyya : A Summary '' . Missouri Journal of Mathematical Sciences . 22 ( 2 ) : 64 -- 85 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. ( 1999 ) . `` Ghiyath al - Din Jamshid Mas'ud al - Kashi '' . MacTutor History of Mathematics archive . Archived from the original on 12 April 2011 . Retrieved 11 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 182 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 182 -- 183 ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 183 Jump up ^ Grienbergerus , Christophorus ( 1630 ) . Elementa Trigonometrica ( PDF ) ( in Latin ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 02 - 01 . His evaluation was 3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288 4196 < π < 3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288 4199 . ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 185 -- 191 Jump up ^ Roy 1990 , pp. 101 -- 102 Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 185 -- 186 ^ Jump up to : Roy 1990 , pp. 101 -- 102 Jump up ^ Joseph 1991 , p. 264 ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 188 . Newton quoted by Arndt . ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 187 Jump up ^ A060294 Jump up ^ Variorum de rebus mathematicis responsorum liber VIII . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 188 -- 189 ^ Jump up to : Eymard & Lafon 1999 , pp. 53 -- 54 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 189 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 156 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 192 -- 193 ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 72 -- 74 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 192 -- 196 , 205 ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 194 -- 196 ^ Jump up to : Borwein , J.M. ; Borwein , P.B. ( 1988 ) . `` Ramanujan and Pi '' . Scientific American . 256 ( 2 ) : 112 -- 117 . Bibcode : 1988SciAm. 258b. 112B . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0288 - 112 . Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 15 -- 17 , 70 -- 72 , 104 , 156 , 192 -- 197 , 201 -- 202 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 69 -- 72 Jump up ^ Borwein , J.M. ; Borwein , P.B. ; Dilcher , K. ( 1989 ) . `` Pi , Euler Numbers , and Asymptotic Expansions '' . American Mathematical Monthly . 96 ( 8 ) : 681 -- 687 . doi : 10.2307 / 2324715 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 223 , ( formula 16.10 ) . Note that ( n − 1 ) n ( n + 1 ) = n − n . Wells , David ( 1997 ) . The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers ( revised ed . ) . Penguin . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 140 - 26149 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Posamentier & Lehmann 2004 , pp. 284 Jump up ^ Lambert , Johann , `` Mémoire sur quelques propriétés remarquables des quantités transcendantes circulaires et logarithmiques '' , reprinted in Berggren , Borwein & Borwein 1997 , pp. 129 -- 140 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Hardy and Wright 1938 and 2000 : 177 footnote § 11.13 -- 14 references Lindemann 's proof as appearing at Math . Ann . 20 ( 1882 ) , 213 -- 25 . Jump up ^ cf Hardy and Wright 1938 and 2000 : 177 footnote § 11.13 -- 14 . The proofs that e and π are transcendental can be found on pages 170 -- 176 . They cite two sources of the proofs at Landau 1927 or Perron 1910 ; see the `` List of Books '' at pages 417 -- 419 for full citations . Jump up ^ Oughtred , William ( 1652 ) . Theorematum in libris Archimedis de sphaera et cylindro declarario ( in Latin ) . Excudebat L. Lichfield , Veneunt apud T. Robinson . δ. π : : semidiameter . semiperipheria ^ Jump up to : Cajori , Florian ( 2007 ) . A History of Mathematical Notations : Vol. II . Cosimo , Inc . pp. 8 -- 13 . ISBN 9781602067141 . the ratio of the length of a circle to its diameter was represented in the fractional form by the use of two letters ... J.A. Segner ... in 1767 , he represented 3.14159 ... by δ : π , as did Oughtred more than a century earlier ^ Jump up to : Smith , David E. ( 1958 ) . History of Mathematics . Courier Corporation . p. 312 . ISBN 9780486204307 . Jump up ^ Archibald , R.C. ( 1921 ) . `` Historical Notes on the Relation e − ( π / 2 ) = i i ( \ displaystyle e ^ ( - ( \ pi / 2 ) ) = i ^ ( i ) ) `` . The American Mathematical Monthly . 28 ( 3 ) : 121 . doi : 10.2307 / 2972388 . It is noticeable that these letters are never used separately , that is , π is not used for ' Semiperipheria ' ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 166 Jump up ^ See , for example , Oughtred , William ( 1648 ) . Clavis Mathematicæ ( The key to mathematics ) ( in Latin ) . London , England : Thomas Harper . p. 69 . ( English translation : Oughtred , William ( 1694 ) . Key of the Mathematics . J. Salusbury. ) Jump up ^ Barrow , Isaac ( 1860 ) . `` Lecture XXIV '' . In Whewell , William . The mathematical works of Isaac Barrow ... ( in Latin ) . Harvard University . Cambridge University press . p. 381 . Jump up ^ Gregorii , Davidis ( 1695 ) . `` Davidis Gregorii M.D. Astronomiae Professoris Sauiliani & S.R.S. Catenaria , Ad Reverendum Virum D. Henricum Aldrich S.T.T. Decanum Aedis Christi Oxoniae '' . Philosophical Transactions ( 1683 - 1775 ) ( in Latin ) . 19 : 652 . doi : 10.2307 / 102382 -- via JSTOR . Jump up ^ Jones , William ( 1706 ) . Synopsis Palmariorum Matheseos : or , a New Introduction to the Mathematics . pp. 243 , 263 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 165 . A facsimile of Jones ' text is in Berggren , Borwein & Borwein 1997 , pp. 108 -- 109 Jump up ^ See Schepler 1950 , p. 220 : William Oughtred used the letter π to represent the periphery ( that is , the circumference ) of a circle . Jump up ^ Segner , Joannes Andreas ( 1756 ) . Cursus Mathematicus ( in Latin ) . Halae Magdeburgicae . p. 282 . Jump up ^ Euler , Leonhard ( 1727 ) . `` Tentamen explicationis phaenomenorum aeris '' ( PDF ) . Commentarii academiae scientiarum imperialis Petropolitana ( in Latin ) . 2 : 351 . E007 . Sumatur pro ratione radii ad peripheriem , I : π English translation by Ian Bruce : `` π is taken for the ratio of the radius to the periphery ( note that in this work , Euler 's π is double our π . ) '' Jump up ^ Euler , Leonhard ( 1747 ) . Henry , Charles , ed . Lettres inédites d'Euler à d'Alembert . Bullettino di Bibliografia e di Storia delle Scienze Matematiche e Fisiche ( in French ) . 19 ( published 1886 ) . p. 139 . E858 . Car , soit π la circonference d'un cercle , dout le rayon est = 1 English translation in Cajori , Florian ( 1913 ) . `` History of the Exponential and Logarithmic Concepts : '' . The American Mathematical Monthly . 20 ( 3 ) : 76 . doi : 10.2307 / 2973441 . Letting π be the circumference ( ! ) of a circle of unit radius Jump up ^ Euler , Leonhard ( 1736 ) . `` Ch. 3 Prop. 34 Cor. 1 '' . Mechanica sive motus scientia analytice exposita . ( cum tabulis ) ( in Latin ) . 1 . Academiae scientiarum Petropoli . p. 113 . E015 . Denotet 1 : π rationem diametri ad peripheriam English translation by Ian Bruce : `` Let 1 : π denote the ratio of the diameter to the circumference '' Jump up ^ Euler , Leonhard ( 1707 - 1783 ) ( 1922 ) . Leonhardi Euleri opera omnia. 1 , Opera mathematica . Volumen VIII , Leonhardi Euleri introductio in analysin infinitorum . Tomus primus / ediderunt Adolf Krazer et Ferdinand Rudio ( in Latin ) . Lipsae : B.G. Teubneri . pp. 133 -- 134 . E101 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 205 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 197 . See also Reitwiesner 1950 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 197 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 15 -- 17 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 131 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 132 , 140 ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 87 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 111 ( 5 times ) ; pp. 113 -- 114 ( 4 times ) . See Borwein & Borwein 1987 for details of algorithms . ^ Jump up to : Bailey , David H. ( 16 May 2003 ) . `` Some Background on Kanada 's Recent Pi Calculation '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 15 April 2012 . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 17 . `` 39 digits of π are sufficient to calculate the volume of the universe to the nearest atom . '' Accounting for additional digits needed to compensate for computational round - off errors , Arndt concludes that a few hundred digits would suffice for any scientific application . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 17 -- 19 Jump up ^ Schudel , Matt ( 25 March 2009 ) . `` John W. Wrench , Jr. : Mathematician Had a Taste for Pi '' . The Washington Post . p . B5 . Jump up ^ Connor , Steve ( 8 January 2010 ) . `` The Big Question : How close have we come to knowing the precise value of pi ? '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 103 -- 104 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 104 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 104 , 206 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 110 -- 111 Jump up ^ Eymard & Lafon 1999 , p. 254 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 110 -- 111 , 206 Bellard , Fabrice , `` Computation of 2700 billion decimal digits of Pi using a Desktop Computer '' Archived 18 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , 11 Feb 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Round 2 ... 10 Trillion Digits of Pi '' Archived 1 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , NumberWorld.org , 17 Oct 2011 . Retrieved 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ PSLQ means Partial Sum of Least Squares . Jump up ^ Plouffe , Simon ( April 2006 ) . `` Identities inspired by Ramanujan 's Notebooks ( part 2 ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 14 January 2012 . Retrieved 10 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 39 Jump up ^ Ramaley , J.F. ( October 1969 ) . `` Buffon 's Noodle Problem '' . The American Mathematical Monthly . 76 ( 8 ) : 916 -- 918 . JSTOR 2317945 . doi : 10.2307 / 2317945 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 39 -- 40 Posamentier & Lehmann 2004 , p. 105 Jump up ^ Grünbaum , B. ( 1960 ) , `` Projection Constants '' , Trans . Amer . Math . Soc. , 95 : 451 -- 465 , doi : 10.1090 / s0002 - 9947 - 1960 - 0114110 - 9 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 43 Posamentier & Lehmann 2004 , pp. 105 -- 108 ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 77 -- 84 ^ Jump up to : Gibbons , Jeremy , `` Unbounded Spigot Algorithms for the Digits of Pi '' Archived 2 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , 2005 . Gibbons produced an improved version of Wagon 's algorithm . ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 77 Jump up ^ Rabinowitz , Stanley ; Wagon , Stan ( March 1995 ) . `` A spigot algorithm for the digits of Pi '' . American Mathematical Monthly . 102 ( 3 ) : 195 -- 203 . doi : 10.2307 / 2975006 . A computer program has been created that implements Wagon 's spigot algorithm in only 120 characters of software . ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 117 , 126 -- 128 Jump up ^ Bailey , David H. ; Borwein , Peter B. ; Plouffe , Simon ( April 1997 ) . `` On the Rapid Computation of Various Polylogarithmic Constants '' ( PDF ) . Mathematics of Computation. 66 ( 218 ) : 903 -- 913 . doi : 10.1090 / S0025 - 5718 - 97 - 00856 - 9 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 128 . Plouffe did create a decimal digit extraction algorithm , but it is slower than full , direct computation of all preceding digits . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 20 Bellards formula in : Bellard , Fabrice . `` A new formula to compute the n binary digit of pi '' . Archived from the original on 12 September 2007 . Retrieved 27 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Jason ( 16 September 2010 ) . `` Pi record smashed as team finds two - quadrillionth digit '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 March 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Bronshteĭn & Semendiaev 1971 , pp. 200 , 209 Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. `` Semicircle '' . MathWorld . ^ Jump up to : Ayers 1964 , p. 60 ^ Jump up to : Bronshteĭn & Semendiaev 1971 , pp. 210 -- 211 Jump up ^ Hilbert , David ; Courant , Richard ( 1966 ) , Methods of mathematical physics , volume 1 , Wiley , pp. 286&endash ; 290 Jump up ^ Dym , H. ; McKean , H.P. ( 1972 ) , Fourier series and integrals , Academic Press , p. 47 Jump up ^ Chavel , Isaac ( 2001 ) , Isoperimetric inequalities , Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ Talenti , Giorgio , `` Best constant in Sobolev inequality '' , Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata , 110 ( 1 ) : 353 -- 372 , ISSN 1618 - 1891 , doi : 10.1007 / BF02418013 , archived from the original on 29 January 2017 Jump up ^ L. Esposito ; C. Nitsch ; C. Trombetti , Best constants in Poincaré inequalities for convex domains , arXiv : 1110.2960 Jump up ^ M Del Pino ; J Dolbeault ( 2002 ) , `` Best constants for Gagliardo -- Nirenberg inequalities and applications to nonlinear diffusions '' , Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées , 81 ( 9 ) : 847 -- 875 , CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.57. 7077 , doi : 10.1016 / s0021 - 7824 ( 02 ) 01266 - 7 Jump up ^ Payne , L.E. ; Weinberger , H.F. ( 1960 ) , `` An optimal Poincaré inequality for convex domains '' , Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis : 286 -- 292 , ISSN 0003 - 9527 Jump up ^ Gerald Folland ( 1989 ) , Harmonic analysis in phase space , Princeton University Press , p. 5 Jump up ^ Howe 1980 Jump up ^ Feller , W. 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Jump up ^ Kobayashi , Shoshichi ; Nomizu , Katsumi ( 1996 ) , Foundations of Differential Geometry , Vol. 2 ( New ed . ) , Wiley Interscience , p. 293 ; Chapter XII Characteristic classes Jump up ^ H.M. Schey ( 1996 ) Div , Grad , Curl , and All That : An Informal Text on Vector Calculus , ISBN 0 - 393 - 96997 - 5 . Jump up ^ Yeo , Adrian , The pleasures of pi , e and other interesting numbers , World Scientific Pub. , 2006 , p 21 , ISBN 978 - 981 - 270 - 078 - 0 . Ehlers , Jürgen , Einstein 's Field Equations and Their Physical Implications , Springer , 2000 , p 7 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 67073 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lars Ahlfors ( 1966 ) , Complex analysis , McGraw - Hill , p. 115 Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. `` Cauchy Integral Formula '' . MathWorld . Jump up ^ Joglekar , S.D. , Mathematical Physics , Universities Press , 2005 , p 166 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7371 - 422 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bronshteĭn & Semendiaev 1971 , pp. 191 -- 192 Jump up ^ Emil Artin ( 1964 ) , The gamma function , Athena series ; selected topics in mathematics ( 1st ed . ) , Holt , Rinehart and Winston Jump up ^ Lawrence Evans ( 1997 ) , Partial differential equations , AMS , p. 615 . Jump up ^ Bronshteĭn & Semendiaev 1971 , p. 190 Jump up ^ Benjamin Nill ; Andreas Paffenholz ( 2014 ) , `` On the equality case in Erhart 's volume conjecture '' , Advances in Geometry , 14 ( 4 ) : 579 -- 586 , ISSN 1615 - 7168 , arXiv : 1205.1270 , doi : 10.1515 / advgeom - 2014 - 0001 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 41 -- 43 Jump up ^ This theorem was proved by Ernesto Cesàro in 1881 . For a more rigorous proof than the intuitive and informal one given here , see Hardy , G.H. , An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers , Oxford University Press , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 921986 - 5 , theorem 332 . Jump up ^ Ogilvy , C.S. ; Anderson , J.T. , Excursions in Number Theory , Dover Publications Inc. , 1988 , pp. 29 -- 35 , ISBN 0 - 486 - 25778 - 9 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Vladimir Platonov ; Andrei Rapinchuk ( 1994 ) , Algebraic groups and number theory , Academic Press , pp. 262&endash ; 265 Jump up ^ Sondow , J. ( 1994 ) , `` Analytic Continuation of Riemann 's Zeta Function and Values at Negative Integers via Euler 's Transformation of Series '' , Proc. Amer . Math . Soc. , 120 : 421 -- 424 , CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.352. 5774 , doi : 10.1090 / s0002 - 9939 - 1994 - 1172954 - 7 Jump up ^ T. Friedmann ; C.R. Hagen ( 2015 ) . `` Quantum mechanical derivation of the Wallis formula for pi '' . Journal of Mathematical Physics. 56 ( 11 ) . arXiv : 1510.07813 . doi : 10.1063 / 1.4930800 . Jump up ^ Tate , John T. ( 1950 ) , `` Fourier analysis in number fields , and Hecke 's zeta - functions '' , Algebraic Number Theory ( Proc. Instructional Conf. , Brighton , 1965 ) , Thompson , Washington , D.C. , pp. 305 -- 347 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9502734 - 2 - 6 , MR 0217026 Jump up ^ H Dym ; HP McKean ( 1972 ) , Fourier series and integrals , Academic Press ; Chapter 4 ^ Jump up to : Mumford , David ( 1983 ) , Tata Lectures on Theta I , Boston : Birkhauser , pp. 1 -- 117 , ISBN 3 - 7643 - 3109 - 7 Jump up ^ Sidney Port ; Charles Stone ( 1978 ) , Brownian motion and classical potential theory , Academic Press , p. 29 Jump up ^ * Titchmarsh , E ( 1948 ) , Introduction to the theory of Fourier integrals ( 2nd ed . ) , Oxford University : Clarendon Press ( published 1986 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8284 - 0324 - 5 . Jump up ^ Stein , Elias ( 1970 ) , Singular integrals and differentiability properties of functions , Princeton University Press ; Chapter II . ^ Jump up to : Klebanoff , Aaron ( 2001 ) . `` Pi in the Mandelbrot set '' ( PDF ) . Fractals. 9 ( 4 ) : 393 -- 402 . doi : 10.1142 / S0218348X01000828 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 April 2012 . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Peitgen , Heinz - Otto , Chaos and fractals : new frontiers of science , Springer , 2004 , pp. 801 -- 803 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 20229 - 7 . Jump up ^ Halliday , David ; Resnick , Robert ; Walker , Jearl , Fundamentals of Physics , 5th Ed. , John Wiley & Sons , 1997 , p 381 , ISBN 0 - 471 - 14854 - 7 . Jump up ^ Imamura , James M ( 17 August 2005 ) . `` Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle '' . University of Oregon . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 9 September 2007 . Jump up ^ C. Itzykson , J-B . Zuber , Quantum Field Theory , McGraw - Hill , 1980 . Jump up ^ Low , Peter , Classical Theory of Structures Based on the Differential Equation , CUP Archive , 1971 , pp 116 -- 118 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 08089 - 7 . Jump up ^ Batchelor , G.K. , An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics , Cambridge University Press , 1967 , p 233 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 66396 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hans - Henrik Stølum ( 22 March 1996 ) . `` River Meandering as a Self - Organization Process '' . Science . 271 ( 5256 ) : 1710 -- 1713 . Bibcode : 1996Sci ... 271.1710 S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 271.5256. 1710 . Jump up ^ Posamentier & Lehmann 2004 , pp. 140 -- 141 ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ `` Most Pi Places Memorized '' Archived 14 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , Guinness World Records . Jump up ^ Otake , Tomoko ( 17 December 2006 ) . `` How can anyone remember 100,000 numbers ? '' . The Japan Times . Archived from the original on 18 August 2013 . Retrieved 27 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Raz , A. ; Packard , M.G. ( 2009 ) . `` A slice of pi : An exploratory neuroimaging study of digit encoding and retrieval in a superior memorist '' . Neurocase. 15 : 361 -- 372 . PMC 4323087 . PMID 19585350 . doi : 10.1080 / 13554790902776896 . Jump up ^ Keith , Mike . `` Cadaeic Cadenza Notes & Commentary '' . Archived from the original on 18 January 2009 . Retrieved 29 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Keith , Michael ; Diana Keith ( February 17 , 2010 ) . Not A Wake : A dream embodying ( pi ) 's digits fully for 10000 decimals . Vinculum Press . ISBN 978 - 0963009715 . Jump up ^ For instance , Pickover calls π `` the most famous mathematical constant of all time '' , and Peterson writes , `` Of all known mathematical constants , however , pi continues to attract the most attention '' , citing the Givenchy π perfume , Pi ( film ) , and Pi Day as examples . See Pickover , Clifford A. ( 1995 ) , Keys to Infinity , Wiley & Sons , p. 59 , ISBN 9780471118572 ; Peterson , Ivars ( 2002 ) , Mathematical Treks : From Surreal Numbers to Magic Circles , MAA spectrum , Mathematical Association of America , p. 17 , ISBN 9780883855379 , archived from the original on 29 November 2016 Jump up ^ BBC documentary `` The Story of Maths '' , second part Archived 23 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , showing a visualization of the historically first exact formula , starting at 35 min and 20 sec into the second part of the documentary . Jump up ^ Posamentier & Lehmann 2004 , p. 118 Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 14 . This part of the story was omitted from the film adaptation of the novel . Jump up ^ Gill , Andy ( 4 November 2005 ) . `` Review of Aerial '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 15 October 2006 . the almost autistic satisfaction of the obsessive - compulsive mathematician fascinated by ' Pi ' ( which affords the opportunity to hear Bush slowly sing vast chunks of the number in question , several dozen digits long ) Jump up ^ Pi Day activities . Jump up ^ MIT cheers Archived 19 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Pi Day ! Watch these stunning videos of kids reciting 3.14 '' . USAToday.com. 14 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2015 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Google 's strange bids for Nortel patents '' . FinancialPost.com . Reuters. 5 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 9 August 2011 . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Eagle , Albert ( 1958 ) . The Elliptic Functions as They Should be : An Account , with Applications , of the Functions in a New Canonical Form . Galloway and Porter , Ltd. p. ix . Jump up ^ Sequence A019692 , Jump up ^ Abbott , Stephen ( April 2012 ) . `` My Conversion to Tauism '' ( PDF ) . Math Horizons . 19 ( 4 ) : 34 . doi : 10.4169 / mathhorizons. 19.4. 34 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Palais , Robert ( 2001 ) . `` π Is Wrong ! '' ( PDF ) . The Mathematical Intelligencer. 23 ( 3 ) : 7 -- 8 . doi : 10.1007 / BF03026846 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 22 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Tau Day : Why you should eat twice the pie -- Light Years -- CNN.com Blogs Archived 12 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Life of pi in no danger -- Experts cold - shoulder campaign to replace with tau '' . Telegraph India . 30 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 13 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 211 -- 212 Posamentier & Lehmann 2004 , pp. 36 -- 37 Hallerberg , Arthur ( May 1977 ) . `` Indiana 's squared circle '' . Mathematics Magazine . 50 ( 3 ) : 136 -- 140 . JSTOR 2689499 . doi : 10.2307 / 2689499 . Jump up ^ Knuth , Donald ( 3 October 1990 ) . `` The Future of TeX and Metafont '' ( PDF ) . TeX Mag. 5 ( 1 ) : 145 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 April 2016 . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . References Arndt , Jörg ; Haenel , Christoph ( 2006 ) . Pi Unleashed . Springer - Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 66572 - 4 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . English translation by Catriona and David Lischka . Ayers , Frank ( 1964 ) . Calculus . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 070 - 02653 - 7 . Berggren , Lennart ; Borwein , Jonathan ; Borwein , Peter ( 1997 ) . Pi : a Source Book . Springer - Verlag . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 20571 - 7 . Beckmann , Peter ( 1989 ) ( 1974 ) . History of Pi . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88029 - 418 - 8 . Borwein , Jonathan ; Borwein , Peter ( 1987 ) . Pi and the AGM : a Study in Analytic Number Theory and Computational Complexity . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 31515 - 5 . Boyer , Carl B. ; Merzbach , Uta C. ( 1991 ) . A History of Mathematics ( 2 ed . ) . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 54397 - 8 . Bronshteĭn , Ilia ; Semendiaev , K.A. ( 1971 ) . A Guide Book to Mathematics . Verlag Harri Deutsch . ISBN 978 - 3 - 871 - 44095 - 3 . Eymard , Pierre ; Lafon , Jean Pierre ( 1999 ) . The Number Pi . American Mathematical Society . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8218 - 3246 - 2 . , English translation by Stephen Wilson . Howe , Roger ( 1980 ) , `` On the role of the Heisenberg group in harmonic analysis '' , Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society , 3 ( 2 ) , MR 578375 , doi : 10.1090 / S0273 - 0979 - 1980 - 14825 - 9 . Joseph , George Gheverghese ( 1991 ) . The Crest of the Peacock : Non-European Roots of Mathematics . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13526 - 7 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Posamentier , Alfred S. ; Lehmann , Ingmar ( 2004 ) . Pi : A Biography of the World 's Most Mysterious Number . Prometheus Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59102 - 200 - 8 . Reitwiesner , George ( 1950 ) . `` An ENIAC Determination of pi and e to 2000 Decimal Places '' . Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation. 4 ( 29 ) : 11 -- 15 . doi : 10.2307 / 2002695 . Roy , Ranjan ( 1990 ) . `` The Discovery of the Series Formula for pi by Leibniz , Gregory , and Nilakantha '' . Mathematics Magazine . 63 ( 5 ) : 291 -- 306 . doi : 10.2307 / 2690896 . Schepler , H.C. ( 1950 ) . `` The Chronology of Pi '' . Mathematics Magazine . Mathematical Association of America . 23 ( 3 ) : 165 -- 170 ( Jan / Feb ) , 216 -- 228 ( Mar / Apr ) , and 279 -- 283 ( May / Jun ) . doi : 10.2307 / 3029284 ... issue 3 Jan / Feb , issue 4 Mar / Apr , issue 5 May / Jun Thompson , William ( 1894 ) , `` Isoperimetrical problems '' , Nature series : Popular lectures and addresses , MacMillan and Company , II : 571 -- 592 Further reading Blatner , David ( 1999 ) . The Joy of Pi . Walker & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8027 - 7562 - 7 . Borwein , Jonathan ; Borwein , Peter ( 1984 ) . `` The Arithmetic - Geometric Mean and Fast Computation of Elementary Functions '' ( PDF ) . SIAM Review . 26 ( 3 ) : 351 -- 365 . doi : 10.1137 / 1026073 . Borwein , Jonathan ; Borwein , Peter ; Bailey , David H. ( 1989 ) . `` Ramanujan , Modular Equations , and Approximations to Pi or How to Compute One Billion Digits of Pi '' . The American Mathematical Monthly . 96 ( 3 ) : 201 -- 219 . JSTOR 2325206 . doi : 10.2307 / 2325206 . Chudnovsky , David V. and Chudnovsky , Gregory V. , `` Approximations and Complex Multiplication According to Ramanujan '' , in Ramanujan Revisited ( G.E. Andrews et al. Eds ) , Academic Press , 1988 , pp 375 -- 396 , 468 -- 472 Cox , David A. , `` The Arithmetic - Geometric Mean of Gauss '' , L ' Ensignement Mathematique , 30 ( 1984 ) 275 -- 330 Delahaye , Jean - Paul , `` Le Fascinant Nombre Pi '' , Paris : Bibliothèque Pour la Science ( 1997 ) ISBN 2902918259 Engels , Hermann ( 1977 ) . `` Quadrature of the Circle in Ancient Egypt '' . Historia Mathematica. 4 ( 2 ) : 137 -- 140 . doi : 10.1016 / 0315 - 0860 ( 77 ) 90104 - 5 . Euler , Leonhard , `` On the Use of the Discovered Fractions to Sum Infinite Series '' , in Introduction to Analysis of the Infinite . Book I , translated from the Latin by J.D. Blanton , Springer - Verlag , 1964 , pp 137 -- 153 Hardy , G.H. and Wright E.M. , An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers first published 1938 , fifth Edition 1979 with additions 2000 , Clarendon Press , Oxford U.K. Heath , T.L. , The Works of Archimedes , Cambridge , 1897 ; reprinted in The Works of Archimedes with The Method of Archimedes , Dover , 1953 , pp 91 -- 98 Huygens , Christiaan , `` De Circuli Magnitudine Inventa '' , Christiani Hugenii Opera Varia I , Leiden 1724 , pp 384 -- 388 Lay - Yong , Lam ; Tian - Se , Ang ( 1986 ) . `` Circle Measurements in Ancient China '' . Historia Mathematica. 13 ( 4 ) : 325 -- 340 . doi : 10.1016 / 0315 - 0860 ( 86 ) 90055 - 8 . Lindemann , Ferdinand ( 1882 ) . `` Ueber die Zahl pi '' . Mathematische Annalen. 20 ( 2 ) : 213 -- 225 . doi : 10.1007 / bf01446522 . Matar , K. Mukunda ; Rajagonal , C. ( 1944 ) . `` On the Hindu Quadrature of the Circle '' ( Appendix by K. Balagangadharan ) `` . Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society . 20 : 77 -- 82 . Niven , Ivan , `` A Simple Proof that pi Is Irrational '' , Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society , 53 : 7 ( July 1947 ) , 507 Ramanujan , Srinivasa , `` Modular Equations and Approximations to π '' , Quarterly Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics , XLV , 1914 , 350 -- 372 . Reprinted in G.H. Hardy , P.V. Seshu Aiyar , and B.M. Wilson ( eds ) , Srinivasa Ramanujan : Collected Papers , 1927 ( reprinted 2000 ) , pp 23 -- 29 Shanks , William , Contributions to Mathematics Comprising Chiefly of the Rectification of the Circle to 607 Places of Decimals , 1853 , pp. i -- xvi , 10 Shanks , Daniel ; Wrench , John William ( 1962 ) . `` Calculation of pi to 100,000 Decimals '' . Mathematics of Computation. 16 ( 77 ) : 76 -- 99 . doi : 10.1090 / s0025 - 5718 - 1962 - 0136051 - 9 . Tropfke , Johannes , Geschichte Der Elementar - Mathematik in Systematischer Darstellung ( The history of elementary mathematics ) , BiblioBazaar , 2009 ( reprint ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 113 - 08573 - 3 Viete , Francois , Variorum de Rebus Mathematicis Reponsorum Liber VII . F. Viete , Opera Mathematica ( reprint ) , Georg Olms Verlag , 1970 , pp 398 -- 401 , 436 -- 446 Wagon , Stan , `` Is Pi Normal ? '' , The Mathematical Intelligencer , 7 : 3 ( 1985 ) 65 -- 67 Wallis , John , Arithmetica Infinitorum , sive Nova Methodus Inquirendi in Curvilineorum Quadratum , aliaque difficiliora Matheseos Problemata , Oxford 1655 -- 6 . Reprinted in vol. 1 ( pp 357 -- 478 ) of Opera Mathematica , Oxford 1693 Zebrowski , Ernest , A History of the Circle : Mathematical Reasoning and the Physical Universe , Rutgers University Press , 1999 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 2898 - 4 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pi . Digits of Pi at DMOZ `` Pi '' at Wolfram Mathworld Representations of Pi at Wolfram Alpha Pi Search Engine : 2 billion searchable digits of π , √ 2 , and e Demonstration by Lambert ( 1761 ) of irrationality of π , online and analyzed BibNum ( PDF ) . ( hide ) Irrational numbers Prime ( ρ ) Euler -- Mascheroni ( γ ) Logarithm of 2 Twelfth root of two ( √ 2 ) Apéry 's ( ζ ( 3 ) ) Sophomore 's dream Plastic ( ρ ) Square root of 2 ( √ 2 ) Erdős -- Borwein ( E ) Golden ratio ( φ ) Square root of 3 ( √ 3 ) Square root of 5 ( √ 5 ) Silver ratio ( δ ) Second Feigenbaum ( α ) E ( e ) Pi ( π ) First Feigenbaum ( δ ) Schizophrenic Transcendental Trigonometric LCCN : sh85101712 GND : 4174646 - 6 NDL : 00562015 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pi&oldid=807056054 '' Categories : Pi Complex analysis Mathematical series Real transcendental numbers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2012 Articles with DMOZ links Featured articles Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી Хальмг 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pälzisch پنجابی Patois Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 16 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who calculated the value of pi in india | [
"The Indian astronomer Aryabhata used a value of 3.1416 in his Āryabhaṭīya (499 AD).[58] Fibonacci in c. 1220 computed 3.1418 using a polygonal method, independent of Archimedes.[59] Italian author Dante apparently employed the value 3+√2/10 ≈ 3.14142.[59]"
] | [
"Aryabhata"
] |
5007984954277456248 | A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack) | A Star Is Born ( 2018 soundtrack ) - wikipedia A Star Is Born ( 2018 soundtrack ) A Star Is Born Soundtrack album by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper Released October 5 , 2018 Recorded 2017 -- 2018 Studio Woodrow Wilson Studios ( Hollywood , California ) EastWest Studios , The Village West ( Los Angeles , California ) Shangri - La Studios ( Malibu , California ) Electric Lady Studios ( New York , New York ) Length 70 : 01 Label Interscope Producer Paul `` DJWS '' Blair Dave Cobb Bradley Cooper Lady Gaga Nick Monson Lukas Nelson Brian Newman Mark Nilan Jr . Benjamin Rice Lady Gaga chronology Joanne ( 2016 ) A Star Is Born ( 2018 ) Singles from A Star Is Born `` Shallow '' Released : September 27 , 2018 A Star Is Born is the soundtrack album to the 2018 musical film of the same name , performed by its stars Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper . It was released on October 5 , 2018 , by Interscope Records . Gaga and Cooper collaborated on the soundtrack album with an assortment of country musicians , including Lukas Nelson , who also stars in the film as a member of Cooper 's band . For the more pop - oriented songs on the soundtrack , Gaga teamed up with recurring collaborator DJ White Shadow . The soundtrack also includes contributions from Jason Isbell , Mark Ronson , Diane Warren , and Andrew Wyatt of Miike Snow . Commercially , it has topped the charts in Australia , Canada , the Czech Republic , Estonia , Ireland , New Zealand , Scotland , Slovakia , Sweden , Switzerland , the United Kingdom , and the United States . Contents 1 Background and development 2 Writing and recording 3 Music and lyrics 4 Release 5 Critical reception 6 Commercial performance 7 Track listing 8 Charts 9 Release history 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Background and development ( edit ) In March 2015 , Warner Bros. announced that Bradley Cooper was in talks to make his directorial debut with A Star Is Born , the fourth remake of the 1937 film of the same name . Lady Gaga was officially attached to the film in August 2016 , with the studio green - lighting the project to begin production in early 2017 . Cooper plays Jackson Maine , `` a veteran country singer who discovers and eventually falls in love with a struggling singer - songwriter named Ally , played by Gaga . '' Gaga `` helped inform Cooper 's performance as a musician '' . Cooper spent two - and - a-half years prepping for the film and determining what kind of musician his character would be . He worked with a number of musicians and vocal coach Roger Love . Cooper said , `` by the end he just kind of started developing into his own sort of creation . If I had another year of prep , it would have been complete rock , but now it 's some sort of hybrid . '' Writing and Recording ( edit ) Cooper described the soundtrack `` an evolution , like the story . '' Gaga and Cooper were writing songs for the soundtrack during filming , leading to `` so many different incarnations of each song . '' Cooper added that `` the music really became a character in the movie . There is no lyric that 's ever in any point of the movie that does n't have exactly to do with where one of them is or hopes to be or regrets being . That was our launching pad and then it was just about discovering what songs fit in the right places . '' Jason Isbell wrote a song for Cooper 's character , which became `` the sword with which a lot of the music spawned from ( Cooper ) '' . Isbell sent the song through Dave Cobb , a Nashville - based producer with whom Cooper had been collaborating . Cooper approached Lukas Nelson ( son of country music singer Willie Nelson ) after seeing him perform at Desert Trip in October 2016 and asked him to work on the film as a music consultant . Nelson said he began `` writing songs for the movie , just for the heck of it , and sending them over to the producer , and they started liking them . Then Lady Gaga came by and I met her and we clicked . We became good friends , and we started writing together . '' Gaga , in turn , provided backing vocals on two tracks on Nelson 's self - titled album released in 2017 . Nelson and his band , Lukas Nelson & Promise of the Real , appear in the film as Cooper 's backing band . Gaga reunited with producer Mark Ronson and songwriter Hillary Lindsey , who had both contributed to her previous studio album Joanne ( 2016 ) . She worked with recurring collaborator DJ White Shadow on the soundtrack 's more pop - oriented numbers performed by her character Ally . Much of the album was recorded live on set , at Gaga 's insistence . Music and lyrics ( edit ) Billboard described the soundtrack as `` integral to the plotline '' , adding that `` many of the lyrics are about wanting and longing for change , but noting the struggle . Some express the great love and beautiful bond the booze - addled rock star ( Jackson Maine , played by Cooper ) and neophyte singer - songwriter ( Ally , played by Lady Gaga ) have for each other '' , and concluding that `` the music stands up , movie or no movie . They are timeless , emotional , gritty and earnest . They sound like songs written by artists who , quite frankly , are supremely messed up but hit to the core of the listener . '' Release ( edit ) The soundtrack 's track list and release date were announced on August 30 , 2018 . Interscope Records tweeted that the album `` features 19 songs in a wide range of musical styles + 15 dialogue tracks that will take you on a journey that mirrors the experience of seeing the film . '' Its track `` Shallow '' was released on September 27 as the album 's lead single . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 78 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The Daily Telegraph The Guardian NME Pitchfork 7.4 / 10 Rolling Stone Slant Magazine The soundtrack received positive response from critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications , the album has an average score of 78 , based on 8 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In a positive review , The Washington Post called the soundtrack a `` five - star marvel '' and stated that it is a possible contender to win a Grammy Award . Ben Beaumont - Thomas of The Guardian gave the album a positive review , acknowledging `` Bradley Cooper shows he can sing as well as act and direct '' , but that `` it is Lady Gaga 's pop prowess that lifts each track , be it spectacular piano ballads or heart - rending duets '' In a positive review , Stephen Thomas Erlewine , writing for AllMusic , said `` All the songs make sense narratively and on their own , so they hold together well and would amount to a first - rate soundtrack '' , but criticized the dialogue included in the album . Rolling Stone 's Brittany Spanos gave the soundtrack four stars out of a possible five , saying `` The music Gaga helps write for this stretch in Ally 's career ... is gorgeous -- romantic without being trite and powerful . '' Nick Reilly of NME complimented the album 's `` emotionally charged songs that feel entirely appropriate for this heartfelt tale of doomed romance '' , adding that the album is `` one of the best Hollywood soundtracks of recent years . '' Writing for The Daily Telegraph , Neil McCormick gave the album a moderately positive review , saying the soundtrack was enjoyable , but criticized the `` slightly awkward journey from rock balladry to slickly superficial pop '' and stated that `` there is also a weird disconnect as the soundtrack shifts gear to anodyne modern pop '' . Jeremy Winograd of Slant Magazine , in a mixed review , was critical of the album , saying `` There 's undoubtedly a strong 10 - song album lodged at the core of A Star Is Born , but unlike the film , wherein an outsized sense of sentimentality is rendered affecting by the more grounded performances , there 's not nearly enough substance here to justify all the bombast . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) A Star Is Born opened atop the US Billboard 200 with 231,000 album - equivalent units , including 162,000 pure album sales . It had the biggest overall sales week for a soundtrack in over three years , and is Gaga 's fifth US number - one album as well as Cooper 's first . Gaga extended her record as the female artist with the most chart - topping albums during the 2010s , breaking her tie with Taylor Swift . Beside its pure album sales , A Star Is Born earned 37,000 in stream - equivalent units and 32,000 from track - equivalent units . The soundtrack spent a second week at number one there with 143,000 album - equivalent units ( 86,000 being pure sales ) , and became Gaga 's second album to top the chart for two consecutive weeks after Born This Way ( 2011 ) . It then held the country 's summit for a third week in a row with 109,000 equivalent units ( 61,000 pure sales ) , becoming the first soundtrack since High School Musical 2 in 2007 to top the chart for its first three weeks . Additionally it became Gaga 's longest running chart - topping album in the country . A Star Is Born entered at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart , selling 18,000 equivalent units , earning the top sales and digital song download honors and the seventh highest on - demand streams for the week . The soundtrack was Gaga 's third album to reach the summit in the nation and her first since Born This Way . The soundtrack held the top position for the next week , with another 12,000 equivalent units and was also the top - selling album . It had an 11 % increase in sales during the third week and remained atop the charts , selling close to 14,000 equivalent units . Like in the United States , the soundtrack became Gaga 's longest running chart - topping album in Canada for Gaga . In the United Kingdom , A Star Is Born faced competition from Twenty One Pilots ' fifth studio album , Trench , with the midweek chart suggesting the latter to emerge as the top album . A Star Is Born pulled ahead at the last moment according to Alan Jones from Music Week , and debuted atop the UK Albums Chart with 31,816 units ( including 6,178 from stream - equivalent units ) . It became Gaga 's fourth album to reach number one in the nation and first since Artpop ( 2013 ) , as well as Cooper 's first entry on the chart . The soundtrack was then displaced by Jess Glynne 's Always In Between the following week , and it fell to number two , selling 24,732 equivalent units . For the week ending November 1 , 2018 , the soundtrack moved back atop the chart with 24,982 copies sold ( including 6,645 from sales - equivalent streams ) . `` Shallow '' also reached the top of the UK Singles Chart that week , making Gaga and Cooper score an Official UK Chart double , this being Gaga 's third time to do so . A Star Is Born opened at number one in Ireland and Scotland , and was Gaga 's third number one in the former . During its third week atop the Irish chart , the soundtrack attained its highest sales tally . In France , the soundtrack sold 8,700 units and debuted at number seven on the SNEP Albums Chart , and held the same position the next week with another 8,000 units . In Australia , A Star Is Born entered at number three on the ARIA Albums Chart , giving Gaga her seventh top 10 album in the country and her sixth to reach the top three . Two weeks later , the soundtrack reached the top of the charts , becoming Gaga 's third album to reach the Australian charts summit after The Fame Monster and Born This Way . The soundtrack debuted at number six in the New Zealand Albums Chart , and after two weeks reached the top . Track listing ( edit ) Standard version No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Intro '' 0 : 20 2 . `` Black Eyes '' ( performed by Bradley Cooper ) Cooper Lukas Nelson Cooper Nelson Lady Gaga 3 : 03 3 . `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' ( dialogue ; featuring Lady Gaga ) Harold Arlen E.Y. Harburg Claire Louise Whittleston 0 : 42 4 . `` Fabulous French '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper , Lady Gaga , Anthony Ramos and D.J. `` Shangela '' Pierce ) 0 : 19 5 . `` La Vie en rose '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Louiguy Édith Piaf Gaga Brian Newman 2 : 59 6 . `` I 'll Wait for You '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 19 7 . `` Maybe It 's Time '' ( performed by Bradley Cooper ) Jason Isbell Cooper Benjamin Rice Gaga 2 : 39 8 . `` Parking Lot '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 31 9 . `` Out of Time '' ( performed by Bradley Cooper ) Cooper Nelson Cooper Nelson 2 : 52 10 . `` Alibi '' ( performed by Bradley Cooper ) Gaga Cooper Nelson Gaga Cooper Nelson 3 : 03 11 . `` Trust Me '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 32 12 . `` Shallow '' ( performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper ) Gaga Mark Ronson Anthony Rossomando Andrew Wyatt Gaga Rice 3 : 35 13 . `` First Stop , Arizona '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 10 14 . `` Music to My Eyes '' ( performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper ) Gaga Nelson Nelson 3 : 19 15 . `` Diggin ' My Grave '' ( performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper ) Paul Kennerley Gaga Nelson 3 : 57 16 . `` I Love You '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 19 17 . `` Always Remember Us This Way '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Natalie Hemby Hillary Lindsey Lori McKenna Dave Cobb Gaga 3 : 30 18 . `` Unbelievable '' ( dialogue ; featuring Lady Gaga and Rafi Gavron ) 0 : 28 19 . `` How Do You Hear It ? '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 14 20 . `` Look What I Found '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Mark Nilan Jr . Nick Monson Paul `` DJWS '' Blair Nelson Aaron Raitiere Gaga Nilan Monson Blair 2 : 55 21 . `` Memphis '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 24 22 . `` Heal Me '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Nilan Monson Blair Julia Michaels Justin Tranter Gaga Nilan Monson Blair 3 : 16 23 . `` I Do n't Know What Love Is '' ( performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper ) Gaga Nelson Gaga Nelson Nilan Monson 2 : 57 24 . `` Vows '' ( dialogue ; featuring Lady Gaga ) 0 : 17 25 . `` Is That Alright ? '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Nilan Monson Blair Raitiere Gaga Nilan Monson Blair 3 : 11 26 . `` SNL '' ( dialogue ; featuring Alec Baldwin , Donald King , Michael Mancini and Gena Rositano ) 0 : 13 27 . `` Why Did You Do That ? '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Diane Warren Nilan Monson Blair Gaga Nilan Monson Blair 3 : 04 28 . `` Hair Body Face '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Nilan Monson Blair Gaga Nilan Monson Blair Rice 3 : 22 29 . `` Scene 98 '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 35 30 . `` Before I Cry '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Nilan Monson Blair Gaga Nilan Monson Blair 4 : 18 31 . `` Too Far Gone '' ( performed by Bradley Cooper ) Cooper Nelson Cooper Nelson 1 : 26 32 . `` Twelve Notes '' ( dialogue ; featuring Lady Gaga and Sam Elliott ) 1 : 03 33 . `` I 'll Never Love Again '' ( film version ) ( performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper ) Gaga Hemby Lindsey Raitiere Gaga Rice 4 : 41 34 . `` I 'll Never Love Again '' ( extended version ) ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Hemby Lindsey Raitiere Gaga Rice 5 : 28 Total length : 70 : 01 show Version without dialogue No . Title Length 1 . `` Black Eyes '' 3 : 03 2 . `` La Vie en rose '' 2 : 59 3 . `` Maybe It 's Time '' 2 : 39 4 . `` Out of Time '' 2 : 52 5 . `` Alibi '' 3 : 03 6 . `` Shallow '' ( radio edit ) 3 : 37 7 . `` Music to My Eyes '' 3 : 19 8 . `` Diggin ' My Grave '' 3 : 57 9 . `` Always Remember Us This Way '' 3 : 30 10 . `` Look What I Found '' 2 : 55 11 . `` Heal Me '' 3 : 16 12 . `` I Do n't Know What Love Is '' 2 : 57 13 . `` Is That Alright ? '' 3 : 11 14 . `` Why Did You Do That ? '' 3 : 04 15 . `` Hair Body Face '' 3 : 22 16 . `` Before I Cry '' 4 : 18 17 . `` Too Far Gone '' 1 : 26 18 . `` I 'll Never Love Again '' ( film version ) ( radio edit ) 4 : 41 19 . `` I 'll Never Love Again '' ( extended version ) ( radio edit ) 5 : 28 Total length : 63 : 37 Notes -- additional vocal production -- additional production -- main and additional production -- vocal production -- 0 : 31 on clean version of the album -- 0 : 34 on clean version of the album -- 69 : 59 for clean version of the album Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Argentinian Albums ( CAPIF ) Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Croatia International Albums ( HDU ) Czech Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) Estonian Albums ( IFPI ) Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 12 French Albums ( SNEP ) 7 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 5 Greek Albums ( IFPI Greece ) Hungarian Albums ( MAHASZ ) 15 Icelandic Albums ( Tonlist ) Irish Albums ( OCC ) Italian Albums ( FIMI ) New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 32 Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) Scottish Albums ( OCC ) Slovak Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) South African Albums ( RiSA ) 18 South Korean Albums ( Gaon ) 37 South Korean International Albums ( Gaon ) Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) Swedish Compilation ( Sverigetopplistan ) Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Albums ( OCC ) UK Soundtrack Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 US Soundtrack Albums ( Billboard ) US Top Tastemaker Albums ( Billboard ) Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Various October 5 , 2018 Digital download Streaming CD LP Interscope Japan November 7 , 2018 CD LP See also ( edit ) Book : A Star Is Born ( 2018 film ) List of artists who have achieved simultaneous UK and US number - one hits List of Billboard 200 number - one albums of 2018 List of number - one albums of 2018 ( Australia ) List of number - one albums of 2018 ( Canada ) List of number - one albums of 2018 ( Ireland ) List of number - one albums from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of number - one albums of 2018 ( Scotland ) List of number - one hits of 2018 ( Switzerland ) List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 2010s List of UK Album Downloads Chart number ones of the 2010s References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reed , Ryan ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga , Bradley Cooper Detail ' A Star Is Born ' Soundtrack '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Bradley Cooper To Make Directing Debut , Hopes To Star With Beyonce In ' A Star Is Born ' For Warner Bros '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' Gets Warner Bros Green Light ; Bradley Cooper Directs , Stars With Lady Gaga '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rao , Sonia ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` What we know about the lengthy ' A Star Is Born ' soundtrack , like its copious amount of Bradley Cooper '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga on letting go for ' A Star Is Born ' and what Bradley Cooper insisted she do before filming '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Nolfi , Joey ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Get to know the songwriters behind Lady Gaga 's A Star Is Born '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( August 11 , 2018 ) . `` Inside the creation of the thrilling new A Star Is Born soundtrack '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Betts , Stephen ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Jason Isbell , Lukas Nelson Songs to Appear in Lady Gaga 's ' A Star Is Born ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Lukas Nelson Talks Writing With Lady Gaga , Gigging With Neil Young '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Finn , Timothy ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` He 's worked with Neil Young , Gaga and his dad , Willie Nelson . Now he 's coming to KC '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Samantha ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` How Lady Gaga Brought Lukas Nelson and Promise of the Real 's `` Find Yourself '' to Life `` . CMT . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bliss , Karen ( September 10 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga Praises ' A Star Is Born ' Co-Star Bradley Cooper 's Talents at Toronto Premiere : ' He Sings From His Soul ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ @ Interscope ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` # AStarIsBornSoundtrack features 19 songs in a wide range of musical styles + 15 dialogue tracks that will take you on a journey that mirrors the experience of seeing the film . Pre-order the music from the film now , out Oct. 5 . smarturl.it/ASIBSoundtrack @ StarIsBornMovie # AStarIsBorn '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 3 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Balancia , Donna ( September 25 , 2018 ) . `` REVIEW : Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper Let the Music Shine in ' A Star Is Born ' '' . California Rocker . Retrieved September 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Star Is Born ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas Erlewine , Stephen ( October 5 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper - A Star Is Born ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McCormick , Neil ( October 5 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga & Bradley Cooper : A Star Is Born soundtrack , review : an enjoyable but very peculiar album '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Beaumont - Thomas , Ben ( October 5 , 2018 ) . `` A Star Is Born soundtrack review -- instant classics full of Gaga 's emotional might '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Reilly , Nick ( October 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' -- soundtrack review '' . NME . Retrieved October 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fitzmaurice , Larry ( October 8 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper - A Star Is Born Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved October 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Spannos , Brittany ( October 5 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper Shine Bright on the ' A Star Is Born ' Soundtrack '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Winograd , Jeremy ( October 10 , 2018 ) . `` A Star Is Born Original Soundtrack '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Mark ( October 4 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' A Star Is Born ' soundtrack is a five - star marvel '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 14 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga & Bradley Cooper 's ' A Star Is Born ' Soundtrack Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' Soundtrack Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' Soundtrack Earns Third Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart , Future & Juice WRLD Debut at No. 2 '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tuch , Paul ( October 15 , 2018 ) . `` A Star Is Reborn At No. 1 On This Week 's Albums Chart '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tuch , Paul ( October 22 , 2018 ) . `` Rap Dominates This Week 's Chart , But A Star Is Born Remains No. 1 '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tuch , Paul ( October 29 , 2018 ) . `` Ginette Reno , Arkells Debut With Strong Numbers On This Week 's Chart '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga tops Official Albums Chart for fourth time thanks to A Star Is Born '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` Charts analysis : A Star Is Born races to No. 1 '' . Music Week . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Ainsley , Helen ( October 19 , 2018 ) . `` Jess Glynne scores second Number 1 album with Always In Between '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( October 20 , 2018 ) . `` Charts analysis : Jess Glynne sophomore album races to No. 1 '' . Music Week . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( October 26 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper score the Official Chart double as Shallow becomes Gaga 's fifth UK Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( October 26 , 2018 ) . `` Charts analysis : A Star Is Reborn on albums chart '' . Music Week . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Mapstone , Lucy ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper top charts with A Star Is Born soundtrack '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` The A Star Is Born soundtrack bests Twenty One Pilots for Official Irish Albums Chart Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( October 26 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga & Bradley Cooper 's A Star Is Born holds at Number 1 , Dua Lipa returns to Top 3 on the Official Irish Albums Chart '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ruelle , Yohann ( October 15 , 2018 ) . `` Top Albums : Trois Cafés Gourmands détrône Mylène Farmer , Angèle devant Lady Gaga '' . PureBreak Charts ( in French ) . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ruelle , Yohann ( October 29 , 2018 ) . `` Top Albums : Johnny Hallyday entre dans l'histoire et fait le triplé , SCH dans le top 5 '' . PureBreak Charts ( in French ) . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( October 14 , 2018 ) . `` Australian Albums : twenty one pilots ' Trench ' Lands At No 1 '' . Noise11 . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born Jumps To # 1 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . October 27 , 2018 . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NZ Top 40 Albums Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . October 29 , 2018 . Retrieved October 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born Soundtrack Credits '' . A Star Is Born . Interscope Records . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2018 . Retrieved October 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Over the Rainbow : BMI Work # 21904915 '' . BMI . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born ( Without Dialogue ) '' . Spotify . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Los discos más vendidos : `` TRENCH '' de TWENTY ONE PILOTS se quedó con en el primer puesto en la semana del 15 al 21 de Octubre `` . Diario de Cultura ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2018 . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . October 29 , 2018 . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lista prodaje 41 . tjedan 2018 '' ( in Croatian ) . HDU . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Albums -- Top 100 '' . ČNS IFPI . Note : On the chart page , select 201842 on the field besides the word `` Zobrazit '' , and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nestor , Siim ( October 22 , 2018 ) . `` EESTI TIPP - 40 MUUSIKAS : Lenna kihutas koos nubluga , aga '' . Eesti Ekspress ( in Estonian ) . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Elokuvamusiikki : A Star Is Born '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums ( Week 41 , 2018 ) '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Soundtrack -- A Star Is Born '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official IFPI Charts Top - 75 Albums Sales Chart Εβδομάδα : 41 / 2018 '' ( in Greek ) . IFPI Greece . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2018 . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 album DVD és válogatáslemez - lista -- 2018 . 42 . hét '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved October 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tonlistinn Vika 42 -- 2018 '' ( in Icelandic ) . Tonlistinn . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2018 . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Irish Albums Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Album -- Classifica settimanale WK 42 ( dal 2018 - 10 - 12 al 2018 - 10 - 18 ) '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved October 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Albums uke 42 , 2018 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Slovak Albums -- Top 100 '' . ČNS IFPI . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Note : On the chart page , select SK Albums and `` 201842 '' on the field besides the word `` Zobrazit '' , and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data . Jump up ^ `` South Africa Top 20 '' ( in Africans ) . Recording Industry of South Africa . October 27 , 2018 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2018 . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon Album Chart '' . On the page , select `` 2018.10. 14 ~ 2018.10. 20 '' to obtain the corresponding chart . Gaon Chart Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon International Album Chart '' . On the page , select `` 2018.10. 07 ~ 2018.10. 13 '' , then `` 국외 '' , to obtain the corresponding chart . Gaon Chart Retrieved October 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albumes -- Semana 42 ( 12 / 10 a 18 / 10 ) '' . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Veckolista Samlingar -- Vecka 41 , 12 oktober 2018 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . October 12 , 2018 . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Soundtrack Albums Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Chart History ( Soundtrack Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Chart History ( Top Tastemaker Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born -- Official store '' . Warner Bros. Retrieved September 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Star Is Born ( Movie ) ' Original Soundtrack '' ( in Japanese ) . CDJapan . Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) A Star Is Born Music Official website A Star Is Born Films 1937 1954 1976 2018 Music 1954 soundtrack `` The Man That Got Away '' 1976 soundtrack `` Evergreen '' 2018 soundtrack `` La Vie en rose '' `` Shallow '' `` Always Remember Us This Way '' `` Is That Alright ? '' `` I 'll Never Love Again '' Related What Price Hollywood ? Lady Gaga Awards and nominations Discography Live performances Songs Videography Studio albums The Fame Born This Way Artpop Cheek to Cheek Joanne Soundtracks A Star Is Born Compilations The Remix Born This Way : The Remix Born This Way : The Collection Extended plays The Cherrytree Sessions Hitmixes The Fame Monster A Very Gaga Holiday Concert tours The Fame Ball Tour Fame Kills : Starring Kanye West and Lady Gaga The Monster Ball Tour Born This Way Ball ArtRave : The Artpop Ball Cheek to Cheek Tour Joanne World Tour One - off shows ArtRave Dive Bar Tour Residencies Lady Gaga Live at Roseland Ballroom Lady Gaga Enigma Documentaries Gaga : Five Foot Two Television Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour : At Madison Square Garden A Very Gaga Thanksgiving Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga : Cheek to Cheek Live ! Super Bowl LI halftime show Fragrances Lady Gaga Fame Eau de Gaga Bibliography Lady Gaga x Terry Richardson Related articles Aleiodes gaga Born This Way Foundation Doll Domination Tour Gaga ( plant ) Gagadon Haus of Gaga Joanne Trattoria Cookbook Lady Gaga : Queen of Pop `` Lisa Goes Gaga '' Meat dress `` Perform This Way '' TechHaus Volantis Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Star_Is_Born_(2018_soundtrack)&oldid=866524684 '' Categories : 2018 soundtracks Film soundtracks Lady Gaga albums Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) CS1 Estonian - language sources ( et ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use mdy dates from October 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Polski Português Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 21 : 31 ( UTC ) . 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"Standard version[45]No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Intro\" 0:202.\"Black Eyes\" (performed by Bradley Cooper)CooperLukas NelsonCooperNelsonLady Gaga[a][b]3:033.\"Somewhere Over the Rainbow\" (dialogue; featuring Lady Gaga)Harold ArlenE.Y. HarburgClaire Louise Whittleston[46] 0:424.\"Fabulous French\" (dialogue; featuring Bradley Cooper, Lady Gaga, Anthony Ramos and D.J. \"Shangela\" Pierce) 0:195.\"La Vie en rose\" (performed by Lady Gaga)LouiguyÉdith PiafGagaBrian Newman2:596.\"I'll Wait for You\" (dialogue; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga) 0:197.\"Maybe It's Time\" (performed by Bradley Cooper)Jason IsbellCooperBenjamin RiceGaga[a]2:398.\"Parking Lot\" (dialogue; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga) 0:319.\"Out of Time\" (performed by Bradley Cooper)CooperNelsonCooperNelson2:5210.\"Alibi\" (performed by Bradley Cooper)GagaCooperNelsonGagaCooperNelson3:0311.\"Trust Me\" (dialogue; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga) 0:32[e]12.\"Shallow\" (performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper)GagaMark RonsonAnthony RossomandoAndrew WyattGagaRice3:3513.\"First Stop, Arizona\" (dialogue; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga) 0:1014.\"Music to My Eyes\" (performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper)GagaNelsonNelson3:1915.\"Diggin' My Grave\" (performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper)Paul KennerleyGagaNelson3:5716.\"I Love You\" (dialogue; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga) 0:1917.\"Always Remember Us This Way\" (performed by Lady Gaga)GagaNatalie HembyHillary LindseyLori McKennaDave CobbGaga3:3018.\"Unbelievable\" (dialogue; featuring Lady Gaga and Rafi Gavron) 0:2819.\"How Do You Hear It?\" (dialogue; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga) 0:1420.\"Look What I Found\" (performed by Lady Gaga)GagaMark Nilan Jr.Nick MonsonPaul \"DJWS\" BlairNelsonAaron RaitiereGagaNilanMonsonBlair2:5521.\"Memphis\" (dialogue; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga) 0:2422.\"Heal Me\" (performed by Lady Gaga)GagaNilanMonsonBlairJulia MichaelsJustin TranterGagaNilanMonsonBlair3:1623.\"I Don't Know What Love Is\" (performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper)GagaNelsonGaga[c]NelsonNilan[b]Monson[b]2:5724.\"Vows\" (dialogue; featuring Lady Gaga) 0:1725.\"Is That Alright?\" (performed by Lady Gaga)GagaNilanMonsonBlairRaitiereGagaNilanMonsonBlair3:1126.\"SNL\" (dialogue; featuring Alec Baldwin, Donald King, Michael Mancini and Gena Rositano) 0:1327.\"Why Did You Do That?\" (performed by Lady Gaga)GagaDiane WarrenNilanMonsonBlairGagaNilanMonsonBlair3:0428.\"Hair Body Face\" (performed by Lady Gaga)GagaNilanMonsonBlairGagaNilanMonsonBlairRice[d]3:2229.\"Scene 98\" (dialogue; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga) 0:35[f]30.\"Before I Cry\" (performed by Lady Gaga)GagaNilanMonsonBlairGagaNilanMonsonBlair4:1831.\"Too Far Gone\" (performed by Bradley Cooper)CooperNelsonCooperNelson1:2632.\"Twelve Notes\" (dialogue; featuring Lady Gaga and Sam Elliott) 1:0333.\"I'll Never Love Again\" (film version) (performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper)GagaHembyLindseyRaitiereGagaRice4:4134.\"I'll Never Love Again\" (extended version) (performed by Lady Gaga)GagaHembyLindseyRaitiereGagaRice5:28Total length:70:01[g]"
] | [
"\"Maybe It's Time\" (performed by Bradley Cooper)"
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-4838853283863881856 | List of Olympic Games host cities | List of Olympic Games host cities - wikipedia List of Olympic Games host cities Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games , both summer and winter , since the modern Olympics began in 1896 . Since then , summer games have usually -- but not always -- celebrated a four - year period known as an Olympiad . There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 24 cities , and 23 Winter Olympic Games held in 20 cities . In addition , three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war : Berlin ( summer ) in 1916 ; Tokyo / Helsinki ( summer ) and Sapporo / Garmisch - Partenkirchen ( winter ) in 1940 ; and London ( summer ) and Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ( winter ) in 1944 . The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens . However , in 1949 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games . Four cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games : Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics , Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics , Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics , and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics . In 2022 , Beijing will become the only city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games . Nine cities will have hosted the Olympic Games more than once : Athens ( 1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics ) , Paris ( 1900 , 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics ) , London ( 1908 , 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics ) , St. Moritz ( 1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics ) , Lake Placid ( 1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics ) , Los Angeles ( 1932 , 1984 and 2028 Summer Olympics ) , Innsbruck ( 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics ) , Tokyo ( 1964 and 2020 Summer Olympics ) and Beijing ( 2008 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics ) . In addition , Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics . London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics . Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics , followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028 . The United States has hosted a total of eight Olympic Games , more than any other country , followed by France with five editions . Canada , Germany , Italy , Japan , and the United Kingdom have each hosted three Games . The Games have primarily been hosted in the continents of Europe ( 36 editions ) and North America ( 12 editions ) ; eight Games have been hosted in Asia and two have been hosted in Oceania . In 2016 , Rio de Janeiro became South America 's first Olympic host city , while the African continent has yet to hold the Games . Other major geographic regions which have never hosted the Olympics include the Middle East , the Indian subcontinent , the Caribbean , and Southeast Asia . Host cities are selected by the IOC membership , usually seven years in advance . The selection process lasts approximately two years . In the first stage , any city in the world may submit an application to become a host city . After 10 months , the Executive Board of the IOC decides which applicant city will become official candidates as based on the recommendation of a working group that reviews the applications . In a second stage , the candidate cities are investigated thoroughly by an Evaluation Commission , which then submits a final short list of cities to be considered for selection . The host city is then chosen by vote of the IOC session , a general meeting of IOC members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Olympic Games host cities 1.1 Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games 1.2 Number of Olympic Games by country 1.3 Number of Olympic Games by continent 1.4 Unsuccessful cities 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Olympic Games host cities ( edit ) For individual summer and winter lists , see List of modern Summer Olympic Games and List of Winter Olympic Games . City Country Continent Summer ( Olympiad ) Winter Year Opening Ceremony Closing Ceremony Athens Greece Europe S005 I 1896 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 Paris France Europe S005 II 1900 000000002018 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 000000002018 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 St. Louis United States North America S005 III 1904 000000002018 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 000000002018 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 London United Kingdom Europe S005 IV 1908 000000002018 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 000000002018 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 Stockholm Sweden Europe S005 V 1912 000000002018 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 000000002018 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 Berlin Germany Europe S006 VI 1916 Cancelled due to WWI Antwerp Belgium Europe S007 VII 1920 000000002018 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 000000002018 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 Chamonix France Europe W001 I 1924 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 Paris France Europe S008 VIII 000000002018 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 St. Moritz Switzerland Europe W002 II 1928 000000002018 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Amsterdam Netherlands Europe S009 IX 000000002018 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Lake Placid United States North America W003 III 1932 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Los Angeles United States North America S010 X 000000002018 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Garmisch - Partenkirchen Nazi Germany Europe W004 IV 1936 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002018 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 Berlin Nazi Germany Europe S011 XI 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 000000002018 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 Sapporo Garmisch - Partenkirchen Empire of Japan Nazi Germany Asia Europe W005a V 1940 Cancelled due to WWII Tokyo Helsinki Empire of Japan Finland Asia Europe S012 XII Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe W005b V 1944 London United Kingdom Europe S013 XIII St. Moritz Switzerland Europe W005c V 1948 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 London United Kingdom Europe S014 XIV 000000002018 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Oslo Norway Europe W006 VI 1952 000000002018 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Helsinki Finland Europe S015 XV 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe W007 VII 1956 000000002018 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 000000002018 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 Melbourne Stockholm Australia Sweden Oceania Europe S016 XVI 000000002018 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 000000002018 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 000000002018 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 000000002018 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 Squaw Valley United States North America W008 VIII 1960 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Rome Italy Europe S017 XVII 000000002018 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe W009 IX 1964 000000002018 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 Tokyo Japan Asia S018 XVIII 000000002018 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 000000002018 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 Grenoble France Europe W010 X 1968 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 Mexico City Mexico North America S019 XIX 000000002018 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 000000002018 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 Sapporo Japan Asia W011 XI 1972 000000002018 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 Munich West Germany Europe S020 XX 000000002018 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe W012 XII 1976 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Montreal Canada North America S021 XXI 000000002018 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 Lake Placid United States North America W013 XIII 1980 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Moscow Soviet Union Europe S022 XXII 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Sarajevo Yugoslavia Europe W014 XIV 1984 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Los Angeles United States North America S023 XXIII 000000002018 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Calgary Canada North America W015 XV 1988 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Seoul South Korea Asia S024 XXIV 000000002018 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 000000002018 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 Albertville France Europe W016 XVI 1992 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Barcelona Spain Europe S025 XXV 000000002018 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Lillehammer Norway Europe W017 XVII 1994 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 Atlanta United States North America S026 XXVI 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 Nagano Japan Asia W018 XVIII 1998 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 Sydney Australia Oceania S027 XXVII 2000 000000002018 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 000000002018 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 Salt Lake City United States North America W019 XIX 2002 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Athens Greece Europe S028 XXVIII 000000002018 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 000000002018 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 Torino Italy Europe W020 XX 2006 000000002018 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 000000002018 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 Beijing China Asia S029 XXIX 2008 000000002018 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 000000002018 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 Vancouver Canada North America W021 XXI 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 London United Kingdom Europe S030 XXX 2012 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Sochi Russia Europe W022 XXII 2014 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Rio de Janeiro Brazil South America S031 XXXI 2016 000000002018 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 000000002018 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 Pyeongchang South Korea Asia W023 XXIII 2018 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Tokyo Japan Asia S032 XXXII 2020 000000002018 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Beijing China Asia W024 XXIV 2022 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 Paris France Europe S033 XXXIII 2024 000000002018 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 000000002018 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 TBD TBD W025 XXV 2026 ( TBD ) Los Angeles United States North America S034 XXXIV 2028 000000002018 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 000000002018 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 Host cities for multiple Summer and winter Olympic Games ( edit ) List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games City Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total London United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Paris France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 0 Los Angeles United States North America 3 ( 1932 , 1984 , 2028 ) 0 Athens Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Tokyo Japan Asia 2 ( 1964 , 2020 ) 0 Beijing China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) St. Moritz Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1948 ) Innsbruck Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Lake Placid United States North America 0 2 ( 1932 , 1980 ) The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games . Number of Olympic Games by country ( edit ) Nations that have hosted or will host the Summer Olympics 5 times 4 times ( no entry ) 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games Nations that have hosted or will host the Winter Olympics 4 times or more 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games Rank Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total United States North America 5 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 4 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 2002 ) 9 France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 3 ( 1924 , 1968 , 1992 ) 6 Japan Asia 2 ( 1940 , 1964 , 2020 ) 2 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 ) United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1944 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Canada North America 1 ( 1976 ) 2 ( 1988 , 2010 ) Italy Europe 1 ( 1960 ) 2 ( 1944 , 1956 , 2006 ) German Empire / Nazi Germany / West Germany / Germany Europe 2 ( 1916 , 1936 , 1972 ) 1 ( 1936 , 1940 ) 8 China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) South Korea Asia 1 ( 1988 ) 1 ( 2018 ) Soviet Union / Russia Europe 1 ( 1980 ) 1 ( 2014 ) Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Australia Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 Norway Europe 0 2 ( 1952 , 1994 ) Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1940 , 1948 ) Sweden Europe 2 ( 1912 , 1956 ( equestrian events only ) ) 0 17 Brazil South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 Spain Europe 1 ( 1992 ) 0 SFR Yugoslavia / Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 0 1 ( 1984 ) Mexico North America 1 ( 1968 ) 0 Finland Europe 1 ( 1940 , 1952 ) 0 Netherlands Europe 1 ( 1928 ) 0 Belgium Europe 1 ( 1920 ) 0 Number of Olympic Games by continent ( edit ) Rank Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total Europe 17 ( 1896 , 1900 , 1908 , 1912 , 1920 , 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1960 , 1972 , 1980 , 1992 , 2004 , 2012 , 2024 ) 14 ( 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1964 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1992 , 1994 , 2006 , 2014 ) 31 North America 7 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 6 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 1988 , 2002 , 2010 ) 13 Asia 4 ( 1940 , 1964 , 1988 , 2008 , 2020 ) 4 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 , 2018 , 2022 ) 8 Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 5 South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 6 Africa 0 0 0 Unsuccessful cities ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Country City Bids United States Detroit 7 Hungary Budapest 6 Turkey Istanbul 5 Spain Madrid Argentina Buenos Aires Switzerland Lausanne United States Philadelphia 5 United States Chicago United States Minneapolis Cuba Havana Belgium Brussels Azerbaijan Baku Qatar Doha Spain Seville Yugoslavia Belgrade Puerto Rico San Juan Australia Brisbane Slovakia Poprad United States Boston See also ( edit ) Olympics portal List of Commonwealth Games host cities Notes ( edit ) Originally awarded to Chicago , but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World 's Fair . The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held , and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949 The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome , but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted . The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend , Belgium and in Amsterdam , Netherlands . The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo , but were moved to Garmisch - Partenkirchen before being cancelled . The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo , but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled . Equestrian events were held in Stockholm , Sweden . Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately ; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies , just like the regular Summer Olympics . Russia / Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia . However , the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees . Also , Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia . ( Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary , being just south of the Greater Caucasus ' western end ; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe . ) Equestrian events were held in China 's Hong Kong SAR . Although Hong Kong 's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition , it was an integral part of the Beijing Games ( unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid , separate flame , etc . ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32278 - 5 . Jump up ^ Group , Taylor Francis ( 2003 ) . The Europa World Yearbook . Taylor and Francis Group . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 227 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Choice of the Host City '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Durántez , Conrado ( April -- May 1997 ) . `` The Olympic Movement , a twentieth - century phenomenon '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review . XXVI ( 14 ) : 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ `` Antwerp 1920 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chamonix 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paris 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Moritz 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amsterdam 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Placid 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St Louis 1904 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis gets Olympic Games ; International Committee Sanctions the Change for the World 's Fair in 1904 '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 1903 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ The 2nd International Olympic Games In Athens 1906 , Karl Lennartz , Journal of Olympic History , Dec. 2001 / Jan. 2002 Jump up ^ `` Rome Games moved to London '' . realclearsports.com . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stockholm / Melbourne 1956 '' . Swedish Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Tim Pile ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Hong Kong saddles up for the Olympics '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Beijing Olympic home page '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 04 . External links ( edit ) `` The Olympic Games '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Summer Olympic Games host cities 1896 : Athens 1900 : Paris 1904 : St. Louis 1908 : London 1912 : Stockholm 1916 : None 1920 : Antwerp 1924 : Paris 1928 : Amsterdam 1932 : Los Angeles 1936 : Berlin 1940 : None 1944 : None 1948 : London 1952 : Helsinki 1956 : Melbourne 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Mexico City 1972 : Munich 1976 : Montreal 1980 : Moscow 1984 : Los Angeles 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II 1948 : St. Moritz 1952 : Oslo 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 : Squaw Valley 1964 : Innsbruck 1968 : Grenoble 1972 : Sapporo 1976 : Innsbruck 1980 : Lake Placid 1984 : Sarajevo 1988 : Calgary 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : Pyeongchang 2022 : Beijing 2026 : TBD 2030 : TBD Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities&oldid=843272486 '' Categories : Olympics - related lists Lists of host cities Lists of Olympic venues Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Ελληνικά فارسی Français Қазақша Latviešu Македонски Norsk Português Română Русский தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 01 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the united states host the last olympics | [
"\n\nCity\nCountry\nContinent\nSummer (Olympiad)\nWinter\nYear\nOpening Ceremony\nClosing Ceremony\n\n\nAthens\n Greece\nEurope\nS005I\n\n1896\n000000002018-04-06-0000April 6\n000000002018-04-15-0000April 15\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS005II\n\n1900\n000000002018-05-14-0000May 14\n000000002018-10-28-0000October 28\n\n\nSt. Louis[a]\n United States\nNorth America\nS005III\n\n1904\n000000002018-07-01-0000July 1\n000000002018-11-23-0000November 23\n\n\nLondon[c]\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS005IV\n\n1908\n000000002018-04-27-0000April 27\n000000002018-10-31-0000October 31\n\n\nStockholm\n Sweden\nEurope\nS005V\n\n1912\n000000002018-05-05-0000May 5\n000000002018-07-22-0000July 22\n\n\nBerlin\n Germany\nEurope\nS006VI\n\n1916\nCancelled due to WWI[4]\n\n\nAntwerp[d]\n Belgium\nEurope\nS007VII\n\n1920\n000000002018-04-20-0000April 20\n000000002018-09-12-0000September 12[5]\n\n\nChamonix\n France\nEurope\n\nW001I\n1924\n000000002018-01-25-0000January 25\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4[6]\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS008VIII\n\n000000002018-05-04-0000May 4\n000000002018-07-27-0000July 27[7]\n\n\nSt. Moritz\n Switzerland\nEurope\n\nW002II\n1928\n000000002018-02-11-0000February 11\n000000002018-02-19-0000February 19[8]\n\n\nAmsterdam\n Netherlands\nEurope\nS009IX\n\n000000002018-05-17-0000May 17\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12[9]\n\n\nLake Placid\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW003III\n1932\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-15-0000February 15[10]\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS010X\n\n000000002018-07-30-0000July 30\n000000002018-08-14-0000August 14[11]\n\n\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen\n Nazi Germany\nEurope\n\nW004IV\n1936\n000000002018-02-06-0000February 6\n000000002018-02-16-0000February 16[12]\n\n\nBerlin\n Nazi Germany\nEurope\nS011XI\n\n000000002018-08-01-0000August 1\n000000002018-08-16-0000August 16[13]\n\n\nSapporo\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen[e]\n Empire of Japan\n Nazi Germany\nAsia\nEurope\n\nW005aV\n1940\nCancelled due to WWII[4]\n\n\nTokyo\nHelsinki[f]\n Empire of Japan\n Finland\nAsia\nEurope\nS012XII\n\n\n\nCortina d'Ampezzo\n Italy\nEurope\n\nW005bV\n1944\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS013XIII\n\n\n\nSt. Moritz\n Switzerland\nEurope\n\nW005cV\n1948\n000000002018-01-30-0000January 30\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS014XIV\n\n000000002018-07-29-0000July 29\n000000002018-08-14-0000August 14\n\n\nOslo\n Norway\nEurope\n\nW006VI\n1952\n000000002018-02-14-0000February 14\n000000002018-02-25-0000February 25\n\n\nHelsinki\n Finland\nEurope\nS015XV\n\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-03-0000August 3\n\n\nCortina d'Ampezzo\n Italy\nEurope\n\nW007VII\n1956\n000000002018-01-26-0000January 26\n000000002018-02-05-0000February 5\n\n\nMelbourne\nStockholm[g]\n Australia\n Sweden\nOceania\nEurope\nS016XVI\n\n000000002018-11-22-0000November 22\n000000002018-06-10-0000June 10\n000000002018-12-08-0000December 8\n000000002018-06-17-0000June 17\n\n\nSquaw Valley\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW008VIII\n1960\n000000002018-02-18-0000February 18\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nRome\n Italy\nEurope\nS017XVII\n\n000000002018-08-25-0000August 25\n000000002018-09-11-0000September 11\n\n\nInnsbruck\n Austria\nEurope\n\nW009IX\n1964\n000000002018-01-29-0000January 29\n000000002018-02-09-0000February 9\n\n\nTokyo\n Japan\nAsia\nS018XVIII\n\n000000002018-10-10-0000October 10\n000000002018-10-24-0000October 24\n\n\nGrenoble\n France\nEurope\n\nW010X\n1968\n000000002018-02-06-0000February 6\n000000002018-02-18-0000February 18\n\n\nMexico City\n Mexico\nNorth America\nS019XIX\n\n000000002018-10-12-0000October 12\n000000002018-10-27-0000October 27\n\n\nSapporo\n Japan\nAsia\n\nW011XI\n1972\n000000002018-02-03-0000February 3\n000000002018-02-13-0000February 13\n\n\nMunich\n West Germany\nEurope\nS020XX\n\n000000002018-08-26-0000August 26\n000000002018-09-11-0000September 11\n\n\nInnsbruck\n Austria\nEurope\n\nW012XII\n1976\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-15-0000February 15\n\n\nMontreal\n Canada\nNorth America\nS021XXI\n\n000000002018-07-17-0000July 17\n000000002018-08-01-0000August 1\n\n\nLake Placid\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW013XIII\n1980\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-24-0000February 24\n\n\nMoscow\n Soviet Union\nEurope[h]\nS022XXII\n\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-03-0000August 3\n\n\nSarajevo\n Yugoslavia\nEurope\n\nW014XIV\n1984\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-19-0000February 19\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS023XXIII\n\n000000002018-07-28-0000July 28\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12\n\n\nCalgary\n Canada\nNorth America\n\nW015XV\n1988\n000000002018-02-13-0000February 13\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nSeoul\n South Korea\nAsia\nS024XXIV\n\n000000002018-09-17-0000September 17\n000000002018-10-02-0000October 2\n\n\nAlbertville\n France\nEurope\n\nW016XVI\n1992\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n000000002018-02-23-0000February 23\n\n\nBarcelona\n Spain\nEurope\nS025XXV\n\n000000002018-07-25-0000July 25\n000000002018-08-09-0000August 9\n\n\nLillehammer\n Norway\nEurope\n\nW017XVII\n1994\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-27-0000February 27\n\n\nAtlanta\n United States\nNorth America\nS026XXVI\n\n1996\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-04-0000August 4\n\n\nNagano\n Japan\nAsia\n\nW018XVIII\n1998\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-22-0000February 22\n\n\nSydney\n Australia\nOceania\nS027XXVII\n\n2000\n000000002018-09-15-0000September 15\n000000002018-10-01-0000October 1\n\n\nSalt Lake City\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW019XIX\n2002\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n000000002018-02-24-0000February 24\n\n\nAthens\n Greece\nEurope\nS028XXVIII\n\n2004\n000000002018-08-13-0000August 13\n000000002018-08-29-0000August 29\n\n\nTorino\n Italy\nEurope\n\nW020XX\n2006\n000000002018-02-10-0000February 10\n000000002018-02-26-0000February 26\n\n\nBeijing[i]\n China\nAsia\nS029XXIX\n\n2008\n000000002018-08-08-0000August 8\n000000002018-08-24-0000August 24\n\n\nVancouver\n Canada\nNorth America\n\nW021XXI\n2010\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS030XXX\n\n2012\n000000002018-07-27-0000July 27\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12\n\n\nSochi\n Russia\nEurope[h]\n\nW022XXII\n2014\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-23-0000February 23\n\n\nRio de Janeiro\n Brazil\nSouth America\nS031XXXI\n\n2016\n000000002018-08-05-0000August 5\n000000002018-08-21-0000August 21\n\n\nPyeongchang\n South Korea\nAsia\n\nW023XXIII\n2018\n000000002018-02-09-0000February 9\n000000002018-02-25-0000February 25\n\n\nTokyo\n Japan\nAsia\nS032XXXII\n\n2020\n000000002018-07-24-0000July 24\n000000002018-08-09-0000August 9\n\n\nBeijing\n China\nAsia\n\nW024XXIV\n2022\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-20-0000February 20\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS033XXXIII\n\n2024\n000000002018-07-26-0000July 26\n000000002018-08-11-0000August 11\n\n\nTBD\nTBD\n\n\nW025XXV\n2026\n(TBD)\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS034XXXIV\n\n2028\n000000002018-07-21-0000July 21\n000000002018-08-06-0000August 6\n\n"
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"2002"
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4334185561726968694 | Courtney Matthews | Courtney Matthews - wikipedia Courtney Matthews Jump to : navigation , search Courtney Matthews General Hospital character Portrayed by Alicia Leigh Willis Duration 2001 -- 06 2015 First appearance December 20 , 2001 Last appearance May 5 , 2015 Created by Megan McTavish Introduced by Jill Farren Phelps ( 2001 ) Frank Valentini ( 2015 ) Classification Former , regular Profile Other names Courtney Quartermaine Courtney Morgan Courtney Jacks Occupation Founder of the Courtney Matthews Foundation CEO of Pride - Phillips Waitress Stripper at the Oasis ( show ) Family Family Corinthos Father Mike Corbin Mother Janine Matthews Half - brothers Sonny Corinthos Spouse A.J. Quartermaine ( 2002 -- 05 ) Jason Morgan ( 2003 -- 04 ) Jasper Jacks ( 2005 -- 06 ) Sons Spencer Cassadine Nephews Dante Falconeri Michael Corinthos ( adoptive ) Morgan Corinthos Nieces Kristina Davis Avery Corinthos Courtney Matthews is a fictional character from General Hospital , an American soap opera on the ABC network . She is the daughter of Mike Corbin and Janine Matthews , and the half sister of mobster , Sonny Corinthos . Courtney was portrayed by Alicia Leigh Willis from December 20 , 2001 until February 21 , 2006 . Willis received two consecutive Emmy nominations for `` Outstanding Younger Actress . '' Willis returned to the role of Courtney for a guest stint in May 2015 , as part of a fan - favorite vote . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Storylines 2.1 2001 -- 04 2.2 2005 -- 06 , 2015 3 References 4 External links Casting ( edit ) In September 2001 , General Hospital released a casting call for Courtney , described to be in her early 20s and `` sexy , vibrant and dynamic . '' The character was speculated to be the sister of Sonny Corinthos , played by Maurice Benard . Benard had hinted at a recent fan club event that Sonny 's sister would be brought on canvas . Alicia Leigh Willis was cast in the role of Courtney in December 2001 . Casting director Mark Teschner fought for her to be hired in the role , and coached her before her callback with the show 's executive producer at the time Jill Farren Phelps . Years later , Teschner spoke highly of his experience with Willis , `` She nailed it and she got the role and four years later , she was one of the most successful additions on the show . That 's also very gratifying when you fight for somebody and they do you right by doing a great job with the role . '' In 2006 , Willis chose not to renew her contract . She was written off the show , but at her goodbye party on set , Jill Farren Phelps asked if she would stay on and wrap up her character 's pregnancy storyline , to which Willis agreed . As the story played out , Willis voiced her opinion on Soap Talk on her character 's future , `` I love playing Courtney and to see someone else come in , it 's like , ' It 's my character ! ' I do n't want to see someone else come in , but if they do , I wish them all the luck . '' Although the network had initially announced recasting the role , it was later confirmed that the character would in fact be killed off . Willis last appeared on February 21 , 2006 . Storylines ( edit ) 2001 -- 04 ( edit ) Soon after her arrival in Port Charles , Courtney falls in love and marries A.J. Quartermaine . A.J. uses her to get to his biological son Michael Corinthos III , the illegally adopted child of Courtney 's half - brother Sonny Corinthos . When Courtney defends A.J. to his family , he realizes he truly loves her , and stops trying to trade Courtney for Michael . The Quartermaine family freezes A.J. 's bank account , leading him further into his alcoholism . After being blackmailed into stripping due to A.J. 's drunk driving accident , A.J. becomes verbally abusive and has Courtney purposely stalked by Coleman Ratcliffe , the strip club 's owner , so that he can finally feel like a hero and rescue her . Courtney finds out what A.J. is doing and asks for a divorce , which he presumably complies with . Meanwhile , Courtney had turned to Sonny 's enforcer Jason Morgan for help with the stalker , and develops feelings for him . Courtney falls in love with Jason , which causes tension between Jason and Sonny . After many trials , they finally marry in a private ceremony in France . However , Courtney miscarries their child , which causes strain on their relationship . She also feels that Jason 's lifestyle makes her act in ways she never had before , including shooting officer Brian Beck . Although Brian knows Courtney had shot him , he frames Zander Smith , because he has fallen in love with Courtney . During a fire at the Port Charles Hotel , Detective Capelli mortally wounds Brian , who dies in the hospital with Courtney at his side . Courtney eventually decides that due to the dangerous nature of Jason 's lifestyle , she would rather leave him than watch him die for the mob , and they divorce . 2005 -- 06 , 2015 ( edit ) Months later , Courtney declares her independence and begins a foundation for underprivileged children . Jasper `` Jax '' Jacks signs on to lend credibility to her new endeavor . Courtney also takes in a foster child , 17 - year - old Diego , who she finds out is the son of weapons dealer Lorenzo Alcazar . She tries to protect Diego from the truth but eventually tells him . Meanwhile , Jax and Courtney continue to bond . Jax bets Courtney $10 million that he can seduce her in three months . Courtney accepts , believing beating Jax at his own game will be a breeze . Jax proves more difficult to resist than she bargained for . The two slowly fall in love and Jax eventually proposes to Courtney . A.J. returns to town and announces his divorce with Courtney was never final , but is presumed dead shortly thereafter . Courtney and Jax marry on June 3 , 2005 in a ceremony in the park . The newlyweds decide to have a surrogate child , as Courtney was left barren from her miscarriage . When Jax begins bonding with their surrogate mother , Elizabeth Spencer , it marks the beginning of the demise of their relationship . During this time , Courtney finds friendship and solace in Nikolas Cassadine , who is married to Emily Quartermaine , which quickly turns into an adulterous affair . Courtney miraculously becomes pregnant . Jax changes the DNA results to say he is the father , but Courtney and Nikolas still choose to fight Jax for custody . However , Courtney sees Nikolas and his ex-wife Emily together , and breaks up with Nikolas , thinking that Nikolas and Emily belong together . In early January 2006 , Courtney leaves town to have her baby in peace . She returns in February 2006 , and contracts the Encephalitis virus plaguing Port Charles . She sees Nikolas , and the two renew their love and get engaged . Faced with the choice between her life or her baby 's , Courtney chooses her son 's life over her own . After the birth , Courtney suggests that Jax names the baby John , after his father . Jax finally admits to Courtney that Nikolas is the father . Though upset with him for lying , she forgives him , and asks to see Nikolas . However , Nikolas arrives too late , and Courtney dies before she can tell Nikolas he is the father . Jax hides the truth after her death and raises her baby as his own , naming him John Michael Jacks . The truth is eventually revealed to Nikolas a few months later by Robin Scorpio , and Nikolas subsequently changes John 's name to Spencer Cassadine . In May 2015 , Courtney appears to her son Spencer to help him realize that he is not disfigured from the fire he was injured months earlier , as well as helping him to become a better person . Before leaving , Courtney assures Spencer that she loves him and that she is always with him . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jill Farren Phelps ( Executive producer ) ; Robert Guza , Jr. and Charles Pratt , Jr . ( Head writers ) ( April 22 , 2005 ) . General Hospital . Season 42 . GH Transcript Friday 4 / 22 / 05 . American Broadcasting Company . Jax : Well , it 's all done . Your ties to A.J. are officially severed . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Dan J. ( September 30 , 2001 ) . `` Sonny 's family coming to town ? '' . Soapcentral . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Five Minutes With ... Mark Teschner '' . Soap Opera Digest . soapoperadigest.com. 2009 - 05 - 06 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : TV Guide News ( 2006 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Viewers of yesterday 's episode ... '' . TV Guide . tvguide.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( 2005 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Alicia Leigh Willis Confirms She 's Leaving GH '' . Soap Central . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ TV Guide News ( 2006 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Last month on SoapNet 's Soap Talk , ... '' . TV Guide . tvguide.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bhattacharjee , Mala ( 2005 - 06 - 17 ) . `` How GH 's Coleman Gets His Groove '' . Soap Opera Digest . soapoperadigest.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Di Lauro , Janet ( 2004 - 12 - 20 ) . `` Gunning For Dad '' . Soap Opera Digest . soapoperadigest.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deadwatch Page 2 '' . Soap Opera Digest . soapoperadigest.com. 2007 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Soapcentral.com biography for Courtney Matthews General Hospital General Hospital characters ( current contract cast only ) Curtis Ashford Jordan Ashford Hayden Barnes Nina Clay Carly Corinthos Jacks Corinthos Sonny Corinthos Alexis Davis Anna Devane Dante Falconeri Olivia Falconeri Hamilton Finn Franco Nelle Hayes Ava Jerome Julian Jerome Kiki Jerome Maxie Jones Andre Maddox Jason Morgan Sam Morgan Griffin Munro Dillon Quartermaine Michael Quartermaine Laura Spencer Lulu Spencer - Falconeri Elizabeth Webber Nathan West General Hospital characters ( recurring cast ) TJ Ashford Ned Ashton Scott Baldwin Spencer Cassadine Lucy Coe Darby Collette Kevin Collins Brad Cooper Kristina Davis Emma Drake Felix DuBois Leo Falconeri Rocco Falconeri Parker Forsyth Max Giambetti Milo Giambetti Alice Gunderson Josslyn Jacks Epiphany Johnson Lucas Jones Molly Lansing Ric Lansing Janice Lomax Rosalie Martinez Matthew Mayes Diane Miller Daniel Morgan Liesl Obrecht Monica Quartermaine Delia Ryan Mac Scorpio Robert Scorpio Felicia Scorpio - Jones Aiden Spencer Bobbie Spencer Cameron Spencer Jake Spencer Valerie Spencer Damian Spinelli Georgie Spinelli Ellie Trout David Walters Heather Webber General Hospital characters ( notable former characters ) Diego Alcazar Lorenzo Alcazar Ruby Anderson Larry Ashton Gail Baldwin Lee Baldwin Tom Baldwin Sr . Brenda Barrett Julia Barrett Amanda Barrington Katherine Bell Jessie Brewer Phil Brewer Shawn Butler Gia Campbell Helena Cassadine Mikkos Cassadine Stavros Cassadine Stefan Cassadine Victor Cassadine Jagger Cates Stone Cates Lois Cerullo Ryan Chamberlain Skye Chandler Mike Corbin Morgan Corinthos Rae Cummings Marco Dane Anna Donely Sean Donely Noah Drake Patrick Drake Bill Eckert Cesar Faison Connie Falconeri Audrey Hardy Tom Hardy Simone Hardy Steve Hardy Tom Hardy Tiffany Hill Paul Hornsby Matt Hunter Jasper Jacks Jerry Jacks Victor Jerome B.J. Jones Frisco Jones Georgie Jones Tania Jones Tony Jones Joe Kelly Duke Lavery Anne Logan Lucille March Courtney Matthews Susan Moore Lisa Niles Blackie Parrish A.J. Quartermaine Alan Quartermaine Edward Quartermaine Emily Quartermaine Lila Quartermaine Tracy Quartermaine Coleman Ratcliffe Madeline Reeves Lily Rivera Sabrina Santiago Robin Scorpio - Drake Kyle Sloane Frank Smith Zander Smith Filomena Soltini Lucky Spencer Luke Spencer Dominique Stanton Holly Sutton - Scorpio Marcus Taggert Diana Taylor Peter Taylor Amy Vining Justus Ward Mary Mae Ward Jeff Webber Lesley Webber Rick Webber Steven Webber Britt Westbourne Karen Wexler Anthony Zacchara Claudia Zacchara Johnny Zacchara Related topics Port Charles ( city ) Luke and Laura Sonny and Carly Patrick and Robin Frisco and Felicia Jason and Sam Lucky and Elizabeth Jason and Elizabeth List of cast members 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Children The Secret Life of Damian Spinelli History of General Hospital Fictional families Cassadine family Corinthos family Cramer family Hardy / Webber family Jerome family Lord family Quartermaine family Scorpio / Jones family Spencer family Spinoffs and specials Twist of Fate Port Charles Night Shift What If ... ( hide ) General Hospital characters Present and future characters Curtis Ashford Jordan Ashford TJ Ashford Ned Ashton Franco Baldwin Scott Baldwin Hayden Barnes Charlotte Cassadine Spencer Cassadine Valentin Cassadine Nina Clay Lucy Coe Brad Cooper Kevin Collins Avery Corinthos Carly Corinthos Michael Corinthos Sonny Corinthos Alexis Davis Kristina Davis Anna Devane Emma Drake Robin Scorpio - Drake Felix DuBois Dante Falconeri Leo Falconeri Olivia Falconeri Rocco Falconeri Hamilton Finn Max Giambetti Milo Giambetti Alice Gunderson Nora Hanen Buchanan Jasper Jacks Josslyn Jacks Ava Jerome Julian Jerome Kiki Jerome Epiphany Johnson Felicia Jones Lucas Jones Maxie Jones Molly Lansing Ric Lansing Andre Maddox Diane Miller Danny Morgan Emily Scout Morgan Jason Morgan Sam Morgan Griffin Munro Liesl Obrecht Dillon Quartermaine Monica Quartermaine Mac Scorpio Aiden Spencer Bobbie Spencer Cameron Spencer Jake Spencer Laura Spencer Lulu Spencer Valerie Spencer Damian Spinelli Georgie Spinelli Elizabeth Webber Heather Webber Nathan West Past characters Diego Alcazar Lorenzo Alcazar Lee Baldwin Brenda Barrett Jessie Brewer Phil Brewer Shawn Butler Helena Cassadine Nikolas Cassadine Stone Cates Claudia Zacchara Corinthos Morgan Corinthos Blair Cramer Rae Cummings Marco Dane Téa Delgado Noah Drake Patrick Drake Levi Dunkleman Audrey Hardy Steve Hardy Kate Howard Jerry Jacks Georgie Jones Duke Lavery Ethan Lovett Starr Manning Todd Manning Courtney Matthews John McBain Lisa Niles A.J. Quartermaine Alan Quartermaine Edward Quartermaine Emily Quartermaine Skye Chandler Quartermaine Tracy Quartermaine Madeline Reeves Sabrina Santiago Holly Sutton - Scorpio Jennifer Smith Lucky Spencer Luke Spencer Cole Thornhart Justus Ward Mary Mae Ward Lesley Webber Steven Webber Britt Westbourne Johnny Zacchara Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Children Hardy / Webber Scorpio / Jones Spencer Quartermaine Cassadine Jerome Corinthos Lord Cramer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Courtney_Matthews&oldid=795537959 '' Categories : General Hospital characters Fictional characters introduced in 2001 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 August 2017 , at 21 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | on general hospital who is spencer cassadine mother | [
"In May 2015, Courtney appears to her son Spencer to help him realize that he is not disfigured from the fire he was injured months earlier, as well as helping him to become a better person. Before leaving, Courtney assures Spencer that she loves him and that she is always with him."
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"Courtney"
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-4232196541488325065 | Tempo | Tempo - wikipedia Tempo For other uses , see Tempo ( disambiguation ) . `` Beats per minute '' redirects here . For the rate of heartbeating , see Heart rate . For the online publication , see Beats Per Minute ( website ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In musical terminology , tempo ( `` time '' in Italian ) is the speed or pace of a given piece . In classical music , tempo is typically indicated with an instruction at the start of a piece ( often using conventional Italian terms ) and is usually measured in beats per minute ( or bpm ) . In modern classical compositions , a `` metronome mark '' in beats per minute may supplement or replace the normal tempo marking , while in modern genres like electronic dance music , tempo will typically simply be stated in bpm . Tempo may be separated from articulation and meter , or these aspects may be indicated along with tempo , all contributing to the overall texture . While the ability to hold a steady tempo is a vital skill for a musical performer , tempo is changeable . Depending on the genre of a piece of music and the performers ' interpretation , a piece may be played with slight tempo rubato or drastic accelerando . In ensembles , the tempo is often indicated by a conductor or by one of the instrumentalists , for instance the drummer . Contents 1 Measurement 2 Choosing speed 3 Musical vocabulary 3.1 Basic tempo markings 3.1. 1 Additional terms 3.1. 2 French tempo markings 3.1. 3 German tempo markings 3.1. 4 English tempo markings 4 Variation through a piece 4.1 Terms for change in tempo 5 Modern classical music 6 Electronic music 6.1 Extreme tempo 6.2 Beatmatching 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Measurement ( edit ) Electronic metronome , Wittner model A 120 BPM click track Problems playing this file ? See media help . While tempo is described or indicated in many different ways , including with a range of words ( e.g. , `` Slowly '' , `` Adagio '' and so on ) , it is typically measured in beats per minute ( bpm or BPM ) . For example , a tempo of 60 beats per minute signifies one beat per second , while a tempo of 120 beats per minute is twice as rapid , signifying one beat every 0.5 seconds . The note value of a beat will typically be that indicated by the meter signature . For instance , in the beat will be a crotchet , or quarter note . This measurement and indication of tempo became increasingly popular during the first half of the 19th century , after Johann Nepomuk Maelzel invented the metronome . Beethoven was one of the first composers to use the metronome ; in the 1810s he published metronomic indications for the eight symphonies he had composed up to that time . With the advent of modern electronics , bpm became an extremely precise measure . Music sequencers use the bpm system to denote tempo . Instead of beats per minute , some 20th - century composers ( e.g. , Béla Bartók , Alberto Ginastera , and John Cage ) specify the total playing time for a piece , from which the performer can derive tempo . Tempo is as crucial in contemporary music as it is in classical . In popular music genres such as electronic dance music , accurate knowledge of a tune 's bpm is important to DJs for the purposes of beatmatching . The speed of a piece of music can also be gauged according to measures per minute ( mpm ) or bars per minute , the number of measures of the piece performed in one minute . This measure is commonly used in ballroom dance music . Choosing speed ( edit ) In different musical contexts , different instrumental musicians , singers , conductors , bandleaders , music directors or other individuals will select the tempo of a song or piece . In a popular music or traditional music group or band , the bandleader or lead singer may select the tempo . In popular and traditional music , whoever is setting the tempo often counts out one or two bars in tempo . In some songs or pieces in which a singer or solo instrumentalist begins the work with a solo introduction ( prior to the start of the full group ) , the tempo they set will provide the tempo for the group . In an orchestra or concert band , the conductor normally sets the tempo . In a marching band , the drum major may set the tempo . In a sound recording , in some cases a record producer may set the tempo for a song ( although this would be less likely with an experienced bandleader ) . Musical vocabulary ( edit ) See also : Glossary of musical terminology In classical music it is customary to describe the tempo of a piece by one or more words , most commonly in Italian , in addition to or instead of a metronome mark in beats per minute . Italian is typically used because it was the language of most composers during the time these descriptions became commonplace . Some well - known Italian tempo indications include `` Allegro '' , `` Andante '' and `` Presto ''. This practice developed during the 17th and 18th centuries , the baroque and classical periods . In the earlier Renaissance music , performers understood most music to flow at a tempo defined by the tactus ( roughly the rate of the human heartbeat ) . The mensural time signature indicated which note value corresponded to the tactus . In the Baroque period , pieces would typically be given an indication , which might be a tempo marking ( e.g. Allegro ) , or the name of a dance ( e.g. Allemande or Sarabande ) , the latter being an indication both of tempo and of metre . Any musician of the time was expected to know how to interpret these markings based on custom and experience . In some cases , however , these markings were simply omitted . For example , the first movement of Bach 's Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 has no tempo or mood indication whatsoever . Despite the increasing number of explicit tempo markings , musicians still observe conventions , expecting a minuet to be at a fairly stately tempo , slower than a Viennese waltz ; a perpetuum mobile quite fast , and so on . Genres imply tempos . Thus , Ludwig van Beethoven wrote `` In tempo d'un Menuetto '' over the first movement of his Piano Sonata Op. 54 , though that movement is not a minuet . Many tempo markings also indicate mood and expression . For example , presto and allegro both indicate a speedy execution ( presto being faster ) , but allegro also connotes joy ( from its original meaning in Italian ) . Presto , on the other hand , simply indicates speed . Additional Italian words also indicate tempo and mood . For example , the `` agitato '' in the Allegro agitato of the last movement of George Gershwin 's piano concerto in F has both a tempo indication ( undoubtedly faster than a usual Allegro ) and a mood indication ( `` agitated '' ) . Often , composers ( or music publishers ) name movements of compositions after their tempo ( or mood ) marking . For instance , the second movement of Samuel Barber 's first String Quartet is an Adagio . Often a particular musical form or genre implies its own tempo , so composers need place no further explanation in the score . Popular music charts use terms such as bossa nova , ballad , and Latin rock in much the same way . Lead sheets and fake book music for jazz or popular music may use several terms , and may include a tempo term and a genre term , such as `` slow blues '' , `` medium shuffle '' or `` fast rock '' . Basic tempo markings ( edit ) Here follows a list of common tempo markings . The beats per minute ( bpm ) values are very rough approximations for time . These terms have also been used inconsistently through time and in different geographical areas . One striking example is that Allegretto hastened as a tempo from the 18th to the 19th century : originally it was just above Andante , instead of just below Allegro as it is now . As another example , a modern largo is slower than an adagio , but in the Baroque period it was faster . From slowest to fastest : Larghissimo -- very , very slow ( 24 bpm and under ) Adagissimo -- very slowly Grave -- very slow ( 25 -- 45 bpm ) Largo -- broadly ( 40 -- 60 bpm ) Lento -- slowly ( 45 -- 60 bpm ) Larghetto -- rather broadly ( 60 -- 66 bpm ) Adagio -- slowly with great expression ( 66 -- 76 bpm ) Adagietto -- slower than andante ( 72 -- 76 bpm ) or slightly faster than adagio ( 70 -- 80 bpm ) Andante -- at a walking pace ( 76 -- 108 bpm ) Andantino -- slightly faster than andante ( although , in some cases , it can be taken to mean slightly slower than andante ) ( 80 -- 108 bpm ) Marcia moderato -- moderately , in the manner of a march ( 83 -- 85 bpm ) Andante moderato -- between andante and moderato ( thus the name ) ( 92 -- 112 bpm ) Moderato -- at a moderate speed ( 108 -- 120 bpm ) Allegretto -- by the mid 19th century , moderately fast ( 112 -- 120 bpm ) ; see paragraph above for earlier usage Allegro moderato -- close to , but not quite allegro ( 116 -- 120 bpm ) Allegro -- fast , quickly , and bright ( 120 -- 156 bpm ) ( molto allegro is slightly faster than allegro , but always in its range ) Vivace -- lively and fast ( 156 -- 176 bpm ) Vivacissimo -- very fast and lively ( 172 -- 176 bpm ) Allegrissimo or Allegro vivace -- very fast ( 172 -- 176 bpm ) Presto -- very , very fast ( 168 -- 200 bpm ) Prestissimo -- even faster than presto ( 200 bpm and over ) Additional terms ( edit ) A piacere -- the performer may use his or her own discretion with regard to tempo and rhythm ; literally `` at pleasure '' Con moto -- Italian for `` with movement '' ; can be combined with a tempo indication , e.g. , Allegro con moto Assai -- ( very ) much A tempo -- resume previous tempo L'istesso , L'istesso tempo , or Lo stesso tempo -- at the same speed ; L'istesso is used when the actual speed of the music has not changed , despite apparent signals to the contrary , such as changes in time signature or note length ( half notes in could change to whole notes in , and they would all have the same duration ) Ma non tanto - but not so much ; used in the same way and has the same effect as Ma non troppo ( see immediately below ) but to a lesser degree Ma non troppo - but not too much ; used to modify a basic tempo to indicate that the basic tempo should be reined in to a degree , for example Adagio ma non troppo to mean Slow but not too slow , Allegro ma non troppo to mean Fast but not too fast Molto -- very Poco -- a little Subito -- suddenly Tempo comodo -- at a comfortable ( normal ) speed Tempo di ... -- the speed of a ... ( such as Tempo di valzer ( speed of a waltz , . ≈ 60 bpm ) , Tempo di marcia ( speed of a march , ≈ 120 bpm ) ) Tempo giusto -- at a consistent speed , at the ' right ' speed , in strict tempo Tempo semplice -- simple , regular speed , plainly Tempo primo -- resume the original ( first ) tempo French tempo markings ( edit ) Several composers have written markings in French , among them baroque composers François Couperin and Jean - Philippe Rameau as well as Claude Debussy , Olivier Messiaen , Maurice Ravel and Alexander Scriabin . Common tempo markings in French are : Au mouvement -- play the ( first or main ) tempo . Grave -- slowly and solemnly Lent -- slowly Modéré -- at a moderate tempo Moins -- less , as in Moins vite ( less fast ) Rapide -- fast Très -- very , as in Très vif ( very lively ) Vif -- lively Vite -- fast Erik Satie was known to write extensive tempo ( and character ) markings by defining them in a poetical and literal way , as in his Gnossiennes . German tempo markings ( edit ) Many composers have used German tempo markings . Typical German tempo markings are : Kräftig -- vigorous or powerful Langsam -- slowly Lebhaft -- lively ( mood ) Mäßig -- moderately Rasch -- quickly Schnell -- fast Bewegt -- animated , with motion One of the first German composers to use tempo markings in his native language was Ludwig van Beethoven . The one using the most elaborate combined tempo and mood markings was probably Gustav Mahler . For example , the second movement of his Symphony No. 9 is marked Im Tempo eines gemächlichen Ländlers , etwas täppisch und sehr derb , indicating a slowish folk - dance - like movement , with some awkwardness and much vulgarity in the execution . Mahler would also sometimes combine German tempo markings with traditional Italian markings , as in the first movement of his sixth symphony , marked Allegro energico , ma non troppo . Heftig , aber markig ( Energetically quick , but not too much . Violent , but vigorous ) . English tempo markings ( edit ) English indications , for example quickly , have also been used , by Benjamin Britten and Percy Grainger , among many others . In jazz and popular music lead sheets and fake book charts , terms like `` fast '' , `` laid back '' , `` steady rock '' , `` medium '' , `` medium - up '' , `` ballad '' , `` brisk '' , `` up '' , `` slowly '' , and similar style indications may appear . In some lead sheets and fake books , both tempo and genre are indicated , e.g. , `` slow blues '' , `` fast swing '' , or `` medium Latin '' . The genre indications help rhythm section instrumentalists to use the correct style of playing . For example , if a song indicates `` medium shuffle '' , the drummer will know to play a shuffle drum pattern . Similarly , if another song is labeled `` fast boogie - woogie '' , then the piano player will know to play a boogie - woogie bassline . Tom Lehrer 's anthology Too Many Songs by Tom Lehrer , uses fake English tempo markings to humorous effect . For example , Lehrer specifies that the song `` National Brotherhood Week '' should be played `` fraternally '' or `` We Will All Go Together '' be played `` eschatologically '' ( and `` Masochism Tango '' be played `` painstakingly '' ) . Variation through a piece ( edit ) Tempo is not necessarily fixed . Within a piece ( or within a movement of a longer work ) , a composer may indicate a complete change of tempo , often by using a double bar and introducing a new tempo indication , often with a new time signature and / or key signature . It is also possible to indicate a more or less gradual change in tempo , for instance with an accelerando ( speeding up ) or ritardando ( rit. , slowing down ) marking . Indeed some compositions chiefly comprise accelerando passages , for instance Monti 's Csárdás , or the Russian Civil War song Echelon Song . On the smaller scale , tempo rubato refers to changes in tempo within a musical phrase , often described as some notes ' borrowing ' time from others . Terms for change in tempo ( edit ) Composers may use expressive marks to adjust the tempo : Accelerando -- speeding up ( abbreviation : accel . ) Allargando -- growing broader ; decreasing tempo , usually near the end of a piece Calando -- going slower ( and usually also softer ) Doppio movimento / doppio più mosso -- double - speed Doppio più lento -- half - speed Lentando -- gradually slowing , and softer Meno mosso -- less movement ; slower Meno moto -- less motion Più mosso -- more movement ; faster Mosso -- movement , more lively ; quicker , much like più mosso , but not as extreme Precipitando -- hurrying ; going faster / forward Rallentando -- a gradual slowing down ( abbreviation : rall . ) Ritardando -- slowing down gradually ; also see rallentando and ritenuto ( abbreviations : rit. , ritard . ) sometimes replaces allargando . Ritenuto -- slightly slower , but achieved more immediately than rallentando or ritardando ; a sudden decrease in tempo ; temporarily holding back . ( Note that the abbreviation for ritenuto can also be rit . Thus a more specific abbreviation is riten . Also , sometimes ritenuto does not reflect a tempo change but rather a ' character ' change . ) Rubato -- free adjustment of tempo for expressive purposes , literally `` theft '' -- so more strictly , to take time from one beat to slow another Stretto -- in a faster tempo , often used near the conclusion of a section . ( Note that in fugal compositions , the term stretto refers to the imitation of the subject in close succession , before the subject is completed , and as such , suitable for the close of the fugue . Used in this context , the term is not necessarily related to tempo . ) Stringendo -- pressing on faster , literally `` tightening '' Tardando -- slowing down gradually ( same as ritardando ) While the base tempo indication ( such as Allegro ) typically appears in large type above the staff , adjustments typically appear below the staff or , in the case of keyboard instruments , in the middle of the grand staff . They generally designate a gradual change in tempo ; for immediate tempo shifts , composers normally just provide the designation for the new tempo . ( Note , however , that when Più mosso or Meno mosso appears in large type above the staff , it functions as a new tempo , and thus implies an immediate change . ) Several terms , e.g. , assai , molto , poco , subito , control how large and how gradual a change should be ( see common qualifiers ) . After a tempo change , a composer may return to a previous tempo in two ways : a tempo -- returns to the base tempo after an adjustment ( e.g. ritardando ... a tempo undoes the effect of the ritardando ) . Tempo primo or Tempo I -- denotes an immediate return to the piece 's original base tempo after a section in a different tempo ( e.g. Allegro ... Lento ... Moderato ... Tempo I indicates a return to the Allegro ) . This indication often functions as a structural marker in pieces in binary form . These terms also indicate an immediate , not a gradual , tempo change . Although they are Italian , composers tend to employ them even if they have written their initial tempo marking in another language . Modern classical music ( edit ) 20th - century classical music introduced a wide range of approaches to tempo , particularly thanks to the influence of modernism and later postmodernism . While many composers have retained traditional tempo markings , sometimes requiring greater precision than in any preceding period , others have begun to question basic assumptions of the classical tradition like the idea of a consistent , unified , repeatable tempo . Graphic scores shows tempo and rhythm in a variety of ways . Polytemporal compositions deliberately utilise performers playing at marginally different speeds . John Cage 's compositions approach tempo in diverse ways . For instance 4 ′ 33 '' has a defined duration , but no actual notes , while As Slow as Possible has defined proportions but no defined duration , with one performance intended to last 639 years . Electronic music ( edit ) Extreme tempo ( edit ) More extreme tempos are achievable at the same underlying tempo with very fast drum patterns , often expressed as drum rolls . Such compositions often exhibit a much slower underlying tempo , but may increase the tempo by adding additional percussive beats . Extreme music subgenres such as speedcore and grindcore often strive to reach unusually fast tempo . The use of extreme tempo was very common in the fast bebop jazz from the 1940s and 1950s . A common jazz tune such as `` Cherokee '' was often performed at quarter note equal to or sometimes exceeding 368 bpm . Some of Charlie Parker 's famous tunes ( `` Bebop '' , `` Shaw Nuff '' ) have been performed at 380 bpm plus . Beatmatching ( edit ) Main article : Beatmatching In popular music genres such as disco , house music and electronic dance music , beatmatching is a technique that DJs use that involves speeding up or slowing down a record ( or CDJ player , a speed - adjustable CD player for DJ use ) to match the tempo of a previous or subsequent track , so both can be seamlessly mixed . Having beatmatched two songs , the DJ can either seamlessly cross fade from one song to another , or play both tracks simultaneously , creating a layered effect . DJs often beatmatch the underlying tempos of recordings , rather than their strict bpm value suggested by the kick drum , particularly when dealing with high tempo tracks . A 240 bpm track , for example , matches the beat of a 120 bpm track without slowing down or speeding up , because both have an underlying tempo of 120 quarter notes per minute . Thus , some soul music ( around 75 -- 90 bpm ) mixes well with a drum and bass beat ( from 150 -- 185 bpm ) . When speeding up or slowing down a record on a turntable , the pitch and tempo of a track are linked : spinning a disc 10 % faster makes both pitch and tempo 10 % higher . Software processing to change the pitch without changing the tempo , or vice versa , is called time - stretching or pitch - shifting . While it works fairly well for small adjustments ( ± 20 % ) , the result can be noisy and unmusical for larger changes . See also ( edit ) A capriccio Alla breve As Slow as Possible Bell pattern Half - time ( music ) Multitemporal music Stop - time References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Some of these markings are today contentious , such as those on his `` Hammerklavier '' Sonata and Ninth Symphony , seeming to many to be almost impossibly fast , as is also the case for many of the works of Schumann . See `` metronome '' entry in Apel ( 1969 ) , p. 523 . Jump up ^ `` E. Rules for Competitions ( Couples ) . Rule E. 3 ( Music ) '' , WDSF Competition Rules ( PDF ) ( WDSF Rules & Regulations ) , World DanceSport Federation , 2018 - 01 - 01 , p. 19 , retrieved 2018 - 01 - 20 , 3.2 The tempi for each dance shall be : Waltz 28 ‒ 30 bars / min , Tango 31 ‒ 33 bars / min , Viennese Waltz 58 ‒ 60 bars / min , Slow Foxtrot 28 ‒ 30 bars / min , Quickstep 50 ‒ 52 bars / min ; Samba 50 ‒ 52 bars / min , Cha - Cha - Cha 30 ‒ 32 bars / min , Rumba 25 ‒ 27 bars / min , Paso Doble 60 ‒ 62 bars / min , Jive 42 ‒ 44 bars / min . Jump up ^ Randel , D. , ed. , The New Harvard Dictionary of Music , Harvard University Press , 1986 , Tempo Jump up ^ Haar , James . The Science and Art of Renaissance Music . Princeton University Press . p. 408 . ISBN 1 - 40 - 086471 - 2 . Jump up ^ Heyman , Barbara B. ( 1994 - 05 - 12 ) . Samuel Barber : the composer and his music . Oxford University Press . p. 158 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509058 - 6 . Jump up ^ For extensive discussion of this point see Rosen ( 2002 : 48 - 95 ) . Rosen suggests that many works marked `` Allegretto '' are nowadays played too quickly as a result of this confusion . Rosen , Charles ( 2002 ) Beethoven 's Piano Sonatas : A Short Companion . New Haven : Yale University Press . Excerpts on line at Google Books : ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ music theory online : tempo , Dolmetsch.com Jump up ^ Elson , Louis Charles ( 1909 ) . Elson 's Pocket Music Dictionary : The Important Terms Used in Music with Pronunciation and Concise Definition , Together with the Elements of Notation and a Biographical List of Over Five Hundred Noted Names in Music . Oliver Ditson . Jump up ^ American Symphony Orchestra League ( 1998 ) . Journal of the Conductors ' Guild , Vols. 18 -- 19 . Viena : The League . p. 27 . ISSN 0734 - 1032 . Jump up ^ William E. Caplin ; James Hepokoski ; James Webster ( 2010 ) . Musical Form , Forms & Formenlehre : Three Methodological Reflections . Leuven University Press . p. 80 . ISBN 905 - 867 - 822 - 9 . Jump up ^ Apel ( 1969 ) , p. 42 ; for the literal translation see the online Italian -- English dictionary at WordReference.com . Jump up ^ `` Istesso tempo '' entry in Sadie ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ For a modern example of L'istesso , see measures 4 and 130 of Star Wars : Main Title , Williams ( 1997 ) , pp. 3 and 30 . Jump up ^ Gnossiennes music sheet , IMSLP Music Library Jump up ^ Apel ( 1969 ) , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Italian translation , WordReference.com ; German , Apel ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ `` Ritenuto '' entry in Sadie ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Apel ( 1969 ) , p. 809 . Jump up ^ David Fallows . `` Ritardando '' . In Deane L. Root . Grove Music Online . Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press . ( subscription required ) Sources ( edit ) Books on tempo in music : Epstein , David ( 1995 ) . Shaping Time : Music , the Brain , and Performance . New York : Schirmer Books . ISBN 0 - 02 - 873320 - 7 . Marty , Jean - Pierre ( 1988 ) . The tempo indications of Mozart . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 03852 - 6 . Sachs , Curt ( 1953 ) . Rhythm and Tempo : A Study in Music History . New York : Norton . OCLC 391538 . Snoman , Rick ( 2009 ) . The Dance Music Manual : Tools , Toys , and Techniques -- Second Edition . Oxford , UK : Elsevier Press . ISBN 0 - 9748438 - 4 - 9 . Music dictionaries : Apel , Willi , ed. , Harvard Dictionary of Music , Second Edition , Revised and Enlarged . The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press , Cambridge , Massachusetts , 1969 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 37501 - 7 Sadie , Stanley ; John Tyrrell , eds. ( 2001 ) . The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , 2nd edition . NewYork : Grove 's Dictionaries . ISBN 1 - 56159 - 239 - 0 . Examples of musical scores : Williams , John ( 1997 ) . Star Wars : Suite for Orchestra . Milwaukee : Hal Leonard Corp . ISBN 978 - 0 - 793 - 58208 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Research group specializing in rhythm , timing , and tempo , University of Amsterdam Tempo Terminology , Virginia Tech department of music Tempo indications for social dances Tempo variation among and within 300 + recorded performances of Beethoven 's ' Eroica ' Symphony Dolmetsch article on tempo Understanding Musical Tempo Musical notation Staff 8 15 Abbreviation Bar / barline / measure Clef Da capo Dal segno Key signature Ledger line Mode Ossia Scale Rehearsal letter Repeat sign Tempo Time signature Transposition Transposing instrument Musical notes Accidental ( flat natural sharp ) Cue note Dotted note Grace note Note value ( beam notehead stem ) Pitch Rest Tacet Tuplet Tremolo Interval Helmholtz pitch notation Letter notation Scientific pitch notation Articulation Accent Sforzando ( musical direction ) Caesura Damping Dynamics Fermata Fingering Legato Marcato Ornament ( appoggiatura glissando grace note mordent slide trill ) Portato Slur Staccato Tenuto Tie Tonguing Sheet music History of music publishing Music engraving Popular - music publisher Sheet - music publisher Scorewriter Alternative Braille music Chord chart Fake book Figured bass Graphic notation Lead sheet Eye music Nashville number system Numbered musical notation Klavarskribo Tablature ( `` Tab '' ) Parsons Percussion notation Simplified Non-Western and ancient Chinese Kepatihan Kunkunshi Neume Swaralipi Shakuhachi Znamenny Related Mensural notation Music stand Sight - reading Sight singing Transcription List of musical symbols Category : Musical notation Musical terminology Glossary of musical terminology Intervals List of pitch intervals Musical prefix Tempo Rhythm and meter Additive and divisive Bar Beat Canter rhythm Colotomy Composite rhythm Counting Count off Cross-beat Duration Note value Gatra Groove Half - time Harmonic rhythm Hemiola Homorhythm Iqa ' Isorhythm Metric modulation Non-retrogradable rhythm Notes inégales Note values Pickup Polyrhythm Prosody Pulse Rhythmic gesture Rhythmic mode Rhythmic unit Stop - time Swing Syncopation Tala Tempo Time point Time scale Time signature Tuplet BNF : cb11978569k ( data ) NDL : 00575377 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tempo&oldid=862813832 '' Categories : Musical terminology Rhythm and meter Temporal rates Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2018 , at 21 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which of the following is the slowest tempo indication adagio andante allegro vivace | [
"Larghissimo – very, very slow (24 bpm and under)\nAdagissimo – very slowly\nGrave – very slow (25–45 bpm)\nLargo – broadly (40–60 bpm)\nLento – slowly (45–60 bpm)\nLarghetto – rather broadly (60–66 bpm)\nAdagio – slowly with great expression[8] (66–76 bpm)\nAdagietto – slower than andante (72–76 bpm) or slightly faster than adagio (70–80 bpm)\nAndante – at a walking pace (76–108 bpm)\nAndantino – slightly faster than andante (although, in some cases, it can be taken to mean slightly slower than andante) (80–108 bpm)\nMarcia moderato – moderately, in the manner of a march[9][10] (83–85 bpm)\nAndante moderato – between andante and moderato (thus the name) (92–112 bpm)\nModerato – at a moderate speed (108–120 bpm)\nAllegretto – by the mid 19th century, moderately fast (112–120 bpm); see paragraph above for earlier usage\nAllegro moderato – close to, but not quite allegro (116–120 bpm)\nAllegro – fast, quickly, and bright (120–156 bpm) (molto allegro is slightly faster than allegro, but always in its range)\nVivace – lively and fast (156–176 bpm)\nVivacissimo – very fast and lively (172–176 bpm)\nAllegrissimo or Allegro vivace – very fast (172–176 bpm)\nPresto – very, very fast (168–200 bpm)\nPrestissimo – even faster than presto (200 bpm and over)"
] | [
"Adagio"
] |
4102035852769160650 | Dominion Day | Dominion Day - wikipedia Dominion Day Dominion Day was a day commemorating the granting of dominion status in certain countries . It was an official public holiday in Canada from 1879 to 1982 , where it was celebrated on 1 July . That date is now known as Canada Day . There was also a Dominion Day public holiday in the Dominion of Newfoundland from 1907 to 1949 , celebrated on 26 September . Contents 1 Canada 2 Newfoundland 3 New Zealand 4 References 5 Notes Canada ( edit ) See also : Canada Day Crowds on Parliament Hill , Ottawa celebrate Dominion Day , 1927 , the 60th jubilee of Canadian confederation Dominion Day was the name of the holiday commemorating the formation of Canada as a Dominion on 1 July 1867 . It became an official public holiday in 1879 . The holiday was renamed to Canada Day by Act of Parliament on 27 October 1982 . Newfoundland ( edit ) See also : Canada Day Dominion Day was the name of the holiday commemorating the formation of Newfoundland as a Dominion on 26 September 1907 ( same day as New Zealand ) and was celebrated until it entered into confederation with Canada in 1949 . New Zealand ( edit ) See also : Independence of New Zealand and Dominion of New Zealand Dominion Day was occasionally celebrated in New Zealand to commemorate the anniversary of the granting of dominion status ( 26 September 1907 ) . It was never a public holiday , although the first Dominion Day was a day off for public servants . Dominion Day soon `` faded away as a public event '' -- there were occasional celebrations in the first few years after 1907 , but they were mainly formal events that did not capture the attention of the public . There has been support in some quarters for the day to be revived as an alternative New Zealand Day , instead of renaming Waitangi Day , New Zealand 's current national day . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Why We Should Bring Back Dominion Day , HuffPost Canada , 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Dominion status : Page 3 -- The first Dominion Day , NZ History . Jump up ^ Dominion status : Page 4 -- Demise of Dominion Day , NZ History . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Dominion Day debate needless - National - NZ Herald News '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Notes ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominion_Day&oldid=824088938 '' Categories : Public holidays in Canada July observances September observances Types of national holidays Summer holidays ( Northern Hemisphere ) Spring holidays ( Southern Hemisphere ) Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands සිංහල Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 5 February 2018 , at 06 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did dominion day changed to canada day | [
"Dominion Day was the name of the holiday commemorating the formation of Canada as a Dominion on 1 July 1867. It became an official public holiday in 1879.[1] The holiday was renamed to Canada Day by Act of Parliament on 27 October 1982.\n"
] | [
"27 October 1982"
] |
3792947412433603846 | List of Back to the Future characters | List of Back to the Future characters - wikipedia List of Back to the Future characters This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Franchise logo The Back to the Future film trilogy and subsequent animated series feature characters created by Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale . The lead character of the series is Marty McFly . During the course of the trilogy , he travels through time using a DeLorean time machine invented by his friend Emmett Brown and encounters the villain , Biff Tannen , in several different time periods and visits his family ancestors and descendants . Contents 1 Main characters 1.1 Marty McFly 1.2 Emmett `` Doc '' Brown 1.3 Biff Tannen 2 McFly family 2.1 George McFly 2.2 Lorraine Baines - McFly 2.3 Dave McFly 2.4 Linda McFly 2.5 Seamus and Maggie McFly 2.6 Marty Jr. and Marlene McFly 3 Brown family 3.1 Clara Clayton 3.2 Jules and Verne Brown 3.3 Copernicus 3.4 Einstein 4 Tannen family 4.1 Irving `` Kid '' Tannen 4.2 Buford `` Mad Dog '' Tannen 4.3 Griff 4.4 Biff Tannen , Jr . 5 Strickland family 5.1 Gerald Strickland 5.2 James Strickland 5.3 Edna Strickland 6 Other characters 6.1 Jennifer Parker 6.2 Douglas J. Needles 6.3 Goldie Wilson 6.4 Match , Skinhead , and 3 - D 7 See also 8 References Main characters ( edit ) Marty McFly ( edit ) Main article : Marty McFly Martin Seamus `` Marty '' McFly ( portrayed by Michael J. Fox in the films and voiced by David Kaufman in the animated series and AJ LoCascio in Back to the Future : The Game ) is the son of George McFly and Lorraine Baines McFly . Marty travels between the past and the future , encountering his ancestors and descendants . Marty and his friend Doc Brown help restore the space - time continuum while encountering Biff Tannen ( or members of the Tannen clan ) at various points in time . Emmett `` Doc '' Brown ( edit ) Main article : Emmett Brown Doctor Emmett Lathrop `` Doc '' Brown ( portrayed by Christopher Lloyd in the films and Back to the Future : The Game , and voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated series ) is the inventor of the DeLorean time machine . At various points in time , Doc helps Marty restore the space - time continuum and reverse the changes that were caused by time travel . In 2008 , the character was selected by film magazine Empire as one of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time , ranking at # 20 . Biff Tannen ( edit ) Main article : Biff Tannen Biff Howard Tannen ( portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in the films and animated series and voiced by Kid Beyond in Back to the Future : The Game ) is the main antagonist of the first 2 films and a local bully who harassed George McFly and has once altered history in the second film . He comes from a long line of bullies in Hill Valley , most of whom harassed members of the McFly family . Biff is also a descendant of Buford Tannen ( also portrayed by Wilson ) , who is one of Hill Valley 's outlaws during the 1880s . McFly family ( edit ) George McFly ( edit ) George Douglas McFly ( portrayed by Crispin Glover in Back to the Future and by Jeffrey Weissman in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III and voiced by Michael X . Sommers in Back to the Future : The Game ) is the father of Marty , Linda and Dave from the union with his wife Lorraine Baines McFly . Although he is one of the main characters in the first movie , George only makes cameos in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III . In the first film , George is portrayed as weak and the main target of Biff Tannen 's bullying . The novelization of the film expounds on George 's history of weakness , describing two incidents in which he is unable to stand up for himself . In 1955 , in contrast with Marty , George did not have any friends for support and was targeted not only by Biff and his gang but also other kids in school . He has a penchant for science fiction , and writes some of his own but never allows himself to share them with anyone due to his fear of rejection . In 1955 , with Marty 's help , he gets the courage to stand up to Biff , knocking him unconscious . As a result , he and Lorraine fall in love and George becomes popular in school for defeating Biff in a fight . In the new future , they are both happily married with George working as a college professor and being a successful writer who orders Biff around . In the alternate timeline in Part II , George was murdered by Biff in 1973 . George 's character was greatly reduced in the sequels , and the role was recast to Jeffrey Weissman . Weissman wore prosthetics to resemble Glover and imitated Glover 's rendering of McFly , and his scenes were spliced with shots of Glover from Back to the Future . The result was so convincing that many people were fooled by it . Glover did not appreciate this , and sued . The lawsuit resulted in the adoption of stricter rules by the Screen Actors Guild to prevent this situation from occurring again . Lorraine Baines - McFly ( edit ) Lorraine Baines - McFly ( portrayed by Lea Thompson and voiced by Aimee Miles in Back to the Future : The Game ) is the wife of George McFly and the mother of Marty , Linda and Dave . She is the eldest daughter of Sam ( George DiCenzo ) and Stella ( Frances Lee McCain ) Baines , and sister of Milton ( Jason Hervey ) , Sally ( Maia Brewton ) , Toby , and Joey . In Back to the Future , Lorraine is initially portrayed in 1985 as middle - aged and unhappy . After Marty changes the timeline , she is shown to be fit and happily married to George in 1985 . In Part II , she is still happily married to George in 2015 , but in the dystopian alternate 1985 timeline she is widowed and married to Biff . Dave McFly ( edit ) David `` Dave '' McFly ( portrayed by Marc McClure ) is the eldest child of George and Lorraine McFly . In 1985 before Marty went to 1955 , Dave works at Burger King , but in the post-time travel 1985 he wears a suit as a nondescript white - collar worker for an accounting firm . In a deleted scene from Part II , the alternate 1985 timeline shows that Dave is an alcoholic and a gambling addict following George 's death and Lorraine 's second marriage to Biff . Linda McFly ( edit ) Linda McFly ( portrayed by Wendie Jo Sperber ) is the middle child and only daughter of George and Lorraine McFly . In 1985 before Marty went to 1955 , Linda is having boy trouble and it is unknown if she is in college or has a job . In 1985 after Marty went to 1955 , Linda works in a boutique and has gained the attention of many boys . Seamus and Maggie McFly ( edit ) Seamus and Maggie McFly ( portrayed by Michael J. Fox and Lea Thompson ) are Irish immigrants and the paternal great - great - grandparents of Marty McFly . In Part III , Marty is befriended by Seamus and Maggie . While Maggie does not trust the `` strange young man '' , Seamus has a familiar feeling about him and believes that helping him is the right thing to do . They have a son named William ( Marty 's great - grandfather ) . Much like his descendants , Seamus is harassed by a member of the Tannen family , Buford Tannen . Maggie McFly is played by Lea Thompson , who also plays Marty 's mother Lorraine , even though Maggie is not an ancestor of Lorraine ; in a DVD commentary track for Part III , Bob Gale states that the creative team considered it important to include Thompson in the film , and he imagines that McFly men are simply `` genetically predisposed '' to be attracted to women who look like her . Marty Jr. and Marlene McFly ( edit ) Marty Jr. and Marlene McFly ( both portrayed by Michael J. Fox ) are Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker 's future fraternal twin son and daughter in Part II . Originally Marty Jr. was to be arrested and sentenced to fifteen years in prison for joining a robbery initiated by Griff and his gang . Marlene attempted to help Marty Jr. break out of jail but failed and was sentenced to twenty years in a woman 's prison . Doc and Marty prevented the event from ever happening . Brown family ( edit ) Clara Clayton ( edit ) Clara Clayton ( portrayed by Mary Steenburgen in both Back to the Future Part III and the animated series ) is the wife of Doc Brown and mother of Jules and Verne Brown . Clara moved to Hill Valley and originally died in an accident when her wagon plummeted into Shonash Ravine , which was renamed Clayton Ravine in her memory . The animated series reveals that Clara , along with the rest of the family , moves to the early 1990s and lives in a farmhouse outside of Hill Valley . She then becomes a teacher at Hill Valley Elementary School . Jules and Verne Brown ( edit ) Jules Eratosthenes Brown and Verne Newton Brown ( portrayed by Todd Cameron Brown and Daniel Evans in Back to the Future Part III and voiced by Josh Keaton and Troy Davidson in the animated series ) are the two children of Doc Brown and his wife , Clara , who named them after their favorite author Jules Verne . The characters had minor , non-speaking roles in Back to the Future Part III but were further developed in the animated series . Jules , an introvert , mostly imitates his father 's interests and mannerisms while Verne appears to be more outgoing and extroverted . Several plot points of the animated series revolve around either Jules or Verne altering history and the steps necessary to correct the damage . Copernicus ( edit ) Copernicus is Doc 's dog from 1955 . Like his other dogs , Copernicus was used in many of Doc 's experiments . When Copernicus died , he was replaced by Einstein . Einstein ( edit ) Einstein ( portrayed by Tiger in the first film and Freddie in the other two and voiced by Danny Mann in the animated series ) is Doc Brown 's pet Catalan sheepdog . He later becomes one of the main characters in the animated series as the Brown family 's dog . In the first film , Doc successfully tests his time machine by placing Einstein in it and sending him one minute into the future . In the animated series , Einstein becomes anthropomorphic and smarter , helping Doc with his inventions for traveling to the past and the future . Tannen family ( edit ) Irving `` Kid '' Tannen ( edit ) Kid Tannen is Biff 's father who only appears in the Back to the Future game . Kid is a gangster who runs a local speakeasy in the 1930s Hill Valley . He , like the rest of the Tannen family , bullies the McFly family forcing Marty 's grandfather Arthur to do his accounting . Kid is brought down with the help of Marty , a young version of Doc , and Arthur McFly . He later marries Edna Strickland and reforms from his criminal ways with her help . Buford `` Mad dog '' Tannen ( edit ) Buford Tannen ( portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in Back to the Future Part III ) is the main antagonist of the third film . He is the great - grandfather of Biff Tannen and the local town outlaw in 1885 Hill Valley . He was nicknamed `` Mad Dog '' by a newspaper reporter , due to his violent temper and propensity for drooling , a nickname Tannen greatly despises . Buford is cruel , homicidal , rude , and emotionally unstable . He displays a need for control and is brought down to childlike tantrums when he is humiliated or makes mistakes , whether it be something that happens to him or something he says or does . He is often accompanied by his gang ( played by Christopher Wynne , Sean Sullivan and Mike Watson ) , and developed a feud with Marshal James Strickland and his deputies . Griff ( edit ) Griff ( portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in both Back to the Future Part II and in the animated series ) is a grandson of Biff . He is part of a gang that also consists of `` Data '' , `` Spike '' , and `` Whitey '' ( portrayed by Ricky Dean Logan , Darlene Vogel , and Jason Scott Lee ) . In the animated series , Griff makes a brief cameo appearance in the episode `` Solar Sailors '' where his grandson , Ziff ( also voiced by Wilson ) , is detained after he attempts to sabotage Marta McFly 's space cruiser due to his hatred towards her family . Griff 's last name is never mentioned in the movies , which means he could either be the son of Biff 's son Biff Jr , or the son of Biff 's daughter , Tiffaney . However , in the animated series , Ziff refers that both he and Griff are Tannens . Biff Tannen , Jr. ( edit ) In the animated series , Biff Jr. is the son of Biff Tannen . Like his father and paternal relatives , he likes to bully and steal from children around him including Jules and Verne Brown with whom he developed a feud with . In addition , Biff Jr. delights vandalizing other people 's properties . Biff Jr. lives with his father with whom he has an abusive relationship . He is voiced by Benji Gregory . Strickland family ( edit ) Gerald Strickland ( edit ) Gerald Strickland ( portrayed by James Tolkan ) is the strict principal of Hill Valley High School . He is the grandson of Chief Marshal James Strickland of Hill Valley 1885 . There is a reference from Verne Brown that there is another Strickland who works at Hill Valley Elementary School as its vice principal . James Strickland ( edit ) James Strickland ( portrayed by James Tolkan in Back to the Future Part III ) is the chief marshal of Hill Valley in 1885 and the grandfather of Mr. Strickland . He also has an unnamed son ( portrayed by Kaleb Henley ) , who will become Gerald Strickland 's father . Edna Strickland ( edit ) Edna Strickland , in Back to the Future : The Game , is the sister of Gerald Strickland . She is somewhat nicer than her brother , but still set in her ways towards upholding strong morals and abolishing crime and laziness . After Marty alters her original timeline , Edna marries Kid Tannen who becomes the father of Biff Tannen . Other characters ( edit ) Jennifer Parker ( edit ) Jennifer Jane Parker is the girlfriend ( and , in 2015 in Back to the Future Part II , the wife ) of Marty McFly . The character was played by Claudia Wells in Back to the Future . However , Wells was not available to film the sequels for personal reasons , and the role was recast to Elisabeth Shue although Wells reprised her role as Jennifer in Back to the Future : The Game as a punk rock version of her character . Consequently , the opening scene of Back to the Future Part II was re-shot with Shue taking Wells ' place , rather than using the ending of Back to the Future . In the spin - off Back to the Future : the Animated Series , Jennifer was voiced by Cathy Cavadini . In 1985 , Jennifer attends Hill Valley High School , along with her boyfriend Marty . In the animated series , Jennifer is enrolled to Hill Valley College with Marty after graduating high school and working part - time as a tutor . She lives with her family on a ranch , the deed to which was owned by Biff Tannen , after one of his ancestors forced Jennifer 's great - great - grandfather to sign it over by holding Jennifer 's great - great - grandmother hostage . In the episode `` A Friend in Deed '' , Marty travels back in time to 1875 and sabotages the deal with help from Jules and Verne . In the future witnessed in Back to the Future Part II , Jennifer and Marty had two children , Marlene and Marty Jr. ( both played by Michael J. Fox ) Douglas J. Needles ( edit ) Douglas J. Needles ( portrayed by Flea in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III ) is an acquaintance of Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker from Hill Valley High School . Like his school 's alumnus , Biff Tannen , Needles also has his own gang ( portrayed by Christopher Wynne , J.J. Cohen , and Ricky Dean Logan ) and develops a rivalry with Marty . Needles often goads Marty into doing reckless things such as a street race that leads Marty to crash into a Rolls Royce and an illegal transaction which results in his firing in 2015 . Goldie Wilson ( edit ) Goldie Wilson ( played by Donald Fullilove in part 1 ) is a young man working at Lou 's Cafe in 1955 who goes on to become the first black Mayor of Hill Valley in the 1980s . A campaign poster shows the name Goldie in quotation marks , suggesting Goldie is a nickname , presumably in reference to his gold tooth . He would also have a grandson , Goldie Wilson III ( also played by Fullilove ) in Part II , who works as a car salesman . Match , Skinhead , and 3 - D ( edit ) Match ( portrayed by Billy Zane ) , Skinhead ( portrayed by Jeffrey Jay Cohen ) , and 3 - D ( portrayed by Casey Siemaszko ) are the three high school boys who make up Biff Tannen 's gang in 1955 . Their nicknames are only given in the films ' novels , screenplays , and credits . Only one of their real names is mentioned in the movies -- Biff refers to Skinhead as Joey in one of the 1955 scenes in Back to the Future Part II , while outside of the `` Enchantment Under the Sea '' dance . In the alternate 1985 , the three work in Biff 's casino as his bodyguards . Each gets his nickname from a distinctive character trait . Match often has a match sticking out of his mouth ; Skinhead has very short , close - cropped hair ; 3 - D is always wearing a pair of anaglyphic 3 - D glasses ( a reference to the 3 - D movies that were popular in the 1950s ) . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Science fiction portal Fictional characters portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 100 Greatest Movie Characters '' . Empire Magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Weissman on IMDb ^ Jump up to : Glover Clarifies `` Back to the Future '' Squabble at BTTF.com . Jump up ^ Telltale , Incorporated ( December 22 , 2010 ) . Back to the Future : The Game - Episode 1 : It 's About Time . Level / area : May 14 , 1986 , 6 : 42 pm - Edna 's apartment - `` Pictures '' . Marty McFly : Is that ... Vice Principal Strickland ? Edna Strickland : Mother never could keep little Gerald out of her clothes ... Jump up ^ A Friend in Deed episode recap at TV.com . Back to the Future Films Back to the Future Back to the Future Part II Back to the Future Part III Characters Marty McFly Emmett Brown Biff Tannen Music Back to the Future `` The Power of Love '' `` Back in Time '' Back to the Future Part III `` Doubleback '' The Back to the Future Trilogy ( soundtrack ) Video games Back to the Future ( 1985 video game ) Back to the Future ( 1989 video game ) Back to the Future Part III Back to the Future Part II & III Universal Studios Theme Parks Adventure Back to the Future : The Game Other media Back to the Future : The Ride Back to the Future : The Animated Series Back to the Future ( musical ) Back to the Future : The Pinball Back in Time Universe DeLorean time machine Hill Valley Hoverboard Nike Mag Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Back_to_the_Future_characters&oldid=856598929 '' Categories : Back to the Future Lists of animated science fiction television characters Lists of characters in American television animation Lists of children 's television characters Lists of film characters Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from July 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 10 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the sister in back to the future | [
"Lorraine Baines-McFly (portrayed by Lea Thompson and voiced by Aimee Miles in Back to the Future: The Game) is the wife of George McFly and the mother of Marty, Linda and Dave. She is the eldest daughter of Sam (George DiCenzo) and Stella (Frances Lee McCain) Baines, and sister of Milton (Jason Hervey), Sally (Maia Brewton), Toby, and Joey.\n",
"Lorraine Baines-McFly (portrayed by Lea Thompson and voiced by Aimee Miles in Back to the Future: The Game) is the wife of George McFly and the mother of Marty, Linda and Dave. She is the eldest daughter of Sam (George DiCenzo) and Stella (Frances Lee McCain) Baines, and sister of Milton (Jason Hervey), Sally (Maia Brewton), Toby, and Joey.\n"
] | [
"Lea Thompson",
"Aimee Miles"
] |
715051001836776010 | Sausage Party | Sausage Party - wikipedia Sausage Party Jump to : navigation , search Sausage Party Theatrical release poster Directed by Conrad Vernon Greg Tiernan Produced by Megan Ellison Seth Rogen Evan Goldberg Conrad Vernon Screenplay by Kyle Hunter Ariel Shaffir Seth Rogen Evan Goldberg Story by Seth Rogen Evan Goldberg Jonah Hill Starring Seth Rogen Kristen Wiig Jonah Hill Bill Hader Michael Cera James Franco Danny McBride Craig Robinson Paul Rudd Nick Kroll David Krumholtz Edward Norton Salma Hayek Music by Alan Menken Christopher Lennertz Edited by Kevin Pavlovic Production companies Annapurna Pictures Point Grey Pictures Nitrogen Studios Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date March 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) ( SXSW ) August 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) ( United States ) Running time 89 minutes Country United States Canada Language English Budget $19 million Box office $140.7 million Sausage Party is a 2016 American adult computer - animated comedy film directed by Greg Tiernan and Conrad Vernon and written by Kyle Hunter , Ariel Shaffir , Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg . It features the voices of Rogen , Kristen Wiig , Jonah Hill , Bill Hader , Michael Cera , James Franco , Danny McBride , Craig Robinson , Paul Rudd , Nick Kroll , David Krumholtz , Edward Norton , and Salma Hayek . The film , which is a spoof of Disney and Pixar films , follows a sausage named Frank who tries to discover the truth about his existence and goes on a journey with his friends to escape their fate while also facing against his own arch nemesis ; a ruthless and murderous douche who intends to kill him and his friends . It was widely identified as the first American CGI - animated film to be rated R by the MPAA . The film 's rough cut premiered on March 14 , 2016 , at South by Southwest and the film was theatrically released in the United States and Canada on August 12 , 2016 , by Columbia Pictures . The film received positive reviews from critics , with many particularly praising the humor , animation design , voice acting , screenplay writing and direction and it became a great box office success , grossing more than $140 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 4.1. 1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Premiere and theatrical release 5.2 Home media 5.3 Video game 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Controversy 7.1 Work conditions 7.2 Rating in France 8 Sequel 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) A supermarket called Shopwell 's is filled with anthropomorphic grocery items that worship the human shoppers as gods who take groceries to a utopia known as the `` Great Beyond '' when they are purchased . Among the groceries in the store is a sausage named Frank , who has dreams of living with his hot dog bun girlfriend , Brenda , in the Great Beyond , where they can finally consummate their relationship . After Frank and Brenda 's packages are chosen by a woman named Camille Toh to leave Shopwell 's , a returned jar of Bickle 's Honey Mustard tries to warn the groceries that the Great Beyond is a lie ; nobody listens except for Frank . Honey Mustard calls on Frank to seek out a bottle of liquor named Firewater , and then falls to his death . This creates an accidental cart collision that causes Frank , Brenda , and several groceries to fall out , including an agressive Douche who gets his nozzle bent , and plots revenge against Frank and Brenda . Seeking to verify Honey Mustard 's warning , Frank leads Brenda , a lavash named Kareem Abdul Lavash , and a bagel named Sammy Bagel Jr. to the store 's liquor aisle under the guise of taking a shortcut to their proper aisles . There , he smokes cannabis out of a kazoo and learns from Firewater that he and other non-perishable foods invented the story of the Great Beyond as a noble lie to assuage past foods ' fears of being eaten by shoppers . Frank , vowing to reveal the truth to the groceries , is encouraged to travel beyond the store 's freezer section to find proof . While waiting for Frank , Brenda and the others are led into the Mexican aisle by a bottle of Tequila , where they meet Teresa , a taco who falls in love with Brenda on sight . Meanwhile at Camille 's house , Frank 's friends Carl and deformed sausage Barry are horrified as they witness the other purchased foods being cooked and eaten by Camille , shown from the foods ' perspective as a brutal murder . Carl and Barry attempt to escape out a window , but Carl is killed when he is sliced in half by Camille . Barry manages to escape and stumbles across a human druggie , who becomes able to communicate with his groceries after he injects himself with bath salts . After sobering up and attempting to cook Barry , the druggie is decapitated in a domestic accident . After Frank separates from his friends , who disapprove of his skepticism of the Great Beyond , he discovers a cookbook behind the freezer section and reveals its contents to the rest of Shopwell 's groceries . Initially panicking , the groceries choose not to believe Frank out of fear of losing their sense of purpose , prompting Frank to lash out at them for their blind belief . Barry and other groceries from the druggie 's home return to the store with the druggie 's severed head , revealing that the humans can be killed . The groceries are able to drug the human shoppers and employees using toothpicks laced with bath salts . When the drugged humans begin attacking the groceries , Frank convinces everyone to listen to him and join the fight against the shoppers , and a store - wide battle ensues . After absorbing the contents of liquor bottles , Douche becomes a wild monster and takes control of Darren , the store manager , by inserting himself into his anus and yanking on his scrotum to puppeteer his actions . Once they caught Frank , Douche gets revenge by biting on Frank 's torso . Barry and the other foods launch a rocket at Douche and Darren made from propane tanks and a garbage bin used to dispose of expired foods . Brenda rescues Frank from Douche and Darren just as the rocket hits them , killing them both . With the battle over , the foods celebrate their victory in a massive orgy . Afterwards , Frank , Brenda , Barry , Kareem , Sammy and Teresa meet with Firewater and Gum , a Stephen Hawking-esque wad of chewing gum , who have had a psychedelic experience and discovered that their world is not real , and they are merely cartoons voiced by famous actors in another dimension . Gum has constructed a portal to this dimension , and the groceries decide to travel there to meet their creators . Voice Cast ( edit ) Seth Rogen as Frank Wienerton , a sausage who sets out to discover and expose the truth of his and his fellow groceries existence . Kristen Wiig as Brenda Bunson , a hot dog bun from an 8 - bun package of Glamour Buns ( net weight 340 grams ) who is Frank 's girlfriend . Jonah Hill as Carl , a sausage who is friends with Frank and Barry . Bill Hader as Firewater , an old Native American bottle of liquor and the leader of the immortal Non-Perishables . Michael Cera as Barry , a deformed sausage who is one of Frank 's friends . James Franco as the Druggie , a drug - addled pot - bellied human who is the first one to see the foods as sentient beings after injecting himself with bath salts . Danny McBride as a jar of Bickle 's Honey Mustard who is returned to his Shopwell 's shelf upon the shopper mistaking him for actual mustard and tries to warn Frank and the other products of the reality of the `` Great Beyond '' . Craig Robinson as Mr. Grits , a box of grits who is one of the immortal Non-Perishables . Paul Rudd as Darren , the manager of Shopwell 's who is nicknamed the `` Dark Lord '' as he disposes of expired food and spilled items . Nick Kroll as a literal and figurative douche who seeks revenge on Frank for breaking his nozzle and preventing him from reaching the `` Great Beyond '' . David Krumholtz as Kareem Abdul Lavash , a Middle Eastern lavash who has a rivalry with Sammy Bagel Jr . Edward Norton as Sammy Bagel Jr. , a Jewish Woody Allen-esque bagel who has an on and off rivalry with Lavash . Salma Hayek as Teresa del Taco , a Mexican lesbian taco shell who has a crush on Brenda . Rogen has an additional minor role in the film as Sgt . Pepper , a red pepper sergeant . Hader similarly has two additional roles as a bottle of Sigueme Tequila and a guacamole gangster named El Guaco . Both Rogen and Norton also appear as the uncredited live - action heads of themselves at the end of the film . Anders Holm voices Troy , one of the sausages who picks on Barry . Rogen 's wife Lauren Miller voices Camille Toh , a woman who purchases Frank and Brenda 's packages , and a tampon who absorbs Darren 's spilled blood . Harland Williams voices Baba Ganoush , a drug dealer that the Druggie gets the bath salts from , and a bottle of ketchup that tries to comfort Honey Mustard upon his return . Directors Conrad Vernon and Greg Tiernan have various cameo appearances throughout the film : Vernon as an Ed Wynn-esque roll of toilet paper , an Adolf Hitler-esque sauerkraut , a catcalling sausage , a grape , a beer can , and a pop bottle ; and Tiernan as an Irish potato and a can of noodle soup . Storyboard artist Scott Underwood plays Gum , a Stephen Hawking-esque wad of chewing gum ; Twink , a homosexual Twinkie who is one of the Non-Perishables ; and two groceries owned by the druggie : a bag of Krinkler 's Potato chips and a half - eaten slice of pizza . Production ( edit ) Rogen has stated that he worked for eight years to get the film made ; however , the content worried most film studios and they thus did not pick it up . Noting that the film came from `` an innocent place '' , Rogen stated `` ' What would it be like if our food had feelings ? ' We very quickly realized that it would be f * cked up . '' Goldberg revealed the project to Indiewire in July 2010 , stating it was a `` top secret super project '' . Initially , Indiewire was skeptical that the project was real and not a hoax on Goldberg 's part , but after vetting , it did confirm that it was in the works . In November 2010 , Hill independently confirmed to MTV News that he was working on an R - rated 3D animated film . The film was formally announced in September 2013 as a partnership between Sony Pictures Entertainment , Annapurna Pictures and Point Grey Pictures . On May 29 , 2014 , it was announced that the film would be released on June 3 , 2016 , but in early 2016 , the release date was revised to August 12 , 2016 . In January 2014 , Rogen , Hill , James Franco and Kristen Wiig were announced as the leads in the film . The other cast includes Edward Norton , Michael Cera , David Krumholtz and Nick Kroll . On April 9 , 2014 , Salma Hayek was set to lend her voice to the film as Teresa the Taco . It was also announced that Paul Rudd , Danny McBride and Anders Holm would voice characters in the film . The film received an R rating for strong crude sexual content , pervasive language and drug use . When Rogen initially submitted the film to the MPAA , however , they assigned it with an NC - 17 rating due to the visibility of pubic hair on Lavash 's scrotum . In order to be assigned an R rating , the pubic hair was removed . Music ( edit ) Soundtrack ( edit ) Sausage Party Film score by Alan Menken and Christopher Lennertz Released August 5 , 2016 Recorded 2016 Genre Film score Length 74 : 49 Label Madison Gate Records Sony Music Masterworks Producer Alan Menken Christopher Lennertz Alan Menken film scores chronology Mirror Mirror ( 2012 ) Mirror Mirror 2012 Sausage Party ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Beauty and the Beast 2017 Christopher Lennertz chronology The Boss ( 2016 ) The Boss 2016 Sausage Party ( 2016 ) Sausage Party2016 Smurfs : The Lost Village ( 2017 ) Smurfs : The Lost Village 2017 The film 's score was composed by Alan Menken and Christopher Lennertz . The soundtrack was released on August 5 , 2016 by Madison Gate Records and Sony Music Masterworks . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Alan Menken and Christopher Lennertz , except as noted . ( show ) Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` The Great Beyond '' ( performed by Sausage Party Cast ) 3 : 13 2 . `` Darren , the Dark Lord '' 0 : 55 3 . `` Chosen '' 1 : 50 4 . `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' ( performed by Meat Loaf ) 5 : 14 5 . `` The Crash '' 2 : 34 6 . `` Douche Loses It '' 2 : 16 7 . `` Wake Me Up Before You Go - Go '' ( performed by Wham ! ) 3 : 50 8 . `` Our Heroes '' 2 : 31 9 . `` He 's Coming '' 1 : 47 10 . `` Food Massacre '' 3 : 15 11 . `` Hungry Eyes '' ( performed by Eric Carmen ) 3 : 47 12 . `` True '' ( performed by Spandau Ballet ) 5 : 31 13 . `` The Spooge '' 3 : 46 14 . `` Magical Sausage '' 1 : 40 15 . `` Gone '' ( performed by JR JR ) 3 : 46 16 . `` We 're Home '' 3 : 29 17 . `` The Cookbook '' 1 : 26 18 . `` I Have Proof '' 3 : 06 19 . `` Big Speech '' 3 : 04 20 . `` The Big Fight '' 2 : 37 21 . `` Final Battle '' 4 : 04 22 . `` It 's Your Thing '' ( performed by The Isley Brothers ) 2 : 46 23 . `` Finale '' 2 : 24 24 . `` Joy to the World '' ( performed by Three Dog Night ) 3 : 14 25 . `` The Great Beyond Around the World '' ( performed by Sausage Party Cast ) 2 : 44 Total length : 74 : 49 Release ( edit ) Premiere and theatrical release ( edit ) A rough cut of the film was shown at the South by Southwest Film Festival on March 14 , 2016 . The final cut of the film screened at Just for Laughs on July 30 , 2016 . The film was theatrically released in the United States and Canada on August 12 , 2016 . The film was released in the United Kingdom on September 2 , 2016 . Home Media ( edit ) Sausage Party was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on Blu - ray , DVD and digital download on November 8 , 2016 . Video game ( edit ) Frank and Brenda , two main characters from the film , make guest appearances in the mobile fighting game Sausage Legend , released by Milkcorp for iOS and Android , as part of a limited special event , running from March 6 , 2017 through July 31 , 2017 . As this game involves dueling with sausages , players in this game can unlock and control Brenda , who swings Frank around to battle other sausages . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Sausage Party grossed $97.7 million in North America and $42.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $140.4 million , against a budget of $19 million . The film is the most commercially successful R - rated animated film of all time , replacing South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut ( which held the record for 17 years ) , and made a net profit of $47.06 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues . In the United States and Canada , Sausage Party was released on August 12 , 2016 , alongside Pete 's Dragon and Florence Foster Jenkins , and was initially projected to gross $15 -- 20 million from 2,805 theaters in its opening weekend . However , after grossing $3.3 million from Thursday night previews ( more than the $1.7 million made by Rogen 's Neighbors 2 : Sorority Rising in May ) and $13.5 million on its first day , weekend projections were increased to $30 -- 35 million . The film ended up grossing $33.6 million in its opening weekend , finishing second at the box office , behind Suicide Squad . Outside North America , the biggest markets are the United Kingdom , Australia , Spain , Germany , Russia and Israel , where the film grossed $10.2 million , $6.8 million , $4.1 million , $3.5 million $2.6 million and $2 million respectively . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 82 % based on 192 reviews , with an average rating of 6.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Sausage Party is definitely offensive , but backs up its enthusiastic profanity with an impressively high laugh - to - gag ratio -- and a surprisingly thought - provoking storyline . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 66 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Vince Mancini of Uproxx wrote `` Sausage Party 's most charming quality is that it feels exactly like a group of 13 - year - olds trying to entertain themselves , with excessive C - bombs and constant groan - worthy food puns . '' Richard Roeper gave the film three out of four stars , saying , `` Despite all the cursing and envelope - pushing and bat - bleep crazy sexual stuff , Sausage Party is n't mean - spirited . It 's just ... stupid . But also pretty smart . And funny as hell . '' Lindsey Bahr of Associated Press gave the film a positive review and wrote : `` There is no one out there making comedies quite like Rogen and Goldberg . They are putting their definitive stamp on the modern American comedy one decency - smashing double entendre at a time . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Annie Awards February 4 , 2017 Outstanding Achievement , Editorial in an Animated Feature Production Kevin Pavlovic Nominated Central Ohio Film Critics Association January 6 , 2017 Best Animated Feature Film Sausage Party Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 17 , 2016 Best Original Song -- Animated Film `` The Great Beyond '' -- Alan Menken , Glenn Slater , Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg Houston Film Critics Society January 6 , 2017 Best Animated Feature Film Sausage Party Indiana Film Journalists Association December 19 , 2016 Best Animated Feature Film Runner - up Best Vocal / Motion Capture Performance Nick Kroll 2nd Place 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards May 7 , 2017 Best Comedic Performance Seth Rogen Nominated Village Voice Film Poll January 6 , 2017 Best Animated Feature Sausage Party 5th Place Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 5 , 2016 Best Animated Feature Greg Tiernan and Conrad Vernon Nominated Controversy ( edit ) Work conditions ( edit ) After release , controversy emerged after anonymous comments attributed to the animators on a Cartoon Brew article suggested that the animators at Nitrogen Studios worked under poor conditions and were forced by director Greg Tiernan to work overtime without pay . A total of 36 of the 83 animators were blacklisted and went uncredited in the film , believed to be due to their complaints ; comments made in anonymous interviews by some of the animators involved in the project by Variety , The Washington Post , and The Hollywood Reporter alleged that the comments were accurate . All the animators in the film were reportedly told outright that they would be blacklisted if they did not work overtime without pay . Rating in France ( edit ) The film was granted a − 12 certificate by France 's classification commission . Jean - Frédéric Poisson , the President of the Christian Democratic Party , criticized the decision and said , `` An orgy scene for 12 - year - olds ! Everything remains to be done to combat early exposure to pornography '' . Sequel ( edit ) Rogen has expressed interest in making a Sausage Party 2 and more animated films aimed for adults . When asked about a sequel , Rogen stated : `` It 's something we talk about , yeah . That 's one of the reasons why we took away the ( original ) ending because we thought , well , if that was the first scene of the next movie it 's probably not what you would want it to be , with them just seeing us and finding us basically . But the idea of a live - action / animated movie , like a Who Framed Roger Rabbit - style hybrid , is also very exciting , mostly because Who Framed Roger Rabbit is one of my favorite movies of all time . '' See also ( edit ) List of adult animated films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sausage Party ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sausage Party ( 2016 ) '' . AllMovie . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver animation studio for Sausage Party movie , subject of union complaint '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Suicide Squad ' Secures Record Monday Haul For August , Eyes $51 M - $54 M In 2nd Weekend -- B.O. Preview '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ McNarry , Dave ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Suicide Squad ' to Easily Keep Top Spot Over ' Pete 's Dragon , ' ' Sausage Party ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sausage Party ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Writer Evan Goldberg and Executive Producer James Weaver Talk R - Rated Animated Film SAUSAGE PARTY ; Pixar Movies Will Get `` Ripped Apart '' `` . Collider.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Sausage Party trailer : First R - rated Pixar-esque animation involves swearing bagel voiced by Edward Norton '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dimoff , Anna ( August 13 , 2016 ) . `` Sausage Party , Hollywood 's first CG - animated cartoon rated R , created in Vancouver '' . CBC News . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` How animated food movie ' Sausage Party ' got an ' R ' rating '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Sony Is Throwing A ' Sausage Party ' At SXSW ; Seth Rogen - Evan Goldberg Toon Will Screen As Work - In - Progress '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evan Goldberg Announces ' Sausage Party ' Starring Seth Rogen & Jonah Hill '' . indiewire.com . July 23 , 2010 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wintraub , Steve ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Seth Rogen Talks NEIGHBORS , Expanding Rose Byrne 's Role , the R - Rated Animated Comedy SAUSAGE PARTY , THE INTERVIEW , PREACHER , and More '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Seth Rogen , James Franco , Jonah Hill , Kristen Wiig Lead ' Sausage Party ' Voice Cast '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Paul Rudd , Danny McBride , Anders Holm Join ' Sausage Party ' Voice Cast '' . The Wrap . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Yamato , Jen ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` Salma Hayek Invited To Seth Rogen & Evan Goldberg 's ' Sausage Party ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sttoodeh , Ramin . `` SXSW : Seth Rogen 's ' Sausage Party ' Is the R - Rated ' Inside Out ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M. `` Seth Rogen 's animated film Sausage Party is provocative food for thought '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jonah Hill Says ' 21 Jump Street ' Will Be His Next Movie '' . MTV . November 2 , 2010 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures Entertainment and Annapurna Pictures will partner on animated film titled Sausage Party '' . Sony Pictures . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sony & Annapurna Set Summer 2016 Date For Animated ' Sausage Party ' '' . Deadline.com . May 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What Got Cut From ' Sausage Party ' to Avoid an NC - 17 MPAA Rating '' . HowardStern.com . Jump up ^ `` MPAA made Seth Rogen shave the pita bread 's `` ballsack '' to avoid NC - 17 rating for Sausage Party `` . Consequence of Sound . August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seth Rogen Reveals `` Sausage Party '' Detail MPAA Wanted Cut `` . The Howard Stern Show . August 8 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` ' Sausage Party ' Directors Conrad Vernon & Greg Tiernan On Making 2016 's Most Outlandish Animated Film '' . August 13 , 2016 . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sasuage Party '' . Just for Laughs . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Seth Rogen 's R - Rated ' Sausage Party ' Tries to Break Through the Family - Friendly Animation Glass Ceiling '' . Indiewire.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAUSAGE PARTY '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sausage Party ( 2016 ) '' . DVDs Release Dates . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` App store listing for Sausage Legend '' . Apple App Store . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Play listing of Sausage Legend '' . Google Play Store . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mobile game Sausage Legend is now having characters from Sausage Party '' . Qoo News . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Raunchy ' Sausage Party ' to Get Serious Awards Push ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` The Outliers Of 2016 : Smaller Movies With Big Profits '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Sausage Party ' Raises Its Heat To $33.6 M In 2nd , Burning ' Suicide Squad ' '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Sausage Party International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sausage Party ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sausage Party reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mancini , Vince ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sausage Party ' Is A Delightful Fart - Joke Sandwich With An Undercooked Religious Filling '' . Uproxx . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The food 's rude and crude in hilarious ' Sausage Party ' '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Audacious ' Sausage Party ' is a delicious feast '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` 44th Annie Award Nominees '' . International Animated Film Society . November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards '' . Deadline . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Film Critics Nominations for 2016 Films '' . MovieAwardsPlus.com . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Film Critics Society Nominations -- ' The Nice Guys ' and Rebecca Hall Get a Deserved Boost '' . AwardsCircuit.com . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Indiana Film Journalists Association Awards '' . January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Poll 2016 '' . The Village Voice . January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 WAFCA Awards Nominations '' . December 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , Elias ; Vlessing , Etan ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sausage Party ' Animators ' Pay Dispute Surfaces After Big Opening '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rainey , James ; Lang , Brent ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sausage Party ' Animators Allege Studio Used Unpaid Overtime '' . Variety . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Merry , Stephanie ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` The working conditions for some ' Sausage Party ' animators were pretty terrible '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sausage Party ' : Orgy Of Upset From French Catholic , Anti-Gay Groups Over PG '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sausage Party script '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Seth Rogen Wants to Do Sausage Party 2 & More R - Rated Animated Movies '' . Movieweb.com . August 14 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sausage Party Official website Sausage Party at Box Office Mojo Sausage Party at Rotten Tomatoes Sausage Party on IMDb Films directed by Conrad Vernon Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 ) Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Sausage Party ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sausage_Party&oldid=802403388 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films American films Canadian films 2010s adventure films 2010s American animated films 2010s black comedy films 2010s buddy films 2010s comedy films 2010s LGBT - related films 2010s parody films 2016 computer - animated films Adventure comedy films American adventure comedy films American black comedy films American buddy films American computer - animated films American LGBT - related films American parody films Animated adventure films Animated buddy films Animated comedy films Animated films about revenge Annapurna Pictures films Black comedy films Canadian animated films Canadian adventure films Canadian comedy films Canadian LGBT - related films Cartoon controversies Directorial debut films Dystopian films Film scores by Alan Menken Film scores by Christopher Lennertz Films about drugs Films about food and drink Films about religion Films critical of religion Films directed by Conrad Vernon Films directed by Greg Tiernan Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films produced by Conrad Vernon Films produced by Megan Ellison Films produced by Seth Rogen Obscenity controversies in film Lesbian - related films LGBT - related animation Point Grey Pictures films Suicide in fiction Suicide in films Columbia Pictures animated films Columbia Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2016 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 23 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does the voice of the bagel in sausage party | [
"Edward Norton as Sammy Bagel Jr., a Jewish Woody Allen-esque bagel who has an on and off rivalry with Lavash.[7][13][14]"
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"Edward Norton"
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-9092561598961052500 | Geography of Germany | Geography of Germany - wikipedia Geography of Germany Jump to : navigation , search Geography of Germany Continent Europe Region western Europe Coordinates 51 ° 00 ′ N 10 ° 00 ′ E / 51.00 ° N 10.00 ° E / 51.00 ; 10.00 Area Ranked 63rd Total 357,022 km ( 137,847 sq mi ) Land 97.66 % Water 2.34 % Coastline 2,389 km ( 1,484 mi ) Borders 3,714 km ( 2,307 mi ) Border lengths included Denmark ( 140 km ) ( 86mi ) Poland ( 467 km ) ( 290 mi ) Austria ( 801 km ) ( 497 mi ) Switzerland ( non-EU ) ( 348 km ) ( 216 mi ) Belgium ( 133 km ) ( 82 mi ) France ( 418 km ) ( 259 mi ) Luxembourg ( 138 km ) ( 85 mi ) Czech Republic ( 704 km ) ( 437 mi ) Netherlands ( 575 km ) ( 357 mi ) Sweden ( maritime boundary , Baltic Sea ) United Kingdom ( maritime boundary , North Sea ) Highest point Zugspitze , 2,962.06 m ( 9,718 ft ) Lowest point North Sea , 0 m Longest river Rhine , 1,230 km ( 764 mi ) Largest lake Lake Constance 536 km ( 207 sq mi ) Climate temperate Terrain lowlands in north ; uplands in center ; Alps in south Natural Resources coal , lignite , natural gas , iron ore , copper , nickel , uranium , potash , salt , construction materials , timber , arable land Natural Hazards flooding , earthquake in Rhineland - Palatinate , North Rhine - Westphalia and Baden - Württemberg . landslide Coordinates : 51 ° 00 ′ N 10 ° 00 ′ E / 51.00 ° N 10.00 ° E / 51.00 ; 10.00 The location of Germany . The countries in white are other members of the European Union . General map of Germany Germany is a country in west - central Europe , that stretches from the Alps , across the North European Plain to the North Sea and the Baltic Sea . Germany has the second largest population in Europe ( after the European part of Russia ) and is seventh largest in area . The territory of Germany covers 357,021 km ( 137,847 sq mi ) , consisting of 349,223 km ( 134,836 sq mi ) of land and 7,798 km ( 3,011 sq mi ) of waters . Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Alps ( highest point : the Zugspitze at 2,962 metres ( 9,718 ft ) ) in the south to the shores of the North Sea ( Nordsee ) in the northwest and the Baltic Sea ( Ostsee ) in the northeast . Between lie the forested uplands of central Germany and the low - lying lands of northern Germany ( lowest point : Neuendorf - Sachsenbande at 3.54 metres ( 11.6 ft ) below sea level ) , traversed by some of Europe 's major rivers such as the Rhine , Danube and Elbe . Germany shares borders with nine European countries , second only to Russia : Denmark in the north , Poland and the Czech Republic in the east , Switzerland ( its only non-EU neighbor ) and Austria in the south , France in the southwest and Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands in the west . Contents ( hide ) 1 Area 1.1 Extreme points 1.2 Maritime claims 2 Physical Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Land use 2.3 Rivers 2.4 Caves 2.5 Natural resources 3 Environment 3.1 Flora and Fauna 4 Human Geography 4.1 Demographics 4.2 Administrative divisions 4.3 Urbanization 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Area ( edit ) Germany is in Western and Central Europe , bordering Denmark in the north , Poland and the Czech Republic in the east , Austria and Switzerland in the south , France and Luxembourg in the south - west , and Belgium and the Netherlands in the north - west . It lies mostly between latitudes 47 ° and 55 ° N ( the tip of Sylt is just north of 55 ° ) , and longitudes 5 ° and 16 ° E. The territory covers 357,021 km ( 137,847 sq mi ) , consisting of 349,223 km ( 134,836 sq mi ) of land and 7,798 km ( 3,011 sq mi ) of water . It is the seventh largest country by area in Europe and the 63rd largest in the world . Extreme points ( edit ) Zugspitze is the highest elevation in Germany northernmost point : List , Sylt , Schleswig - Holstein 55 ° 03 ′ N 8 ° 24 ′ E / 55.050 ° N 8.400 ° E / 55.050 ; 8.400 ( List on Sylt ( Northernmost point ) ) northernmost point in mainland Germany : Aventoft , Schleswig - Holstein 54 ° 54 ′ N 8 ° 49 ′ E / 54.900 ° N 8.817 ° E / 54.900 ; 8.817 ( Aventoft ( northernmost on continent ) ) southernmost point : Haldenwanger Eck , Oberstdorf , Bavaria 47 ° 16 ′ 12.39 '' N 10 ° 10 ′ 41.95 '' E / 47.2701083 ° N 10.1783194 ° E / 47.2701083 ; 10.1783194 ( Haldenwanger Eck at Oberstdorf ( Southernmost point ) ) westernmost point : Isenbruch , Selfkant , North Rhine - Westphalia 51 ° 3 ′ N 5 ° 52 ′ E / 51.050 ° N 5.867 ° E / 51.050 ; 5.867 ( Isenbruch near Millen ( Westernmost point ) ) easternmost point : Deschka , Neißeaue , Saxony 51 ° 16 ′ N 15 ° 2 ′ E / 51.267 ° N 15.033 ° E / 51.267 ; 15.033 ( Deschka ( Easternmost point ) ) lowest point ( man - made ) : Tagebau Hambach 293 m ( 961 ft ) below sea level , Niederzier , North Rhine - Westphalia , 50 ° 54 ′ 39 '' N 6 ° 30 ′ 10 '' E / 50.91083 ° N 6.50278 ° E / 50.91083 ; 6.50278 ( Tagebau Hambach ( lowest ) ) lowest point ( natural ) : Neuendorf - Sachsenbande , Wilstermarsch , Schleswig - Holstein 3.53 m ( 11.6 ft ) below sea level 53 ° 57 ′ 48 '' N 9 ° 19 ′ 5 '' E / 53.96333 ° N 9.31806 ° E / 53.96333 ; 9.31806 ( Wilstermarsch ( lowest ) ) highest point : Zugspitze , in the Bavarian Alps , 2,962 m ( 9,718 ft ) , Garmisch - Partenkirchen / Grainau , Bavaria 47 ° 25 ′ N 10 ° 59 ′ E / 47.417 ° N 10.983 ° E / 47.417 ; 10.983 ( Zugspitze ( highest ) ) Maritime claims ( edit ) Continental shelf : 200 m ( 660 ft ) depth or to the depth of exploitation Exclusive economic zone : 200 nmi ( 370.4 km ; 230.2 mi ) . The exact EEZ is due to conventions with neighbouring states . Territorial sea : 12 nmi ( 22.2 km ; 13.8 mi ) Physical Geography ( edit ) Topographic map of Germany The northern third of the country lies in the North European Plain , with flat terrain crossed by northward - flowing watercourses ( Elbe , Ems , Weser , Oder ) . Wetlands and marshy conditions are found close to the Dutch border and along the Frisian coast . Sandy Mecklenburg in the northeast has many glacier - formed lakes dating to the last glacial period . Moving south , central Germany features rough and somewhat patternless hilly and mountainous countryside , some of it formed by ancient volcanic activity . The Rhine valley cuts through the western part of this region . The central uplands continue east and north as far as the Saale and merge with the Ore Mountains on the border with the Czech Republic . Upland regions include the Eifel , Hunsrück and Palatine Forest west of the Rhine , the Taunus hills north of Frankfurt , the Vogelsberg massif , the Rhön , and the Thüringer Wald . South of Berlin , the east - central part of the country is more like the low northern areas , with sandy soil and river wetlands such as the Spreewald region . Southern Germany 's landforms are defined by various linear hill and mountain ranges like the two adjacent ranges of the Swabian and Franconian Alb ( reaching approximately from the source of the Danube in the southwest of Baden - Württemberg , south of Stuttgart , across Swabia into Central Franconia and to the valley of the river Main ) and the Bavarian Forest along the border between Bavaria and the Czech Republic . The Alps on the southern border are the highest mountains , but relatively little Alpine terrain lies within Germany ( in southeastern Swabia and Upper Bavaria ) compared to Switzerland and Austria . The Black Forest , on the southwestern border with France , separates the Rhine from the headwaters of the Danube on its eastern slopes . Climate ( edit ) Summer coastal climate on the island of Sylt in Schleswig - Holstein Thuringian Forests in winter Köppen climate classification types of Germany The North - South difference in Germany , between N 55 : 03 ( at List on Sylt ) and N 47 : 16 ( around Oberstdorf , Bavaria ) equals almost eight Latitudes ( or 889 km ) , but this ca n't largely be seen in different average temperatures . There is sooner a stronger West - East temperature factor instead . This is explained by the North 's flat and open landscapes and its closeness to the sea , and South 's higher terrain , larger distance from the sea , and the Alps . These mountains prevents much of the usually warmer Mediterranean air to blow up into southern Germany . And north of the Alps and the Carpathians , the farther away from the Atlantic Ocean with for its Latitudes warm current , known as the Gulfstream - and the closer to Russia 's and Siberia 's extremely cold winter winds , one gets , the local climate becomes colder , even at the same Latitude and altitude . Even if Siberian winter winds are not dominating , when they do hit Germany , temperatures can in extreme cases fall to - 30 C and below during the nights , and this has an effect on the average temperatures of November to March . Although rare , when such cold air reaches Germany , the Eastern parts becomes more affected compared to the Western parts . These factors results in , that Hamburg in the North has the same annual average temperature as Munich in the South has . The annual average temperature in Hamburg is + 9.5 C and + 9.7 in Munich Whilst Berlin has an annual average temperature + 9 , 9 C The warmest area in Germany is the area bordering to France and west of the Schwartzwald hills . Roughly between Karlsruhe in the north , and down to the Swiss border . Whilst the coldest area ( except for mountain peaks ) is found in the southeastern parts of eastern Germany , around Dresden and Görlitz ; roughly just two Latitudes higher . But the difference at annual average base , is n't extreme . Freiburg im Breisgau ( located a little south of Karlsruhe ) has an averare annual temperature of + 11.4 C , Görlitz has an equal value of + 8.8 C. A difference of 2.6 degree C. Colder meteorological stations in Germany can be found , but mainly at notably higher altitudes . Germany 's climate is temperate and marine , with cold , cloudy , wet winters and moderate warm summers and in the south occasional warm föhn wind . The greater part of Germany lies in the cool / temperate climatic zone in which humid westerly winds predominate . In the northwest and the north , the climate is oceanic and rain falls all the year round . Winters there are relatively mild and summers comparatively cool . In the east , the climate shows clear continental features ; winters can be very cold for long periods , and summers can become very warm . Dry periods are often recorded . In the centre and the south , there is a transitional climate which may be predominantly oceanic or continental , according to the general weather situation . Winters are mild and summers tend to be cool , though maximum temperatures can exceed 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) for several days in a row during heat waves . The warmest regions of Germany can be found in the south - west ( see rhine rift , German Wine Route and Palatinate ) . Here summers can be hot with many days exceeding 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) . Sometimes , minimum temperatures do not drop below 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) , which is relatively rare in other regions . Land use ( edit ) Alpine scenery in Bavaria Germany covers a total of 357,021 km ( 137,847 sq mi ) , of which 5,157 km ( 1,991 sq mi ) is irrigated land and 8,350 km ( 3,220 sq mi ) is covered by water , the largest lakes being Lake Constance ( total area of 536 km ( 207 sq mi ) , with 62 % of the shore being German ; international borders are not defined on the lake itself ) , Müritz ( 117 km or 45 sq mi ) and Chiemsee ( 80 km or 31 sq mi ) . The majority of Germany is covered by either arable land ( 33.95 % ) ; permanent crops cover 0.57 % of the land . Germany has a total of 2,389 km ( 1,484 mi ) of coastline , and borders totaling 3,714 km ( 2,308 mi ) ( clockwise from north : Denmark 140 km ( 87 mi ) , Poland 467 km ( 290 mi ) , Czech Republic 704 km ( 437 mi ) , Austria 801 km ( 498 mi ) , Switzerland 348 km ( 216 mi ) , France 418 km ( 260 mi ) , Luxembourg 128 km ( 80 mi ) , Belgium 133 km ( 83 mi ) , Netherlands 575 km ( 357 mi ) ) . The German - Austrian border crosses itself near Jungholz . The border with Belgium includes 5 German exclaves because the Vennbahn railway is on Belgian territory crossing in and out of Germany . Rivers ( edit ) The major German rivers For a more comprehensive list , see List of rivers of Germany . The main rivers in Germany are : the Rhine ( Rhein in German ) with a German section extending 865 km ( 537 mi ) ( main tributaries including the Neckar , the Main and the Moselle ( Mosel ) ) ; the Elbe with a German section of 727 km ( 452 mi ) ( also drains into the North Sea ) ; and the Danube ( Donau ) with a German length of 687 km ( 427 mi ) . Further important rivers include the Saale and the Main in central Germany , the Neckar in the southwest , the Weser in the North and the Oder at the eastern border . Caves ( edit ) Show caves in Germany Throughout the Karst rocks many caves were formed especially in the valley of the Hönne . The biggest culture cave of Europe is located in Balve . Natural resources ( edit ) Iron ore , coal , potash , timber , lignite , uranium , copper , petroleum , natural gas , salt , nickel , and water . Environment ( edit ) The Lüneburg Heath Nature Reserve in Lower Saxony The eagle is a protected bird of prey Current issues Emissions from coal - burning utilities and industries contribute to air pollution ; acid rain , resulting from sulphur dioxide emissions , is damaging forests ; pollution in the Baltic Sea from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern Germany ; hazardous waste disposal ; government ( under Chancellor Schröder , SPD ) announced intent to end the use of nuclear power for producing electricity ; government working to meet EU commitment to identify nature preservation areas in line with the EU 's Flora , Fauna , and Habitat directive . Germany 's last glacier is disappearing . International agreements Party to : Air Pollution , Air Pollution - Nitrogen oxides , Air Pollution - Persistent Organic Pollutants , Air Pollution - Sulphur 85 , Air Pollution - Sulphur 94 , Air Pollution - Volatile Organic Compounds , Antarctic - Environmental Protocol , Antarctic Treaty , Biodiversity , Climate Change , Climate Change - Kyoto Protocol , Desertification , Endangered Species , Environmental Modification , Hazardous Wastes , Law of the Sea , Marine Dumping , Nuclear Test Ban , Ozone Layer Protection , Ship Pollution , Tropical Timber 83 , Tropical Timber 94 , Wetlands , Whaling Signed , but not ratified : none Natural hazards Flooding through rivers after heavy rainfall , such as during the 2002 European floods , or Storm surge , such as the North Sea flood of 1962 and the historic floods of 1362 and 1634 that changed the coastline of what is now the west coast of Schleswig - Holstein . Flora and Fauna ( edit ) Deer are widespread species Phytogeographically , Germany is shared between the Atlantic European and Central European provinces of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom . The territory of Germany can be subdivided into two ecoregions : European - Mediterranean montane mixed forests and Northeast - Atlantic shelf marine . The majority of Germany is covered by either arable land ( 33 % ) or forestry and woodland ( 31 % ) . Only 15 % is covered by permanent pastures . Plants and animals are those generally common to middle Europe . Beeches , oaks , and other deciduous trees constitute one - third of the forests ; conifers are increasing as a result of reforestation . Spruce and fir trees predominate in the upper mountains , while pine and larch are found in sandy soil . There are many species of ferns , flowers , fungi , and mosses . Fish abound in the rivers and the North Sea . Wild animals include deer , wild boar , mouflon , fox , badger , hare , and small numbers of beaver . Various migratory birds cross Germany in the spring and autumn . The national parks in Germany include the Wadden Sea National Parks , the Jasmund National Park , the Vorpommern Lagoon Area National Park , the Müritz National Park , the Lower Oder Valley National Park , the Harz National Park , the Saxon Switzerland National Park and the Bavarian Forest National Park . Germany is known for its many zoological gardens , wildlife parks , aquaria , and bird parks . More than 400 registered zoos and animal parks operate in Germany , which is believed to be the largest number in any single country of the world . The Zoologischer Garten Berlin is the oldest zoo in Germany and presents the most comprehensive collection of species in the world . Human Geography ( edit ) Demographics ( edit ) Population density Main article : Demographics of Germany With an estimated 81.8 million inhabitants in January 2010 , Germany is the most populous country in the European Union and ranks as the 15th largest country in the world in terms of population . Its population density stands at 229.4 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 594 / sq mi ) . The United Nations Population Fund lists Germany as host to the third - highest number of international migrants worldwide , around 20 % of Germany _́ s population do not hold a German passport or are descendants of immigrants . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Germany comprises sixteen states that are collectively referred to as Länder . Each state has its own state constitution and is largely autonomous in regard to its internal organisation . Due to differences in size and population the subdivision of these states varies , especially between city states ( Stadtstaaten ) and states with larger territories ( Flächenländer ) . For regional administrative purposes five states , namely Baden - Württemberg , Bavaria , Hesse , North Rhine - Westphalia and Saxony , consist of a total of 22 Government Districts ( Regierungsbezirke ) . As of 2009 Germany is divided into 403 districts ( Kreise ) on municipal level , these consist of 301 rural districts and 102 urban districts . Lower Saxony Bremen Hamburg Mecklenburg - Vorpommern Saxony - Anhalt Saxony Brandenburg Berlin Thuringia Hesse North Rhine - Westphalia Rhineland - Palatinate Bavaria Baden - Württemberg Saarland Schleswig - Holstein State Capital Area ( km2 ) Population Baden - Württemberg Stuttgart 35,752 10,717,000 Bavaria Munich 70,549 12,444,000 Berlin Berlin 892 3,400,000 Brandenburg Potsdam 29,477 2,568,000 Bremen Bremen 404 663,000 Hamburg Hamburg 755 1,735,000 Hesse Wiesbaden 21,115 6,098,000 Mecklenburg - Vorpommern Schwerin 23,174 1,720,000 Lower Saxony Hanover 47,618 8,001,000 North Rhine - Westphalia Düsseldorf 34,043 18,075,000 Rhineland - Palatinate Mainz 19,847 4,061,000 Saarland Saarbrücken 2,569 1,056,000 Saxony Dresden 18,416 4,296,000 Saxony - Anhalt Magdeburg 20,445 2,494,000 Schleswig - Holstein Kiel 15,763 2,829,000 Thuringia Erfurt 16,172 2,355,000 Urbanization ( edit ) Germany has a number of large cities ; the most populous are : Berlin , Hamburg , Munich , Cologne , Frankfurt , and Stuttgart . The largest conurbation is the Rhine - Ruhr region ( 12 million ) , including Düsseldorf ( the capital of North Rhine - Westphalia ) , Cologne , Essen , Dortmund , Duisburg , and Bochum . Largest cities or towns in Germany Statistical offices in Germany ( 31 December 2015 ) Rank Name State Pop . Rank Name State Pop . Berlin Hamburg Berlin Berlin 3,710,156 11 Bremen Bremen ( state ) 557,464 Munich Cologne Hamburg Hamburg 1,787,408 12 Dresden Saxony 543,825 Munich Bavaria 1,450,381 13 Hannover Lower Saxony 532,163 Cologne North Rhine - Westphalia 1,060,582 14 Nuremberg Bavaria 509,975 5 Frankfurt Hesse 732,688 15 Duisburg North Rhine - Westphalia 491,231 6 Stuttgart Baden - Württemberg 623,738 16 Bochum North Rhine - Westphalia 364,742 7 Düsseldorf North Rhine - Westphalia 612,178 17 Wuppertal North Rhine - Westphalia 350,046 8 Dortmund North Rhine - Westphalia 586,181 18 Bielefeld North Rhine - Westphalia 333,090 9 Essen North Rhine - Westphalia 582,624 19 Bonn North Rhine - Westphalia 318,809 10 Leipzig Saxony 560,472 20 Münster North Rhine - Westphalia 310,039 See also ( edit ) Germany portal European Union portal Administrative divisions of Germany Geography of Europe Geology of Germany List of national parks of Germany References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/extras/travel/the-complete-guide-to-lake-constance-5333037.html ^ Jump up to : `` Germany '' . CIA World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . November 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2006 . Retrieved November 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ See `` HAMBURG - FUHLS. ( FLUGWEWA ) '' , `` HAMBURG - NEUWIEDENTHAL '' and `` HAMBURG - WANDSBEK '' ( for Hamburg ) - altitudes are 3 , 11 and 18 meters ; and `` MUENCHEN - STADT ( WST ) '' for Munich - altitude is 515 meters , at ( 1 ) Jump up ^ See `` BERLIN - TEMP . ( WST ) '' ( altitude 48 meters ) at ( 2 ) Jump up ^ See `` FREIBURG I.BR . ( AWST ) '' ( altitude 236 meters ) and `` GOERLITZ ( WEWA ) '' ( altitude 238 meters ) at ( 3 ) Jump up ^ German Climate Handbuch Deutschland . Retrieved November 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` German Climate and Weather '' . World Travels . Globe Media Ltd. 2014 . Retrieved November 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` CIA -- The World Factbook -- Germany '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . April 26 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ List of Ecoregions : Terrestrial Ecoregions WWF . Retrieved 21 November 2000 . Jump up ^ List of famous Zoological gardens in European countries www.eupedia.com . Retrieved 17 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Some interesting zoo facts www.americanzoos.info/ . Retrieved 17 October 2008 . Jump up ^ ( in German ) Tierstatistik 2008 , Zoo Berlin . Retrieved 19 November 2009 . Archived June 9 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` International Migration 2006 '' ( PDF ) . UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs . Retrieved 18 March 2011 . Jump up ^ The individual denomination is either Land ( state ) , Freistaat ( free state ) or Freie ( und ) Hansestadt ( free ( and ) Hanseatic city ) . `` The Federal States '' . www.bundesrat.de . Bundesrat of Germany . Retrieved 17 July 2011 . `` Amtliche Bezeichnung der Bundesländer '' ( Official denomination of federated states ) ( PDF ; download file `` Englisch `` ) . www.auswaertiges-amt.de ( in German ) . Federal Foreign Office . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Example for state constitution : `` Constitution of the Land of North Rhine - Westphalia '' `` . Landtag ( state assembly ) of North Rhine - Westphalia . Archived from the original on 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kreisfreie Städte und Landkreise nach Fläche und Bevölkerung 31.12. 2009 '' ( in German ) . Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland . October 2010 . Archived from the original ( XLS ) on April 28 , 2011 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geography of Germany . Kostenlose Deutschland - Karten Geoberg.de : Geologie Deutschlands -- Fotografien geologischer Objekte aus Deutschland mineralienatlas.de : Reiches Erz aus dem Harz Deutscher Klimaatlas Geography of Germany -- Encyclopedia of World Geography Germany articles History Timeline Historiography Military history Germanic peoples Migration Period Frankish Empire Holy Roman Empire Ostsiedlung ( East Colonisation ) Confederation of the Rhine German Confederation Frankfurt Constitution North German Confederation Unification of Germany German Empire World War I Weimar Republic Nazi Germany World War II Divided Germany Allied occupation Flight and expulsions East Germany West Germany Reunification Reunified Germany Geography Administrative divisions States Districts Cities and towns Earthquakes Geology Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Politics Bundestag Bundesrat Bundeswehr ( military ) Cabinet Chancellor Constitution Court system Elections Foreign relations Human rights Intersex LGBT Transgender Law Law enforcement Political parties President Economy Agriculture Automobile industry Banking Central bank Chemical Triangle Economic history Energy Exports German model German states by GDP Manufacturing Mining Mittelstand companies Science and technology Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Welfare Society Crime Demographics Drug policy Education Germans Ethnic groups Healthcare Immigration Pensions Religion Social issues Culture Anthem Architecture Art Arts Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Dance Fashion Festivals Flag Language Literature Internet Media Music Names Philosophy Prussian virtues Sport Television World Heritage Outline Index Book Portal Geography of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Climate of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union The Danube Countries Germany Austria Slovakia Hungary Croatia Serbia Bulgaria Romania Moldova Ukraine Cities Ulm Ingolstadt Regensburg Passau Linz Vienna Bratislava Győr Budapest Vukovar Ilok Novi Sad Belgrade Ruse Brăila Galați Izmail Tulcea Tributaries Iller Lech Regen Isar Inn Morava Váh Hron Ipeľ / Ipoly Drava Tisza / Tisa Sava Timiș / Tamiš Great Morava Timok Jiu Iskar Olt Osam Yantra Vedea Argeș Ialomița Siret Prut See also List of islands in the Danube List of crossings of the Danube Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Germany&oldid=833029943 '' Categories : Geography of Germany Hidden categories : Articles with German - language external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Coordinates not on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip کوردی Српски / srpski Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 08 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many states are within germany’s borders | [
"Germany comprises sixteen states that are collectively referred to as Länder.[14] Each state has its own state constitution[15] and is largely autonomous in regard to its internal organisation. Due to differences in size and population the subdivision of these states varies, especially between city states (Stadtstaaten) and states with larger territories (Flächenländer). For regional administrative purposes five states, namely Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia and Saxony, consist of a total of 22 Government Districts (Regierungsbezirke). As of 2009 Germany is divided into 403 districts (Kreise) on municipal level, these consist of 301 rural districts and 102 urban districts.[16]"
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1721852139830273034 | Minecraft: Story Mode | Minecraft : Story Mode - wikipedia Minecraft : Story Mode Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that portions of this article be split out into another article titled Minecraft : Story Mode - Season Two . ( Discuss ) ( July 2017 ) `` MCSM '' redirects here . For the high school in New York City with this abbreviation , see Manhattan Center for Science and Mathematics . This article is about the game made by Telltale Games . For other uses , see Minecraft ( disambiguation ) . Minecraft : Story Mode Developer ( s ) Telltale Games Mojang Publisher ( s ) Telltale Games Mojang Series Minecraft Engine Telltale Tool Platform ( s ) Android iOS Apple TV Microsoft Windows Nintendo Switch macOS PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 Wii U Xbox 360 Xbox One Release Season 1 Episode 1 ( show ) Windows , macOS , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One WW : October 13 , 2015 Android , iOS WW : October 15 , 2015 Wii U WW : January 21 , 2016 PS Vita WW : 2016 Episode 2 ( show ) Android , iOS , Windows , macOS , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One WW : October 27 , 2015 Episode 3 ( show ) Android , iOS , Windows , macOS , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One WW : November 24 , 2015 Episode 4 ( show ) Android , iOS , Windows , macOS , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One WW : December 22 , 2015 Episode 5 ( show ) Android , iOS , Windows , macOS , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One WW : March 29 , 2016 Episode 6 ( show ) Android , iOS , Windows , macOS , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One WW : June 7 , 2016 Episode 7 ( show ) Android , iOS , Windows , macOS , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One WW : July 26 , 2016 Episode 8 ( show ) Android , iOS , Windows , macOS , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One WW : September 13 , 2016 The Complete Adventure ( show ) Xbox 360 , Xbox One , Playstation 3 , Playstation 4 , PC NA : October 25 , 2016 EU : October 28 , 2016 Wii U EU : December 16 , 2016 NA : December 13 , 2016 AU : December 16 , 2016 Nintendo Switch WW : August 22 , 2017 Season 2 Episode 1 ( show ) PC , PS4 , Xbox One , iOS , Windows 10 WW : July 11 , 2017 Android WW : July 12 , 2017 Xbox 360 WW : July 14 , 2017 Episode 2 ( show ) August 15 , 2017 Episode 3 ( show ) September 19 , 2017 Episode 4 ( show ) November 7 , 2017 Episode 5 ( show ) December 19 , 2017 Genre ( s ) Graphic adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player Minecraft : Story Mode is an episodic point - and - click graphic adventure video game developed and published by Telltale Games , based on the sandbox video game Minecraft . The first five episodes of the game were released between October 2015 through March 2016 , and an additional three episodes were released as downloadable content in mid-2016 . The game was released for Microsoft Windows , macOS , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Wii U , Nintendo Switch , Xbox 360 , Xbox One , Android , iOS , and Apple TV . The game was developed in association with Mojang , the original developer of Minecraft . A retail version was released in December 2016 . The game follows the episodic format that Telltale Games used for its titles : The Walking Dead , The Wolf Among Us , Tales from the Borderlands , and Game of Thrones . The game centers around a new character named Jesse , who can be either male or female , as they and their allies attempt to save their world by defeating the Wither Storm . A second five - episode season was released by Telltale in July 2017 , continuing the story from the first season and influenced by players ' choices made during that season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Setting 2.2 Characters 2.3 Plot 2.3. 1 Season 1 ( 2015 - 16 ) 2.3. 1.1 The Order of the Stone ( Episode 1 ) 2.3. 1.2 Assembly Required ( Episode 2 ) 2.3. 1.3 The Last Place You Look ( Episode 3 ) 2.3. 1.4 A Block and a Hard Place ( Episode 4 ) 2.3. 1.5 Order Up ! ( Episode 5 ) 2.3. 1.6 A Portal to Mystery ( Episode 6 ) 2.3. 1.7 Access Denied ( Episode 7 ) 2.3. 1.8 A Journey 's End ? ( Episode 8 ) 2.3. 2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 2.3. 2.1 Hero in Residence ( Episode 1 ) 2.3. 2.2 Giant Consequences ( Episode 2 ) 2.3. 2.3 Jailhouse Block ( Episode 3 ) 2.3. 2.4 Below the Bedrock ( Episode 4 ) 2.3. 2.5 Above and Beyond ( Episode 5 ) 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2015 - 16 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Development and releases 4.1 Sequel 5 Reception 5.1 Season 1 ( 2015 - 16 ) 5.1. 1 Episode 1 : The Order of the Stone 5.1. 2 Episode 2 : Assembly Required 5.1. 3 Episode 3 : The Last Place You Look 5.1. 4 Episode 4 : A Block and a Hard Place 5.1. 5 Episode 5 : `` Order Up ! '' 5.1. 6 Episode 6 : A Portal to Mystery 5.1. 7 Episode 7 : Access Denied 5.1. 8 Episode 8 : A Journey 's End ? 5.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 5.2. 1 Episode 1 : Hero in Residence 5.2. 2 Episode 2 : Giant Consequences 5.2. 3 Episode 3 : Jailhouse Block 5.2. 4 Episode 4 : Below The Bedrock 5.2. 5 Episode 5 : Above And Beyond 6 References 7 External links Gameplay Minecraft : Story Mode is an episodic interactive comedy - drama point - and - click graphic adventure video game . It was released as a number of episodes similar to Telltale Games ' other games . Players can collect items , solve puzzles , and talk to non-player characters through conversation trees to learn about the story and determine what to do next . Decisions that the player makes affect events in both the current episode and later episodes . However , Minecraft : Story Mode is intended to be a family - friendly title , unlike Telltale 's previous games , which tend to carry more mature or emotional overtones ( including the death of major characters ) . As such , the decisions are intended to be pivotal and emotional but not to involve mature imagery or themes . Elements of crafting and building were included in the gameplay which are central to Minecraft . The game includes combat and other action sequences , carried out through both quick time events and more arcade - like controls , such as steering around debris on a road . Synopsis Setting Minecraft : Story Mode takes place in an interpretation of the world of Minecraft . The main character Jesse is a passionate newbie Minecraft player who sets out on a journey with friends within the world of Minecraft to find The Order of the Stone ( Gabriel , Ellegaard , Magnus , Soren , Ivor ) , five legendary adventurers who saved the Minecraft world . The game includes settings that are normally difficult to access from within Minecraft , including the Nether , The End , and the Far Lands . Characters The player can customize Jesse , including choice of gender and skin tone . Jesse is voiced by Patton Oswalt if male and by Catherine Taber if female . Other characters within the Minecraft world include the humans Petra ( voiced by Ashley Johnson ) Axel ( Brian Posehn ) , Olivia ( Martha Plimpton ) , Lukas ( Scott Porter ) , Maya , Ivy , Fangirl ( GK Bowes ) , Owen ( Owen Hill ) , Gill ( Phil LaMarr ) , Aiden , Otis ( Matthew Mercer ) , Ivor Sigge ( Paul Reubens ) , Usher ( Jason ' jtop ' Topolski ) , Fanboy ( Billy West ) , Lydia ( Lydia Winters ) , the Announcer ( Erin Yvette ) , Jesse 's pet pig Reuben ( Dee Bradley Baker ) and the four Order of the Stone members : Gabriel the Warrior ( Dave Fennoy ) , Magnus the Rogue ( Corey Feldman ) , Ellegaard the Redstone Engineer ( Grey Griffin ) , and Soren the Architect ( John Hodgman ) . Stauffer said that the human characters as a whole represent the different types of gamers who play Minecraft . Billy West narrates the first four episodes of the story . Plot This is a broad overview of the plot . Certain decisions made by the player will alter details of specific events . Season 1 ( 2015 - 16 ) The Order of the Stone ( Episode 1 ) Jesse ( Patton Oswalt or Catherine Taber ) and his / her friends , Olivia ( Martha Plimpton ) and Axel ( Brian Posehn ) , along with his pet pig Reuben ( Dee Bradley Baker ) , go to the EnderCon building competition , which they lose every year to a rival team called the Ocelots . Despite this , they manage to build an impressive contraption , which Ocelot member Aiden ( Matthew Mercer ) jealously sabotages , scaring off Reuben . Jesse and the gang goes after Reuben or Axel and Olivia stays to save the build . Jesse went out to find Reuben , interacting with things around too , when Reuben is found , Jesse and Reuben is surrounded by hostile mobs , Jesse has a choice to tell Reuben to run or stay beside him , Jesse ( and Reuben ) ( is / are ) saved from mobs by their friend Petra ( Ashley Johnson ) , who convinces Jesse to help her with a business deal : selling a Wither skull for a diamond . Back at the competition , that Jesse 's team wins / loses , the deal goes bad when Ivor ( Paul Reubens ) , the man Petra sells the skull to , rips her off and flees . Jesse and Petra , joined by Axel , Olivia and the sympathetic Ocelot leader , Lukas ( Scott Porter ) , follow Ivor into an underground laboratory . There , they discover him making a Wither , an incredibly dangerous creature , but are unable to stop him . The creature attacks the event and targets Gabriel ( Dave Fennoy ) , a member of the legendary Order of the Stone , whom Ivor seems to know . Ivor loses control of the Wither , which , with the power of the special ' command block ' implanted in the Wither 's chest , transforms into an advanced , more horrific version of itself , called ' The Wither Storm ' . It then destroys the town , forcing the group to escape into Gabriel 's fortress , where Gabriel sends Jesse 's group to find Order members Magnus ( Corey Feldman ) and Ellegaard ( Grey Griffin ) , and gives them an amulet to guide them . They head into the dangerous Nether , leaving Petra and Gabriel behind in the process ( as one of them being sucked into the Wither Storm , depending on your choices ) . In the Nether , Jesse 's group finds a train track left by the Order , and goes to the Overworld , where the group decides to bunk for the night . Axel is bitter towards Lukas , and Jesse must choose who they will side with . The next morning , the group arrives at the Order Fortress , where they discover that Ivor had actually been a member of the Order , but had been inexplicably kicked out . They later find a contraption that , when hooked up to the amulet , shows on a map the current locations of the members of the Order . Lukas decides to stay and fortify the fortress , and asks that one of the four stay with him . The player then has a choice : to go with Axel to get Magnus , or with Olivia to get Ellegaard . As Jesse and Axel / Olivia prepare to leave , the Wither Storm approaches . Assembly Required ( Episode 2 ) Jesse and Axel / Olivia head to Boom Town / Redstonia to recruit Magnus / Ellegaard to help them . After successfully getting Magnus / Ellegaard to join them ( with different mishaps ) , they return to the temple to discover that Olivia / Axel ( whoever did n't accompany Jesse ) has subsequently retrieved Ellegaard / Magnus ( whichever one Jesse did not personally find ) , and are now reunited with either Petra or Gabriel ( depending on who Jesse saved before entering the Nether ) . Returning to the machine , they discover that it now shows the location of the last , long thought lost member , Soren ( John Hodgeman ) , as well as Ivor , who is heading towards him . Ellegaard reveals that she and Soren had been building a `` Formidi Bomb '' ( an incredibly powerful explosive ) , and proposes this as a solution to the problem of the Wither Storm . The group leaves to find Soren and his secret lab . There , Jesse , Lukas and Reuben find a massive herd of endermen . Magnus and Ellegaard ( who clearly do n't get along well ) depart in two different directions to find the `` F - Bomb '' . Jesse and Petra / Gabriel follow one , while Lukas , Olivia and Axel follow the others . As they walk , Petra / Gabriel reveals to Jesse that , despite his saving him / her , they have `` Wither Sickness '' , which gets worse by the minute . Eventually , they confront Ivor , but he taunts them and uses a splash potion to slow them down , saying that the Order will be unable to do anything to stop him , then escapes . The Last Place you Look ( Episode 3 ) The group is trapped ( Ivor 's doing in the prior episode ) . They manage to escape , but end up in the foreboding End . There , they spot Soren and follow him into his massive house , where Jesse finds him researching the dangerous Endermen . Jesse convinces Soren to help destroy the Wither Storm using the incredibly powerful Formidi Bomb , just as the Wither Storm attacks . They return to the surface , where they reunite with Magnus and Ellegaard . Soren asks for a volunteer to set off the Formidi - Bomb , reminding them that the bomb will go off seconds after being made . This task falls on Jesse 's shoulders . Accepting either Magnus or Ellegaard 's armor , Jesse constructs and uses the Formidi - Bomb , and survives , but Magnus / Ellegaard ( whoever gave Jesse the armor ) is killed by an attack from the Wither Storm . The Formidi - Bomb destroys the Wither Storm , freeing the citizens it ate , including a now amnesiac Gabriel or Petra . Unfortunately , due to the bomb not reaching the Command Block keeping it alive , the Wither Storm reforms , having split apart to make three Wither Storms , forcing everyone to flee . A Block and a Hard Place ( Episode 4 ) The group is forced to flee the new Storms . They then encounter Ivor , who wants to fix his mistake and offers a solution : using a book of enchantments he has at his house in the Far Lands that can enchant a weapon so powerful it can destroy the command block . The group ( possibly without Axel , Lukas and the sick member ) goes to Ivor 's house , where they learn that the story of the Ender Dragon battle that made the Order famous was n't entirely true : Soren just used the Command Block to glitch the Ender Dragon out of existence . Ivor left the Order in disgust and summoned the Wither Storm to show the world that the Order are frauds . Despite this shocking truth , Jesse constructs the weapon which , with the unwitting help of the Endermen , they use to enter the Wither Storm and destroy the Command Block , though Reuben is fatally wounded in the process and dies shortly after . As the world praises the new heroes , Jesse makes a memorial to Reuben and convinces Gabriel , who is now cured ( same with Petra ) , to either tell the truth about the Order 's past or continue keeping it a secret . Either way , Jesse and their friends are then made the famous New Order of the Stone . Order up ! ( Episode 5 ) Sometime later , the New Order goes , on a tip from Ivor , to a temple where they discover a mysterious enchanted flint and steel . Outside the temple , they 're accosted by Aiden , who usurped Lukas as the new leader of the Ocelots ( now going by the `` Blaze Rods '' ) and is bitter towards the fame the New Order has attained , though they manage to chase him and his lackeys away . Back in town , the group shows their found loot to Ivor , who reveals the enchanted flint and steel to be the key to the Eversource , a source of unlimited building power . Returning to the temple , Jesse , Petra , Lukas and Ivor find a portal , which Jesse activates with the flint and steel . Unfortunately , the Blaze Rods surprise them and enter the portal first . Pursuing them , the group ends up in a sky dimension , where they have to build a bridge with dirt . They come to Sky City , a metropolis island in the clouds , where building is strictly regulated by the town 's stern Founder . Unluckily for the group , Aiden gets to the Founder first and tricks her into turning the whole town against the Order . Though Ivor and Lukas are captured , Petra is saved by Milo , a barman and the leader of an underground resistance called Build Club ( Jesse 's decisions choose who he goes with ) . They are quickly reunited , and soon find the Eversource , revealed to be a chicken which lays spawn eggs . The group is then attacked by the Founder and Aiden , only for him to betray her and knock her , Jesse and possibly Lukas over the side . They land safely on land below , which is surprising to the Founder , as she thought there was nothing but an abyss . She and Jesse ( Lukas will sit this out , feeling weak from fighting Aiden in the palace ) build a tower back to Sky City , which is now overrun with monsters Aiden summoned from spawn eggs laid by the Eversource chicken . Though Jesse defeats Aiden and his cronies , the city is lost and the remaining townsfolk get into a waterfall and flow safely down to the land below . After deciding what to do with Aiden and the Eversource and how the new government should be run , Jesse and the group use a portal they and the Founder discovered while building the tower to return home , only to find themselves in a corridor filled with portals . A portal to Mystery ( Episode 6 ) After entering one of the portals , Jesse , Lukas , Petra and Ivor end up in a world very similar to their own , except there are two moons , and everything appears swampy . After reading an invitation and escaping a massive horde of zombies , they end up in the mansion of other invitees , who end up to be five well - known Minecraft YouTubers : CaptainSparklez , StampyCat , DanTDM , LDShadowLady and StacyPlays , as well as two other fictional ones : TorqueDawg and Cassie Rose . They are revealed to be just as oblivious to this place as the New Order , since portraits of the Youtubers and the Order somehow appeared in the house . While meeting Sparklez and TorqueDawg , all lights go out and TorqueDawg is mysteriously killed by a trap with poisoned arrows . Through a series of investigation , causing the death trap of CaptainSparklez , right after his announcement of the fact that the murderer ( who referred to him / herself as the ' White Pumpkin ' ) was killing them off for the enchanted flint and steel ( such as the one as Jesse has ) , as well as the death of Lizzie / Dan , the majority of the Youtubers point the evidence at Lukas , but Petra and Jesse fiercely disagree . The two , along with Stampy , ( who then reveals that he had an enchanted flint and steel ) , prove that Cassie Rose was the White Pumpkin , who then accidentally sets off one of her own traps and dies . Jesse , Petra , Ivor , and Lukas peacefully depart with the remaining Youtubers . The New Order walks over to an unlit portal frame , and attempt to use the flint and steel on it , and open another portal back to their home . Though the flint and steel had the power to send them back to their world , it is revealed that the portal was a trap from Rose , who was not dead . While she threatens them with Endermites , Jesse is able to defeat her with his / her sword and his / her own collection of Ender pearls and leaves her to be eaten by the Endermites , while Jesse and his / her friends return through the real portal , although it is unknown whether they return home or not . Access Denied ( Episode 7 ) Back in the portal hallway , Petra , who is bitter towards Jesse for leading to nowhere in multiple worlds and portals , flees into a redstone portal , concluding that redstone meant `` smart people '' . Jesse , Lukas and Ivor , having no choice , follow her into the portal . Upon arrival , they are taken hostage by a population of players controlled with redstone chips by the mad artificial intelligence computer screen PAMA ( Prototype : Autonomous Management Agent ) , who was created by redstone user Harper but , against Harper 's will , controlled the population in order to `` make them useful '' . Wanting to invade Jesse 's territory and world , PAMA questions him and takes over Petra and Lukas , allowing it to see what they know . Jesse and Ivor escape PAMA with the help of Harper , who shows them her laboratory , where she reveals that she is an `` old builder '' . They are soon attacked by PAMA controlled monsters , alongside the mind controlled Lukas and Petra . Through a stroke of luck , Jesse manages to destroy the redstone chips controlling some spiders , and either Lukas or Petra . Harper is captured by whoever Jesse did n't free by orders of PAMA , and Harper tells Jesse to find the ' headset ' . Eventually , after solving Harper 's puzzle , Jesse finds the headset , and wears it . It allows Jesse to take control over and migrate into PAMA - controlled mobs , all while in the laboratory . Eventually finding Harper being captured by PAMA , Jesse is able to free her , only for her to be recaptured , but finds out from her that PAMA 's internal redstone heart is supposed to be destroyed . The group heads to the city and using one of Ivor 's potions , Jesse is able to break into PAMA but is engaged in a fight with either Lukas or Petra before destroying PAMA 's heart . After the townspeople are freed from PAMA 's possession , they discover that Harper had created PAMA , and immediately hate her for it . Harper accompanies the group to the portal hallway , where she unlocks a stairway with the redstone heart leading to where the ' Old Builders ' live , who might be able to help them find their way home , via a `` Portal Atlas '' . A journey 's end ? ( Episode 8 ) Arriving at the Old Builder 's village , the five accidentally interrupt a game of `` spleef '' hosted by the Old Builders ; Hadrian , Mevia and Otto . Lukas and either Ivor or Petra ( whoever Jesse does n't choose to help ) are seemingly killed , but respawn to be sent to the Nether mines , where other losers of the Old Builder 's games are sent . Jesse strikes a deal with Hadrian : if Jesse wins the games , they get the Portal Atlas and go home . In the village , Harper explains to Jesse that Hadrian and Mevia began to force players from other worlds to play the games - they would only be free if they won the games , which was virtually rigged . After freeing Lukas and his other companion from the mines , Jesse successfully completes the second game , despite Hadrian sending the green team to eliminate Jesse . Ivor / Petra ( whoever Jesse saved ) are killed , but quickly respawn. Harper convinces sympathetic Old Builder Otto to help Jesse . Hadrian reveals to Jesse that he kept Olivia and Axel captive using the Atlas , and makes another deal : If Jesse loses the games , Olivia , Axel , Petra , Lukas , Ivor and Reuben ( Hadrian confused the latter with the EnderCon Usher ) can go free while Jesse stays imprisoned . Otherwise , everyone stays imprisoned . The next day , on the third task , Jesse eventually convinces the other teams to cooperate and rebel against Hadrian and Mevia by all winning . Otto accepts this victory , but Hadrian and Mevia trap him and most players in obsidian , and kills Jesse . He respawns in the respawn area , where Emily , leader of the green team , Olivia , Axel , Petra , Lukas , Harper , and Ivor have stolen items for Jesse , including the armor of `` Tim '' , ( a made - up character by Hadrian in order to inspire the others to continue playing ) , to defeat the Old Builders . The plan is successful , and they eventually receive the Atlas from Otto . Back in the Portal Hallway , Otto plans to work on making the games fun again . Harper and Emily either return home , stay in the games , or leave with the Order ( Jesse 's suggestion ) , and the Order of the Stone return home . There , after Jesse shows Axel and Olivia their new artifacts , Ivor takes the enchanted flint and steel and the Atlas , in which Jesse and the others go after . Season 2 ( 2017 ) Hero in Residence ( Episode 1 ) Lukas narrates a novel about Jesse and their friends ' adventures and their popularity . As he finishes , Jesse , Axel , and Olivia provide feedback for the novel . Along with Radar , Jesse 's new assistant , they leave the Order 's palace to prepare for Founding Day celebrations throughout the world . Radar stays with Jesse to help with various tasks in Beacontown , while the others leave for their respective cities . Afterwards , Jesse heads to the mines to meet Petra , who has been sent to find a mysterious creature by Stella , the leader of a rivaling city , `` Champion City '' , who has Petra 's golden sword . In the mines , Jesse and Petra fight off zombies , then race through the mine shaft to find the creature , which turns out to be a `` treasure - sniffing '' llama named Lluna . They capture the llama , and also find a strange gauntlet on top of a pyramid that whispers Jesse 's name . As Jesse reaches for it , the gauntlet clamps to his hand and the pyramid collapses , revealing a bottomless pit . They close off the pit and escape . Back on the surface , Jesse leaves a warning sign , and they head to Champion City to take Lluna to Stella . The two meet Stella and give Lluna back to her as she informs Petra that the `` adventure '' was a scam and does n't return the sword . The two decide to steal the sword back . Once they reach Stella 's treasure room , they find that the sword is missing . Stella shows up , and accepts defeat after inadvertently revealing she 's a fan of Jesse , and gives the sword back . As they head back to Beacontown , the bottomless pit blows open and spews out charged creepers , and they fight them off before sealing it again . They head straight to Beacontown to meet Jack , a former treasure hunter . Jack talks to Jesse about the gauntlet , and introduces them to Nurm , Jack 's map - maker . The four get some armor from the Order 's palace , and head to an ocean temple . As they travel , Jack informs them how the ocean monument is run by `` the Admin '' , a being of infinite power . They suit up in water helmets , and swim to the ocean monument . Jesse completes a door frame , and frees Vos , Jack 's old friend . Jack is surprised to see Vos alive ( as he had supposedly been killed on their previous visit ) . The five reach the main part of the temple . They find the two structure blocks , and pick one . After fighting off stone guards , including the Admin , a giant colossus statue , the five then escape back to Beacontown . The group close the pit with the structure block , and celebrate Founding Day . As the celebration starts , the Admin goes after Jesse , vowing to demolish them . While Lukas is at his house finishing his novel , he sees the Admin approaching Beacontown , he suits up and rides off to help Jesse . Giant Consequences ( Episode 2 ) The Admin meets Jesse at Beacontown , and the two fight , damaging Beacontown in the process . The Admin uses a giant clock to turn day into night so that monsters would invade the city . The Admin also swallows the structure block . Just as the Admin is about to swallow Jesse , Lukas distracts him with an arrow to the face , and saves Jesse . Jesse notices the symbol on the Admin 's head was the same symbol shown on the back of the Prismarine Golems at the ocean temple , and Jesse realizes that destroying the symbol is the only way of destroying the Admin . Jesse takes Lukas ' horse , climbs up the Admin , and kills him , dropping the clock , which Jesse uses to raise the sun . In the aftermath , Jesse and others begin rebuilding Beacontown , Jesse can give either Lukas or Radar the title of `` Clockmaster '' , which basically involves watching a giant clock all day . Jesse then meets up with Jack and Vos , who unintentionally spill that they are about to go on a new adventure with Nurm and Petra . Suddenly , Jesse and Petra see snowflakes falling in Beacontown and one of them ends up melting inside the gauntlet , revealing the Admin to be a snowman . The Admin gives Jesse a challenge : Beacontown will remain dark and surrounded by hostile mobs until Jesse reclaims the giant clock , which the Admin says is `` at the tippy top of my awesome , fantastic , super-deadly icy palace of despair '' . Jesse and the others fight off numerous monsters and zombies , and the group ( consisting of Jesse , Petra , Lukas , Radar , Jack , Nurm and Vos ) head toward the ice palace . On the way to the ice palace , the group encounter Lluna and Stella , who eventually tags along with them in order to `` keep an eye on them '' . At the ice palace , the snowman drops the group into the pit . The group eventually end up in a roller - coaster - like maze , and meet the Admin once more , giving the group several challenges . Nonetheless , the Admin insists that only one person is supposed to win , and throws Radar / Jack into another challenge , with Vos randomly disappearing . The group then mine their way out with a diamond pickaxe and face numerous Snow `` Endercreepers '' . Jesse can then choose whether Petra or Jack should get the clock . Petra / Jack makes it up to the clock and destroys it , turning the world back to normal time . Lukas leaves immediately , but Jack insists on finding Vos , and the rest help Jack to try and find him . Soon , it is revealed that Vos was actually the Admin the entire time as the real Vos died years ago , and he is convinced on partnering up by Stella . The Admin then transports the gauntlet to whoever destroyed the clock and proceeds to teleport Jesse and friends , minus Lukas , to a jailhouse . Jailhouse Block ( Episode 3 ) Jesse arrives at the `` Sunshine Institute '' , an underground prison where the Admin likes to keep people that he detests and their loved ones as prisoners , as well as people meant to act as guards . Jesse immediately tries to escape with help from Jack / Petra ( who was not chosen as a champion ) where they discover that the prison is in the middle of a labyrinth filled with dangerous monsters . They are immediately apprehended and sent back to the prison . Jesse meets the Warden , a former `` Guest '' ( prisoner ) that was promoted , who proceeds to torture Radar in order to coerce Jesse into becoming an `` Associate '' ( Guard ) , which Jesse can either accept this new role or refuse it . If he accepts the role he will be an Associate , but if not the Warden will break Radar 's glasses and give him a black - eye . They also discover that Stella is also an Associate of the deeper floor . After hearing of an attempted escape from Prisoner X , they discover that they need her help in order for them to get out of there . As an associate / guest , Jesse will find another guest 's secret stash , a Mooshroom . Once the Warden finds out , he will ask Jesse to shear the mushrooms from the Mooshroom to change it back to a regular cow promising a promotion to the lower depths if he obeys . If he shears the cow , Jesse will be promoted to an associate in the lower depths ( Jack / Petra , Nurm & Radar will cause trouble to be demoted to follow you ) , but upon refusal , Jesse and his friends will be demoted to the lower depths as guests . Once in the lower levels , Jesse asks assistance from Stella to make a lever to open Prisoner X 's cell . You can either promise to help her escape as well or not . After successfully opening the gate to Prisoner X 's cell , the Admin shows up , fires the Warden , and forces Jesse and Jack / Petra ( whoever became the champion in the previous episode ) to fight to the death , but they instead cooperate to try and attack the Admin . Annoyed by this he abandons the Sunshine Institute . Before leaving , however , the Admin comes up with a new plan to impersonate Jesse and take over his life in Beacontown and takes Stella with him . The group proceed to Prisoner X 's isolated cell , which is rigged to explode if no one is standing on at least one stone pressure plate , which means that either Nurm or Lluna need to be left behind so that they can escape . After their escape they learn that Prisoner X , whose real name is Xara , is a former Admin . They were told that Xara and another Admin named Fred fought `` Romeo '' ( the Admin 's real name ) for control of the world , but Fred was killed and Xara 's powers were taken away . After fighting through the monster - filled labyrinth , Jesse can either choose to help Xara when she ditches them , or to leave her to fend for herself . Whatever the player choose they will meet up with her at the base of a Diamond Tower . Xara explains that there is a passageway beneath the tower and they need to dig into the bedrock to escape , she also explains that the secret to rid Romeo of his abilities also lies there as well . They enter the passageway , with a Giant Enderman in the approaching . Romeo , in Jesse 's form , proceeds to give the Order of the Stone 's Amulet to an armored assailant to try and hunt down Jesse and his friends . Below the Bedrock ( Episode 4 ) Jesse and company reach the `` Underneath '' the first world created by Romeo , Fred and Xara . Xara explains that this place was sealed by Romeo a long time ago after killing Fred and imprisoning Xara . After arriving at Xara 's ruined city `` The Oasis '' , Xara points them to a destroyed portal that could bring them to the surface . Jesse asks Xara to rebuild the portal while Xara tells them that they need an object from Romeo or the Surface to help power the portal . She tells them to head to `` Fred 's Keep '' to find the weapon that can stop Romeo , and to look out for anything that can be used to power the portal . While travelling via minecart to Fred 's Keep , the group are assaulted by the Giant Enderman , which leaves Jesse and Jack precariously on the edge of a giant cliff . They are met by scavengers who demand their weapons for safe passage . If Jesse refuses , Jack will seemingly fall to his death . Jesse and company find themselves in Fred 's Keep where they discover a group of people who venerate Fred as their former protector and the creator of their safe village . Jesse asks to enter his house to look for the weapon , but only the winner of the annual Fred Trivia Contest may enter . After winning the trivia contest or sneaking inside , they discover that the weapon is found in the original house , a cabin , Fred , Xara and Romeo used to live in . The leader of Fred 's Keep , Binta , gives them a device to point them in the right direction in exchange of helping the get `` Friends of Fred '' ( villagers ) out of the Underneath . If Jack and Nurm are still in the party , they will stay behind to convince more people to join ; if not , Nurm will stay to wait for Jack . While travelling to the Admins ' First Home , they are assaulted by an Armored Assailant , or ninja , who is revealed to be Ivor . Ivor informs the group of the admin 's misdeeds and proceeds to fake a report to buy them time to look for the weapon . Before Ivor leaves , Jesse asks for the Amulet of the Order of the Stone to use as a part of the portal . The trio discover that the Admins ' First Home is in Romeoburg and they needed to complete his challenges to proceed . Inside the cabin they find Fred 's Journal , containing a keyword ( # potato451 ) and a set of instructions on how to defeat the Admin . Realizing how similar their and the Admins ' former friendship were , Petra becomes emotional and worries that their own friendship would end just like the Admins ' . She also confesses to Jesse that her place is not in Beacontown , but she would n't leave if it means she would lose Jesse . Jesse could either promise Petra to leave with her or wait for her as long as it takes . Upon returning to Oasis , Jesse and company activates the firework to signal Fred 's people that they are ready to leave . He also gives Xara the diary , and she swears vengeance on Romeo . The fireworks attract the Giant Enderman as well as several mobs of monsters . Depending on previous actions Xara either stays to help fight off the mob or abandons the group . The people of Fred 's Keep will arrive to help ; Jack will also reemerge here if he fell down in the first act . Radar discovers that the Giant Enderman is angry at him after he attacked it earlier and asks Jesse if he can use himself as bait to save Fred 's people . Jesse is then given the choice to either leave Radar behind or to abandon Fred 's people . Upon entering the portal they find themselves on the outskirts of the Temple of the Order of the Stone , and are horrified of the new Beacontown . After the credits we see Lukas just getting back from the Ice Palace greeting Jesse ( Romeo ) asking where everyone is . The Admin 's eyes glow red as the scene cuts to black . Above and Beyond ( Episode 5 ) Jesse , Petra , Jack , Radar / Binta and Nurm / Lluna use the mines to enter Beacontown in secret . In the town they discover Romeo ( In Jesse 's Form ) , Stella , Axel , and Olivia preparing for JesseCon , a narcissistic Festival for himself . If Xara left to abandon you she will attack Romeo and get killed by him . If Xara stayed behind Romeo will blow up Champion City in front of Stella as an example to them . They deduce that the Giant Tower in the middle of town is the `` Primary Terminal '' , the place or object in the diary 's instruction , but they will need a plan to get there . Jesse reveals himself to Axel and Olivia who follows Jesse to Jack 's shop where they discover its contents were looted . They discover the Elytra Wings in the looted shop , then Ivor appears in the shop having rescued Nurm / Lluna and they start planning on how they are going to get to the `` Terminal '' . After successfully enacting their plan to fly to the tower they discover that Lukas has freed Romeo 's prisoners and have banded together to create the `` New Ocelots '' , after proving to them that he 's / she 's the real Jesse they head to the roof only to discover that Romeo is in his office , You can choose to attack him or talk to him . Regardless of the choice Romeo determines to give up on the world . He decides it deserves the same fate as the old world . As he is encasing the entire world with bedrock , they make their way to the `` Terminal Space '' portal on top of the roof . In the Terminal Space they discover a sealed door . The door is sealed with a puzzle whose answer lies within the keyword # potato451 . After solving the puzzle , they are gifted with a hologram of Fred that gives them a Golden Gauntlet that can take away Romeo 's powers . Romeo arrives immediately afterwards and Jesse punches him with the Gauntlet , Romeo immediately discovers that some of his abilities are gone . Jesse and Romeo fight each other with Romeo changing locations and forms with each defeat . After removing Romeo 's powers completely , `` Terminal Space '' begins to crumble , you can choose to leave Romeo behind or bring him with you . While the `` Terminal Space '' is crumbling around them , The Giant Prismarine Colossus glitches out and then starts attacking anything indiscriminately . If Xara and Radar was left behind , the latter will arrive , still being chased by the Giant Enderman , it then kills the Colossus allowing you to escape . Otherwise Romeo will sacrifice himself so that you can leave , after the destruction of `` Terminal Space '' the bedrock in the sky disappears . If Romeo and Xara survives he will do his best to try and make up for what he did , starting with Xara and the surviving citizens of the Underneath . While Beacontown is being rebuilt , Ivor says that he will try to reconnect with the old Order of the Stone , Lukas , Radar , Jack , and Nurm decided to stay in Beacontown to help them rebuild . Depending on your relationship with Stella and Lluna , Stella could ask you to take care of Lluna in Beacontown while Champion City is being rebuilt , Lluna could choose to stay with Jesse against Stella 's wishes , or both will leave . Axel and Olivia decide to return to their communities , but Petra decides to leave . You can choose to leave with Petra or stay in Beacontown . If you decide to leave with Petra , you can assign Radar to be your temporary replacement or allow the citizens to decide a new leader , If Lluna stayed with Jesse , she will also accompany Jesse & Petra on their new adventure . If you stay in Beacontown , Radar will tell you that he checked the mail chest and found some mail . The first letter is about Aiden wanting to redeem himself . The second letter is sent by WP ( White Pumpkin ) saying `` Look out '' . Episodes Season Episodes Originally released First released Last released 8 October 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 13 ) September 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) 5 July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) December 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) Season 1 ( 2015 - 16 ) The main Minecraft : Story Mode game was separated into five episodes for Season 1 , released in one month intervals . Three additional episodes were later released . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Order of the Stone '' Dennis Lenart and Graham Ross Michael Choung and Laura Jacqmin October 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 13 ) At Endercon , a world - threatening monster known as the Wither Storm is unleashed . It is up to Jesse and his / her friends to reassemble the Order of the Stone , a group of adventurers famous for slaying the Ender Dragon . `` Assembly Required '' Jason Latino Joshua Rubin , Eric Stirpe and Timothy Williams October 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 27 ) Jesse and his / her friends must recruit the remaining members of the Order of the Stone to help defeat the Wither Storm . `` The Last Place You Look '' Jonathan Stauder Michael Choung , Laura Jacqmin , Eric Stirpe and Timothy Williams November 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 24 ) Trapped inside of Soren 's fortress , Jesse and his / her friends must find Soren to build a weapon that can destroy the Wither Storm . `` A Block and a Hard Place '' Graham Ross and Rebekah Gamin Arcovitch Brad Kane and Laura Jacqmin December 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 22 ) After a crushing defeat , Jesse and his / her friends must go on a long journey to the Far Lands to find the one thing capable of destroying the Command Block at the Wither Storm 's core . Along the way , Jesse and friends make a shocking discovery about the Order of The Stone 's history . 5 5 `` Order Up ! '' Jonathan Stauder TBA March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) Jesse , Petra , Lukas , and Ivor find a mysterious portal and wind up in a strange place called Sky City . After being framed for supposed crimes , Jesse and his / her friends must clear their names and stop an old enemy from destroying an innocent world . 6 6 `` A Portal to Mystery '' Sean Manning Eric Stirpe and Timothy Williams June 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 07 ) Jesse and his / her friends end up in a room full of portals and must find a portal leading to the overworld . The first portal they go to leads to a party in a mansion . However , one guest is killing off the others . Can Jesse and friends find the killer ? Or will the killer find them ? The episode features five well - known YouTube players of Minecraft , as their avatars in the game : Joseph Garrett , Stacy Hinojosa , Dan Middleton , Lizzie Dwyer , and Jordan Maron . 7 7 `` Access Denied '' Rebekah Gamin Arcovitch and Jason Pyke Luke McMullen and Eric Stirpe July 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) Continuing their portal journey in search of home , Jesse and crew land in a world entirely controlled by PAMA - a sinister `` thinking machine '' determined to command everyone and everything with redstone mind control chips . Forced on the run to avoid capture and assimilation , Jesse must work with a new ally to defeat the corrupted computer and free the population it has enslaved . 8 8 `` A Journey 's End ? '' Vahram Antonian Eric Stirpe , Yale Hannon , and Erica Harrell September 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) Jesse , Petra , Lukas , and Ivor try to find The Old Builders , who can supposedly help them find their way home . However , if Jesse is to survive the Old Builders ' Gladiator Games and get home , he / she must forge new friendships with the other contestants and navigate a labyrinth of lies and deception . Season 2 ( 2017 ) In July 2017 , the first trailer was released for season 2 revealing a release date of July 11 . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` Hero in Residence '' Jonathan Stauder Eric Stirpe July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) As old friends and new responsibilities pull Jesse in different directions , the discovery of a strange Prismarine Gauntlet leads our hero into a whole new world of mystery and danger . 10 `` Giant Consequences '' Jonathan Stauder Eric Stirpe August 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 15 ) A powerful foe emerges in Beacontown and subjects Jesse to some bizarre ( and deadly ) challenges . Friendships will be tested and new alliances formed as Jesse fights to save the world from this mighty enemy . 11 `` Jailhouse Block '' Chris Reiser Adam Douglas September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) Jesse and the gang must brave a dangerous prison and its even more dangerous inmates to reach the secret at the prison 's heart ... But when the enemy tries to recruit Jesse 's friends , will they all be able to resist the call ? 12 `` Below the Bedrock '' Daniel Rosales Nicole Martinez November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) Our heroes take a journey to a long - forgotten land where nothing is quite what it seems and danger lurks around every corner . Will Jesse 's new alliances and friendships withstand the tests they 'll face ? 13 5 `` Above and Beyond '' Mark Droste Adam Miller December 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) The final battle with Jesse 's new enemy brings the battle home to Beacontown and the world may never be the same . Development and releases The idea for Minecraft : Story Mode came around the end of 2012 when Telltale Games was engaged in work for Tales from the Borderlands , an episodic series based on the Borderlands series . The idea of developing stories around other established video game franchises led the team to brainstorm the idea for a Minecraft - related game , given that the game was essentially a `` blank canvas '' for storytelling , according to Job Stauffer , and would create an interesting challenge . The two groups recognized the amount of fan - generated narrative content that existed in the way of YouTube videos and other media forms that demonstrated the potential for storytelling in the game . Many on Telltale 's staff were also already fans of Minecraft , with a private server that they played on , with some of the incidents that occurred on there becoming ideas for the game 's story . Telltale began negotiations with Mojang in early 2013 , and began work on the title shortly thereafter . Stauffer noted that Microsoft 's acquisition of Mojang was not a factor in the game 's development , as their interaction with Mojang began well before Microsoft 's negotiations . Telltale opted to create a new main character of Jesse for Minecraft : Story Mode instead of using default `` Steve '' character from Minecraft , feeling that they did not want to attempt to rewrite how players already saw this character in the game . Other primary characters in the game are loosely designed around archetypes of common player - characters for Minecraft , such that those that engage in building , fighting , or griefing other players . The game will not attempt to provide any background for some concepts in Minecraft , such as the creepers , as to avoid the various interpretations that fans have done for these elements , though they are elements of the game 's story . Stauffer stated that the game 's story would be aimed as family - friendly , similar to the films The Goonies or Ghostbusters ; their intended content would be equivalent to a PG - 13 or PEGI - 12 rating . A number of the voice actors are alumni of such films of the 1980s such as Corey Feldman who starred in The Goonies , and the game includes various references to these types of films . Stauffer reflected that while Telltale 's more recent games like The Walking Dead were more mature stories , their original adventure games like Sam & Max and Strong Bad 's Cool Game for Attractive People were written as family - friendly , and that they consider their approach to Minecraft : Story Mode as `` part of our DNA '' . The story was aimed to be accessible to both existing players of Minecraft - both novice and advanced players - and to new audiences outside of the game . Minecraft : Story Mode was formally announced in December 2014 as a collaboration project between Mojang and Telltale ; the announcement was presented as an interactive adventure game named `` Info Quest II '' . Its first trailer was released during the Minecon 2015 convention in early July . The game was planned for a five - episode series for release on Android , iOS , Microsoft Windows , OS X , PlayStation and Xbox consoles in late 2015 ; Telltale also released the game for the Wii U , only a month after the original Minecraft first came to a Nintendo platform . It was also the first time a Telltale title had been released on a Nintendo platform since Back to the Future : The Game . In addition , Minecraft : Story Mode - The Complete Adventure , incorporating both the main episodes and downloadable content , was announced for the Nintendo Switch . The series released for most systems on October 13 , 2015 , with the PlayStation Vita and Wii U versions to follow at a later date . A season pass of the game was available for purchase on October 27 , 2015 , which allows the player to access the other four episodes once they are released . Retail versions of the game were released on October 27 , 2015 . Sequel Minecraft : Story Mode -- Season Two was released on July 11 , 2017 across five episodes , for Windows , macOS , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One , iOS and Android . It continued the story from the first season , with the player 's choices affecting elements within Season 2 . Patton Oswalt , Catherine Taber , Ashley Johnson , and Scott Porter were confirmed to continue voicework for the new season . The game supports the new Crowd Play feature that Telltale introduced in Batman : The Telltale Series , allowing up to 2,000 audience members to vote on decisions for player using Twitch or other streaming services . On August 3 , 2017 , Telltale announced that Episode 2 , `` Giant Consequences '' , was released on August 15 . On September 19 , 2017 , Episode 3 `` Jailhouse Block '' was released . The fourth episode , `` Below the Bedrock '' , was released on November 7 , 2017 . The fifth episode and season finale , `` Above And Beyond '' was released on December 19 , 2017 . Reception Season 1 Aggregate Reviews Game Metacritic Episode 1 : The Order of the Stone ( PC ) 71 ( PS4 ) 71 ( XONE ) 77 Episode 2 : Assembly Required ( PC ) 59 ( PS4 ) 53 ( XONE ) 61 Episode 3 : The Last Place You Look ( PC ) 73 ( PS4 ) 73 ( XONE ) 75 Episode 4 : A Block and a Hard Place ( PC ) 68 ( PS4 ) 72 ( XONE ) 71 Episode 5 : Order Up ! ( PC ) 70 ( PS4 ) 72 ( XONE ) 69 Episode 6 : A Portal to Mystery ( PC ) 64 ( PS4 ) 69 ( XONE ) 71 Episode 7 : Access Denied ( PC ) 69 ( PS4 ) 68 ( XONE ) 71 Episode 8 : A Journey 's End ? ( PS4 ) 69 Season 2 Aggregate Reviews Game Metacritic Episode 1 : Hero in Residence ( PC ) 71 ( PS4 ) 67 ( XONE ) 76 Episode 2 : Giant Consequences ( PC ) 74 ( PS4 ) 73 ( XONE ) 76 Episode 3 : Jailhouse Block ( PC ) 71 ( PS4 ) 63 ( XONE ) 72 Episode 4 : Below the Bedrock ( PC ) 73 Episode 5 : Above And Beyond ( PC ) 78 Minecraft : Story Mode received mixed reviews from critics . It received praise for its humor , faithfulness to its source material , action sequences and light hearted tone compared to some of Telltale 's previous works although the presence of technical issues was criticized . Critical reception to the story and characters was widely polarized . Season 1 ( 2015 - 16 ) Episode 1 : the Order of the Stone Episode 1 : The Order of the Stone received `` mixed or average '' reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 71 / 100 based on 25 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 71 / 100 based on 23 reviews and the Xbox One version 77 / 100 based on 13 reviews . On GameRankings , a score of 78.59 % was given based on 11 reviews for the Xbox One version , 77.50 % for Wii U based on 4 reviews , 73.53 % for the PC version based on 16 reviews , and 73.29 % for PlayStation4 based on 21 reviews . Episode 2 : Assembly Required Episode 2 : Assembly Required received `` mixed or average '' reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 59 / 100 based on 13 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 53 / 100 based on 7 reviews and the Xbox One version 61 / 100 based on 8 reviews . Episode 3 : the Last Place you Look Episode 3 : The Last Place You Look received mildly positive reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 73 / 100 based on 10 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 73 / 100 based on 7 reviews and the Xbox One version 75 / 100 based on 9 reviews . Episode 4 : a Block and a Hard Place Episode 4 : A Block and a Hard Place received `` mixed or average '' reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 68 / 100 based on 8 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 72 / 100 based on 8 reviews and the Xbox One version 71 / 100 based on 8 reviews . Episode 5 : `` Order up ! '' Episode 5 : Order Up ! received `` mixed or average '' reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 70 / 100 based on 6 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 72 / 100 based on 9 reviews and the Xbox One version 69 / 100 based on 6 reviews . Episode 6 : a portal to Mystery Episode 6 : A Portal to Mystery received mixed reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 64 / 100 based on 5 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 69 / 100 based on 6 reviews and the Xbox One version 71 / 100 based on 5 reviews . Episode 7 : Access Denied Episode 7 : Access Denied received mixed reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 69 / 100 based on 4 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 68 / 100 based on 6 reviews and the Xbox One version 71 / 100 based on 5 reviews . Episode 8 : a journey 's end ? Episode 8 : A Journey 's End ? received mixed reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the PlayStation 4 version 69 / 100 based on 6 reviews . Season 2 ( 2017 ) Episode 1 : Hero in Residence Episode 1 : Hero in Residence received mixed reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the PC version 71 / 100 based on 8 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 67 / 100 based on 8 reviews , and the Xbox One version 76 / 100 based on 4 reviews . Episode 2 : Giant Consequences Episode 2 : Giant Consequences received positive reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the PC version 74 / 100 based on 8 critics and the PlayStation 4 version a score of 73 / 100 based on 4 reviews . On GameRankings , the PlayStation 4 version has a rating of 65.00 % based on 2 reviews and on the PC version , it has a score of 72.86 % based on 7 reviews . Episode 3 : Jailhouse Block Episode 3 : Jailhouse Block received mixed reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the PC version 71 / 100 , based on 8 reviews , and the PlayStation 4 63 / 100 based on 4 reviews . Episode 4 : Below the Bedrock Episode 4 : Below The Bedrock received mixed reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the PC version a score of 74 / 100 based on 5 critics . Episode 5 : Above and Beyond Episode 5 : Above And Beyond received positive reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the PC version a score of 78 / 100 based on 4 critics . References ^ Jump up to : Nunneley , Stephany ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode Epelease date set for October '' . VG247 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Karmali , Luke ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode - Episode 2 Release Date Revealed '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Lucy ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` New Minecraft : Story Mode Episode 3 Trailer Reveals Release Date '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Reilly , Luke ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode - Episode 4 Release Date Revealed '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode Episode 5 Date Revealed , Getting 3 Extra Episodes '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nunneley , Stephany ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 6 has a release date and additional cast members '' . VG247.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sarkar , Samit ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode 's seventh episode rolls out next week '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Craft , Scott ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Minecraft : Story Mode ' Episode 8 Release Date Confirmed For Next Week '' . IDigitalTimes . Newsweek Media Group . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US : Minecraft : Story Mode - The Complete Adventure For Switch Pre-Orders Available for Amazon - My Nintendo News '' . My Nintendo News . March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pre-order Minecraft : Story Mode for the Nintendo Switch right now on Amazon and save 20 % '' . BGR . March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Switch keeps getting pricier third - party games '' . Polygon . Vox Media . March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode - The Complete Adventure - Nintendo Switch '' . Amazon . March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jesse 's adventure continues in Minecraft : # StoryMode - Season 2 , premiering July 11 on Xbox One , PS4 , PC , Mac , iOS , and Android devices ! ( June 7 , 2017 ) Jump up ^ Russell . `` Minecraft : Story Mode - The Complete Adventure comes to retail this month '' . Gaming Nexus . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Marsh ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Story Mode Season 2 : Coming Soon ! '' . Minecraft . Microsoft . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Webster , Andrew ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` Giving Minecraft a story '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McCaffrey , Ryan ; Petty , Jared ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` PAX 2015 : MINECRAFT VET , ROOKIE EACH PLAY TELLTALE 'S MINECRAFT : STORY MODE '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Matulef , Jeffrey ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode : A chip off the old block '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dredge , Stuart ( July 4 , 2015 ) . `` New Minecraft : Story Mode details revealed at Minecon 2015 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marchiafava , Jeff ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode '' . Game Informer . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Albert , Brian ( July 4 , 2015 ) . `` First Minecraft : Story Mode Details Revealed at Minecon '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hall , Charlie ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` John Hodgman to star in Minecraft : Story Mode '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perusco , Laura ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Attend the Minecraft : Story Mode Premiere in Hollywood , New Cast Details '' . PlayStation Blog US . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Faller , Patrick ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` First Minecraft : Story Mode - Season Two Trailer Released '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The second episode of @ Minecraft : # StoryMode - Season Two , `` Giant Consequences , '' will premiere August 15 ! `` . Twitter . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moss , Richard ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` The unlikely creative relationship behind Minecraft : Story Mode '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Keith ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode spin - off game announced by Mojang '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Murphy , David ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Telltale Games , Mojang Team Up for ' Minecraft : Story Mode ' '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Copeland , Wesley ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Telltale and Mojang Announce Minecraft : Story Mode '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode is an episodic series from Telltale '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( 18 January 2016 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode coming to Wii U this week '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Miranda ( 12 January 2017 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode - The Complete Adventure is coming to Nintendo Switch '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode returns for a second season in July '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Episode Four of ' Minecraft : Story Mode - Season Two ' Debuts November 7 '' . telltale.com . October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Template : Coite web ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 1 : The Order of the Stone '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 1 : The Order of the Stone '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 1 : The Order of the Stone '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 2 : Assembly Required '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 2 : Assembly Required '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 2 : Assembly Required '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 3 : The Last Place You Look '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 3 : The Last Place You Look '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 3 : The Last Place You Look '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 4 : A Block and a Hard Place '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 4 : A Block and a Hard Place '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 4 : A Block and a Hard Place '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 5 : Order Up ! '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 5 : Order Up ! '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 5 : Order Up ! '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 6 : A Portal to Mystery '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 6 : A Portal to Mystery '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 6 : A Portal to Mystery '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 7 : Access Denied '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 7 : Access Denied '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 7 : Access Denied '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 8 : A Journey 's End ? '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season Two - Episode 1 : Hero in Residence '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season Two - Episode 1 : Hero in Residence '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season Two - Episode 1 : Hero in Residence '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season Two - Episode 2 : Giant Consequences '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season Two - Episode 2 : Giant Consequences '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season Two - Episode 2 : Giant Consequences '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season 2 - Episode 3 : Jailhouse Block '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season 2 - Episode 3 : Jailhouse Block '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season 2 - Episode 3 : Jailhouse Block '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season 2 - Episode 4 : Below the Bedrock '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season 2 - Episode 5 : Above And Beyond '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode - Episode 1 : The Order of the Stone '' . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode - Episode 1 : The Order of the Stone '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode - Episode 1 : The Order of the Stone '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode - Episode 1 : The Order of the Stone '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season Two - Episode 2 : Giant Consequences '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season Two - Episode 2 : Giant Consequences '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season Two - Episode 2 : Giant Consequences '' . GameRankings . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season Two - Episode 2 : Giant Consequences '' . GameRankings . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season Two - Episode 3 : Jailhouse Block '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season Two - Episode 3 : Jailhouse Block '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode - Season Two Episode 4 : Below The Bedrock '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season 2 - Episode 5 : Above And Beyond '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . 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"Minecraft: Story Mode was formally announced in December 2014 as a collaboration project between Mojang and Telltale; the announcement was presented as an interactive adventure game named \"Info Quest II\".[28] Its first trailer was released during the Minecon 2015 convention in early July.[21] The game was planned for a five-episode series for release on Android, iOS, Microsoft Windows, OS X, PlayStation and Xbox consoles in late 2015;[29][30] Telltale also released the game for the Wii U, only a month after the original Minecraft first came to a Nintendo platform.[31] It was also the first time a Telltale title had been released on a Nintendo platform since Back to the Future: The Game.[16] In addition, Minecraft: Story Mode - The Complete Adventure, incorporating both the main episodes and downloadable content, was announced for the Nintendo Switch.[32]"
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"downloadable content"
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2579012963796706092 | Chicken Little | Chicken Little - wikipedia Chicken Little This article is about the folk tale . For other uses , see Chicken Little ( disambiguation ) . Chicken Little , also known as Henny Penny and sometimes as Chicken Licken , is a European folk tale with a moral in the form of a cumulative tale about a chicken who believes the world is coming to an end . The phrase `` The sky is falling ! '' featured prominently in the story , and has passed into the English language as a common idiom indicating a hysterical or mistaken belief that disaster is imminent . Versions of the story go back more than 25 centuries ; it continues to be referred to in a variety of media . Contents 1 The story and its name 2 History 3 Idiomatic usage 4 Adaptations 5 Popular references 6 Related stories 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links The story and its name ( edit ) Illustration for the story `` Chicken Little '' , 1916 The story is listed as Aarne - Thompson - Uther type 20C , which includes international examples of folktales that make light of paranoia and mass hysteria . There are several Western versions of the story , of which the best - known concerns a chick that believes the sky is falling when an acorn falls on its head . The chick decides to tell the King and on its journey meets other animals ( mostly other fowl ) which join it in the quest . After this point , there are many endings . In the most familiar , a fox invites them to its lair and then eats them all . Alternatively , the last one , usually Cocky Lockey , survives long enough to warn the chick , who escapes . In others all are rescued and finally speak to the King . In most retellings , the animals have rhyming names , commonly Chicken Licken or Chicken Little , Henny Penny or Hen - Len , Cocky Locky , Ducky Lucky or Ducky Daddles , Drakey Lakey , Goosey Loosey or Goosey Poosey , Gander Lander , Turkey Lurkey and Foxy Loxy or Foxy Woxy . The moral to be drawn changes , depending on the version . Where there is a `` happy ending '' , the moral is not to be a `` Chicken '' but to have courage . In other versions where the birds are eaten by the fox , the fable is interpreted as a warning not to believe everything one is told . In the United States , the most common name for the story is `` Chicken Little '' , as attested by illustrated books for children dating from the early 19th century . In Britain and its other former colonies , it is best known as `` Henny Penny '' and `` Chicken Licken '' , titles by which it also went in the United States . History ( edit ) `` There was once a little chick named Kluk '' : beginning of the 1823 Danish version of the story . The story was part of the oral folk tradition and only began to appear in print after the Brothers Grimm had set a European example with their collection of German tales in the early years of the 19th century . One of the earliest to collect tales from Scandinavian sources was Just Mathias Thiele , who in 1823 published an early version of the Henny Penny story in the Danish language . The names of the characters there are Kylling Kluk , Høne Pøne , Hane Pane , And Svand , Gaase Paase , and Ræv Skræv . In Thiele 's untitled account , a nut falls on Kylling Kluk 's back and knocks him over . He then goes to each of the other characters , proclaiming that `` I think all the world is falling '' and setting them all running . The fox Ræv Skræv joins in the flight and , when they reach the wood , counts them over from behind and eats them one by one . Eventually the tale was translated into English by Benjamin Thorpe after several other versions had appeared . Once the story began to appear in the English language , the titles by which they went varied considerably and have continued to do so . John Greene Chandler ( 1815 - 1879 ) , an illustrator and wood engraver from Petersham , Massachusetts , published an illustrated children 's book titled The Remarkable Story of Chicken Little in 1840 . In this American version of the story , the characters ' names are Chicken Little , Hen - Pen , Duck - Luck , Goose - Loose , and Fox - Lox ; Chicken Little is frightened by a leaf falling on her tail . First two pages of the 1840 children 's illustrated book : The Remarkable Story of Chicken Little A Scots version of the tale is found in Robert Chambers 's Popular Rhymes , Fireside Stories , and Amusements of Scotland of 1842 . It appeared among the `` Fireside Nursery Stories '' and was titled `` The hen and her fellow travellers '' . The characters included Henny Penny , Cocky Locky , Ducky Daddles , Goosie Poosie , and an unnamed `` tod '' ( fox ) . Henny Penny became convinced that `` the lifts were faun '' ( the heavens were falling ) when a pea fell on her head . In 1849 , a `` very different '' English version was published under the title `` The Story of Chicken - Licken '' by Joseph Orchard Halliwell . In this Chicken - licken was startled when `` an acorn fell on her bald pate '' and encounters the characters Hen - len , Cock - lock , Duck - luck , Drake - lake , Goose - loose , Gander - lander , Turkey - lurkey and Fox - lox . It was followed in 1850 by `` The wonderful story of Henny Penny '' in Joseph Cundall 's compilation , The Treasury of pleasure books for young children . Each story there is presented as if it were a separate book , and in this case had two illustrations by Harrison Weir . In reality the story is a repetition of the Chambers narration in standard English , except that the dialect phrase `` so she gaed , and she gaed , and she gaed '' is retained and the cause of panic is mistranslated as `` the clouds are falling '' . Benjamin Thorpe 's translation of Thiele 's Danish story was published in 1853 and given the title `` The Little Chicken Kluk and his companions '' Thorpe describes the tale there as `` a pendant to the Scottish story ... printed in Chambers '' ( see above ) and gives the characters approximately the same names as in Chambers . Comparing the different versions , we find that in the Scots and English stories the animals want `` to tell the king '' that the skies are falling ; while in the American story , as in the Danish , they are not given any specific motivation . In all versions they are eaten by the fox , although in different circumstances . Comparison of early publications Source Title Main character Other characters Initial event Fear Motivation Fate Thiele , 1823 ( untitled ) Kylling Kluk Høne Pøne Hane Pane And Svand Gaase Paase Ræv Skræv A nut falls on Kylling Kluk 's back All the world is falling ( al Verden falder ) So let us run ( Saa lad os løbe ) Raev Skraev runs with them into the wood and eats them one by one Chandler , 1840 The Remarkable Story of Chicken Little Chicken Little Hen Pen Duck Luck Goose Loose Turkey Lurkey Fox Lox The leaf of a rose - bush falls on Chicken Little 's tail The sky is falling None given , except that Chicken Little is frightened Fox Lox invites the animals into his den , kills the others , and eats Chicken Little Chambers , 1842 The Hen and Her Fellow - Travellers henny - penny cocky - locky ducky - daddles goose - poosie unnamed `` tod '' ( fox ) A pea falls on henny - penny 's head `` The lifts were faun '' ( the heavens were falling ) To tell the king about it A `` tod '' ( fox ) takes them to his hole , forces them inside , then he and his young ones eat them Halliwell , 1849 The Story of Chicken - licken Chicken - licken Hen - len Cock - lock Duck - luck Drake - lake Goose - loose Gander - lander Turkey - lurkey Fox - lox An acorn falls upon Chicken - licken 's bald pate The sky had fallen To tell the king Fox - lox takes them to his hole , then he and his young ones eat them Thorpe , 1853 ( translation of Thiele 1823 ) The Little Chicken Kluk and His Companions Chicken Kluk Henny Penny Cocky Locky Ducky Lucky Goosy Poosy Foxy Coxy A nut falls on Chicken Kluk 's back All the world is falling Then let us run Foxy Coxy runs with them into the wood and eats them one by one Idiomatic usage ( edit ) Title page of The Remarkable Story of Chicken Little The name `` Chicken Little '' -- and the fable 's central phrase , The sky is falling ! -- have been applied to people accused of being unreasonably afraid , or those trying to incite an unreasonable fear in those around them . The first use of the name `` Chicken Little '' to `` one who warns of or predicts calamity , especially without justification '' recorded by the Merriam - Webster Dictionary is in 1895 , but idiomatic use of the name significantly predates that attestation . In fact , this usage is recorded in the United States very soon after the publication of Chandler 's illustrated children 's book in 1840 . Already , in 1842 , a journal article about the Government of Haiti referred to `` Chicken Little '' in an offhand manner . An `` oration '' delivered to the city of Boston on July 4 , 1844 , contains the passage : To hear their harangues on the eve of the election , one would suppose that the fable of Chicken Little was about to become a truth , and that the sky was actually falling . Fear mongering -- whether justified or not -- can sometimes elicit a societal response called Chicken Little syndrome , described as `` inferring catastrophic conclusions possibly resulting in paralysis '' . It has also been defined as `` a sense of despair or passivity which blocks the audience from actions '' . The term began appearing in the 1950s and the phenomenon has been noted in many different societal contexts . Adaptations ( edit ) Walt Disney Pictures has made two animated versions of the story . The first was Chicken Little , a 1943 animated short released during World War II as one of a series produced at the request of the U.S. government for the purpose of discrediting Nazism . It tells a variant of the parable in which Foxy Loxy takes the advice of a book on psychology ( on the original 1943 cut , it is Mein Kampf ) by striking the least intelligent first . Dim - witted Chicken Little is convinced by him that the sky is falling and whips the farmyard into mass hysteria , which the unscrupulous fox manipulates for his own benefit . The dark comedy is used as an allegory for the idea that fear - mongering weakens the war effort and costs lives . It is also one of the versions of the story in which Chicken Little appears as a character distinct from Henny Penny . The second Disney film was the very loosely adapted Chicken Little , released in 2005 as a 3D computer - animated feature . It is an updated science fiction sequel to the original fable in which Chicken Little is partly justified in his fears . In this version , Foxy Loxy is changed from a male to a female , and from the main antagonist to a local bully . Another film adaptation was the animated TV episode `` Henny Penny '' ( 1999 ) , which was part of the series Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child . In this modern update , the story is given a satirical and political interpretation . There have also been a number of musical settings . American composer Vincent Persichetti used the fable as the plot of his only opera The Sibyl : A Parable of Chicken Little ( Parable XX ) , op . 135 ( 1976 ) , which premiered in 1985 . On the sitcom The Golden Girls , there was a 1991 episode in which the characters perform a short musical based on the fable ( here titled `` Henny Penny '' ) at a school recital . In 1998 , there was Joy Chaitin and Sarah Stevens - Estabrook 's equally light - hearted musical version of the fable , `` Henny Penny '' . Designed for between six and a hundred junior actors , it has additional characters as optional extras : Funky Monkey , Sheepy Weepy , Mama Llama , Pandy Handy and Giraffy Laughy ( plus an aggressive oak - tree ) . In Singapore , a more involved musical was performed in 2005 . This was Brian Seward 's The Acorn - the true story of Chicken Licken . It is a tale of mixed motivations as certain creatures ( including some among the ' good guys ' ) take advantage of the panic caused by Chicken Licken . In 2007 American singer and composer Gary Bachlund set the text of Margaret Free 's reading version of `` Chicken Little '' ( The Primer , 1910 ) for high voice and piano . In his note to the score Bachlund makes it clear that he intends a reference to alarmism and its tragic consequences . Popular references ( edit ) There are many novels , films , CDs and songs titled `` The Sky is Falling '' , but the majority refer to the idiomatic use of the phrase rather than to the fable from which it derives . The following are some lyrics which genuinely refer or allude to the story : British band Happy Mondays have the lines `` Henny Penny , Cocky Locky , Goosey Loosey , Turkey Lurkey , Ducky Lucky , Chicken Little , It seems they are all on the move when the sun is falling in '' in the song `` Moving in with '' on their second album , Bummed ( 1986 ) . The Aerosmith song `` Livin ' on the Edge '' ( 1993 ) has the lines `` If Chicken Little tells you that the sky is falling , Even if it was n't would you still come crawling back again ? '' `` Chicken Little '' is a song from the 1997 album Fancy , by the California avantrock band Idiot Flesh ; it contains the line , `` The sky is falling , got ta tell the king '' . `` The Sky Is Falling '' is a song by Owsley from the 1999 debut album Owsley ; it includes the line `` Chicken Little had a big day today '' . Related Stories ( edit ) A very early example containing the basic motif and many of the elements of the tale is some 25 centuries old and appears in the Buddhist scriptures as the Daddabha Jataka ( J 322 ) . In it , the Buddha , on hearing about some particular religious practices , comments that there is no special merit in them , but rather that they are `` like the noise the hare heard . '' He then tells the story of a hare disturbed by a falling fruit who believes that the earth is coming to an end . The hare starts a stampede among the other animals until a lion halts them , investigates the cause of the panic and restores calm . The fable teaches the necessity for deductive reasoning and subsequent investigation . The Tibetan version of the Jataka tale has been told in rhyme by Australian author Ursula Dubosarsky in her book The Terrible Plop ( 2009 ) , which has since been dramatised , using the original title Plop ! . In this , the animal stampede is halted by a bear , rather than a lion . The ending has been changed from the Tibetan original as well . There also exists a Br'er Rabbit story that is closer to the Eastern versions . In this story , Br'er Rabbit initiates the panic but does not take part in the mass flight , although Br'er Fox does . In this case it is Br'er Terrapin that leads the animals back to question Br'er Rabbit . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Before Lightnin ' Hopkins ' `` Henny Penny Blues '' from the 1940s , there was a 1906 comic strip version . A more recent instance is the Golden Girls ' TV skit titled `` Henny Penny '' ( 1991 ) . The Yale Book of Quotations cites the nursery tale `` Chicken Licken '' as the source for ' the sky is falling ' and the character is mentioned in John Cheever 's short story `` The 5.48 '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Jataka Tales of the Buddha , Part III , retold by Ken & Visakha Kawasaki '' . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ The End of the World The Sky Is Falling , folktales of Aarne - Thompson - Uther type 20C ( including former type 2033 ) , in which storytellers from around the world make light of paranoia and mass hysteria , selected and edited by D.L. Ashliman , 1999 Jump up ^ C365 in the Opie Collection . `` List of Fairy Tale Books in the Opie Collection '' , Opie Collection of Children 's Literature , Bodleian Library ( bodleian.ox.ac.uk ) , revised 1994 . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Thiele , J.M. ( 1823 ) . Danske folkesagn. 4 . Copenhagen : A. Seidelin . pp. 165 -- 167 . OCLC 458278434 . ^ Jump up to : Kylling means `` chick '' ( baby chicken ) ; Kluk is an onomatopoeic representation of a chicken 's vocalization , similar to English `` cluck '' ^ Jump up to : Høne means `` hen '' ; Pøne means `` penny '' ^ Jump up to : Hane means `` cock '' / `` rooster '' ^ Jump up to : And means `` duck '' ^ Jump up to : Gaase ( modern Danish Gåse ) means `` goose '' ^ Jump up to : Ræv means `` fox '' Jump up ^ Chandler , John Greene ( 1840 ) . The Remarkable Story of Chicken Little . Roxbury , MA : J.G. Chandler . OCLC 191238925 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 21 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Chandler , John Greene . `` Self - Portrait '' -- via arcade.nyarc.org Library Catalog . Jump up ^ The text of the story is reprinted in Fowle , William Bentley ( 1856 ) . The Mind and Heart , Or , School and Fireside Reading for Children . Boston , MA : Morris Cotton . pp. 121 -- 122 . OCLC 27730411 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Robert ( 1842 ) . Popular Rhymes , Fireside Stories , and Amusements of Scotland . Edinburgh : William and Robert Chambers . pp. 51 -- 52 . OCLC 316602150 . Jump up ^ Halliwell , James Orchard ( 1849 ) . Popular rhymes and nursery tales : a sequel to the Nursery rhymes of England . London : John Russell Smith . pp. 29 -- 30 . OCLC 3155930 . Jump up ^ `` The Treasury of pleasure books for young children '' . W.G. Baker . 1 January 1850 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Thorpe ( ed . ) , Benjamin ( 1853 ) . Yule - Tide Stories : a collection of Scandinavian and North German popular tales and traditions . London : Henry G. Bohn . pp. 421 -- 422 . OCLC 877309110 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Life in Hayti '' , in The Knickerbocker , or New York monthly magazine , volume xix . New York : John Bisco. 1842 . p. 454 . : `` In the words of an infantile philosopher , yclept ' Chicken Little ' , how can he help knowing it ? '' Jump up ^ Chandler , Peleg W . The Morals of Freedom : An Oration delivered Before the Authorities of the City of Boston July 4 , 1844 . Boston , MA : John H. Eastburn . p. 29 . OCLC 982157 . Jump up ^ Landry , John R. ( 1998 ) . Can Mission Statements Plant the `` Seeds '' of Dysfunctional Behaviors in an Organization 's Memory ? in Proceedings of the Thirty - First Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences . p. 169 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.108. 2917 . Jump up ^ Li , Xinghua , `` Communicating the `` incommunicable green '' : a comparative study of the structures of desire in environmental advertising in the United States and China `` , PhD diss. , p. 81 , University of Iowa , 2010 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Audio Visual Communication Review , v. 3 - 4 , pp. 226 - 227 , National Education Association of the United States Dept. of Audiovisual Instruction , 1955 Jump up ^ Walt Disney ( 1943 ) , available at Youtube Jump up ^ `` Henny Penny '' . YouTube . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Henny Penny : A Play with Optional Music . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Seward - Playwright '' . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The True Story of Chicken Licken '' . YouTube . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chicken Little ( 2007 ) , Margaret Free and Harriette Taylor Treadwell , originally for high voice and piano '' . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Mondays - Moving In With '' . YouTube . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith - Livin ' On The Edge ( Lyrics ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Idiot Flesh - Chicken Little '' . YouTube . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Sky Is Falling '' by The Semantics `` . YouTube . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 03 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 04 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Joel Chandler Harris , Nights with Uncle Remus : Myths and Legends of the Old Plantation ( Boston and New York : Houghton , Mifflin , and Company , 1883 ) , no . 20 , pp. 108 - 13 . Online at Brother Rabbit Takes Some Exercise , at The End of the World The Sky Is Falling , folktales of Aarne - Thompson - Uther type 20C ( including former type 2033 ) , in which storytellers from around the world make light of paranoia and mass hysteria , selected and edited by D.L. Ashliman , 1999 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chicken Little . The Remarkable Story of Chicken Little printed in Boston between 1865 - 71 . SurLaLune Fairy Tale Site , Henny - Penny as collected by Joseph Jacobs , 1890 The Cock and Hen That Went to the Dovrefell a Norwegian variant , 1888 Chicken Little Film Chicken Little ( 1943 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Video games Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Disney 's Chicken Little : Ace in Action ( 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicken_Little&oldid=861762322 '' Categories : English - language idioms Fairy tales Fictional chickens Jataka tales Literature featuring anthropomorphic characters Animal tales Fictional birds Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Italiano Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2018 , at 20 : 51 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | where did the sky is falling come from | [
"Chicken Little, also known as Henny Penny and sometimes as Chicken Licken, is a European folk tale with a moral in the form of a cumulative tale about a chicken who believes the world is coming to an end. The phrase \"The sky is falling!\" featured prominently in the story, and has passed into the English language as a common idiom indicating a hysterical or mistaken belief that disaster is imminent. Versions of the story go back more than 25 centuries;[1] it continues to be referred to in a variety of media.\n"
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"Chicken Little"
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-3144386509452951237 | BlackBerry | BlackBerry - Wikipedia BlackBerry This article is about the brand of electronic devices . For its parent company , see BlackBerry Limited . For the fruit , see Blackberry . For other uses , see Blackberry ( disambiguation ) . BlackBerry BlackBerry devices in comparison Developer Current TCL ( China ) BB Merah Putih ( Indonesia ) Optiemus ( India ) Former BlackBerry Ltd . Manufacturer Current TCL ( China ) BB Merah Putih ( Indonesia ) Optiemus ( India ) Former BlackBerry Ltd . Type Handheld devices Release date January 19 , 1999 ; 19 years ago ( 1999 - 01 - 19 ) Operating system Android , QNX ( as BlackBerry 10 ) , BlackBerry OS Online services BlackBerry World , Google Play Store Website global.blackberry.com BlackBerry is a line of smartphones , tablets , and services originally designed and marketed by Canadian company BlackBerry Limited ( formerly known as Research In Motion , or RIM ) . These are currently designed , manufactured , and marketed by TCL Communication ( under the brand of BlackBerry Mobile ) , BB Merah Putih , and Optiemus for the global , Indonesian , and Indian markets ( respectively ) using the BlackBerry brand under license . BlackBerry was one of the most prominent smartphone vendors in the world , specializing in secure communications and mobile productivity , and well - known for the keyboards on most of its devices . At its peak in September 2013 , there were 85 million BlackBerry subscribers worldwide . However , BlackBerry has since lost its dominant position in the market due to the success of the Android and iOS platforms ; the same numbers had fallen to 23 million in March 2016 . The BlackBerry line traditionally uses a proprietary operating system developed by BlackBerry Limited known as BlackBerry OS . In 2013 , BlackBerry introduced BlackBerry 10 , a major revamp of the platform based on the QNX operating system . BlackBerry 10 was meant to replace the aging BlackBerry OS platform with a new system that was more in line with the user experiences of modern smartphone operating systems . The first BB10 powered device was the BlackBerry Z10 , which was followed by other all - touch and keyboard - equipped models ; including the BlackBerry Q10 , BlackBerry Classic , BlackBerry Passport , and the BlackBerry Leap . In 2015 , BlackBerry re-focused its business strategy and began to release Android - based smartphones , beginning with the BlackBerry Priv slider and then the BlackBerry DTEK50 . On September 28 , 2016 , BlackBerry announced it would cease designing its own phones in favor of licensing to partners . TCL Communication became the global licensee of the brand , under the name `` BlackBerry Mobile . '' Optiemus Infracom , under the name BlackBerry Mobile India , and BB Merah Putih also serve as licensees of the brand , serving the Indian and Indonesian markets , respectively . In February 2017 , BlackBerry Mobile released the BlackBerry KEYone , which was known for having a physical keyboard below the 4.5 inch screen , having a great battery life , and the last device to be designed by BlackBerry Limited . BlackBerry Mobile 's latest Android smartphone is the BlackBerry Motion . These devices , along with BB Merah Purih 's BlackBerry Aurora make up BlackBerry 's current lineup . While BlackBerry Limited retains control over the BlackBerry Messenger , the consumer version is also being developed and maintained by Emtek . Contents 1 History 1.1 Intellectual property litigation ( s ) 1.1. 1 NTP Inc case 1.1. 2 KIK 1.1. 3 Facebook and Instagram 1.2 BlackBerry retail stores 1.3 2005 , 2007 , 2009 , 2011 & 2012 outages 2 Certification 3 Products 3.1 Hardware 3.2 Software 3.3 Phones with BlackBerry email client 3.4 Third - party software 3.5 Connectivity 3.6 BlackBerry PIN 4 Competition and financial results 4.1 User base 5 Security agencies access 6 Usage 6.1 Barack Obama 6.2 Hillary Clinton 6.3 Use by government forces 6.4 Use by transportation staff 6.5 Other users 7 Notes 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Mike Lazaridis - Founder and former co-CEO of BlackBerry RIM , founded in Waterloo , Ontario , first developed the Inter@ctive Pager 900 , announced on September 18 , 1996 . The Inter@ctive Pager 900 was a clamshell - type device that allowed two - way paging . After the success of the 900 , the Inter@ctive Pager 800 was created for IBM , which bought US $10 million worth of them on February 4 , 1998 . The next device to be released was the Inter@ctive Pager 950 , on August 26 , 1998 . The very first device to carry the BlackBerry name was the BlackBerry 850 , an email pager , released January 19 , 1999 . Although identical in appearance to the 950 , the 850 was the first device to integrate email and the name Inter@ctive Pager was no longer used to brand the device . The first BlackBerry device , the 850 , was introduced in 1999 as a two - way pager in Munich , Germany . The name BlackBerry was coined by the marketing company Lexicon Branding . The name was chosen due to the resemblance of the keyboard 's buttons to that of the drupelets that compose the blackberry fruit . The original BlackBerry devices , the RIM 850 and 857 , used the DataTAC network . In 2002 , the more commonly known convergent smartphone BlackBerry was released , which supports push email , mobile telephone , text messaging , Internet faxing , Web browsing and other wireless information services . BlackBerry gained market share in the mobile industry by concentrating on email . BlackBerry began to offer email service on non-BlackBerry devices , such as the Palm Treo , through the proprietary BlackBerry Connect software . The original BlackBerry device had a monochrome display while newer models installed color displays . All newer models have been optimized for `` thumbing '' , the use of only the thumbs to type on a keyboard . The Storm 1 and Storm 2 include a SureType keypad for typing . Originally , system navigation was achieved with the use of a scroll wheel mounted on the right side of device models prior to the 8700 . The trackwheel was replaced by the trackball with the introduction of the Pearl series , which allowed four - way scrolling . The trackball was replaced by the optical trackpad with the introduction of the Curve 8500 series . Models made to use iDEN networks , such as Nextel , SouthernLINC , NII Holdings , and Mike also incorporate a push - to - talk ( PTT ) feature , similar to a two - way radio . On January 30 , 2013 , BlackBerry announced the release of the Z10 and Q10 smartphones . Both models consist of touch screens : the Z10 features an all - touch design and the Q10 combines a QWERTY keyboard with touchscreen features . During the second financial quarter of 2013 , BlackBerry sold 6.8 million handsets , but was eclipsed by the sales of competitor Nokia 's Lumia model for the first time . On August 12 , 2013 , BlackBerry announced the intention to sell the company due to their increasingly unfavourable financial position and competition in the mobile industry . Largely due to lower than expected sales on the Z10 , BlackBerry announced on September 20 , 2013 that 4,500 full - and part - time positions ( an estimated 40 % of its operating staff ) have been terminated and its product line has been reduced from six to four models . On September 23 , 2013 , Fairfax Financial , which owns a 10 % equity stake in BlackBerry , made an offer to acquire BlackBerry for $4.7 billion ( at $9.00 per share ) . Following the announcement , BlackBerry announced an acceptance of the offer provisionally but it would continue to seek other offers until November 4 , 2013 . On November 4 , 2013 , BlackBerry replaced Thorsten Heins with new interim CEO John S. Chen , the former CEO of Sybase . On November 8 , the BlackBerry board rejected proposals from several technology companies for various BlackBerry assets on grounds that a break - up did not serve the interest of all stakeholders , which include employees , customers and suppliers in addition to shareholders , said the sources , who did not want to be identified as the discussions were confidential . On November 13 , 2013 , Chen released an open message : `` We are committed to reclaiming our success . '' In early July 2014 , the TechCrunch online publication published an article titled `` BlackBerry Is One Of The Hottest Stocks Of 2014 , Seriously '' , following a 50 percent rise in the company 's stock , an increase that was greater than peer companies such as Apple and Google ; however , an analysis of BlackBerry 's financial results showed that neither revenue or profit margin were improved , but , instead , costs were markedly reduced . During the same period , BlackBerry also introduced the new Passport handset -- consisting of a 4.5 inches ( 11 cm ) square screen with `` Full HD - class '' ( 1,440 x 1,440 ) resolution and marketed to professional fields such as healthcare and architecture -- promoted its Messenger app and released minor updates for the BB10 mobile operating system . On December 17 , 2014 , the BlackBerry Classic was introduced ; it is meant to be more in line with the former Bold series , incorporating navigation buttons similar to the previous BlackBerry OS devices . When it was discontinued in June 2016 , it was the last BlackBerry with a keyboard that dominates the front of the phone in the classic style . In September 2015 , BlackBerry officially unveiled the BlackBerry Priv , a slider phablet that utilizes the Android operating system with additional security and productivity - oriented features inspired by the BlackBerry operating systems . However , BlackBerry COO Marty Beard told Bloomberg that `` The company 's never said that we would not build another BB10 device . '' On July 26 , 2016 the company hinted that another model with a physical keyboard was `` coming shortly '' . The same day , BlackBerry unveiled a mid-range Android model with only an on - screen keyboard , the BlackBerry DTEK50 , powered by the latest version of Android , 6.0 , Marshmallow . ( The Priv could also be upgraded to 6.0 ) This device featured a 5.2 - inch full high - definition display . BlackBerry chief security officer David Kleidermacher stressed data security during the launch , indicating that this model included built - in malware protection and encryption of all user information . Industry observers pointed out that the DTEK50 is a re-branded version of the Alcatel Idol 4 with additional security - oriented software customizations , manufactured and designed by TCL . In September 2016 , BlackBerry Limited agreed to a licensing partnership with an Indonesian company to set up a new joint venture company called `` BB Merah Putih '' to `` source , distribute , and market BlackBerry handsets in Indonesia '' . On October 25 , 2016 , BlackBerry released the BlackBerry DTEK60 , the second device in the DTEK series , manufactured and designed by TCL . The device features a 5.5 - inch Quad - HD touch screen display running on Qualcomm 's Snapdragon 820 processor with support for Quick Charge 3.0 , USB Type - C , and a fingerprint sensor . In October 2016 , it was announced that BlackBerry will be working with the Ford Motor Company of Canada to develop software for the car manufacturer 's connected vehicles . In February 2017 , a $20 m class action lawsuit against BlackBerry was announced by the former employees of the company . In March 2017 , BB Merah Putih announced the BlackBerry Aurora , an Indonesian - made and sold device , running an operating system based on Android 7.0 out of the box . In March 2018 , it was announced that BlackBerry will be working with Jaguar Land Rover to develop software for the car manufacturer 's vehicles . In June 2018 , BlackBerry in partnership with TCL Mobile and Optiemus Infracom launched the KEY2 at a global launch in New York . This is the third device to sport a keyboard while running Google 's Android OS . Intellectual property litigation ( S. ) ( edit ) NTP Inc case ( edit ) In 2000 NTP sent notice of its wireless email patents to a number of companies and offered to license the patents to them . NTP brought a patent - infringement lawsuit against one of the companies , Research In Motion , in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia . This court is well known for its strict adherence to timetables and deadlines , sometimes referred to as the `` rocket docket '' , and is particularly efficient at trying patent cases . The jury eventually found that the NTP patents were valid ; furthermore , the jury established that RIM had infringed the patents in a `` willful '' manner , and the infringement had cost NTP US $33 million in damages ( the greater of a reasonable royalty or lost profits ) . The judge , James R. Spencer , increased the damages to US $53 million as a punitive measure due to the willful nature of the infringement . He also instructed RIM to pay NTP 's legal fees of US $4.5 million and issued an injunction ordering RIM to cease and desist infringing the patents -- this decision would have resulted in the closure of BlackBerry 's systems in the US . RIM appealed all of the findings of the court . The injunction and other remedies were stayed pending the outcome of the appeals . In March 2005 during appeal , RIM and NTP tried to negotiate a settlement of their dispute ; the settlement was to be for $450 million . Negotiations broke down due to other issues . On June 10 , 2005 , the matter returned to the courts . In early November 2005 the US Department of Justice filed a brief requesting that RIM 's service be allowed to continue because of the large number of BlackBerry users in the US Federal Government . In January 2006 the US Supreme Court refused to hear RIM 's appeal of the holding of liability for patent infringement , and the matter was returned to a lower court . The prior granted injunction preventing all RIM sales in the US and use of the BlackBerry device might have been enforced by the presiding district court judge had the two parties been unable to reach a settlement . On February 9 , 2006 , the US Department of Defense ( DOD ) filed a brief stating that an injunction shutting down the BlackBerry service while excluding government users was unworkable . The DOD also stated that the BlackBerry was crucial for national security given the large number of government users . On February 9 , 2006 , RIM announced that it had developed software workarounds that would not infringe the NTP patents , and would implement those if the injunction was enforced . On March 3 , 2006 , after a stern warning from Judge Spencer , RIM and NTP announced that they had settled their dispute . Under the terms of the settlement , RIM has agreed to pay NTP $612.5 million ( USD ) in a `` full and final settlement of all claims . '' In a statement , RIM said that `` all terms of the agreement have been finalized and the litigation against RIM has been dismissed by a court order this afternoon . The agreement eliminates the need for any further court proceedings or decisions relating to damages or injunctive relief . '' The settlement amount is believed low by some analysts , because of the absence of any future royalties on the technology in question . On May 26 , 2017 , BlackBerry announced that it had reached an agreement with Qualcomm Incorporated resolving all amounts payable in connection with the interim arbitration decision announced on April 12 , 2017 . Following a joint stipulation by the parties , the arbitration panel has issued a final award providing for the payment by Qualcomm to BlackBerry of a total amount of U.S. $940,000,000 including interest and attorneys ' fees , net of certain royalties due from BlackBerry for calendar 2016 and the first quarter of calendar 2017 . Kik ( edit ) On November 24 , 2010 , Research In Motion ( RIM ) removed Kik Messenger from BlackBerry App World and limited the functionality of the software for its users . RIM also sued Kik Interactive for patent infringement and misuse of trademarks . In October 2013 , the companies settled the lawsuit , with the terms undisclosed . Facebook and Instagram ( edit ) In 2018 it was reported that BlackBerry would be filing legal action against Facebook over perceived intellectual property infringements within both Facebook Messenger and WhatsApp as well as with Instagram . BlackBerry retail stores ( edit ) Many BlackBerry retail stores operate outside North America , such as in Thailand , Indonesia , United Arab Emirates , and Mexico . In December 2007 a BlackBerry Store opened in Farmington Hills , Michigan . The store offers BlackBerry device models from AT&T , T - Mobile , Verizon , and Sprint , the major U.S. carriers which offer smartphones . There were three prior attempts at opening BlackBerry stores in Toronto and London ( UK ) , but they eventually folded . There are also BlackBerry Stores operated by Wireless Giant at airports in Atlanta , Boston , Charlotte , Minneapolis -- St. Paul , Philadelphia , Houston , and Newark , but several have been slated for closing . On September 23 , 2015 , Blackberry opened its first pop - up store in Frankfurt , Germany . 2005 , 2007 , 2009 , 2011 & 2012 outages ( edit ) At various stages of the company 's history it suffered occasional service outages that have been referred to in the media as `` embarrassing '' . In 2005 the company suffered a relatively short - term outage reportedly among a small handful of North America carriers . The service was resorted after several hours . In 2007 the e-mail service suffered an outage which led for calls by some questioning the integrity towards BlackBerry 's perceived centralized system . In 2009 the company had an outage reportedly covering the whole of North America . At 2011 - 10 - 10 10 : 00 UTC began a multi-day outage in Europe , the Middle East and Africa , affecting millions of BlackBerry users . There was another outage the following day . By October 12 , 2011 , the Blackberry Internet Service went down in North America . Research In Motion attributed data overload due to switch failures in their two data centres in Waterloo in Canada and Slough in England as the cause of the service disruptions . The outage intensified calls by shareholders for a shake - up in the company 's leadership . Some estimates by BlackBerry are that the company lost between $50 million to $54 million due to global email service failure and outage in 2011 . Certification ( edit ) BCESA ( BlackBerry Certified Enterprise Sales Associate , BCESA40 in full ) is a BlackBerry Certification for professional users of RIM ( Research In Motion ) BlackBerry wireless email devices . The Certification requires the user to pass several exams relating to the BlackBerry Devices , all its functions including Desktop software and providing technical support to Customers of BlackBerry Devices . The BCESA , BlackBerry Certified Enterprise Sales Associate qualification , is the first of three levels of professional BlackBerry Certification . BCTA ( BlackBerry Certified Technical Associate ) BlackBerry Certified Support Associate T2 More information on certifications is on the BlackBerry.com website . The BlackBerry Technical Certifications available are : BlackBerry Certified Enterprise Server Consultant ( BCESC ) BlackBerry Certified Server Support Technician ( BCSST ) BlackBerry Certified Support Technician ( BCSTR ) Products ( edit ) Original BlackBerry Main article : List of BlackBerry products Android devices : BlackBerry Evolve X ( 2018 ) BlackBerry Evolve ( 2018 ) BlackBerry KEY2 ( 2018 ) BlackBerry Motion ( 2017 ) BlackBerry Aurora ( 2017 ) BlackBerry KEYone ( 2017 ) BlackBerry DTEK60 ( 2016 ) BlackBerry DTEK50 ( 2016 ) BlackBerry Priv ( 2015 ) BlackBerry 10 devices : BlackBerry Leap ( 2015 ) BlackBerry Classic ( 2014 ) BlackBerry Passport ( 2014 ) BlackBerry Porsche Design P'9983 ( 2014 ) BlackBerry Z3 ( 2014 ) BlackBerry Z30 ( 2013 ) BlackBerry Porsche Design P'9982 ( 2013 ) BlackBerry Q10 ( 2013 ) BlackBerry Z10 ( 2013 ) BlackBerry Q5 ( 2013 ) BlackBerry 7 devices : BlackBerry Bold series ( 2011 ) : BlackBerry Bold 9900 / 9930 / 9790 BlackBerry 9720 ( 2013 ) BlackBerry Porsche Design ( 2012 ) : BlackBerry Porsche Design P'9981 BlackBerry Torch series ( 2011 ) : BlackBerry Torch 9810 BlackBerry Torch series ( 2011 ) : BlackBerry Torch 9850 / 9860 BlackBerry Curve series ( 2011 ) : BlackBerry 9350 / 9360 / 9370 / 9380 BlackBerry Curve 9320 / 9220 ( 2012 ) BlackBerry 6 devices : BlackBerry Torch series ( 2010 ) : BlackBerry Torch 9800 BlackBerry Curve series ( 2010 ) : BlackBerry Curve 9300 / 9330 BlackBerry Style 9670 ( 2010 ) BlackBerry Pearl series ( 2010 ) : BlackBerry Pearl 3G 9100 / 9105 BlackBerry Bold series ( 2010 -- 2011 ) : BlackBerry Bold 9780 / 9788 BlackBerry 5 devices : BlackBerry Bold series ( 2008 -- 2010 ) : BlackBerry Bold 9000 / 9700 / 9650 BlackBerry Tour series ( 2009 ) : BlackBerry Tour ( 9630 ) BlackBerry Storm series ( 2009 ) : BlackBerry Storm 2 ( 9520 / 9550 ) BlackBerry Storm series ( 2008 ) : BlackBerry Storm ( 9500 / 9530 ) BlackBerry Curve series ( 2009 -- 2010 ) : BlackBerry Curve 8900 ( 8900 / 8910 / 8980 ) BlackBerry Curve series ( 2009 ) : BlackBerry Curve 8520 / 8530 Blackberry 4 devices : BlackBerry 8800 series ( 2007 ) : BlackBerry 8800 / 8820 / 8830 BlackBerry Pearl series ( 2006 ) : BlackBerry Pearl 8100 / 8110 / 8120 / 8130 BlackBerry Pearl Flip series ( 2008 ) : BlackBerry Pearl Flip 8220 / 8230 BlackBerry Curve series ( 2007 ) : BlackBerry Curve 8300 ( 8300 / 8310 / 8320 / 8330 / 8350i ) Blackberry 3 devices : Blackberry Java - based series : 5000 , 6000 Blackberry 2 devices : Blackberry phone series : 7100 Blackberry color series : 7200 , 7500 , 7700 Blackberry 1 devices : Blackberry pager models : 850 , 857 , 950 , 957 Hardware ( edit ) Modern LTE based phones such as the BlackBerry Z10 have a Qualcomm Snapdragon S4 Plus , a proprietary Qualcomm SOC which is based on ARMv7 - A architecture , featuring two 1.5 GHz Qualcomm Krait CPU cores , and a 400 MHz Adreno 225 GPU . GSM - based BlackBerry phones incorporate an ARM 7 , 9 or 11 processor . Some of the BlackBerry models ( Torch 9850 / 9860 , Torch 9810 , and Bold 9900 / 9930 ) have a 1.2 GHz MSM8655 Snapdragon S2 SOC , 768 MB system memory , and 8 GB of on - board storage . Entry - level models , such as the Curve 9360 , feature a Marvell PXA940 clocked at 800 MHz . Some previous BlackBerry devices , such as the Bold 9000 , were equipped with Intel XScale 624 MHz processors . The Bold 9700 featured a newer version of the Bold 9000 's processor but is clocked at the same speed . The Curve 8520 featured a 512 MHz processor , while BlackBerry 8000 series smartphones , such as the 8700 and the Pearl , are based on the 312 MHz ARM XScale ARMv5TE PXA900 . An exception to this is the BlackBerry 8707 which is based on the 80 MHz Qualcomm 3250 chipset ; this was due to the PXA900 chipset not supporting 3G networks . The 80 MHz processor in the BlackBerry 8707 meant the device was often slower to download and render web pages over 3G than the 8700 was over EDGE networks . Early BlackBerry devices , such as the BlackBerry 950 , used Intel 80386 - based processors . BlackBerry 's latest Flagship phone the BlackBerry Z30 based on a 5 '' Super AMOLED , 1280x720 resolution , at 295 ppi 24 - bit color depth and powered by Quad - Graphics and Qualcomm 's Dual Core 1.7 GHz MSM8960T Pro . The first BlackBerry with an Android operating system was released in late November 2015 , the 192 gram / 6.77 ounce BlackBerry Priv . It launched with version 5.1. 1 but was later upgraded to version 6.0 Android Marshmallow . It was first available in four countries but increased to 31 countries by February 28 , 2016 . Employing a Qualcomm 8992 Snapdragon 808 Hexa - Core , 64 bit , Adreno 418 , 600 MHz GPU with 3GB RAM processor , this unit is equipped with a curved 5.4 - inch ( 2560 x 1440 ) OLED display and a sliding QWERTY keyboard which is hidden when not in use ; Google 's voice recognition that allows for dictating e-mails is also available . The Priv retained the best BlackBerry 10 features . Its 3,410 mAh battery is said to provide 22.5 hours of mixed use . The 18 - megapixel camera , with a Schneider - Kreuznach lens , can also record 4K video ; a secondary selfie camera is also provided . Several important apps unique to the Priv were available from Google Play by mid December . Software ( edit ) See also : QNX , BlackBerry 10 , and BlackBerry OS A new operating system , BlackBerry 10 , was released for two new BlackBerry models ( Z10 and Q10 ) on January 30 , 2013 . At BlackBerry World 2012 , RIM CEO Thorsten Heins demonstrated some of the new features of the OS , including a camera which is able to rewind frame - by - frame separately of individual faces in an image , to allow selection of the best of different shots , which is then stitched seamlessly to an optimal composite , an intelligent , predictive , and adapting keyboard , and a gesture based user interface designed around the idea of `` peek '' and `` flow '' . Apps are available for BlackBerry 10 devices through the BlackBerry World storefront . The previous operating system developed for older BlackBerry devices was BlackBerry OS , a proprietary multitasking environment developed by RIM . The operating system is designed for use of input devices such as the track wheel , track ball , and track pad . The OS provides support for Java MIDP 1.0 and WAP 1.2 . Previous versions allowed wireless synchronisation with Microsoft Exchange Server email and calendar , as well as with Lotus Domino email . OS 5.0 provides a subset of MIDP 2.0 , and allows complete wireless activation and synchronisation with Exchange email , calendar , tasks , notes and contacts , and adds support for Novell GroupWise and Lotus Notes . The BlackBerry Curve 9360 , BlackBerry Torch 9810 , Bold 9900 / 9930 , Curve 9310 / 9320 and Torch 9850 / 9860 featured the 2011 BlackBerry OS 7 . Apps are available for these devices through BlackBerry World ( which before 2013 was called BlackBerry App World ) . Further information : BlackBerry OS Third - party developers can write software using these APIs , and proprietary BlackBerry APIs as well . Any application that makes use of certain restricted functionality must be digitally signed so that it can be associated to a developer account at RIM . This signing procedure guarantees the authorship of an application but does not guarantee the quality or security of the code . RIM provides tools for developing applications and themes for BlackBerry . Applications and themes can be loaded onto BlackBerry devices through BlackBerry World , Over The Air ( OTA ) through the BlackBerry mobile browser , or through BlackBerry Desktop Manager . BlackBerry devices , as well as Android , iOS , and Windows Phone platforms , have the ability to use the proprietary BlackBerry Messenger , also known as BBM , software for sending and receiving encrypted instant messages , voice notes , images and videos via BlackBerry PIN . As long as your cell phone has a data plan these messages are all free of charge . Some of the features of BBM include groups , bar - code scanning , lists , shared calendars , BBM Music and integration with apps and games using the BBM social platform . In April 2013 , BlackBerry announced that it was shutting down its streaming music service , BBM Music , which was active for almost two years since its launch . BlackBerry Messenger Music closed on June 2 , 2013 . In July 2014 , BlackBerry revealed BlackBerry Assistant , a new feature for BlackBerry OS 10.3 , and BlackBerry Passport hardware . The feature is a digital personal assistant to help keep you `` organized , informed and productive . '' In December 2014 , BlackBerry and NantHealth , a healthcare - focused data provider , launched a secure cancer genome browser , giving doctors the ability to access patients ' genetic data on the BlackBerry Passport smartphone . Phones with BlackBerry email client ( edit ) Several non-BlackBerry mobile phones have been released featuring the BlackBerry email client which connects to BlackBerry servers . Many of these phones have full QWERTY keyboards . AT&T Tilt HTC Advantage X7500 HTC TyTN Motorola MPx220 , some models Nokia 6810 Nokia 6820 Nokia 9300 Nokia 9300i Nokia 9500 Nokia Eseries phones , except models Nokia E66 , Nokia E71 Qtek 9100 Qtek 9000 Samsung t719 Siemens SK65 Sony Ericsson P910 Sony Ericsson P990 Sony Ericsson M600i Sony Ericsson P1 Third - party software ( edit ) Third - party software available for use on BlackBerry devices includes full - featured database management systems , which can be used to support customer relationship management clients and other applications that must manage large volumes of potentially complex data . In March 2011 , RIM announced an optional Android player that could play applications developed for the Android system would be available for the BlackBerry PlayBook , RIM 's first entry in the tablet market . On August 24 , 2011 Bloomberg News reported unofficial rumors that BlackBerry devices would be able to run Android applications when RIM brings QNX and the Android App Player to BlackBerry . On October 20 , 2011 RIM officially announced that Android applications could run , unmodified , on the BlackBerry tablet and the newest BlackBerry phones , using the newest version of its operating system . Connectivity ( edit ) See also : BlackBerry Enterprise Server and BlackBerry Internet Service BlackBerry held in hand featuring all the different selective hardware and software on the screen . BlackBerry smartphones can be integrated into an organization 's email system through a software package called BlackBerry Enterprise Server ( BES ) through version 5 , and BlackBerry Enterprise Service ( BES ) as of version 10 . ( There were no versions 6 through 9 . ) . Versions of BES are available for Microsoft Exchange , Lotus Domino , Novell GroupWise and Google Apps . While individual users may be able to use a wireless provider 's email services without having to install BES themselves , organizations with multiple users usually run BES on their own network . BlackBerry devices running BlackBerry OS 10 or later can also be managed directly by a Microsoft Exchange Server , using Exchange ActiveSync ( EAS ) policies , in the same way that an iOS or Android device can . ( EAS supports fewer management controls than BES does . ) Some third - party companies provide hosted BES solutions . Every BlackBerry has a unique ID called a BlackBerry PIN , which is used to identify the device to the BES . BlackBerry at one time provided a free BES software called BES Express ( BESX ) . The primary BES feature is to relay email from a corporate mailbox to a BlackBerry phone . The BES monitors the user 's mailbox , relaying new messages to the phone via BlackBerry 's Network Operations Center ( NOC ) and user 's wireless provider . This feature is known as push email , because all new emails , contacts , task entries , memopad entries , and calendar entries are pushed out to the BlackBerry device immediately ( as opposed to the user synchronising the data manually or having the device poll the server at intervals ) . BlackBerry also supports polling email , through third - party applications . The messaging system built into the BlackBerry only understands how to receive messages from a BES or the BIS , these services handle the connections to the user 's mail providers . Device storage also enables the mobile user to access all data off - line in areas without wireless service . When the user reconnects to wireless service , the BES sends the latest data . A feature of the newer models of the BlackBerry is their ability to quickly track the user 's current location through trilateration without the use of GPS , thus saving battery life and time . Trilateration can be used as a quick , less battery intensive way to provide location - aware applications with the co-ordinates of the user . However , the accuracy of BlackBerry trilateration is less than that of GPS due to a number of factors , including cell tower blockage by large buildings , mountains , or distance . BES also provides phones with TCP / IP connectivity accessed through a component called MDS ( Mobile Data System ) Connection Service . This allows custom application development using data streams on BlackBerry devices based on the Sun Microsystems Java ME platform . In addition , BES provides network security , in the form of Triple DES or , more recently , AES encryption of all data ( both email and MDS traffic ) that travels between the BlackBerry phone and a BlackBerry Enterprise Server . Most providers offer flat monthly pricing via special Blackberry tariffs for unlimited data between BlackBerry units and BES . In addition to receiving email , organizations can make intranets or custom internal applications with unmetered traffic . With more recent versions of the BlackBerry platform , the MDS is no longer a requirement for wireless data access . Starting with OS 3.8 or 4.0 , BlackBerry phones can access the Internet ( i.e. TCP / IP access ) without an MDS -- formerly only email and WAP access was possible without a BES / MDS . The BES / MDS is still required for secure email , data access , and applications that require WAP from carriers that do not allow WAP access . The primary alternative to using BlackBerry Enterprise Server is to use the BlackBerry Internet Service ( BIS ) . BlackBerry Internet Service is available in 91 countries internationally . BlackBerry Internet Service was developed primarily for the average consumer rather than for the business consumer . The service allows users to access POP3 , IMAP , and Outlook Web App ( not via Exchange ActiveSync ) email accounts without connecting through a BlackBerry Enterprise Server ( BES ) . BlackBerry Internet Service allows up to 10 email accounts to be accessed , including proprietary as well as public email accounts ( such as Gmail , Outlook , Yahoo and AOL ) . BlackBerry Internet Service also supports the push capabilities of various other BlackBerry Applications . Various applications developed by RIM for BlackBerry utilise the push capabilities of BIS , such as the Instant Messaging clients ( like Google Talk , Windows Live Messenger and Yahoo Messenger ) . The MMS , PIN , interactive gaming , mapping and trading applications require data plans like BIS ( not just Wi - Fi ) for use . The service is usually provisioned through a mobile phone service provider , though BlackBerry actually runs the service . BlackBerry PIN ( edit ) See also : BlackBerry Messenger The BlackBerry PIN ( Personal Identification Number ) is an eight - character hexadecimal identification number assigned to each BlackBerry device . PINs can not be changed manually on the device ( though BlackBerry technicians are able to reset or update a PIN server - side ) , and are locked to each specific BlackBerry . BlackBerry devices can message each other using the PIN directly or by using the BlackBerry Messenger application . BlackBerry PINs are tracked by BlackBerry Enterprise Servers and the BlackBerry Internet Service and are used to direct messages to a BlackBerry device . Emails and any other messages , such as those from the BlackBerry Push Service , are typically directed to a BlackBerry device 's PIN . The message can then be routed by a RIM Network Operations Center , and sent to a carrier , which will deliver the message the last mile to the device . In September 2012 RIM announced that the BlackBerry PIN would be replaced by users ' BlackBerry ID starting in 2013 with the launch of the BlackBerry 10 platform . Competition and financial Results ( edit ) The primary competitors of the BlackBerry are Android smartphones and the iPhone . BlackBerry has struggled to compete against both and its market share has plunged since 2011 , leading to speculation that it will be unable to survive as an independent going concern . However , it has managed to maintain significant positions in some markets . Despite market share loss , on a global basis , the number of active BlackBerry subscribers has increased substantially through the years . For example , for the fiscal period during which the Apple iPhone was first released , RIM reported that they had a subscriber base of 10.5 million BlackBerry subscribers . At the end of 2008 , when Android first hit the market , RIM reported that the number of BlackBerry subscribers had increased to 21 million . Finally , in the quarter ended June 28 , 2012 , RIM announced that the number of BlackBerry subscribers had reached 78 million globally . After the release of the Apple iPhone 5 in September 2012 RIM CEO Thorsten Heins announced that the current global subscribers is up to 80 million , which sparked a 7 % jump in shares . However , since then , BlackBerry 's global user base ( meaning active accounts ) has declined dramatically since its peak of 80 million in June 2012 , dropping to 46 million users in September 2014 . Its market share globally has also declined to less than 1 percent . In 2011 , BlackBerry shipped 43 % of all smartphones to Indonesia . By April 2014 this had fallen to 3 % . The decline in the Indonesian market share mirrors a global trend for the company ( 0.6 % of North America ) . The retail price of 2,199,000 Indonesian Rupiah ( $189 ) failed to give BlackBerry the boost it needed in Indonesia . The company launched the device with a discounted offer to the first 1000 purchasers , which resulted in a stampede in the capital in which several people were injured . BlackBerry lost market share in Indonesia despite the launch of the Z3 on May 13 , 2014 . The new device was given a worldwide launch in the city of Jakarta and came on the back of the news that Research in Motion ( RIM ) was to cut hardware production costs by outsourcing this to Taiwan - based Foxconn Group . During the report of its third quarter 2015 results on December 18 , 2015 , the company said that approximately 700,000 handsets had been sold , down from 1.9 million in the same quarter in 2014 , and down from 800,000 in Q2 of 2015 . The average sale price per unit was up from $240 to $315 , however . This should continue to increase with sales of the new Android Priv device which was selling at a premium price ( $800 in Canada , for example ) . In Q3 of 2015 , BlackBerry had a net loss of $89 million U.S. or 17 cents per share , but only a $15 million net loss , or three cents per share , when excluding restructuring charges and other one - time items . Revenue was up slightly from a year earlier , at $557 million U.S. vs. $548 million , primarily because of software sales . Chief executive officer John Chen said that he expects the company 's software business to grow at ( 14 percent ) or above the market . At the time , the company was not ready to provide sales figures for the Android - based Priv handset which had been released only weeks earlier , and in only four countries at that time , but Chen offered this comment to analysts : `` Depending on how Priv does ... there is a chance we could achieve or get closer to break - even operating profitability for our overall device business in the ( fourth ) quarter '' . Due to a continuous reduction in BlackBerry users , in February 2016 the Blackberry Headquarter in Waterloo , Canada , slashed 35 percent of its workforce . By early 2016 , Blackberry market share dropped to 0.2 % . In Q4 2016 , reports indicate Blackberry sold only 207,900 units -- equivalent to a 0.0 % market share . User base ( edit ) The number of active BlackBerry users since 2003 globally : BlackBerry users globally : As of : 534,000 March 1 , 2003 1,069,000 February 28 , 2004 2,510,000 February 26 , 2005 4,900,000 March 4 , 2006 8,000,000 March 3 , 2007 14,000,000 March 1 , 2008 25,000,000 February 28 , 2009 41,000,000 February 27 , 2010 70,000,000 August 27 , 2011 77,000,000 March 3 , 2012 80,000,000 December 1 , 2012 76,000,000 March 2 , 2013 72,000,000 June 1 , 2013 79,000,000 September 2013 76,000,000 November 2013 71,000,000 March 2014 69,000,000 May 2014 60,000,000 September 2014 56,000,000 November 2014 37,000,000 February 2015 33,000,000 June 2015 30,000,000 September 2015 25,000,000 December 2015 23,000,000 March 2016 20,000,000 June 2016 18,000,000 September 2016 16,000,000 December 2016 14,000,000 March 2017 11,000,000 May 2017 Security agencies access ( edit ) Research in Motion agreed to give access to private communications to the governments of United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia in 2010 , and India in 2012 . The Saudi and UAE governments had threatened to ban certain services because their law enforcement agencies could not decrypt messages between people of interest . It was revealed as a part of the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures that the American and British intelligence agencies , the National Security Agency ( NSA ) and the Government Communications Headquarters ( GCHQ ) respectively , have access to the user data on BlackBerry devices . The agencies are able to read almost all smartphone information , including SMS , location , e-mails , and notes through BlackBerry Internet Service , which operates outside corporate networks , and which , in contrast to the data passing through internal BlackBerry services ( BES ) , only compresses but does not encrypt data . Documents stated that the NSA was able to access the BlackBerry e-mail system and that they could `` see and read SMS traffic '' . There was a brief period in 2009 when the NSA was unable to access BlackBerry devices , after BlackBerry changed the way they compress their data . Access to the devices was re-established by GCHQ . GCHQ has a tool named SCRAPHEAP CHALLENGE , with the capability of `` Perfect spoofing of emails from Blackberry targets '' . In response to the revelations BlackBerry officials stated that `` It is not for us to comment on media reports regarding alleged government surveillance of telecommunications traffic '' and added that a `` back door pipeline '' to their platform had not been established and did not exist . It should be noted that similar access by the intelligence agencies to other mobile devices exists , using similar techniques to hack into them . The BlackBerry software includes support for the Dual EC DRBG CSPRNG algorithm which , due to being probably backdoored by the NSA , the US National Institute of Standards and Technology `` strongly recommends '' no longer be used . BlackBerry Ltd. has however not issued an advisory to its customers , because they do not consider the probable backdoor a vulnerability . BlackBerry Ltd. also owns US patent 2007189527 , which covers the technical design of the backdoor . Usage ( edit ) President Obama with his BlackBerry in its holster on a flight to Caen , Normandy , France , 2009 . The ( formerly ) advanced encryption capabilities of the BlackBerry Smartphone made it eligible for use by government agencies and state forces . Barack Obama ( edit ) Former United States president Barack Obama , became known for his dependence on a BlackBerry device for communication during his 2008 Presidential campaign . Despite the security issues , he insisted on using it even after inauguration . This was seen by some as akin to a `` celebrity endorsement '' , which marketing experts have estimated to be worth between $25 million and $50 million . His usage of BlackBerry continued until around the end of his presidency . Hillary Clinton ( edit ) The Hillary Clinton email controversy is associated with Hillary Clinton continuing to use her BlackBerry after assuming the office of Secretary of State . Use by government forces ( edit ) An example is the West Yorkshire Police , which has allowed the increase in the presence of police officers along the streets and a reduction in public spending , given that each officer could perform desk work directly via the mobile device , as well as in several other areas and situations . The US Federal Government has been slow to move away from the Blackberry platform , a State Department spokesperson saying in 2013 that Blackberry devices were still the only mobile devices approved for U.S. missions abroad by the State Department . The high encryption standard that made BlackBerry smartphones and the PlayBook tablet unique , have since been implemented in other devices , including most Apple devices released after the iPhone 4 . The Bangalore City Police is one of the few police departments in India along with the Pune Police and Kochi Police to use BlackBerry devices . Use by transportation staff ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , South West Trains and Northern Rail have issued BlackBerry devices to guards in order to improve the communication between control , guards and passengers . In Canada , Toronto and many other municipalities within Canada have issued BlackBerry devices to most of its employees including but not limited to transportation , technical , water and operations inspection staff and all management staff in order to improve the communication between contracted construction companies , its winter maintenance operations and to assist and successfully organize multimillion - dollar contracts . The devices are the standard mobile device to receive e-mail redirected from GroupWise . The City 's e-mail environment is currently set up to support `` ONLY '' BlackBerry devices . As part of their Internet of Things endeavours , the company announced plans of moving into the shipping industry by adapting the smartphones devices to the communication necessities of freight containers . Other users ( edit ) Eric Schmidt , Executive Chairman of Google , is a longtime BlackBerry user . Although smartphones running Google 's Android mobile operating system compete with BlackBerry , Schmidt said in a 2013 interview that he uses a BlackBerry because he prefers its keyboard . The Italian criminal group known as the ' Ndrangheta was reported on February 2009 to have communicated overseas with the Gulf Cartel , a Mexican drug cartel , through the use of the BlackBerry Messenger , since the BBM Texts are `` very difficult to intercept '' . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` RIM Company -- Learn about Research in Motion '' . RIM . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry Subscribers 2014 '' . Jump up ^ Colapinto , John ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` Famous Names '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved October 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Q4 Fiscal 2016 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foxx , Chris ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Blackberry stops designing own phones '' -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Inter@ctive Pager 900 '' . bbref.ca . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Research In Motion Signs $10 Million Contract To Supply Two - way Pagers To IBM '' . BlackBerry . February 4 , 1998 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Jim ( January 20 , 1999 ) . `` Short Take : BlackBerry wireless email device debuts '' . CNET . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ M. Seward , Zachary ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` RIM renames itself BlackBerry : Here 's how the name came to be '' . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2013 . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seward , Zachary M. ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` RIM renames itself BlackBerry : Here 's how that name came to be '' . Quartz . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A short history of the BlackBerry '' . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2013 . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Diokno , Carlo Raphael ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` BlackBerry Q5 price in US revealed : BB Q10 & Z10 more expensive '' . Pop Herald . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mahale , Sneha ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Review : BlackBerry Q10 '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Charles ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Nokia revenues slide 24 % but Lumia sales rise offers hope '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ El Akkad , Omar ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` BlackBerry puts up ' for sale ' sign , with Fairfax emerging as potential buyer '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gollom , Mark ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Does BlackBerry have a future ? '' . CBC News . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry to be sold to group led by Fairfax Financial '' . CBC News . September 24 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McEntegart , Jane ( November 4 , 2013 ) . `` BlackBerry Replaces Thorsten Heins with New Interim CEO '' . Tomshardware.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roumeliotis , Greg ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` BlackBerry board rejected proposals to break up company '' . Reuters . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zeis , Adam ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Message from BlackBerry CEO John Chen : We are committed to reclaiming our success '' . Crackberry.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matt Burns ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` BlackBerry Is One Of The Hottest Stocks Of 2014 , Seriously '' . TechCrunch . AOL Inc . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt Young ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` BlackBerry Passport : Breaking Design Boundaries '' . BlackBerry Blog . BlackBerry . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David Nield . `` BlackBerry Classic review '' . TechRadar . Jump up ^ A Sad Day for Punchers : BlackBerry to Discontinue Traditional Keyboard Phone Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry to Launch Android Smartphone '' . Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The many ways BlackBerry beefs up Android security on the Priv '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry Priv standout features : Hub , pop - up widgets and security app '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry Promises Robust Security on Android - Based Priv '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Tyler . `` BlackBerry Not Ruling Out Future BB10 Smartphones '' . Ubergizmo . Ubergizmo . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . However with the rumors suggesting multiple Android devices in the works , we have to wonder where they will find the time to launch BB10 devices . ^ Jump up to : The Canadian Press ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` BlackBerry launching new smartphone with emphasis on beefed up security '' . CBC News . CBC . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Roger ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` BlackBerry 's cheaper DTEK 50 skips the keyboard , but keeps Android '' . CNET . CBS Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry rebrands Chinese smartphone , creates the $299 BlackBerry DTEK50 '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Roger ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` BlackBerry 's cheaper DTEK 50 skips the keyboard , but keeps Android '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul Sawers ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` BlackBerry 's first software and brand - licensing deal : a joint venture in Indonesia called BB Merah Putih '' . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry Announces DTEK60 , Latest Android Device with BlackBerry 's Industry Leading Security Software '' . October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry , Ford Extend Partnership to Develop Car Software '' . October 31 , 2016 -- via www.bloomberg.com . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry to face class - action lawsuit from employees over Ford partnership '' -- via The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry Adds Jaguar to its Roster of Automaker Partners '' . Bloomberg.com. 2018 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry KEY2 unveiled , features dual - camera and a customizable speed key - EOTO Tech '' . EOTO Tech. 2018 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` NTP Inc. v. Research in Motion '' . Google . Jump up ^ McKenna , Barrie ; Waldie , Paul ; Avery , Simon ( February 21 , 2006 ) . `` Patently Absurd : The inside story of RIM 's wireless war '' . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Noguchi , Yuki ( November 12 , 2005 ) . `` Government Enters Fray Over BlackBerry Patents . Agencies Depend on Devices , Lawyers Say '' . The Washington Post . p . D01 . Jump up ^ `` Settlement reached in BlackBerry patent case '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . March 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/-2218708.htm Jump up ^ `` RIM bloque une application concurrente A son service BlackBerry Messenger - ActualitAŠs Techno - AŠconomie - TAŠlAŠcoms et mobilitAŠ '' . Benefice-net.branchez-vous.com . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Stuart ( 2010 - 12 - 01 ) . `` RIM Sues App Maker Kik Over Patents '' . The Wall Street Journal . New York City . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Silcoff , Sean ; McNish , Jacquie ; Ladurantaye , Steve ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Inside the fall of BlackBerry : How the smartphone inventor failed to adapt '' . The Globe and Mail Inc . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Simone , Rose ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Kik eager to move on after settling spat with BlackBerry '' . The Record.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ BlackBerry sues Facebook , WhatsApp , Instagram over patent infringement , by Ahmed Farhatha , Reuters , March 6 , 2018 Jump up ^ Kerr , Dara ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` RIM plans to open its first Middle East retail store in Dubai '' . CNET . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` First of Many BlackBerry Stores Opens in Jakarta '' . Jakarta Globe . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mildenberg , David ( April 20 , 2005 ) . `` Nexcom opens first U.S. BlackBerry store in Charlotte '' . Charlotte Business Journal . Jump up ^ `` The inside scoop on the new BlackBerry Store '' . BB Geeks . December 21 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Enjoy a unique BlackBerry experience at the BlackBerry from Wireless Giant store '' . Blackberry.com . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2012 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` RIM closes Boston retail store '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lashinsky , Adam ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` BlackBerry 's business problem '' . Fortune Magazine . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Slow browsing , few apps , and an embarrassing service outage . Can BlackBerry recover from its biggest crisis yet ? Jump up ^ Writer , Staff ( October 15 , 2011 ) . `` RIM and its troubles : BlackBerry blues '' . The Economist . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Research In Motion can ill afford embarrassing service interruptions . Jump up ^ Osborne , Brian ( June 20 , 2005 ) . `` Limited BlackBerry outage Friday morning '' . Geek.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jedras , Jeff ( April 18 , 2007 ) . `` BlackBerry outage suggests IT infrastructure weakness '' . ITBusiness.ca . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry users hit by eight - hour outage '' . ZDNet . December 23 , 2009 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Christoper ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` BlackBerry services collapse '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Meyer , David ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` RIM explains BlackBerry downtime as outage spreads '' . ZDNet UK . ^ Jump up to : Browning , Jonathan ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` RIM in ' Race Against Clock ' as BlackBerry Disruption Spreads '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ L. , P. ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` BlackBerry outage : Another burning platform '' . The Economist . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Garside , Juliette ( October 15 , 2011 ) . `` Service restored , but BlackBerry may never repair its reputation '' . Guardian News and Media Ltd . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . This outage could n't have come at a worse time , '' says Francisco Jeronimo , research manager at analyst IDC . `` It harms BlackBerry 's brand . Corporations , users and mobile operators are now asking themselves : how reliable is RIM ? '' Activist shareholders , egged on by financial analysts , are hammering on the boardroom door , calling for Lazaridis and Balsillie to leave . Chief among them is Vic Alboini , who runs Jaguar Financial , a merchant bank which claims to have support from 12 of RIM 's top 20 stockholders for a change at the top . Jump up ^ Garside , Juliette ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` Shareholders put pressure on BlackBerry chiefs to sell up '' . Guardian News and Media Ltd . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . As RIM battled to contain a three - day outage of its email service , which has spread from Europe to Africa and now North and South America , affecting many of its 70 million users , Jaguar called for Jim Balsillie and Mike Lazaridis , who are co-chief executives and co-chairmen , to step down . ( ... ) RIM declined to comment on shareholder unrest . Jump up ^ Writer , Staff ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` BlackBerry maker selling tablets at a loss , takes $485 million charge '' . East Bay Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . The company is also taking a charge of $50 million for an embarrassing October outage of email and Web services that lasted days for millions of overseas BlackBerry users . It briefly spread to the U.S. and Canada before the company was able to contain the damage . Jump up ^ Whittaker , Zack ( March 30 , 2012 ) . `` RIM lost $54 million on four - day global BlackBerry outage '' . ZDNet . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ King , Leo ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` BlackBerry Users Express Anger At Two Day Outage '' . CSO Online by IDG . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ BlackBerry Training Archived April 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Blackberry.com website Jump up ^ `` Introducing the Porsche Design P'9982 Smartphone from BlackBerry '' ( Press release ) . BlackBerry . November 19 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New BlackBerry 9720 Smartphone Lets You Spark The Conversation '' ( Press release ) . BlackBerry . August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` BlackBerry -- Manuals and Guides '' . blackberry.com . January 24 , 2011 . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ID , FCC . `` RBK40CG Handheld Blackberry with CDMA and Bluetooth Teardown Internal Photos BlackBerry Limited '' . FCCID.io . Jump up ^ Gardner , W. David ( May 12 , 2008 ) . `` RIM Gets ' Bold ' With 3G BlackBerry 9000 '' . InformationWeek . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ RIM Circa 1999 : BlackBerry History Revisited , BlackBerry Cool , July 13 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Strietelmeier , Julie ( February 26 , 2001 ) . `` RIM BlackBerry 950 Review '' . The-gadgeteer.com . Jump up ^ no by - line. -- > ( 2015 ) . `` Smartphones - PRIV '' . BlackBerry Canada . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Friend , David ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` BlackBerry revenue exceeds expectations , as software and service sales rise '' . Toronto Star . Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moynihan , Tim ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Review : BlackBerry Priv '' . Wired . Conde Nast . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Time - shifting BlackBerry camera makes pictures perfect '' . CNET . May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thorsten Heins in the BlackBerry World 2012 Keynote General Session '' . BlackBerry on YouTube . May 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry shutting down BBM Music on June 2nd , points users to Rdio '' . Jump up ^ Etherington , Darrell July 16 , 2014 TechCrunch . `` BlackBerry Gets Its Own Siri With BlackBerry Assistant '' Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry , NantHealth launch cancer genome browser '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Maximizer Software Partners with McObject to Improve Mobile CRM on BlackBerry Devices , BlackBerry News Desk , Sys - Con Publishing , June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Darryl ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` RIM adds Android app support to BlackBerry PlayBook via ' optional app player ' '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . You read that right -- RIM just announced that its forthcoming BlackBerry PlayBook will support both BlackBerry Java and Android apps . Jump up ^ Michaluk , Kevin ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Press Release : RIM Expands Application Ecosystem for BlackBerry PlayBook -- Android Apps on Playbook ! ! ! '' . Crackberry . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Android apps wo n't come from Google Play itself , but rather Android developers will simply have to repackage , code sign and submit their BlackBerry Java and Android apps to BlackBerry App World from where users will be able to download the apps . Jump up ^ `` Repackage your apps for blackberry playbook '' . Blackberry.com . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Miller , Hugo ; Kharif , Olga ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` BlackBerrys Said to Get Android Apps as RIM Seeks Sales Boost '' . Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Research In Motion Ltd . ( RIM ) , seeking to boost the appeal of its BlackBerrys and revive slowing sales , plans to enable models expected next year to run applications built for Google Inc . ( GOOG ) 's Android operating system , three people familiar with the plan said . Jump up ^ Kovach , Steve ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` BlackBerry Phones Will Get Android Apps -- Bloomberg '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . RIM will add access to Android apps on BlackBerry phones that run its new QNX operating system , Bloomberg reports . Jump up ^ `` RIM 's newer phones to get Android apps '' . Reuters . August 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . The Canadian company plans to have the Android player already in the QNX - running phones when they go on sale rather than available as an upgrade , the report said . Jump up ^ `` Android Apps for BlackBerrys May Be Lackluster '' . PC World . August 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . We 're still waiting for Research in Motion to allow Android apps to run on its BlackBerry PlayBook tablet , as promised last March , but a new report says these apps will eventually run on future BlackBerry phones as well . Jump up ^ `` BBX , BlackBerry 's latest purported saviour '' . Daily Maverick . October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Rui Brites , the director for product management in Africa told iMaverick that the new BBX system was RIM 's way of securing its future . `` With BBX , we 've opened up in a big way , '' he said . `` We have over 400,000 developers worldwide and have now developed tools for Android developers to submit their apps to the BlackBerry App World without needing to recode . '' Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry maker 's area developer unit to fill gap '' . Zimbabwe Telegraph . October 21 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . The company introduced its BlackBerry BBX operating system on Tuesday , combining features from the existing BlackBerry platform and the QNX software it bought last year . The system , which does n't have a release date , includes new programming tools like HTML5 designed to make building apps easier . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry Enterprise Server Express '' . Us.blackberry.com . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry MDS Connection Service '' . Research In Motion ( RIM ) . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How the BlackBerry Enterprise Solution uses Triple DES to encrypt data '' . Docs.blackberry.com . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How the BlackBerry Enterprise Solution uses AES to encrypt data '' . Docs.blackberry.com . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Encrypting data that the BlackBerry Enterprise Server and a BlackBerry device send to each other '' . Docs.blackberry.com . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Algorithms that the BlackBerry Enterprise Solution uses to encrypt data '' . Docs.blackberry.com . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Email setup and integration Archived March 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Research In Motion . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry market share slides again amid takeover talk '' . Daily Telegraph . January 30 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Why the Canadian love affair with BlackBerry is n't over yet '' . The Sun . January 24 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Research in Motion Reports Second quarter Results '' ( PDF ) . October 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Research in Motion Reports Third quarter Results '' ( PDF ) . December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Research in Motion Reports Third quarter Results '' ( PDF ) . December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Research in Motion Reports First quarter Results '' ( PDF ) . June 28 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RIM shares rise on new phone hopes '' . The Globe and Mail . Canada . September 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Charles . `` Ten things to know about BlackBerry - and how much trouble it is ( or is n't ) in '' . www.theguardian.com . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gruman , Galen . `` The dangerous delusions of the BlackBerry fan '' . www.infoworld.com . IDG . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Android and iOS Squeeze the Competition , Swelling to 96.3 % of the Smartphone Operating System Market for Both 4Q14 and CY14 , According to IDC '' . IDC . February 24 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2015 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Marlow , Iain ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` Lack of global knowledge cost BlackBerry Indonesia '' . The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ Purnell , Newley ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` BlackBerry Turns to Indonesia to Make Turnaround Push '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Miller , Hugo ( December 21 , 2013 ) . `` BlackBerry 's Foxconn Deal Spurs Evolution Into Services Company '' . Bloomberg . ^ Jump up to : Dingman , Shane ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` BlackBerry 's focus on software starting to pay off : CEO '' . Globe and Mail . Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maya Nawangwulan ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Blackberry Cuts 35 Percent of Its Workforce '' . Jump up ^ `` Windows Phone and BlackBerry OS are fading into nothingness '' . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) . `` 99.6 percent of new smartphones run Android or iOS '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Q4 Fiscal 2013 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Q1 Fiscal 2014 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Q4 Fiscal 2015 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Q1 Fiscal 2016 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Q2 Fiscal 2016 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Q3 Fiscal 2016 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Q1 Fiscal 2017 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Q2 Fiscal 2017 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Q3 Fiscal 2017 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Whitney , Lance ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` RIM averts BlackBerry ban in UAE '' . CNET . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yew , Madhavi Acharya - Tom ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` RIM reaches deal with Saudi Arabia '' . The Toronto Star . ISSN 0319 - 0781 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Josh ( April 7 , 2012 ) . `` RIM gives India access to BlackBerry messages '' . The Toronto Star . ISSN 0319 - 0781 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Two Gulf states to ban some Blackberry functions '' . BBC News . August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( September 7 , 2013 ) . `` Privacy Scandal : NSA Can Spy on Smart Phone Data '' . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` JTRIG Tools and Techniques '' . The Intercept . July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` JTRIG Tools and Techniques '' . www.documentcloud.org . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carr , Jeffrey ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` BlackBerry Ltd , the NSA , and The Encryption Algorithm that NIST Warned You Not To Use '' . Digital Dao . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zeleny , Jeff ( January 22 , 2009 ) . `` Obama Keeps His Blackberry in a Hard - Fought E-Victory '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Stephanie ( January 8 , 2009 ) . `` For BlackBerry , Obama 's Devotion Is Priceless '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Obama has finally ditched his BlackBerry , but its replacement will surprise you , By Trevor Mogg , Digital Trends , Sat , June 11 , 9 : 01 PM PDT Jump up ^ Robert O'Harrow Jr . ( March 27 , 2016 ) . `` How Clinton 's email scandal took root '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . `` The issue here is one of personal comfort , '' one of the participants in that meeting , Donald Reid , the department 's senior coordinator for security infrastructure , wrote afterward in an email that described Clinton 's inner circle of advisers as `` dedicated ( BlackBerry ) addicts . '' Jump up ^ `` West Yorkshire Police Increase Visibility and Productivity with BlackBerry '' ( PDF ) . BlackBerry . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry Customer Success '' . BlackBerry . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2012 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kang , Cecilia ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) . `` BlackBerry still reigns in Washington , slow - poke capital of the world '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Validated 140 - 1 and 140 - 2 Cryptographic Modules '' . csrc.nist.gov . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Use of BlackBerry devices by traffic police in city not to be affected '' . The Hindu . March 18 , 2008 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kochi traffic police go Blackberry '' . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Smartphones issued to 850 South West Trains Guards in drive to improve passenger communication '' . South West Trains . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Rail -- Case Study '' . Uk.blackberry.com . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry going after shipping industry with cloud management platform '' . CTV News . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Charles ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Surprise ! Google chairman Eric Schmidt uses ... a BlackBerry '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Narco - mafia se comunican por Blackberry '' . CNN Expansión . February 19 , 2009 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . See also ( edit ) QWERTY T9 ( predictive text ) BlackBerry Limited ( formerly Research in Motion ) Index of articles related to BlackBerry OS Comparison of smartphones Science and technology in Canada PocketMac References ( edit ) Sweeny , Alastair ( 2009 ) , BlackBerry planet : the story of Research in Motion and the little device that took the world by storm , John Wiley & Sons Canada , ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 15940 - 8 Research In Motion Reports Fourth Quarter and Year - End Results For Fiscal 2005 `` Research In Motion 2005 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . ( 682 KB ) Research In Motion Fourth Quarter and 2007 Fiscal Year End Results Cunningham , S & Turner , G ( 2006 ) Media and Communications in Australia , Southwood Press Pty Ltd , Australia , pp. 259 -- 278 . Levinson , P ( 2004 ) Cellphone , Routledge , New York , pp. 15 -- 33 . Rheingold , H ( 2002 ) Smart Mobs : the Next Social Revolution , Perseus , Cambridge , Massachusetts , pp. xi -- xxii , 157 -- 182 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to BlackBerry smartphones . Official website BlackBerry Limited Executive team John S. 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7830454924002341033 | Totem pole | Totem pole - wikipedia Totem pole Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Totem pole ( disambiguation ) . A Gitxsan pole ( left ) and Kwakwaka'wakw pole ( right ) at Thunderbird Park in Victoria , Canada . Totem poles are monumental carvings , a type of Northwest Coast art , consisting of poles , posts or pillars , carved with symbols or figures . They are usually made from large trees , mostly western red cedar , by indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest coast of North America ( Washington , Oregon , and Canada 's western province , British Columbia ) . The word totem derives from the Algonquian ( most likely Ojibwe ) word o doodem ( oˈtuːtɛm ) , `` ( his ) kinship group '' . The carvings may symbolize or commemorate cultural beliefs that recount familiar legends , clan lineages , or notable events . The poles may also serve as functional architectural features , welcome signs for village visitors , mortuary vessels for the remains of deceased ancestors , or as a means to publicly ridicule someone . They may embody a historical narrative of significance to the people carving and installing the pole . Given the complexity and symbolic meanings of totem pole carvings , their placement and importance lies in the observer 's knowledge and connection to the meanings of the figures and the culture in which they are embedded . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Meaning and purpose 3 Types 3.1 House frontal poles 3.2 House posts 3.3 Mortuary pole 3.4 Memorial pole 3.5 Welcome pole 3.6 Shame / ridicule pole 4 Totem poles outside of original context 4.1 Indian New Deal 5 Construction and maintenance 6 Cultural property 7 Totem poles of note 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Totem poles and houses at ' Ksan , near Hazelton , British Columbia . Totem poles serve as important illustrations of family lineage and the cultural heritage of the Native peoples in the islands and coastal areas of North America 's Pacific Northwest , especially British Columbia , Canada , and coastal areas of Washington and southeastern Alaska in the United States . Families of traditional carvers come from the Haida , Tlingit , Tsimshian , Kwakwaka'wakw ( Kwakiutl ) , Nuxalk ( Bella Coola ) , and Nuu - chah - nulth ( Nootka ) , among others . The poles are typically carved from the highly rot - resistant trunks of Thuja plicata trees ( popularly known as giant cedar or western red cedar ) , which eventually decay in the moist , rainy climate of the coastal Pacific Northwest . Because of the region 's climate and the nature of the materials used to make the poles , few examples carved before 1900 remain . Noteworthy examples , some dating as far back as 1880 , include those at the Royal British Columbia Museum in Victoria and the Museum of Anthropology at UBC in Vancouver . Totem poles are the largest , but not the only , objects that coastal Pacific Northwest natives use to depict spiritual reverence , family legends , sacred beings and culturally important animals , people , or historical events . The freestanding poles seen by the region 's first European explorers were likely preceded by a long history of decorative carving . Stylistic features of these poles were borrowed from earlier , smaller prototypes , or from the interior support posts of house beams . Although 18th - century accounts of European explorers traveling along the coast indicate that decorated interior and exterior house posts existed prior to 1800 , the posts were smaller and fewer in number than in subsequent decades . Prior to the 19th century , the lack of efficient carving tools , along with sufficient wealth and leisure time to devote to the craft , delayed the development of elaborately carved , freestanding poles . Before iron and steel arrived in the area , Natives used tools made of stone , shells , or beaver teeth for carving . The process was slow and laborious ; axes were unknown . By the late eighteenth century , the use of metal cutting tools enabled more complex carvings and increased production of totem poles . The tall monumental poles appearing in front of native homes in coastal villages probably did not appear until after the beginning of the nineteenth century . Eddie Malin has proposed that totem poles progressed from house posts , funerary containers , and memorial markers into symbols of clan and family wealth and prestige . He argues that the Haida people of the islands of Haida Gwaii originated carving of the poles , and that the practice spread outward to the Tsimshian and Tlingit , and then down the coast to the indigenous people of British Columbia and northern Washington . Malin 's theory is supported by the photographic documentation of the Pacific Northwest coast 's cultural history and the more sophisticated designs of the Haida poles . Accounts from the 1700s describe and illustrate carved poles and timber homes along the coast of the Pacific Northwest . By the early nineteenth century , widespread importation of iron and steel tools from Great Britain , the United States , and elsewhere led to easier and more rapid production of carved wooden goods , including poles . Alaskan Totem Poles at 1893 Chicago World Columbian Exposition Totem poles in front of houses in Alert Bay , British Columbia in the 1900s In the 19th century , American and European trade and settlement initially led to the growth of totem pole carving , but United States and Canadian policies and practices of acculturation and assimilation caused a decline in the development of Alaska Native and First Nations cultures and their crafts , and sharply reduced totem pole production by the end of the century . Between 1830 and 1880 , the maritime fur trade , mining , and fisheries gave rise to an accumulation of wealth among the coastal peoples . Much of it was spent and distributed in lavish potlatch celebrations , frequently associated with the construction and erection of totem poles . The monumental poles commissioned by wealthy family leaders to represent their social status and the importance of their families and clans . In the 1880s and 1890s , tourists , collectors , scientists and naturalist interested in native culture collected and photographed totem poles and other artifacts , many of which were put on display at expositions such as the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and the 1893 World 's Columbia Exposition in Chicago , Illinois . In the 19th and early 20th centuries , before the passage of the American Indian Religious Freedom Act in 1978 , the practice of Native religion was outlawed , and traditional indigenous cultural practices were also strongly discouraged by Christian missionaries . This included the carving of totem poles . Missionaries urged converts to cease production and destroy existing poles . Nearly all totem pole making had ceased by 1901 . Carving of monumental and mortuary poles continued in some , more remote Native villages as late as 1905 ; however , as native sites were abandoned , the poles and timber homes were left to decay and vandalism . Beginning in the late 1930s , a combination of cultural , linguistic , and artistic revivals , along with scholarly interest and the continuing fascination and support of an educated and empathetic public , led to a renewal and extension of this artistic tradition . In 1938 the United States Forest Service began a program to reconstruct and preserve the old poles , salvaging about 200 , roughly one - third of those known to be standing at the end of the 19th century . With renewed interest in Native arts and traditions in the 1960s and 1970s , freshly carved totem poles were erected up and down the coast , while related artistic production was introduced in many new and traditional media , ranging from tourist trinkets to masterful works in wood , stone , blown and etched glass , and other traditional and non-traditional media . Meaning and purpose ( edit ) From left to right , the One - Legged Fisherman pole , the Raven pole , and the Killer Whale pole in Wrangell , Alaska Totem poles can symbolize the characters and events in mythology , or convey the experiences of recent ancestors and living people . Some of these characters may appear as stylistic representations of objects in nature , while others are more realistically carved . Pole carvings may include animals , fish , plants , insects , and humans , or they may represent supernatural beings such as the Thunderbird . Some symbolize beings that can transform themselves into another form , appearing as combinations of animals or part - animal / part - human forms . Consistent use of a specific character over time , with some slight variations in carving style , helped develop similarities among these shared symbols that allowed people to recognize one from another . For example , the raven is symbolized by a long , straight beak , while the eagle 's beak is curved , and a beaver is depicted with two large front teeth , a piece of wood held in his front paws , and a paddle - shaped tail . Totem pole in Vancouver , British Columbia Totem poles at the Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia The meanings of the designs on totem poles are as varied as the cultures that make them . Some poles celebrate cultural beliefs that may recount familiar legends , clan lineages , or notable events , while others are mostly artistic . Animals and other characters carved on the pole are typically used as symbols to represent characters or events in a story ; however , some may reference the moiety of the pole 's owner , or simply fill up empty space on the pole . The carved figures interlock , one above the other , to create the overall design , which may rise to a height of sixty feet or more . Smaller carvings may be positioned in vacant spaces , or they may be tucked inside the ears or hang out of the mouths of the pole 's larger figures . Some of the figures on the poles constitute symbolic reminders of quarrels , murders , debts , and other unpleasant occurrences about which the Native Americans prefer to remain silent ... The most widely known tales , like those of the exploits of Raven and of Kats who married the bear woman , are familiar to almost every native of the area . Carvings which symbolize these tales are sufficiently conventionalized to be readily recognizable even by persons whose lineage did not recount them as their own legendary history . Those from cultures that do not carve totem poles often assume that the linear representation of the figures places the most importance on the highest figure , an idea that became pervasive in the dominant culture after it entered into mainstream parlance by the 1930s with the phrase `` low man on the totem pole '' ( and as the title of a bestselling 1941 humor book by H. Allen Smith ) . However , Native sources either reject the linear component altogether , or reverse the hierarchy , with the most important representations on the bottom , bearing the weight of all the other figures , or at eye level with the viewer to heighten their significance . Many poles have no vertical arrangement at all , consisting of a lone figure atop an undecorated column . Types ( edit ) There are six basic types of totem poles : house frontal poles , interior house posts , mortuary poles , memorial poles , welcome poles , and the ridicule or shame pole . House frontal poles ( edit ) This type of pole , usually 20 to 40 feet tall is the most decorative . Its carvings tell the story of the family , clan or village who own them . These poles are also known as heraldic , crest , or family poles . Poles of this type are placed outside the clan house of the most important village leaders . Often , watchman figures are carved at the top of the pole to protect the pole owner 's family and the village . Another type of house frontal pole is the entrance or doorway pole , which is attached to the center front of the home and includes an oval - shaped opening through the base that serves as the entrance to the clan house . House posts ( edit ) These interior poles , typically 7 to 10 feet in height , are usually shorter than exterior poles . The interior posts support the roof beam of a clan house and include a large notch at the top , where the beam can rest . A clan house may have two to four or more house posts , depending on the native group who built it . Carvings on these poles , like those of the house frontal poles , are often used as a storytelling device for children and help tell the story of the owners ' family history . Mortuary pole ( edit ) The rarest type of totem pole is a mortuary structure that incorporates grave boxes with carved supporting poles or includes a recessed back to hold the grave box . It is among the tallest , reaching 50 to 70 feet in height , and most prominent poles . The Haida and Tlingit people erect mortuary poles at the death of important individuals in the community . These poles may have a single figure carved at the top , which may depict the clan 's crest , but carvings usually cover its entire length . Ashes or body of the deceased person is placed in the upper portion of the pole . Memorial pole ( edit ) This type of pole , which usually stands in front of a clan house , is erected about a year after a person has died . The clan chief 's memorial pole may be raised at the center of the village . The pole 's purpose is to honor the deceased person and identify the relative who is taking over as his successor within the clan and the community . Traditionally , the memorial pole has one carved figure at the top , but an additional figure may also be added at the bottom of the pole . Memorial poles may also commemorate an event . For example , several memorial totem poles were erected by the Tlingits in honor of Abraham Lincoln , one of which was relocated to Saxman , Alaska , in 1938 . The Lincoln pole at Saxman commemorates the end of hostilities between two rival Tlingit clans and symbolizes the hope for peace and prosperity following the American occupation of the Alaskan territory . The story begins in 1868 , when the United States government built a customs house and fort on Tongass Island and left the U.S , revenue cutter Lincoln to patrol the area . After American soldiers at the fort and aboard the Lincoln provided protection to the Tongass group against its rival , the Kagwantans , the Tongass group commissioned the Lincoln pole to commemorate the event . Welcome pole ( edit ) Carved by the Kwakwaka'wakw ( Kwakiutl ) and Nuu - chah - nulth ( Nootka ) people , most of the poles include a large carvings of human figures , some as tall as 40 feet . Welcome poles are placed at the edge of a stream or saltwater beach to welcome guests to the community , or possibly to intimidate strangers . Shame / ridicule pole ( edit ) Poles used for public ridicule are usually called shame poles , and were created to embarrass individuals or groups for their unpaid debts or when they did something wrong . The poles are often placed in prominent locations and removed after the debt is paid or the wrong is corrected . Shame pole carvings represent the person being shamed . Seward Pole One famous shame pole is the Seward Pole at the Saxman Totem Park in Saxman , Alaska . It was created to shame former U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward for not reciprocating the courtesy or generosity of his Tlingit hosts following a potlatch given in his honor . The intent of this pole is indicated by the figure 's red - painted nose and ears to symbolized Seward 's stinginess . Another example of the shame pole is the Three Frogs pole on Chief Shakes Island , at Wrangell , Alaska . This pole was erected by Chief Shakes to shame the Kiks. ádi clan into repaying a debt incurred for the support of three Kiks. ádi women who were allegedly cohabiting with three slaves in Shakes 's household . When the Kiks. ádi leaders refused to pay support for the women , Shakes commissioned a pole with carvings of three frogs , which represented the crest of the Kiks. ádi clan . It is not known if the debt was ever repaid . The pole stands next to the Chief Shakes Tribal House in Wrangell . The pole 's unique crossbar shape has become popularly associated with the town of Wrangell , and continues to be used as part of the Wrangell Sentinel newspaper 's masthead . In 1942 , the U.S. Forest Service commissioned a pole to commemorate Alexander Baranof , the Russian governor and Russian American Company manager , as a civilian works project . The pole 's original intent was to commemorate a peace treaty between the Russians and Tlingits that the governor helped broker in 1805 . George Benson , a Sitka carver and craftsman , created the original design . The completed version originally stood in Totem Square in downtown Sitka , Alaska . When Benson and other Sitka carvers were not available to do the work , the U.S. Forest Service had CCC workers carve the pole in Wrangell , Alaska . Because Sitka and Wrangell native groups were rivals , it has been argued that the Wrangell carvers may have altered Benson 's original design . For unknown reasons , the Wrangell carvers depicted the Baranov figure without clothes . Following a Sitka Tribe of Alaska - sponsored removal ceremony , the pole was lowered due to safety concerns on October 20 , 2010 , using funds from the Alaska Dept. of Health and Social Services . The Sitka Sentinel reported that while standing , it was `` said to be the most photographed totem ( pole ) in Alaska '' . The pole was re-erected in Totem Square in 2011 . On March 24 , 2007 , a shame pole was erected in Cordova , Alaska , that includes the inverted and distorted face of former Exxon CEO Lee Raymond . The pole represents the unpaid debt on $5 million in punitive damages that a federal court in Anchorage , Alaska , determined Exxon owes for its role in causing the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound . Totem poles outside of original context ( edit ) Tlingit totem pole brought from Alaska to Pioneer Square in Seattle . Some poles from the Pacific Northwest have been moved to other locations for display out of their original context . In 1903 Alaska 's district governor , John Green Brady , collected fifteen Tlingit and Haida totem poles for public displays from villages in southeastern Alaska . At the Louisiana Purchase Exposition ( the world 's fair held in Saint Louis , Missouri , in 1904 ) , fourteen of them were initially installed outside the Alaska pavilion at the fair ; the other one , which had broken in transit , was repaired and installed at the fair 's Esquimau Village . Thirteen of these poles were returned to Alaska , where they were eventually installed in the Sitka National Historical Park . The other two poles were sold ; one pole from the Alaska pavilion went the Milwaukee Public Museum and the pole from the Esquimau Village was sold and then given to industrialist David M. Parry , who installed it on his estate in what became known as the Golden Hill neighborhood of Indianapolis , Indiana . Although the remains of the original pole at Golden Hill no longer exist , a replica was raised on April 13 , 1996 , on the front lawn of The Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art in Indianapolis . Approximately two years later , the replica was moved inside the museum , and in 2005 , it was installed in a new atrium after completion of a museum expansion project . Indian New Deal ( edit ) The Indian New Deal of the 1930s strongly promoted native arts and crafts , and in the totem pole they discovered an art that was widely appreciated by white society . In Alaska the Indian Division of the Civilian Conservation Corps restored old totem poles , copied those beyond repair , and carved new ones . The Indian Arts and Crafts Board , A federal government agency , facilitated their sale to the general public . The project was lucrative , but anthropologists complaining that it stripped the natives of their traditional culture and stripped away the meaning of the totem poles . Another example occurred in 1938 , when the U.S. Forest Service began a totem pole restoration program in Alaska . Poles were removed from their original places as funerary and crest poles to be copied or repaired and then placed in parks based on English and French garden designs to demystify their meaning for tourists . In England at the side of Virginia Water Lake , in the south of Windsor Great Park , there is a 100 - foot ( 30 m ) tall Canadian totem pole that was given to Queen Elizabeth II to commemorate the centenary of British Columbia . In Seattle , Washington , a Tlingit funerary totem pole was raised in Pioneer Square in 1899 , after being taken from an Alaskan village . In addition , the totem pole collections in Vancouver 's Stanley Park , Victoria 's Thunderbird Park , and the Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia were removed from their original locations around British Columbia . Construction and maintenance ( edit ) Incomplete Haida pole in Skidegate , British Columbia After the tree to be used for the totem pole is selected , it is cut down and moved to the carving site , where the bark and outer layer of wood ( sapwood ) is removed . Next , the side of the tree to be carved is chosen and the back half of the tree is removed . The center of the log is hollowed out to make it lighter and to keep it from cracking . Early tools used to carve totem poles were made of stone , shell , or bone , but beginning in the late 1700s , the use of iron tools made the carving work faster and easier . In the early days , the basic design for figures may have been painted on the wood to guide the carvers , but today 's carvers use paper patterns as outlines for their designs . Carvers use chain saws to make the rough shapes and cuts , while adzes and chisels are used to chop the wood . Carvers use knives and other woodworking tools to add the finer details . When the carving is complete , paint is added to enhance specific details of the figures . Raising a totem pole is rarely done using modern methods , even for poles installed in modern settings . Most artists use a traditional method followed by a pole - raising ceremony . The traditional method calls for a deep trench to be dug . One end of the pole is placed at the bottom of the trench ; the other end is supported at an upward angle by a wooden scaffold . Hundreds of strong men haul the pole upright into its footing , while others steady the pole from side ropes and brace it with cross beams . Once the pole is upright , the trench is filled with rocks and dirt . After the raising is completed , the carver , the carver 's assistants , and others invited to attend the event perform a celebratory dance next to the pole . A community potlatch celebration typically follows the pole raising to commemorate the event . Dancing at a pole - raising celebration in Klawock , Alaska Totem poles are typically not well maintained after their installation and the potlatch celebration . The poles usually last from 60 to 80 years ; only a few have stood longer than 75 years , and even fewer have reached 100 years of age . Once the wood rots so badly that the pole begins to lean and pose a threat to passersby , it is either destroyed or pushed over and removed . Older poles typically fall over during the winter storms that batter the coast . The owners of a collapsed pole may commission a new one to replace it . Cultural property ( edit ) Each culture typically has complex rules and customs regarding the traditional designs represented on poles . The designs are generally considered the property of a particular clan or family group of traditional carvers , and this ownership of the designs may not be transferred to the person who has commissioned the carvings . There have been protests when those who have not been trained in the traditional carving methods , cultural meanings and protocol , have made `` fake totem poles '' for what could be considered crass public display and commercial purposes . The misappropriation of coastal Pacific Northwest culture by the art and tourist trinket market has resulted in production of cheap imitations of totem poles executed with little or no knowledge of their complex stylistic conventions or cultural significance . These include imitations made for commercial and even comedic use in venues that serve alcohol , and in other settings that are insensitive or outright offensive to the sacred nature of some of the carvings . In the early 1990s , the Haisla First Nation of the Pacific Northwest began a lengthy struggle to repatriate a sacred totem from Sweden 's Museum of Ethnography . Their successful efforts were documented in Gil Cardinal 's National Film Board of Canada documentary , Totem : The Return of the G'psgolox Pole . In October 2015 a Tlingit totem Pole was returned from Hawaii to Alaska Tlingit totem pole in Ketchikan , Alaska , circa 1901 Totem poles in front of homes in Alert Bay , British Columbia in the 1900s A totem pole in Totem Park , Victoria , British Columbia From Totem Park , Victoria , British Columbia The K'alyaan Totem Pole of the Tlingit Kiks. ádi Clan , erected at Sitka National Historical Park to commemorate the lives lost in the 1804 Battle of Sitka From Saxman Totem Park , Ketchikan , Alaska From Saxman Totem Park , Ketchikan , Alaska From Brockton Point , Stanley Park , Vancouver , British Columbia Replica of G'psgolox Pole . A gift from the Haisla First Nation to the Museum of Ethnography in Stockholm , Sweden . US 50th Infantry Regiment Coat of arms with a totem pole arrangement of a US American eagle and a Russian Bear ( signifying transfer of ownership of Alaska from Russia to United States ) Totem poles of note ( edit ) The world 's tallest totem pole , near Alert Bay The title of `` The World 's Tallest Totem Pole '' is or has at one time been claimed by several coastal towns of North America 's Pacific Northwest . Disputes over which is genuinely the tallest depends on factors such the number of logs used in construction or the affiliation of the carver . Competitions to make the tallest pole remain prevalent , although it is becoming more difficult to procure trees of sufficient height . The tallest poles include : Alert Bay , British Columbia -- 173 feet ( 53 m ) , Kwakwaka'wakw . This pole is composed of two or three pieces . McKinleyville , California -- 160 feet ( 49 m ) , carved from a single redwood tree by Ernest Pierson and John Nelson . Kalama , Washington -- 149 feet ( 45 m ) , carved from a single pole by Lelooska . Kake , Alaska -- 132 feet ( 40 m ) , single log carving , Tlingit Victoria , British Columbia ( Beacon Hill Park ) -- 127.7 feet ( 38.9 m ) , raised in 1956 , Kwakwaka'wakw , carved by Mungo Martin with Henry Hunt and David Martin . Tacoma , Washington ( Fireman 's Park ) -- 105 feet ( 32 m ) , carved by Alaska Natives in 1903 . Vancouver , British Columbia ( Maritime Museum ) -- 100 feet ( 30 m ) , Kwakwaka'wakw , carved by Mungo Martin with Henry Hunt and David Martin . The thickest totem pole ever carved to date is in Duncan , British Columbia . Carved by Richard Hunt in 1988 in the Kwakwaka'wakw style , and measuring over 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) in diameter , it represents Cedar Man transforming into his human form . Notable collections of totem poles on display include these sites : Alaska State Museum , Juneau , Alaska Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture , University of Washington , Seattle Canadian Museum of History , Hull area of Gatineau , Quebec Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site , Haida Gwaii , British Columbia Haida Heritage Centre , Skidegate , British Columbia ' Ksan , near Hazelton , British Columbia Museum of Anthropology at UBC , Vancouver , British Columbia Nisga'a and Haida Crest Poles of the Royal Ontario Museum , Toronto Nisga'a Museum , in Laxgalts'ap , British Columbia Royal British Columbia Museum , Victoria , British Columbia Saxman Totem Park , Saxman , Alaska Sitka National Historical Park , Sitka , Alaska Stanley Park ( Brockton Point ) , Vancouver , British Columbia Totem Bight State Historical Park , Ketchikan , Alaska Thunderbird Park , Victoria , British Columbia Totem Heritage Center , Ketchikan , Alaska See also ( edit ) Crest ( heraldry ) Huabiao Stele Irminsul Tiki Chemamull Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richard D. Feldman ( 2012 ) . Home Before the Raven Caws : The Mystery of a Totem Pole ( Rev. 2012 ed . ) . Indianapolis : Indiana Historical Society in association with The Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87195 - 306 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Viola E. Garfield and Linn A. Forrest , ( 1961 ) . The Wolf and the Raven : Totem Poles of Southeastern Alaska . Seattle : University of Washington Press . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 295 - 73998 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Garfield and Forrest , p. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Marius Barbeau ( 1950 ) . `` Totem Poles : According to Crests and Topics '' . National Museum of Canada Bulletin . Ottawa : Dept. of Resources and Development , National Museum of Canada . 119 ( 1 ) : 9 . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Barbeau , `` Totem Poles : According to Crests and Topics '' , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Edward Malin ( 1986 ) . Totem Poles of the Pacific Northwest Coast . Portland , Oregon : Timber Press . ISBN 0 - 88192 - 295 - 1 . Jump up ^ Joseph H. Wherry ( 1964 ) . The Totem Pole Indians . New York : W. Funk . p. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Alaska 's Totem Poles , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Alaska 's Totem Poles , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Garfield and Forrest , p. 2 and 7 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Alaska 's Totem Poles , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Garfield and Forrest , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Kramer , Alaska 's Totem Poles , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Pat Kramer ( 2008 ) . Totem Poles . Vancouver , British Columbia : Heritage House . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 89497 - 444 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Garfield and Forrest , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Garfield and Forrest , p. 3 . Jump up ^ The Haida , Tlingit , and Tsimshian people separate themselves into two or more major divisions called moieties , which are further divided into small family groups called clans . Traditionally , several families within the same a clan lived together in a large communal house . See Feldman , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Feldman , pp. 1 and 5 . Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Garfield and Forrest , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Ishmael Reed , ( ed . ) ( 2003 ) . From Totems to Hip - Hop : A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry across the Americas , 1900 - 2002 . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 458 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Around the Clock '' . The Morning Herald . Hagerstown , Maryland . April 18 , 1939 . Bob started a few months ago as low man on the totem pole ... Today he 's the boss . Jump up ^ Oscar Newman ( 2004 ) . Secret Stories in the Art of the Northwest Indian . New York : Catskill Press . p. 19 . ISBN 097201196X . Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 12 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Newman , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Feldman , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Newman , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Feldman , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Garfield and Forrest , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Garfield and Forrest , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Barbeau , `` Totem Poles : According to Crests and Topics '' , p. 402 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Garfield and Forrest , p. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Newman , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Wherry , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Newman , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Edward Keithahn ( 1963 ) . Monuments in Cedar . Seattle , Washington : Superior Publishing Co. p. 56 . Jump up ^ Sheldon Jackson Museum , Sitka , AK . Accessed 23 August 2011 Jump up ^ Garfield and Forrest , p. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Alaska 's Totem Poles , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Barbeau , `` Totem Poles : According to Crests and Topics '' , p. 401 . Jump up ^ `` Wrangell Sentinel '' . Wrangell Sentinel. 21 November 2014 . Retrieved 21 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Shannon Haugland ( 21 September 2010 ) , `` Totem Square , Pole to get Safety Upgrades '' , Sitka Sentinel ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Anne Sutton ( 7 June 2008 ) . `` Top man on totem pole could get his clothes back '' . USA Today . Gannett Co . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Going Down '' photo caption `` , Sitka Sentinel , 20 October 2010 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Anne Sutton ( 8 June 2008 ) , `` Top man on totem pole could get his clothes back '' , Anchorage Daily News , retrieved 8 December 2009 Jump up ^ Ronco , Ed ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` Controversial Totem Pole Returns to Sitka Square '' . Alaska Public Media . Jump up ^ `` Shame Pole Mocking Exxon is Planted in Cordova '' , Anchorage Daily News , 25 March 2007 Jump up ^ Peter Rothberg ( 27 March 2007 ) , `` Exxon 's Shame '' , The Nation , retrieved 21 November 2014 Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 26 . Jump up ^ `` Carved History '' . Sitka National Park archived website content . U.S. National Park Service . Archived from the original on 10 November 2004 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 43 and 52 . Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Aldona Jonaitis , `` Totem Poles And The Indian New Deal , '' European Contributions to American Studies ( 1990 ) Vol. 18 , pp 267 - 277 . Jump up ^ Robert Fay Schrader , The Indian Arts & Crafts Board : An Aspect of New Deal Indian Policy ( University of New Mexico Press , 1983 . ) Jump up ^ Garfield and Forrest , p.v. Jump up ^ Emily Moore ( 31 March 2012 ) . Decoding Totems in the New Deal ( Speech ) . Wooshteen Kanaxtulaneegí Haa At Wuskóowu / Sharing Our Knowledge , A conference of Tlingit Tribes and Clans : Haa eetí ḵáa yís / For Those Who Come After Us . Sitka , Alaska . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Jen Graves ( 10 January 2012 ) . `` A Totem Pole Made of Christmas Lights : Bringing Superwrongness to Life '' . The Stranger . Seattle , Washington . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Feldman , p. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Hopper , Frank ( 25 May 2017 ) . `` Oregon Country Fair Cancels Fake Native Totem Pole Raising - Ritz Sauna story pole ' worst appropriation I 've ever seen ' says descendant of carving family '' . Indian Country Media Network . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Back in Pole Position '' , Vancouver Sun , 27 April 2006 , retrieved 4 May 2010 Jump up ^ `` G'psgolox Totem returnS To British Columbia '' ( Press release ) . The Na Na Kila Institute . 26 April 2006 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Totem : The Return of the G'psgolox Pole '' . National Film Board of Canada . 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Returned Totem Pole ^ Jump up to : Kramer , Alaska 's Totem Poles , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Wherry , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Alaska 's Totem Poles , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Garfield , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Alaska 's Totem Poles , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Wherry , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Alaska 's Totem Poles , p. 84 -- 85 . References ( edit ) Barbeau , Marius ( 1950 ) Totem Poles : According to Crests and Topics . Vol. 1 . ( Anthropology Series 30 , National Museum of Canada Bulletin 119 . ) Ottawa : National Museum of Canada . ( PDFs ) Barbeau , Marius ( 1950 ) Totem Poles : According to Location . Vol. 2 . ( Anthropology Series 30 , National Museum of Canada Bulletin 119 . ) Ottawa : National Museum of Canada . ( PDFs ) Feldman , Richard D. ( 2012 ) . Home Before the Raven Caws : The Mystery of a Totem Pole ( Rev. 2012 ed . ) . Indianapolis : Indiana Historical Society in association with The Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87195 - 306 - 3 . Garfield , Viola E. ( 1951 ) Meet the Totem . Sitka , Alaska : Sitka Printing Company . Garfield , Viola E. , and Forrest , Linn A. ( 1961 ) The Wolf and the Raven : Totem Poles of Southeastern Alaska . Revised edition . Seattle : University of Washington Press . ISBN 0 - 295 - 73998 - 3 . Jonaitis , Aldona. ( 1990 ) `` Totem Poles And The Indian New Deal , '' European Contributions to American Studies Vol. 18 , pp 267 -- 277 . Keithahn , Edward L. ( 1963 ) Monuments in Cedar . Seattle , Washington : Superior Publishing Co . Kramer , Pat ( 2004 ) . Alaska 's Totem Poles . Anchorage : Alaska Northwest Books . ISBN 0882405853 . Kramer , Pat ( 2008 ) . Totem Poles . Vancouver , British Columbia : Heritage House . p. 22 and 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 89497 - 444 - 8 . Malin , Edward ( 1986 ) . Totem Poles of the Pacific Northwest Coast . Portland , Oregon : Timber Press . ISBN 0 - 88192 - 295 - 1 . Newman , Oscar ( 2004 ) . Secret Stories in the Art of the Northwest Indian . New York : Catskill Press . ISBN 097201196X . Reed , Ishmael ( ed . ) ( 2003 ) From Totems to Hip - Hop : A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry across the Americas , 1900 - 2002 . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 458 - 0 . Wherry , Joseph H. ( 1964 ) The Totem Pole Indians . New York : Thomas Y . Crowell Company . Further reading ( edit ) Averill , Lloyd J. , and Daphne K. Morris ( 1995 ) Northwest Coast Native and Native - Style Art : A Guidebook for Western Washington . Seattle : University of Washington Press . Brindze , Ruth ( 1951 ) The Story of the Totem Pole . New York : Vanguard Press . Halpin , Marjorie M. ( 1981 ) Totem Poles : An Illustrated Guide . Vancouver , BC : UBC Press . Hassett , Dawn , and F.W.M. Drew ( 1982 ) Totem Poles of Prince Rupert . Prince Rupert , BC : Museum of Northern British Columbia . Hoyt - Goldsmith , Diane ( 1990 ) Totem Pole . New York : Holiday House . Huteson , Pamela Rae. ( 2002 ) Legends in Wood , Stories of the Totems . Tigard , Oregon : Greatland Classic Sales . ISBN 1 - 886462 - 51 - 8 Macnair , Peter L. , Alan L. Hoover , and Kevin Neary ( 1984 ) The Legacy : Tradition and Innovation in Northwest Coast Indian Art . Vancouver , BC : Douglas & McIntyre . Meuli , Jonathan ( 2001 ) Shadow House : Interpretations of Northwest Coast Art . Amsterdam : Harwood Academic Publishers . Smyly , John , and Carolyn Smyly ( 1973 ) Those Born at Koona : The Totem Poles of the Haida Village Skedans , Queen Charlotte Islands . Saanichton , BC : Hancock House . Stewart , Hilary ( 1979 ) Looking at Indian Art of the Northwest Coast . Vancouver , BC : Douglas & McIntyre . Stewart , Hilary ( 1993 ) . Looking at Totem Poles . Seattle : University of Washington Press . ISBN 0 - 295 - 97259 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Look up totem pole in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Totem poles . Native online.com Royal BC Museum , Thunderbird Park -- A Place of Cultural Sharing , online interpretive tour Totem : The Return of the Gpsgolox Pole , a feature - length film by Gil Cardinal , National Film Board of Canada Article related to conservation of Pacific Northwest totem poles Totem Poles : Heraldic Columns of the Northwest Coast Essay by Robin K. Wright - University of Washington Digital Collection Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Totem_pole&oldid=816033049 '' Categories : Northwest Coast art American Indian relics Native American culture Indigenous woodcarving of the Americas Culture of the Pacific Northwest Heraldry Totem poles American culture Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Boarisch Deutsch Esperanto Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 20 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | in what region of the united states were totem poles common forms of native american art | [
"Totem poles are monumental carvings, a type of Northwest Coast art, consisting of poles, posts or pillars, carved with symbols or figures. They are usually made from large trees, mostly western red cedar, by indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest coast of North America (Washington, Oregon, and Canada's western province, British Columbia). The word totem derives from the Algonquian (most likely Ojibwe) word odoodem [oˈtuːtɛm], \"(his) kinship group\". The carvings may symbolize or commemorate cultural beliefs that recount familiar legends, clan lineages, or notable events. The poles may also serve as functional architectural features, welcome signs for village visitors, mortuary vessels for the remains of deceased ancestors, or as a means to publicly ridicule someone. They may embody a historical narrative of significance to the people carving and installing the pole. Given the complexity and symbolic meanings of totem pole carvings, their placement and importance lies in the observer's knowledge and connection to the meanings of the figures and the culture in which they are embedded."
] | [
"Northwest Coast"
] |
9168367687510767612 | England at the FIFA World Cup | England at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia England at the FIFA World Cup The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two - goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks show England 's World Cup record First Match England 2 -- 0 Chile ( 25 June 1950 ; Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ) Biggest Win England 6 -- 1 Panama ( 24 June 2018 ; Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ) Biggest Defeat England 1 - 4 Germany ( 27 June 2010 ; Bloemfontein , South Africa ) Best Result Champions at the 1966 World Cup Worst Result Group stage in 1950 , 1958 and 2014 By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . Jump up ^ A total of six yellow cards for Colombia , and two for England . ^ Jump up to : England lost the penalty shoot - out Jump up ^ England won the penalty shoot - out References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Ken ( 4 December 1997 ) . `` Football : It is possible to forget that England 's overall World Cup record is nothing much to shout about - Sport '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ 2006 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage Archived 14 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) , FIFA.com , Retrieved on 6 June 2007 Jump up ^ `` The full list of records broken by England at The euros '' . Goal.com. 25 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport - World Cup 2014 : Roy Hodgson hopeful for England 's future '' . bbc.co.uk. 24 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . 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Jump up ^ cestrian81 ( 21 December 2011 ) . `` England 1 - 1 Poland ( 1973 ) WCQ '' . Archived from the original on 26 January 2016 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Fifield , Dominic . `` England managers and off - field controversies : from Revie to Hodgson '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain TM - Matches - England - France - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 5 January 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain TM - Matches - England - Czechoslovakia - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 29 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain TM - Matches - England - Kuwait - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 30 January 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WORLD CUP 1990 '' . allworldcup.narod.ru . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . 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Jump up ^ `` ' Peter Crouch is probably the most hated Englishman in our history ' '' . 15 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Trinidad and Tobago - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - Sweden - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Ecuador - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Portugal - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England , Algeria , Slovenia , Yanks = E.A.S.Y ? '' . Jump up ^ Brodkin , Jon ( 18 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Wayne Rooney mocks booing fans in sarcastic aside '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Singer , Peter ( 29 June 2010 ) . `` Why is cheating OK in football ? - Peter Singer '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Association , Press ( 20 June 2012 ) . `` Euro 2012 : Sepp Blatter says goalline technology is ' a necessity ' '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelso , Paul ( 27 June 2010 ) . `` England v Germany : Frank Lampard 's ' goal ' reignites goal - line technology debate '' . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM Archive - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sky Sports . `` World Cup : England out as Italy lose 1 -- 0 to Costa Rica in Recife in Group D '' . skysports.com/ . BSkyB . Archived from the original on 23 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Allardyce : England manager leaves after one match in charge '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 27 September 2016 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Scotland - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 14 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McGee , Nicholas ( 18 June 2018 ) . `` Captain Kane saves Three Lions '' . Goal.com . Archived from the original on 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England romp past Panama and into last 16 '' . FIFA.com. 24 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England 's game v Colombia ' biggest knockout game for decade ' '' . BBC Sport. 28 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Delaney , Miguel ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` Three Lions still left wondering how good they really are after deflating defeat '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : England 's game v Colombia ' biggest knockout game for decade ' '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England still left wondering how good they really are after defeat to Belgium '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Colombia - England - FIFA.com '' . www.fifa.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brashness of youth overcomes mental demons as England break penalty shoot - out hoodoo '' . ABC News . 4 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2018 : England players not bowed by history - Gareth Southgate '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 3 July 2018 ) . `` England knock Colombia out of World Cup in last - 16 penalty shootout '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` England penalties : 11 / 11 in open play , 11 / 19 in shootouts '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden 0 - 2 England '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The three stages of England vs Croatia that turned a World Cup final into a third - place play - off '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Belgium - England - FIFA.com '' . www.fifa.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia 2 England 1 '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : England set new records in 6 - 1 victory over Panama '' . BBC Sport . England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Germany Scotland Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=856208693 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 16 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did england last get into the semifinals of the world cup | [
"\n\n\nYear\nRound\nPosition\nGP\nW\nD*\nL\nGF\nGA\nGD\n\n\n 1930\nNot a FIFA member\n\n\n 1934\n\n\n 1938\n\n\n 1950\nGroup stage\n8th\n3\n1\n0\n2\n2\n2\n0\n\n\n 1954\nQuarter-finals\n7th\n3\n1\n1\n1\n8\n8\n0\n\n\n 1958\nGroup stage\n11th\n4\n0\n3\n1\n4\n5\n-1\n\n\n 1962\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n4\n1\n1\n2\n5\n6\n-1\n\n\n 1966\nChampions\n1st\n6\n5\n1\n0\n11\n3\n8\n\n\n 1970\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n4\n2\n0\n2\n4\n4\n0\n\n\n 1974\nDid not qualify\n\n\n 1978\n\n\n 1982\nSecond group stage\n6th\n5\n3\n2\n0\n6\n1\n5\n\n\n 1986\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n5\n2\n1\n2\n7\n3\n4\n\n\n 1990\nSemi finals\n4th\n7\n3\n3\n1\n8\n6\n2\n\n\n 1994\nDid not qualify\n\n\n 1998\nRound of 16\n9th\n4\n2\n1\n1\n7\n4\n3\n\n\n 2002\nQuarter-finals\n6th\n5\n2\n2\n1\n6\n3\n3\n\n\n 2006\nQuarter-finals\n7th\n5\n3\n2\n0\n6\n2\n4\n\n\n 2010\nRound of 16\n13th\n4\n1\n2\n1\n3\n5\n-2\n\n\n 2014\nGroup stage\n26th\n3\n0\n1\n2\n2\n4\n-2\n\n\n 2018\nSemi-finals\n4th\n7\n3\n1\n3\n12\n8\n4\n\n\n 2022\nTBD\n\n\n 2026\n\n\nTotal\n15/21\n1 title\n69\n29\n21\n19\n91\n64\n27\n"
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3845820666981973152 | Laura Prepon | Laura Prepon - wikipedia Laura Prepon Jump to : navigation , search Laura Prepon Prepon in 2014 ( 1980 - 03 - 07 ) March 7 , 1980 ( age 38 ) Watchung , New Jersey , U.S. Residence New York , U.S. Occupation Actress , director , author Years active 1997 -- present Partner ( s ) Ben Foster Children Laura Prepon ( born March 7 , 1980 ) is an American actress , director , and author . She is best known for her role as Donna Pinciotti in all eight seasons of the Fox sitcom That ' 70s Show ( 1998 -- 2006 ) , and for her portrayal of Alex Vause in the Netflix original comedy - drama series Orange Is the New Black ( 2013 -- present ) . Prepon has worked mainly in television . She made her film debut in 2001 with the independent film Southlander . Her other films include the romantic drama Come Early Morning ( 2006 ) , the comedy Lay the Favorite ( 2012 ) , the thriller The Girl on the Train ( 2016 ) , and the drama The Hero ( 2017 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1995 -- 2005 2.2 2005 -- 2010 2.3 2011 -- present 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Prepon was born on March 7 , 1980 , in Watchung , New Jersey , the youngest of five children , to Marjorie ( née Coll ) , a high school teacher , and Michael Prepon , an orthopedic surgeon . She is of Russian Jewish and Irish Catholic descent . Her maternal great - great - great - grandfather was Union Army General Joseph Bradford Carr . Prepon 's father died during heart surgery in 1993 at age 49 ; she was 13 years old at the time . She attended Watchung Hills Regional High School , and later studied at the Total Theatre Lab in New York City . Career ( edit ) 1995 -- 2005 ( edit ) Prepon appeared in plays such as A Woman of Property and Ascension Day while in New York . In 1996 , she studied drama with acting teacher Caroline Thomas at Thomas ' Total Theatre Lab . Later , in September 1997 , she premiered on a Levi Strauss - developed show called They Go On , an Internet - based soap opera . Prepon had also worked as a model and has done photo shoots in Paris , Milan , and Brazil . Prepon starred as Donna Pinciotti on the Fox sitcom That ' 70s Show from 1998 to 2006 . Donna became the girlfriend and next - door neighbor of Eric Forman ( Topher Grace ) . Randy Pearson ( Josh Meyers ) , who was introduced in the eighth and final season of the series , became Donna 's third love interest after Grace left the series . Prepon co-starred in the romantic comedy Slackers , which is about three best friends who try to scam their way through college and eventually get caught . She was nominated for a Teen Choice Award in 2002 for her role in That ' 70s Show . In 2001 , she made her film debut in Steve Hanft 's musical comedy - drama Southlander with Beck , Beth Orton and Hank Williams III , where she played Seven = Five , a young TV telepathic . In 2004 , Prepon worked on the independent drama film The Pornographer : A Love Story . The film tells the story of an obsessive relationship between a director and an actress . Prepon was named one of Stuff magazine 's `` 102 Sexiest Women In The World '' in 2002 and one of Maxim magazine 's `` Hot 100 '' in 2005 . Prepon had a cameo voice appearance as a United Nations Space Command marine in Halo 2 , which was released in 2004 . Her first notable film role came in 2004 with the dark drama Lightning Bug with Bret Harrison , Kevin Gage and Ashley Laurence . Branching into other arenas than acting , Prepon also served as executive producer of the film . She also appeared on an episode of MTV 's Cribs in 2003 . 2005 -- 2010 ( edit ) Prepon in 2008 In 2005 , Prepon co-starred with Misha Collins in the psychological thriller Karla , based on the true story of Paul Bernardo and his wife Karla Homolka , a Canadian couple who kidnapped , sexually abused , and murdered three girls , marking a contrast to her usual lighthearted roles . She was also an executive producer of E ! Hollywood Hold'em the same year . Prepon co-starred with Bryan Greenberg as Hannah Daniels in the ABC drama October Road , which debuted March 15 , 2007 . The show was canceled by ABC on May 12 , 2008 , despite strong ratings and a grassroots campaign from the show 's fanbase to keep the show alive . In April 2007 , she starred in a dramatic short film Once Upon a Time . She also appeared in the 2005 Oxygen original romantic comedy Romancing the Bride . She also was the original voice for Hayley Smith on the Fox animated sitcom American Dad ! and voiced her in an unaired pilot . She appeared as Lauren , the long - lost sister of Mary Shannon ( Mary McCormack ) in the USA Network mystery drama In Plain Sight in the episode `` A Frond in Need '' . On February 5 , 2010 , it was announced that Prepon signed on to star in Awkward Situations for Men , a pilot on ABC . In 2009 , Prepon appeared in the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother as Karen , one of the girlfriends of Ted Mosby ( Josh Radnor ) , in the episode `` Sorry , Bro '' . She reprised her role in the episodes `` The Front Porch '' in 2009 and `` Say Cheese '' in 2010 . She also appeared in the Fox medical drama House M.D. in the episode `` Private Lives '' . Prepon had been taking directing classes at the Art Center College of Design . She directed a short film , Abide with Me , about a 10 - year - old boy who , `` upon bearing witness to his father 's murder , is rendered mute . '' Prepon stated she plans on making Abide with Me into a feature film . 2011 -- present ( edit ) In early 2011 , Prepon guest - starred in an episode of the ABC police procedural drama Castle as an actress studying for the role of Nikki Heat , a character created by Nathan Fillion 's title character . Prepon had been working on a web series , Neighbros , which she directed and edited , starring her then - boyfriend Scott Michael Foster . They had sold the series to Comedy Central . In February 2011 , she was cast as the title character Chelsea Newman on the NBC sitcom Are You There , Chelsea ? , based on Chelsea Handler 's 2008 book Are You There , Vodka ? It 's Me , Chelsea . NBC cancelled the show on May 11 , 2012 . She guest - starred in the TBS sitcom Men at Work . In mid-2012 , Prepon signed on to play Alex Vause , a former drug importer and girlfriend of Piper Chapman , in the Netflix original comedy - drama series Orange Is the New Black , based on Piper Kerman 's memoir Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison . The series premiered in July 2013 . Prepon was a regular in the first season , but appeared in only four of the 13 episodes in the second season . She returned as a series regular in the third season . In 2016 , Prepon and nutritionist Elizabeth Troy co-wrote The Stash Plan , a wellness book that draws on Prepon 's experiences eating organic foods since she was a child , and her struggles with weight , low energy , and digestive issues . The book debuted at # 10 under `` Advice , How - To & Miscellaneous '' on The New York Times Best Seller list . In 2016 , Prepon appeared in the psychological thriller The Girl on the Train , based on Paula Hawkins ' novel of the same name . In 2017 , she played Charlotte opposite Sam Elliott in The Hero . Prepon directed the tenth episode of Orange Is the New Black 's fifth season , titled `` The Reverse Midas Touch '' . Personal Life ( edit ) Prepon dated Scott Michael Foster for a time , but said in 2013 they had broken up . In June 2017 , a pregnant Prepon confirmed on Live with Kelly and Ryan that she and her fiancé , actor Ben Foster , were expecting a girl . The parents did not announce a birth date , but Prepon in September 2017 talked of being a working mother , and in April 2018 made public their daughter 's name , Ella . Prepon and Foster live in New York . Prepon is a practicing Scientologist . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2001 Southlander Seven Equals Five 2002 Slackers Reanna Cass Lightning Bug Angevin Duvet Also executive producer The Pornographer : A Love Story 2006 Karla Karla Homolka 2006 Come Early Morning Kim 2007 Once Upon a Time The Witch Short film 2007 Chosen One , The The Chosen One Rachel Cruz ( voice ) 2012 Lay the Favorite Holly 2012 Kitchen , The The Kitchen Jennifer 2016 The Girl on the Train Cathy 2017 The Hero Charlotte Dylan Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 -- 2006 That ' 70s Show Donna Pinciotti Main role ; 200 episodes King of the Hill April ( voice ) Episode : `` Talking Shop '' 2005 American Dad ! Hayley Smith ( voice ) Unaired pilot 2005 Romancing the Bride Melissa Television film 2007 -- 2008 October Road Hannah Jane Daniels Main role ; 19 episodes 2009 -- 2010 How I Met Your Mother Karen Guest role ; 3 episodes 2009 In Plain Sight Lauren Hefferman Episode : `` A Frond in Need '' Medium Kira Hudack Episode : `` How to Beat a Bad Guy '' House Frankie Episode : `` Private Lives '' Celebrity Ghost Stories Herself Episode # 2.9 2011 Castle Natalie Rhodes / Nikki Heat Episode : `` Nikki Heat '' 2011 Love Bites Alex Episode : `` Keep on Truckin ' '' 2011 Killing Game , The The Killing Game Eve Duncan Television film 2011 Neighbros L Boogie web series ; director and editor 2012 Are You There , Chelsea ? Chelsea Newman Main role ; 12 episodes 2012 Men at Work Hannah Episode : `` Plan B '' 2013 -- present Orange Is the New Black Alex Vause Main role ( season 1 , 3 -- present ) , Recurring role ( season 2 ) , 56 episodes ; Directed season 5 episode 10 , `` The Reverse Midas Touch '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Organization Work Result Ref 1999 Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Series - Young Ensemble That 70 's Show Nominated Teen Choice Awards TV - Breakout Performance That 70 's Show Nominated 2002 Teen Choice Awards TV - Choice Actress , Comedy That 70 's Show Nominated 2014 Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Orange Is the New Black Won Best Cast -- Television Series Won 2016 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won 2017 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won The Creative Coalition Spotlight Initiative Awards -- Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Laura Prepon Biography : Theater Actress , Film Actress , Television Actress ( 1980 -- ) '' . Biography.com ( FYI / A&E Networks ) . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Prepon '' . CBS Radio . March 8 , 2011 . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` OBITUARIES / Natalie Carr Hoisington , 84 '' . Pqasb.pqarchiver.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Jason ( September 27 , 1999 ) . `` She 's All That -- That ' 70s Show , Laura Prepon '' . People . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Prepon . '' Total Theatre Lab . Jump up ^ `` The Fall Girls . '' Maxim . September 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Prepon '' . AskMen . March 7 , 1980 . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Prepon Biography '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Hot 100 List '' . Maxim . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Prepon Biography ( 1980 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Prepon Biography '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Home - Game Honey . '' Card Player . April 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- USA Network Again Reclaims Sunday Nights This Spring with Hit Original Series Law & Order : Criminal Intent and in Plain Sight '' . TheFutonCritic.com . February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Central Pilot casting : Laura Prepon , Bret Harrison and Michael Kelly '' . Tvauscast.com . February 5 , 2010 . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' October Road ' Star Wants to Take Director 's Chair '' . BuddyTV . February 11 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Prepon Joins Castle as Nikki Heat '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( January 7 , 2011 ) . `` Prepon develops ' Neighbros ' TV series '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Oltuski , Romy ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` Scott Michael Foster Interview '' . Harper 's Bazaar . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Serpe , Gina ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Laura Prepon Is the New Chelsea Handler -- but What Does Chelsea Handler Think of That ? '' . E !. Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` PHOTOS : Laura Prepon on Men at Work Season 1 '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Laura Prepon Joins Weeds Creator 's New Netflix Drama Series Orange is the New Black '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Orange is the New Black 's Laura Prepon on the Return of Alex Vause and Tom Cruise Dating Rumors '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kirst , Seamus ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Laura Prepon Talks Acting , Her New Book On Wellness , And How The Two Complement Each Other Perfectly '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Prepon Celebrates ' The Good Earth ' with ' Edge ' Magazine '' . PR Newswire. April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Star Laura Prepon Takes THR 's Taste Test '' . The Hollywood Reporter . October 5 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers '' . The New York Times . March 20 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Girl On The Train ' Adds ' Orange Is The New Black 's Laura Prepon '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Hero ' fits Sam Elliott like a glove , and to a fault '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strause , Jackie ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Star Laura Prepon Goes Inside `` Brutal '' Torture Scenes `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greco , Patti ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` OITNB 's Laura Prepon on Dancing to ' Milkshake , ' Singing Meatloaf , and the Mystery of Real - Life Alex '' . Vulture . New York Media . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Desantis , Rachel ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' star Laura Prepon expecting a baby girl '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mattern , Jennifer ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Laura Prepon & Eva Mendes Are Working - Mom Goals '' . SheKnows Media . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webber , Stephanie ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Laura Prepon Returns to ' Orange Is the New Black ' Set After Welcoming Baby Girl : ' Working Mom ' '' . Us Magazine . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Juneau , Jen ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` New Mom Laura Prepon Talks Balancing Career with Motherhood - and Reveals Her Daughter 's Name '' . People . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black Star ' Laura Prepon Expecting Baby Girl and Hit Movie ' Hero ' with Sam Elliott '' . Showbiz411.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://fusion.tv/video/2977/oitnb-laura-prepon-opens-up-about-scientology/ Jump up ^ `` The Pornographer : A Love Story '' . May 2 , 2004 -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` The 20th Annual Youth in Film Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Prepon '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' 12 Years a Slave ' nabs Satellite Awards for Best Picture , Director '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Spotlight , ' Idris Elba , Diversity Dominate SAG Awards '' . Variety . January 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spotlight Initiative Gala to Light Up Park City '' . The Creative Coalition . January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sundance Scene : Connie Britton Reveals Her Own Kellyanne Conway DC Fashion Fail '' . TheWrap . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laura Prepon . Laura Prepon on IMDb Awards for Laura Prepon Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Kathy Bates ( 1996 ) Ellen Barkin ( 1997 ) Rita Wilson ( 1998 ) Julia Ormond ( 2001 ) Helen Mirren ( 2002 ) Justine Bateman ( 2003 ) Anjelica Huston ( 2004 ) Lisa Edelstein ( 2005 ) Julie Benz ( 2006 ) Vanessa Williams ( 2007 ) Fionnula Flanagan ( 2008 ) Jane Lynch ( 2009 ) Brenda Vaccaro ( 2010 ) Vanessa Williams ( 2011 ) Maggie Smith ( 2012 ) Laura Prepon ( 2013 ) Sarah Paulson ( 2014 ) Rhea Seehorn ( 2015 ) Olivia Colman / Rhea Seehorn ( 2016 ) Ann Dowd ( 2017 ) Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series 2000 The West Wing Alan Alda Stockard Channing Kristin Chenoweth Dulé Hill Allison Janney Moira Kelly Rob Lowe Joshua Malina Mary McCormack Janel Moloney Richard Schiff Martin Sheen Jimmy Smits John Spencer Bradley Whitford 2001 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Amber Benson Marc Blucas David Boreanaz Nicholas Brendon Charisma Carpenter Emma Caulfield Sarah Michelle Gellar Seth Green Alyson Hannigan Anthony Stewart Head James Marsters Michelle Trachtenberg 2005 Rescue Me Denis Leary John Scurti Daniel Sunjata Mike Lombardi Steven Pasquale Andrea Roth Callie Thorne Adam Ferrara Larenz Tate James McCaffrey Dean Winters 2006 Grey 's Anatomy Justin Chambers Eric Dane Patrick Dempsey Katherine Heigl T.R. Knight Sandra Oh James Pickens Jr . Ellen Pompeo Sara Ramirez Kate Walsh Isaiah Washington Chandra Wilson 2007 Mad Men Bryan Batt Anne Dudek Michael Gladis Jon Hamm Christina Hendricks January Jones Vincent Kartheiser Robert Morse Elisabeth Moss Kiernan Shipka Maggie Siff John Slattery Rich Sommer Aaron Staton 2009 True Blood Chris Bauer Mehcad Brooks Anna Camp Nelsan Ellis Michelle Forbes Mariana Klaveno Ryan Kwanten Todd Lowe Michael McMillian Stephen Moyer Anna Paquin Jim Parrack Carrie Preston William Sanderson Alexander Skarsgård Sam Trammell Rutina Wesley Deborah Ann Woll 2012 The Walking Dead Andrew Lincoln Sarah Wayne Callies Laurie Holden Norman Reedus Steven Yeun Lauren Cohan Chandler Riggs Melissa McBride Scott Wilson Danai Gurira Michael Rooker David Morrissey 2013 Orange Is the New Black Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael J. Harney Michelle Hurst Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs 2014 The Knick Clive Owen André Holland Jeremy Bobb Juliet Rylance Eve Hewson Michael Angarano Chris Sullivan Cara Seymour Eric Johnson David Fierro Maya Kazan Leon Addison Brown Grainger Hines Matt Frewer 2015 American Crime Felicity Huffman Timothy Hutton W. Earl Brown Richard Cabral Regina King Caitlin Gerard Benito Martinez Penelope Ann Miller Elvis Nolasco Johnny Ortiz 2016 Outlander Caitriona Balfe Sam Heughan Tobias Menzies Lotte Verbeek Laura Donnelly Steven Cree Duncan Lacroix Grant O'Rourke Gary Lewis Graham McTavish Stephen Walters Simon Callow Nell Hudson Dominique Pinon Stanley Weber Richard Rankin Sophie Skelton Andrew Gower Rosie Day Clive Russell Frances de la Tour 2017 Poldark Ruby Bentall Caroline Blakiston Christian Brassington Ellise Chappell Beatie Edney Jack Farthing Sean Gilder John Nettles Luke Norris Heida Reed Harry Richardson Eleanor Tomlinson Aidan Turner Josh Whitehouse Gabriella Wilde Tom York Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Modern Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) : Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 2012 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 4 / season 5 ( 2013 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Orange Is the New Black , season 2 ( 2014 ) : Aduba , Biggs , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Freeman , Gardner , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Lake , Lapkus , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , Marsh Garland , McGorry , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Pimentel , Polanco , Reiner , Roberts , Rodriguez , Rosenblat , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Toussaint , Tucci , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 3 ( 2015 ) : Aduba , Birbiglia , Blake , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Leyva , Manning , Marsh Garland , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Rodriguez , Rose , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 4 ( 2016 ) : Aduba , Aisenberg , Brooks , Brown , Cruz , DeLaria , Dover , Glenn , Golden , Gómez , Guerrero , Harney , Henke , Jeudy , Lake , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , McMenamin , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Purdy , Rodriguez , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Tucci , Wiley Veep , season 6 ( 2017 ) : Bakkedahl , Chlumsky , Cole , Colin , Dunn , DuVall , Franklin , Hale , Louis - Dreyfus , Richardson , Scheer , Scott , Simons , Sutherland , Walsh Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) GND : 1070294683 LCCN : no2005092321 VIAF : 48968315 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laura_Prepon&oldid=843042731 '' Categories : 1980 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from New Jersey American film actresses American television actresses American people of German descent American people of Irish descent American people of Russian - Jewish descent People from Watchung , New Jersey Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Zazaki 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 13 : 41 . 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"Laura Prepon (born March 7, 1980) is an American actress, director, and author. She is best known for her role as Donna Pinciotti in all eight seasons of the Fox sitcom That '70s Show (1998–2006), and for her portrayal of Alex Vause in the Netflix original comedy-drama series Orange Is the New Black (2013–present). Prepon has worked mainly in television. She made her film debut in 2001 with the independent film Southlander. Her other films include the romantic drama Come Early Morning (2006), the comedy Lay the Favorite (2012), the thriller The Girl on the Train (2016), and the drama The Hero (2017)."
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"Laura Prepon"
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4259405816554320136 | Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 14) | Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( season 14 ) - wikipedia Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( season 14 ) Jump to : navigation , search Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( season 14 ) Season 14 U.S. DVD cover Starring Mariska Hargitay Danny Pino Kelli Giddish Richard Belzer Ice - T Dann Florek Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network NBC Original release September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) -- May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 13 Next → Season 15 List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episodes The fourteenth season of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit debuted with a two - part premiere episode on September 26 , 2012 , at 9pm / 8c - 11pm / 10c ( Eastern ) on NBC , which was the show 's weekly time slot . The fourteenth season picked up storyline-wise where the last season left off , with Captain Cragen ( Dann Florek ) awaking to a dead prostitute in his bed with her throat slit . The two - part season premiere was watched by 7.19 million total viewers and received generally positive reviews . The series ' landmark 300th episode fell this season and aired on October 24 , 2012 , watched by 6.77 million total viewers . This is the first season of SVU to have any kind of crossover with now - ended Law & Order spinoff Law & Order : Criminal Intent , with Kathryn Erbe guest starring in two episodes `` Acceptable Loss '' and `` Poisoned Motive '' as her LOCI character , Alexandra Eames , and Denis O'Hare guest starring in the episode `` Presumed Guilty '' as his LOCI character , Father Shea . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Special guest star 2.3 Recurring cast 2.4 Guest stars 2.4. 1 Mike Tyson casting controversy 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Production ( edit ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit was renewed for a fourteenth season on May 9 , 2012 . Prior to the season fourteen renewal , cast members Ice - T ( Detective Fin Tutuola ) and Mariska Hargitay ( Detective Olivia Benson ) had already renewed their contracts through the fourteenth season . Ice - T announced on Twitter that filming on the fourteenth season began on Monday , July 23 , 2012 . In May 2012 , show runner / executive producer Warren Leight said that the story line for season fourteen would pick up where the thirteenth - season finale left off : `` In fact , there were a number of scenes we shot that did n't make it into this cut that may make it into the next one ... It 's good to know who did it and why , and who 's pulling the strings . '' On July 30 , 2012 , Leight confirmed the season premiere would be a two - part episode and Leight told Today , after talking about the returning guest stars from `` Rhodium Nights '' : `` We may want to do more of that this season , '' he said . The issue , he pointed out , is `` how do you distinguish the 294th episode of ' SVU ' from the others ? I wanted to give people a reason to come back to season 14 . The show deserves a good cliffhanger , and I loved reading people 's responses after the finale ended -- ' Did they just do that ? ' '' Leight continued , `` People have us in a box , '' he said , `` and I want them to see that the show is a little more adventurous than they might have remembered . '' In September , Leight said in an interview with TV Guide that this season 's theme would revolve around `` everybody having secrets '' . On September 17 , 2012 , both Mariska Hargitay and Danny Pino tweeted that filming on SVU episode 300 started . Mariska tweeted `` Ca n't believe we started filming our 300 episode today ! # svu '' and Pino tweeted with , `` Congrats on 300 SVU 's . Proud 2 contribute 28 to the tally . # quality&quantity '' . Production on season 14 of Law & Order : SVU ( along with other New York City based TV series ) was halted by NBC starting October 29 , 2012 in the wake of Hurricane Sandy . Show runner / executive producer Warren Leight tweeted on October 30 , `` SVU cast and crew seem to be safe . Our stages , and many of us , in the dark . Our thoughts and prayers to all suffering in Sandy 's wake '' . Ice - T tweeted on November 1 , 2012 , `` SANDY Update : SVU production shut down all week . No power on set . '' Law & Order : SVU 's home studio on Chelsea Piers had water damage and a loss of electrical power ; according to a note on the complex 's website , `` The city has not issued any location permits this week , so probably the earliest we 'll be able to shoot is this weekend , '' said Warren Leight to NECN . `` We are able to do some location scouting tomorrow ( November 2 , 2012 ) and we have our production meetings by phone , with people on their cells and calling from their cars . The main issue is going to be getting power restored . '' Mayor Michael Bloomberg 's office said it would not issue permits for outdoor filming in the city 's five boroughs until at least Friday , citing concerns about safety and the ongoing cleanup . Ice - T tweeted on November 2 , 2012 : `` Just made it to the SVU set on location in Riverdale NY . My trailer has power , TV and heat . I need to take this MF home ! '' Leight posted a tweet quoting Invictus earlier in the day , `` # SVU cast and crew somehow resumed shooting this morning . We are muddied but unbowed . '' At the production blog on the official website , they note the storm hit while episodes `` Lessons Learned '' , and `` Dream Deferred '' were being shot ; they could n't get back into the studio or production office for weeks due to flooding . On December 6 , 2012 , NBC ordered an additional two episodes for this season , bringing the total to 24 . The season finale aired on May 22 , 2013 . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit characters Main cast ( edit ) Mariska Hargitay as Detective Olivia Benson Danny Pino as Detective Nick Amaro Kelli Giddish as Detective Amanda Rollins Richard Belzer as Sergeant John Munch Ice - T as Detective Fin Tutuola Dann Florek as Captain Don Cragen Special guest star ( edit ) Carolyn McCormick as Dr. Elizabeth Olivet B.D. Wong as Dr. George Huang Recurring cast ( edit ) Raúl Esparza as ADA Rafael Barba Tamara Tunie as ME Dr. Melinda Warner Dean Winters as Detective Brian Cassidy Adam Baldwin as Captain Steven Harris Reg E. Cathey as Defense Attorney Barry Querns Elizabeth Marvel as Defense Attorney Rita Calhoun Michael Mastro as Judge Serani Ami Brabson as Judge Karyn Blake Allison Fernandez as Zara Amaro Andrea Navedo as Cynthia Mancheno Jaden Matthew Rodriguez as Gil Mancheno Kathryn Erbe as Lt. Alexandra Eames Lindsay Pulsipher as Kim Rollins Sue Simmons as Newscaster Sue Simmons Jeffrey Tambor as Defense Attorney Ben Cohen Sue Kim as Detective Emily Ling Stephen C. Bradbury as Judge Colin McNamara Jessica Phillips as ADA Pippa Cox Steve Rosen as Defense Attorney Michael Guthrie Sonia Manzano as Judge Gloria Pepitone Max Baker as Colin Bennett Guest stars ( edit ) Adam Baldwin portrays the SVU interim commanding officer , Captain Steven Harris for the first three episodes of the season . Dean Winters , who came back in `` Rhodium Nights '' to portray Detective Brian Cassidy , returned for the season premiere episodes , along with guest stars Peter Jacobson ( Bart Ganzel ) , Pippa Black ( Carrissa Gibson ) , Ron Rifkin ( Defense Attorney Marvin Exley ) , Brooke Smith ( Delia Wilson ) , and Laura Benanti as Marie Amaro . On January 4 , 2013 , Warren Leight tweeted the Cassidy character ( Dean Winters ) may appear again in the spring . Paget Brewster portrays as Paula Foster , the Bureau Chief ADA of the Public Integrity Unit who has been assigned the case against Captain Cragen . Paget Brewster guest starred as Paula Foster , the Bureau Chief ADA of the Public Integrity Unit in the District Attorney 's office . Her character is assigned to the case against Captain Cragen ( Dann Florek ) , who is suspected of murder after what occurred in the episode `` Rhodium Nights '' , in which Cragen woke up with a dead prostitute ( Pippa Black ) in his bed . Brewster has guest starred on SVU before , in the eighth season episode , `` Scheherazade '' , as the daughter of an elderly dying man , believed to be a murderer . Brewster 's character installs an interim commanding officer , Captain Steven Harris ( portrayed by Adam Baldwin ) , while Cragen is suspended and under investigation . Sue Simmons also guest starred in the season premiere episodes as herself . `` It 's a big scandal within the world we 've created , there 's a dead hooker in the captain 's bed , and we go to a newscaster to help us understand the story , '' said show runner / executive producer Warren Leight , `` Sue opens the episode doing a news standup from outside 1 Police Plaza . We 'll bring her back for the second episode of the two - parter . '' Roger Bart , Anna Chlumsky and Raúl Esparza guest starred in the episode `` Twenty - Five Acts . '' Chlumsky plays the author of a best - selling erotic novel , who accuses a high - profile talk show host ( Roger Bart ) of a brutal rape . However , the SVU squad gets suspicious when they discover her account of the rape mimics the chapters in her book . The squad , along with the DA 's office ( Raúl Esparza as ADA Barba ) , also struggles to keep the case from turning into a media frenzy . Kathryn Erbe guest starred in the episode `` Acceptable Loss '' as her Law & Order : Criminal Intent character , Detective Alexandra Eames , who is now working for a joint City / Federal Homeland Security Task Force ( and promoted to Lieutenant ) , Eames crosses paths with the SVU squad when their investigation of a sex trafficking ring uncovers a connection to terrorists . Erbe will likely guest star in more episode later in the season . Warren Leight tweeted Erbe would be in the fourth episode of the season . Tom Sizemore , Hamish Linklater , and Alex Karpovsky guest starred in the 300th episode of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , titled `` Manhattan Vigil '' . Longtime fans will be happy to know contains many nods to the series ' pilot -- Linklater played a man from a successful real estate family whose son goes missing . Show runner / executive producer Warren Leight told TV Line , about Linklater 's character , `` His family is involved in the gentrification of Morningside Heights , '' where some of the episode is set , Leight said . Karpovsky portrayed an auxiliary police officer , and Sizemore played a man employed by Linklater 's character 's family . Lindsay Pulsipher portrayed Kim Rollins , Detective Amanda Rollins ' ( Kelli Giddish ) troubled sister in the episode `` Friending Emily '' . Pulsipher will be in more than one episode in this season . Jane Kaczmarek guest starred in `` Beautiful Frame '' as Suffolk County DA Pam James . Scott Bakula guest starred in the episode `` Vanity 's Bonfire '' as a lawyer who 's being considered for the U.S. Supreme Court and is accused of fathering a child outside of marriage . `` People might make the comparisons to John Edwards , '' Warren Leight said , referring to the onetime Democratic hopeful who admitted to having a child with his mistress . Elliott Gould and Charles Grodin guest starred in the episode `` Lessons Learned '' , which is inspired by the Penn State child sex abuse scandal and Jerry Sandusky . On November 20 , 2012 , showrunner / EP Warren Leight tweeted that along with Gould and Grodin ; Buck Henry , Frank Wood , Robert Sella , Anthony Rapp , and Elizabeth Marvel would also be guest starring in `` Lessons Learned '' . Patricia Arquette and Anne Meara guest starred as daughter and mother in the SVU episode `` Dreams Deferred '' . The episode revolved around an armed and dangerous man who goes on a killing spree with Arquette 's Jeannie - a prostitute with whom he has a long - standing relationship - representing the last person he calls . When Jeannie goes missing , the SVU is tasked with convincing their NYPD cohorts that her life is worth saving . Meara played Jeannie 's mother , Irene , who worries for her daughter 's health and safety . The duo joined previously announced guest star Jason Gedrick in the episode . Denis O'Hare guest starred in `` Presumed Guilty '' as Father Shea , a priest who is pulled from his car and brutally beaten . O'Hare played Father Shea in the Law & Order : Criminal Intent episode `` Last Rites '' under showrunner / executive producer Warren Leight in 2008 . This marks O'Hare's second stint on SVU , following an appearance in 2000 . He guest - starred on the original Law & Order four times , most recently in 2003 also playing a priest , Father Hogan . Erik LaRay Harvey portrayed Sam Randall , Detective Tutuola 's ex-wife's brother in the episode . Despite Sam 's former criminal record and various stints behind bars , Fin does n't think Sam is their man and asks his SVU partners for help getting to the bottom of the case . Theo Rossi also guest stars in the episode as Enrique Rodriguez , a working - class Catholic who is determined to seek justice for his sister when he finds that she was part of a church cover - up . Marcia Gay Harden has thus far appeared four times in the series , her last appearance being in the fourteenth - season episode `` Secrets Exhumed '' Jane Kaczmarek guest starred in the episode `` Beautiful Frame '' , as Suffolk County District Attorney Pamela James , who lands the same murder case as ADA Barba ( Raúl Esparza ) . However , while James arrests an SVU rape victim for the crime , Barba and the SVU team like a different suspect for the murder . The trials start simultaneously and both prosecutors must fight for a conviction before the other can destroy their case . In `` Beautiful Frame '' , Yvonne Zima portrayed a rape victim in an SVU case who is arrested for the murder of her ex-boyfriend . Suffolk County DA Pam James ( Kaczmarek ) lands the case and swiftly brings charges against the young woman . Detective Benson questions the circumstances of the arrest and gathers enough evidence for ADA Barba to levy charges in Manhattan against another suspect . The two ambitious District Attorneys square off in separate trials for the same murder , hoping to get a conviction before the other derails their case . Nia Vardalos appeared in an episode titled , `` Criminal Hatred , '' ( airing January 30 , 2013 ) , Vardalos portrayed Counselor Minonna Efron , whose client is on trial for assault and murder . Vardalos ' character is described as `` disorganized , '' which makes ADA Barba ( Raúl Esparza ) think he 's got an easy win , but the character winds up thrwarting him at every turn . Victoria Rowell also guest stars and Fred Norris makes a cameo appearance . Marcia Gay Harden returned as FBI Agent Dana Lewis in `` Secrets Exhumed , '' ( aired February 6 , 2013 ) . Agent Lewis partners with the SVU when she suspects a rape - murder case is connected to several cases across the country . This marked Harden 's fourth episode on SVU . Harold Perrineau guest starred in the same episode as career criminal Brian Traymor , Jay Karnes also guest stars . The band Jane 's Addiction 's Dave Navarro guest starred in the episode `` Funny Valentine '' as a sound engineer ( instead of a musician ) , named Ferrari who is a part of the entourage for one of hip - hop 's rising stars . Ferrari witnesses a crime , but refuses to rat out his friend . Navarro hinted at his appearance on Twitter prior before TV Guide announced it , `` On my way to NYC to hang out with Detective Benson for a day , '' he tweeted about star Mariska Hargitay . Jeffrey Tambor guest starred in `` Funny Valentine '' as well , in a role that 's a change of pace for the actor . Tambor has been cast as Ben Cohen , an attorney hired to defend a popular hip - hop artist after his arrest by the SVU . While Tambor 's TV characters are often quite bizarre , Cohen is described as being no - nonsense and perhaps a bit overconfident in the popularity of his star client in court . BD Wong guest starred as Dr. George Huang in the 19th episode entitled `` Born Psychopath '' . This was Wong 's second appearance on the show after his departure in season 12 . Eion Bailey guest starred in the episode , `` Traumatic Wound '' ( May 1 , 2013 ) , as former Military veteran , who might hold the key to why as a young girl who was attacked at a concert . Jeffrey Tambor reprised his role as attorney , Ben Cohen , in this episode . In the May 8 episode , Fin 's Narcotics past caught up with him , when a friend ( 2 Chainz ) needed a helping hand and landed Fin in trouble , which prompted a return visit for Kathryn Erbe as Lt. Alexandra Eames . This episode also guest starred : Emilio Rivera , Yul Vazquez and Cathy Moriarty . Richard Thomas starred in the May 15 episode , `` Brief Interlude '' , as a husband and father , whose wife , Kerry Butler , was attacked while attending music festivals in New York City . Pablo Schreiber and Lauren Ambrose guest star in the season finale ( May 22 ) , that starts out as a routine arrest by Detective Rollins and ends up being some much worse . Mike Tyson casting controversy ( edit ) Former boxer , Mike Tyson was arrested for rape in 1991 and was sentenced for 6 years in prison , serving only 3 years . On January 10 , 2013 , NBC announced that former boxer Mike Tyson had been cast to guest star in the episode `` Monster 's Legacy '' . Due to Mike Tyson 's rape conviction in 1992 , this triggered a series of protests by fans and sexual assault survivors , who felt that a TV series whose goal is partly to speak out against sex crimes should not help boost the career of a convicted rapist . At least three Change.org petitions were created to convince NBC to reverse the decision , the most popular one started by Marcie Kaveney . On January 19 , 2013 , Pauley Perrette , a star of NCIS , a fan of SVU and a rape survivor herself , stated her disapproval of the casting choice on Twitter . She included a link to Kaveney 's petition which caused the number of signatures to shoot up to over 15,000 . In an interview with The Wrap Kaveney revealed that `` As soon as I saw it , I was just floored by the news , ' SVU ' is a show I 've followed for a long time ... I think survivors consider this their show '' and stated , `` I do n't know if it 's for ratings or to clean up Mike Tyson 's image . '' In response to the plot summary of `` Monster 's Legacy '' she also opined that giving Tyson this particular sympathetic role is a form of rape apology . `` It 's kind of being a rape apologist , saying ' Maybe he 's had this violent childhood and that 's why he 's become this violent person . ' '' NCIS star Pauley Perrette said via Twitter that she supported the SVU petition to keep Mike Tyson off the series . Further criticism came from Lindy West of Jezebel who wrote on January 25 , 2013 that an appearance by Mike Tyson would be hypocritical to the message of the show : `` In addition to being a colossal display of poor taste , Mike Tyson playing a murderer on SVU is directly counter to the implied mission of the show . Either you 're a genuine advocate for victims , or you do n't give a shit . You do n't get to do both . '' On the same day , the Joyful Heart Foundation released a statement apologizing to the viewers who feel betrayed . While the executives of the JHF reiterated that they have no say over the production of SVU episodes , they indicated that `` We were not aware of this casting choice and we have formally expressed our concerns to the executives and producers at SVU . '' Despite being the foundation 's president , the personal opinion of Mariska Hargitay , whose contract with NBC contains a publicity clause , was not mentioned . Warren Leight began responding to the controversy on January 12 , 2013 , by writing a seven - part tweet `` We understand the casting of Mike Tyson seems inappropriate to some SVU fans . While in no way excusing his past actions , it 's worth noting MT was convicted over twenty years ago , and served his time . In recent years he has found sobriety , and started a foundation to meet the comprehensive needs of children from broken homes . The episode itself deals with many issues , including the ongoing effects of childhood abuse , the possibility of rehabilitation , and the potential for disastrous results when individuals and / or the justice system pre-judge or fail to contextualize . Because of SVU 's subject matter , all of us have a profound sense of our responsibility . Our intent , as always , is to provoke discussion and awareness . We ask you to keep an open mind . Thanks . '' On January 21 , 2013 after receiving further complaints , he followed up with `` ... please know that I 've heard you . When tweets become harassment , I will have to block . Thnx . '' `` I 'm sorry that she has a difference of opinion , but she 's entitled to it , I 'm sorry that she 's not happy . ( But ) I did n't rape nobody or do anything like that , and this lady was n't there to know if I did or not . I do n't trip on that stuff . I 'm not trying to get rich and famous ; I 'm just trying to feed my family . Why should they care ? Since I 'm clean and sober five years , I have n't broken any laws or did any crimes . I 'm just trying to live my life . '' -- Mike Tyson to TV Guide . Mike Tyson , who had already made his excitement known in a tweet , shared his thoughts about the role in a subsequent interview . This took place on January 29 , 2013 , after the petition against his casting had gained momentum . Viewing his character as a separate person and not a fictionalized version of himself , Tyson said , `` I have no emotional connection to the role . As a human being I can relate to it , but it has nothing to do with me . '' He also mentioned being a fan of SVU , calling it `` the most exciting show on TV '' and saying `` My wife ( Lakiha Spicer , whom he wed in 2009 ) and I looked on this show a lot , especially when I was going through my relapse and drug periods . '' In response to the criticism , Tyson maintained , as he has since 1992 , that he was innocent of raping Desiree Washington . With the filming of his episode complete , he also commented that Mariska Hargitay was `` very quiet '' on the set of SVU . `` It focuses on what can happen when there is an emotionally charged rush to judgment and it is , in my opinion , one of our strongest episodes in the last five years . '' -- SVU creator Dick Wolf to Deadline . Adding to the controversy surrounding the casting choice was that the air date originally planned , February 13 , 2013 , coincided with One Billion Rising , a global movement to end violence against women and girls . On January 30 , NBC switched `` Monster 's Legacy '' with `` Secrets Exhumed '' so that Tyson 's episode would air on February 6 instead . Four days before the episode , Law & Order creator Dick Wolf announced that he supported NBC 's decision to produce the episode and hire Mike Tyson to guest star . This angered fans , as he did not acknowledge any of the petitions or ethical concerns . `` Monster 's Legacy '' aired on February 6 , 2013 , becoming Mike Tyson 's first acting appearance not playing himself . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 296 `` Lost Reputation '' Michael Slovis Warren Leight & Julie Martin September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) 1401 7.19 The Special Victims Unit is reeling from the fallout after Captain Cragen wakes up with a dead escort - a potential witness in an SVU case - in his bed . Tensions at the precinct are high as the detectives contend with Bureau Chief ADA Paula Foster 's ( Paget Brewster ) investigation of Cragen , as well as the arrival of a tough new captain , Steven Harris ( Adam Baldwin ) . Brian Cassidy ( Dean Winters ) treads an increasingly narrow line as an undercover cop in Bart Ganzel 's ( Peter Jacobson ) escort organization , as Detective Amaro struggles with the case and his marriage . 297 `` Above Suspicion '' Michael Slovis Julie Martin & Warren Leight September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) 1402 7.19 The murder case against Cragen continues as Amaro ventures off on his own to find answers -- while trying to deal with his wife separating from him in the process -- and get down to the truth . Meanwhile , a tragic accident happens to one of the detectives , causing Detective Benson to vent her frustration to Captain Harris and IAB. BC - ADA Foster resumes her inquiries , and as she closes the case , Benson and the SVU squad discover a secret of their own . 298 `` Twenty - Five Acts '' Jean de Segonzac Teleplay by : John P. Roche Story by : Warren Leight & Julie Martin October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) 1403 6.24 With Cragen still on suspension , the young author of a wildly successful S&M romance novel , Jocelyn Paley ( Anna Chlumsky ) goes home with famous television show host Adam Cain ( Roger Bart ) , who forces himself on her . Detectives Benson and Rollins are paired up by Captain Harris to work to convince the victim to file charges , with the help of new Assistant DA Rafael Barba ( Raúl Esparza ) . As the SVU squad digs into her background to uncover potential trial pitfalls and Barba rushes to push forward with the trial , Amaro uncovers a secret that threatens to destroy the young woman 's career as well as her case . First appearance of Raúl Esparza as ADA Rafael Barba Inspired by the E.L. James erotic novel , Fifty Shades of Grey . 299 `` Acceptable Loss '' Alex Chapple Ed Zuckerman October 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) 1404 6.25 With Cragen back in the precinct , the Special Victims Unit is in full force and working to expose a sex trafficking operation that enslaves young women . The detectives go undercover and are on the verge of cracking the case when their efforts are halted by Lieutenant Alexandra Eames ( Kathryn Erbe ) , who claims it 's a long - running terrorism case . Benson gets creative with their investigation , while trying not to interfere with Eames ' case . 300 5 `` Manhattan Vigil '' Jean de Segonzac Peter Blauner October 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 24 ) 1405 6.77 In the series ' landmark 300th episode , Wyatt Morris ( Luke Fava ) , a young boy from Morningside Heights , is kidnapped while in the care of his father David ( Hamish Linklater ) , and the investigation reminds Cragen , Benson and Sergeant Munch of an unsolved kidnapping that occurred in the same neighborhood thirteen years ago . While the entire squad races against the clock to find the missing boy , Benson vows to learn from past mistakes to set both cases right . 301 6 `` Friending Emily '' Jim McKay Kevin Fox October 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 31 ) 1406 6.05 An underage girl ( Catherine Missal ) disappears after following her older sister ( Taylor Spreitler ) to a college party in Manhattan . The detectives mobilize to recover the missing girl but find themselves thwarted by a high - tech kidnapper using the internet to cover his tracks . As the case hits a dead end , Barba returns with some unlikely help . Meanwhile , Rollins is distracted by the sudden appearance of her very troubled sister Kim ( Lindsay Pulsipher ) , who is causing problems for Amanda . 302 7 `` Vanity 's Bonfire '' Michael Slovis Teleplay by : Gwendolyn Parker Story by : Gwendolyn Parker & Warren Leight November 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 14 ) 1407 5.78 The abduction of a baby named Tessa Leddy from a city playground quickly turns into a custody dispute when the kidnapper , Dia Nobile ( Bijou Phillips ) , swears she is the child 's biological mother . The Leddys claim their daughter was born by a surrogate mother , whom they never met , but later learn that the girl is n't their daughter at all . Nobile also claims the father is a high - powered legal expert , Kent Webster ( Scott Bakula ) , who is married to a cancer stricken wife ( Jessica Hecht ) , sending the unit on an investigation that forever changes the lives of two unsuspecting families . Inspired by scandals surrounding Senator John Edwards . 303 8 `` Lessons Learned '' Alex Chapple Teleplay by : Ed Zuckerman & John P. Roche Story by : Julie Martin & Ed Zuckerman November 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 21 ) 1408 5.20 A professor 's unusual encounter with Amaro sends the SVU on an investigation into reports of sexual abuse at a prestigious private school . Stonewalled by the school board , Benson and Barba enlist former students and Professor Walter Tompkins ( Elliott Gould ) , a retired teacher , to help reveal a massive cover - up as more victims emerge . As the detectives manage to get their hands on key evidence linked to one of the victims , the school throws up a roadblock in court until another former student comes forward . Inspired by the Penn State child sex abuse scandal and the Horace Mann School abuse scandal . 304 9 `` Dreams Deferred '' Michael Smith Julie Martin & Warren Leight December 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 05 ) 1409 6.16 When a man goes on a killing rampage through New York , FBI Agent Cantwell ( Jason Gedrick ) calls upon the SVU squad to get information from the man 's last known contact , a prostitute named Jeannie Kerns ( Patricia Arquette ) , who was involved in one of Benson 's old cases . As the detectives work with her to track down the killer , they find themselves drawn into her world and must fight to save her life . 305 10 `` Presumed Guilty '' Courtney Hunt Kevin Fox January 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 02 ) 1410 7.73 The SVU 's holiday celebrations are disrupted when Detective Tutuola 's ex-brother - in - law ( Erik Laray Harvey ) is arrested for assaulting a priest ( Denis O'Hare ) . Convinced of his innocence despite his criminal record , Fin asks the detectives to find evidence that exonerates him , and in the process , a buried church scandal begins to unravel . 306 11 `` Beautiful Frame '' Jean de Segonzac Peter Blauner January 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 09 ) 1411 8.42 When a rape victim ( Yvonne Zima ) in an SVU case is arrested for the murder of her ex-boyfriend ( Joseph Masi ) , Suffolk County DA Pam James ( Jane Kaczmarek ) lands the case and swiftly brings charges against the young woman . Benson questions the circumstances of the arrest and gathers enough evidence for Barba to levy charges in Manhattan against another suspect ( Enver Gjokaj ) . The two ambitious DA 's square off in separate trials for the same murder , hoping to get a conviction before the other derails their case . 307 12 `` Criminal Hatred '' Adam Bernstein Ed Zuckerman January 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 30 ) 1412 6.42 When the SVU detectives arrest a man ( Max Carpenter ) who targets and brutally attacks other men , specifically those who are gay , Barba tries a difficult murder case against an unpredictable defense attorney ( Nia Vardalos ) . 308 13 `` Monster 's Legacy '' Jean de Segonzac Teleplay by : John P. Roche Story by : Warren Leight & Julie Martin February 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 06 ) 1413 5.23 After discovering multiple convicted felons could have been victims of sexual assault , Benson asks Bayard Ellis ( Andre Braugher ) to reopen the case of a murderer on death row , Reggie Rhodes ( Mike Tyson ) and secrets about his childhood , as well as his murder trial are revealed . 309 14 `` Secrets Exhumed '' Laura Belsey Warren Leight & Julie Martin February 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 13 ) 1414 6.35 After Munch brings in a 1980s cold case , the detectives fly to Miami to apprehend the suspect ( Harold Perrineau ) . When FBI Agent Dana Lewis ( Marcia Gay Harden ) tells them that the Manhattan case could be connected to several unsolved cases across the country , she returns to New York to partner with SVU to get a confession . When Benson and Amaro begin to have doubts about the legitimacy of the confession , a shocking secret threatens the life of Agent Lewis . Episode inspired by the Murder of Sherri Rasmussen by Stephanie Lazarus . 310 15 `` Deadly Ambition '' Jim McKay Teleplay by : Warren Leight & Julie Martin Story by : Peter Blauner & Kevin Fox February 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 20 ) 1415 5.61 Rollins comes home to find her sister ( Lindsay Pulsipher ) back in New York , beaten and pregnant by her boyfriend ( Theis Weckesser ) . When the boyfriend comes to the apartment unexpectedly , Rollins must take drastic action , which opens an investigation led by IAB Lt. Ed Tucker ( Robert John Burke ) , that soon places Rollins ' job in jeopardy . Special appearance by Carolyn McCormick as Dr. Elizabeth Olivet 311 16 `` Funny Valentine '' Jean de Segonzac Gwendolyn Parker February 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 27 ) 1416 5.44 When promising singer Micha Green ( Tiffany Robinson ) is attacked by her hip - hop star boyfriend ( Roca ) , the detectives and Barba work to build a case . Despite Benson 's efforts , Green refuses to aid in the prosecution and continues to put herself in harm 's way . As the case spirals into a media frenzy , Micha and those close to her pay the ultimate price . 312 17 `` Undercover Blue '' Michael Smith Ed Zuckerman & Aaron Tracy March 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 20 ) 1417 5.51 As the trial against pimp Bart Ganzel is set to begin , Detective Cassidy is accused of raping a woman while he was undercover . ADA Derek Strauss ( Greg Germann ) takes the case and pushes hard for a quick win . Cassidy 's lawyer uses unusual tactics to prove Cassidy 's innocence , which have life - changing consequences for Amaro . 313 18 `` Legitimate Rape '' Jonathan Herron Kevin Fox & Peter Blauner March 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) 1418 6.61 A sports reporter ( Lauren Cohan ) seeks Benson 's help to accuse a cameraman ( David Marciano ) of rape , but only agrees to press charges after she discovers the man is stalking her . But before the trial begins , she learns she is pregnant and Barba must contend with controversial defense tactics as a result . 314 19 `` Born Psychopath '' Alex Chapple Julie Martin & Warren Leight April 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 03 ) 1419 6.34 When the detectives are called in to investigate suspicious injuries on a young girl , a closer look at her family reveals a mother ( Hope Davis ) struggling to control her violent 10 - year - old son ( Ethan Cutkosky ) . With help from the visiting Dr. Huang ( B.D. Wong ) , the SVU squad tries to determine the appropriate treatment for the boy , but the situation turns increasingly dangerous for both the family and the detectives . 315 20 `` Girl Dishonored '' Holly Dale Teleplay by : Robert Brooks Cohen Story by : Warren Leight & Julie Martin April 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 24 ) 1420 7.35 When the SVU investigates a rape allegation of a sorority pledge ( Colby Minifie ) on a college campus , their attempts at piecing together the crime are hindered by fraternity brothers and campus security . A deeper look uncovers more assault victims and school administrators who were willing to look the other way . When more tragedy strikes , Rollins and Barba become determined to put an end to the widespread university culture of protecting their own . 316 21 `` Traumatic Wound '' Alex Zakrzewski Gwendolyn Parker & John P. Roche May 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) 1421 5.72 A teenage girl ( Lola Kirke ) is brutally assaulted when a concert turns into a mob scene . After getting mixed accounts of the incident , Amaro zeros in on a security guard , Frank Patterson ( Eion Bailey ) , who is a war veteran seemingly suffering from PTSD . When the case goes to trial , Frank suddenly remembers a key piece of testimony , which helps Barba convict the perpetrators . 317 22 `` Poisoned Motive '' Arthur W. Forney Teleplay by : Julie Martin & Ed Zuckerman Story by : Warren Leight May 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 08 ) 1422 6.91 When two surprise sniper attacks on the NYPD leave the SVU scrambling for answers , Tutuola recognizes a link between the shootings and his past cases as a narcotics detective . After reconnecting with his former partner to search for a motive , more violence occurs , prompting assistance from Lieutenant Eames ( Kathryn Erbe ) to track down the killer . 318 23 `` Brief Interlude '' Kevin Bray Teleplay by : Peter Blauner & Kevin Fox Story by : Peter Blauner & Kevin Fox & Pedro Garcia May 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) 1423 6.48 Benson and Amaro are called in when an unconscious woman ( Kerry Butler ) with physical trauma is found near the Mayor 's home . With the woman in a coma , the detectives must piece together her identity and prior whereabouts , and they uncover a wild side to this seemingly normal wife and mother of two young boys . 319 24 `` Her Negotiation '' Norberto Barba Julie Martin & Warren Leight May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) 1424 6.66 After making a seemingly routine arrest of a man exposing himself in Central Park , Rollins has a bad feeling about the suspect ( Pablo Schreiber ) and calls upon the entire squad to help . With no way of immediately identifying the man , he outplays the detectives at every turn and becomes wanted for a heinous crime . A shocking theory comes to light and Barba is unable to get his conviction , which puts Benson in harm 's way . Ratings ( edit ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit was moved back to NBC Wednesdays at 9 : 00PM ( Eastern ) / 8 : 00PM ( Central ) for the 2012 - 13 network television season , its lead - ins being new comedies , Guys With Kids and Animal Practice ( which was canceled by NBC on October 18 , 2012 , Whitney replacing it in November ) . SVU weekly airs up against the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) comedies Modern Family and Suburgatory with FOX 's The X Factor and in the Winter , American Idol , Supernatural on CW , and CBS 's veteran drama Criminal Minds ( this occurring for the third time SVU has been pushed back to 9 : 00PM ( Eastern ) . Season fourteen premiered ( episodes : `` Lost Reputation & Above Suspicion '' ) fairly well earning approximately 7.19 million total viewers with a 2.1 in the age 18 - 49 demographic with a 6 % share . The series ' 300th episode ( `` Manhattan Vigil '' ) was watched by approximately 6.77 million total viewers and earned a 1.9 in the age 18 - 49 demographic with a 5 % share . Leading into Thanksgiving , SVU saw a sharp decline in the 18 - 49 demographic with the episode `` Lesson 's Learned '' , which earned a 1.3 with a 4 % share , it rebounded to 1.6 in the 18 - 49 age demo with a 4 % share with its fall finale episode , `` Dreams Deferred '' ; in the first half - hour the comedy Modern Family on ABC was a repeat . SVU surged at the start of 2013 with the episode `` Presumed Guilty '' , to 7.73 million total viewers and a 2.2 in the age 18 - 49 demo with a 6 % share , coming in first place in its time slot ; NBC and FOX being the only networks that night airing original episodes ; ABC , CBS , and CW aired repeats . The following week , `` Beautiful Frame '' saw a series high in overall viewership in over a year with 8.42 million total viewers . As of December 6 , 2012 , SVU averaged a 1.7 18 - 49 rating in Live + same day that Fall , airing with virtually no lead - in ( NBC 's struggling Wednesday comedy block ) , SVU had improved its challenging Wednesday 9 PM slot by 55 % in adults 18 - 49 year - to - year but the network aired the now - defunct Harry 's Law in the hour last fall . In Live + 7 , SVU averaged a 2.6 / 7 in 18 - 49 and 8.6 million viewers this season up to that point . No . Title Original air date Timeslot Rank Age 18 - 49 ( Rating / Share ) U.S. Viewers ( millions ) `` Lost Reputation '' September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) 3rd 2.1 / 6 % 7.19 `` Above Suspicion '' September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) 2nd 2.1 / 6 % 7.19 `` Twenty - Five Acts '' October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) 3rd 1.8 / 5 % 6.24 `` Acceptable Loss '' October 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) 4th 1.6 / 4 % 6.25 5 `` Manhattan Vigil '' October 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 24 ) 4th 1.9 / 5 % 6.77 6 `` Friending Emily '' October 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 31 ) 4th 1.7 / 5 % 6.05 7 `` Vanity 's Bonfire '' November 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 14 ) 4th 1.7 / 4 % 5.78 8 `` Lessons Learned '' November 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 21 ) 4th 1.3 / 4 % 5.20 9 `` Dreams Deferred '' December 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 05 ) 4th 1.6 / 4 % 6.16 10 `` Presumed Guilty '' January 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 02 ) 1st 2.2 / 6 % 7.73 11 `` Beautiful Frame '' January 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 09 ) 3rd 2.1 / 5 % 8.42 12 `` Criminal Hatred '' January 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 30 ) 2nd 1.7 / 4 % 6.42 13 `` Monster 's Legacy '' February 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 06 ) 4th 1.5 / 4 % 5.23 14 `` Secrets Exhumed '' February 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 13 ) 4th 1.5 / 4 % 6.35 15 `` Deadly Ambition '' February 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 20 ) 4th 1.6 / 4 % 5.61 16 `` Funny Valentine '' February 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 27 ) 4th 1.6 / 4 % 5.44 17 `` Undercover Blue '' March 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 20 ) 4th 1.6 / 4 % 5.51 18 `` Legitimate Rape '' March 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) 3rd 1.7 / 5 % 6.61 19 `` Born Psychopath '' April 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 03 ) 4th 1.6 / 4 % 6.34 20 `` Girl Dishonored '' April 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 24 ) 2nd 1.9 / 5 % 7.35 21 `` Traumatic Wound '' May 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) 4th 1.5 / 4 % 5.72 22 `` Poisoned Motive '' May 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 08 ) 4th 1.9 / 5 % 6.91 23 `` Brief Interlude '' May 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) 4th 1.5 / 4 % 6.48 24 `` Her Negotiation '' May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) 4th 1.7 / 5 % 6.66 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` NBC Announces Fall 2012 Premiere Dates for ' Grimm ' , ' Revolution ' , ' The Voice , ' ' Animal Practice ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` NBC Renews ' Law & Order : SVU ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` Ice - T Staying Put on Law & Order : SVU , Inks New Two - Year Contract '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Star Mariska Hargitay Inks New Deal With Universal Television ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / FINALLEVEL : We 're back ! # SVU Season 14 '' . Ice - T. July 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' cliffhanger : EP Warren Leight on what 's next for Cragen and the squad '' . Zap2It . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2012 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dawn , Randee ( July 30 , 2012 ) . `` ' SVU ' to wrap up bloody finale with two - parter 14th season premiere '' . MSNBC / Today . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Adam ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` Law & Order SVU Boss on Season 14 : `` Everybody Has Secrets '' `` . TV Guide . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Mariska : Ca n't believe we started filming ... '' Mariska Hargitay . September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / TheDannyPino : @ Mariska @ MRbelzer @ dannflorek ... '' Danny Pino . September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Starr , Michael ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` Sandy slams biz ; Production halted on New York - based shows '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Warren Leight : SVU cast and crew seem to be safe ... '' Warren Leight . October 30 , 2012 . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / FINALLEVEL : SANDY Update : SVU production ... '' Ice - T. November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ . , Lynn Elber & Natalie Rotman ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` Broadway lights go up in post-Sandy NYC '' . NECN . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` Hurricane Sandy : Most New York Studios Unscathed , But Chelsea Piers Not So Lucky '' . The Wrap . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / FINALLEVEL : Just made it to the SVU set ... '' Ice - T. November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Warren Leight : `` # SVU cast and crew somehow resumed shooting ... '' Warren Leight . November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Production Blog : SVU vs. Hurricane Sandy '' . NBC . December 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( November 6 , 2012 ) . `` NBC Orders 2 Additional Episodes Of ' Law & Order : SVU ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` NBC Announces Season Finale Dates for ' Revolution ' , ' Community ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' Chicago Fire ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Raftery , Liz ( July 18 , 2012 ) . `` Criminal Minds ' Paget Brewster Lands Guest Spot on SVU '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Warren Leight : `` Cassidy may bloom in Spring . '' `` . Warren Leight . January 4 , 2013 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rudolph , Ileane ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Paget Brewster 's Guest Spot on Law & Order : SVU Goes Head - to - Head With Criminal Minds '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Adam ( July 22 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Law & Order : SVU Casts Adam Baldwin as Cragen 's Replacement ! '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Starr , Michael ( August 8 , 2012 ) . `` Sue Simmons makes acting debut playing herself on ' Law & Order : SVU ' '' . New York Post . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU Arrests Revenge 's Roger Bart , Veep 's Anna Chlumsky '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Law & Order Scoop : Kathryn Erbe Bringing Criminal Intent 's Eames to SVU This Fall ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Law & Order : Criminal Intent 's Kathryn Erbe to Reprise Role on SVU '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive Law & Order : SVU Preview : Milestone Episode Will Reward Sharp - Eyed Fans '' . TV Line . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ . , Kimberly Roots & Megan Masters ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive SVU Clip : Benson Meets Cragen 's Strange Bedfellow ! Plus 300th Ep Casting Scoop '' . TV Line . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Adam . `` Exclusive : SVU Books True Blood Alum to Play Rollins ' Sister ! '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Stanhope , Kate . `` Law & Order : SVU Exclusive : Malcolm in the Middle Mom to Battle DA Barba '' . TV Guide . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Elber , Lynn ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Law & Order ' Drama Turns a Few Shades of ' Grey ' '' . Xfinity . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hermitt , Joe ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' Law & Order SVU ' episode to mimic Jerry Sandusky case '' . Penn Live . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Warren Leight : Do n't tell anyone : Charles Grodin , Elliot Gould , Buck Henry ... '' Warren Leight . November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Warren Leight : Attention Broadway reporters : Raul Esparza , Frank Wood , ... '' Warren Leight . November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 6 , 2012 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Enlists Patricia Arquette , Anne Meara '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Law & Order : SVU Recruits True Blood 's Denis O'Hare -- But There 's a Twist ! '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt . `` Law & Order : SVU Scoop : Sons of Anarchy ' s Theo Rossi Is Out for Justice '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan ( January 8 , 2013 ) . `` FIRST LOOK : Yvonne Zima guests on SVU '' . Soap Central . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nia Vardalos On ' Law And Order : SVU ' : Actress Books Guest Role '' . The Huffington Post . January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU Scoop : Dave Navarro to Make Trouble for the Squad '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusives : Arrested Development Star Books SVU '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : LAW & ORDER : SVU on NBC - Wednesday , April 3 , 2013 '' . TV Scoop . March 29 , 2013 . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Listings TheFutonCritic.com - The Web 's Best Television Resource '' . TheFutonCritic.com. 2013 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Listings TheFutonCritic.com - The Web 's Best Television Resource '' . TheFutonCritic.com. 2013 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Listings TheFutonCritic.com - The Web 's Best Television Resource '' . TheFutonCritic.com. 2013 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Listings TheFutonCritic.com - The Web 's Best Television Resource '' . TheFutonCritic.com. 2013 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` Mike Tyson To Play Convicted Murderer On ' Law & Order : SVU ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Raftery , Liz ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Law & Order : SVU Fans Petition Against Tyson '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Tess ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Keep Mike Tyson Off of Law & Order SVU ! '' . Bust Magazine . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twitter / Pauley Perrette : Yes , as a # rape , # domesticviolence survivor , I also agree with this ... '' Pauley Perrette . January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Moraes , Lisa ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Controversy erupts over ' Law & Order : SVU ' casting guest - star Mike Tyson '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Should Mike Tyson Be on ' SVU ' After Rape Conviction ? Petition Says No '' . The Wrap . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ West , Lindy ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Why in God 's Name Is Mike Tyson , Convicted Rapist , Guest Starring on Law & Order : SVU ? '' . Jezebel . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zambuto , Maile ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Response to Concerns Over Casting of Mike Tyson on Law & Order : Special Victims Unit '' . The Joyful Heart Foundation . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Warren Leight : `` first of seven . 1 ) We understand the casting of Mike Tyson ... '' `` . Warren Leight . January 12 , 2013 . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Warren Leight : `` 2 of 7 ) While in no way excusing his past actions ... '' `` . Warren Leight . January 12 , 2013 . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Warren Leight : `` 3 of 7 ) In recent years he has found sobriety ... '' `` . Warren Leight . January 12 , 2013 . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Warren Leight : `` 4 of 7 ) The episode itself deals with many issues ... '' `` . Warren Leight . January 12 , 2013 . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Warren Leight : `` 5 of 7 ) and the potential for disastrous results when individuals '' `` . Warren Leight . January 12 , 2013 . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Warren Leight : `` 6 of 7 ) Because of SVU 's subject matter ... '' `` . Warren Leight . January 12 , 2013 . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Warren Leight : `` 7 of 7 ) Our intent , as always , is to provoke discussion and awareness ... '' `` . Warren Leight . January 12 , 2013 . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Keck , William ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusives : Mike Tyson Discusses His Controversial Role on Law & Order : SVU '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 2 , 2013 ) . `` ' Law & Order ' Boss Dick Wolf Praises ' SVU ' Episode Featuring Mike Tyson '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` NBC moves Mike Tyson ' Law & Order : SVU ' episode up a week '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Mike Tyson on ' Law & Order : SVU ' : Should a convicted rapist guest star on a sex crimes show ? '' . Zap2It . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Mike Tyson to guest on ' Law & Order : SVU ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' X Factor ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' Adjusted Up , ' The Neighbors ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' to air ' 50 Shades of Grey ' - inspired episode '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments for ' Arrow ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2012 . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Animal Practice ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down Plus Unscrambled FOX Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2012 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , & ' Law and Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up + World Series Game 1 Final Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2012 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' CSI ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' 30 Rock ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' , & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dooling , Doug ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` Sandusky Scandal to be Featured on Law & Order '' . Onward State . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' CSI ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' Rises to Tie Series Debut , ' The X Factor ' Dips + ' The Middle ' & ' Arrow ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Law & Order : SVU ' and ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' People s Choice Awards ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' I Get That A Lot ' Adjusted Down ( Updated ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Super Bowl 's Greatest Commercials ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Modern Family ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Law and Order : SVU Season 14 Review `` Secrets Exhumed '' - Cold Case `` . TV Equals . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated ( 2012 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Weeping widower of woman murdered 26 years ago tells of regret over love triangle that led his former lover ¿ LAPD detective Stephanie Lazarus ¿ to kill his wife Daily Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Most Frustrating SVU Moments - Law & Order : SVU - Previously.TV Forums '' . Forums.previously.tv. 2014 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' CSI ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' , ' American Idol ' , & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Supernatural ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Whitney ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' Whitney ' and ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' American Idol ' & ' SVU ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara . `` TV Ratings Wednesday : ' American Idol ' , ' CSI ' ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Survivor ' Hit Lows , Soft Premiere for ' Family Tools ' , ' Nashville ' Ties ' Chicago Fire ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Family Tools ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' MasterChef ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' How To Live With Your Parents ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Animal Practice ' Canceled by NBC , Replaced by ' Whitney ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved October 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` NBC 2012 - 13 Season Schedule Announced : Includes Fall Cycle of ' The Voice , ' ' Community ' on Friday & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Posted 1 : 52 pm , February 7 , 2013 , by TV By The Numbers ( 2013 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Modern Family ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com Page 168476 '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Posted 1 : 30 pm , February 14 , 2013 , by TV By The Numbers ( 2013 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' CSI ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com Page 169419 '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Official episode guide Season 14 episodes at TVGuide.com Season 14 episodes at MSN.com Season 14 episodes at TV.com Season 14 episodes at IMDb.com ( hide ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Characters Detectives Elliot Stabler Olivia Benson John Munch Monique Jeffries Fin Tutuola Chester Lake Nick Amaro Amanda Rollins Dominick Carisi Jr . Commanding officers Donald Cragen Olivia Benson Assistant District Attorneys Alexandra Cabot Casey Novak Kim Greylek Rafael Barba Doctors George Huang Melinda Warner Other characters Barry Moredock Brian Cassidy Elizabeth Donnelly Michael Cutter Sonya Paxton Jack McCoy Seasons Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Notable episodes `` Payback '' `` 911 '' `` Authority '' `` Cold '' `` Zebras '' `` Behave '' `` Smoked '' `` Scorched Earth '' `` Justice Denied '' `` Father Dearest '' `` Rhodium Nights '' `` Lost Reputation '' `` Above Suspicion '' `` Acceptable Loss '' `` Manhattan Vigil '' `` Comic Perversion '' `` Glasgowman 's Wrath '' `` Chicago Crossover '' See also Cast members Awards and nominations Law & Order franchise Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_%26_Order:_Special_Victims_Unit_(season_14)&oldid=828299051 '' Categories : Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episodes 2012 American television seasons 2013 American television seasons Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Italiano Nederlands Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 19 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what episode of law and order svu is mike tyson in | [
"Adding to the controversy surrounding the casting choice was that the air date originally planned, February 13, 2013, coincided with One Billion Rising, a global movement to end violence against women and girls. On January 30, NBC switched \"Monster's Legacy\" with \"Secrets Exhumed\" so that Tyson's episode would air on February 6 instead.[66][67] Four days before the episode, Law & Order creator Dick Wolf announced that he supported NBC's decision to produce the episode and hire Mike Tyson to guest star.[65] This angered fans, as he did not acknowledge any of the petitions or ethical concerns. \"Monster's Legacy\" aired on February 6, 2013, becoming Mike Tyson's first acting appearance not playing himself.[68]"
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"Monster's Legacy"
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8166900218467460686 | The Last Song (film) | The Last Song ( film ) - wikipedia The Last Song ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Last Song Theatrical release poster Directed by Julie Anne Robinson Produced by Adam Shankman Jennifer Gibgot Screenplay by Nicholas Sparks Jeff Van Wie Based on The Last Song by Nicholas Sparks Starring Miley Cyrus Liam Hemsworth Bobby Coleman Kelly Preston Greg Kinnear Music by Aaron Zigman Cinematography John Lindley Edited by Nancy Richardson Production company Touchstone Pictures Offspring Entertainment Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date March 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 31 ) Running time 107 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $89 million The Last Song is a 2010 American coming of age teen romantic drama film developed alongside Nicholas Sparks ' 2009 novel of the same name . The film was directed by Julie Anne Robinson in her feature film directorial debut and co-written by Sparks and Jeff Van Wie . The Last Song stars Miley Cyrus , Liam Hemsworth , and Greg Kinnear and follows a troubled teenager as she reconnects with her estranged father and falls in love during a summer in a quiet Southern United States beach town . Sparks was approached to write both the film 's screenplay and the novel . Sparks completed the screenplay in January 2009 , prior to the completion of the novel , making The Last Song his first script to be optioned for film . The setting , originally in North Carolina like the novel , relocated to Georgia after the states had campaigned for months to host production . Upon beginning production in Tybee Island , Georgia and nearby Savannah , The Last Song became the first movie to be both filmed and set in Tybee Island . Filming lasted from June 15 to August 18 , 2009 with much of it occurring on the island 's beach and pier . The Last Song was released by Touchstone Pictures on March 31 , 2010 . Upon release , the film received a negative response from critics , particularly towards its screenplay and casting . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing and title 3.3 Casting 3.4 Post-production 4 Filming 4.1 Move to Georgia 4.2 Sets 4.3 Shooting schedule 4.4 Loggerhead sea turtles 5 Soundtrack 5.1 Track listing 5.2 Charts 5.3 Singles 6 Release 6.1 Marketing 6.2 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Accolades 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) At seventeen , Veronica `` Ronnie '' Miller ( Miley Cyrus ) remains as rebellious as she was the day her parents divorced and her father moved to North Carolina three years prior . Once a classical piano child prodigy under the tutelage of her father , Steve Miller ( Greg Kinnear ) , Ronnie now ignores the instrument and has not spoken with her father since he left . While Juilliard School has been interested in her since she was young , Ronnie refuses to attend . Steve now has the chance to reconnect with his estranged daughter when her mother , Kim Miller ( Kelly Preston ) sends the rebellious teen and her younger brother , Jonah ( Bobby Coleman ) , to spend the summer with him . Steve , a former Juilliard School professor and concert pianist , lives a quiet life in Wrightsville Beach , the small beach town in North Carolina where he grew up , working on a stained glass window for the local church to replace the one the church lost in a fire . According to the locals , it was Steve who had ( accidentally ) set fire to the church one night . After arrival , Ronnie becomes miserable , defiant , and defensive toward all those around her , including handsome , popular Will Blakelee ( Liam Hemsworth ) whose introduction involved crashing into her during a volleyball match , and accidentally spilling Ronnie 's strawberry shake on her . She shrugs him off and meets Blaze , an outcast who lives with her boyfriend Marcus . While at a beach campfire , Marcus hits on Ronnie and Blaze mistakes this for Ronnie flirting with him . Angered by this , Blaze later frames Ronnie for shoplifting , causing her arrest . Later on , Ronnie discovers a Loggerhead Sea Turtle nest at the beach by her house and while protecting it , she meets Will again on his volunteer work for the aquarium . After a night of staying up to defend the turtle eggs from predators with Will , she discovers he is deeper than she expected , and begins to develop feelings for him . The next day , Will takes Ronnie to where he works to show her the aquarium . After they leave to the beach , Ashley shows up and tells Ronnie about Will 's past relationships and how taking them to see the aquarium was routine of his , making Ronnie doubtful of her feelings toward him . Will finds her at the turtle 's nest and they have an argument about his past relationships . When Ronnie suggests she does not want to be another girl on the list and that they should end their relationship for good , Will embraces her and they kiss passionately , proving his feelings for her as akin to his quoting she 's `` not like the other girls . '' Marcus breaks up with Blaze because he wants Ronnie , which leads him and Will to fight at Megan 's wedding party . Ronnie soon hears the rumor that her father burned down the church from some locals . Distraught , she goes to Will and laments about the situation . Will , knowing that it was actually his friend Scott who while playing around set fire to the church , is overcome by guilt and goes to Steve to apologize . When Ronnie comes in hearing this , she walks out and Will follows where they have an argument and break up . Will leaves . Fall arrives and Jonah returns to New York for the school year . Ronnie stays behind to take care of their father , who revealed to Ronnie & Jonah during the summer that he is terminally ill . Leading a slow life , she tries to make up for the time with her father that she 's lost . She continues work on a composition he had been writing ( titled `` For Ronnie '' ) , after losing the steadiness of his hands due to his illness . He dies just as she finishes it . At his funeral she stands to make a speech but declares that no words could ever be able to show how wonderful her father really was . Instead , she decides to share with them the song she helped finish . Before she sits down to play , sunlight shines through the stained glass window . Ronnie smiles and says `` Hi , Daddy , '' remembering what she overheard her father tell Jonah earlier in the movie ; that whenever light shines through the window , it 's him . Blaze and other townsfolk offer Ronnie sympathy and kind words after the funeral outside . Later on , while talking to the attendants , she runs into Will . He says that he liked the song she played and that he knows her dad did too and Ronnie thanks him for coming . Having decided to attend Juilliard , Ronnie is packing up to return to New York when she sees Will standing outside . She goes outside to see him and Will apologizes to her for everything that had happened and Ronnie forgives him . Will surprises Ronnie by revealing that he will be transferring to Columbia in order to be with her and they passionately kiss . The end credits show Ronnie driving away in her car and smiling to herself . Cast ( edit ) From left to right , cast members Adam Barnett , Nick Lashaway , and Carly Chaikin make their way to the filming of the bonfire scene under the Tybee Island pavilion on July 30 , 2009 . Miley Cyrus as Veronica `` Ronnie '' L. Miller , an angry , rebellious 17 - year - old forced to spend a summer with her estranged father . She later falls in love with Will . Liam Hemsworth as Will Blakelee , a popular and skilled beach volleyball player , Will aspires to attend a top university and volunteers at the Georgia Aquarium . He is Ronnie 's love interest . Greg Kinnear as Steve Miller , Ronnie and Jonah 's father and former Juilliard School professor and concert pianist who moved to Georgia after his divorce . During the summer , Steve reconnects with Ronnie through their mutual love of music . With Jonah 's help , Steve also works to reconstruct the centerpiece of the local church , a stained glass window , after the original was destroyed in a fire . He later dies of cancer . Kelly Preston as Kim Miller , Ronnie and Jonah 's mother who raised her children in New York City after her divorce . Bobby Coleman as Jonah Miller , Ronnie 's younger brother sent along with his elder sister to Tybee Island . Nick Lashaway as Marcus , Blaze 's abusive boyfriend and the leader of a gang of thugs who hustle money from beach carnival crowds through spectacular fire juggling performances . Carly Chaikin as Blaze , a rebel who befriends Ronnie when she is sent to Georgia . Blaze betrays Ronnie when she frames Ronnie for shoplifting a watch , but they eventually became friends again . Adam Barnett as Teddy , a young thug adept at hacky sack and juggling , skills he uses as part of Marcus ' crew to hustle money . Nick Searcy as Tom Blakelee , Will 's father . Melissa Ordway as Ashley , Will 's snobby ex-girlfriend . Carrie Malabre as Cassie , Ashley 's best friend who aids Ashley in antagonizing Ronnie . Rhoda Griffis as a Doctor Lance E. Nichols as Pastor Charlie Harris , the kind , devout Pastor of the local church . He was Steve 's first piano teacher , parental figure , and best friend while Steve was growing up . Hallock Beals as Scott , Will 's best friend who ends up creating trouble between Will and Ronnie . Stephanie Leigh Schlund as Megan Blakelee , Will 's elder sister who is engaged to be married . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Actress Miley Cyrus sits in make - up on set . The Last Song began when Disney executive Jason Reed met with Miley Cyrus to discuss her future career plans . At the time , Cyrus had been known mainly for starring as a pop star on Disney Channel 's Hannah Montana , a children 's television series that had expanded into a globally successful media franchise . As the series neared its end , Disney hoped to create a star vehicle to help Cyrus break out of the pop persona she had developed through the franchise and to introduce Cyrus to older audiences . During her meeting with Reed , Cyrus expressed a desire to film a movie similar to A Walk to Remember , a 2002 film based on a novel by Nicholas Sparks . A Walk to Remember helped Mandy Moore , then a teen pop star much like Cyrus , launch an acting career . Disney called Adam Shankman , director of A Walk to Remember , who signed on to produce the potential Cyrus film along with his sister and Offspring Entertainment production company partner , Jennifer Gibgot . Tish Cyrus , Cyrus ' mother and co-manager , became the film 's executive producer . Cyrus ' acting representation , United Talent Agency , then contacted Sparks , also a UTA client , to ask if he had plans for a novel appropriate for a film adaptation starring Cyrus . At the time , Sparks had been wrapping up The Lucky One and beginning to ponder an original plot for his next book . The author told himself he could `` either go younger than 20 or older than 50 '' , having recently written about every age in between . Wary of venturing above 50 again after his best - seller The Notebook , Sparks had already been leaning toward writing a teenage story when he received a phone call from Gibgot on behalf of the film in August 2008 . Sparks recalled , `` Jennifer asked if I had anything laying around ? I said no , but funny you should say that ... '' Sparks returned with a premise by the end of July 2008 . Once the proposal had been agreed upon by Cyrus , her family , and Offspring Entertainment , Sparks , with the aid of co-screenplay writer Jeff Van Wie , completed the screenplay before starting the book . Sparks explained that such an arrangement was necessary in order to accommodate filming in summer 2009 , as Disney had scheduled , but that `` this is similar to the way it 's gone with movies based on my novels ; it 's just out of order . '' Sparks and Van Wie completed the first draft of the screenplay in December 2008 , the first rewrite later that month , and the second and final rewrite in January 2009 . Both rewrites took approximately one or two days , and Sparks found them relatively simple . The finished screenplay was approximately 100 pages long . While The Last Song is not the first screenplay Sparks has written , it is his first to be optioned for film . The novel was completed in June 2009 , the same time shooting for the film began , and was published on September 8 , 2009 by Grand Central Publishing . The plot of the film and novel remained secret throughout development . Director Julie Anne Robinson talks to stunt coordinator Cal Johnson while Liam Hemsworth is coached on beach volleyball . Julie Anne Robinson signed on to direct the film in May 2009 , attracted by the emotion present in the story . The Last Song is Robinson 's first feature film , although she is a veteran of television and theater . Robinson previously helmed episodes of American series such as Weeds and Grey 's Anatomy and earned a Golden Globe nomination and a BAFTA award for her work on the BBC series Viva Blackpool . In a June 2009 blog entry , Cyrus said she had `` always been a fan of Nicholas Sparks '' and that she had been waiting to do a production separate from the Hannah Montana franchise `` for a long time '' , but had not found the time to do so due to her TV show , music , tours , and Hannah Montana : The Movie . In order to film The Last Song , Cyrus ' contract for season four of Hannah Montana included an extra long hiatus . Writing and title ( edit ) Recognizing the popularity of A Walk to Remember as both a novel and film , Sparks `` put all ( his ) thoughts into that , trying to make the story as different from A Walk to Remember as ( he could ) , but try to capture the same feelings . '' Sparks ' experiences as a father and as a high school track and field coach also helped shape the plot , and characters Jonah Miller and Will Blakelee are respectively based on Sparks ' sons Landon and Miles . Sparks felt Ronnie was the hardest character to write for because he had `` never been a 17 - year - old , angry teenage girl '' . Ronnie became a composite character inspired by several young women Sparks has known , such as his nieces . Cyrus herself influenced Ronnie fairly little , although her singing career did inspire the musical elements of the story . Ronnie plays only the piano and Cyrus only sings a small amount in the film , though she does contribute to its soundtrack . Disney did not give Sparks limitations on the topics featured in The Last Song , which include underage drinking , infidelity , and terminal illness but Sparks says that Disney desired to work with him in part because `` they 've read my novels . My teenagers ... do n't do bad things . I just do n't write that . I do n't write about adultery , I do n't write profanity ... I 'll certainly have love scenes in my novels , but they 're always between consenting adults . '' Still , Sparks acknowledges that elements of the screenplay may have been toned down by the director or the studio after he finished . As dictated by the Writers Guild of America , Sparks receives full credit for his work although the amount of his original screenplay retained in the film is uncertain . For example , Sparks says the character of Marcus , leader of the gang of thugs , was likely altered for the film . The project remained nameless for several months after Sparks ' initial meeting with Disney in July 2008 . Sparks wrote in a September 2008 online chat that `` I have the idea completed , but no title . That 's common for me though . Titles come last . '' The film was referred to by the working title `` Untitled Miley Cyrus Project '' In March 2009 , Variety magazine called `` The Last Song '' a `` tentative '' title . Casting ( edit ) Cyrus chose the name `` Ronnie '' for her character in honor of her grandfather , Ron Cyrus , who died in 2006 . Unknown to many the character had first been named `` Kirby '' by Sparks and later changed to `` Hilary '' . New interviews with Sparks reveal he imagined Cyrus in the role `` only a little '' during the writing process . The completion of the screenplay , concerned Sparks that Cyrus would not be able to successfully execute the role : `` The first thing I thought when I finished the screenplay was , wow , I hope she can do this , this is a tough role because I 'm bringing you through a whole gamut of emotion and you 're just a 16 - year - old girl who 's done the Disney Channel . Are you able to do this as an actress ? '' , After visiting the set and watching Cyrus film , Sparks ' worries abated . To play the New York teen , Cyrus worked with a dialect coach to lose her Southern accent and learned to play classical piano . After she completed filming , Cyrus said that in a case of life imitating art , she had matured and `` changed a lot '' over the course of her summer in Georgia , similar to the way Ronnie does in the film . `` Showing this movie , I feel like I 'm really showing a part of my growth as a person as well . So I 'm really excited for people to see it . '' In April 2009 , Disney officials chose Rafi Gavron for the part of Will Blakelee , but switched to Australian actor Liam Hemsworth by May . On May 18 , 2009 , the decision to cast Greg Kinnear as Steve Miller was made final . Kelly Preston 's part as Kim is the first role she has accepted since the death of her son , Jett Travolta . After being introduced to Cal Johnson , the film 's stunt coordinator , Adam Barnett landed the role of Teddy in May 2009 due to his pre-developed talent in juggling and hackey sack . Post-production ( edit ) The Last Song entered post-production following the end of filming on August 18 , 2009 . Automated dialogue replacement took place in mid-September ; Beals and Chaikin stated they had gone in to record on September 11 and September 18 respectively . Chaikin said she had worked for five and a half hours . The director 's cut was presented to the studio on October 1 , 2009 . The Motion Picture Association of America reviewed the film and issued it a PG rating for `` thematic material , some violence , sensuality and mild language '' three weeks later . Filming ( edit ) Move to Georgia ( edit ) Nobody knows what 's going to happen ( ... ) Georgia wants them badly , and we want them badly , and by Monday , there 'll be four or five other states that want them badly . -- Bev Perdue , Governor of North Carolina The Last Song had originally been set in Wrightsville Beach and Wilmington in North Carolina . Though they wished to shoot on location , filmmakers also examined three other states and identified Georgia as the next best filming site . Georgia 's housing prices were higher , but the state 's filming incentive package refunded 30 % of production costs such as gasoline , pencils , and salaries . North Carolina 's package refunded 15 % and excluded salaries of over $1 million . Still , Disney remained interested in North Carolina and offered to film there if the state would reduce the amount the company would save in Georgia , approximately $1 million , in half . North Carolina officials searched for ways to accomplish this , including applying unsuccessfully for state and Golden LEAF Foundation grants . They also introduced legislation to improve the state 's refund to 25 % , which eventually passed on August 27 , 2009 . Disney decided to work within existing incentive laws and agreed to film in North Carolina as long as the film rights they had bought from Sparks counted as a production cost , thereby saving the company an additional $125,000 to $225,000 . Then - North Carolina Governor Bev Perdue set up a press conference on April 1 , 2009 to announce N.C. 's victory . North Carolina tax collectors refused to consider the film rights , forcing Perdue to cancel the conference at the last second . `` I was hopeful to say that it was coming and now I do n't know that I 'll get to say that , '' Perdue said . `` Nobody knows what 's going to happen ( ... ) I do n't know what figures they got from Georgia , but Georgia wants them badly , and we want them badly , and by Monday ( April 6 , 2009 ) , there 'll be four or five other states that want them badly . '' Johnny Griffin , director of the Wilmington Regional Film Commission , explains : `` Disney makes feature films . They also make television series ; they make individual movies for the Disney Channel . By losing this one project , in essence , we 've lost all of those opportunities . '' He also notes the loss of jobs and tourism filming would have created . On April 9 , 2009 , after three months of deliberation , the decision to relocate to Georgia was made final . To determine the specific town , location scouts scoured the state for an aged , isolated , oceanfront property to use as the Miller family 's home in the film . After another three months and the discovery of the `` Adams Cottage '' on the southern tip of Tybee Island , Tybee and neighboring locations became the sites of filming in late March , with the intention of masquerading the area as Wilmington and Wrightsville Beach , North Carolina. , The locale proved too unique to disguise . `` We had a hard time trying to hide the fact that this was Tybee and Savannah was Savannah , '' said Bass Hampton , the film 's location director . Filmmakers convinced the screenwriters to change the setting of the film and to Tybee Island , thus allowing them to incorporate landmarks such as the Tybee Island Light Station and the Savannah Historic District . The setting of Sparks ' novel remained in North Carolina . Though other movies have been filmed in Tybee Island , The Last Song is the first to be both filmed and set in Tybee Island . With the city 's name plastered on everything from police cars to businesses , Georgia officials predict a lasting effect on the economy . In addition , The Last Song is estimated to have brought up to 500 summer jobs to Georgia , $8 million to local businesses , and $17.5 million to state businesses . Sets ( edit ) The Last Song crew members install propane pipes and gas lines to create a controlled burn for the bonfire scene . Nelson Coates is the production designer for The Last Song , responsible for all visual aspects of the movie . Coates , who was nominated for an Emmy Award for his work on the Stephen King television miniseries The Stand , arrived 11 weeks prior to the start of filming to do prep work . While most of the filming took place on the natural Tybee Island beach or on pre-constructed private property , Coates oversaw the re-painting of the pier and the construction of the carnival and church . Location scouts had searched the entirety of Georgia for an aged , isolated oceanfront property to use as a home for the Millers for nearly three months before scout Andy Young came across the `` Adams Cottage '' on the southern end of Tybee Island . `` It was getting down to zero hour , '' said Young . `` Often , it 's about the house . It can be a character itself in the movie . '' The house 's owner , Sam Adams , welcomed filming as `` an opportunity to sort of immortalize the house , '' in case it is destroyed by storms . The two - story , six bedroom house was built by Adams ' great - grandfather in 1918 and was made entirely out of hard pine wood with very few painted surfaces . According to Savannah Morning News reporter Lesley Conn , it `` was built in classic rambling beach style ( ... designed ) to allow ocean breezes to sweep through wide , wraparound porches into cool , heart - pine rooms . '' The church set was built over a six - week period in a vacant lot on the corner of 13th Street and Sixth Avenue , near residential homes . The one - room , 2,000 - square - foot ( 190 m ) building seats approximately 80 people and is estimated to be worth $250,000 to $350,000 . Special - effects coordinator Will Purcell subdued concerns about the church burning scene by stating that the building would not actually be set on fire . The intended menacing effect is `` all camera angles . It is a safe environment for actors to do their work . '' Several techniques were used to simulate the fire , including the use of propane pipes to shoot flames through the church windows . At the end of filming , Cyrus hoped to fly the church set back to her family 's estate in Tennessee . Disney agreed to donate the building to the island after Tybee officials lobbied to keep it , with the condition that its connection to The Last Song not be advertised . The set will be moved to a new location and brought up to code for use as a non-denominational chapel for island weddings ; renovations are expected to cost approximately $600,000 . Shooting schedule ( edit ) Remnants of the carnival set , such as these flags and light strings , were re-established to create the illusion that the beach scenes filmed in late July had taken place during the festival filmed in June . Cyrus ' busy schedule necessitated that filming take place over the summer . Sparks noted , `` She 's got a fall music tour and then she 's back filming Hannah Montana in the spring again . So the only time she had free in her schedule was over the summer . '' Principal photography began on June 15 , 2009 and finished on August 18 , 2009 . Filming did not take place during weekends . On the first day of production , Cyrus and Hemsworth filmed a kiss in the ocean . Other scenes which took place in June included the carnival and volleyball tournament , both of which were filmed on the beach near the Tybee Island pier . Filming at the pier wrapped up on June 23 , 2009 after shooting the scene in which Kim drops off Ronnie and Jonah to live with Steve . Scenes of the church fire were shot on July 10 , 2009 . Filming at the Georgia Tech Savannah campus began on July 16 . Kinnear finished taping on July 17 , 2009 . Wedding scenes and a key driving scene were filmed at the Wormsloe Historic Site between July 20 and July 23 for twelve hours each day . Driving scenes in Isle of Hope , Georgia continued to the 28 . By July 30 , the movie had returned to Tybee Island for more beach scenes . Chaikin 's character framed Cyrus ' for stealing a watch on August 6 . On August 10 , Hemsworth performed an oil change and Cyrus browsed an upscale boutique in downtown Savannah for the movie . The funeral was filmed from August 11 , 2009 to August 13 , 2009 at the church set in Tybee Island . On August 15 , further church burning scenes took place . The wrap party was held on the 16 , and the cast and crew arrived in Atlanta , Georgia the following day to spend the last days of filming at the Georgia Aquarium . After analyzing the area on the 17th , the movie began shooting in public areas at dawn on the 18th to avoid crowds . Once the aquarium opened to the public at 10 : 00 , filming shifted to behind - the - scenes areas . Loggerhead sea turtles ( edit ) The loggerhead sea turtle hatchlings featured in the film were stragglers collected from nests on Tybee and Sapelo Island . Due to the conflicting personalities of his protagonist couple , Sparks faced difficulty in finding a vehicle that would draw Will and Ronnie to spend time together . `` It had to be during the summer , she ( Ronnie ) had to be new in town , and whatever happened had to start in June and end in August . Because you always want a conclusion , '' said Sparks of his requirements . He mentioned summer camp or a summer job as typical vehicles used in books , but dismissed them as unoriginal and boring . `` So it 's got to be original , it 's got to be interesting , and at the same time it 's got to be universal , that you feel like it could happen to anybody . '' Sparks eventually chose to have Will and Ronnie bond over a loggerhead sea turtle nest , knowing that Loggerhead eggs often hatch in August . The scene of the hatching nest took place during the first week of August and involved 26 live loggerhead sea turtle hatchlings . Sea turtle hatchlings have an innate sense to head toward the ocean water as soon as they are born , so scenes of the nest hatching had to be taken swiftly . Said Mike Dodd of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources , the biologist who supervised the scene , the hatchlings `` did all they know how to do : They crawled down to the water and swam off . '' Sparks told an interviewer he suspected filmmakers would digitally add more turtles to the scene . At the time of filming , the loggerhead sea turtle was listed as a threatened species . The environmentally friendly theme was an added bonus to Tybee Island , which was then promoting ecotourism . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Last Song : Original Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released March 23 , 2010 Recorded 2009 Genre Pop Length 59 : 25 Label Hollywood Records Producer Various Artists Singles from The Last Song : Original Soundtrack `` When I Look at You '' Released : March 26 , 2010 `` I Hope You Find It '' Released : March 23 , 2010 `` When I Look at You '' , song by Miley Cyrus , was originally from her EP The Time of Our Lives released August 31 , 2009 , but was included on the soundtrack because it fit the movie well . The song is used in the background of the film 's trailer . At the launch of his album Cradlesong on June 30 , 2009 , Rob Thomas told the New York Daily News , `` My buddy Adam Shankman , who just directed Miley 's movie , called me on the phone the other day and was like , ' You have to write a song for this movie . ' ... I would definitely write a song for her ( Cyrus ) . '' In the end , however , Thomas was unable to contribute music to The Last Song , citing `` scheduling problems '' as the reason . The soundtrack features a track by Casey McPherson , frontman of the band Alpha Rev which signed with Disney 's Hollywood Records in August 2008 . Variety magazine 's Anthony D'Alessandro notes that the use of soundtracks as `` launch pads '' for new Disney artists is a common practice . `` A Different Side of Me '' by Allstar Weekend was also included on the soundtrack . They are a group newly signed to Hollywood Records after winning the N.B.T. Competition through the Disney Channel . The soundtrack was released in the U.S. on March 23 , 2010 . Though not featured on soundtrack , Snow Patrol 's 2006 single `` Shut Your Eyes '' and Feist 's `` I Feel It All '' also appear in the film . The soundtrack had a major increase in sales in the week of the DVD release . The soundtrack peaked at # 104 on the Billboard 200 albums chart . Track listing ( edit ) Standard Edition No . Title Writer ( s ) Recording Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Tyrant '' Andrew Brown , Zachary Filkins , Ryan Tedder OneRepublic 5 : 04 2 . `` Bring on the Comets '' Mark Guidry , Mark Palgy , Craig Pfunder VHS Or Beta 4 : 02 3 . `` Setting Sun '' Finlay Beaton , Stuart Macleod , Joel Quartermain Eskimo Joe 3 : 49 4 . `` When I Look at You '' John Shanks , Hillary Lindsey Miley Cyrus 4 : 09 5 . `` Brooklyn Blurs '' Alex Wong , Devon Copley The Paper Raincoat 4 : 15 6 . `` Can You Tell '' Milo Bonacci , Alexandra Lawn , Wesley Miles , John Pike , Mathieu Santos , Rebecca Zeller Ra Ra Riot 2 : 41 7 . `` Down the Line '' José González José González 3 : 10 8 . `` Each Coming Night '' Sam Beam Iron & Wine 3 : 25 9 . `` I Hope You Find It '' Jeffrey Steele , Steven Robson Miley Cyrus 3 : 55 10 . `` She Will Be Loved '' Adam Levine , James Valentine Maroon 5 4 : 16 11 . `` New Morning '' Casey McPherson Alpha Rev 3 : 44 12 . `` Broke Down Hearted Wonderland '' Edwin McCain , Maia Sharp , Pete Riley , Kevin Kinney Edwin McCain 3 : 02 13 . `` A Different Side of Me '' Nathan Darmody , Zachary Porter , Thomas Norris Allstar Weekend 3 : 08 14 . `` No Matter What '' Sydnee Duran , Dave Bassett Valora 3 : 22 15 . `` Heart of Stone '' Sune Rose Wagner The Raveonettes 3 : 55 16 . `` Steve 's Theme '' Aaron Zigman Aaron Zigman 3 : 18 17 . `` I Feel it All '' Feist Feist 3 : 42 Total length : 59 : 25 Charts ( edit ) Charts ( 2010 ) Peak position Billboard 200 80 Singles ( edit ) `` When I Look at You '' was released as a single on February 16 , 2010 . It has peaked at # 16 on the US Hot 100 and # 24 on the Canadian Hot 100 . `` I Hope You Find It '' is a track from the album . It received a large amount of digital downloads after the album was made available for online purchase . It debuted at # 8 on Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart in the week ending April 10 , 2010 and peaked at # 5 a week later before it dropped out in the week ending April 24 , 2010 . In September 2013 , the song received media attention for being covered by Cher for her 26th studio album Closer to the Truth . Release ( edit ) Cyrus sings `` When I Look at You '' during her Wonder World Tour while facing a screen playing a film clip of Will and Ronnie . Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures originally scheduled The Last Song for wide release on January 8 , 2010 , but was delayed from January 8 , 2010 to March 31 , 2010 . Marketing ( edit ) Upon the release of the novel on September 8 , Sparks began a book tour reaching around 13 cities and gave several interviews . During these events , he discussed writing both the novel and the screenplay . Cyrus and Walt Disney Studios Chairman Dick Cook discussed the film on September 11 , 2009 at the first D23 Expo . The first clips from the film appeared online on September 11 , 2009 , interspersed within one version of the `` When I Look at You '' music video . The film 's first trailer was integrated into Cyrus ' Wonder World Tour and premiered during the tour 's opening night on September 14 , 2009 in Portland , Oregon . Midway through each concert , the trailer was shown on large video screens surrounding the stage . After it finished , Cyrus played a white piano and sang `` When I Look at You '' while film clips continued to play on the screens behind her . On November 16 , 2009 , the first three film stills were released via the film 's Facebook page . The following day , the film 's trailer premiered online . The film 's premiere was held in Los Angeles on March 25 , 2010 . Cyrus was originally planned to go to the UK premiere of the film , but due to the April 14 , 2010 eruption of the volcano Eyjafjallajökull that blanketed Europe in volcanic ash and grounded all flights to and from the continent , she was unable to attend . Home Media ( edit ) The Last Song was released on DVD and Blu - ray on August 17 , 2010 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Last Song performed well for when it was released for the first time , garnering $5,125,103 on approximately 3,300 screens at 2,673 theaters for an average of $1,917 per theater . It has grossed $62,950,384 in North America and $26,091,272 in other territories for a worldwide total of $89,041,656 . In its opening weekend , the film grossed $16,007,426 , finishing fourth at the box office behind Clash of the Titans ( $61,235,105 ) , Why Did I Get Married Too ? ( $29,289,537 ) and How to Train Your Dragon ( $29,010,044 ) . Critical response ( edit ) The Last Song was panned by critics . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , gives the film an average of 4 / 10 and a rating of 20 % based on 116 reviews . The critical consensus is summarized : `` As shamelessly manipulative as any Nicholas Sparks production , The Last Song is done no favors by its miscast and over matched star , Miley Cyrus . '' Metacritic , which assigns normalized ratings to films , The Last Song holds a `` generally unfavorable '' score of 33 % based on 27 reviews . Reviewers were critical of Sparks ' and Van Wie 's screenplay and formulaic storyline . Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle says the screenplay 's faults include several `` scenes that make no emotional sense '' and claims , `` The plot construction is weak . Incidents do n't flow one into the next . '' When reviewing Cyrus 's performance , critics acknowledged her stage presence , but were frequently critical of her acting abilities . Jay Stone of The Ottawa Citizen says Cyrus 's portrayal of angry Ronnie `` consist ( s ) of pouting and sneering ( ... ) Cyrus does n't have a lot of range , but she does have presence . '' Rob Nelson of Variety writes , `` Cyrus , alas , has n't yet learned not to act ( ... ) But she does show off her considerable chops as a pianist and remains reasonably likable throughout . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times believes that although `` her Hannah Montana persona has a certain aggressive charm '' , in The Last Song she `` play - act ( s ) rather than exploring the motives and feelings of her character . '' Roger Ebert gave the film a mixed 2.5 / 4 . He praised the acting and directing , but derided the plot and Sparks 's writing . Kinnear 's performance has been widely praised . A.O. Scott writes , `` it 's nice to see Mr. Kinnear play an entirely sympathetic character for a change ( but ) his slyness and subtlety seem wasted in a project that has no interest in either . '' Michael Phillips of The Chicago Tribune writes , `` Reliably honest and affecting , ( Kinnear ) fights off the waves of corn in much the same way that Tibetan monk defied the tsunami in 2012 . '' Glen Whipp of the Associated Press writes , `` Kinnear lends the movie a dignity it does n't deserve '' . Stone advises , `` I 'd watch out for Liam Hemsworth '' . Stephen Witty of The Star - Ledger commends `` newcomer Carly Chaikin ( who ) plays the `` bad girl '' ( ... ) with an exciting mixture of wildness and vulnerability . Halfway in , I began wishing desperately that Chaikin was playing the lead . '' Reception for Coleman was mixed ; Jeff Vice of `` Deseret News '' calls him a `` hammy irritant '' while Jon Bream of the Star Tribune writes , `` The most memorable acting is by Coleman , 12 ( ... who ) gets a lot of great lines and delivers them with aplomb '' . Despite the negative reviews from critics , the movie was well received from fans and audiences with a 66 % fresh score on Rotten Tomatoes and with an average of a 7 / 10 . Accolades ( edit ) Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Drama The Last Song cast and crew Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Drama Miley Cyrus Nominated Choice Movie Breakout Star : Male Liam Hemsworth Won Choice Movie : Liplock Miley Cyrus & Liam Hemsworth Nominated Choice Movie : Chemistry Miley Cyrus & Liam Hemsworth Nominated Choice Movie : Dance Scene Miley Cyrus & Liam Hemsworth Nominated Choice Movie : Hissy Fit Miley Cyrus Won Choice Music : Love Song When I Look At You Won Kids ' Choice Awards 2011 Favorite Movie Actress Miley Cyrus Won Golden Raspberry Award Worst Actress Miley Cyrus Nominated Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards 2010 Favorite Movie Actress Miley Cyrus Won Cutest Couple Miley Cyrus & Liam Hemsworth Nominated Favorite Kiss Miley Cyrus & Liam Hemsworth Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Song ( 2010 ) -- Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved April 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Song Nicholas Sparks '' . Little , Brown and Company . Hachette Livre . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mark Morrissey & Associates ( 2009 ) . `` Liam Hemsworth '' . MarkMorrissey.com . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Borys , Kit ( June 16 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus gets parents for ' Last Song ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Company . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2009 . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : DeYoung , Bill ( August 14 , 2009 ) . `` It 's a wrap : Nicholas Sparks on ' The Last Song ' '' . ConnectSavannah.com . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2010 . Retrieved August 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Borys , Kit ( June 16 , 2009 ) . `` Kinnear , Preston join Cyrus in Last Song '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved August 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Touchstone Pictures ( June 17 , 2009 ) . `` Touchstone Pictures `` The Last Song '' Kicks Off Production in Georgia `` . HollywoodOutbreak.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Song '' . March 31 , 2010 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 -- via IMDb . ^ Jump up to : Sparks , Nicholas ( September 8 , 2009 ) . The Last Song . Grand Central Publishing . ISBN 0 - 446 - 54756 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 16 , 2009 ) . `` Carly Chaikin '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Cyrus , Miley ( August 6 , 2009 ) . `` Scene with Chaikin '' . MileyWorld . Self - published . Archived from the original ( using WebCite ) on November 13 , 2009 . Retrieved November 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Adam ( 2009 ) . `` Projects '' . Adam-Barnett.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Searcy , Nick ( May 20 , 2009 ) . `` Nick cast in Disney 's `` The Last Song '' `` . Nicksearcy.com . Self - published . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Little , Ken ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` Local Actress Lands Role in `` The Last Song '' `` . Greater Wilmington Business Journal . American City Business Journals . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Beals , Hallock ( 2009 ) . `` Hallock Beals Filmography '' . HallockBeals.com . Self - published . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Taylor ( interviewer ) , Hallock Beals ( June 16 , 2009 ) . miley cyrus the last song 411 day 2 ( Interview ) . Savannah , Georgia : YouTube . Event occurs at 0.34 -- 1.41 . uK9nKWflsfo . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . `` Miley plays a rebellious teenager who gets sent out to live with her dad for the summer in `` Wilmington , North Carolina '' and , yeah , she gets mixed up in a bunch of misadventures '' - Hallock Beals `` I play Scott , who 's the jealous best friend of Miley 's love interest and I sort of stir the pot with them and kinda screw up their relationship . '' - Hallock Beals ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Michael ( September 16 , 2008 ) . `` Miley Cyrus to star in Disney film '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2010 . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Lavis , Slavo ( November 17 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus ' New Grown - Up Role '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Yahoo !. Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( June 16 , 2009 ) . `` Kinnear , Preston join Cyrus in ' Song ' '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , A.O. ( January 25 , 2002 ) . `` Film in Review ; ' A Walk to Remember ' '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved August 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Michael ( March 31 , 2009 ) . `` Robinson to Direct Cyrus ' Song ' '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sparks , Nicholas ( 2009 ) . `` Nicholas Sparks on Nicholas Sparks '' . Nicholassparks.com . Self - published . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( June 4 , 2009 ) . `` Miley moseys over to CAA '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( July 14 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus gets ' Wings ' at Disney '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sparks , Nicholas ( 2009 ) . `` The Last Song Notes on Writing '' . Nicholassparks.com . Self - published . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Olsen , George ( September 7 , 2009 ) . `` The Last Song -- Nicholas Sparks '' . PulicBroadcasting.net . Public Radio East . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2010 . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McGee , David ( June 14 , 2009 ) . `` Best - Selling Novelist Nicholas Sparks Charms A Bristol Crowd With His Life Story '' . TriCities.com . Media General . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sparks , Nicholas ( 2009 ) . `` The Last Song '' . Nicholassparks.com . Self - published . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2009 . Retrieved August 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Grove , Martin A. ( March 19 , 2010 ) . `` ' Last Song ' sparked Nicholas Sparks novel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . e5 Global Media . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2010 . Retrieved March 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cyrus , Miley ( June 13 , 2009 ) . `` A New Start '' . MileyWorld . Self - published . Archived from the original ( using WebCite ) on November 13 , 2009 . Retrieved November 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Snead , Elizabeth ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus signs on for another season of ' Hannah Montana ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nicholas Sparks interview '' . Sun Journal . August 4 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2010 . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Steelman , Ben ( September 21 , 2009 ) . `` Author Nicholas Sparks sets film in his ideal Wrightsville Beach '' . The Star - News . New York Times Company . Retrieved September 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Thompsen , Melinda M. ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` Review : Miley Cyrus Rocks the Rose Garden as She Kicks off Tour in Portland '' . The Oregonian . Advance Publications . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sparks , Nicholas ( October 17 , 2008 ) . `` Nicholas Sparks , Author of `` Nights in Rodanthe '' and `` The Notebook '' `` . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Untitled Miley Cyrus Project '' . Blockbuster Inc . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( March 20 , 2009 ) . `` Disney Proteges Moving On '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Miley Cyrus works on her accent for ' The Last Song ' '' . Sawf News . May 21 , 2009 . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Germain , David ( January 11 , 2010 ) . `` 2010 films : Iron Man , Shrek , Toy Story , Harry Potter , Twilight gang return '' . The Canadian Press . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2010 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Mikael ( September 23 , 2009 ) . `` Live review : Miley Cyrus ' ' Wonder World ' concert at Staples Center '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved September 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( September 17 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus On Her Film ' Last Song ' : ' Art Really Does Imitate Life ' '' . MTV News . MTV . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Conn , Leslie ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` Casting for Miley Cyrus movie under way '' . Savannah Morning News . Morris Communications . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2009 . Retrieved July 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen M. ( June 19 , 2009 ) . `` Kelly Preston Back to Work -- with Miley Cyrus '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved July 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Adam ( 2009 ) . `` Robert Adam Barnett '' . Adam-Barnett.com . Self - published . ^ Jump up to : Mach , Tuquyen ( June 8 , 2009 ) . `` Filming for New Miley Cyrus Movie Starts Monday '' . WSAV - TV . Media General . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Beals , Hallock ( September 11 , 2009 ) . `` Twitter / Hallock Beals : going to do ADR on the las ... '' . Twitter . Self - published . Archived from the original ( using WebCite ) on October 29 , 2009 . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Chaikin , Carly ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` The Last Song '' . CarlyChaikin.blogspot.com . Self - published . Archived from the original ( using WebCite ) on October 29 , 2009 . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shankman , Adam ( September 30 , 2009 ) . `` Twitter / Adam Shankman : showing the cut of the las ... '' . Twitter . Self - published . Archived from the original ( using WebCite ) on October 29 , 2009 . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New Ratings Issued from the MPAA '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2009 . Retrieved October 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Waggoner , Martha ( April 1 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus to Make a New Movie ... But Where ? '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hotz , Amy ( May 22 , 2009 ) . `` Film Incentive Bills Aim to Keep Crews in State '' . The Star News . New York Times Company . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2010 . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cox , Jonathon B. ( June 9 , 2009 ) . `` When N.C. could n't sweeten deal , the Mouse walked '' . The News & Observer . The McClatchy Company . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2010 . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Gary D. ( August 27 , 2009 ) . `` NC governor Signs Film Credit Bill from Lawmakers '' . Yahoo ! Finance . Associated Press . Retrieved August 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Conn , Lesley ( June 7 , 2009 ) . `` Tybee Gets Set for Filming of Miley Movie '' . Savannah Morning News . Morris Communications . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bynum , Russ ( June 8 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus Movie Starts Filming in Ga . Next Week '' . ABC News . Associated Press . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Logana , Don ( August 6 , 2009 ) . `` No Sign of Miley Yet '' . WTOC - TV . Raycom Media . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Logana , Don ( April 10 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus Disney movie to be filmed in Savannah '' . WTOC - TV . Raycom Media . Retrieved July 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Gutschke , Laura ( July 18 , 2009 ) . `` Production Designer Nelson Coates has a long list of Hollywood Credits '' . Abilene Reporter - News . The E.W. Scripps Company . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ruberti , Melanie ( October 6 , 2009 ) . `` Tybee residents and businesses prepare for Hollywood '' . WTOC - TV . Tybee Island , Georigia : Raycom Media . Retrieved June 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hempel , Randi ( June 11 , 2009 ) . `` Owner of Miley Cyrus Movie House Talks to News 3 '' . WSAV - TV . Media General . Retrieved July 18 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Wittish , Rich ( October 21 , 2009 ) . `` Island Hopping : From movie fantasy to Tybee reality '' . Savannah Morning News . Morris Communications . Retrieved October 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Emily ( July 4 , 2009 ) . `` All smoke , no real fire in store for movie church '' . Savannah Morning News . Morris Communications . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Conn , Lesley ( January 6 , 2010 ) . `` Tybee saves movie chapel '' . Savannah Morning News . Morris Communications . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Marc ( June 18 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus : Who 's That Boy She Was Kissing ? '' . E ! : Entertainment Television . Comcast . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hempel , Randi ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus Movie : What Stays on Tybee ? '' . WSAV - TV . Media General . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Logana , Don ( June 23 , 2009 ) . `` Filming for Miley Cyrus movie wraps up on Tybee Island '' . WTOC - TV . Raycom Media . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hempel , Randi ( June 15 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Movie : Church Scenes & Tybee Island Firefighters '' . WSAV - TV . Media General . Jump up ^ `` Miley Cyrus movie relocates to Georgia Tech 's Savannah campus '' . Savannah Morning News . Morris Communications . July 17 , 2009 . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ryan Seacrest , Miley Cyrus ( July 16 , 2009 ) . On Air with Ryan Seacrest . Los Angeles : On Air with Ryan Seacrest ( radio ) . Event occurs at 2 : 11 -- 3 : 22 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Emily ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Local jazz band to perform in ' Last Song ' wedding scene '' . Savannah Morning News . Morris Communications . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ WTOC staff ( June 23 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus filming closes Wormsloe and Ferguson Ave '' . WTOC - TV . Raycom Media . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cate Mafera ( July 24 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Movie Filming Moves to Wormsloe '' . Savannah Morning News . Morris Communications . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Savannah Spotted ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus is on Tybee '' . Savannah Morning News . Morris Communications . Retrieved August 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Savannah Morning News ( August 11 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Moves to the Mainland '' . Savannah Morning News . Morris Communications . Retrieved August 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Miley Movie Films in Multiple Locations in Savannah . WTOC - TV ( News broadcast ) . Savannah , Georgia : Raycom Media . August 10 , 2009 . Event occurs at 2 : 11 -- 2 : 25 . Miley was n't scheduled to be in any of the scenes at the car shop but was to run into the dress shop and try on a variety of dresses there . The cast and crew will be back out on Tybee Island for the next three days . ^ Jump up to : Logana , Don ( August 14 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Movie Wraps Up Filming on Tybee '' . WTOC - TV . Raycom Media . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stoynoff , Natasha ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus Spotted Kissing Ausie Actor '' . People . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Eldredge , Richard ( August 19 , 2009 ) . `` Behind - the - scenes on ' Song ' as Cyrus Swims with Sharks '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Landers , Mary ( August 15 , 2009 ) . `` Tybee Turtles Hatch '' . Savannah Morning News . Morris Communications . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Conant , Therese A. ; Peter H. Dutton ; Tomoharu Eguchi ; Sheryan P. Epperly ; Christina C. Fahy ; Matthew H. Godfrey ; Sandra L. MacPherson ; Earl E. Possardt ; Barbara A. Schroeder ; Jeffrey A. Seminoff ; Melissa L. Snover ; Carrie M. Upite ; Blair E. Witherington ( August 2009 ) . `` Loggerhead Sea Turtle ( Caretta Caretta ) 2009 Status Review Under the U.S. Endangered Species Act '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schreffler , Laura ; Amanda Sidman ( July 3 , 2009 ) . `` Rob Thomas making sweet music for Miley Cyrus ' new movie '' . Daily News ( New York ) . Retrieved July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Josh Armstrong ( September 9 , 2009 ) . `` Rob Thomas rocks Cradlesong '' . KnowTheArtist.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 7 , 2010 ) . `` Disney Music Aids Films '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Song : Various : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard - Music Charts , News , Photos & Video '' . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/artist/311278/miley+cyrus/chart Jump up ^ `` The Last Song '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Depp unveils ' Pirates 4 ' details at D23 '' . Variety . Associated Press . September 11 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Jim ( September 19 , 2009 ) . `` Concert Review : Miley Cyrus Leaves Hannah Montana Behind at Oakland Show '' . Oakland Tribune . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved September 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katie ( November 16 , 2009 ) . `` First Images Of Miley Cyrus And Liam Hemsworth In The Last Song '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved November 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Big Time Rush . `` '' The Last Song '' Sweepstakes `` . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2010 . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Karina Mitchell ( April 2 , 2010 ) . `` '' The Last Song '' Hits High Note at the Box Office `` . CBS News . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.webcitation.org/5og1IlDvJ?url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lastsong.htm Jump up ^ `` ' Last Song ' Opens Solidly on Wednesday '' . Box Office Mojo. April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Song ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Song '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( March 31 , 2010 ) . `` Movie review : One - note actress in ' Last Song ' '' . Sfgate.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review : The Last Song '' . Montrealgazette.com . March 30 , 2010 . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rob Nelson ( March 30 , 2010 ) . `` The Last Song '' . Variety.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : A.O. Scott ( March 31 , 2010 ) . `` Movie Review -- The Last Song -- Summer Love , a Sea of Trouble '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20100330/REVIEWS/100339997/1023 Jump up ^ Michael Phillips ( March 30 , 2010 ) . `` ' Last Song ' : Same old Sparks romance , this time starring Miley '' . chicagotribune.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Whipp , Glenn ( October 29 , 2009 ) . `` ' The Last Song ' plays the same old tune '' . Boston / AP . Retrieved October 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Touchstone Pictures . `` ' The Last Song ' review : It 's Young Love Inc. , and hard to buy -- Movies with Stephen Whitty '' . NJ.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Movie review : Nicholas Sparks ' ' The Last Song ' is out of tune '' . Deseret News . March 30 , 2010 . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ John Bream . `` ' Last Song ' puts a pouty face on Smiley Miley '' . StarTribune.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Song '' . March 31 , 2010 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 -- via IMDb . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Last Song ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Last Song ( film ) The Last Song on IMDb The Last Song at AllMovie The Last Song at Rotten Tomatoes The Last Song at Metacritic The Last Song at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) Nicholas Sparks Novels The Notebook ( 1996 ) Message in a Bottle ( 1998 ) A Walk to Remember ( 1999 ) The Rescue ( 2000 ) A Bend in the Road ( 2001 ) Nights in Rodanthe ( 2002 ) The Guardian ( 2003 ) The Wedding ( 2003 ) True Believer ( 2005 ) At First Sight ( 2006 ) Dear John ( 2006 ) The Choice ( 2007 ) The Lucky One ( 2008 ) The Last Song ( 2009 ) Safe Haven ( 2010 ) The Best of Me ( 2011 ) The Longest Ride ( 2013 ) See Me ( 2015 ) Two by Two ( 2016 ) Non-fiction Wokini : A Lakota Journey to Happiness and Self - Understanding ( 1990 ) Three Weeks with My Brother ( 2004 ) Film adaptations Message in a Bottle ( 1999 ) A Walk to Remember ( 2002 ) The Notebook ( 2004 ) Nights in Rodanthe ( 2008 ) Dear John ( 2010 ) The Last Song ( 2010 ) The Lucky One ( 2012 ) Safe Haven ( 2013 ) The Best of Me ( 2014 ) The Longest Ride ( 2015 ) The Choice ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Song_(film)&oldid=800859648 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films 2010s drama films American coming - of - age films American films American romantic drama films American teen drama films American teen romance films American teen films Directorial debut films Films based on works by Nicholas Sparks Films based on romance novels Films set in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films shot in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Touchstone Pictures films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Use mdy dates from August 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 03 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the dad live in the last song | [
"At seventeen, Veronica \"Ronnie\" Miller (Miley Cyrus) remains as rebellious as she was the day her parents divorced and her father moved to North Carolina three years prior. Once a classical piano child prodigy under the tutelage of her father, Steve Miller (Greg Kinnear), Ronnie now ignores the instrument and has not spoken with her father since he left. While Juilliard School has been interested in her since she was young, Ronnie refuses to attend."
] | [
"North Carolina"
] |
-6905724369424930143 | The Good Doctor (TV series) | The Good Doctor ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Good Doctor ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the 2013 South Korean TV series on which this series is based , see Good Doctor ( TV series ) . The Good Doctor Genre Medical drama Based on Good Doctor by Park Jae - bum Developed by David Shore Starring Freddie Highmore Nicholas Gonzalez Antonia Thomas Chuku Modu Beau Garrett Hill Harper Richard Schiff Tamlyn Tomita Composer ( s ) Dan Romer Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Shore Seth Gordon Daniel Dae Kim Erin Gunn David Kim Sebastian Lee Mike Listo Thomas L. Moran Producer ( s ) Ron French Freddie Highmore Konshik Yu Min Soo Kee Shawn Williamson Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Camera setup Single - camera Running time 41 -- 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Shore Z Productions 3AD EnterMedia ABC Studios Sony Pictures Television Distributor Sony Pictures Television Release Original network ABC Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound Original release September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Good Doctor External links Official website The Good Doctor is an American medical drama television series based on the 2013 award - winning South Korean series of the same name . Daniel Dae Kim , the actor , first noticed the series and bought the rights for his production company . He began adapting the series and eventually shopped it to CBS , his home network in 2015 . CBS decided against creating a pilot . Because Kim felt so strongly about the series , he bought back the rights from CBS . Eventually , Sony Pictures Television and Kim worked out a deal and brought on David Shore , creator of the Fox hit medical drama , House , to develop the series . The show is produced by Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios , in association with production companies Shore Z Productions , 3AD , and Entermedia . David Shore serves as showrunner and Daniel Dae Kim is an executive producer for the show . The series stars Freddie Highmore as Shaun Murphy , a young savant autistic surgical resident at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital . Antonia Thomas , Nicholas Gonzalez , Beau Garrett , Hill Harper , Richard Schiff , and Tamlyn Tomita also star in the show . The series received a put pilot commitment at ABC after a previous attempted series did not move forward at CBS Television Studios in 2015 ; The Good Doctor was ordered to series in May 2017 . On October 3 , 2017 , ABC picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes . The series is primarily filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia . In March 2018 , ABC renewed the series for a second season . The series debuted on September 25 , 2017 . The Good Doctor has received mixed to positive reviews from critics , with particular praise given to Highmore 's performance , and strong television ratings . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guests 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows Shaun Murphy , a young surgeon with autism and savant syndrome from the mid-size city of Casper , Wyoming , where he had a troubled childhood . He relocates to San Jose , California , to work at the prestigious San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Freddie Highmore as Dr. Shaun Murphy , a surgical resident with autism and savant syndrome . His savant abilities include near - photographic recall and the ability to note minute details and changes . He is portrayed in flashbacks to his teen years by Graham Verchere . Nicholas Gonzalez as Dr. Neil Melendez : Attending Cardiothoracic surgeon in charge of surgical residents . He is also engaged to Jessica Preston until episode 12 . Antonia Thomas as Dr. Claire Browne , a surgical resident who forms a special connection with Shaun . Chuku Modu as Dr. Jared Kalu , a surgical resident from a wealthy family . Beau Garrett as Jessica Preston : The hospital in - house attorney and Vice President of Risk Management . She is the granddaughter of the hospital founder and a friend of Dr. Glassman . Hill Harper as Dr. Marcus Andrews , Chief of surgery and board member . Richard Schiff as Dr. Aaron Glassman , President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital , who has been a mentor and good friend of Shaun since he was 14 . Tamlyn Tomita as Allegra Aoki , Chairman and Vice President of the foundation that controls the hospital . Recurring ( edit ) Dylan Kingwell as Steve Murphy : Shaun 's younger brother ( in flashbacks ) . He also portrays Evan Gallico , a boy in the present that resembles Shaun 's brother and is suffering from stage 4 Osteosarcoma . Graham Verchere as a young Shaun Murphy in flashbacks . Paige Spara as Lea : Shaun 's love interest / former neighbor . Christina Chang as Dr. Audrey Lim Chris D'Elia as Kenny , Shaun 's new neighbor , who moves into Lea 's apartment . Fiona Gubelmann as Dr. Morgan Reznick , a new resident ( joins the cast for five episodes with the possibility of becoming a regular in season 2 ) . As a resident , Morgan will turn out to be a rival for Claire . ( debuted in `` She '' ) . Will Yun Lee as Dr. Alex Park , an ex-cop who decided to become a doctor ( debuted in `` Heartfelt '' ) . Notable guests ( edit ) Irene Keng as Dr. Elle McLean , a surgical resident ( only appears in the pilot , however had series regular status for said episode ) Jasika Nicole as Carly Eve Gordon as Nurse Fryday Eric Winter as Matt Coyle , a suave doctor who charms the hospital 's staff , until he makes explicit advances towards one of them . Marsha Thomason as Dr. Isabel Barnes , Marcus ' wife . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Burnt Food '' Seth Gordon David Shore September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 11.22 On the way to begin his surgical residency at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital , Dr. Shaun Murphy witnesses an airport sign fall and shatter glass onto a young boy . With his unique ability to visualize the internal body and using improvised methods and tools , Shaun is able to stabilize the boy . In a hospital board meeting , Dr. Aaron Glassman , president of the hospital , tries to convince the board to hire Shaun , despite his autism . Flashbacks give us a picture of Shaun 's childhood and his motivation for becoming a doctor . `` Mount Rushmore '' Mike Listo David Shore October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) 10.93 Dr. Neil Melendez is doing rounds with Dr. Claire Browne and Dr. Jared Kalu . Melendez calls out Shaun for arriving late on his first full day . A middle aged woman is brought into the ER with abdominal pain . Shaun immediately diagnoses a malignant tumor . As punishment for lateness , Shaun is assigned ' scut work ' , where his attention to detail in his gets him in trouble . After rechecking a discharged young girl 's test results , Shaun races to her home , annoying her parents over the late hour , but eventually saving the girl 's life . `` Oliver '' John Dahl William Rotko October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 10.69 Shaun and Claire fly to San Francisco Municipal Hospital to get a liver for a transplant patient . After learning they are unable fly back due to bad weather , they resort to a police escort . At the Hospital , Chuck , the recipient of the liver , is discovered to have alcohol in his system , a development that could void his eligibility for the transplant . Chuck later confesses that he had a drink at his daughter 's graduation . In order to protect its reputation and its future patients , the hospital decides to deny Chuck the liver . To their dismay , Shaun and Claire arrive back , having kept the liver viable , only to find out that it is to be taken to a patient at another hospital . `` Pipes '' Steven DePaul Thomas L. Moran October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 10.60 Barb Allen , 22 weeks pregnant , and her husband come to St. Bonaventure , hoping the doctors can save her baby . A large non-cancerous tumor is growing so on the fetus and must be removed in order to save the baby . Despite the serious risks to both her and the baby , Barb insists on surgery . Shaun and Claire are assigned scut work as punishment . Their patient , Olivia , is experiencing severe pain in her genital area caused by an abscess . When they attempt to drain the abscess , a fibroid tumor is found to be wrapped around a nerve , and the surgery to remove it will cut off all feeling in Olivia 's genitals . 5 `` Point Three Percent '' Larry Teng David Hoselton October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) 10.39 Shaun notices a young boy with an indubitable resemblance to his deceased brother Steve , forming a bond with him . The boy 's name is actually Evan and he was brought to the hospital by his parents for reportedly breaking an arm ; unbeknownst to Evan , he is in fact suffering from stage 4 Osteosarcoma . The other doctors try to diagnose a 66 - year old man , brought to the hospital by his estranged son , with an allergy causing him to convulse violently . Claire and Jared determine that the man is suffering from Echinococcus , a cystic form of tapeworms . 6 `` Not Fake '' Michael Patrick Jann Simran Baidwan October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) 10.60 Shaun and the rest of the residents are working the graveyard shift when numerous casualties from a wedding bus crash come in . Among the victims are a woman with severe , visible burns , on whom Jared tries an experimental procedure , and a young man with a severely damaged leg . Tensions arise between the patients parents and fiancée over the best choice for treatment ; his parents want to amputate the leg , his fiancée is in favour of an experimental bone - replacement procedure . After treating a patient , Claire realises that a woman has been left behind at the crash site . 7 `` 22 Steps '' David Straiton Johanna Lee November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) 10.14 Shaun encounters Liam , an autistic patient brought in to the hospital . Having to face prejudice from the young man 's parents , Dr. Melendez defends him for the first time and acknowledges his exceptional abilities . On Dr. Glassman 's directive , Claire continues with therapy sessions in order to curb her guilt over inadvertently causing the death of a patient . Jared deals with a 73 - year - old man with severe chest pains thus needing urgent medical attention and a pacemaker ; but the patient states his desire is to die . 8 `` Apple '' Nestor Carbonell David Renaud November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) 9.97 While shopping at a grocery mart for apples , a robbery takes place . With Shaun 's communication limitations , he puts the lives of two customers on a first date at risk , leading to a young woman getting shot . Shaun 's neighbor Lea hugs him after he admits that he made a mistake with someone getting hurt . During surgery , Dr. Lim questions Claire 's ability to not let her emotions get the better of her because of a racist patient . This leads to an argument between the two with Dr. Lim ordering Claire to leave the operating room . Claire puts her emotions in check to save the life of the racist patient much to the satisfaction and delight of Dr. Lim . 9 `` Intangibles '' Bronwen Hughes Karen Struck November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) 9.25 The team takes on the case of a young boy from the Congo who has severe congenital heart anomalies ; Murphy 's latest encounter with his neighbor Lea has him confused . He takes flirting lessons from Claire and notes and charts what he sees in regards to the `` flirting trifecta '' . Meanwhile , Claire along with a lab tech search for a misplaced tissue sample from a woman with possible throat cancer . 10 `` Sacrifice '' Michael Patrick Jann Lloyd Gilyard Jr . December 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 04 ) 9.03 Shaun has reluctantly agreed to Dr. Glassman 's repeated suggestions to meet with a therapist , but ultimately changes his mind after a new patient , Bobby Otto , convinces Shaun to stop letting people tell him what to do . Claire runs into an uncomfortable situation with Dr. Matt Coyle , who makes unwanted sexual advances toward her during a patient consultation . Jared finds out and physically threatens him . As a result , Jared is fired . After a tense dinner with Jessica , her father and Dr. Melendez , Jessica states that she does n't want to have children . 11 `` Islands Part One '' Bill D'Elia Thomas L. Moran & William Rotko January 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 08 ) 8.30 Shaun and Lea embark on an impromptu road trip . Shaun drives , drinks Tequila , sings karaoke , all for the first time , and experiences his first kiss with Lea . Melendez and Andrews operate on conjoined twins , one of whom needs a kidney . Complications develop and the operation to separate them , planned for six months after the kidney surgery , must be done immediately . The operation goes well until it 's discovered the twins have not awakened from the surgery . Melendez decides it 's more important to be with Jessica and that he can be a `` father '' in other ways . 12 `` Islands Part Two '' Cherie Nowlan Thomas L. Moran & William Rotko January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) 9.33 Shaun returns to the hospital after his trip and gives Dr. Glassman his two weeks ' notice , intending on moving to Hershey to be with Lea . The twins suffer complications from their surgery ; Katie is not getting enough blood flow to the brain , while Jenny 's heart is failing . Despite the doctors ' best efforts to save both twins , Jenny dies on the operating table . Jessica is forced to look into previous misconduct at the hospital in which white doctors were only warned instead of fired , after allegations of racism by Kalu 's lawyer ; as a result , Jared is reinstated . Jessica tells Melendez that she wants to break up because she feels like she is standing in his way of being a father . 13 `` Seven Reasons '' Mike Listo David Shore & David Hoselton January 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) 9.61 While treating a Muslim patient , Shaun senses she is lying and makes controversial claims about how she sustained her injuries . Melendez punctures the bronchus of the patient during surgery and is put under investigation after Shaun questions if his personal life is affecting his work . While Claire assists in a surgery on a stroke patient who had an aneurysm with Dr. Lim , she learns that Coyle got a new job and a raise . They inform the patient 's wife that he needs surgery or he will die , but she refuses to conset until Claire explains the reality of the situation . Shaun asks Glassman to be friends , but Glassman decides to give him his own space and not be friends , which upsets Shaun . 14 `` She '' Seth Gordon Simran Baidwan February 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) 9.63 The four residents including the new Dr. Morgan Reznick are paired off in competition ; Reznick and Browne with Melendez , Murphy and Kalu with Lim . Murphy and Kalu are faced with a gender dysphoric patient , Quinn , which leads to friction when Murphy claims people can only be their biological gender . Murphy and Kalu determine that Quinn has testicular cancer along with fragile bones caused by puberty blockers . Browne and Reznick tend to a male patient that has contracted a superbug resistant to all medication , as a result of taking leftover persciption medication for the wrong purpose . Drs . Andrews and Barnes see a fertility specialist as they are having trouble concieving . 15 `` Heartfelt '' Regina King Thomas L. Moran & Johanna Lee February 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) 7.82 A female teen goes through a risky surgery to implant a sternum so she can live a normal life without being confined to her house . A young male teen initially rejects the idea of having a convicted killer 's liver transplanted in him , but without it he has a day to live . A former 15 year veteran cop turned doctor , Alex Park , is skeptical of the convict , Boris 's , motives . Allegra talks to Dr. Andrews about a young wealthy donor , Aidan Coulter , but Andrews says being involved with him might give people the wrong idea and that she used sex to solicit donations . At a fundraiser , Jared tells Claire he loved her and thought maybe she would one day love him , but came to the realization that is n't true leaving the status of their relationship unknown . 16 `` Pain '' Allison Liddi - Brown William L. Rotko & David Renaud March 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) 9.88 Shaun , Claire , and Alex assist Melendez with one of his first patients , a man named Hunter who was paralyzed in a motorcycle accident ten years prior . Jared , Morgan , and Andrews attend a patient who has an infection caused by plastic surgery . Claire 's estranged mother shows up at the hospital in an attempt to reconnect . Andrews sees an infertility specialist that tells him there is a surgery that could help him with his sperm count , but that there is a risk of impotence . Alex does a background check on Kenny which sheds light on his criminal past leading him to suggest Shaun is being used by him . 17 `` Smile '' Bill D'Elia David Hoselton & Karen Struck March 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) 9.03 Shaun and Alex treat teenaged Gretchen 's Mobius Syndrome , enabling her to smile ; Andrews persuades an insurance executive to cover the surgery . Morgan and Claire 's patient , `` Lucy Callard , '' is actually an identity thief who let her insurance lapse to pay her son 's college tuition and failed to fill her post-operative antibiotic prescription due to fear of discovery . Morgan convinces the real Lucy Callard , a painkiller addict , to enter rehab ; Claire gains the trust of the imposter , Beatrice , who dies of an infection . Jared romantically pursues his burn - victim patient , Celez , after she completes her treatment ; he is also offered a job in Denver . Kenny takes advantage of Shaun . Shaun urges Glassman to date hospital barista Debbie ( played by Richard Schiff 's real life wife ) ; they hit it off over their interest in classic cars , but Glassman suddenly experiences aphasia at the end of their dinner date . 18 `` More '' Mike Listo David Shore & Lloyd Gilyard , Jr . March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) 9.52 Glassman tells Shaun that he has an inoperable glioma and eighteen months to live . Glassman accepts his death , but agrees to additional imaging for Shaun 's sake ; this yields a worse prognosis of four months to live . Glassman takes Shaun to a park his late daughter loved so they can enjoy the time Glassman has left . Shaun determines how a minimally invasive biopsy could be performed ; Glassman is diagnosed with an operable form of cancer ; he will pursue treatment . Collegiate patient Caden suffers a complication after treatment for a fraternity hazing injury . Jared and Alex question Caden 's friend , but Jared is put off by Alex 's distrustful nature . Shaun determines that he erred in clamping Caden 's artery . He proposes a risky procedure to save Caden 's life and offers to take full responsibility for performing it , but Melendez decides they will perform it together . Caden survives and Melendez invites the team out for drinks , which Morgan finds perverse ; Melendez hopes a doctor supports her when she inevitably kills a patient . Shaun decides he must admit his mistake to Andrews , even though Glassman staked his position on Shaun 's success ; Glassman leaves the decision up to Shaun , and accompanies him to meet with Andrews . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In May 2014 , CBS Television Studios began development on an American remake of the hit South Korean medical drama Good Doctor with Daniel Dae Kim as producer . Kim explained the appeal of adapting the series as `` something that can fit into a recognizable world , with a breadth of characters that can be explored in the long run '' . The story of a pediatric surgeon with autism was to be set in Boston and projected to air in August 2015 . However , CBS did not pick up the project and it moved to Sony Pictures Television , with a put pilot commitment from ABC in October 2016 . The series is developed by David Shore , who is executive producing alongside Kim , Sebastian Lee , and David Kim . ABC officially ordered the series to pilot in January 2017 . On May 11 , 2017 , ABC ordered the show to series as a co-production with Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios , and it was officially picked up for a full season of 18 episodes on October 3 , 2017 . On March 7 , 2018 , ABC renewed the series for a second season . It will premiere in the fall of 2018 Casting ( edit ) On February 17 , 2017 , Antonia Thomas was cast as Dr. Claire Browne , a strong - willed and talented doctor who forms a special connection with Shaun . A week later , Freddie Highmore was cast in the lead role as Dr. Shaun Murphy , a young surgeon with autism ; and Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Dr. Neil Melendez , the boss of the surgical residents at the hospital . The next month , Chuku Modu was cast as resident Dr. Jared Kalu ( originally Dr. Jared Unger ) ; Hill Harper as head of surgery Dr. Marcus Andrews ( originally Dr. Horace Andrews ) ; Irene Keng as resident Dr. Elle McLean ; and Richard Schiff was cast as Dr. Aaron Glassman ( originally Dr. Ira Glassman ) , the hospital president and Shaun 's mentor . Schiff was shortly followed by Beau Garrett as hospital board member Jessica Preston and a friend of Dr. Glassman . In September 2017 , Tamlyn Tomita was promoted to the principal cast as Allegra Aoki . In April 2018 , it was revealed that Will Yun Lee , Fiona Gubelmann , Christina Chang , and Paige Spara had been promoted to series regulars for the second season , after recurring in the first as Alex , Morgan , Audrey , and Lea , respectively . In addition , it was announced that Modu would not return for the second season . The Surrey , British Columbia city hall serves as the fictional San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital in exterior shots . Filming ( edit ) Production on the pilot took place from March 21 to April 6 , 2017 in Vancouver , British Columbia . Filming for the rest of the season began on July 26 , 2017 , and concluded on March 1 , 2018 . Music ( edit ) Dan Romer serves as the primary composer for the series . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The Good Doctor began airing on September 25 , 2017 , on ABC in the United States , and on CTV in Canada . Sky Living acquired the broadcast rights for the United Kingdom and Ireland . Seven Network airs the series in Australia . Wowow , the largest Japanese private satellite and pay - per - view television network in Japan acquired the rights to broadcast the series beginning in April 2018 . In the Netherlands , the series began airing on January 29 , 2018 , on RTL 4 and on video - on - demand service Videoland . Marketing ( edit ) A full - length trailer was released for ABC 's May 2017 Upfront presentation , which / Film 's Ethan Anderton described the concept as feeling like `` House meets Rain Man , that just might be enough to make it interesting '' . However , he questioned `` how long can audiences be entranced by both the brilliance of ( Highmore 's ) character 's savant skills and the difficulties that come from his autism in the workplace . '' Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter felt the trailer was `` both kinda progressive and really dated '' . He added , `` Too much felt on - the - nose -- especially Hill Harper as the main character 's detractor and Richard Schiff as his noble defender '' , while also commentating that `` On - the - nose / premise is how you have to trailer a show like this , and maybe spaced out over 43 minutes it wo n't grate . '' Ben Travers and Steve Greene for IndieWire called it `` a serious trailer for a serious subject . The first glimpse of Highmore 's character hints that they 're toeing the line between presenting a thoughtful depiction of his condition and using his perceptive abilities as a kind of secret weapon . '' The trailer had been viewed over 25.4 million times after a week of its release , including over 22 million views on Facebook . The pilot was screened at ABC 's PaleyFest event on September 9 , 2017 . On March 22 , 2018 , members of the cast as well as executive producers Shore and Kim attended the 35th annual PaleyFest LA to promote the series , along with a screening of the season finale of the first season . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Burnt Food '' September 25 , 2017 2.2 / 9 11.22 2.2 7.86 4.4 19.21 `` Mount Rushmore '' October 2 , 2017 2.2 / 9 10.93 2.1 7.21 4.3 18.12 `` Oliver '' October 9 , 2017 2.0 / 7 10.69 2.2 7.53 4.2 18.22 `` Pipes '' October 16 , 2017 2.0 / 8 10.60 2.1 7.34 4.1 17.96 5 `` Point Three Percent '' October 23 , 2017 1.8 / 7 10.39 2.0 7.10 3.8 17.50 6 `` Not Fake '' October 30 , 2017 1.9 / 7 10.60 2.0 6.93 3.9 17.51 7 `` 22 Steps '' November 13 , 2017 1.9 / 7 10.14 1.9 6.92 3.8 17.14 8 `` Apple '' November 20 , 2017 1.8 / 7 9.97 1.8 6.98 3.6 16.99 9 `` Intangibles '' November 27 , 2017 1.7 / 7 9.25 1.8 6.66 3.5 15.91 10 `` Sacrifice '' December 4 , 2017 1.6 / 7 9.03 1.8 6.67 3.4 15.74 11 `` Islands Part One '' January 8 , 2018 1.6 / 6 8.30 1.8 7.10 3.4 15.40 12 `` Islands Part Two '' January 15 , 2018 1.7 / 6 9.33 1.8 6.66 3.5 16.00 13 `` Seven Reasons '' January 22 , 2018 1.7 / 7 9.61 1.9 6.91 3.6 16.53 14 `` She '' February 5 , 2018 1.7 / 7 9.63 1.8 7.07 3.5 16.71 15 `` Heartfelt '' February 26 , 2018 1.3 / 5 7.82 1.8 6.84 3.1 14.66 16 `` Pain '' March 12 , 2018 1.8 / 7 9.88 1.5 6.23 3.3 16.12 17 `` Smile '' March 19 , 2018 1.6 / 6 9.03 1.5 6.39 3.1 15.42 18 `` More '' March 26 , 2018 1.7 / 6 9.52 1.6 6.32 3.3 15.85 The series premiere earned a 2.2 / 9 rating in the 18 - to 49 - year - old demographic , with 11.22 million total viewers , making it the most watched Monday drama debut on ABC in 21 years , since Dangerous Minds in September 1996 , and the highest rated Monday drama in the 18 -- 49 demographic in 8.5 years , since Castle in March 2009 . Factoring live plus seven - day ratings , the pilot was watched by a total of 19.2 million viewers and set a record for DVR viewers with 7.9 million , surpassing the record of 7.67 million set by the pilot of Designated Survivor in 2016 . According to TV Guide 's November 13 - 26 issue , the October 9 episode attracted 18.2 million viewers , beating out both NCIS and The Big Bang Theory for the most viewed primetime show that week . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 58 % approval rating with an average rating of 5.49 / 10 based on 38 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` The Good Doctor 's heavy - handed bedside manner undermines a solid lead performance , but under all the emotionally manipulative gimmickry , there 's still plenty of room to improve . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 53 out of 100 based on 15 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Giving his first impression of the series ' pilot for TVLine , Matt Webb Mitovich stated , `` The Good Doctor boasts great DNA ... ( and ) has the potential to be a refreshingly thought - provoking hospital drama , based on the buttons pushed in the pilot alone . '' He enjoyed the `` warm dynamic '' of Schiff and Highmore , while describing Thomas ' character as `` our emotional ' in ' to Shaun 's distinct , distant world '' . He noted that `` it takes a while to build up momentum '' , but concluded that `` the very final scene packs quite a punch , as Dr. Murphy unwittingly puts a colleague on notice '' . The New York Times television critic , James Poniewozik , notes in his Critic 's Notebook column , that for the most part the drama is a `` hospital melodrama with whiz - bang medical science , a dash of intra-staff romance and shameless sentimentality . '' Discussing the main characters of Dr. Aaron Glassman ( Richard Schiff ) and Dr. Shaun Murphy ( Freddie Highmore ) , however , Poniewozik writes that `` Mr. Schiff is convincing in the role and Mr. Highmore is striking in his . '' Speaking of Freddie Highmore 's Golden Globe nomination on Monday , December 11 , 2017 , for his role in The Good Doctor , Laura Bradley , writing for Vanity Fair says : `` ... Freddie Highmore received the awards recognition that has long and unjustly eluded him ... '' Bradley feels that Highmore 's performance has been `` the central key '' to the show 's enormous success and while the show had lukewarm reviews , most critics have praised Highmore 's work . Accolades ( edit ) Year Association Nominee Result Ref . 2018 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Freddie Highmore Nominated Humanitas Prize 60 - Minute Category David Shore Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` How ABC Found a surprise Hit in `` The Good Doctor '' `` . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Good Doctor Medical Drama Starring Bates Motel 's Freddie Highmore Ordered to Series at ABC '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Freddie Highmore & ' HTGAWM 's Nicholas Gonzalez Cast '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Good Doctor ( @ GoodDoctorABC ) ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` # TheGoodDoctor cast at their first table read ! # TBT '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Antonia Thomas Cast In ABC Pilot ' Good Doctor ' ; Bojana Novakovic In CBS ' Instinct ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' ABC Pilot Casts Chuku Modu '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Beau Garrett Joins ' The Good Doctor ' ABC Pilot ; Sawyer Barth In Fox 's ' Amy 's Brother ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Hill Harper & Irene Keng Join ABC Drama Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Richard Schiff Cast In ABC Medical Drama Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor : Season 1 Lead Sheet '' ( Press release ) . ABC Press . July 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Tamlyn Tomita Upped To Series Regular On ABC Drama '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Fiona Gubelmann Joins ABC Medical Drama As New Resident '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor Adds a New Rival for Shaun '' . TV Guide . 2018 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Hannah ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' Recruits Actor From ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' '' . PopCulture.com . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Schedule : Primetime Fall 2017 - 2018 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shore , David ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Mount Rushmore '' . The Good Doctor . Event occurs at 42 : 49 . ABC . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Eric Winter Set To Recur On ABC Drama Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Marsha Thomason Scrubs In For ' The Good Doctor ' ; Bahram Khosraviani Joins ' The Brave ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Voice ' adjust up ; ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Brave ' & ' Scorpion ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang , ' ' Voice , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' adjust up , ABC and ' 9JKL ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' adjusts down , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' adjusts up , ' Good Doctor ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Gifted ' adjust up , ' DWTS ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Good Doctor , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' CMA Country Christmas , ' ' Good Doctor , ' ' Pentatonix Christmas ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ABC , NBC adjust down with football pre-emptions : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' and ' Supergirl ' rerun adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Gifted ' finale , ' The Good Doctor ' and all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' 9JKL ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' iZombie ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol , ' ' Good Girls , ' all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' The Good Doctor ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hyo - won , Lee ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Daniel Dae Kim Wants to Bring North Korean Defector Story to Screen ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Dae Kim to remake ' Good Doctor ' for CBS '' . The Korea Times . August 31 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Sun - min ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Good Doctor ' to be adapted '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Lands ' The Good Doctor ' Medical Drama From David Shore & Daniel Dae Kim '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Orders Drama Pilots ' The Good Doctor ' & ' Doomsday ' From David Shore , Daniel Dae Kim & Carol Mendesohn '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' Drama Starring Freddie Highmore Picked Up To Series By ABC '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' Gets Full - Season Order From ABC After 2 Airings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ; Hipes , Patrick ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' Renewed For Season 2 At ABC '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Will Yun Lee , Fiona Gubelmann , Christina Chang & Paige Spara Promoted To Series Regulars , Chuku Modu Not Returning For Season 2 '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2018 . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pizarro , Sal ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` How San Jose in ' The Good Doctor ' compares to the real thing '' . The Mercury News . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Filming in Vancouver : Liam Neeson , Jeremy Piven , Sandra Oh , Freddie Highmore , and more '' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Pilot Locations 2017 : NY , Vancouver & Atlanta Tick Up ; LA , Toronto , Chicago Slip '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC Production List '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romer , Dan ( @ Dan_romer ) ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` I scored @ GoodDoctorABC and it 's premiering tonight at 10 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For TGIT , ' Black - ish ' , ' The Good Doctor ' & ' The Gospel Of Kevin ' , Which Gets New Title '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV and CTV Two Fall 2017 Premiere Dates Announced # # # CTV is Home of Television 's Most - Anticipated Debuts of the Year '' ( Press release ) . Bell Media . August 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New US drama The Good Doctor coming exclusively to Sky Living in the UK and Ireland '' ( Press release ) . Sky plc . August 2017 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tadros , Patrick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is Giving Australia All Sorts of Feels Right Now '' . Yahoo7 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Mark ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Wowow acquires ' The Good Doctor ' for Japan '' . Variety . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wereldwijde hitserie ' The Good Doctor ' bij RTL 4 en Videoland '' . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Trailers for ABC 's New 2017 - 2018 Shows : ' Roseanne ' Returns , Zach Braff Forms ' Alex , Inc . ' & More '' . / Film . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 's New Show Trailers : A Critic 's Ranking '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ; Greene , Steve ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor , ' ' The Gospel of Kevin , ' ' Alex , Inc . ' : ABC Fall TV Trailers , Ranked and Reviewed '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' Revival Trailer : 33 Million Views And Counting '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pfeiffer , Jeff ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` PaleyFest Fall TV Previews 2017 Lineup Announced '' . TV Insider . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` PaleyFest LA Sets Talent From ' Handmaid 's Tale ' , ' Queen Sugar ' , ' Riverdale ' For TV Event '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2018 . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon ' & ' Good Doctor ' Debut To Strong Ratings As New TV Season Starts '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' premiere got the largest DVR bounce on record '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rudolph , Ileane ( November 2017 ) . `` Off the Charts '' . TV Guide . Vol . November 13 - 26 . pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 's The Good Doctor : Our Fall TV First Impression '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) . `` On ' The Good Doctor , ' the Anti-Antihero Is In '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` How The Good Doctor finally won Freddie Highmore a Golden Globe Nom '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` How The Good Doctor Finally Won Freddie Highmore a Golden Globe Nom '' . Variety . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes Winners : Complete List '' . Variety . January 7 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Humanitas Prize Winners Include ' Mudbound ' , ' The Post ' & ' Lady Bird ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Good Doctor on IMDb ( hide ) ABC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) 20 / 20 : In an Instant ( since 2015 ) The $100,000 Pyramid ( since 2016 ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( since 2013 ) Alex , Inc. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays dr murphy in the good doctor | [
"\nFreddie Highmore as Dr. Shaun Murphy, a surgical resident with autism and savant syndrome.[3] His savant abilities include near-photographic recall and the ability to note minute details and changes. He is portrayed in flashbacks to his teen years by Graham Verchere.[4]\nNicholas Gonzalez as Dr. Neil Melendez: Attending Cardiothoracic surgeon in charge of surgical residents.[3] He is also engaged to Jessica Preston until episode 12.\nAntonia Thomas as Dr. Claire Browne, a surgical resident who forms a special connection with Shaun.[5]\nChuku Modu as Dr. Jared Kalu, a surgical resident from a wealthy family.[6]\nBeau Garrett as Jessica Preston: The hospital in-house attorney and Vice President of Risk Management. She is the granddaughter of the hospital founder and a friend of Dr. Glassman.[7]\nHill Harper as Dr. Marcus Andrews, Chief of surgery and board member.[8]\nRichard Schiff as Dr. Aaron Glassman, President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital, who has been a mentor and good friend of Shaun since he was 14.[9][10]\nTamlyn Tomita as Allegra Aoki, Chairman and Vice President of the foundation that controls the hospital.[11]\n"
] | [
"Freddie Highmore"
] |
-8043406213014446434 | Samsung Galaxy S8 | Samsung Galaxy S8 - wikipedia Samsung Galaxy S8 Jump to : navigation , search Samsung Galaxy S8 Samsung Galaxy S8+ Samsung Galaxy S8 Active Samsung Galaxy S8 and the S8+ Codename Project Dream Cruiser ( Galaxy S8 Active ) Brand Samsung Galaxy Manufacturer Samsung Electronics Slogan Unbox Your Phone Series Galaxy S First released 21 April 2017 ; 8 months ago ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) Availability by country 21 April 2017 ( show ) South Korea Canada United States Taiwan 28 April 2017 ( show ) Australia Ireland Russia United Kingdom 29 April 2017 ( show ) Singapore 5 May 2017 ( show ) Malaysia Philippines New Zealand Thailand 12 May 2017 ( show ) Brazil 18 May 2017 ( show ) China 25 May 2017 ( show ) Hong Kong 8 June 2017 ( show ) Japan Predecessor Samsung Galaxy S7 / S7 Edge Related Samsung Galaxy Note 8 Type Smartphone Form factor Slate S8 : 148.9 mm × 68.1 mm × 8.0 mm ( 5.86 in × 2.68 in × 0.31 in ) S8+ : 159.5 mm × 73.4 mm × 8.1 mm ( 6.28 in × 2.89 in × 0.32 in ) Weight S8 : 155 g ( 5.5 oz ) S8+ : 173 g ( 6.1 oz ) Operating system Original : Android 7.0 `` Nougat '' with Samsung Experience System on chip Global : Exynos 8895 USA and China : Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 CPU Exynos : Octa - core ( 4 × 7009230000000000000 ♠ 2.3 GHz M2 Mongoose & 4 × 7009170000000000000 ♠ 1.7 GHz ) Cortex - A53 ( GTS ) Snapdragon : Octa - core ( 4 × 7009235000000000000 ♠ 2.35 GHz Kryo & 4 × 7009190000000000000 ♠ 1.9 GHz Kryo ) GPU Exynos : Mali - G71 MP20 Snapdragon : Adreno 540 Memory 4 or 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 GB LPDDR4X RAM Storage 64 or 7012102400000000000 ♠ 128 GB UFS 2.1 / UFS 2.0 in some devices Removable storage microSDXC , expandable up to 7012204800000000000 ♠ 256 GB Battery Non-removable S8 : 7003300000000000000 ♠ 3000 mAh S8+ : 7003350000000000000 ♠ 3500 mAh Data inputs Sensors : Accelerometer Barometer Fingerprint scanner Iris scanner Geomagnetic sensor Gyroscope Hall sensor Proximity sensor Other : Physical sound volume keys Bixby key Display 2960 × 1440 1440p OLED display , S8 : 5.8 in ( 150 mm ) , 7002225000000000000 ♠ 225 ppcm ( 572 ppi ) S8+ : 6.2 in ( 160 mm ) , 7002208000000000000 ♠ 208 ppcm ( 7002529000000000000 ♠ 529 ppi ) Rear camera 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 MP ( 6994140000000000000 ♠ 1.4 μm ) , f / 1.7 , OIS , 4K at 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 fps , 1080p at 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 fps , 720p at 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 fps , slow motion 720p at 7002240000000000000 ♠ 240 fps Front camera 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 MP , autofocus Website www.samsung.com/global/galaxy/galaxy-s8/ References The Samsung Galaxy S8 , Samsung Galaxy S8+ ( shortened to S8 and S8+ , respectively ) and Samsung Galaxy S8 Active are Android smartphones produced by Samsung Electronics as part of the Samsung Galaxy S series . The S8 and S8+ were unveiled on 29 March 2017 and directly succeed the Samsung Galaxy S7 and S7 Edge , with a North American release on 21 April 2017 and international rollout throughout April and May . The S8 Active was announced on 8 August 2017 , and is exclusive to certain U.S. cellular carriers . The S8 and S8+ contain upgraded hardware and major design changes over the S7 line , including larger screens with a taller aspect ratio and curved sides on both the smaller and larger models , iris and face recognition , a new suite of virtual assistant features known as Bixby ( along with a new dedicated physical button for launching the assistant ) , and Samsung DeX , a docking station accessory that allows the phones to be used with a desktop interface with keyboard and mouse input support . The S8 Active features tougher materials designed for protection against shock , shatter , water and dust , with a metal frame and a rugged , tough texture for improved grip . The Active 's screen measures the same size as the standard S8 model , but loses the curved edges in favor of a metal frame . The S8 and S8+ received mostly positive reviews . Their design and form factor received praise , while critics also liked the updated software and camera optimizations . They received criticism for duplicate software apps , lackluster Bixby features at launch , for the placement of the fingerprint sensor on the rear next to the camera and for poor biometric options for unlocking the phone . Videos published after the phones ' release have proven that the devices ' facial and iris scanners can be fooled by suitable photographs of the user . The S8 and S8+ were in high demand at release . During the pre-order period , a record one million units were booked in South Korea , and overall sales numbers were 30 % higher than the Galaxy S7 . However , subsequent reports in May announced sales of over five million units , a notably lower first - month sales number than previous Galaxy S series models . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Specifications 2.1 Hardware 2.2 Software 3 Reception 4 Sales 5 Issues 5.1 White balance 5.2 Random restarts 5.3 Insecure facial recognition 5.4 Insecure iris recognition 5.5 SMS message reception failures 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Prior to its official announcement , media outlets reported on rumors and information from industry insiders . In December 2016 , SamMobile reported that the Galaxy S8 would not feature a 3.5 mm headphone jack , later reported to be a false rumor . In January 2017 , The Guardian reported on bigger screens for both of the two phone sizes , with edge - to - edge `` infinity '' displays and very limited bezels , and an iris scanner . Additionally , The Guardian stated that the phones would come with 64 gigabytes of storage and support microSD cards , use USB - C connectors , and feature a `` Bixby '' intelligent personal assistant . Soon after , VentureBeat revealed photos of the phones and additional details , including the lack of physical navigation and home buttons , in which the fingerprint sensor was moved to the back of the phone . Evan Blass tweeted in mid-March about color options for the phones . The Galaxy S8 and S8+ were officially unveiled on 29 March 2017 , with pre-orders beginning 30 March and official U.S. release on 21 April 2017 . Following Best Buy retail listings in March , Samsung opened pre-orders for unlocked U.S. handsets on 9 May 2017 , with availability starting 31 May . The devices have also been released internationally . On 21 April 2017 , they were made available in South Korea , Canada , and Taiwan . On 28 April , they were made available in the United Kingdom , Australia , Ireland , and Russia . followed by Singapore one day later . On 5 May , they were made available in Malaysia . New Zealand , India , the Philippines , and Thailand . followed by Brazil on 12 May . On 25 May , they were made available in China , and Hong Kong . On 8 June , they were made available in Japan . In July 2017 , pictures of the Galaxy S8 Active was leaked on Reddit , and the following month , U.S. cellular carrier AT&T `` accidentally '' confirmed its existence through a document in a promotional campaign . It officially became available for pre-order , exclusively through AT&T , on 8 August 2017 , with in - store purchase available 11 August . VentureBeat reported in late September that the device would also become available through T - Mobile in November , and Samsung subsequently confirmed both T - Mobile and Sprint availability in early November . Specifications ( edit ) Hardware ( edit ) The Galaxy S8 and S8+ both feature 1440p OLED displays , with an 18.5 : 9 aspect ratio taller than the 16 : 9 ratio used by the majority of smartphones ; the S8 has a 5.8 - inch panel , while the S8+ uses a larger 6.2 - inch panel . The displays on both devices curve along the side bezels of the device , with minimal bezels that Samsung markets as an `` Infinity Display '' , and the display panel itself has rounded edges . They use DCI - P3 , offering what screen - testing website DisplayMate describes as the largest native color gamut , highest peak brightness , highest contrast rating in ambient light , highest screen resolution , lowest reflectance , and highest contrast ratio . The S8 features an octa - core Exynos system - on - chip and 4 GB of RAM ; models in North American markets utilize the Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 instead . Both chips are manufactured by Samsung with a 10 nm process . They contain 64 GB of internal storage , expandable via microSD card . The Galaxy S8 is one of the first smartphones to support Bluetooth 5 , supporting new capabilities such as connecting two wireless headphones to the device at once . It is also bundled with Harman AKG earbuds . Both smartphones have improved satellite navigation over the predecessors by including Galileo receivers . In the United States , the S8 and S8+ are available in black , gray and silver color options , whereas gold and blue are available internationally . The blue option was made available in the U.S. in July 2017 . Unlike past Galaxy S series models , the S8 line does not feature physical navigation keys , electing to use on - screen keys instead . However , unlike other implementations , the home button can still be activated if it is hidden or the screen is off . The S8 's display features pressure sensitivity limited to the home button . To prevent the home button from burn - in damage , its position moves slightly . While The Verge claims that the S8 uses exactly the same 12 - megapixel rear camera as the S7 , though with software improvements , a report from PhoneArena claims that the phones carry new , custom camera modules . The front - facing camera was upgraded to an 8 - megapixel sensor with autofocus . The S8 features fingerprint and iris scanners ; the fingerprint reader is relocated to the rear of the device , next to the camera , due to the removal of the physical home button . In addition to an iris scanner , the S8 also features face - scanning as an option to unlock the phone . Face recognition technology had previously been implemented in earlier models since the Galaxy S III . The S8 and S8+ use non-removable 3000 and 3500 mAh batteries respectively ; Samsung stated that it had engineered the batteries to retain their capacity for a longer period of time than previous models . The S8 supports AirFuel Inductive ( formerly PMA ) and Qi wireless charging standards . Due to the recalls of the Samsung Galaxy Note 7 , Samsung said in a press conference it is committed to stricter quality control and safety testing procedures on all of the company 's future products . Samsung also launched a Galaxy S8+ with 128 GB of storage and 6 GB of RAM exclusively in China and South Korea , and a bundle offer in the countries provides both the exclusive model and the Samsung DeX docking station . The unique variant was also released in India in June 2017 . The Galaxy S8 Active features a rugged design and significantly tougher materials , being `` shock , shatter , water , and dust resistant '' . It has a metal frame and a bumper to protect from shocks , while the back is fitted with a `` rugged , tough texture for a secure grip '' . Its screen also measures 5.8 inches , the size of the regular S8 , and has quad HD Super AMOLED with an 18.5 : 9 aspect ratio , but loses the `` infinity '' edge compared to the standard models . The S8 Active comes in gray and gold color options . Software ( edit ) The Galaxy S8 runs Android 7.0 `` Nougat '' with the proprietary Samsung Experience ( formerly TouchWiz ) user interface and software suite . The software features a suite of assistant functions known as `` Bixby '' , which is designed primarily to interact with Samsung 's bundled applications and other supported services . The feature allows the use of voice commands to perform phone functions , can generate cards shown on a home screen page ( replacing the Flipboard integration formerly featured ) based on a user 's interactions , and perform searches utilizing object recognition via the camera . Bixby will support third - party integration via an SDK . The S8 supports the use of a docking station known as Samsung DeX to access a PC - like desktop environment on an external display , with support for mouse and keyboard input . On 21 April 2017 , coinciding with the phone 's official retail date , reports surfaced that the default music player on the Galaxy S8 would be Google Play Music , continuing a trend that started with the S7 in 2016 . However , for the S8 , Samsung partnered with Google to incorporate additional exclusive features into the app , including the ability to upload up to 100,000 tracks to the service 's cloud storage , an increase from the 50,000 tracks users are normally allowed to upload . Additionally , new users get a three - month free trial to the service , the same as given to users who purchase Google 's own Pixel smartphone . Furthermore , Google stated that more Samsung - exclusive features will be added to the app in the future , and that the Bixby assistant will also be supported by the app . Bixby replaces S Voice , the voice recognition technology previously found in Samsung Galaxy models . In May 2017 , Google announced that the Galaxy S8 and S8+ will support the company 's Daydream virtual reality platform after Samsung rolls out a software update scheduled for mid-2017 . In July 2017 , Verizon began rolling out an update for its devices , with support for Daydream . The Galaxy S8 was one of the first Android phones to support ARCore , Google 's augmented reality engine . Reception ( edit ) The S8 Active , released in August 2017 , is a more rugged version of the S8 Dan Seifert of The Verge praised the design of the Galaxy S8 , describing it as a `` stunning device to look at and hold '' that was `` refined and polished to a literal shine '' , and adding that it `` truly does n't look like any other phone you might have used before '' . The hardware of the device was described as `` practically flawless '' . Seifert also liked the new software , writing that `` Samsung is known less for polish and more for clumsiness . In a refreshing change of pace , the software on the S8 is , dare I say , good ( sic ) '' . However , he criticized the Bixby assistant , writing that `` in its current state , it does n't do much at all '' , and also criticized the amount of duplicate apps . Regarding performance , he wrote that the S8 was `` fast and responsive , but so is virtually every other premium phone you can buy , and the S8 is n't noticeably faster or quicker than a Google Pixel , LG G6 , or iPhone 7 '' . Fellow Verge reporter Vlad Savov felt that the placement of the fingerprint sensor was `` a perplexing decision if we consider it as a deliberate design choice '' , but noted reports from Korea claiming that Samsung had originally intended for the fingerprint reader to be built directly into the screen , but was unable to reach a desirable implementation in time for release . The Verge wrote that `` Samsung 's six - month - old S8 has cutting edge features and design with fewer issues than other Android phones '' like the Google Pixel 2 and LG V30 , and that the `` OLED screen stretches to the edges of the device and curves on its sides in an almost liquid fashion . It makes the S8 look just as fresh today as it did when it debuted '' , and pointing out that the S8 's popularity and carrier support guaranteed plenty of third - party accessories . Chris Velazco of Engadget similarly praised the design , stating that `` from their rounded edges to their precisely formed metal - and - glass bodies , they feel like smaller , sleeker versions of the Galaxy Note 7 '' , and also praised the display as being simply `` awesome '' . Velazco also praised the software , calling Samsung 's added interface `` subtle and thoughtful in its design choices '' . While noting that the Bixby assistant was n't ready yet , he did compliment the promised voice features as being more granular than those offered through Siri or Google Assistant , and wrote that `` With that kind of complexity involved , maybe it 's no surprise this stuff is n't done yet '' . Also praising performance and the camera , though noting that `` The 12 - megapixel sensors on the back have n't changed much since last year . That 's not a bad thing since they were great cameras to start with '' , Velazco summarized his review by writing that the devices `` are n't perfect , but they 're as close as Samsung has ever gotten '' . Brandon Russell of TechnoBuffalo claimed that the camera could not beat Google 's Pixel smartphone . Ron Amadeo of Ars Technica noted that the device 's unusual aspect ratio resulted in pillarboxing when watching 16 : 9 video without zooming or stretching it . He complimented the feel of the S8 , calling it `` perfected '' , but criticized the glass back for being `` more fragile '' and that `` Glossy , slippery glass does n't feel as good in your hand as metal does , either . For the top - tier premium price tag , we 'd prefer Samsung to put in the extra work and use a metal back '' . He criticized the biometric options for unlocking the phones , writing that `` There 's an iris scanner , a fingerprint reader , and face unlock . The problem is none of them are any good '' , and also criticized duplicate apps , writing that `` most of which ca n't be removed and are n't very compelling '' . Additionally , he criticized Bixby , calling it `` an odd addition '' due to the phone 's Google Assistant functionality already present . Prior to the phone 's official announcement , reports suggested that Bixby would support `` 7 - 8 languages '' at launch . Later reports after the phone 's announcement clarified that Bixby would only support Korean and American English languages at its release , though noting that more languages would be coming `` in the following months '' . In mid-April , The Wall Street Journal reported that Bixby would be launched without support for American English . On 19 July 2017 , Samsung announced that Bixby had begun rolling out to Galaxy S8 users in the United States . Sales ( edit ) The Samsung Galaxy S8 and Galaxy S8+ broke pre-order records in South Korea , with more than 720,000 units booked in one week , a notable increase from the 100,000 units of the Galaxy S7 and 200,000 units of the Note 7 . By mid-April , the number had increased to one million pre-orders . On 24 April 2017 , Samsung announced that sales of the Galaxy S8 was its `` best ever '' . Although it did not release specific sales numbers , it announced that sales of the S8 were 30 % higher year - over-year than the Galaxy S7 . Subsequent reports in May announced that Samsung had sold over five million units . Jon Fingas of Engadget wrote that , although Samsung advertised its pre-order records , sales comparisons to other models on the market were difficult due to unannounced sales figures . However , a report from AppleInsider took a comparison look at previous Galaxy S models ' first - month sales , writing that the Galaxy S7 saw 7 - 9 million units shipped in its first month , and the Galaxy S4 sold 10 million . The publication further wrote that `` Each year since reaching Peak Galaxy in 2014 , Samsung has floated the idea that its new model has outpaced sales , shipments ( or sometimes `` preorders '' ) of the previous edition , but in reality Galaxy S sales -- and subsequently Samsung Mobile profits -- have actually never recovered since the Galaxy S4 `` . Issues ( edit ) White balance ( edit ) Prior to the official release , it was reported that some Galaxy S8 displays had a bad white balance , causing them to exhibit a reddish tint . Samsung stated that the Galaxy S8 was `` built with an adaptive display that optimizes the colour range , saturation , and sharpness depending on the environment '' , but noted that the device 's operating system provides settings for manually adjusting the display 's appearance and white balance . On 21 April , Samsung stated that the red tinting was purely a software issue , and would be patched in a future update . The Investor reported that Samsung would replace the affected devices if a software update did not fix the issue . Updates in various regions started rolling out in early May , fixing the issue . Random restarts ( edit ) Reports surfaced at the end of April that some Galaxy S8 devices were `` restarting by themselves '' . Samsung has not yet commented on the issue . Insecure facial recognition ( edit ) Shortly after the phone 's unveiling , bloggers produced a video showing that the Galaxy S8 's facial recognition scanner could be tricked to unlock the phone by showing it a photo of the user . In a statement to Business Insider , a Samsung spokesperson stated that `` Facial recognition is a convenient action to open your phone -- similar to the ' swipe to unlock ' action . We offer the highest level of biometric authentication -- fingerprint and iris -- to lock your phone and authenticate access to Samsung Pay or Secure Folder '' . Insecure iris recognition ( edit ) In May 2017 , researchers from the Chaos Computer Club posted a video showing that the S8 's iris recognition system can be fooled with a contact lens and a suitable photograph of an eye . Samsung told BBC News that it was `` aware of the issue '' , and stated that `` If there is a potential vulnerability or the advent of a new method that challenges our efforts to ensure security at any time , we will respond as quickly as possible to resolve the issue '' . SMS message reception failures ( edit ) In October 2017 , Galaxy S8 users reported on Reddit that they were unable to receive SMS messages , with no fix available and without any comment from Samsung . See also ( edit ) Comparison of Samsung Galaxy S smartphones Comparison of smartphones Samsung Galaxy S series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Smith , Chris ( 24 May 2017 ) . `` The Galaxy S8 may be a huge hit , but Samsung is already working on the next big thing '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Buckley , Sean ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Samsung 's ' unbox your phone ' event gave us a phone that 's still a box '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Samsung Galaxy S8 Specifications '' . Samsung . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Chris ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Galaxy S8 and Galaxy S8+ : The full specs '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Exynos 8895 Octa '' . NotebookCheck . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 ( 8998 ) '' . NotebookCheck . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ D. , Luis ( 8 May 2017 ) . `` Lots of Snapdragon 835 Galaxy S8 units apparently have UFS 2.0 instead of newer UFS 2.1 memory . Should you care ? '' . PhoneArena . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ F. , Adnan ( 6 December 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Galaxy S8 is not going to feature a 3.5 mm headphone jack '' . SamMobile . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ruddock , David ( 13 January 2017 ) . `` Rumor : The Galaxy S8 will have a headphone jack after all '' . Android Police . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbs , Samuel ( 24 January 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 to have bigger ' infinity ' display , insiders say '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Siegal , Jacob ( 24 January 2017 ) . `` In - depth Galaxy S8 report details new ' infinity display ' and more '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Villas - Boas , Antonio ( 24 January 2017 ) . `` A new leak just revealed pretty much everything about Samsung 's next big smartphone , the Galaxy S8 '' . Business Insider . Axel Springer SE . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Blass , Evan ( 26 January 2017 ) . `` This is the Samsung Galaxy S8 , launching March 29 '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Chris ( 26 January 2017 ) . `` This is the first image of the Samsung Galaxy S8 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Amadeo , Ron ( 26 January 2017 ) . `` Galaxy S8 gets pictured : No home button , huge 5.8 - and 6.2 - inch displays '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Jeff ( 19 March 2017 ) . `` The latest Samsung Galaxy S8 leak claims to show different color options for the upcoming phones '' . Business Insider . Axel Springer SE . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Heisler , Yoni ( 20 March 2017 ) . `` Leaked Galaxy S8 photos show range of new color options '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bohn , Dieter ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` This is the Samsung Galaxy S8 , coming April 21st '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Velazco , Chris ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` The Galaxy S8 and S8+ pack big changes into gorgeous bodies '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Chris ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Samsung 's Galaxy S8 and S8 Plus will be available unlocked from Best Buy in May '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Statt , Nick ( 9 May 2017 ) . `` Samsung opens US preorders for unlocked Galaxy S8 and S8 Plus '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Haselton , Todd ( 9 May 2017 ) . `` Samsung just announced a version of the Galaxy S8 that international travelers should love '' . CNBC . NBCUniversal News Group . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ F. , Adnan ( 23 March 2017 ) . `` Galaxy S8 release date for South Korea said to be April 21 '' . SamMobile . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Behar , Rose ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 and S8+ Canadian pricing and availability '' . MobileSyrup . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Liao , George ( 30 March 2017 ) . `` Samsung introduces flagship Galaxy S8 and S8+ '' . Taiwan News . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy S8 and S8+ : UK price , release date and pre-order information '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . 30 March 2017 . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Campbell ( 30 March 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 : Australian Pricing And Release Date '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Sophie ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 : Irish release date , price , specs and features of Samsung 's new flagship smartphone '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ N , Nuzhat ( 19 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 and S8+ pre-orders begin in Russia , priced 54,990 and 59,990 rubles '' . The Android Soul . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Hongzuo , Liu ( 16 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 and S8+ available in Singapore from 29 April 2017 '' . Singapore Hardware Zone . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Loi , Elissa ( 6 April 2017 ) . `` This is when the Samsung Galaxy S8 and S8+ will hit Malaysia '' . Stuff.co.nz . Haymarket Media Group . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Pilcher , Pat ( 3 April 2017 ) . `` Review : Samsung Galaxy S8 '' . Stuff.co.nz . Fairfax New Zealand . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy S8 Launched in India Starting Rs . 57,900 , Available From May 5 : Highlights '' . Gadgets360 . NDTV. 19 April 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gonzales , Gelo ( 11 July 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 arrives in PH on May 5 '' . Rappler . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung confirms release date of Galaxy S8 and S8 Plus in Thailand '' . ThaiTech. 29 April 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ N , Nuzhat ( 20 April 2017 ) . `` Galaxy S8 and S8+ Brazil release set for May 12 , priced R $ 3,599 and R $ 3,959 '' . The Android Soul . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Onawole , Habeeb ( 4 May 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 China Release Date and Pricing '' . Gizmochina . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Sin , Ben ( 2 May 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 full review : at HK $5,698 it 's pricey but there 's a lot to like , from its feel to its look to its processing power '' . South China Morning Post . News Corporation . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Koguchi , Takahiro ( 8 June 2017 ) . `` Galaxy S8 / S8+ 、 国内 販売 が 本日 開始. ドコモ と au が 取り扱い '' . Engadget ( in Japanese ) . Oath Inc . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Duino , Justin ( 23 July 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 Active : Leaked images show replacement of customizable Active key w / Bixby button '' . 9to5Google . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( 24 July 2017 ) . `` Samsung 's Galaxy S8 Active looks like a more boring S8 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( 3 August 2017 ) . `` AT&T accidentally confirmed Samsung 's Galaxy S8 Active '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gottsegen , Gordon ( 3 August 2017 ) . `` AT&T ' confirms ' Galaxy S8 Active ahead of announcement '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ong , Thuy ( 7 August 2017 ) . `` Samsung 's Galaxy S8 Active will be available for preorder tomorrow '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Blass , Evan ( 28 September 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 Active escapes AT&T 's orbit , headed to T - Mobile '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Blass , Evan ( 7 November 2017 ) . `` Samsung confirms Galaxy S8 Active 's November release on T - Mobile and Sprint '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Chris ( 4 April 2017 ) . `` Expert says Galaxy S8 has best phone display ever , and that 's great news for the iPhone 8 '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Hruska , Joel ( 4 April 2017 ) . `` The Samsung Galaxy S8 's display is the best you can buy : DisplayMate '' . ExtremeTech . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon , Michael ( 24 January 2017 ) . `` Report : Snapdragon 835 will launch first in Galaxy S8 , others have to wait '' . PC World . International Data Group . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Kane , Sean ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` The Samsung Galaxy S8 is the first phone with Bluetooth 5.0 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` The Galaxy S8 will come bundled with a pair of $99 wired Harman AKG headphones '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Alvarez , Edgar ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Every Galaxy S8 comes with a pair of $99 AKG earbuds '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Carman , Ashley ( 19 July 2017 ) . `` Samsung 's coral blue Galaxy S8 and S8 Plus will be released in the US on July 21st '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Gottsegen , Gordon ( 19 July 2017 ) . `` Coral blue Galaxy S8 splashes down July 21 , with deals '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kastrenakes , Jacob ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Samsung 's Galaxy S8 has a pressure - sensitive home button built into the screen '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( 28 April 2017 ) . `` The Galaxy S8 's home button moves , and there 's a good reason for it '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ LeFebvre , Rob ( 28 April 2017 ) . `` The Galaxy S8 's home button shifts to prevent screen burn '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ P. , Daniel ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Galaxy S8 and S8+ come with new Sony IMX333 and Samsung camera sensors '' . PhoneArena . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Segan , Sascha ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 '' . PC Magazine . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Carman , Ashley ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` The Galaxy S8 's face - scanning feature might make you forget about its misplaced fingerprint scanner '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Bader , Daniel ( 3 April 2017 ) . `` The Galaxy S8 has face recognition and iris scanning , and you have to choose one '' . Android Central . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Dylan ( 4 May 2012 ) . `` Samsung unveils Galaxy S III smartphone with face , voice recognition '' . CNN . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Walter , Derek ( 2 September 2016 ) . `` Everything you need to know about wireless charging '' . TechHive . International Data Group . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Goode , Lauren ( 22 January 2017 ) . `` This is how Samsung plans to prevent future phones from catching fire '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( 6 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung is selling an S8 Plus with 128GB of storage and 6GB of RAM , but only in Asia '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilhelm , Parker . `` There 's a Samsung Galaxy S8 with 6GB of RAM -- but no you ca n't have it '' . TechRadar . Future plc . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy S8+ 6GB RAM , 128GB Storage Variant Goes on Sale in India '' . Gadgets360 . NDTV. 9 June 2017 . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Samsung 's Galaxy S8 can turn into a PC with its DeX dock '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Chris ( 21 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung will use Google Play Music as the default music app on its devices '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ingraham , Nathan ( 21 April 2017 ) . `` Galaxy S8 owners can upload 100,000 songs to Google Play Music '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Reigh , Brian . `` We need to talk about Samsung 's Bixby '' . Android Authority . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Garun , Natt ( 17 May 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 and S8 Plus gain Google Daydream support this summer '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Matney , Lucas ( 17 May 2017 ) . `` Daydream VR support is coming to Samsung 's Galaxy S8 and S8 Plus this summer '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Schoon , Ben ( 25 July 2017 ) . `` Daydream VR lands on the Verizon Samsung Galaxy S8 / S8+ in latest update '' . 9to5Google . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Reigh , Brian ( 25 July 2017 ) . `` Verizon Galaxy S8 and Galaxy S8 Plus getting Daydream support '' . Android Authority . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Statt , Nick ( 18 October 2017 ) . `` Samsung partners with Google to bring ARCore platform to Galaxy devices '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Li , Abner ( 18 October 2017 ) . `` Samsung adopts Google 's ARCore platform , coming to Galaxy Note 8 , S8+ , future devices '' . 9to5Google . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Seifert , Dan ( 18 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 review : Ahead of the curve '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Savov , Vlad ( 1 April 2017 ) . `` The Galaxy S8 's misplaced fingerprint scanner was probably a last - minute change '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Velazco , Chris ( 18 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 and S8 Plus review : Redemption is here '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell , Brandon ( 15 May 2017 ) . `` The Galaxy S8 's camera could n't beat the Google Pixel '' . TechnoBuffalo . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Amadeo , Ron ( 21 April 2017 ) . `` Galaxy S8 review : Gorgeous new hardware , same Samsung gimmicks '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ F. , Adnan ( 7 February 2017 ) . `` Galaxy S8 ′ s Bixby AI assistant will have support for 7 - 8 languages '' . SamMobile . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ F. , Adnan ( 30 March 2017 ) . `` Bixby wo n't have support for British English at launch '' . SamMobile . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall , Chris ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Bixby , Samsung 's smart AI , launches on the Galaxy S8 but only supports US English and Korean '' . Pocket - lint . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Timothy W. ( 12 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung to Delay Launch of English - Language Version of Virtual Assistant '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Machkovech , Sam ( 12 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung 's new voice assistant wo n't understand English when Galaxy S8 launches '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Chris ( 19 July 2017 ) . `` Bixby voice support is rolling out to US Samsung Galaxy S8 users today '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell , Jon ( 18 July 2017 ) . `` Samsung 's Bixby assistant finally comes to the Galaxy S8 and S8+ in the US '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Galaxy S8 pre-orders in South Korea hit 720,000 units in a week '' . GSMArena. 13 April 2017 . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Rutnik , Mitja . `` Update : Galaxy S8 pre-orders now at 728,000 , higher than Galaxy S7 '' . Android Authority . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Pham , Sherisse ( 19 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung 's Galaxy S8 is super hot in South Korea '' . CNN Tech . CNN . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Rutnik , Mitja . `` Record - breaking Galaxy S8 pre-orders top 1 million in South Korea '' . Android Authority . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Chris ( 24 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung says Galaxy S8 preorders were its best ever and promises software fixes '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ingraham , Nathan ( 24 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung 's Galaxy S8 hits sales records despite the Note 7 's flameout '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Alex ( 16 May 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 global sales top 5m '' . The Investor . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Mu - Hyun , Cho ( 16 May 2017 ) . `` Samsung sells 5 million Galaxy S8 , S8 Plus units '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Fingas , Jon ( 16 May 2017 ) . `` Samsung sold over 5 million Galaxy S8 phones '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Dilger , Daniel Eran ( 16 May 2017 ) . `` Samsung 's 5 million Galaxy S8 sales far below 2014 's S4 peak '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Amadeo , Ron ( 24 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 to get software patch for `` red tint '' issue `` . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Mu - Hyun , Cho ( 18 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung confirms Galaxy S8 red display issue '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Moon , Mariella ( 19 April 2017 ) . `` Early Galaxy S8 owners complain of red - tinted screens '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ji - hye , Shin ( 21 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung to update Galaxy S8 software for red screen '' . The Korea Herald . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Young - won , Kim ( 21 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung plans software update for Galaxy S8 to address reddish screens '' . The Investor . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonnalagadda , Harish ( 1 May 2017 ) . `` Galaxy S8 and S8+ update to fix red tint issue is now rolling out in India and Europe '' . Android Central . Mobile Nations . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Bader , Daniel ( 8 May 2017 ) . `` Telus and Bell rolling out Galaxy S8 and S8+ ' red tint ' fix '' . Android Central . Mobile Nations . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Mills , Chris ( 2 May 2017 ) . `` The fix for the Galaxy S8 's screen problem has finally reached the US '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Scott Adam . `` Some Galaxy S8s are restarting by themselves '' . Android Authority . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Cipriani , Jason ( 28 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 users complain of random restarts '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Carman , Ashley ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` The Galaxy S8 's facial scanner can , unsurprisingly , be tricked with a photo '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Amadeo , Ron ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` Galaxy S8 face recognition already defeated with a simple picture '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Chowdhry , Amit ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` Samsung Acknowledges Galaxy S8 Facial Recognition Security Limitations '' . Forbes . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ip , Chris ( 23 May 2017 ) . `` The Galaxy S8 iris scanner can be hacked with aging tech '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung S8 ' eye security ' fooled by photo '' . BBC News . BBC . 23 May 2017 . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Samuel ( 9 October 2017 ) . `` Galaxy S8 : Samsung users complain of SMS messages that fail to arrive '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Preceded by Galaxy S7 / Edge Galaxy S8 / S8+ 2017 Most recent Samsung phones by series A127 A167 A177 A300 ( Galaxy A3 ( 2015 ) ) A310 ( Galaxy A3 ( 2016 ) ) A320 ( Galaxy A3 ( 2017 ) ) A460 A500 ( Galaxy A5 ( 2015 ) ) A510 ( Galaxy A5 ( 2016 ) ) A520 ( Galaxy A5 ( 2017 ) ) A503 ( The Drift ) A640 A700 ( Galaxy A7 ( 2015 ) ) A710 ( Galaxy A7 ( 2016 ) ) A720 ( Galaxy A7 ( 2017 ) ) A767 ( Propel ) A800 ( Galaxy A8 ( 2015 ) ) A810 ( Galaxy A8 ( 2016 ) ) A877 ( Impression ) Galaxy A9 ( 2016 ) A940 B450 B5200 B5310 ( Genio Slide , Corby Pro ) B7330 ( Omnia Pro ) D500 D600 D807 D900 E250 E250i E715 E900 E1107 ( Crest Solar / Solar Guru ) E1120 E1170 E2130 ( Guru ) E3210 ( Hero ) F210 F480 ( Tocco ) F700 G350E ( Galaxy Star 2 ) G386F ( Galaxy Core LTE ) G388F ( Galaxy Xcover 3 ) G600 G750x ( Galaxy Mega 2 ) G800 G810 G800x ( Galaxy S5 Mini ) G850x ( Galaxy Alpha ) G890A ( Galaxy S6 Active ) G900x ( Galaxy S5 ) G920x ( Galaxy S6 ) G925x ( Galaxy S6 Edge ) G928x ( Galaxy S6 Edge+ ) G930x ( Galaxy S7 ) G935x ( Galaxy S7 Edge ) G1000 G7100 ( Galaxy Grand 2 ) G950x ( Galaxy S8 ) G955x ( Galaxy S8 Plus ) i300 ( Palm OS ) i300 ( Windows Mobile ) i330 i500 i550 i600 i607 ( BlackJack ) i617 ( BlackJack II ) i627 ( Propel Pro ) i637 ( Jack ) i667 ( Focus 2 ) i700 i760 i770 i847 ( Rugby Smart ) i900 ( Omnia ) i907 ( Epix ) i917 ( Focus ) i927 ( Captivate Glide ) i937 ( Focus S ) i997 ( Infuse 4G ) i5500 ( Galaxy 5 ) i5700 ( Galaxy Spica ) i5800 ( Galaxy 3 ) i7500 ( Galaxy ) i8000 ( Omnia II ) i8150 ( Galaxy W ) i8160 ( Galaxy Ace 2 ) i8190 ( Galaxy S3 mini ) i8520 ( Galaxy Beam i8520 ) i8530 ( Galaxy Beam ) i8550 ( Galaxy Win ) i8730 ( Galaxy Express ) i9000 ( Galaxy S ) i9001 ( Galaxy S Plus ) i9070 ( Galaxy S Advance ) i9080 / i9082 ( Galaxy Grand ) i9100 ( Galaxy S II ) i9105 ( Galaxy S II Plus ) i9250 ( Galaxy Nexus ) i9150 ( Galaxy Mega 5.8 ) i9190 / i9192 / i9195 ( Galaxy S4 Mini ) i9200 ( Galaxy Mega 6.3 ) i9295 ( Galaxy S4 Active ) i9300 / i9305 ( Galaxy S III ) i9500 / i9505 / i9506 ( Galaxy S4 ) J J J1 Ace Neo J2 J3 J5 J5 ( 2016 ) J7 J7 ( 2016 ) M100 M300 M310 M520 M540 ( Rant ) M550 ( Exclaim ) M620 ( Upstage ) M800 ( Instinct ) M810 ( Instinct S30 ) M900 ( Moment ) M910 ( Intercept ) M920 ( Transform ) M7500 ( Emporio Armani ) N270 N7000 ( Galaxy Note ) N7100 ( Galaxy Note II ) N9000 ( Galaxy Note 3 ) N7500 ( Galaxy Note 3 Neo ) N9100 ( Galaxy Note 4 ) N9200 ( Galaxy Note 5 ) N9300 ( Galaxy Note 7 ) N9500 ( Galaxy Note 8 ) P520 R810 ( Finesse ) S3650 ( Corby / Corby Classic ) S5230 ( Star ) S5280 ( Galaxy Star ) S5300 ( Galaxy Pocket ) S5310 / S5312 ( Galaxy Pocket Neo ) S5360 ( Galaxy Y ) S5570 ( Galaxy Mini ) S5660 ( Galaxy Gio ) S5670 ( Galaxy Fit ) S5690 ( Galaxy Xcover ) S5830 ( Galaxy Ace ) S6310 ( Galaxy Young ) S6500 ( Galaxy Mini 2 ) S6810 ( Galaxy Fame ) S7270 ( Galaxy Ace 3 ) S7500 ( Galaxy Ace Plus ) S7530 ( Omnia M ) S7560 ( Galaxy Trend ) S7560M ( Galaxy Ace II x ) S7562 ( Galaxy S Duos ) S7582 ( Galaxy S Duos 2 ) S7710 ( Galaxy Xcover 2 ) S8000 ( Jet ) S8300 ( UltraTOUCH ) S8500 ( Wave ) S8530 ( Wave II ) T100 T409 T459 ( Gravity ) T559 ( Comeback ) T639 T669 ( Gravity T ) T699 ( Galaxy S Relay 4G ) T729 ( Blast ) T749 ( Highlight ) T819 T919 ( Behold ) T939 ( Behold II ) U U450 ( Intensity ) U460 ( Intensity 2 ) U470 ( Juke ) U485 ( Intensity 3 ) U520 U600 U700 U740 ( Alias ) U750 ( Alias 2 / Zeal ) U800 ( Soul ) U940 ( Glyde ) U960 ( Rogue ) X X200 X480 X427m X820 Z Z1 Z2 Z3 Series / other Ativ Galaxy Gravity Minikit Omnia Rugby REX Google Nexus ( for Nexus S ) SGH for GSM Handset SCH for CDMA ( non-Sprint ) Handset SPH for CDMA ( Sprint ) Handset GT for Global Telecommunications SM for Samsung Mobile Samsung smartphones by operating system Android Captivate Glide Droid Charge Exhibit 4G Galaxy Galaxy 3 Galaxy 5 Galaxy A A3 2016 2017 A5 2016 2017 A7 2016 2017 A8 2016 A9 A9 Pro Galaxy Ace Plus Galaxy Alpha Galaxy Beam i8520 i8530 Galaxy Core LTE Galaxy E E5 E7 Galaxy Express Galaxy Fame Galaxy Fit Galaxy Gio Galaxy J J1 2016 Mini J2 J5 2016 J7 2016 Galaxy Mini Galaxy Nexus Galaxy Pocket Duos Neo Galaxy Portal Galaxy Prevail Galaxy R Galaxy S ( Duos Duos 2 Duos 3 Plus Advance ) S II Plus S III Mini Relay 4G S4 Mini Active Zoom S5 Mini Active Sport S6 / S6 Edge / S6 Edge+ Active S7 / S7 Edge S8 / S8+ Galaxy Spica Galaxy Star Galaxy W ( Exhibit II 4G ) Galaxy Y ( Duos Pro Duos ) Galaxy Young Galaxy Grand Max Galaxy Win Galaxy Mega Galaxy Note ( Original II Neo Edge 5 7 8 ) Galaxy Round Infuse 4G Intercept Moment Nexus S Replenish Rugby Smart Transform T - 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-3185926862589135695 | It Must Have Been Love | It Must Have Been Love - wikipedia It Must Have Been Love Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song by Roxette . For the song by Magnum , see Wings of Heaven . `` It Must Have Been Love ( Christmas for the Broken Hearted ) '' Single by Roxette B - side `` Turn to Me '' Released 2 December 1987 Recorded November 1987 Genre Pop Length 4 : 48 Label EMI Songwriter ( s ) Per Gessle Producer ( s ) Clarence Öfwerman Roxette singles chronology `` I Want You '' ( 1987 ) `` It Must Have Been Love ( Christmas for the Broken Hearted ) '' ( 1987 ) `` I Call Your Name '' ( 1988 ) `` I Want You '' ( 1987 ) `` It Must Have Been Love ( Christmas for the Broken Hearted ) '' ( 1987 ) `` I Call Your Name '' ( 1988 ) `` It Must Have Been Love '' is a song written by Per Gessle and performed by the Swedish pop duo Roxette . The ballad became the duo 's third number one hit in the United States , and is one of their best selling releases , being certified gold or platinum in a number of countries . Four different versions of the song have been officially released . The original 1987 track was followed by the most successful incarnation of the song , a slightly edited version -- omitting the Christmas references -- which was created for the soundtrack to the 1990 movie Pretty Woman . During the `` Join the Joyride ! World Tour '' in 1991 , the band recorded a country music version of the track in Los Angeles , which was included on their 1992 album Tourism . A Spanish - language version of the Pretty Woman recording was released on their 1996 compilation Baladas en español . Finally , an orchestral live performance from the band 's 2009 concert at Night of the Proms was included on their 2012 studio album , Travelling . Contents ( hide ) 1 Original release ( 1987 ) 1.1 Music video 1.2 Formats and track listings 1.3 Charts 2 Re-release ( 1990 ) 2.1 Chart performance 2.2 Accolades 2.3 Music video 2.4 Formats and track listings 2.5 Charts 2.5. 1 Weekly charts 2.5. 2 Year - end charts 2.5. 3 Decade - end charts 2.6 Certifications 3 `` No sé si es amor '' ( 1997 ) 3.1 Formats and track listings 3.2 Charts 4 25th anniversary reissue ( 2015 ) 4.1 Formats and track listings 5 Credits and personnel 6 Shirley Clamp version 7 References 8 External links Original release ( 1987 ) ( edit ) The song was first released as `` It Must Have Been Love ( Christmas for the Broken Hearted ) '' in December 1987 . It was composed after EMI Germany asked the duo to `` come up with an intelligent Christmas single '' . It became a top five hit in Sweden , but was not released internationally . This version of the song was never included on any Roxette studio album until the 1997 re-release of their debut Pearls of Passion ( 1986 ) . Music video ( edit ) A performance from a Swedish TV chart show in 1987 acted as the song 's first music video . It features Fredriksson and Gessle sitting on a couch on a stage , lip - syncing to the song . Formats and track listings ( edit ) All songs written and composed by Per Gessle , except where noted . 7 '' single ( Sweden 1362887 ) `` It Must Have Been Love ( Christmas for the Broken Hearted ) '' -- 4 : 48 `` Turn to Me '' -- 2 : 58 ( Music by Marie Fredriksson ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 ) Peak position Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Re-release ( 1990 ) ( edit ) `` It Must Have Been Love '' Single by Roxette from the album Pretty Woman Soundtrack Released 20 May 1990 Genre Pop Length 4 : 20 Label EMI Songwriter ( s ) Per Gessle Roxette singles chronology `` Dangerous '' ( 1989 ) `` It Must Have Been Love '' ( 1990 ) `` Joyride '' ( 1991 ) `` Dangerous '' ( 1989 ) `` It Must Have Been Love '' ( 1990 ) `` Joyride '' ( 1991 ) Music video `` It Must Have Been Love '' on YouTube During a run of increasingly successful singles from the duo 's 1988 album Look Sharp ! , Touchstone Pictures approached Roxette and their label about contributing a song to the soundtrack of the upcoming romantic comedy release Pretty Woman , starring Richard Gere and then - Oscar nominee Julia Roberts . The film was released in March 1990 and went on to make more than US $460 million at the worldwide box office . The corresponding soundtrack album was also a commercial success , which was certified triple - platinum in the US . The soundtrack went on to sell more than nine million copies worldwide . Chart performance ( edit ) A re-written and edited version of the track -- the lyric `` It 's a hard Christmas day '' was changed to `` It 's a hard winters day '' , and twenty seconds were removed from the intro -- became an international hit during the summer of 1990 . It was not the first single released from the Pretty Woman soundtrack , but it became the most successful , spending two weeks at the top spot of the Billboard Hot 100 in June . The song was certified Gold by the RIAA for sales in excess of 500,000 copies in the US . At the end of the year , Billboard listed it as the second most successful single of 1990 , behind Wilson Phillips ' `` Hold On '' . The single peaked at number three in the UK -- their highest peaking single there . It stayed on the UK Singles Chart for 14 weeks , and was certified silver by the BPI for sales in excess of 200,000 copies . The song was re-released in the UK and Ireland in September 1993 , peaking at number ten in both countries . It became Roxette 's second of three number one singles in Australia , spending two weeks at the top spot in July 1990 . The song was a massive hit in Norway , where it spent twelve weeks at number one . In Switzerland , the song spent three non-consecutive weeks at number one , and a further five weeks at number two -- being held off the top spot in those weeks by Matthias Reim 's `` Verdammt , ich lieb ' dich '' . It also reached number one in Canada , Poland and Spain , and the top five in Austria , Belgium , Ireland , Japan , the Netherlands , New Zealand and Germany , where it spent nine months in the top 75 . Accolades ( edit ) In 2005 , Gessle received an award from BMI after the song 's four millionth radio play . In 2014 , he received an updated award from the same organization after its five millionth radio play . Music video ( edit ) The second video was directed by Doug Freel and was shot in a warehouse . It included clips from Pretty Woman , with Fredriksson singing and playing piano and Gessle playing guitar between various prop changes . There is also an alternate version of the video , without the movie scenes , which was available solely on the VHS The Videos . According to Fredriksson , shooting this video was a surreal experience , as Freel `` wanted all movements in slow motion , so I had to lip - sync the vocals at double speed . My first lesson in how to sing an emotional ballad Mickey Mouse style . '' As of August 2017 , this video has more than 240 million views on YouTube . Formats and track listings ( edit ) All songs were written and composed by Gessle , except `` Cry '' , music by Fredriksson and Gessle . Australian cassette and 7 '' single ( US2399 ) EU cassette and 7 '' single ( Germany 006 - 1363807 UK EM141 ) `` It Must Have Been Love '' -- 4 : 20 `` Paint '' -- 3 : 29 US and Canada cassette ( 4JM - 50283 ) `` It Must Have Been Love '' -- 4 : 20 `` Chances '' -- 4 : 07 EU 12 '' single ( Germany 060 - 1363806 UK EM141 ) Japanese 3 '' CD single ( TODP - 2194 ) `` It Must Have Been Love '' -- 4 : 20 `` Paint '' -- 3 : 29 `` Cry '' ( Live from Himmelstalundshallen , Norrköping on 16 December 1988 ) -- 5 : 42 UK CD single ( CDEM141 ) `` It Must Have Been Love '' -- 4 : 20 `` Paint '' -- 3 : 29 `` Cry '' ( Live from Norrköping ) -- 5 : 42 `` Surrender '' ( Live from Norrköping on 16 December 1988 ) -- 3 : 07 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Italy ( FIMI ) 13 Japan International ( Oricon ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( ZPAV ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 50 ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 6 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Radio & Records CHR / Pop Airplay Chart Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Canada Hot Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 67 Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 117 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Position Australian Singles ( ARIA ) Austrian Singles ( Ö3 ) 10 Belgian Singles ( Ultratop Flanders ) 14 Brazilian Singles ( ABPD ) 12 Canadian Singles ( RPM ) 11 Dutch Singles ( Top 40 ) Dutch Singles ( Top 100 ) 17 German Singles ( GfK ) 15 Italian Singles ( FIMI ) 48 New Zealand Singles ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Swiss Singles ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( OCC ) 19 US Billboard Hot 100 US Singles ( Cashbox ) 6 Chart ( 1993 ) Position UK Singles ( OCC ) 100 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 99 ) Position European Singles ( Europarade ) 52 German Singles ( GfK ) 119 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone `` No sé si es amor '' ( 1997 ) ( edit ) `` No sé si es amor '' Single by Roxette from the album Baladas en español B - side `` Directamente a ti '' ( `` Run to You '' ) Released 28 January 1997 Songwriter ( s ) Per Gessle & Luis Escolar Roxette singles chronology `` Un día sin ti '' ( 1996 ) `` No sé si es amor '' ( 1997 ) `` Wish I Could Fly '' ( 1999 ) `` Un día sin ti '' ( 1996 ) `` No sé si es amor '' ( 1997 ) `` Wish I Could Fly '' ( 1999 ) Roxette released a Spanish - language compilation album , Baladas en español , in 1996 . It consisted of twelve of their down - tempo singles and album tracks , which were translated by Spanish songwriter Luis Gomez - Escolar , who would later co-write the Ricky Martin hit `` Livin ' la Vida Loca '' . The album was only released in Spanish and Portuguese - speaking territories . A translated version of `` It Must Have Been Love '' , titled `` No sé si es amor '' , was released in early 1997 as the album 's second and final single . Formats and track listings ( edit ) Music and original lyrics by Per Gessle . Spanish lyrics by Luis G. Escolar . CD single ( EU 8652802 ) `` No sé si es amor '' ( `` It Must Have Been Love '' ) -- 4 : 41 `` Directamente a ti '' ( `` Run to You '' ) -- 3 : 30 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position Spain Top 40 Radio ( AFYVE ) 6 25th anniversary reissue ( 2015 ) ( edit ) On the twenty - fifth anniversary of the song 's release on the Pretty Woman soundtrack , Parlophone released a limited edition red - coloured vinyl on 19 May 2015 . This single included the Pretty Woman version of the song , backed with the original 1987 release and the Los Angeles - studio performance ( minus the live intro recorded in Santiago , Chile ) from their 1992 album Tourism . The latter features pedal steel guitar performed by Greg Leisz , who is best known for his work with k.d. lang . The single was released on digital download stores from 23 March . Formats and track listings ( edit ) All songs written and composed by Per Gessle . 12 '' single ( Sweden 0724386504715 ) `` It Must Have Been Love '' -- 4 : 18 `` It Must Have Been Love ( Christmas for the Broken Hearted ) '' -- 4 : 47 `` It Must Have Been Love '' ( L.A. Version ) -- 4 : 45 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the liner notes of the 25th anniversary vinyl re-release . Original studio version Engineered by Per Gessle , Clarence Öfwerman , Anders Herrlin and Alar Suurna Mixed by Alar Suurna ( 1987 ) and Humberto Gatica ( 1990 ) Vocals , piano -- Marie Fredriksson Lyricist , composer , backing vocals -- Per Gessle Guitars -- Jonas Isacsson Synclavier , keyboards , programming , production -- Clarence Öfwerman Drums -- Pelle Alsing L.A. version Recorded at Ocean Way Recording , Los Angeles in March 1992 and EMI Studios , Stockholm in May 1992 Engineered by Mike Ross and Rail Rogut Vocals -- Marie Fredriksson Harmonica -- Per Gessle Electric guitar -- Jonas Isacsson Acoustic guitar -- Mats MP Persson Pedal steel guitar -- Greg Leisz Bass -- Anders Herrlin Keyboards -- Clarence Öfwerman Drums -- Pelle Alsing Tambourine -- Alar Suurna Shirley Clamp version ( edit ) In 2006 , Swedish pop singer Shirley Clamp recorded a cover version of the song called `` När kärleken föds '' ( `` When Love is Born '' ) , it peaked at # 6 at the Swedish singles chart . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Roxette - Chart History on the Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Digital booklet '' . Do n't Bore Us , Get to the Chorus ( liner notes ) . Roxette . Stockholm , Sweden : EMI Records . 1995 . 7243 836203 2 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` swedishcharts.com - Roxette - It Must Have Been Love '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pearls of Passion by Roxette on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Apple Music . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ballad & Pop Hits - The Complete Video Collection ( DVD liner notes ) . Roxette . EMI. 2003 . 7243 4 90946 9 7 . ^ Jump up to : Mackie , Drew ( 25 June 2015 ) . `` Roxette 's It Must Have Been Love , 25 Years Later '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roxette Bio Roxette Career '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard.com Year End Charts - Year End Singles - 1990 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on 2 January 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roxette : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` British single certifications -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Enter It Must Have Been Love in the search field and then press Enter . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Roxette '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 3 August 2013 ) . `` ARIA Singles Report : Avicii Is Longest Number One Swedish Act Since Roxette '' . Noise11 . Paul Cashmere . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 BMI awards '' . BMI. 28 November 2005 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Marc ( 14 October 2014 ) . `` Nile Rogers , Ellie Goulding Honored at BMI London Awards '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Roxette ( 4 March 2009 ) . `` Roxette - It Must Have Been Love '' . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 1268 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Finnish Singles Charts 1961 - 1995 : Elokuu 1990 August '' . Suomen virallinen singlelista . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hit Parade Italia - Top Annuali Single : 1990 '' ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Songs from the Year 1990 '' . tsort.info . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Roxette search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lista Przebojów Trójki Polskie Radio Online Notowanie nr438 '' . Polskie Radio . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Roxette -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Roxette . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roxette -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Roxette . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ http://wweb.uta.edu/faculty/gghunt/charts/roxette.html Jump up ^ `` Roxette Chart History Canada Hot Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 7 July 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 50 Singles 1990 '' . ARIA Charts . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alle Rechte Jahreshitparade 1990 '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Archived from the original on 17 December 2013 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1990 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hit Tracks of 1990 '' . RPM . RPM Library Archives . 22 December 1990 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` De Single Top 100 1990 Over '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Radio 538 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaahroverzichten 1990 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1990 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1990 '' ( in German ) . Swiss Music Charts . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 of 1990 - UK Music Charts '' . UK Charts . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 of 1993 - UK Music Charts '' . UK Charts . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End Of Year Singles 1990 Top 50 Australian Singles Chart '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Enter Roxette in the field Interpret . Enter It Must Have Been Love in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Roxette ; ' It Must Have Been Love ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roxette - Discography '' . Roxette.se . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roxette - It Must Have Been Love - 25th Anniversary '' . Amazon Music . Amazon.com . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` It Must Have Been Love - Single by Roxette on Apple Music '' . Apple Music . Apple . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Digital booklet '' . It Must Have Been Love ( liner notes ) . Roxette . London , United Kingdom : Parlophone Records . 2015 . 0724386504715 . Jump up ^ Swedishcharts - När kärleken föds ( It Must Have Been Love ) at the Swedish singles chart External links ( edit ) `` It Must Have Been Love '' music video on YouTube , EMIMUSIC Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Hold On '' by Wilson Phillips Billboard Hot 100 number one single June 16 , 1990 - June 23 , 1990 Succeeded by `` Step by Step '' by New Kids on the Block Preceded by `` All I Wanna Do Is Make Love to You '' by Heart Australian ARIA Singles Chart number one single July 7 -- 21 , 1990 Succeeded by `` U Ca n't Touch This '' by MC Hammer Preceded by `` Verdammt , ich lieb ' dich '' by Matthias Reim Swiss number - one single 7 October 1990 - 20 October 1990 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Tom 's Diner '' by DNA featuring Suzanne Vega Preceded by `` Tom 's Diner '' by DNA featuring Suzanne Vega Swiss number - one single 28 October 1990 - 3 November 1990 ( top again , 1 week ) Succeeded by `` I 've Been Thinking About You '' by Londonbeat Roxette Per Gessle Marie Fredriksson Studio albums Pearls of Passion Look Sharp ! Joyride Tourism Crash ! Boom ! Bang ! Have a Nice Day Room Service Charm School Travelling Good Karma Compilations Rarities Do n't Bore Us , Get to the Chorus ! Baladas en español The Ballad Hits The Pop Hits A Collection of Roxette Hits : Their 20 Greatest Songs ! The Rox Box / Roxette 86 -- 06 The Biggest Hits XXX The RoxBox ! : A Collection of Roxette 's Greatest Songs Remix albums Dance Passion Live albums Live : Traveling the World Videography Sweden Live Look Sharp Live The Videos Live - Ism Do n't Bore Us , Get to the Chorus ! -- Roxette 's Greatest Video Hits Crash ! Boom ! Live ! All Videos Ever Made & More ! Ballad & Pop Hits Concert tours Rock runt riket Tour Look Sharp ! Live Tour Join the Joyride ! Tour Crash ! Boom ! Bang ! Tour Room Service Tour The Neverending World Tour Related articles Discography Songs Clarence Öfwerman Christoffer Lundquist Gyllene Tider The Lonely Boys Helena Josefsson Dea Norberg Book : Roxette Roxette singles Pearls of Passion `` Neverending Love '' `` Goodbye to You '' `` Soul Deep '' `` I Call Your Name '' Look Sharp ! `` Dressed for Success '' `` Listen to Your Heart '' `` Chances '' `` The Look '' `` Dangerous '' Joyride `` Joyride '' `` Fading Like a Flower ( Every Time You Leave ) '' `` The Big L . '' `` Spending My Time '' `` Church of Your Heart '' Tourism `` How Do You Do ! '' `` Queen of Rain '' `` Fingertips ' 93 '' Crash ! Boom ! Bang ! `` Sleeping in My Car '' `` Crash ! Boom ! Bang ! '' `` Fireworks '' `` Run to You '' `` Vulnerable '' Do n't Bore Us , Get to the Chorus ! `` You Do n't Understand Me '' `` The Look ' 95 '' `` June Afternoon '' `` She Does n't Live Here Anymore '' Baladas en español `` Un día sin ti '' `` No sé si es amor '' Have a Nice Day `` Wish I Could Fly '' `` Anyone '' `` Stars '' `` Salvation '' Room Service `` The Centre of the Heart '' `` Real Sugar '' `` Milk and Toast and Honey '' Charm School `` She 's Got Nothing On ( But the Radio ) '' `` Speak to Me '' `` Way Out '' Travelling `` It 's Possible '' Good Karma `` It Just Happens '' `` Some Other Summer '' `` Why Do n't You Bring Me Flowers ? '' Soundtrack `` It Must Have Been Love '' `` Almost Unreal '' Other `` A Thing About You '' `` Opportunity Nox '' `` One Wish '' `` Reveal '' `` The Sweet Hello , the Sad Goodbye '' ( Bassflow Remake ) `` The Look '' ( 2015 Remake ) Related articles Singles discography Book : Roxette Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_Must_Have_Been_Love&oldid=803849297 '' Categories : 1987 singles 1990 singles 1993 singles 2006 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Roxette songs Shirley Clamp songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Switzerland RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Per Gessle Pop ballads Swedish Christmas songs 1987 songs Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Italiano ქართული Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 01 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang it must have been love but it's over now | [
"\"It Must Have Been Love\" is a song written by Per Gessle and performed by the Swedish pop duo Roxette. The ballad became the duo's third number one hit in the United States,[1] and is one of their best selling releases, being certified gold or platinum in a number of countries."
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"the Swedish pop duo Roxette"
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4011716228446944010 | List of Itazura na Kiss episodes | List of Itazura na kiss episodes - wikipedia List of Itazura na kiss episodes Jump to : navigation , search The following is the list of episodes from the anime adaptation of an unfinished manga series Itazura na Kiss . The anime adaptation is distinct from the manga itself . It is revealed that the intended finale of the manga by the late author Kaoru Tada will be conceptualized in the anime for the first time with plot details provided by her husband . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Anime adaptation episode list 3 References 4 External links Overview ( edit ) The anime contains 25 episodes . The episodes are directed by Osamu Yamazaki and produced by TMS Entertainment . The episodes started airing on 4 April 2008 on TBS . Subsequently , Sun TV began airing the episodes from 15 April 2008 and Chubu - Nippon Broadcasting Co. , Ltd on 9 April 2008 . As the manga only ran until volume 23 , the ending remained unfinished . The anime adaption after episode 22 is not included in the unfinished manga . Three pieces of theme music are used for the episodes ; one opening theme and two ending themes . The opening theme , `` Kimi , Meguru , Boku '' is performed by Motohiro Hata . The first ending theme , `` Kataomoi Fighter '' is sung by GO ! GO ! 7188 , while the second ending theme , `` Jikan yo Tomare '' is performed by AZU featuring Seamo starting in episode 13 . The song was also featured briefly during episode 10 . Anime adaptation episode list ( edit ) # Title Original airdate 01 `` Fate 's Prank '' `` Unmei no Itazura '' ( 運命 の イタズラ ) 4 April 2008 Kotoko , from the lowly F - Class , has a crush on Irie , who is the top - ranked student from A-Class . After many years , she collects her courage and confesses to him , only to be bluntly turned down . Irie even goes so far as to say he hates stupid girls ( meaning her ) and does n't even read her confession letter . When an earthquake strikes Tokyo , her house is the only one damaged . A friend of Kotoko 's father jumps at the opportunity to lend a hand , and in a surprising turn of events they end up living at Irie 's house . 02 `` Living Together is Dangerous '' `` Abunai Doukyo Seikatsu '' ( アブ ない 同居 生活 ) 9 April 2008 While walking to school together , Irie tells Kotoko that he does n't care for her , and when Kotoko is pushed off the train at the wrong station Irie does not help her , saying he hates absent - minded girls even more than stupid ones . Using an embarrassing childhood picture , Kotoko blackmails Irie into tutoring her on the next exam , saying she 'll hand over the picture if she makes it into the top 50 scores among the students . As they study , the two of them get to know each other better , and Irie 's mother hands Kotoko a good luck charm for the test . Kotoko misses the train again , but this time Irie helps her . After the test , Kotoko makes it to the 50th spot , while Irie ranks number one . Kotoko opens the charm to reveal a picture of the two of them sleeping peacefully while studying . Her friends find out and end up teasing Irie , who angrily turns on Kotoko . 03 `` Baton Touch of Love '' `` Koi no batontacchi '' ( 恋 の バトンタッチ ) 16 April 2008 Kotoko falls asleep with a confession letter in her hand . When Irie walks in to tell her it 's her turn in the shower , he impulsively decides to read the letter . Later at the school sports festival , Kotoko and Irie end up competing against each other in the relay race . Just as Irie sprints across the finish line , Kotoko gets pushed and falls in front of him and she gets run over . Kin steams as Irie carries her to the nurse . Irie embarrassingly recites the letter she wrote to him ; before he gets to the last part where she had written that she loves him , she jumps up and slaps him . Then Kin jumps in the room and proceeds to boast of his passion for Kotoko . Irie replies that people 's feelings can change , the person you hate might become the person you love . 04 `` Throbbing Summer Vacation '' `` Dokki doki na natsuyasumi '' ( ドッキドキ な 夏休み ) 23 April 2008 Kotoko , Irie and friends visit Waterland . While Irie 's getting ice cream , Yuuki ends up sinking in the pool , and Kotoko saves him . Irie overhears about the rescue , rushes back to Yuuki , and is pleased at Kotoko 's actions . Later , Kotoko gets a cramp in her leg while on the water slide , and this time it is Irie 's opportunity to save her from drowning . After dinner , Kotoko retreats to her room to finish her summer homework , but runs into trouble . She sneaks into Irie 's room to get the answers , instead she finds the diary where Yuuki writes how he feels about her ( an annoying dummy ) ; she rewrites it and moves on to find Irie 's homework . But Irie notices her actions , proceeds to tease her , pretends to want to have sex with her , muttering that a genius can sometimes turn into a monster , and afterward he makes it up by helping her with her homework . 05 `` The Crucial Moment ! Class F 's Winter Battle '' `` Gakeppuchi ! F Gumi Fuyu no Jin '' ( ガケっぷち ! F 組 冬 の 陣 ) 30 April 2008 The final exams starts next week , and the results decide whether or not the F - class students make it into college . After having received prior assistance from Naoki with her and her friends ' schoolwork , much to Irie 's annoyance . Kotoko is cajoled to get Naoki to tutor the whole of Class F so they can pass their finals . With Naoki 's help , the whole of Class F passes their finals ( with the exception of Kinnosuke who is too proud to receive any help from Irie . ) When it is Christmas Day the class chips in to get a gift for Irie which ends up being a Kotoko doll . Kotoko on the other hand works really hard as a waitress to buy Irie 's Christmas present . 06 `` Chocolates , Exams , and The Jinx '' `` Choco to Juken to Ekibyougami '' ( チョコ と 受験 と 疫病神 ) 7 May 2008 It 's Valentines Day soon , Irie 's mother helps Kotoko make homemade chocolate , but Kotoko fails to give them to Irie . Later on , Naoki goes to take the entrance exam to Tokyo University . Kotoko sets off to accompany him to the venue ; however , the plot twists when Kotoko 's health takes a turn for the worse . Irie abandons the exam in order to bring Kotoko to the hospital . After this incident , Kotoko tries to leave the Irie household blaming herself for ruining Irie 's chance of getting into Tokyo University . As she tries to leave , Irie talks to her saying he could have made it in time to do the exam but he did n't , as he wants to go to the same college as Kotoko since she is `` interesting to have around '' . After deciding to stay , Kotoko makes more chocolate for Irie , but he rejects saying he does n't like sweet things . 07 `` Spiteful Kiss '' `` Ijiwaru na KISS '' ( イジワル な Kiss ) 14 May 2008 Having missed the entrance exams for Tokyo University , Naoki decides to go with the school 's escalator system . After the graduation ceremony , the F and A classes bump into each other during their farewell dinners . An exchange of heated words soon ensues when Naoki puts Kotoko down in front of everyone triggering her to show Irie 's childhood photo of him dressed as a girl to the others and Irie drags her out into a dark alley . While in a heated argument , Kotoko says she will forget about Irie and he replies by saying just try then he kisses her and after the kiss he sticks his tongue out and says `` Serves you right '' and departs . 08 `` The Campus Life I 've Longed For ! ? '' `` Akogare no kyanpasu raifu ! ? '' ( 憧れ の キャンパス ライフ ! ? ) 21 May 2008 The first day of college has finally arrived and Kotoko finds it hard to forget her kiss with Irie . Just as she thinks she 's finally secured a place in Naoki 's heart , an obstacle arises in the form of Yuko Matsumoto - smart , beautiful , and talented . After finding out Yuuko Matsumoto and Irie have joined the tennis club , she joins the club as well . 09 `` Aim for a Date ! '' `` Deeto o nerae ! '' ( デート を ねらえ ! ) 28 May 2008 Joining the tennis club turns out to be the worst decision of Kotoko 's college life . The grueling practice , the painful injuries and the complete feeling of incompetence would be worth it ... if only Naoki would show up to practice ! ! Meanwhile , Kotoko works up the courage to ask Naoki to the latest romantic movie , but Naoki refuses . Kotoko decides to go to the movie anyway but is shocked to see Naoki there with none other than Yuko Matsumoto ! ? Can Kotoko really compete ? 10 `` Goodbye Rainy Day '' `` Sayonara reinii dei '' ( さよなら レイニー デイ ) 4 June 2008 Kotoko 's father has decided that him and Kotoko have overstayed their welcome , and so the time has finally come for Kotoko to leave the Irie 's ! How will Kotoko manage ? Has she lost her only advantage to winning Naoki 's heart ! ? The next day Kotoko goes to Irie 's house to pass by , but hears a crashing sound inside and finds Irie 's little brother with stomach pains and vomiting . He is admitted to a hospital and released one week later . At the end of the episode Kotoko ends up moving back with Irie . 11 `` Kiss , Kiss , Kiss in a Dream '' `` Yume de kiss Kiss Kiss '' ( 夢 で kiss Kiss Kiss ) 11 June 2008 Naoki begins thinking about what he wants to do with his life and about the future of the family business . For spring break , Kotoko and Sudou goes to Romance Village to be closer to Naoki and Matsumoto . However , the experience is n't as `` romantic '' as it may seem . Kotoko dreams that Irie kisses her and Yuuki is hiding behind the tree where she was sleeping . 12 `` Mismatched Hearts '' `` Surechigau haato tachi '' ( すれ違う ハート たち ) 25 June 2008 Irie tells his father he does not wish to take over his company , instead he wants to become a doctor . Irie 's dad has a heart attack after he hears this . When the company employees come to see Irie senior in hospital , one of them requests a marriage interview with Irie . Irie meets Chris and decides to marry her . Kotoko decides to give up on Irie after she overhears him telling oba - chan that he likes Chris . Kotoko goes on a date with Kin and he officially proposes to her . 13 `` Love Period '' `` Koi no piriodo '' ( 恋 の ピリオド ) 2 July 2008 Worried over how to answer Kin , Kotoko talks to her dad about what he thinks about her getting married to Kin . Kotoko 's father suggests that they leave Irie 's place , Kotoko agrees . Irie brings Chris home to meet his family , Oba - chan acts very stuck - up , even Yuuki does n't seem to be too happy about Irie marrying Chris , he confronts Irie and comments that Irie is in love with someone else . Oba is very upset while talking to her husband in hospital saying she was sure Irie loved Kotoko but now he 's marrying Chris , Yuuki comes in and claims that the only one Irie - kun loves is Kotoko . Kotoko skips Tennis to go and see Kin and plans to say yes to his marriage proposal . Kotoko 's two friends catch up to Irie and Matsumoto talking and explain that Kotoko is not with them because she went to see Kin and give him an answer regarding his marriage proposal . When Irie hears about this , he runs off . Meanwhile , Kin requests Kotoko 's answer but she is unable to give him one and asks for more time . Kin becomes angry and says he will force Kotoko to forget Irie and grabs onto her . She yells ' Irie - kun ' as she tries to push Kind away and he falls to the floor crying . Kotoko runs out into the rain , realizing she will never forget about Irie no matter what . As she accepts this , she runs into Irie . 14 `` Greatest Kiss '' `` Saikyou no Kiss '' ( 最強 の Kiss ) 9 July 2008 Kotoko feels guilty for having led Kinnosuke on . As she walks in the rain , she encounters Irie , who reveals he had been waiting for her . As they walk home , Irie questions Kotoko about her answer to Kin . When she replies it is none of his business , Irie asks her if she loves Kin . When she tries to say that she does , Irie gets angry and yells at her that she only loves him and that she can not love anyone else . Kotoko starts to cry and admits that he is right , but does n't have a choice since he does n't love her . Irie abruptly kisses her , confessing his love for her . They then walk home together , where Irie announces his proposal to the Irie family and to Kotoko 's father . After getting permission , he ties up all the loose ends with his father , Chris , Kinnosuke , and Chris ' father . Irie 's mother rushes their wedding , and they get married within two weeks of Irie 's proposal , much to Irie 's annoyance . 15 `` Honeymoon Panic ! '' `` Hanemuun Panikku ! '' ( ハネムンパンイク ) 16 July 2008 Now married , Kotoko and Naoki head off to Hawaii for their honeymoon . They soon become acquainted with fellow newlyweds Horiuchi Mary ( Mari ) and Takumi . Things start to get ugly when Mary decides to interfere with Kotoko and Naoki 's relationship , by inviting Naoki everywhere she goes . Whole honeymoon passes in bad mood for Kotoko and Takumi , both sad because they did n't have time to be with their loved ones . Last day of honeymoon Kotoko suggests to Naoki that they could spend the last day alone together , and he agrees . When Mary realises that , she pretends to be sick in her room , which results with Takumi calling Naoki for help . As Naoki is examining Mary , he touches her belly , and Kotoko , filled with jealousy yells at him not to touch her . Naoki gets mad , and replies that she 'll have to hold her jealousy down if she wants to be doctors wife , which makes Kotoko run out in tears . Takumi goes to get medications , Mary reveals her true intentions and confesses to Naoki , who immediately rejects her . When Takumi got back he heard her saying that she will separate them , and slaps her , which makes her starting to respect him , and they promise each other they will be happy together . Meanwhile , Naoki finds Kotoko , who was lost . They spend the last night happily together , the episode ends showing them kissing ( in bed ) . 16 `` Chasing after Happiness '' `` Oikake te happi nesu '' ( 追いかけ て ハピネス ) 23 July 2008 Chris is about to return to England , but still harbors strong feelings for Kinnosuke . Feeling sympathetic towards Chris , Kotoko decides to help her in her quest to win Kinnosuke 's heart by preparing him a birthday party . But things , naturally , went wrong , and Kinnosuke hurts Chris feelings . Later , he finally confesses that he has feelings for her , and runs to the airport - and just as it seemed Chris is gone , she comes back , saying she just could n't leave , and kissing Kinnosuke by surprise , which he pretty much liked . When Kotoko gets back home , Oba goes all over her , announcing that Kotoko is probably pregnant , because she felt nausea in the morning . When Naoki hears that , he takes her to the doctor , where they realize it was false alarm . Then he reminds Kotoko on her test , and she realizes that she forgot to look at the results . It turns out that she made it , and also with highest score of all others . Then Naoki , as promised , takes her on a date . 17 `` Enviable New Face '' `` Netama re sou na NEW feisu '' ( ね た まれ そう な NEW フェイス ) 2 August 2008 It 's Kotoko 's first day of learning how to be a nurse and she meets and becomes friends with 4 new people : Kikyou Motoki ( a transgender nurse ) , Shinagawa Marina , Kamogari Keita ( a male nurse who later harbours feelings for Kotoko ) , and the lovable Ogura Tomoko . She then finds out that Marina , Motoki , and Tomoko all love Naoki , and all hate his wife who happens to be Kotoko . Unable to bring herself to say she is Naoki 's wife she plays along with their plan to find out who Naoki 's wife is . Later on they go to Naoki and Kotoko 's house and try to find out who it is . Kotoko frustrated with keeping the secret is about to tell them that she is Naoki 's wife , however all three of them see Naoki walking up to the house with Mastumoto Yuuko and of course believe she is Naoki 's wife . Astounded by her beauty and class Marina , Motoki , and Tomoko give up on Naoki , leaving Kotoko unhappy about the fact that they think Yuuko is Naoki 's wife . The next day however Naoki comes into her classroom and tells her about some shopping requests . When he leaves , everyone is speechless and Kotoko begins apologize for deceiving them . However finding out that Kotoko is Naoki 's wife , they are filled with joy and now have their hopes up again . Kotoko feels quite insulted by this . Later at dinner , Marina , Motoki , and Tomoko group around Naoki while Kotoko is drinking with Keita . After yelling at Keita , due to being drunk , she falls asleep . Naoki is about to take her home , but Keita , furious about Naoki not caring about Kotoko 's needs , yells at him . The next day when Keita sees Kotoko working as hard as she can , he lets her use his arm to practice on blood pressure . While Kotoko is getting ready , Keita begins to blush showing he has feelings for her . At the end of the episode Naoki sees Keita and Kotoko together laughing and begins to get jealous . 18 `` Ill mannered triangle '' `` Fukigen na toraianguru '' ( 不機嫌 な トライアングル ) 9 August 2008 Kotoko is still learning the tricks and trades of becoming a nurse . But she faints during a practice autopsy which results in Keita saving her . When he lays Kotoko down on the bed , he suddenly felt the urge to kiss her , Naoki sees this and decides to confront Keita . Keita however strongly believes that Naoki treats Kotoko with no respect and ignores Naoki 's words . Then the story shows Irie staring passionately at the unconscious Kotoko , but a nurse came in with the request of Dr. Irie . Kotoko wakes up shortly after and returns to home with Keita , and meets Irie 's mother halfway . Naoki 's mother seems to notice that Keita is much more chivalrous to Kotoko than the cold - hearted Naoki and decides to find out more about Keita . After sneaking into the college and gaining information from other students , Keita is just a nice guy and even Naoki 's mother believes that anyone would choose Keita over Naoki . The end of the episode shows Keita concerned about Kotoko going back to Naoki , and asking her to leave Naoki for her own good , as he believes Naoki does not love her . 19 `` Crazy For YOU '' `` Crazy For You '' 16 August 2008 Irie starts to ignore Kotoko due to being overly jealous of Keita . During lunch one day , Chris gets burned by oil , and Kinnosuke , refusing to hand her over to anyone else , admits his feelings and devotion and proposes to Chris . Chris , after some persuasion due to insecurity , accepts . When Kotoko gets very fed - up of his behaviour she gets very upset and starts throwing books at him and saying that Keita was right Irie does n't care about her and that Keita thinks about her more than Irie does and that Keita was serious , Irie slaps Kotoko , Kotoko yells that she 's had enough and runs away , she ends up at Tomoko 's house . Kotoko 's dad talks to Irie about how things had been between him and Kotoko 's late mother . The next day in the lunch room Keita talks to Kotoko asking her to live with him now that she 's run away from home , when Kotoko declines Keita confesses that he is in love with Kotoko , and she should not go back to someone who does not love her , Kotoko tries to defend Irie but Keita questions if Irie came after her , and just as Kotoko is feeling like Keita is right , Irie runs in claiming Keita is wrong and that he was only being the way he was because he was feeling jealous of Keita , explaining that he ( Irie ) has never felt jealous or sad before so he did n't know what to do , he confesses that he can work through it all with Kotoko by his side , Kotoko still teary , questions Irie if it 's ok for her to be by his side , Irie smiles at her saying that 's what he wants , Kotoko runs to him and hugs him , the whole school breaks into cheers and congratulates them . And Keita walks out admitting defeat . Later , Irie is seen kissing Kotoko in their bedroom . 20 `` The Nightingale Pledge '' `` Naichingeeru no chikai '' ( ナイチンゲール の 誓い ) 23 August 2008 When Kotoko announces to Irie that during the capping ceremony / graduation all the male students in the medical department are to present flowers to the nurses they like , he tells Kotoko that he wo n't be able to make it to the ceremony because of a meeting and that the whole flower giving idea was stupid . Then Kotoko is selected as the representative for her class and has to recite the Nightingale Pledge because she is Irie 's wife and because nobody except Moto volunteered but since the head nurse knows that Moto is a male and the tradition was to have female nurses to recite the Pledge , he was n't selected . Afterward , Kotoko practices memorizing the Pledge but has trouble when Moto walks by reciting the entire Pledge perfectly . At that moment , Kotoko realizes that Moto really did want to be a female nurse because of an old movie he saw so she schemes a plan with him . Towards the end of the ceremony , Moto shows up wearing a female nurse uniform . The head nurse tells him to go get changed but Kotoko and the rest of the class objected so the nurse ended up capping Moto . Kotoko recites the Pledge perfectly and afterward , she stays behind in the cathedral and Irie shows up , shocking Kotoko . Irie apologizes to Kotoko because he did n't make it in time for the ceremony , Kotoko tells him it 's ok and they hug . Four years later , Kotoko is a full fledged nurse but still acts like a novice since she runs in the halls and is n't perfunctory . Her patient is an `` old hag '' because she makes Kotoko run errands . The patient also secretly took pictures of Irie and when Kotoko took a picture of Irie that her patient took , the patient tells the head nurse that Kotoko was stealing . The head nurse chastises her and sends her off . As Kotoko walks by Keita and his patient Kotoko realizes that Keita 's patient is in love with him even though he denies it . When she joins Moto and the other nurses , they tell Kotoko that Nobuhiro , a movie star , was in the waiting area . They drag Kotoko to find Nobuhiro and when they were standing in front of the TV a guy tells them to move and then they realize that the guy was Nobuhiro . They beg for his autograph but Nobuhiro tells them to stop bothering him . Kotoko stands up to him and Nobuhiro hugs her and says , `` I miss you . Kotoko - san . '' However , Kotoko has no idea who he is , and is shocked . 21 `` The Glass Boy '' `` Garasu no shōnen '' ( ガラス の 少年 ) 30 August 2008 Nobuhiro turns out to be Yuuki 's friend Non from back when Yuuki was admitted into hospital . However , he has changed very much due to his loneliness from growing up in the hospital . Kotoko manages to talk to Non and makes him realize how many people care for him . 22 `` The Best Gift '' `` Saikou no purezento '' ( 最高 の プレゼント ) 3 September 2008 It is Kotoko 's birthday and Irie takes her out for the night . Irie and Kotoko are very ' lovey dovey ' in this episode . Irie and Kotoko pull an all - nighter at the hospital as a lot of emergencies came in , Kotoko stayed even though she seemed to have a fever . When Kotoko returns home in the morning , Oba - chan looks worried over her appearance and asks her if she 's alright , Kotoko thinks she 's running a slight fever , but Irie asks everyone to wait a moment , he asks Kotoko if she 's pregnant , Oba - chan and Yuuki both get a shock and yell ' what ! '. The episode is left at a cliffhanger . 23 `` You , Go Around , Me '' `` Kimi , meguru , boku '' ( キミ 、 メグル 、 ボク ) 11 September 2008 After visiting the hospital , it is confirmed that Kotoko is indeed pregnant by three months . Oba - san throws a party , Kotoko and Irie 's fathers both look up baby names , even Yuuki is excited though he tries not to show it , but is later seen with toys for the baby . After the party , Kotoko and Irie enter their bedroom , Kotoko is a bit worried and questions Irie on what he thinks about her being pregnant , if he 's happy about it or not . Irie calls her an idiot and hugs her saying he is very happy . Going into work , Kotoko 's friends put her into doubt about Irie 's loyalty to her . As Kotoko spies on him ( with Oba - san spying on both Kotoko and Irie ) she sees him talking and laughing along with a young nurse . Kotoko then sees Irie talking to Yuuko Matsumoto who it seems has been admitted to hospital . Later , while walking home , Kotoko questions him about the young nurse , Irie mentions the young nurse is cute , Kotoko seems to feel down after hearing that . The next day Kotoko spies on Irie and the young nurse as they visit Yuuko Matsumoto , who sees Kotoko standing outside , Kotoko covers up by saying she was worried about Yuuko . Irie talks to the young nurse using ' chan ' after her name , Kotoko gets all jealous , but her jealousy is cut short as Sudo - senpai rushes into Yuuko 's room and bumps into Kotoko on the way in , therefore ending her jealousy trance . Later when their shift is over , Irie reassures Kotoko 's doubts of him , and catches her as she 's about to fall down the stairs . As they stand there , Kotoko 's friends spy on them . As Kin announces that he is going to marry Chris , two men in black walk into the restaurant , it seems Chris ' mother is here , she grabs Kin 's face and takes time to examine him , then tells Chris that Kin is a very handsome man , also saying that Kin should come to England to marries Chris , but Kin disagrees . Back at the hospital , Matsumoto Yuuko is giving Sudu - san and Kotoko a hard time , as she tries to go back to work . When Sudo gets angry at her for not thinking of her own health he slaps her , causing Yuuko to punch him in the face as she walks out in an angry fit with Kotoko chasing after her , when Yuuko tells Kotoko to leave her alone as she 's going back to work , Kotoko questions her and asks if Yuuko is going to work still dressed in her pyjamas . As they return to Yuuko 's room they overhear Sudo - san talking to Irie about Yuuko . Yuuko then returns to her bed saying she will be staying until she gets better . Kotoko and Irie - kun return home , Oba - san calls Irie over and tells him that she is very upset with him , showing him all the photos she took of him talking to other nurses . Kotoko and Irie enter their bedroom and Kotoko says that Oba was just worried , but Kotoko stops talking mid-sentence , Irie asks what 's wrong . Kotoko answered him that it seems that the baby in her womb is moving . 24 `` Happy Love Carnival '' `` Happii Rabu Kaanibaru '' ( ハッピー ラブ カーニバル ) 18 September 2008 Kotoko is messing around with her C - cup breasts . She later on goes to see Kin and finds out that Chris is 3 months pregnant . Kotoko , after coming back home , tells Irie about the news . She later does n't feel good and thinks it is because of the iron tablets she 's been taking to replenish her blood . She does n't tell Irie about this because she does n't want to disturb him while he 's writing his thesis . The next day , Kotoko and her friends are discussing when Kotoko is going to take maternal leave . She refuses quickly , stating that she wants to work as much as possible and goes to see Irie . Later on , her friends from work go home and leave Kotoko to walk home with Irie but he informs her that he will be working late that evening as he wants to do more of his thesis . Kotoko is on the subway where she thinks that she feels a bit light - headed . As she is walking up the steps from the subway she collapses at the top not feeling well , she is spotted and then an ambulance is called , Kotoko is unconscious . Irie is then seen writing when his mobile phone starts ringing . He is running through to the hospital where Kotoko is , all of the family is there . It turns out she was exerting herself too much during pregnancy . One month later Kotoko persuades Irie to go to pregnancy classes with Kin and Chris . It 's there where she goes into labor . Kotoko , Irie and Oba - san are at the vending machines at the hospital when Matsumoto is rushed in with Sudou . She has been coughing up blood due to her illness . Irie has no option but to operate and that 's when Kotoko gives birth , with Irie missing it . They have a baby girl and call her Kotomi . Four years later it is clear that Kotoko and Kotomi are rivals for Irie 's love . 25 `` Hello Again '' `` Haroo Agein '' ( ハロー アゲイン ) 25 September 2008 Kotoko , Naoki and their daughter Kotomi go to Naoki 's grandparents home . On the train , Naoki has a flashback to when he and Kotoko visited there after their marriage . Kotoko arrives there feeling excited about spending time with Irie alone , but is deeply disappointed when she finds out that he had lied to her and that they are not alone . In fact , they are staying with Irie 's grandfather . Everyone in the family ( excluding Irie 's grandmother ) gives Kotoko a hard time . But , with the help of Irie 's grandfather 's spirit , who also tells her to bring her baby the next time she visits , she overcomes the difficulty and gains the family 's approval of her being Irie 's wife . Back in present day , Kotomi , Kotoko and Irie arrive . While walking down the path to the house Kotomi meets the spirit of her great - grandfather and cheerfully waves to him . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Itazura na Kiss Anime to Show Creator 's Planned Ending '' . Anime News Network . 2008 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 16 . External links ( edit ) Itazura na Kiss ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Official `` Itazura na Kiss '' ( TV anime ) website ( in Japanese ) Itazura na Kiss anime adaptation announced ( hide ) Itazura na Kiss by Kaoru Tada Anime List of Itazura na Kiss episodes Television series Japan Itazura na Kiss ( 1996 ) Mischievous Kiss : Love in Tokyo ( 2013 ) Mischievous Kiss 2 : Love in Tokyo ( 2014 ) Taiwan It Started with a Kiss ( 2005 -- 2006 ) They Kiss Again ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Miss in Kiss ( 2016 - 2017 ) South Korea Playful Kiss ( 2010 ) Thailand Kiss Me ( 2015 ) Films Mischievous Kiss : The Movie - High School ( 2016 ) Mischievous Kiss : The Movie - Campus ( 2017 ) Mischievous Kiss : The Movie - The Proposal ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Itazura_na_Kiss_episodes&oldid=784288284 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Itazura na Kiss Hidden categories : Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2017 , at 13 : 40 . About Wikipedia | when does irie fall in love with kotoko | [
"\n\n#\nTitle\nOriginal airdate\n\n\n\n\n\n01\n\"Fate's Prank\"\n\"Unmei no Itazura\" (運命のイタズラ) \n4 April 2008\n\n\nKotoko, from the lowly F-Class, has a crush on Irie, who is the top-ranked student from A-Class. After many years, she collects her courage and confesses to him, only to be bluntly turned down. Irie even goes so far as to say he hates stupid girls (meaning her) and doesn't even read her confession letter. When an earthquake strikes Tokyo, her house is the only one damaged. A friend of Kotoko's father jumps at the opportunity to lend a hand, and in a surprising turn of events they end up living at Irie's house. \n\n\n02\n\"Living Together is Dangerous\"\n\"Abunai Doukyo Seikatsu\" (アブない同居生活) \n9 April 2008\n\n\nWhile walking to school together, Irie tells Kotoko that he doesn't care for her, and when Kotoko is pushed off the train at the wrong station Irie does not help her, saying he hates absent-minded girls even more than stupid ones. Using an embarrassing childhood picture, Kotoko blackmails Irie into tutoring her on the next exam, saying she'll hand over the picture if she makes it into the top 50 scores among the students. As they study, the two of them get to know each other better, and Irie's mother hands Kotoko a good luck charm for the test. Kotoko misses the train again, but this time Irie helps her. After the test, Kotoko makes it to the 50th spot, while Irie ranks number one. Kotoko opens the charm to reveal a picture of the two of them sleeping peacefully while studying. Her friends find out and end up teasing Irie, who angrily turns on Kotoko. \n\n\n03\n\"Baton Touch of Love\"\n\"Koi no batontacchi\" (恋のバトンタッチ) \n16 April 2008\n\n\nKotoko falls asleep with a confession letter in her hand. When Irie walks in to tell her it's her turn in the shower, he impulsively decides to read the letter. Later at the school sports festival, Kotoko and Irie end up competing against each other in the relay race. Just as Irie sprints across the finish line, Kotoko gets pushed and falls in front of him and she gets run over. Kin steams as Irie carries her to the nurse. Irie embarrassingly recites the letter she wrote to him; before he gets to the last part where she had written that she loves him, she jumps up and slaps him. Then Kin jumps in the room and proceeds to boast of his passion for Kotoko. Irie replies that people's feelings can change, the person you hate might become the person you love. \n\n\n04\n\"Throbbing Summer Vacation\"\n\"Dokki doki na natsuyasumi\" (ドッキドキな夏休み) \n23 April 2008\n\n\nKotoko, Irie and friends visit Waterland. While Irie's getting ice cream, Yuuki ends up sinking in the pool, and Kotoko saves him. Irie overhears about the rescue, rushes back to Yuuki, and is pleased at Kotoko's actions. Later, Kotoko gets a cramp in her leg while on the water slide, and this time it is Irie's opportunity to save her from drowning. After dinner, Kotoko retreats to her room to finish her summer homework, but runs into trouble. She sneaks into Irie's room to get the answers, instead she finds the diary where Yuuki writes how he feels about her (an annoying dummy); she rewrites it and moves on to find Irie's homework. But Irie notices her actions, proceeds to tease her, pretends to want to have sex with her, muttering that a genius can sometimes turn into a monster, and afterward he makes it up by helping her with her homework. \n\n\n05\n\"The Crucial Moment! Class F's Winter Battle\"\n\"Gakeppuchi! F Gumi Fuyu no Jin\" (ガケっぷち!F組冬の陣) \n30 April 2008\n\n\nThe final exams starts next week, and the results decide whether or not the F-class students make it into college. After having received prior assistance from Naoki with her and her friends' schoolwork, much to Irie's annoyance. Kotoko is cajoled to get Naoki to tutor the whole of Class F so they can pass their finals. With Naoki's help, the whole of Class F passes their finals (with the exception of Kinnosuke who is too proud to receive any help from Irie.) When it is Christmas Day the class chips in to get a gift for Irie which ends up being a Kotoko doll. Kotoko on the other hand works really hard as a waitress to buy Irie's Christmas present. \n\n\n06\n\"Chocolates, Exams, and The Jinx\"\n\"Choco to Juken to Ekibyougami\" (チョコと受験と疫病神) \n7 May 2008\n\n\nIt's Valentines Day soon, Irie's mother helps Kotoko make homemade chocolate, but Kotoko fails to give them to Irie. Later on, Naoki goes to take the entrance exam to Tokyo University. Kotoko sets off to accompany him to the venue; however, the plot twists when Kotoko's health takes a turn for the worse. Irie abandons the exam in order to bring Kotoko to the hospital. After this incident, Kotoko tries to leave the Irie household blaming herself for ruining Irie's chance of getting into Tokyo University. As she tries to leave, Irie talks to her saying he could have made it in time to do the exam but he didn't, as he wants to go to the same college as Kotoko since she is \"interesting to have around\". After deciding to stay, Kotoko makes more chocolate for Irie, but he rejects saying he doesn't like sweet things. \n\n\n07\n\"Spiteful Kiss\"\n\"Ijiwaru na KISS\" (イジワルなKiss) \n14 May 2008\n\n\nHaving missed the entrance exams for Tokyo University, Naoki decides to go with the school's escalator system. After the graduation ceremony, the F and A classes bump into each other during their farewell dinners. An exchange of heated words soon ensues when Naoki puts Kotoko down in front of everyone triggering her to show Irie's childhood photo of him dressed as a girl to the others and Irie drags her out into a dark alley. While in a heated argument, Kotoko says she will forget about Irie and he replies by saying just try then he kisses her and after the kiss he sticks his tongue out and says \"Serves you right\" and departs. \n\n\n08\n\"The Campus Life I've Longed For!?\"\n\"Akogare no kyanpasu raifu!?\" (憧れのキャンパスライフ!?) \n21 May 2008\n\n\nThe first day of college has finally arrived and Kotoko finds it hard to forget her kiss with Irie. Just as she thinks she's finally secured a place in Naoki's heart, an obstacle arises in the form of Yuko Matsumoto- smart, beautiful, and talented. After finding out Yuuko Matsumoto and Irie have joined the tennis club, she joins the club as well. \n\n\n09\n\"Aim for a Date!\"\n\"Deeto o nerae!\" (デートをねらえ!) \n28 May 2008\n\n\nJoining the tennis club turns out to be the worst decision of Kotoko's college life. The grueling practice, the painful injuries and the complete feeling of incompetence would be worth it...if only Naoki would show up to practice!! Meanwhile, Kotoko works up the courage to ask Naoki to the latest romantic movie, but Naoki refuses. Kotoko decides to go to the movie anyway but is shocked to see Naoki there with none other than Yuko Matsumoto!? Can Kotoko really compete? \n\n\n10\n\"Goodbye Rainy Day\"\n\"Sayonara reinii·dei\" (さよならレイニー·デイ) \n4 June 2008\n\n\nKotoko's father has decided that him and Kotoko have overstayed their welcome, and so the time has finally come for Kotoko to leave the Irie's! How will Kotoko manage? Has she lost her only advantage to winning Naoki's heart!? The next day Kotoko goes to Irie's house to pass by, but hears a crashing sound inside and finds Irie's little brother with stomach pains and vomiting. He is admitted to a hospital and released one week later. At the end of the episode Kotoko ends up moving back with Irie. \n\n\n11\n\"Kiss, Kiss, Kiss in a Dream\"\n\"Yume de kiss·Kiss·Kiss\" (夢でkiss·Kiss·Kiss) \n11 June 2008\n\n\nNaoki begins thinking about what he wants to do with his life and about the future of the family business. For spring break, Kotoko and Sudou goes to Romance Village to be closer to Naoki and Matsumoto. However, the experience isn't as \"romantic\" as it may seem. Kotoko dreams that Irie kisses her and Yuuki is hiding behind the tree where she was sleeping. \n\n\n12\n\"Mismatched Hearts\"\n\"Surechigau haato tachi\" (すれ違うハートたち) \n25 June 2008\n\n\nIrie tells his father he does not wish to take over his company, instead he wants to become a doctor. Irie's dad has a heart attack after he hears this. When the company employees come to see Irie senior in hospital, one of them requests a marriage interview with Irie. Irie meets Chris and decides to marry her. Kotoko decides to give up on Irie after she overhears him telling oba-chan that he likes Chris. Kotoko goes on a date with Kin and he officially proposes to her. \n\n\n13\n\"Love Period\"\n\"Koi no piriodo\" (恋のピリオド) \n2 July 2008\n\n\nWorried over how to answer Kin, Kotoko talks to her dad about what he thinks about her getting married to Kin. Kotoko's father suggests that they leave Irie's place, Kotoko agrees. Irie brings Chris home to meet his family, Oba-chan acts very stuck-up, even Yuuki doesn't seem to be too happy about Irie marrying Chris, he confronts Irie and comments that Irie is in love with someone else. Oba is very upset while talking to her husband in hospital saying she was sure Irie loved Kotoko but now he's marrying Chris, Yuuki comes in and claims that the only one Irie-kun loves is Kotoko. Kotoko skips Tennis to go and see Kin and plans to say yes to his marriage proposal. Kotoko's two friends catch up to Irie and Matsumoto talking and explain that Kotoko is not with them because she went to see Kin and give him an answer regarding his marriage proposal. When Irie hears about this, he runs off. Meanwhile, Kin requests Kotoko's answer but she is unable to give him one and asks for more time. Kin becomes angry and says he will force Kotoko to forget Irie and grabs onto her. She yells 'Irie-kun' as she tries to push Kind away and he falls to the floor crying. Kotoko runs out into the rain, realizing she will never forget about Irie no matter what. As she accepts this, she runs into Irie. \n\n\n14\n\"Greatest Kiss\"\n\"Saikyou no Kiss\" (最強のKiss) \n9 July 2008\n\n\nKotoko feels guilty for having led Kinnosuke on. As she walks in the rain, she encounters Irie, who reveals he had been waiting for her. As they walk home, Irie questions Kotoko about her answer to Kin. When she replies it is none of his business, Irie asks her if she loves Kin. When she tries to say that she does, Irie gets angry and yells at her that she only loves him and that she cannot love anyone else. Kotoko starts to cry and admits that he is right, but doesn't have a choice since he doesn't love her. Irie abruptly kisses her, confessing his love for her. They then walk home together, where Irie announces his proposal to the Irie family and to Kotoko's father. After getting permission, he ties up all the loose ends with his father, Chris, Kinnosuke, and Chris' father. Irie's mother rushes their wedding, and they get married within two weeks of Irie's proposal, much to Irie's annoyance. \n\n\n15\n\"Honeymoon Panic!\"\n\"Hanemuun·Panikku!\" (ハネムンパンイク) \n16 July 2008\n\n\nNow married, Kotoko and Naoki head off to Hawaii for their honeymoon. They soon become acquainted with fellow newlyweds Horiuchi Mary (Mari) and Takumi. Things start to get ugly when Mary decides to interfere with Kotoko and Naoki's relationship, by inviting Naoki everywhere she goes. Whole honeymoon passes in bad mood for Kotoko and Takumi, both sad because they didn't have time to be with their loved ones. Last day of honeymoon Kotoko suggests to Naoki that they could spend the last day alone together, and he agrees. When Mary realises that, she pretends to be sick in her room, which results with Takumi calling Naoki for help. As Naoki is examining Mary, he touches her belly, and Kotoko, filled with jealousy yells at him not to touch her. Naoki gets mad, and replies that she'll have to hold her jealousy down if she wants to be doctors wife, which makes Kotoko run out in tears. Takumi goes to get medications, Mary reveals her true intentions and confesses to Naoki, who immediately rejects her. When Takumi got back he heard her saying that she will separate them, and slaps her, which makes her starting to respect him, and they promise each other they will be happy together. Meanwhile, Naoki finds Kotoko, who was lost. They spend the last night happily together, the episode ends showing them kissing (in bed). \n\n\n16\n\"Chasing after Happiness\"\n\"Oikake te happi nesu\" (追いかけてハピネス) \n23 July 2008\n\n\nChris is about to return to England, but still harbors strong feelings for Kinnosuke. Feeling sympathetic towards Chris, Kotoko decides to help her in her quest to win Kinnosuke's heart by preparing him a birthday party. But things, naturally, went wrong, and Kinnosuke hurts Chris feelings. Later, he finally confesses that he has feelings for her, and runs to the airport - and just as it seemed Chris is gone, she comes back, saying she just couldn't leave, and kissing Kinnosuke by surprise, which he pretty much liked. When Kotoko gets back home, Oba goes all over her, announcing that Kotoko is probably pregnant, because she felt nausea in the morning. When Naoki hears that, he takes her to the doctor, where they realize it was false alarm. Then he reminds Kotoko on her test, and she realizes that she forgot to look at the results. It turns out that she made it, and also with highest score of all others. Then Naoki, as promised, takes her on a date. \n\n\n17\n\"Enviable New Face\"\n\"Netama re sou na NEW feisu\" (ねたまれそうなNEWフェイス) \n2 August 2008\n\n\nIt's Kotoko's first day of learning how to be a nurse and she meets and becomes friends with 4 new people: Kikyou Motoki (a transgender nurse), Shinagawa Marina, Kamogari Keita (a male nurse who later harbours feelings for Kotoko), and the lovable Ogura Tomoko. She then finds out that Marina, Motoki, and Tomoko all love Naoki, and all hate his wife who happens to be Kotoko. Unable to bring herself to say she is Naoki's wife she plays along with their plan to find out who Naoki's wife is. Later on they go to Naoki and Kotoko's house and try to find out who it is. Kotoko frustrated with keeping the secret is about to tell them that she is Naoki's wife, however all three of them see Naoki walking up to the house with Mastumoto Yuuko and of course believe she is Naoki's wife. Astounded by her beauty and class Marina, Motoki, and Tomoko give up on Naoki, leaving Kotoko unhappy about the fact that they think Yuuko is Naoki's wife. The next day however Naoki comes into her classroom and tells her about some shopping requests. When he leaves, everyone is speechless and Kotoko begins apologize for deceiving them. However finding out that Kotoko is Naoki's wife, they are filled with joy and now have their hopes up again. Kotoko feels quite insulted by this. Later at dinner, Marina, Motoki, and Tomoko group around Naoki while Kotoko is drinking with Keita. After yelling at Keita, due to being drunk, she falls asleep. Naoki is about to take her home, but Keita, furious about Naoki not caring about Kotoko's needs, yells at him. The next day when Keita sees Kotoko working as hard as she can, he lets her use his arm to practice on blood pressure. While Kotoko is getting ready, Keita begins to blush showing he has feelings for her. At the end of the episode Naoki sees Keita and Kotoko together laughing and begins to get jealous. \n\n\n18\n\"Ill mannered triangle\"\n\"Fukigen na toraianguru\" (不機嫌なトライアングル) \n9 August 2008\n\n\nKotoko is still learning the tricks and trades of becoming a nurse. But she faints during a practice autopsy which results in Keita saving her. When he lays Kotoko down on the bed, he suddenly felt the urge to kiss her, Naoki sees this and decides to confront Keita. Keita however strongly believes that Naoki treats Kotoko with no respect and ignores Naoki's words. Then the story shows Irie staring passionately at the unconscious Kotoko, but a nurse came in with the request of Dr. Irie. Kotoko wakes up shortly after and returns to home with Keita, and meets Irie's mother halfway. Naoki's mother seems to notice that Keita is much more chivalrous to Kotoko than the cold-hearted Naoki and decides to find out more about Keita. After sneaking into the college and gaining information from other students, Keita is just a nice guy and even Naoki's mother believes that anyone would choose Keita over Naoki. The end of the episode shows Keita concerned about Kotoko going back to Naoki, and asking her to leave Naoki for her own good, as he believes Naoki does not love her. \n\n\n19\n\"Crazy For YOU\"\n\"Crazy For You\" \n16 August 2008\n\n\nIrie starts to ignore Kotoko due to being overly jealous of Keita. During lunch one day, Chris gets burned by oil, and Kinnosuke, refusing to hand her over to anyone else, admits his feelings and devotion and proposes to Chris. Chris, after some persuasion due to insecurity, accepts. When Kotoko gets very fed-up of his behaviour she gets very upset and starts throwing books at him and saying that Keita was right Irie doesn't care about her and that Keita thinks about her more than Irie does and that Keita was serious, Irie slaps Kotoko, Kotoko yells that she's had enough and runs away, she ends up at Tomoko's house. Kotoko's dad talks to Irie about how things had been between him and Kotoko's late mother. The next day in the lunch room Keita talks to Kotoko asking her to live with him now that she's run away from home, when Kotoko declines Keita confesses that he is in love with Kotoko, and she should not go back to someone who does not love her, Kotoko tries to defend Irie but Keita questions if Irie came after her, and just as Kotoko is feeling like Keita is right, Irie runs in claiming Keita is wrong and that he was only being the way he was because he was feeling jealous of Keita, explaining that he (Irie) has never felt jealous or sad before so he didn't know what to do, he confesses that he can work through it all with Kotoko by his side, Kotoko still teary, questions Irie if it's ok for her to be by his side, Irie smiles at her saying that's what he wants, Kotoko runs to him and hugs him, the whole school breaks into cheers and congratulates them. And Keita walks out admitting defeat. Later, Irie is seen kissing Kotoko in their bedroom. \n\n\n20\n\"The Nightingale Pledge\"\n\"Naichingeeru no chikai\" (ナイチンゲールの誓い) \n23 August 2008\n\n\nWhen Kotoko announces to Irie that during the capping ceremony/graduation all the male students in the medical department are to present flowers to the nurses they like, he tells Kotoko that he won't be able to make it to the ceremony because of a meeting and that the whole flower giving idea was stupid. Then Kotoko is selected as the representative for her class and has to recite the Nightingale Pledge because she is Irie's wife and because nobody except Moto volunteered but since the head nurse knows that Moto is a male and the tradition was to have female nurses to recite the Pledge, he wasn't selected. Afterward, Kotoko practices memorizing the Pledge but has trouble when Moto walks by reciting the entire Pledge perfectly. At that moment, Kotoko realizes that Moto really did want to be a female nurse because of an old movie he saw so she schemes a plan with him. Towards the end of the ceremony, Moto shows up wearing a female nurse uniform. The head nurse tells him to go get changed but Kotoko and the rest of the class objected so the nurse ended up capping Moto. Kotoko recites the Pledge perfectly and afterward, she stays behind in the cathedral and Irie shows up, shocking Kotoko. Irie apologizes to Kotoko because he didn't make it in time for the ceremony, Kotoko tells him it's ok and they hug. Four years later, Kotoko is a full fledged nurse but still acts like a novice since she runs in the halls and isn't perfunctory. Her patient is an \"old hag\" because she makes Kotoko run errands. The patient also secretly took pictures of Irie and when Kotoko took a picture of Irie that her patient took, the patient tells the head nurse that Kotoko was stealing. The head nurse chastises her and sends her off. As Kotoko walks by Keita and his patient Kotoko realizes that Keita's patient is in love with him even though he denies it. When she joins Moto and the other nurses, they tell Kotoko that Nobuhiro, a movie star, was in the waiting area. They drag Kotoko to find Nobuhiro and when they were standing in front of the TV a guy tells them to move and then they realize that the guy was Nobuhiro. They beg for his autograph but Nobuhiro tells them to stop bothering him. Kotoko stands up to him and Nobuhiro hugs her and says, \"I miss you. Kotoko-san.\" However, Kotoko has no idea who he is, and is shocked. \n\n\n21\n\"The Glass Boy\"\n\"Garasu no shōnen\" (ガラスの少年) \n30 August 2008\n\n\nNobuhiro turns out to be Yuuki's friend Non from back when Yuuki was admitted into hospital. However, he has changed very much due to his loneliness from growing up in the hospital. Kotoko manages to talk to Non and makes him realize how many people care for him. \n\n\n22\n\"The Best Gift\"\n\"Saikou no purezento\" (最高のプレゼント) \n3 September 2008\n\n\nIt is Kotoko's birthday and Irie takes her out for the night. Irie and Kotoko are very 'lovey dovey' in this episode. Irie and Kotoko pull an all-nighter at the hospital as a lot of emergencies came in, Kotoko stayed even though she seemed to have a fever. When Kotoko returns home in the morning, Oba-chan looks worried over her appearance and asks her if she's alright, Kotoko thinks she's running a slight fever, but Irie asks everyone to wait a moment, he asks Kotoko if she's pregnant, Oba-chan and Yuuki both get a shock and yell 'what!'.The episode is left at a cliffhanger. \n\n\n23\n\"You, Go Around, Me\"\n\"Kimi, meguru, boku\" (キミ、メグル、ボク) \n11 September 2008\n\n\nAfter visiting the hospital, it is confirmed that Kotoko is indeed pregnant by three months. Oba-san throws a party, Kotoko and Irie's fathers both look up baby names, even Yuuki is excited though he tries not to show it, but is later seen with toys for the baby. After the party, Kotoko and Irie enter their bedroom, Kotoko is a bit worried and questions Irie on what he thinks about her being pregnant, if he's happy about it or not. Irie calls her an idiot and hugs her saying he is very happy. Going into work, Kotoko's friends put her into doubt about Irie's loyalty to her. As Kotoko spies on him (with Oba-san spying on both Kotoko and Irie) she sees him talking and laughing along with a young nurse. Kotoko then sees Irie talking to Yuuko Matsumoto who it seems has been admitted to hospital. Later, while walking home, Kotoko questions him about the young nurse, Irie mentions the young nurse is cute, Kotoko seems to feel down after hearing that. The next day Kotoko spies on Irie and the young nurse as they visit Yuuko Matsumoto, who sees Kotoko standing outside, Kotoko covers up by saying she was worried about Yuuko. Irie talks to the young nurse using 'chan' after her name, Kotoko gets all jealous, but her jealousy is cut short as Sudo-senpai rushes into Yuuko's room and bumps into Kotoko on the way in, therefore ending her jealousy trance. Later when their shift is over, Irie reassures Kotoko's doubts of him, and catches her as she's about to fall down the stairs. As they stand there, Kotoko's friends spy on them. As Kin announces that he is going to marry Chris, two men in black walk into the restaurant, it seems Chris' mother is here, she grabs Kin's face and takes time to examine him, then tells Chris that Kin is a very handsome man, also saying that Kin should come to England to marries Chris, but Kin disagrees. Back at the hospital, Matsumoto Yuuko is giving Sudu-san and Kotoko a hard time, as she tries to go back to work. When Sudo gets angry at her for not thinking of her own health he slaps her, causing Yuuko to punch him in the face as she walks out in an angry fit with Kotoko chasing after her, when Yuuko tells Kotoko to leave her alone as she's going back to work, Kotoko questions her and asks if Yuuko is going to work still dressed in her pyjamas. As they return to Yuuko's room they overhear Sudo-san talking to Irie about Yuuko. Yuuko then returns to her bed saying she will be staying until she gets better. Kotoko and Irie-kun return home, Oba-san calls Irie over and tells him that she is very upset with him, showing him all the photos she took of him talking to other nurses. Kotoko and Irie enter their bedroom and Kotoko says that Oba was just worried, but Kotoko stops talking mid-sentence, Irie asks what's wrong. Kotoko answered him that it seems that the baby in her womb is moving. \n\n\n24\n\"Happy Love Carnival\"\n\"Happii Rabu Kaanibaru\" (ハッピー·ラブ·カーニバル) \n18 September 2008\n\n\nKotoko is messing around with her C-cup breasts. She later on goes to see Kin and finds out that Chris is 3 months pregnant. Kotoko, after coming back home, tells Irie about the news. She later doesn't feel good and thinks it is because of the iron tablets she's been taking to replenish her blood. She doesn't tell Irie about this because she doesn't want to disturb him while he's writing his thesis. The next day, Kotoko and her friends are discussing when Kotoko is going to take maternal leave. She refuses quickly, stating that she wants to work as much as possible and goes to see Irie. Later on, her friends from work go home and leave Kotoko to walk home with Irie but he informs her that he will be working late that evening as he wants to do more of his thesis. Kotoko is on the subway where she thinks that she feels a bit light-headed. As she is walking up the steps from the subway she collapses at the top not feeling well, she is spotted and then an ambulance is called, Kotoko is unconscious. Irie is then seen writing when his mobile phone starts ringing. He is running through to the hospital where Kotoko is, all of the family is there. It turns out she was exerting herself too much during pregnancy. One month later Kotoko persuades Irie to go to pregnancy classes with Kin and Chris. It's there where she goes into labor. Kotoko, Irie and Oba-san are at the vending machines at the hospital when Matsumoto is rushed in with Sudou. She has been coughing up blood due to her illness. Irie has no option but to operate and that's when Kotoko gives birth, with Irie missing it. They have a baby girl and call her Kotomi. Four years later it is clear that Kotoko and Kotomi are rivals for Irie's love. \n\n\n25\n\"Hello Again\"\n\"Haroo Agein\" (ハロー·アゲイン) \n25 September 2008\n\n\nKotoko, Naoki and their daughter Kotomi go to Naoki's grandparents home. On the train, Naoki has a flashback to when he and Kotoko visited there after their marriage. Kotoko arrives there feeling excited about spending time with Irie alone, but is deeply disappointed when she finds out that he had lied to her and that they are not alone. In fact, they are staying with Irie's grandfather. Everyone in the family (excluding Irie's grandmother) gives Kotoko a hard time. But, with the help of Irie's grandfather's spirit, who also tells her to bring her baby the next time she visits, she overcomes the difficulty and gains the family's approval of her being Irie's wife. Back in present day, Kotomi, Kotoko and Irie arrive. While walking down the path to the house Kotomi meets the spirit of her great-grandfather and cheerfully waves to him. \n\n"
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"Baton Touch of Love\""
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-8874586848406346263 | List of tallest structures | List of tallest structures - wikipedia List of tallest structures Jump to : navigation , search See also : List of tallest buildings and structures and List of tallest freestanding structures This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF In 1974 , the Warsaw radio tower was erected , at 646.38 m ( 2,121 ft ) becoming the tallest structure in the world of its time . It collapsed in 1991 because an error occurred in exchanging the guy - wires . Tallest Structures in the world . The tallest structure in the world is the Burj Khalifa skyscraper at 829.8 m ( 2,722 ft ) . Listed are the tallest structures in the world : guyed masts ( such as telecommunication masts ) , self supporting towers ( such as the CN Tower ) , skyscrapers ( such as the Willis Tower ) , oil platforms , electricity transmission towers , and bridge support towers . This list is organized by absolute height . See List of tallest buildings and structures , List of tallest freestanding structures and List of tallest buildings and List of tallest towers for additional information about these types of structures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 List by height 2.1 Structures ( past or present ) 600 m and taller ( 1,969 ft ) 2.2 Structures ( past or present ) between 550 and 600 m ( 1,804 ft and 1,969 ft ) 2.3 Structures ( past or present ) between 500 and 550 m ( 1,640 and 1,804 ft ) 2.4 Structures taller than 500 metres ( 1,640 ft ) under construction 3 On hold 4 List by continent 4.1 Current 4.2 All time 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Terminology ( edit ) Terminological and listing criteria follow Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat definitions . Guyed masts are differentiated from towers - the latter not featuring any guy wires or other support structures ; and buildings are differentiated from towers - the former having at least 50 % of occupiable floor space although both are self supporting structures . List by height ( edit ) indicates a structure that is no longer standing . indicates a guyed mast . This list includes structures with a minimum height of 500 metres ( 1,640 ft ) to keep the list to a reasonable length . List of tallest structures in the world - 300 to 400 metres and List of tallest structures in the world - 400 to 500 metres contain shorter structures . For all structures the pinnacle height is given , so the height of skyscrapers may differ from the values at List of skyscrapers . Tension - leg platforms are not included . Structures ( past or present ) 600 m and taller ( 1,969 ft ) ( edit ) Name Pinnacle height Year Structure type Main use Country Town Remarks Coordinates Burj Khalifa 829.8 m ( 2,722 ft ) Skyscraper Office , hotel , residential United Arab Emirates Dubai Tallest man - made structure in the world 25 ° 11 ′ 50.0 '' N 55 ° 16 ′ 26.6 '' E / 25.197222 ° N 55.274056 ° E / 25.197222 ; 55.274056 ( Burj Dubai ) Warsaw Radio Mast 646.4 m ( 2,121 ft ) 1972 -- 1974 Guyed mast LF transmission Poland Gąbin - Konstantynów , Masovian Voivodeship Insulated ; collapsed on August 8 , 1991 during guy wire exchange 52 ° 22 ′ 3.74 '' N 19 ° 48 ′ 8.73 '' E / 52.3677056 ° N 19.8024250 ° E / 52.3677056 ; 19.8024250 ( Warsaw Radio Mast ) Tokyo Skytree 634.0 m ( 2,080.1 ft ) 2012 Steel tower Observation , VHF - UHF transmission Japan Tokyo Topped out on March 18 , 2011 , tallest structure in Japan 35 ° 42 ′ 36.5 '' N 139 ° 48 ′ 39 '' E / 35.710139 ° N 139.81083 ° E / 35.710139 ; 139.81083 ( Tokyo Skytree ) Shanghai Tower 632.0 m ( 2,073.5 ft ) 2013 Skyscraper Residential , observation China Shanghai Completed , topped out in August 2013 . Tallest structure in China and second tallest skyscraper in the world . 31 ° 14 ′ 7.8 '' N 121 ° 30 ′ 3.6 '' E / 31.235500 ° N 121.501000 ° E / 31.235500 ; 121.501000 ( Shanghai Tower ) KVLY - TV mast 628.8 m ( 2,063 ft ) 1963 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Blanchard , North Dakota Tallest mast in the world 47 ° 20 ′ 31.85 '' N 97 ° 17 ′ 21.13 '' W / 47.3421806 ° N 97.2892028 ° W / 47.3421806 ; - 97.2892028 ( KVLY - TV mast ) KRDK - TV mast 627.8 m ( 2,060 ft ) 1998 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Galesburg , North Dakota Rebuilt after collapses on February 14 , 1968 and April 6 , 1997 47 ° 16 ′ 45 '' N 97 ° 20 ′ 27 '' W / 47.27917 ° N 97.34083 ° W / 47.27917 ; - 97.34083 ( KXJB - TV mast ) KXTV / KOVR tower 624.5 m ( 2,049 ft ) 2000 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Walnut Grove , California Tallest structure in California 38 ° 14 ′ 23.2 '' N 121 ° 30 ′ 05.7 '' W / 38.239778 ° N 121.501583 ° W / 38.239778 ; - 121.501583 ( KXTV / KOVR Tower ) Petronius Platform 610 m ( 2,000 ft ) 2000 Offshore platform Oil drilling United States Petronius field , Gulf of Mexico Located appr. 210 kilometers ( 130 mi ) southeast of New Orleans 29 ° 06 ′ 30 '' N 87 ° 56 ′ 30 '' W / 29.10833 ° N 87.94167 ° W / 29.10833 ; - 87.94167 KATV tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 1965 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Redfield , Arkansas was tallest structure in Arkansas , collapsed on January 11 , 2008 34 ° 28 ′ 24.0 '' N 92 ° 12 ′ 11 '' W / 34.473333 ° N 92.20306 ° W / 34.473333 ; - 92.20306 ( KATV Tower ) KCAU TV Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 1965 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Sioux City , Iowa Tallest structure in Iowa ( equal ) 42 ° 35 ′ 11.0 '' N 96 ° 13 ′ 57 '' W / 42.586389 ° N 96.23250 ° W / 42.586389 ; - 96.23250 ( KCAU TV Tower ) WECT tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 1969 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Colly Township , North Carolina Demolished on September 20 , 2012 . Was once the tallest structure in North Carolina 34 ° 34 ′ 44.0 '' N 78 ° 26 ′ 12 '' W / 34.578889 ° N 78.43667 ° W / 34.578889 ; - 78.43667 ( WECT TV6 Tower ) KCCI Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 1972 Guyed mast VHF - TV , FM radio transmission United States Alleman , Iowa Tallest structure in Iowa ( equal ) 41 ° 48 ′ 33.0 '' N 93 ° 36 ′ 53 '' W / 41.809167 ° N 93.61472 ° W / 41.809167 ; - 93.61472 ( WHO - TV , KDIN - TV , WOI - FM Tower ) Des Moines Hearst - Argyle Television Tower Alleman 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Alleman , Iowa Tallest structure in Iowa ( equal ) 41 ° 48 ′ 35.0 '' N 93 ° 37 ′ 17 '' W / 41.809722 ° N 93.62139 ° W / 41.809722 ; - 93.62139 ( Des Moines Hearst - Argyle Television Tower Alleman ) Diversified Communications Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 1981 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Floyd Dale , South Carolina Tallest structure in South Carolina ( equal ) 34 ° 22 ′ 03.0 '' N 79 ° 19 ′ 48 '' W / 34.367500 ° N 79.33000 ° W / 34.367500 ; - 79.33000 ( Diversified Communications Tower ) AFLAC Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 1984 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Rowley , Iowa Tallest structure in Iowa ( equal ) 42 ° 24 ′ 02.0 '' N 91 ° 50 ′ 37 '' W / 42.400556 ° N 91.84361 ° W / 42.400556 ; - 91.84361 ( AFLAC Tower ) WBTV - Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 1984 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Dallas , North Carolina Tallest structure in North Carolina ( equal ) 35 ° 21 ′ 51.0 '' N 81 ° 11 ′ 12 '' W / 35.364167 ° N 81.18667 ° W / 35.364167 ; - 81.18667 ( WBTV - Tower ) KTVO - TV Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) ? Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Missouri Collapsed June 2 , 1988 40 ° 31 ′ 47 '' N 92 ° 26 ′ 29 '' W / 40.52972 ° N 92.44139 ° W / 40.52972 ; - 92.44139 ( KTVO ) Hearst - Argyle Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 1985 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Walnut Grove , California 38 ° 15 ′ 52.1 '' N 121 ° 29 ′ 25.5 '' W / 38.264472 ° N 121.490417 ° W / 38.264472 ; - 121.490417 ( Hearst - Argyle Tower ) WTTO Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 1986 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Windham Springs , Alabama Tallest structure in Alabama 33 ° 28 ′ 51.0 '' N 87 ° 24 ′ 03 '' W / 33.480833 ° N 87.40083 ° W / 33.480833 ; - 87.40083 ( WTTO Tower ) WCSC - Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 1986 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Awendaw , South Carolina Tallest structure in South Carolina ( equal ) 32 ° 55 ′ 29.0 '' N 79 ° 41 ′ 57 '' W / 32.924722 ° N 79.69917 ° W / 32.924722 ; - 79.69917 ( WCSC - Tower ) WCTV Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Metcalf , Georgia Tallest structure in Georgia 30 ° 40 ′ 14.0 '' N 83 ° 56 ′ 26 '' W / 30.670556 ° N 83.94056 ° W / 30.670556 ; - 83.94056 ( WCTV Tower ) WRAL HDTV Mast 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) ( orig . 609.3 m ) 1991 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Auburn , North Carolina Rebuild of 2 masts which collapsed in December 1989 35 ° 40 ′ 35.1 '' N 78 ° 32 ′ 07.2 '' W / 35.676417 ° N 78.535333 ° W / 35.676417 ; - 78.535333 ( WRAL HDTV Mast ) TV Alabama Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Windham Springs , Alabama Tallest structure in Alabama 33 ° 28 ′ 48.0 '' N 87 ° 25 ′ 50 '' W / 33.480000 ° N 87.43056 ° W / 33.480000 ; - 87.43056 ( TV Alabama Tower ) KDLT Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 1998 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Rowena , South Dakota Tallest structure in South Dakota 43 ° 30 ′ 18.0 '' N 96 ° 33 ′ 23 '' W / 43.505000 ° N 96.55639 ° W / 43.505000 ; - 96.55639 ( KDLT Tower ) KMOS TV Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 2002 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Syracuse , Missouri Tallest structure in Missouri ; also called Rohn tower . 38 ° 37 ′ 36.0 '' N 92 ° 52 ′ 04 '' W / 38.626667 ° N 92.86778 ° W / 38.626667 ; - 92.86778 ( KMOS TV Tower ) Winnie Cumulus Broadcasting Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 2005 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Winnie , Texas Tallest structure in Texas ( equal ) 29 ° 56 ′ 09.8 '' N 94 ° 30 ′ 39.4 '' W / 29.936056 ° N 94.510944 ° W / 29.936056 ; - 94.510944 ( Winnie Cumulus Broadcasting Tower ) Liberman Broadcasting Tower Era 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 2006 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Era , Texas Tallest structure in Texas ( equal ) 33 ° 29 ′ 05.5 '' N 97 ° 24 ′ 44.8 '' W / 33.484861 ° N 97.412444 ° W / 33.484861 ; - 97.412444 ( Liberman Broadcasting Tower Era ) WEAU - Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 2012 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Fairchild , Wisconsin Tallest structure in Wisconsin ; original built in 1966 , collapsed during ice & wind storm on March 22 , 2011 ; replacement , still at 2,000 feet , began service January 4 , 2012 44 ° 39 ′ 50.0 '' N 90 ° 57 ′ 41 '' W / 44.663889 ° N 90.96139 ° W / 44.663889 ; - 90.96139 ( WEAU - Tower ) Perry Broadcasting Tower 609.5 m ( 2,000 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Alfalfa , Oklahoma Tallest structure in Oklahoma 35 ° 15 ′ 03.8 '' N 98 ° 36 ′ 53.8 '' W / 35.251056 ° N 98.614944 ° W / 35.251056 ; - 98.614944 ( Perry Broadcasting Tower ) KY3 Tower 609.4 m ( 1,999 ft ) 2000 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Fordland , Missouri 37 ° 10 ′ 26.0 '' N 92 ° 56 ′ 28.1 '' W / 37.173889 ° N 92.941139 ° W / 37.173889 ; - 92.941139 ( KY3 Tower ) SpectraSite Tower Thomasville 609.4 m ( 1,999 ft ) 2002 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Thomasville , Georgia 30 ° 40 ′ 50.3 '' N 83 ° 58 ′ 20.6 '' W / 30.680639 ° N 83.972389 ° W / 30.680639 ; - 83.972389 ( SpectraSite Tower Thomasville ) Pegasus Broadcasting Tower 609.4 m ( 1,999 ft ) ? Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Metcalf , Georgia 30 ° 40 ′ 52.0 '' N 83 ° 58 ′ 21 '' W / 30.681111 ° N 83.97250 ° W / 30.681111 ; - 83.97250 KLDE Tower 609.3 m ( 1,999 ft ) 1986 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Liverpool , Texas also known as Clear Channel Broadcasting Tower , TX 29 ° 17 ′ 17.0 '' N 95 ° 13 ′ 54 '' W / 29.288056 ° N 95.23167 ° W / 29.288056 ; - 95.23167 ( KLDE Tower ) WCKW / KSTE - Tower 609.3 m ( 1,999 ft ) 1988 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Vacherie , Louisiana Tallest structure in Louisiana ; also known as Clear Channel Broadcasting Tower , LA 29 ° 57 ′ 11.0 '' N 90 ° 43 ′ 26 '' W / 29.953056 ° N 90.72389 ° W / 29.953056 ; - 90.72389 ( WCKW / KSTE - Tower ) American Towers Tower Elkhart 609.3 m ( 1,999 ft ) 2001 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Elkhart , Iowa 41 ° 49 ′ 48.0 '' N 93 ° 36 ′ 54.6 '' W / 41.830000 ° N 93.615167 ° W / 41.830000 ; - 93.615167 ( American Towers Tower Elkhart ) Salem Radio Properties Tower 609.3 m ( 1,999 ft ) 2002 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Collinsville , Texas 33 ° 32 ′ 08.4 '' N 96 ° 49 ′ 55 '' W / 33.535667 ° N 96.83194 ° W / 33.535667 ; - 96.83194 ( Salem Radio Properties Tower ) Stowell Cumulus Broadcasting Tower 609.3 m ( 1,999 ft ) 2001 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Stowell , Texas Built , although mentioned in FCC - list as granted 29 ° 41 ′ 52.5 '' N 94 ° 24 ′ 9.3 '' W / 29.697917 ° N 94.402583 ° W / 29.697917 ; - 94.402583 ( Stowell Cumulus Broadcasting Tower ) WLBT Tower 609 m ( 1,998 ft ) 1999 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Raymond , Mississippi Tallest structure in Mississippi 32 ° 12 ′ 49.9 '' N 90 ° 22 ′ 56.5 '' W / 32.213861 ° N 90.382361 ° W / 32.213861 ; - 90.382361 ( WLBT Tower ) KYTV Tower 2 608.4 m ( 1,996 ft ) 1973 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Marshfield , Missouri also known as American Tower Management 37 ° 13 ′ 09.4 '' N 92 ° 56 ′ 57.4 '' W / 37.219278 ° N 92.949278 ° W / 37.219278 ; - 92.949278 ( KYTV Tower 2 ) SpectraSite Tower Raymond 608.4 m ( 1,996 ft ) ? Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Raymond , Mississippi 32 ° 12 ′ 11.9 '' N 90 ° 23 ′ 34.8 '' W / 32.203306 ° N 90.393000 ° W / 32.203306 ; - 90.393000 ( SpectraSite Tower Raymond ) Hoyt Radio Tower 608.38 m ( 1,996.0 ft ) 2003 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Hoyt , Colorado Tallest structure in Colorado 39 ° 55 ′ 21.8 '' N 103 ° 58 ′ 20.2 '' W / 39.922722 ° N 103.972278 ° W / 39.922722 ; - 103.972278 ( Hoyt Radio Tower ) Service Broadcasting Tower Decatur 608.1 m ( 1,995 ft ) 2000 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Decatur , Texas 33 ° 23 ′ 12.0 '' N 97 ° 33 ′ 58 '' W / 33.386667 ° N 97.56611 ° W / 33.386667 ; - 97.56611 ( Service Broadcasting Tower Decatur ) WTVD Tower 607.8 m ( 1,994 ft ) 1978 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Auburn , North Carolina 35 ° 40 ′ 06.0 '' N 78 ° 31 ′ 58 '' W / 35.668333 ° N 78.53278 ° W / 35.668333 ; - 78.53278 ( WTVD Tower ) Channel 40 Tower 607.8 m ( 1,994 ft ) 1985 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Walnut Grove , California 38 ° 16 ′ 21.4 '' N 121 ° 30 ′ 21.6 '' W / 38.272611 ° N 121.506000 ° W / 38.272611 ; - 121.506000 ( Channel 40 Tower ) Liberman Broadcasting Tower Devers 607.7 m ( 1,994 ft ) 2006 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Devers , Texas 30 ° 01 ′ 02.2 '' N 94 ° 32 ′ 47.9 '' W / 30.017278 ° N 94.546639 ° W / 30.017278 ; - 94.546639 ( Liberman Broadcasting Tower Devers ) KHYS Tower 607.2 m ( 1,992 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Devers , Texas dismantled 30 ° 03 ′ 07.0 '' N 94 ° 31 ′ 39 '' W / 30.051944 ° N 94.52750 ° W / 30.051944 ; - 94.52750 ( KHYS Tower ) Clear Channel Broadcasting Tower Devers 607 m ( 1,991 ft ) 1988 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Devers , Texas 30 ° 03 ′ 06.0 '' N 94 ° 31 ′ 38 '' W / 30.051667 ° N 94.52722 ° W / 30.051667 ; - 94.52722 ( Clear Channel Broadcasting Tower Devers ) Media General Tower 607 m ( 1,991 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Awendaw , South Carolina 32 ° 56 ′ 25.0 '' N 79 ° 41 ′ 44 '' W / 32.940278 ° N 79.69556 ° W / 32.940278 ; - 79.69556 ( Media General Tower ) Eastern North Carolina Broadcasting Tower 606.2 m ( 1,989 ft ) 1980 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Trenton , North Carolina 35 ° 06 ′ 16.0 '' N 77 ° 20 ′ 11 '' W / 35.104444 ° N 77.33639 ° W / 35.104444 ; - 77.33639 ( Eastern North Carolina Broadcasting Tower ) WNCN Tower 606.2 m ( 1,989 ft ) 2000 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Garner , North Carolina 35 ° 40 ′ 29.0 '' N 78 ° 31 ′ 39.0 '' W / 35.674722 ° N 78.527500 ° W / 35.674722 ; - 78.527500 ( WNCN Tower ) KELO TV Tower 605 m ( 1,985 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Rowena , South Dakota 43 ° 31 ′ 07.0 '' N 96 ° 32 ′ 06 '' W / 43.518611 ° N 96.53500 ° W / 43.518611 ; - 96.53500 ( KELO TV Tower ) WITN Tower 605 m ( 1,985 ft ) 1979 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Grifton , North Carolina also known as Gray Television Tower 35 ° 21 ′ 56.0 '' N 77 ° 23 ′ 37.0 '' W / 35.365556 ° N 77.393611 ° W / 35.365556 ; - 77.393611 ( WITN Tower ) Noe Corp Tower 604.7 m ( 1,984 ft ) 1998 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Columbia , Louisiana 32 ° 11 ′ 51.0 '' N 92 ° 04 ′ 14 '' W / 32.197500 ° N 92.07056 ° W / 32.197500 ; - 92.07056 ( Noe Corp Tower ) Pappas Telecasting Tower 603.6 m ( 1,980 ft ) 2000 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Plymouth County , Iowa 42 ° 35 ′ 12.0 '' N 96 ° 13 ′ 19.0 '' W / 42.586667 ° N 96.221944 ° W / 42.586667 ; - 96.221944 ( Pappas Telecasting Tower ) KHOU - TV Tower 602 m ( 1,975 ft ) 1992 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Missouri City , Texas 29 ° 33 ′ 41.0 '' N 95 ° 30 ′ 05 '' W / 29.561389 ° N 95.50139 ° W / 29.561389 ; - 95.50139 ( KHOU - TV Tower ) Richland Towers Tower Missouri City 601.3 m ( 1,973 ft ) 2001 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Missouri City , Texas 29 ° 34 ′ 16.0 '' N 95 ° 30 ′ 38 '' W / 29.571111 ° N 95.51056 ° W / 29.571111 ; - 95.51056 ( Richland Towers Tower Missouri City ) KSWB - TV Tower 601 m ( 1,972 ft ) 1984 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States San Diego , California 32 ° 41 ′ 47 '' N 116 ° 56 ′ 10 '' W / 32.69639 ° N 116.93611 ° W / 32.69639 ; - 116.93611 ( KSWB - TV_Tower ) Abraj Al Bait Hotel Tower 601 m ( 1,972 ft ) 2011 Skyscraper Hotel , residential Saudi Arabia Mecca Tallest structure in Saudi Arabia 21 ° 25 ′ 08 '' N 39 ° 49 ′ 35 '' E / 21.41889 ° N 39.82639 ° E / 21.41889 ; 39.82639 ( Abraj Al Bait Hotel Tower ) Senior Road Tower 600.7 m ( 1,971 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Missouri City , Texas 29 ° 34 ′ 35.0 '' N 95 ° 30 ′ 37 '' W / 29.576389 ° N 95.51028 ° W / 29.576389 ; - 95.51028 ( Senior Road Tower ) KTRK - TV Tower 600.5 m ( 1,970 ft ) 1982 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Missouri City , Texas 29 ° 34 ′ 28.0 '' N 95 ° 29 ′ 38 '' W / 29.574444 ° N 95.49389 ° W / 29.574444 ; - 95.49389 ( KTRK - TV Tower ) Houston Tower Joint Venture Tower 600.5 m ( 1,970 ft ) 1985 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Missouri City , Texas 29 ° 34 ′ 07.0 '' N 95 ° 29 ′ 58 '' W / 29.568611 ° N 95.49944 ° W / 29.568611 ; - 95.49944 ( Houston Tower Joint Venture Tower ) American Towers Tower Missouri City 600.5 m ( 1,970 ft ) 2000 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Missouri City , Texas 29 ° 33 ′ 45.1 '' N 95 ° 30 ′ 35.7 '' W / 29.562528 ° N 95.509917 ° W / 29.562528 ; - 95.509917 ( American Towers Tower Missouri City ) Fox - TV Tower 600.4 m ( 1,970 ft ) 1982 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Missouri City , Texas 29 ° 34 ′ 29.0 '' N 95 ° 29 ′ 38 '' W / 29.574722 ° N 95.49389 ° W / 29.574722 ; - 95.49389 ( Fox - TV Tower ) KTVE - Tower 600.4 m ( 1,970 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Bolding , Arkansas also known as SpectraSite Tower Bolding ; tallest structure in Arkansas 33 ° 04 ′ 41.0 '' N 92 ° 13 ′ 41 '' W / 33.078056 ° N 92.22806 ° W / 33.078056 ; - 92.22806 ( KTVE - Tower ) Mississippi Telecasting Tower 600 m ( 1,969 ft ) 1982 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Inverness , Mississippi 33 ° 22 ′ 23.0 '' N 90 ° 32 ′ 25 '' W / 33.373056 ° N 90.54028 ° W / 33.373056 ; - 90.54028 ( Mississippi Telecasting Tower ) WCNC - TV Tower 600 m ( 1,969 ft ) 1992 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Dallas , North Carolina 35 ° 20 ′ 49.4 '' N 81 ° 10 ′ 14.2 '' W / 35.347056 ° N 81.170611 ° W / 35.347056 ; - 81.170611 ( WCNC - TV Tower ) Capstar Radio Tower 600 m ( 1,969 ft ) 2001 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Middlesex , North Carolina 35 ° 49 ′ 54.0 '' N 78 ° 08 ′ 49 '' W / 35.831667 ° N 78.14694 ° W / 35.831667 ; - 78.14694 ( Capstar Radio Tower ) Canton Tower 600 m ( 1,969 ft ) 2009 Concrete tower Observation , VHF - UHF transmission China Guangzhou 23 ° 06 ′ 32.55 '' N 113 ° 19 ′ 9.29 '' E / 23.1090417 ° N 113.3192472 ° E / 23.1090417 ; 113.3192472 ( Canton Tower ) WPDE - TV Tower 600 m ( 1,969 ft ) 1980 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Dillon , South Carolina 34 ° 21 ′ 53.0 '' N 79 ° 19 ′ 49 '' W / 34.364722 ° N 79.33028 ° W / 34.364722 ; - 79.33028 ( WPDE - TV Tower ) Structures ( past or present ) between 550 and 600 m ( 1,804 ft and 1,969 ft ) ( edit ) Name Pinnacle height Year Structure type Main use Country Town Remarks Coordinates KDUH - TV Mast Hemingford 599 m ( 1,965 ft ) 1969 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Hemingford , Nebraska collapsed on September 24 , 2003 42 ° 10 ′ 21.0 '' N 103 ° 13 ′ 59 '' W / 42.172500 ° N 103.23306 ° W / 42.172500 ; - 103.23306 ( KDUH / CH4 TV Mast ) American Towers Tower Liverpool 598.3 m ( 1,963 ft ) 1992 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Liverpool , Texas 29 ° 17 ′ 56.8 '' N 95 ° 14 ′ 12.1 '' W / 29.299111 ° N 95.236694 ° W / 29.299111 ; - 95.236694 ( American Towers Tower Liverpool ) Media General Tower Dillon 598 m ( 1,962 ft ) 2001 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Dillon , South Carolina 34 ° 22 ′ 05.0 '' N 79 ° 19 ′ 20 '' W / 34.368056 ° N 79.32222 ° W / 34.368056 ; - 79.32222 ( Media General Tower Dillon ) Duffy - Shamrock Joint Venture Tower 597.4 m ( 1,960 ft ) 1990 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Bertram , Texas 30 ° 43 ′ 34.7 '' N 97 ° 59 ′ 24.1 '' W / 30.726306 ° N 97.990028 ° W / 30.726306 ; - 97.990028 ( Duffy - Shamrock Joint Venture Tower ) AMFM Tower Collinsville 597.4 m ( 1,960 ft ) 2002 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Collinsville , Texas 33 ° 33 ′ 37.0 '' N 96 ° 57 ′ 35 '' W / 33.560278 ° N 96.95972 ° W / 33.560278 ; - 96.95972 ( AMFM Tower Collinsville ) KOLR / KOZK Tower 597.3 m ( 1,960 ft ) ( orig . 609.6 m ) 1971 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Fordland , Missouri also known as KYTV Tower 1 37 ° 10 ′ 11.0 '' N 92 ° 56 ′ 31 '' W / 37.169722 ° N 92.94194 ° W / 37.169722 ; - 92.94194 ( KOLR / KOZK Tower ) Cosmos Broadcasting Tower Winnabow 595.6 m ( 1,954 ft ) 1981 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Winnabow , North Carolina 34 ° 07 ′ 54.0 '' N 78 ° 11 ′ 16 '' W / 34.131667 ° N 78.18778 ° W / 34.131667 ; - 78.18778 ( Cosmos Broadcasting Tower Winnabow ) Spectra Site Communications Tower Robertsdale 592.6 m ( 1,944 ft ) 2001 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Robertsdale , Alabama 30 ° 36 ′ 41.0 '' N 87 ° 36 ′ 26.4 '' W / 30.611389 ° N 87.607333 ° W / 30.611389 ; - 87.607333 ( Spectra Site Communications Tower Robertsdale ) CBC Real Estate Co. Inc Tower 592.4 m ( 1,944 ft ) 1985 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Dallas , North Carolina 35 ° 21 ′ 44.5 '' N 81 ° 09 ′ 18.3 '' W / 35.362361 ° N 81.155083 ° W / 35.362361 ; - 81.155083 ( CBC Real Estate Co. Inc Tower ) Cosmos Broadcasting Tower Grady 589.8 m ( 1,935 ft ) 1977 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Grady , Alabama 31 ° 58 ′ 29.0 '' N 86 ° 09 ′ 44 '' W / 31.974722 ° N 86.16222 ° W / 31.974722 ; - 86.16222 ( Cosmos Broadcasting Tower Grady ) American Towers Tower Columbia 587.9 m ( 1,929 ft ) 1986 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Columbia , Louisiana 32 ° 05 ′ 42.6 '' N 92 ° 10 ′ 34.3 '' W / 32.095167 ° N 92.176194 ° W / 32.095167 ; - 92.176194 ( American Towers Tower Columbia ) Sonsinger Management Tower 587.6 m ( 1,928 ft ) 1988 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Splendora , Texas also known as KKHT Radio Mast 30 ° 13 ′ 54.0 '' N 95 ° 07 ′ 27 '' W / 30.231667 ° N 95.12417 ° W / 30.231667 ; - 95.12417 ( Sonsinger Management Tower ) Cedar Rapids TV Tower 587.3 m ( 1,927 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Walker , Iowa 42 ° 18 ′ 59.0 '' N 91 ° 51 ′ 31 '' W / 42.316389 ° N 91.85861 ° W / 42.316389 ; - 91.85861 ( Cedar Rapids TV Tower ) Channel 6 Tower Eddy 586.4 m ( 1,924 ft ) 1981 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Eddy , Texas 31 ° 16 ′ 25.0 '' N 97 ° 13 ′ 15 '' W / 31.273611 ° N 97.22083 ° W / 31.273611 ; - 97.22083 ( Channel 6 Tower Eddy ) Entravision Texas Tower 585.2 m ( 1,920 ft ) 1998 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Greenwood , Texas 33 ° 26 ′ 13.0 '' N 97 ° 29 ′ 06 '' W / 33.436944 ° N 97.48500 ° W / 33.436944 ; - 97.48500 ( Entravision Texas Tower ) Multimedia Associates Tower 584 m ( 1,916 ft ) 1999 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Rio Grande City , Texas 26 ° 31 ′ 02.0 '' N 98 ° 39 ′ 08 '' W / 26.517222 ° N 98.65222 ° W / 26.517222 ; - 98.65222 ( Multimedia Associates Tower ) American Towers Tower Randleman 583.4 m ( 1,914 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Randleman , North Carolina 35 ° 52 ′ 13.5 '' N 79 ° 50 ′ 24 '' W / 35.870417 ° N 79.84000 ° W / 35.870417 ; - 79.84000 ( American Towers Tower Randleman ) KTUL Tower Coweta 581.8 m ( 1,909 ft ) 1988 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Coweta , Oklahoma 35 ° 58 ′ 08.0 '' N 95 ° 36 ′ 56 '' W / 35.968889 ° N 95.61556 ° W / 35.968889 ; - 95.61556 ( KTUL Tower Coweta ) American Towers Tower Robertsdale 579.9 m ( 1,903 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Robertsdale , Alabama 30 ° 36 ′ 45.4 '' N 87 ° 38 ′ 41.6 '' W / 30.612611 ° N 87.644889 ° W / 30.612611 ; - 87.644889 ( American Towers Tower Robertsdale ) Baldpate Platform 579.7 m ( 1,902 ft ) 1998 Offshore platform Oil drilling U.S. Garden Banks , Gulf of Mexico Located about 193 km ( 120 mi ) off Louisiana coast WTVY - TV Tower 579.42 m ( 1,901.0 ft ) 1978 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Bethlehem , Florida Tallest structure in Florida 30 ° 55 ′ 12.0 '' N 85 ° 44 ′ 30 '' W / 30.920000 ° N 85.74167 ° W / 30.920000 ; - 85.74167 ( WDJR - FM Tower ) Clear Channel Broadcasting Tower Redfield 578.8 m ( 1,899 ft ) 1985 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Redfield , Arkansas 34 ° 26 ′ 31.0 '' N 92 ° 13 ′ 04 '' W / 34.441944 ° N 92.21778 ° W / 34.441944 ; - 92.21778 ( Clear Channel Broadcasting Tower Redfield ) WFMY Tower 575.9 m ( 1,889 ft ) 2002 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Greensboro , North Carolina 35 ° 52 ′ 13.5 '' N 79 ° 50 ′ 24 '' W / 35.870417 ° N 79.84000 ° W / 35.870417 ; - 79.84000 ( WFMY Tower ) Cox Radio Tower 572.8 m ( 1,879 ft ) 2000 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Shepherd , Texas 30 ° 32 ′ 07.0 '' N 95 ° 01 ′ 05 '' W / 30.535278 ° N 95.01806 ° W / 30.535278 ; - 95.01806 ( Cox Radio Tower ) Media General Tower Spanish Fort 572.7 m ( 1,879 ft ) 1986 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Spanish Fort , Alabama 30 ° 41 ′ 21.0 '' N 87 ° 49 ′ 49 '' W / 30.689167 ° N 87.83028 ° W / 30.689167 ; - 87.83028 ( Media General Tower Spanish Fort ) WFTV Tower Saint Cloud 571.1 m ( 1,874 ft ) 2000 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Saint Cloud , Florida 28 ° 16 ′ 45.3 '' N 81 ° 01 ′ 24 '' W / 28.279250 ° N 81.02333 ° W / 28.279250 ; - 81.02333 ( WFTV ) Capstar Radio Operating Gray Court Tower 567.1 m ( 1,861 ft ) 1980 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Gray Court , South Carolina demolished , no longer in FCC list KLKN Tower 565.1 m ( 1,854 ft ) 1965 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Genoa , Nebraska 41 ° 32 ′ 28.0 '' N 97 ° 40 ′ 46 '' W / 41.541111 ° N 97.67944 ° W / 41.541111 ; - 97.67944 ( KLKN Tower ) Pinnacle Towers Tower Princeton 561.3 m ( 1,842 ft ) 1993 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Princeton , Florida 25 ° 32 ′ 25.0 '' N 80 ° 28 ′ 06 '' W / 25.540278 ° N 80.46833 ° W / 25.540278 ; - 80.46833 ( Pinnacle Towers Tower Princeton ) WTVJ Tower Princeton 561.1 m ( 1,841 ft ) 1993 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Princeton , Florida 25 ° 32 ′ 25.0 '' N 80 ° 28 ′ 06 '' W / 25.540278 ° N 80.46833 ° W / 25.540278 ; - 80.46833 ( WTVJ Tower Princeton ) Pappas Partnership Stations Tower Gretna 559.6 m ( 1,836 ft ) 1985 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Gretna , Nebraska 41 ° 04 ′ 15.9 '' N 96 ° 13 ′ 32.3 '' W / 41.071083 ° N 96.225639 ° W / 41.071083 ; - 96.225639 KBIM Tower 559.02 m ( 1,834.1 ft ) 1965 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Roswell , New Mexico 33 ° 03 ′ 20.0 '' N 103 ° 49 ′ 14 '' W / 33.055556 ° N 103.82056 ° W / 33.055556 ; - 103.82056 ( KBIM Tower ) Tulsa Tower Joint Venture Tower Oneta 559 m ( 1,834 ft ) 1984 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Oneta , Oklahoma 36 ° 01 ′ 15.0 '' N 95 ° 40 ′ 33 '' W / 36.020833 ° N 95.67583 ° W / 36.020833 ; - 95.67583 ( Tulsa Tower Joint Venture Tower Oneta ) KTBS Tower 556.5 m ( 1,826 ft ) 2003 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Shreveport , Louisiana 32 ° 41 ′ 7 '' N 93 ° 56 ′ 1 '' W / 32.68528 ° N 93.93361 ° W / 32.68528 ; - 93.93361 ( KTBS Tower ) Lotte World Tower 555.7 metres ( 1,823 ft ) 2016 Skyscraper Hotel , residential South Korea Seoul CN Tower 553 m ( 1,814 ft ) 1976 Concrete tower Observation , VHF - UHF transmission Canada Toronto , Ontario Tallest freestanding structure in the Western Hemisphere 43 ° 38 ′ 33.22 '' N 79 ° 23 ′ 13.41 '' W / 43.6425611 ° N 79.3870583 ° W / 43.6425611 ; - 79.3870583 ( CN Tower ) Structures ( past or present ) between 500 and 550 m ( 1,640 and 1,804 ft ) ( edit ) Name Pinnacle height Year Structure type Main use Country Town Remarks Coordinates SBA Towers Tower Hayneville 547.7 m ( 1,797 ft ) 1989 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Hayneville , Alabama 32 ° 08 ′ 30.2 '' N 86 ° 44 ′ 42.1 '' W / 32.141722 ° N 86.745028 ° W / 32.141722 ; - 86.745028 ( SBA Towers Tower Hayneville ) Channel 32 Limited Partnership Tower 547.7 m ( 1,797 ft ) 1990 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Hayneville , Alabama 32 ° 08 ′ 31.0 '' N 86 ° 44 ′ 42.0 '' W / 32.141944 ° N 86.745000 ° W / 32.141944 ; - 86.745000 ( Channel 32 Limited Partnership Tower ) KATC Tower Kaplan 546.6 m ( 1,793 ft ) 1978 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Kaplan , Louisiana 30 ° 02 ′ 20.0 '' N 92 ° 22 ′ 15 '' W / 30.038889 ° N 92.37083 ° W / 30.038889 ; - 92.37083 ( KATC Tower Kaplan ) Cosmos Broadcasting Tower Egypt 546.5 m ( 1,793 ft ) 1981 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Egypt , Arkansas 35 ° 53 ′ 22.0 '' N 90 ° 56 ′ 08 '' W / 35.889444 ° N 90.93556 ° W / 35.889444 ; - 90.93556 ( Cosmos Broadcasting Tower Egypt ) Raycom Media Tower Mooringsport 545.8 m ( 1,791 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Mooringsport , Louisiana 32 ° 40 ′ 29.0 '' N 93 ° 56 ′ 01 '' W / 32.674722 ° N 93.93361 ° W / 32.674722 ; - 93.93361 ( Raycom Media Tower Mooringsport ) Pinnacle Towers Tower Mooringsport 542.8 m ( 1,781 ft ) 1985 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Mooringsport , Louisiana 32 ° 39 ′ 58.0 '' N 93 ° 55 ′ 59 '' W / 32.666111 ° N 93.93306 ° W / 32.666111 ; - 93.93306 ( Pinnacle Towers Tower Mooringsport ) Salem Radio Tower 542.2 m ( 1,779 ft ) 2005 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Bold Springs , Georgia 33 ° 52 ′ 02.3 '' N 083 ° 49 ′ 44.0 '' W / 33.867306 ° N 83.828889 ° W / 33.867306 ; - 83.828889 ( Salem Radio Tower ) One World Trade Center 541.3 m ( 1,776 ft ) 2013 Skyscraper Office , VHF - UHF transmission U.S. New York City Tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere 40 ° 42 ′ 42 '' N 74 ° 0 ′ 45 '' W / 40.71167 ° N 74.01250 ° W / 40.71167 ; - 74.01250 ( World Trade Center ) Branch Young Broadcasting Tower 541 m ( 1,775 ft ) ? Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Branch , Louisiana 30 ° 19 ′ 18 '' N 92 ° 16 ′ 58 '' W / 30.32167 ° N 92.28278 ° W / 30.32167 ; - 92.28278 ( Branch Young Broadcasting Tower ) Ostankino Tower 540.1 m ( 1,772 ft ) 1967 Concrete tower Observation , VHF - UHF transmission Russia Moscow 2000 fire led to renovation , tallest structure in Russia 55 ° 49 ′ 10.94 '' N 37 ° 36 ′ 41.79 '' E / 55.8197056 ° N 37.6116083 ° E / 55.8197056 ; 37.6116083 ( Ostankino Tower ) KLFY TV Tower Maxie 540.1 m ( 1,772 ft ) 1970 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Maxie , Louisiana 30 ° 19 ′ 21.0 '' N 92 ° 22 ′ 40 '' W / 30.322500 ° N 92.37778 ° W / 30.322500 ; - 92.37778 ( KLFY TV Tower Maxie ) Cusseta Richland Towers Tower 538.2 m ( 1,766 ft ) 2005 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Cusseta , Georgia 32 ° 19 ′ 16.4 '' N 84 ° 47 ′ 28.2 '' W / 32.321222 ° N 84.791167 ° W / 32.321222 ; - 84.791167 ( Cusseta Richland Towers Tower ) Cox Radio Tower Braselton 538 m ( 1,765 ft ) 1984 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Braselton , Georgia 34 ° 07 ′ 32.0 '' N 83 ° 51 ′ 32 '' W / 34.125556 ° N 83.85889 ° W / 34.125556 ; - 83.85889 ( Cox Radio Tower Braselton ) American Towers Tower Eglin 537.7 m ( 1,764 ft ) 2001 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Elgin , South Carolina also known as WOLO TV Tower 34 ° 06 ′ 58.4 '' N 80 ° 45 ′ 49.9 '' W / 34.116222 ° N 80.763861 ° W / 34.116222 ; - 80.763861 ( American Towers Tower Eglin ) Alabama Telecasters Tower 535.5 m ( 1,757 ft ) 1995 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Gordonsville , Alabama 32 ° 08 ′ 58.0 '' N 86 ° 46 ′ 51 '' W / 32.149444 ° N 86.78083 ° W / 32.149444 ; - 86.78083 ( Alabama Telecasters Tower ) WIMZ - FM Tower 534.01 m ( 1,752.0 ft ) 1963 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Knoxville , Tennessee also known as WBIR TV mast , tallest structure in world , 1963 35 ° 59 ′ 44.41 '' N 83 ° 57 ′ 23.20 '' W / 35.9956694 ° N 83.9564444 ° W / 35.9956694 ; - 83.9564444 ( WIMZ - FM - Tower ) WUOT - FM Tower 534.0 m ( 1,752.0 ft ) 2003 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Knoxville , Tennessee 36 ° 08 ′ 05.49 '' N 83 ° 43 ′ 28.01 '' W / 36.1348583 ° N 83.7244472 ° W / 36.1348583 ; - 83.7244472 ( WIMZ - FM - Tower ) Capitol Broadcasting Tower Broadway 533.1 m ( 1,749 ft ) 1985 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Broadway , North Carolina dismantled 35 ° 30 ′ 45.0 '' N 78 ° 58 ′ 40 '' W / 35.512500 ° N 78.97778 ° W / 35.512500 ; - 78.97778 ( Capitol Broadcasting Tower Broadway ) Capitol Broadcasting Tower Columbia 533.1 m ( 1,749 ft ) 2000 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Columbia , North Carolina 35 ° 30 ′ 44.0 '' N 78 ° 58 ′ 41 '' W / 35.512222 ° N 78.97806 ° W / 35.512222 ; - 78.97806 ( Capitol Broadcasting Tower Columbia ) WTVM / WRBL - TV & WVRK - FM Tower 533 m ( 1,749 ft ) 1962 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Cusseta , Georgia also known as WTVM TV mast , tallest structure in world , 1962 -- 1963 32 ° 19 ′ 25.09 '' N 84 ° 46 ′ 45.07 '' W / 32.3236361 ° N 84.7791861 ° W / 32.3236361 ; - 84.7791861 ( WTVM / WRBL - TV & WVRK - FM Tower ) WAVE - Mast 530.05 m ( 1,739.0 ft ) 1990 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. La Grange , Kentucky 38 ° 27 ′ 23.0 '' N 85 ° 25 ′ 28 '' W / 38.456389 ° N 85.42444 ° W / 38.456389 ; - 85.42444 ( WAVE - Mast ) CTF Finance Centre 530 m ( 1,740 ft ) 2015 Skyscraper Hotel , residential , office China Guangzhou topped - out in 2014 23 ° 07 ′ 13 '' N 113 ° 19 ′ 14 '' E / 23.12028 ° N 113.32056 ° E / 23.12028 ; 113.32056 ( CTF Finance Centre ) Louisiana Television Broadcasting Tower Sunshine 529.4 m ( 1,737 ft ) 1972 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Sunshine , Louisiana 30 ° 17 ′ 49.0 '' N 91 ° 11 ′ 37 '' W / 30.296944 ° N 91.19361 ° W / 30.296944 ; - 91.19361 ( Louisiana Television Broadcasting Tower Sunshine ) Bullwinkle Platform 529.1 m ( 1,736 ft ) 1989 Offshore platform Oil drilling U.S. Manatee Field , Gulf of Mexico Located about 260 kilometers ( 160 mi ) southwest of New Orleans Pinnacle Towers Tower Addis 528.8 m ( 1,735 ft ) 1986 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Addis , Louisiana 30 ° 19 ′ 35.0 '' N 91 ° 16 ′ 36 '' W / 30.326389 ° N 91.27667 ° W / 30.326389 ; - 91.27667 ( Pinnacle Towers Tower Addis ) Richland Towers Tower Cedar Hill 527.6 m ( 1,731 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Cedar Hill , Texas 32 ° 35 ′ 02.7 '' N 96 ° 57 ′ 48.8 '' W / 32.584083 ° N 96.963556 ° W / 32.584083 ; - 96.963556 ( Richland Towers Tower Cedar Hill ) Willis Tower ( formerly Sears Tower ) 527.3 m ( 1,730 ft ) Skyscraper Office , observation , VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Chicago , Illinois Tallest building in world , 1974 -- 1998 41 ° 52 ′ 44.1 '' N 87 ° 38 ′ 10.2 '' W / 41.878917 ° N 87.636167 ° W / 41.878917 ; - 87.636167 ( Sears Tower ) World Trade Center , Tower 1 526.3 m ( 1,727 ft ) 1973 Skyscraper Office , VHF - UHF transmission U.S. New York City destroyed on September 11 , 2001 40 ° 42 ′ 42 '' N 74 ° 0 ′ 45 '' W / 40.71167 ° N 74.01250 ° W / 40.71167 ; - 74.01250 ( World Trade Center ) WAFB Tower Baton Rouge 525.8 m ( 1,725 ft ) 1965 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Baton Rouge , Louisiana 30 ° 21 ′ 59.0 '' N 91 ° 12 ′ 47 '' W / 30.366389 ° N 91.21306 ° W / 30.366389 ; - 91.21306 ( WAFB Tower Baton Rouge ) Goldin Finance 117 525 metres ( 1,722 ft ) 2015 Unfinished skyscraper Office China Goldin Finance 117 Skyscraper under - construction . Expected full height is 596.6 metres ( 1,957 ft ) . 39 ° 5 ′ 21 '' N 117 ° 4 ′ 49 '' E / 39.08917 ° N 117.08028 ° E / 39.08917 ; 117.08028 ( Goldin Finance 117 ) WAEO Tower 524.5 m ( 1,721 ft ) 1966 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Starks , Wisconsin destroyed on November 17 , 1968 in aircraft collision Media Venture Tower 522.5 m ( 1,714 ft ) 1999 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Fincher , Florida 30 ° 40 ′ 07.0 '' N 83 ° 58 ′ 10 '' W / 30.668611 ° N 83.96944 ° W / 30.668611 ; - 83.96944 ( Media Venture Tower ) Media Venture Management Tower Fincher 522.5 m ( 1,714 ft ) 1999 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Fincher , Florida Orlando Hearst Argyle Television Tower 522.5 m ( 1,714 ft ) 1980 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Orange City , Florida Height today 510.5 metres 28 ° 56 ′ 16.0 '' N 81 ° 18 ′ 57.0 '' W / 28.937778 ° N 81.315833 ° W / 28.937778 ; - 81.315833 ( Orlando Hearst Argyle Television Tower ) Pinnacle Towers Tower Moody 522.4 m ( 1,714 ft ) 1988 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Moody , Texas 31 ° 18 ′ 54.0 '' N 97 ° 19 ′ 37 '' W / 31.315000 ° N 97.32694 ° W / 31.315000 ; - 97.32694 ( Pinnacle Towers Tower Moody ) Clear Channel Broadcasting Tower Rosinton 520.3 m ( 1,707 ft ) 1981 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Rosinton , Alabama Pacific and Southern Company Tower Lugoff 520.2 m ( 1,707 ft ) 1985 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Lugoff , South Carolina 34 ° 05 ′ 50.0 '' N 80 ° 45 ′ 50 '' W / 34.097222 ° N 80.76389 ° W / 34.097222 ; - 80.76389 ( Pacific and Southern Company Tower Lugoff ) Young Broadcasting Tower Garden City 519.7 m ( 1,705 ft ) 1978 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Garden City , South Dakota 44 ° 57 ′ 56.0 '' N 97 ° 35 ′ 23 '' W / 44.965556 ° N 97.58972 ° W / 44.965556 ; - 97.58972 ( Young Broadcasting Tower Garden City ) Gray Television Tower Carlos 519.7 m ( 1,705 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Carlos , Texas 30 ° 33 ′ 17.0 '' N 96 ° 01 ′ 52 '' W / 30.554722 ° N 96.03111 ° W / 30.554722 ; - 96.03111 ( Gray Television Tower Carlos ) South Dakota Public Broadcasting Network Tower 516.7 m ( 1,695 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Faith , South Dakota 45 ° 03 ′ 14.0 '' N 102 ° 15 ′ 49 '' W / 45.053889 ° N 102.26361 ° W / 45.053889 ; - 102.26361 ( South Dakota Public Broadcasting Network Tower ) Spectra Site Communications Tower Orange City 516.6 m ( 1,695 ft ) 1984 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Orange City , Florida Height reduced to 512.7 metres 28 ° 55 ′ 11.1 '' N 81 ° 19 ′ 07 '' W / 28.919750 ° N 81.31861 ° W / 28.919750 ; - 81.31861 ( Spectra Site Communications Tower Orange City ) Christmas Brown Road Tower 516.6 m ( 1,695 ft ) 2001 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Christmas , Florida 28 ° 36 ′ 36.0 '' N 81 ° 03 ′ 34.0 '' W / 28.610000 ° N 81.059444 ° W / 28.610000 ; - 81.059444 ( Christmas Brown Road Tower ) Gray Television Tower Madill 516.3 m ( 1,694 ft ) 1984 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Madill , Oklahoma 34 ° 01 ′ 58.0 '' N 96 ° 48 ′ 01 '' W / 34.032778 ° N 96.80028 ° W / 34.032778 ; - 96.80028 ( Gray Television Tower Madill ) American Tower Christmas 513.3 m ( 1,684 ft ) 2001 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Christmas , Florida 28 ° 34 ′ 53.0 '' N 81 ° 04 ′ 29 '' W / 28.581389 ° N 81.07472 ° W / 28.581389 ; - 81.07472 ( American Tower Christmas ) Richland Towers Bithlo 512.7 m ( 1,682 ft ) 2002 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Bithlo , Florida 28 ° 35 ′ 12.6 '' N 81 ° 04 ′ 57.5 '' W / 28.586833 ° N 81.082639 ° W / 28.586833 ; - 81.082639 ( Richland Towers Bithlo ) Northland Television Tower Rhinelander 512.6 m ( 1,682 ft ) 1979 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Rhinelander , Wisconsin 45 ° 40 ′ 03.0 '' N 89 ° 12 ′ 29 '' W / 45.667500 ° N 89.20806 ° W / 45.667500 ; - 89.20806 ( Northland Television Tower Rhinelander ) Gray Television Tower Moody 511.8 m ( 1,679 ft ) 1978 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Moody , Texas 31 ° 19 ′ 20.0 '' N 97 ° 19 ′ 03 '' W / 31.322222 ° N 97.31750 ° W / 31.322222 ; - 97.31750 ( Gray Television Tower Moody ) KFVS TV Mast 511.1 m ( 1,677 ft ) 1960 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Cape Girardeau County , Missouri Tallest structure in the world 1960 -- 1961 37 ° 25 ′ 44.5 '' N 89 ° 30 ′ 13.84 '' W / 37.429028 ° N 89.5038444 ° W / 37.429028 ; - 89.5038444 ( KFVS TV Mast ) Taipei 101 509.2 m ( 1,671 ft ) Skyscraper Office , observation , VHF - UHF transmission Taiwan Taipei Tallest building in the world 2004 -- 2007 25 ° 02 ′ 01 '' N 121 ° 33 ′ 52 '' E / 25.03361 ° N 121.56444 ° E / 25.03361 ; 121.56444 ( Taipei 101 ) Cox Radio Tower Verna 508.1 m ( 1,667 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Verna , Florida 27 ° 24 ′ 31.2 '' N 82 ° 14 ′ 59.3 '' W / 27.408667 ° N 82.249806 ° W / 27.408667 ; - 82.249806 ( Cox Radio Tower Verna ) WMTW TV Mast 508.1 m ( 1,667 ft ) 2001 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Baldwin , Maine 43 ° 50 ′ 44.0 '' N 70 ° 45 ′ 41 '' W / 43.845556 ° N 70.76139 ° W / 43.845556 ; - 70.76139 ( WMTW TV Mast ) American Towers Tower Cedar Hill 506.2 m ( 1,661 ft ) 1999 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Cedar Hill , Texas 32 ° 35 ′ 20.0 '' N 96 ° 58 ′ 05.9 '' W / 32.588889 ° N 96.968306 ° W / 32.588889 ; - 96.968306 ( American Towers Tower Cedar Hill ) American Towers Tower Oklahoma City 502 m ( 1,647 ft ) 1999 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Oklahoma City , Oklahoma 35 ° 35 ′ 52.1 '' N 97 ° 29 ′ 23.2 '' W / 35.597806 ° N 97.489778 ° W / 35.597806 ; - 97.489778 ( American Towers Tower Oklahoma City ) University of North Carolina Tower 500.5 m ( 1,642 ft ) 2000 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Columbia , North Carolina 35 ° 54 ′ 01.0 '' N 76 ° 20 ′ 44 '' W / 35.900278 ° N 76.34556 ° W / 35.900278 ; - 76.34556 ( University of North Carolina Tower ) Structures taller than 500 metres ( 1,640 ft ) under construction ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . This is an incomplete list of structures under construction that are projected to be taller than 500 metres ( 1,640 ft ) and have current height under 500 metres ( 1,640 ft ) . It does not include on - hold or topped - out structures . Name Pinnacle height planned Year completion expected Structure type Country Town Jeddah Tower 1,008 metres ( 3,307 ft ) 2020 Skyscraper Saudi Arabia Jeddah Iconic Tower Grand 734 metres ( 2,408 ft ) 2021 Skyscraper Bangladesh Dhaka Wuhan Greenland Center 636 metres ( 2,087 ft ) 2018 Skyscraper China Wuhan Al - Aman World Capital Centre 625 metres ( 2,051 ft ) 2020 Skyscraper Sri Lanka Colombo KL118 Tower 610 metres ( 2,001 ft ) 2019 Skyscraper Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Pearl of the North 568 metres ( 1,864 ft ) 2018 Skyscraper China Shenyang Tianjin Chow Tai Fook Binhai Center 530 metres ( 1,739 ft ) 2018 Skyscraper China Tianjin China Zun 528 metres ( 1,732 ft ) 2018 Skyscraper China Beijing Dalian Greenland Center 518 metres ( 1,699 ft ) 2018 Skyscraper China Dalian On hold ( edit ) Structures that are on hold for financial reasons or conflict . Name Height City Floor count Year ( est . ) Const . start Sky City ( Changsha ) 838 metres ( 2,749 ft ) Changsha 202 cancelled -- Suzhou Zhongnan Center 729 metres ( 2,392 ft ) Suzhou - on hold 2014 India Tower 700 metres ( 2,300 ft ) Mumbai 126 cancelled Doha Convention Center Tower 551 metres ( 1,808 ft ) Doha 112 cancelled 2009 Pentominium 516 metres ( 1,693 ft ) Dubai 122 ? ? ? 2009 Busan Lotte World Tower 510.1 metres ( 1,674 ft ) Busan 107 ? ? ? 2011 Burj Al Alam 510 metres ( 1,670 ft ) Dubai 108 cancelled -- Al Quds Endowment Tower 495 metres ( 1,624 ft ) Doha 100 ? ? ? 2009 Jialing Fanying Tower 468 metres ( 1,535 ft ) Chongqing 99 ? ? ? 2012 Dubai Towers Doha 431 metres ( 1,414 ft ) Doha 88 ? ? ? 2007 List by continent ( edit ) Current ( edit ) The following table is a list of the current tallest structures by each continent ( listed by geographic size ) : Continent Structure Height Year Country Asia Burj Khalifa 829.8 m ( 2,722 ft ) 2009 United Arab Emirates Africa Nador transmitter 380 m ( 1,247 ft ) 1972 Morocco North America KVLY - TV mast 629 m ( 2,064 ft ) 1963 United States South America Amazon Tall Tower Observatory 325 m ( 1,066 ft ) 2015 Brazil Europe Ostankino Tower 540.1 m ( 1,772 ft ) 1967 Russia Australia Naval Communication Station Harold E. Holt 387 m ( 1,270 ft ) 1967 Australia Oceania VLF transmitter Lualualei 458 m ( 1,503 ft ) 1972 United States ( Hawaii ) All time ( edit ) The following table is a list of the all time tallest structures by each continent ( listed by geographic size ) : Continent Structure Height Year Country Asia Burj Khalifa 829.8 m ( 2,722 ft ) 2009 United Arab Emirates Africa OMEGA transmitter Chabrier 428 m ( 1,404 ft ) 1976 Réunion ( France ) North America KVLY - TV mast 629 m ( 2,064 ft ) 1963 United States South America Omega Tower Trelew 366 m ( 1,201 ft ) 1971 Argentina Europe Warsaw radio mast 646 m ( 2,119 ft ) Poland Australia VLF Transmitter Woodside 432 m ( 1,417 ft ) 1971 Australia Oceania VLF transmitter Lualualei 458 m ( 1,503 ft ) 1972 United States ( Hawaii ) See also ( edit ) Architecture portal Lists portal List of tallest structures in the world -- 400 to 500 metres List of tallest structures in the world -- 300 to 400 metres List of famous transmission sites List of European medium wave transmitters List of tallest freestanding structures in the world List of world 's tallest bridges List of world 's tallest dams List of cities with most skyscrapers List of statues by height References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Skytree website '' ( in Japanese ) . Tobu Railway Co. , Ltd . & Tobu Tower Skytree Co. , Ltd . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ ASR Registration 1018564 Jump up ^ `` Demolition crews take down 2,000 ft . TV tower '' . WECT . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ ASR Registration 1025917 Jump up ^ ASR Registration 1242072 ^ Jump up to : ASR Registration Search Jump up ^ ASR Registration 1213478 Jump up ^ ASR Registration 1052083 Jump up ^ ASR Registration 1035413 Jump up ^ ASR Registration 1040815 Jump up ^ ASR Registration 1001294 Jump up ^ ASR Registration 1001558 Jump up ^ Asif Showkat Kallol . `` Govt to float tender for Iconic Tower construction '' . dhakatribune.com . Retrieved June 01 , 2017 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Abdul Rahim Harmachi . `` Bangladesh to sign deal with US firm Kali Pradip Chaudhury Group for 142 - storied building '' . bdnews24.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Year completed External links ( edit ) World Federation of Great Towers Skyscrapers diagrams and forum Skyscrapers database Search for Radio Masts and Towers in the U.S. Tallest buildings and structures Buildings Overview History Skyscraper Storey By region Africa Asia South Europe Balkans Baltic states Scandinavia Oceania South America Latin America By country Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Cambodia Canada Chile China Colombia Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Kuwait Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Macau Macedonia , Republic of Malaysia Malta Mexico Mongolia Morocco Netherlands Nigeria North Korea Norway Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Slovenia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Republic of China Tanzania Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Vietnam Zimbabwe By other British Empire and Commonwealth European Union Lists 100 + floors Architects Buildings by height to roof Cities with most high - rise buildings Cities with most skyscrapers Churches Orthodox Early skyscrapers Educational Future Hospitals Hotels Most expensive Residential Supertall Twin buildings Voluntarily demolished Structures ( of any type ) By region Africa Europe Middle East South America former Soviet Union former Yugoslavia By country Albania Algeria Australia Austria Bahrain Belgium Bulgaria Canada China Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Italy Japan Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Romania Saudi Arabia Serbia Slovakia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan United Kingdom United States By other Commonwealth of Nations Lists 300 to 400 metres 400 to 500 metres Before the 20th century Bridges Chimneys Dams Freestanding Lighthouses Statues Towers Twin structures Related topics Additionally guyed tower Air traffic obstacle All buildings and structures Antenna height considerations Architectural engineering Construction Early skyscrapers Height restriction laws Oil platform Partially guyed tower Tower block Structural extremes Tallest Buildings Structures Bridges Chimneys Churches Orthodox Cities Dams Oil platforms Educational Freestanding Hospitals Hotels Lighthouses Residential Statues Towers Twin buildings and structures Largest Buildings Churches City squares Dams Domes Hotels Mosques Palace Power stations hydroelectric Shopping malls Hindu temples Longest Buildings Bridges arched cable - stayed cantilevered continuous truss masonry arch suspension Churches Tunnels Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_tallest_structures&oldid=800220343 '' Categories : Lists of tallest structures Lists of buildings and structures Towers Guyed masts Construction records Lists of tallest structures by region Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 errors : dates Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from June 2013 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 Incomplete lists from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Simple English Slovenčina Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 04 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the tallest radio tower in the world | [
"\nKVLY-TV mast\n628.8 m (2,063 ft)\n1963\nGuyed mast\nVHF-UHF transmission\n United States\nBlanchard, North Dakota\nTallest mast in the world\n47°20′31.85″N 97°17′21.13″W / 47.3421806°N 97.2892028°W / 47.3421806; -97.2892028 (KVLY-TV mast)\n"
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"KVLY-TV mast"
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-3743738186136724979 | Labor Day | Labor Day - Wikipedia Labor Day This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 9 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. holiday . For the similarly named holiday in other countries , see Labour Day . For other uses , see Labor Day ( disambiguation ) . Labor Day Labor Day Parade in New York 's Union Square , 1882 Observed by United States Type National Celebrations Parades , barbecues Date First Monday in September 2016 date September 5 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) 2017 date September 4 ( 2017 - 09 - 04 ) 2018 date September 3 ( 2018 - 09 - 03 ) 2019 date September 2 ( 2019 - 09 - 02 ) Frequency Annual Related to Labour Day Labor Day in the United States is a public holiday celebrated on the first Monday in September . It honors the American labor movement and the contributions that workers have made to the strength , prosperity , laws and well - being of the country . It is the Monday of the long weekend known as Labor Day Weekend and it is considered the unofficial end of summer in the United States . It is recognized as a federal holiday . Beginning in the late 19th century , as the trade union and labor movements grew , trade unionists proposed that a day be set aside to celebrate labor . `` Labor Day '' was promoted by the Central Labor Union and the Knights of Labor , which organized the first parade in New York City . In 1887 , Oregon was the first state of the United States to make it an official public holiday . By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894 , thirty U.S. states officially celebrated Labor Day . Canada 's Labour Day is also celebrated on the first Monday of September . More than 80 countries celebrate International Workers ' Day on May 1 -- the ancient European holiday of May Day -- and several countries have chosen their own dates for Labour Day . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Celebrations 3 Unofficial end of summer 4 Labor Day sales 5 Dates 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links History ( edit ) Beginning in the late 19th century , as the trade union and labor movements grew , different groups of trade unionists chose a variety of days on which to celebrate labor . In the United States a September holiday called Labor Day was first proposed in the 1880s . An early history of the holiday dates the event 's origins to a General Assembly of the Knights of Labor convened in New York City in September 1882 . In conjunction with this clandestine Knights assembly a public parade of various labor organizations was held on September 5 under the auspices of the Central Labor Union ( CLU ) of New York . Secretary of the CLU Matthew Maguire is credited for first proposing that a national Labor Day holiday subsequently be held on the first Monday of each September in the aftermath of this successful public demonstration . An alternative thesis is maintained that Peter J. McGuire of the American Federation of Labor put forward the first proposal in May 1882 , after witnessing the annual labour festival held in Toronto , Canada . There was disagreement among labor unions at this time about when a holiday celebrating workers should be . Many advocated for May 1st . However , President Cleveland was concerned that a labor holiday on May 1st would be a commemoration of the Haymarket Affair of May 1886 , as it eventually was under the name International Workers ' Day . In 1887 , he publicly supported the September Labor Day holiday . In 1887 Oregon became the first state of the United States to make Labor Day an official public holiday . By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894 , thirty U.S. states officially celebrated Labor Day . Following the deaths of workers at the hands of United States Army and United States Marshals Service during the Pullman Strike of 1894 in Chicago , the United States Congress unanimously voted to approve legislation to make Labor Day a national holiday and President Grover Cleveland signed it into law six days after the end of the strike . Cleveland supported the creation of the national holiday in an attempt to shore up support among trade unions following the Pullman Strike . The date of May 1 ( an ancient European holiday known as May Day ) was an alternative date , celebrated then ( and now ) as International Workers ' Day , but President Cleveland was concerned that observance of Labor Day on May 1 would encourage Haymarket - style protests and would strengthen socialist and anarchist movements that , though distinct from one another , had rallied to commemorate the Haymarket Affair on International Workers ' Day . All U.S. states , the District of Columbia , and the United States territories have made Labor Day a statutory holiday . Celebrations ( edit ) The form for the celebration of Labor Day was outlined in the first proposal for the holiday : A street parade to exhibit to the public `` the strength and esprit de corps of the trade and labor organizations '' , followed by a festival for the workers and their friends and families . This became the pattern for Labor Day celebrations . Speeches by prominent men and women were introduced later , as more emphasis was placed upon the civil significance of the holiday . Still later , by a resolution of the American Federation of Labor convention of 1909 , the Sunday preceding Labor Day was adopted as Labor Sunday and dedicated to the spiritual and educational aspects of the Labor movement . Unofficial end of summer ( edit ) Labor Day is called the `` unofficial end of summer '' because it marks the end of the cultural summer season . Many take their two - week vacations during the two weeks ending Labor Day weekend . Many fall activities , such as school and sports begin about this time . In the United States , many school districts resume classes around the Labor Day holiday weekend ( see First day of school ) . Most begin the week before , making Labor Day weekend the first three - day weekend of the school calendar , while others return the Tuesday following Labor Day , allowing families one final getaway before the school year begins . Many districts across the Midwest are opting to begin school after Labor Day . In the U.S. state of Virginia , the amusement park industry has successfully lobbied for legislation requiring most school districts in the state to have their first day of school after Labor Day , in order to give families another weekend to visit amusement parks in the state . The relevant statute has been nicknamed the `` Kings Dominion law '' after one such park . In Minnesota the State Fair ends on Labor Day . Under state law public schools normally do not begin under after the holiday . Allowing time for school children to show 4 - H projects at the Fair has been given as one reason for this timing . In U.S. sports , Labor Day weekend marks the beginning of many fall sports . National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) teams usually play their first games that weekend and the National Football League ( NFL ) traditionally play their kickoff game the Thursday following Labor Day . The Southern 500 NASCAR auto race has been held on Labor Day weekend at Darlington Raceway in Darlington , South Carolina from 1950 to 2003 and since 2015 . At Indianapolis Raceway Park , the National Hot Rod Association hold their finals of the NHRA U.S. Nationals drag race that weekend . Labor Day is the middle point between weeks one and two of the U.S. Open Tennis Championships held in Flushing Meadows , New York . In fashion , Labor Day is ( or was ) considered the last day when it is acceptable to wear white or seersucker . The `` unofficial beginning of summer '' in the U.S. is Memorial Day at the end of May . Labor Day sales ( edit ) To take advantage of large numbers of potential customers with time to shop , Labor Day has become an important weekend for discounts and allowances by many retailers in the United States , especially for back - to - school sales . Some retailers claim it is one of the largest sale dates of the year , second only to the Christmas season 's Black Friday . Dates ( edit ) Year Labor Day 1900 1928 1956 1984 2012 2040 2068 2096 September 3 1901 1929 1957 1985 2013 2041 2069 2097 September 2 1902 1930 1958 1986 2014 2042 2070 2098 September 1 1903 1931 1959 2015 2043 2071 2099 September 7 1904 1932 1960 2016 2044 2072 September 5 1905 1933 1961 2017 2045 2073 September 4 1906 1934 1962 2018 2046 2074 September 3 1907 1935 1963 1991 2019 2047 2075 September 2 1908 1936 1964 2020 2048 2076 September 7 1909 1937 1965 2021 2049 2077 September 6 1910 1938 1966 2022 2050 2078 September 5 1911 1939 1967 1995 2023 2051 2079 September 4 1912 1940 1968 2024 2052 2080 September 2 1913 1941 1969 2025 2053 2081 September 1 1914 1942 1970 1998 2026 2054 2082 September 7 1915 1943 1971 1999 2027 2055 2083 September 6 1916 1944 1972 2000 2028 2056 2084 September 4 1917 1945 1973 2029 2057 2085 September 3 1918 1946 2002 2030 2058 2086 September 2 1919 1947 2003 2031 2059 2087 September 1 1920 1948 1976 2032 2060 2088 2100 September 6 1921 1949 1977 2005 2033 2061 2089 2101 September 5 1922 1950 1978 2006 2034 2062 2090 2102 September 4 1923 1951 1979 2007 2035 2063 2091 2103 September 3 1924 1952 1980 2008 2036 2064 2092 2104 September 1 1925 1953 1981 2009 2037 2065 2093 2105 September 7 1926 1954 1982 2038 2066 2094 2106 September 6 1927 1955 2011 2039 2067 2095 2107 September 5 See also ( edit ) United States labor law Labor history of the United States Labor unions in the United States Workers ' Memorial Day Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The gap is caused by the fact that , under the Gregorian Calendar , the year 2100 is not a leap year , not being divisible by 400 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Bridgemen 's magazine . International Association of Bridge . Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers . 1921 . pp. 443 -- 44 . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Origin of Labor Day , '' Cincinnati Tribune , Sept. 1 , 1895 , Special Labor Day supplement , pg. 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Department of Labor : The History of Labor Day '' . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Canadian Encyclopedia : Origins of Labour Day '' . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Knights of Labor '' . Progressive Historians. 3 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` On May Day and Occupy in the USA '' . The Leading Light . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Foner , Philip S. ( 1986 ) . May Day : A Short History of the International Workers ' Holiday , 1886 -- 1986 . New York : International Publishers . pp. 41 -- 43 . ISBN 0 - 7178 - 0624 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Online NewsHour : Origins of Labor Day -- September 2 , 1996 '' . PBS . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Brendan I. Koerner . `` Why do we get Labor Day off '' . Slate Magazine . Jump up ^ Sally Kohn ( September 1 , 2014 ) . Why Labor Day was a political move . CNN . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Day marks unofficial end of rainy summer '' . WBIR - TV10 . September 2 , 2013 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles , C.M. ; Senter , Gail W. ( 2008 ) . Elementary classroom management . Pearson / Allyn and Bacon . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 51071 - 9 . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Freed , Benjamin ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` '' Kings Dominion Law '' Still Reigns in Virginia `` . Washingtonian . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Minneapolis Public Schools Commonly asked questions Jump up ^ Laura FitzPatrick ( September 8 , 2009 ) . `` Why We Ca n't Wear White After Labor Day '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bell , Johnathan ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` An Introduction to Seersucker for Men '' . Guy Style Guide . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Glenn . `` Daytime wedding after Labor Day : Is it OK to wear a light beige suit to a daytime wedding after Labor Day ? '' . GQ . The Style Guy . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Day Intention Still Holds Meaning '' . Tri Parish Times . August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Green , James ( 2007 ) . Death In the Haymarket : A Story of Chicago , the First Labor Movement and the Bombing that Divided Gilded Age America . Anchor . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 3322 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Labor Day in the United States . History of Labor Day , History of Artists and Writers Unions , Rare Labor Related Comic Books Labor Day is May 1 : Today is a boss 's holiday . Jacobin . September 7 , 2015 . Today Belongs to Workers . Jacobin . September 5 , 2016 . `` Labor Day '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . Federal holidays in the United States Current New Year 's Day Birthday of Martin Luther King Jr . Washington 's Birthday Memorial Day Independence Day Labor Day Columbus Day Veterans Day Thanksgiving Day Christmas Day Former The Eighth ( 1828 -- 1861 ) Victory Day ( 1948 -- 1975 ) Proposed Flag Day ( 1950 ) Election Day ( 1993 ) Malcolm X Day ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Democracy Day ( 2005 , 2014 ) Cesar Chavez Day ( 2008 ) Susan B. Anthony Day ( 2011 ) Native American Day ( 2013 ) Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day ( federal ) Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) Kansas Day ( KS ) Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) Robert E. Lee Day ( FL , GA ) Stephen Foster Memorial Day ( 36 ) The Eighth ( LA , former federal ) January -- February Super Bowl Sunday February American Heart Month Black History Month Washington 's Birthday / Presidents ' Day ( federal ) Valentine 's Day Georgia Day ( GA ) Groundhog Day Lincoln 's Birthday ( CA , CT , IL , IN , MO , NJ , NY , WV ) National Girls and Women in Sports Day National Freedom Day ( 36 ) Primary Election Day ( WI ) Ronald Reagan Day ( CA ) Rosa Parks Day ( CA , MO ) Susan B. Anthony Day ( CA , FL , NY , WI , WV , proposed federal ) February -- March Mardi Gras Ash Wednesday ( religious ) Courir de Mardi Gras ( religious ) Super Tuesday March Irish - American Heritage Month National Colon Cancer Awareness Month Women 's History Month St. Patrick 's Day ( religious ) Spring break ( week ) Casimir Pulaski Day ( IL ) Cesar Chavez Day ( CA , CO , TX , proposed federal ) Evacuation Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Harriet Tubman Day ( NY ) Holi ( NY , religious ) Mardi Gras ( AL ( in two counties ) , LA ) Maryland Day ( MD ) National Poison Prevention Week ( week ) Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day ( HI ) Saint Joseph 's Day ( religious ) Seward 's Day ( AK ) Texas Independence Day ( TX ) Town Meeting Day ( VT ) March -- April Easter ( religious ) Palm Sunday ( religious ) Passover ( religious ) Good Friday ( CT , NC , PR , religious ) Easter Monday ( religious ) April Confederate History Month 420 Day April Fools ' Day Arbor Day Confederate Memorial Day ( AL , FL , MS , SC ) Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust ( week ) Earth Day Emancipation Day ( DC ) Thomas Jefferson 's Birthday ( AL ) Pascua Florida ( FL ) Patriots ' Day ( MA , ME ) San Jacinto Day ( TX ) Siblings Day Walpurgis Night ( religious ) May Asian Pacific American Heritage Month Jewish American Heritage Month Memorial Day ( federal ) Mother 's Day ( 36 ) Cinco de Mayo Harvey Milk Day ( CA ) Law Day ( 36 ) Loyalty Day ( 36 ) Malcolm X Day ( CA , IL , proposed federal ) May Day Military Spouse Day National Day of Prayer ( 36 ) National Defense Transportation Day ( 36 ) National Maritime Day ( 36 ) Peace Officers Memorial Day ( 36 ) Truman Day ( MO ) June Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month Father 's Day ( 36 ) Bunker Hill Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Carolina Day ( SC ) Emancipation Day In Texas / Juneteenth ( TX ) Flag Day ( 36 , proposed federal ) Helen Keller Day ( PA ) Honor America Days ( 3 weeks ) Jefferson Davis Day ( AL , FL ) Kamehameha Day ( HI ) Odunde Festival ( Philadelphia , PA ) Senior Week ( week ) West Virginia Day ( WV ) July Independence Day ( federal ) Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea ( HI , unofficial ) Parents ' Day ( 36 ) Pioneer Day ( UT ) July -- August Summer vacation August American Family Day ( AZ ) Barack Obama Day ( IL ) Bennington Battle Day ( VT ) Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day ( HI ) Lyndon Baines Johnson Day ( TX ) National Aviation Day ( 36 ) Service Reduction Day ( MD ) Victory over Japan Day ( RI , former federal ) Women 's Equality Day ( 36 ) September Prostate Cancer Awareness Month Labor Day ( federal ) California Admission Day ( CA ) Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day ( 36 ) Constitution Day ( 36 ) Constitution Week ( week ) Defenders Day ( MD ) Gold Star Mother 's Day ( 36 ) National Grandparents Day ( 36 ) National Payroll Week ( week ) Native American Day ( CA , TN , proposed federal ) Patriot Day ( 36 ) September -- October Hispanic Heritage Month Oktoberfest Rosh Hashanah ( religious ) Yom Kippur ( religious ) October Breast Cancer Awareness Month Disability Employment Awareness Month Filipino American History Month LGBT History Month Columbus Day ( federal ) Halloween Alaska Day ( AK ) Child Health Day ( 36 ) General Pulaski Memorial Day German - American Day Indigenous Peoples ' Day ( VT ) International Day of Non-Violence Leif Erikson Day ( 36 ) Missouri Day ( MO ) National School Lunch Week Native American Day ( SD ) Nevada Day ( NV ) Sweetest Day White Cane Safety Day ( 36 ) October -- November Diwali ( religious ) November Native American Indian Heritage Month Veterans Day ( federal ) Thanksgiving ( federal ) Day after Thanksgiving ( 24 ) Election Day ( CA , DE , HI , KY , MT , NJ , NY , OH , PR , WV , proposed federal ) Family Day ( NV ) Hanukkah ( religious ) Lā Kūʻokoʻa ( HI , unofficial ) Native American Heritage Day ( MD , WA ) Obama Day ( Perry County , AL ) December Christmas ( religious , federal ) Alabama Day ( AL ) Christmas Eve ( KY , NC , SC ) Day after Christmas ( KY , NC , SC , TX ) Festivus Hanukkah ( religious , week ) Indiana Day ( IN ) Kwanzaa ( religious , week ) National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day ( 36 ) New Year 's Eve Pan American Aviation Day ( 36 ) Rosa Parks Day ( OH , OR ) Wright Brothers Day ( 36 ) Varies ( year round ) Eid al - Adha ( religious ) Eid al - Fitr ( religious ) Ramadan ( religious , month ) Legend : ( federal ) = federal holidays , ( state ) = state holidays , ( religious ) = religious holidays , ( week ) = weeklong holidays , ( month ) = monthlong holidays , ( 36 ) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United States , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . Official holidays of the New York Stock Exchange Whole days New Year 's Day Martin Luther King Jr . Day Washington 's Birthday Good Friday Memorial Day Independence Day Labor Day Thanksgiving Day Christmas Day Partial days Day before Independence Day Day after Thanksgiving Christmas Eve Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labor_Day&oldid=799781355 '' Categories : Labor in the United States Public holidays in the United States Recurring events established in 1882 Movable September observances Summer holidays 1882 establishments in the United States Federal holidays in the United States Hidden categories : Use American English from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Holidays and observances by scheduling ( nth weekday of the month ) Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday ( other ) All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 20 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what president made labor day a national holiday | [
"Following the deaths of workers at the hands of United States Army and United States Marshals Service during the Pullman Strike of 1894 in Chicago, the United States Congress unanimously voted to approve legislation to make Labor Day a national holiday and President Grover Cleveland signed it into law six days after the end of the strike.[8] Cleveland supported the creation of the national holiday in an attempt to shore up support among trade unions following the Pullman Strike.[9] The date of May 1 (an ancient European holiday known as May Day) was an alternative date, celebrated then (and now) as International Workers' Day, but President Cleveland was concerned that observance of Labor Day on May 1 would encourage Haymarket-style protests and would strengthen socialist and anarchist movements that, though distinct from one another, had rallied to commemorate the Haymarket Affair on International Workers' Day.[9][10]"
] | [
"President Grover Cleveland"
] |
2738411748190673539 | Wonders of the World | Wonders of the World - wikipedia Wonders of the World This article is about natural and constructed phenomena and structures of the world . For other uses of `` Wonders of the World '' , see Wonders of the World ( disambiguation ) . The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World ( from left to right , top to bottom ) : Great Pyramid of Giza , Hanging Gardens of Babylon , Temple of Artemis at Ephesus , Statue of Zeus at Olympia , Mausoleum at Halicarnassus ( also known as the Mausoleum of Mausolus ) , Colossus of Rhodes , and the Lighthouse of Alexandria as depicted by 16th - century Dutch artist Maarten van Heemskerck . Map of the Wonders of the World ( interactive map ) Various lists of the Wonders of the World have been compiled from antiquity to the present day , to catalogue the world 's most spectacular natural wonders and manmade structures . The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World is the first known list of the most remarkable creations of classical antiquity ; it was based on guidebooks popular among Hellenic sightseers and only includes works located around the Mediterranean rim and in Mesopotamia . The number seven was chosen because the Greeks believed it represented perfection and plenty , and because it was the number of the five planets known anciently , plus the sun and moon . Many similar lists have been made . Contents 1 Seven Wonders of the Ancient World 2 Lists from other eras 3 Recent lists 3.1 American Society of Civil Engineers 3.2 USA Today 's New Seven Wonders 3.3 Seven Natural Wonders of the World 3.4 New7Wonders of the World 3.5 New7Wonders of Nature 3.6 New7Wonders Cities 3.7 Seven Wonders of the Underwater World 3.8 Seven Wonders of the Industrial World 3.9 Seven Wonders of the World film 3.10 Seven Wonders of the Solar System 3.11 Other lists of wonders of the world 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Seven Wonders of the ancient World Main article : Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The Great Pyramid of Giza , the only wonder of the ancient world still in existence The Colosseum in Rome The Great Wall of China Hagia Sophia Stonehenge Machu Picchu Taj Mahal Empire State Building Golden Gate Bridge The Victoria Falls contain the largest sheet of falling water in the world in terms of area The Great Barrier Reef CN Tower Chichen Itza Ely Cathedral Old City of Jerusalem The Aurora Borealis or Northern Lights Grand Canyon The London sewerage system 's original Abbey Mills pumping station The Sydney Opera House The historian Herodotus ( 484 -- ca . 425 BC ) and the scholar Callimachus of Cyrene ( ca . 305 -- 240 BC ) , at the Museum of Alexandria , made early lists of seven wonders . Their writings have not survived , except as references . The classic seven wonders were : Colossus of Rhodes Great Pyramid of Giza Hanging Gardens of Babylon Lighthouse of Alexandria Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Statue of Zeus at Olympia Temple of Artemis at Ephesus The only ancient world wonder that still exists is the Great Pyramid of Giza . Lists from other eras In the 19th and early 20th centuries , some writers wrote their own lists with names such as Wonders of the Middle Ages , Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages , Seven Wonders of the Medieval Mind , and Architectural Wonders of the Middle Ages . However , it is unlikely that these lists originated in the Middle Ages , because the word `` medieval '' was not invented until the Enlightenment - era , and the concept of a Middle Age did not become popular until the 16th century . Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable refers to them as `` later list ( s ) '' , suggesting the lists were created after the Middle Ages . Many of the structures on these lists were built much earlier than the Medieval Ages but were well known . Typically representative are : Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa Colosseum Great Wall of China Hagia Sophia Leaning Tower of Pisa Porcelain Tower of Nanjing Stonehenge Other sites sometimes included on such lists : Cairo Citadel Cluny Abbey Ely Cathedral Taj Mahal Recent lists Following in the tradition of the classical list , modern people and organisations have made their own lists of wonderful things ancient and modern . Some of the most notable lists are presented below . American Society of Civil Engineers In 1994 , the American Society of Civil Engineers compiled a list of Seven Wonders of the Modern World , paying tribute to the `` greatest civil engineering achievements of the 20th century '' . Wonder Date started Date finished Location Significance Channel Tunnel December 1 , 1987 May 6 , 1994 Strait of Dover , between the United Kingdom and France The longest undersea portion of any tunnel in the world . CN Tower February 6 , 1973 June 26 , 1976 Toronto , Ontario , Canada Tallest freestanding structure in the world 1976 -- 2007 . Empire State Building March 17 , 1930 April 11 , 1931 New York City , New York , U.S. Tallest structure in the world 1931 -- 1954 , Tallest freestanding structure in the world 1931 -- 1967 , Tallest Building in the world 1931 -- 1970 . First building with 100 + stories . Golden Gate Bridge January 5 , 1933 May 27 , 1937 Golden Gate Strait , north of San Francisco , California , U.S. The longest suspension bridge main span in the world from 1937 to 1964 . Itaipu Dam January 1970 May 5 , 1984 Paraná River , between Brazil and Paraguay The largest operating hydroelectric facility in the world in terms of annual energy generation . Delta and Zuiderzee Works 1920 May 10 , 1997 Zeeland , South Holland , North Holland , Friesland and Flevoland , Netherlands The largest hydraulic engineering project undertaken by the Netherlands during the twentieth century . Panama Canal January 1 , 1880 January 7 , 1914 Isthmus of Panama One of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken . USA Today 's New Seven Wonders In November 2006 the American national newspaper USA Today and the American television show Good Morning America revealed a new list of New Seven Wonders as chosen by six judges . An eighth wonder was chosen on November 24 , 2006 from viewer feedback . Number Wonder Location Potala Palace Lhasa , Tibet , China Old City of Jerusalem Jerusalem Polar ice caps Polar regions Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Hawaii , United States 5 Internet Earth 6 Mayan ruins Yucatán Peninsula , México 7 Great Migration of Serengeti and Masai Mara Tanzania and Kenya 8 Grand Canyon ( viewer - chosen eighth wonder ) Arizona , United States Seven natural Wonders of the World Similar to the other lists of wonders , there is no consensus on a list of seven natural wonders of the world , and there has been debate over how large the list should be . One of the many existing lists was compiled by CNN : Aurora Grand Canyon Great Barrier Reef Harbor of Rio de Janeiro Mount Everest Parícutin volcano Victoria Falls New7Wonders of the World In 2001 an initiative was started by the Swiss corporation New7Wonders Foundation to choose the New7Wonders of the World from a selection of 200 existing monuments . Twenty - one finalists were announced January 1 , 2006 . Egyptians were not happy that the only surviving original wonder , the Great Pyramid of Giza , would have to compete with the likes of the Statue of Liberty , the Sydney Opera House , and other landmarks , calling the project absurd . In response , Giza was named an honorary Candidate . The results were announced on July 7 , 2007 , in Lisbon , Portugal : Wonder Date of construction Location Great Wall of China Since 7th century BC China Petra c. 100 BC Jordan Christ the Redeemer Opened October 12 , 1931 Brazil Machu Picchu c . AD 1450 Peru Chichen Itza c . AD 600 Mexico Colosseum Completed AD 80 Italy Taj Mahal Completed c . AD 1648 India Great Pyramid of Giza ( honorary candidate ) Completed c. 2560 BC Egypt New7Wonders of Nature New7Wonders of Nature ( 2007 -- 11 ) , a contemporary effort to create a list of seven natural wonders chosen through a global poll , was organized by the same group as the New7Wonders of the World campaign . Iguazu Falls Hạ Long Bay Jeju Island Puerto Princesa Underground River Table Mountain Komodo Amazon rainforest New7Wonders Cities New7Wonders Cities is the third global vote organized by New7Wonders . Durban , South Africa Vigan , The Philippines Havana , Cuba Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia Beirut , Lebanon Doha , Qatar La Paz , Bolivia Seven Wonders of the Underwater World The Seven Underwater Wonders of the World was a list drawn up by CEDAM International , an American - based non-profit group for divers , dedicated to ocean preservation and research . In 1989 CEDAM brought together a panel of marine scientists , including Dr. Eugenie Clark , to pick underwater areas which they considered to be worthy of protection . The results were announced at The National Aquarium in Washington DC by actor Lloyd Bridges , star of TV 's Sea Hunt : Palau Belize Barrier Reef Great Barrier Reef Deep - Sea Vents Galápagos Islands Lake Baikal Northern Red Sea Seven Wonders of the Industrial World British author Deborah Cadbury wrote Seven Wonders of the Industrial World , a book telling the stories of seven great feats of engineering of the 19th and early 20th centuries . In 2003 , the BBC aired a seven - part docudrama exploring the same feats , with Cadbury as a producer . Each episode dramatised the construction of one of the following industrial wonders : SS Great Eastern Bell Rock Lighthouse Brooklyn Bridge London sewerage system First Transcontinental Railroad Panama Canal Hoover Dam Seven Wonders of the World film Seven Wonders of the World is a 1956 film in which Lowell Thomas searches the world for natural and man made wonders and invites the audience to try to update the ancient Greek Wonders of the World list . Seven Wonders of the Solar System In a 1999 article , Astronomy magazine listed the `` Seven Wonders of the Solar System '' . This article was later made into a video . Enceladus , a moon of Saturn The Great red spot of Jupiter The Asteroid belt The surface of the Sun The Oceans of Earth The Rings of Saturn Olympus Mons on Mars Other lists of Wonders of the World Numerous other authors and organisations have composed lists of the wonders of the world . For example : British biographer , science writer , and novelist Ronald W. Clark published a book of man - made and natural wonders titled Wonders of the World , which lists 52 wonders , one for each week of the year . Travel writer Howard Hillman published two books on the subject , one with 10 man - made wonders , and one with 10 natural wonders . See also Eighth Wonder of the World National Seven Wonders Seven Wonders of Canada Seven Wonders of Colombia Seven Wonders of Poland Seven Wonders of Portugal Seven Natural Wonders of Romania Seven Wonders of Russia Seven Wonders of Ukraine Seven Wonders of Wales 12 Treasures of Spain Seven Wonders of Fore ( Fore Abbey , Ireland ) World Heritage List -- a list of over 900 sites deemed by UNESCO to be of `` outstanding universal value '' Geography portal Notes Jump up ^ Both the USA Today article and the Good Morning America broadcast described this wonder as `` Jerusalem 's Old City , Israel . '' The Old City is located in East Jerusalem , which is claimed by both the State of Israel and the State of Palestine . The UN and most countries do not recognize Israel 's claim to East Jerusalem , taking the position that the final status of Jerusalem is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority . See Positions on Jerusalem for more information . References Jump up ^ Anon. ( 1993 ) . The Oxford Illustrated Encyclopedia ( First ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University . ^ Jump up to : Evans , IH ( reviser ( 1975 ) . Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable ( Centenary edition Fourth impression ( corrected ) ed . ) . London : Cassell . p. 1163 . ^ Jump up to : Hereward Carrington ( 1880 -- 1958 ) . The Seven Wonders of the World : ancient , medieval and modern `` , reprinted in the Carington Collection ( 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 7661 - 4378 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Carrington Collection . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Latham , Edward ( 1904 ) . A Dictionary of Names , Nicknames and Surnames , of Persons , Places and Things . p. 280 . OCLC 01038938 . Jump up ^ Miller , Francis Trevelyan ; Woodrow , Wilson ; Taft , William Howard ; Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1915 ) . America , the Land We Love . p. 201 . OCLC 00334597 . Jump up ^ The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the Crusades. 2001 . p. 153 . Jump up ^ `` Cluny Abbey '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . 16 . 1913 . p. 74 . OCLC 06974688 . Jump up ^ The Rough Guide To England . 1994 . p. 596 . Jump up ^ Palpa , as You Like it . p. 67 . Jump up ^ `` American Society of Civil Engineers Seven Wonders '' . ASCE.org . July 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ American Society of Civil Engineers . `` Seven Wonders of the Modern World '' . ASCE.org . Jump up ^ `` New Seven Wonders panel '' . USA Today . October 27 , 2006 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Clark , Jayne ( December 22 , 2006 ) . `` The world 's 8th wonder : Readers pick the Grand Canyon '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Natural Wonders '' . CNN . November 11 , 1997 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2006 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The multimedia campaign to choose the New 7 Wonders of the World is in its final stage '' . New7Wonders . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2007 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New 7 Wonders of the World Campaign announced 21 finalist candidates '' . New7Wonders . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2006 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt 's pyramids out of seven wonders contest '' . Daily News Egypt . April 20 , 2007 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Reuters via ABC News Australia `` Opera House snubbed as new Wonders unveiled '' 7 July 2007 `` . Australia : ABC . July 8 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Underwater Wonders of the World '' . Wonderclub . Retrieved August 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Manjit ( 7 November 2003 ) . `` Review : Seven Wonders of the Industrial World by Deborah Cadbury '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Cadbury , Deborah ( 17 February 2011 ) . `` British History in Depth : Seven Wonders of the Industrial World '' . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Wonders of the Solar System Video : '' . Aaa.org. 1999 . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Clark , Ronald W. ( 1980 ) . Wonders of the World . Artus Publishing Company Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 668 - 04932 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hillman , Howard . World 's Top 10 Man - made Travel Wonders . Hillman Quality Publications . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hillman , Howard . World 's Top 10 Natural Travel Wonders . Hillman Quality Publications . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Further reading Ash , Russell ( 2000 ) . Great Wonders of the World . Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7513 - 2886 - 8 . Cox , Reg & Morris , Neil & Field , James ( October 2000 ) . The Seven Wonders of the Medieval World ( Library ed . ) . Chelsea House Publications . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 6047 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Cox , Reg & Morris , Neil ( October 2000 ) . The Seven Wonders of the Modern World ( Library ed . ) . Chelsea House Publications . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 6048 - 9 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) D'Epiro , Peter & Pinkowish , Mary Desmond ( December 1 , 1998 ) . What Are the Seven Wonders of the World ? and 100 Other Great Cultural Lists . Anchor . ISBN 0 - 385 - 49062 - 3 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Morris , Neil ( December 30 , 2002 ) . The Seven Wonders of the Natural World . Chrysalis Books . ISBN 1 - 84138 - 495 - X . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seven Wonders of the World . Africa portal Ancient Egypt portal Netherlands portal Australia portal Latin America portal Ecology portal Gardening portal Religion portal Queensland portal Ancient Greece portal San Francisco Bay Area portal Grand Canyon portal 77 Wonders of the World in 360 ° A list of world wonders linking the ancient 7 Wonders of the World and the World Heritage List by UNESCO Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The Seven Wonders Great Pyramid of Giza Hanging Gardens of Babylon Statue of Zeus at Olympia Temple of Artemis Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Colossus of Rhodes Lighthouse of Alexandria Related Wonders of the World Seven Wonders of the World ( 1956 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonders_of_the_World&oldid=862909355 '' Categories : Ancient history Cultural lists Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2012 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch বাংলা Български Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά فارسی ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu Limburgs Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Nordfriisk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon ייִדיש 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2018 , at 13 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who named the seven wonders of the world | [
"The historian Herodotus (484 – ca. 425 BC) and the scholar Callimachus of Cyrene (ca. 305–240 BC), at the Museum of Alexandria, made early lists of seven wonders. Their writings have not survived, except as references.\n",
"The historian Herodotus (484 – ca. 425 BC) and the scholar Callimachus of Cyrene (ca. 305–240 BC), at the Museum of Alexandria, made early lists of seven wonders. Their writings have not survived, except as references.\n"
] | [
"Herodotus",
"Callimachus of Cyrene"
] |
-61774533565920632 | Virginia City, Nevada | Virginia City , Nevada - wikipedia Virginia City , Nevada `` Virginia City '' redirects here . For other uses , see Virginia City ( disambiguation ) . Census - designated place in Nevada , United States Virginia City , Nevada Census - designated place View of Virginia City , July 2016 Motto ( s ) : `` Step Back in Time '' Virginia City Location within the state of Nevada Coordinates : 39 ° 18 ′ 37 '' N 119 ° 38 ′ 58 '' W / 39.31028 ° N 119.64944 ° W / 39.31028 ; - 119.64944 Coordinates : 39 ° 18 ′ 37 '' N 119 ° 38 ′ 58 '' W / 39.31028 ° N 119.64944 ° W / 39.31028 ; - 119.64944 Country United States State Nevada County Storey Area Total 0.8 sq mi ( 2.2 km ) Land 0.8 sq mi ( 2.2 km ) Water 0 sq mi ( 0 km ) Elevation 6,150 ft ( 1,874 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 855 Density 1,000 / sq mi ( 390 / km ) Time zone Pacific ( PST ) ( UTC - 8 ) Summer ( DST ) PDT ( UTC - 7 ) FIPS code 32 - 80000 GNIS feature ID 0856420 Virginia City is a census - designated place ( CDP ) that is the county seat of Storey County , Nevada . It is part of the Reno -- Sparks Metropolitan Statistical Area . Virginia City sprang up as a boomtown with the 1859 discovery of the Comstock Lode , the first major silver deposit discovery in the United States , with numerous mines opening . At the city 's peak of population in the mid-1870s , it had an estimated 25,000 residents . The mines ' output declined after 1878 , and the city itself declined as a result . As of the 2010 Census the population of Virginia City was about 855 , and that of Storey County 4,000 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Great Fire of 1875 1.2 Virginia City and Mark Twain 2 Economy 3 Arts and culture 3.1 Virginia City Hillclimb 3.2 Museums and other points of interest 4 Education 5 Infrastructure 5.1 Railway 6 Notable people 7 In popular culture 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links History ( edit ) View of Virginia City , Nevada , from a nearby hillside , 1867 -- 68 Aerial map of Virginia City , c. 1875 Main article : Comstock Lode Peter O'Riley and Patrick McLaughlin are credited with the discovery of the Comstock Lode . Henry T.P. Comstock 's name was associated with the discovery through his own machinations . According to folklore , James Fennimore , nicknamed Old Virginny Finney , christened the town when he tripped and broke a bottle of whiskey at a saloon entrance in the northern section of Gold Hill , soon to become Virginia City . In another story , the Ophir Diggings were named in honor of Finney as he was `` one of the first discoverers of that mining locality , and one of the most successful prospectors in that region . '' Finney `` was the best judge of placer ground in Gold Canyon , '' locating the quartz footwall of the Ophir on 22 February 1858 , the placers on Little Gold Hill on 28 January 1859 , and the placers below Ophir in 1857 . After the discovery of the Comstock Lode in 1859 , the town developed seemingly overnight on the eastern slopes of Mount Davidson , perched at a 6200 - foot elevation . Below the town were dug intricate tunnels and shafts for silver mining . The Comstock Lode discovery and subsequent growth of Virginia City was unequaled by the history of other precious metal discoveries . By 1876 Nevada produced over half of all the precious metals in the United States . The Comstock produced silver and gold ore valued at hundreds of thousands of dollars . The wealth supported the Northern cause during the American Civil War and flooded the world monetary markets , resulting in economic changes . Virginia City 's silver ore discoveries were not part of the California Gold Rush , which occurred 10 years before . At the time of the discovery of the Comstock Lode , silver was considered the monetary equal of gold , and all production was purchased by the federal government for use in coinage . In 1873 , silver was demonetized by the government , in large part due to the flood of silver into international markets from the silver mines of Virginia City . Timbering the Mines of the Comstock , sketch by Dan DeQuille , 1877 . Technical problems plagued the early mining efforts , requiring the development of new mining technology to support the challenge . German engineer Philip Deidesheimer created a timbering system for mining tunnels called square sets , which enabled the retrieval of huge amounts of silver ore in a safe manner . Square set timbering , roots blowers , stamp mills , the Washoe Pan milling process , Cornish pumps , Burleigh machine drills , wire woven rope , miners ' safety cages and the safety clutch for those cages ; even the Sutro tunnel all had a place in supporting the exploitation of the rich ore body . As technological advancements , these were used many times over in later mining applications . In 1876 one observer reported that in Virginia City , `` every activity has to do with the mining , transportation , or reduction of silver ore , or the melting and assaying of silver bullion . '' Like many cities and towns in Nevada , Virginia City was a mining boomtown ; it developed virtually overnight as a result of miners rushing to the Comstock Lode silver strike of 1859 . But , Virginia City far surpassed all others for its peak of population , technological advancements developed there , and for providing the population base upon which Nevada qualified for statehood . The riches of the Comstock Lode inspired men to hunt for silver mines throughout Nevada and other parts of the American West . Virginia City population increased from 4,000 in 1862 to over 15,000 in 1863 . It fluctuated depending on mining output . US Census figures do not reflect all of these frequent changes . The city included gas and sewer lines , the one hundred room International Hotel with elevator , three theatres , the Maguire Opera House , four churches , and three daily newspapers . Many of the homes and buildings were made of brick . With this center of wealth , many important local politicians and businessmen came from the mining camp . At its peak after the Big Bonanza of 1873 Virginia City had a population of over 25,000 residents and was called the richest city in America . In 1879 , the mines began to play out and the population fell to just under 11,000 . Dominated by San Francisco moneyed interests , Virginia City was heralded as the sophisticated interior partner of San Francisco . `` San Francisco on the coast and Virginia City inland '' became the mantra of west coast Victorian entrepreneurs . Early Virginia City settlers were in large part the backwash from San Francisco and the California Gold Rush , ten years before . Mine owners who made a killing in the Comstock mines spent most of their wealth in San Francisco . A San Francisco stock market existed for the exploitation of Comstock mining . The Bank of California financed building the financial district of San Francisco with money from the Comstock mines . The influence of the Comstock lode rejuvenated what was the ragged little town of 1860 San Francisco . `` Nearly all the profits of the Comstock were invested in San Francisco real estate and in the erection of fine buildings . '' Thus , Virginia City built San Francisco . The Comstock 's success , measured in values of the time period , totaled `` about $400 million . '' Mining and its attraction of population was the economic factor that caused the separation of Nevada territory from Utah , and later justified and supported Nevada statehood . Virginia City in the early 1870s and in 2007 . The church at left is St. Mary 's in the Mountains Catholic Church . It was rebuilt in 1875 after a great fire burned down 90 % of Virginia City . Historic photo is of the pre-fire church . The mining industry dominated Virginia City , making it an industrial center similar to those of the east coast . But the city retained some of its frontier flavor . The social history of the town has emphasized the high number of immigrants among its residents . Miners largely from Cornwall , England , where tin mines had been developed based on hard rock technology , flooded the Comstock . The new English immigrants were one of the largest ethnic groups . Many of the miners who came to the city were Cornish or Irish . In 1870 , Asians were 7.6 % of the population , primarily Chinese workers who settled in many western towns after they had completed construction of the transcontinental railroad . The Chinese filled niche markets , such as laundry workers and cooks . Through time , the numerous independent Comstock mines became consolidated under ownership of large monopolies . A group called the Bank Crowd , dominated by William Sharon in Virginia City and William Ralston in San Francisco , financed the mines and mills of the Comstock until they had a virtual monopoly . By manipulating stock through rumors and false reports of mining wealth , some men made fortunes from the stocks of Virginia City 's mines . When it appeared the Comstock Lode was finished , the city 's population declined sharply , with ten thousand leaving in 1864 and 1865 . By the late 1860s , a group of Irish investors threatened the Bank Crowd 's control . John Mackay and partner James Fair began as common miners , working their way up to management positions in the mines . By purchasing stock in the mines , they realized financial independence . Their partners Flood and O'Brien stayed in San Francisco and speculated in stock . The Irish Big Four , as the men were called , eventually controlled the Consolidated Virginia mine where the Big Bonanza was discovered in 1873 . The next few years were some of the most profitable on the Comstock , as the Bank Crowd lost control to the Irish Big Four . Population reached 25,000 in 1875 . Mining operations were hindered by the extreme temperatures in the mines caused by natural hot springs . In winter the miners would snowshoe to the mines and then have to descend to work in high temperatures . These harsh conditions contributed to a low life expectancy , and earned miners the nickname of Hot Water Plugs . Adolph Sutro built the Sutro Tunnel to drain the hot spring waters to the valley below . But , by the time it was completed in 1879 , the mines had substantially passed the intersection level , as their tunnels had been dug ever deeper . Great fire of 1875 ( edit ) Between 1859 and 1875 , Virginia City had numerous serious fires . The October 26 , 1875 fire , dubbed the Great Fire , caused $12 million in damage . `` The spectacle beggars description ; the world was on fire ... a square mile of roaring flames . '' When a church caught fire , Mackay was heard to say , `` Damn the church ! We can build another if we can keep the fire from going down these shafts . '' Though the Con . Virginia and Ophir hoisting works burned , the fire did not penetrate the Con . Virginia shaft and only reached 400 feet into the Ophir shaft . `` Railroad car wheels were melted '' , `` brick buildings went down like paper boxes '' , and two thousand were left homeless . In ensuing months the city was rebuilt . A majority of the area now designated as the National Historic Landmark historic district dates to this later time period . However , the bonanza period was at an end by 1880 Virginia City and Mark Twain ( edit ) Further information : Mark Twain in Nevada Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1860 2,345 -- 1870 7,048 200.6 % 1880 10,917 54.9 % 1890 6,433 − 41.1 % 1900 2,695 − 58.1 % 1910 2,244 − 16.7 % 1920 1,200 − 46.5 % 1930 590 − 50.8 % 1940 500 − 15.3 % 1950 500 0.0 % 1960 610 22.0 % 1970 600 − 1.6 % 1980 600 0.0 % 920 53.3 % 2000 771 − 16.2 % 855 10.9 % source : View of Virginia City from Boot Hill Virginia City could be considered the birthplace of the pen name of Mark Twain , as it was here in February 1863 that writer Samuel Clemens , then a reporter on the local Territorial Enterprise newspaper , first used the nom de plume . Clemens lived in Virginia City and wrote for the Enterprise from late fall 1862 until May 1864 , when he escaped from a potential duel instigated by a local newspaper editor upset at Clemens ' reporting . Clemens returned to the Comstock region twice on western lecture tours , once in 1866 where he was mugged on the Divide . The muggers relieved Clemens of his watch and his money . The robbery turns out to have been a practical joke played on Clemens by his friends . He did not appreciate the joke , but he did retrieve his belongings -- particularly his gold watch ( worth $300 ) , which had great sentimental value . Clemens mentions the incident in his book Roughing It ( 1872 ) , apparently still sore about it . Clemens ' second lecture tour in 1868 occurred at the time of the hanging of John Millian , who was convicted of murdering Julia Bulette . Economy ( edit ) In the 21st century , Virginia City 's economy is based on tourism . Many residents own and work at the shops in town that cater to tourists , while others seek jobs in the surrounding cities . Virginia City , a National Historic Landmark District , draws more than 2 million visitors per year . It has numerous historic properties that are separately listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The tourism supports an eclectic assortment of fine and casual dining experiences . Many lodging properties offer options to tourists wanting to stay overnight . Several bed and breakfast facilities are based in restored historic homes including : the B Street House Bed and Breakfast , previously the Henry Piper House , which is listed on the National Register ; Edith Palmer 's Country Inn and Core Restaurant in the restored 1860s Cider factory ; and the 1876 Cobb Mansion . Arts and culture ( edit ) Virginia City is home to many interpretive museums and sites , including the Silver Terrace Cemetery , the Fourth Ward School Museum , the Pioneer Cemetery , the Fireman 's Museum , the Way It Was Museum , Piper 's Opera House , the Police Officer 's Museum , St. Mary 's Art Center , and numerous exhibits in businesses throughout town . Virginia City also hosts many unique and authentic event celebrations including cook - offs , parades , and Civil War re-enactments . Virginia City hillclimb ( edit ) There is an annual hillclimb that runs from Silver City to Virginia City via Highway 341 ( a truck route ) that is put on jointly between the Ferrari Club of America Pacific Region and the Northern California Shelby Club . As of 2013 , the event is officially open to performance vehicles of all makes . The event was put on first by Road & Track and the Aston Martin Club , the following year the SCCA took the same route , and later it was picked up by the Ferrari Owners Club . Highway 342 is now the return route for cars that have completed their runs up Highway 341 . The hillclimb covers 5.2 miles ( 8.4 km ) , climbing 1,260 feet ( 380 m ) and passing through 21 corners . Museums and other points of interest ( edit ) Brass Rail Saloon Main article : Virginia City Historic District ( Virginia City , Nevada ) Virginia City retains an authentic historic character with board sidewalks , and numerous restored buildings dating to the 1860s and 1870s . Virginia City is home to many charming and informative museums . The Fourth Ward School Museum brings Comstock history to life in interactive displays , and a restored 1876 classroom . The four - story wooden school is the last one of this type left in the United States . Among the attractions on C Street are the Bucket of Blood Saloon , the Delta Saloon with the Old Globe and Suicide table , the Silver Queen , the Brass Rail Saloon , and the Red Dog Saloon , originally the 1875 Comstock House , located at 76 North C Street . The Red Dog Saloon gave many San Francisco rock musicians their start during the summer of 1965 . Piper 's Opera House occupies the corner of B and Union Streets and is open as a museum when not a host to shows and musical venues of many types . Piper 's Corner Saloon was one of the longest continuously operating saloons of the nineteenth century . St. Mary 's and St. Paul 's churches Points of interest include the Comstock Historic Walking Trail , where hikers can view the Pioneer Cemetery , site of Julia Bulette 's grave , the Combination Mine Shaft , and Sugarloaf Mountain . Other attractions include the Silver State Police Officers ' Museum in the Storey County Courthouse , complete with jail cells from the 1870s ; The Way It Was museum on Sutton and C Streets , the Fireman 's Museum with authentic Victorian firefighting equipment on display , the Chollar Mine tour , Ponderosa Mine Tour , Silver Terrace Cemetery , Presbyterian Church dating to 1862 , St. Mary 's of the Mountain Catholic Church ( c. 1876 ) , St. Paul 's Episcopal Church , and St. Mary 's Art Center , offering lessons and retreats . The restored Virginia and Truckee Railroad horse - drawn carriage tours , trolley tours , walking tours , Storey County Courthouse , Miner 's Union Hall , Knights of Pythias Building , numerous historic shops and homes , the Old Washoe Club , and Miner 's Park are other attractions . Virginia City was declared a National Historic Landmark district in 1961 , and has been carefully preserved to retain its historic character . Also in Virginia City is the Silver Queen Hotel and Wedding Chapel , which is famous for its picture of a woman whose dress is made entirely of silver dollars . The hotel was built in 1876 and includes a saloon . The historic 1864 Union Brewery and saloon on 28 North C Street , frequented by Mark Twain , has been restored and reopened . Education ( edit ) Virginia City has one elementary school ( Hugh Gallagher Elementary School ) , one middle school ( Virginia City Middle School ) , and one high school ( Virginia City High School ) . Infrastructure ( edit ) Railway ( edit ) Main street view , October 2009 The Virginia and Truckee Railroad 's northern terminus is located at Virginia City . A project was started in 1977 to begin rebuilding one of the nation 's `` crookedest railroads '' . The portion of line that has been rebuilt so far stretches south to Carson City and through Gold Hill . The project ran the first steam engine from Carson City on September 5 , 2009 , and continues to provide tourist excursions between Carson City and Virginia City on weekends . Other trains are pulled by historic locomotives on weekdays between Virginia City and Gold Hill on 35 - minute round trips . Notable people ( edit ) Newspaper advertising Lucius Beebe , author , gourmand , photographer , railroad historian , journalist , and syndicated columnist Julia Bulette , English - born prostitute and proprietor of most renowned brothel Charles Clegg , author , photographer , and railroad historian Dan DeQuille , author , journalist , and humorist , was best known for his written accounts of the people , events , and silver mining operations on the Comstock Lode at Virginia City , Nevada , including his non-fiction book History of the Big Bonanza ( American Publishing Company , 1876 ) Alfred Doten , journalist , editor Gold Hill News James Graham Fair , mine owner , partner to John Mackay Harold A. Henry , Los Angeles City Council president , born here John Brayshaw Kaye , poet and politician , worked in the town in the 19th century Richard Kirman Sr. , 17th Governor of Nevada from 1935 to 1939 ; born in Virginia City Ezra F. Kysor , architect in Virginia City from 1865 to 1868 John William Mackay , richest mining millionaire from the Comstock Lode Albert A. Michelson , the first American to receive the Nobel Prize in Physics ( 1907 ) , grew up in this rough mining town , where his father was a merchant Ferdinand Schulze , Prussian immigrant who became a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly W.H.C. Stephenson , Early African American figure , founded Baptist church and advocated black suffrage W. Frank Stewart , silver mine operator and Nevada state senator from 1876 to 1880 Marie Suize ( fr ) , Frenchwoman who operated a wine shop at 7 South B Street ( previously , Albert Mau 's grocery ) selling wines and liquors , and at 140 South C Street after the 1875 fire ; she was arrested in San Francisco in 1871 for being dressed in male clothing Adolph Sutro , industrialist , San Francisco mayor Mark Twain , iconic author , journalist , and humorist , who worked for the local paper and whose novel Roughing It is set in and around the city In popular culture ( edit ) Many tons of rich gold and silver ore , such as the example shown here , built and supported Virginia City Author Louis L'Amour 's novel Comstock Lode is set in Virginia City during the silver rush . Virginia City is near the site of the fictitious Ponderosa Ranch on the Western television drama Bonanza . As such , the show 's characters made visits to the town regularly . The Virginia City depicted on Bonanza was located at RKO Forty Acres in Hollywood . It was the locale of the 1940 film Virginia City , set during the Civil War , and starring Errol Flynn . The city during its mining boom was the setting for most of the 1946 James M. Cain novel Past All Dishonor . Virginia City und die wahre Geschichte des Wilden Westens ( `` Virginia City and the true history of the wild West '' ) , directed by Elmar Bartlmae , is a 2007 German documentary film . In 2004 , Zak Bagans , Nick Groff , and Aaron Goodwin filmed their paranormal investigations at reportedly haunted locations in Virginia City for their 2006 TV series Ghost Adventures . They returned in 2009 , 2011 , and 2018 to film other locations in Virginia City , most notably being the Old Washoe Club . `` Darcy Farrow '' , a folk song written by Steve Gillette and Tom Campbell , mentions Virginia City and other places and landmarks in the area ( including Yerington , the Carson Valley , and the Truckee River ) . The most popular version was performed by John Denver . Virginia City 's Red Dog Saloon was where Janis Joplin , Big Brother and the Holding Company , The Charlatans , the Grateful Dead and others got their start during the summer of 1965 . Happenings at the Red Dog , including a house light show , underpinned the beginning of West Coast hippie culture . A significant portion of Julie Smith 's 1987 novel Huckleberry Fiend , concerning the discovery of a lost section of the manuscript for Mark Twain 's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn , takes place in Virginia City . Remarkably , the actual missing holograph was located only four years after publication . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Virginia City Nevada '' . Virginia City Nevada . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Profile for Virginia City , Nevada , NV '' . ePodunk . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( G001 ) : Virginia City CDP , Nevada '' . American Factfinder . Suitland , Maryland : United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DUSTBIN OF HISTORY : THE FASCINATING SAGA OF THE COMSTOCK LODE '' . Today I Found Out . United States . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Comstock Lode '' . Awesome Inc . United States : Blogger . March 6 , 2009 . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith 1943 , pp. 7 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Smith 1943 , pp. 13 -- 14 , 16 . ^ Jump up to : Powell 2012 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Smith 1943 , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Smith 1943 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Rinella 2007 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Collins2010 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Smith 1943 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Thomson 2000 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Smith 1943 , p. 295 . Jump up ^ Payton , Philip ( 2007 ) . Making Moonta : The Invention of Australia 's Little Cornwall . Exeter : University of Exeter Press . ISBN 978 - 0859897952 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Campbell ; Jung , Kay . `` Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 , For Large Cities And Other Urban Places In The United States '' . United States Census Bureau . Suitland , Maryland : Economics and Statistics Administration . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 14 -- 15 , 49 -- 51 , 60 , 183 . Jump up ^ Smith 1943 , pp. 107 -- 115 . ^ Jump up to : Snell ; Larew 1978 , pp. 2 , 8 , 9 . Jump up ^ Smith 1943 , pp. 192 -- 193 . Jump up ^ Smith 1943 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Moffatt 1996 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Thomson 2000 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Rinella 2007 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Gaw 1998 , pp. 9 - 12 . Jump up ^ Powers 2006 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Virginia City Hill Climb , official website Jump up ^ `` History of the Hillclimb '' . Virginia City Hillclimb . Virginia City , Nevada . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Red Dod Saloon '' . Red Dog VC . Virginia City , Nevada . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia City Historic District '' ( PDF ) . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . Retrieved January 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Accompanying 50 or so photos from 1968 , 1971 , 1978 and other dates ( 8.81 MB ) Jump up ^ `` Silver Queen Hotel and Wedding Chapel '' . Silver Queen Hotel . Virginia City , Nevada . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ned Halley The Wordsworth Dictionary of Drink : An A-Z of Alcoholic Beverages 2005 1840223022 `` Union Brewery restoration of 1864 brewery in Virginia City , Nevada , USA . Had the distinction of being the only brewery in the state . '' Jump up ^ Warren Hinckle , Fredric Hobbs The richest place on earth : the story of Virginia City - 1978 `` Presiding over the ritual was Gordon Lane , proprietor of the Union Brewery Saloon . With ash blond hair ... '' Jump up ^ `` Piper - Beebe House '' . National Park Servicet . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Doten , Alfred ( 1973 ) . Walter Van Tilburg Clark , ed . The Journals of Alfred Doten , 1849 - 1903 - in 3 Volumes . Reno , Nevada : University of Nevada Press . ASIN B001KUOKDM . ISBN 978 - 0874170320 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada Governor Richard Kirman '' . National Governors Association . United States . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith 1943 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Elmer R. Rusco , `` A Black Doctor on the Comstock , Greasewood Tablettes ( Department of Pathology , University of Nevada School of Medicine , 9 : 2 ( Summer 1998 ) , pp. 1 - 3 . accessed March 10 , 2016 http://faculty.washington.edu/qtaylor/Courses/313_AAW/313_manual_cp_04.htm Jump up ^ Albert Mau 's old store on Mercantile guide and directory for Virginia City , Gold Hill , Silver ... Jump up ^ New address 140 South C Street on Colorado , New Mexico , Utah , Nevada , Wyoming et ... 1884 - 85 Jump up ^ Marie Suize arrested Gold Hill Daily news , 1871 Jump up ^ `` Comstock Lode : A Novel by Louis L'Amour '' . books.google.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Past All Dishonor by James M. Cain '' . books.google.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia City und die wahre Geschichte des Wilden Westens '' . Doku Me . Germany . Retrieved November 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gillette , Steve ; Campbell , Tom . `` Darcy Farrow Lyrics '' . Compass Rose Music . Bennington , Vermont . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rockin ' at the Red Dog : The Dawn of Psychedelic Rock '' . Amazon.com . Seattle . July 5 , 2005 . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reif , Rita ( February 26 , 1991 ) . `` Twain Manuscript Resolves Huck Finn Mysteries '' . New York Times . New York City : New York Times Company . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Sources ( edit ) David F. Myrick , ed. ( 1958 ) . Reproduction of Thompson and West 's History of Nevada 1881 , with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers . Berkeley , California : Howell - North Books . ASIN B000EDOHLG . Elliott , Russell R. ; Rowley , William D. ( 1987 ) . History of Nevada ( 2nd ed . ) . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0803267152 . Gaw , Clifford M. ( 1998 ) . `` Eyewitness Account : What Happened on the Divide ? '' . Mark Twain Journal . 36 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 12 . JSTOR 41641442 . Powers , Ron ( 2006 ) . Mark Twain : A Life ( Reprint ed . ) . New York City : Free Press . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 0743249010 . Hulse , James ( 1981 ) . The Nevada Adventure , a History ( 5th ed . ) . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0874170672 . James , Ronald M. ( 2012 ) . Virginia City : Secrets of a Western Past ( Historical Archaeology of the American West ) ( Paperback ed . ) . Lincoln , Nebraska : Bison Books . ISBN 978 - 0803238480 . Lord , Eliot ( 2011 ) . ' Comstock Miners and Mining , 1st edition 1883 ( Paperback ed . ) . Charleston , South Carolina : Nabu Press . ISBN 978 - 1175749024 . Makley , Michael J. ( 2009 ) . John Mackay : Silver King in the Gilded Age ( Shepperson Series in Nevada History ) ( 1st ed . ) . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0874177701 . Mathews , Mary McNair ( 1880 ) . Ten years in Nevada . Washington , D.C. : The Library of Congress . ASIN B003TZK4H2 . Archived at The Library of Congress Mathews , Mary McNair ( 1880 ) . Ten years in Nevada ( 1st ed . ) . Houston : Buffalo , Baker , Jones & Co . ASIN B003SHZ43A . Archived at The Library of Congress Powell , John J. ( 2012 ) . Nevada : The Land of Silver . Charleston , South Carolina : Nabu Press . p. 239 . ISBN 978 - 1276532440 . Rinella , Heidi Knapp ( 2007 ) . Nevada Off the Beaten Path ® ( Off the Beaten Path Series ) ( 6th ed . ) . Guilford , Connecticut : Globe Pequot Press . pp. 73 , 78 . ISBN 978 - 0762742042 . Collins , Charles ( 2010 ) . Mercantile Directory in 1864 ( Paperback ed . ) . Charleston , South Carolina : Nabu Press . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 1175622358 . Snell , Charles ; Larew , Marilynn ( April 21 , 1978 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination : Virginia City Historic District '' . National Park Service : 2 , 8 , 9 . Smith , Grant . H. ( 1943 ) . The History of the Comstock Lode , 1850 - 1920 . Reno , Nevada : University of Nevada Press . pp. 7 -- 16 , 23 -- 24 , 28 -- 29 , 49 -- 51 , 60 , 107 -- 115 , 183 , 192 -- 193 , 231 , 289 , 295 . ASIN B0014AP8GG . Moffatt , Riley ( 1996 ) . Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns , 1850 - 1990 ( 1st ed . ) . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0810830332 . Stewart , Robert ; Stewart , Mary ( 1962 ) . Adolph Sutro , A Biography ( 1st ed . ) . Berkeley , California : Howell - North Books . ASIN B0007E9EDS . Thomson , David ( 2000 ) . In Nevada : The Land , The People , God , and Chance ( Reprint ed . ) . New York City : Vintage Books . pp. 26 , 35 . ISBN 978 - 0679777588 . De Quille , Dan ( 2013 ) . Mark Diederichsen , ed . History of the Big Bonanza : An Authentic Account of the Discovery , History , and Working of the World Renowned Comstock Silver Lode of Virginia City , Nevada ( 1st ed . ) . Los Angeles : Peruse Press . ISBN 978 - 0615922447 . External links ( edit ) Virginia City , Nevada . Wikisource has the text of an 1879 American Cyclopædia article about Virginia City , Nevada . Virginia City Tourism Commission Three Historic Nevada Cities : Carson City , Reno , Virginia City , a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary City-data.com Piper - Beebe House `` Virginia City '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 24 ( 9th ed . ) . 1888 . `` Virginia City '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` Virginia City '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . Municipalities and communities of Storey County , Nevada , United States County seat : Virginia City CDP Virginia City Unincorporated community Clark Devil 's Gate Gilpin ‡ Gold Hill Lockwood Virginia City Highlands ‡ Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in adjacent county or counties . State of Nevada Carson City ( capital ) Topics Delegations Government History Nevada Territory World War II People Transportation Tourist attractions Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Elections Politics Regions Black Rock Desert Eagle Valley Great Basin Lake Mead Lake Tahoe Las Vegas Valley Mojave Desert Pahranagat Valley Sierra Nevada Trout Creek Mountains Truckee Meadows Metro areas Las Vegas -- Paradise Reno -- Sparks Carson City Counties Churchill Clark Douglas Elko Esmeralda Eureka Humboldt Lander Lincoln Lyon Mineral Nye Pershing Storey Washoe White Pine Cities and communities Alamo Amargosa Valley Austin Baker Battle Mountain Beatty Boulder City Caliente Carlin Carson City Elko Ely Enterprise Eureka Fallon Fernley Gardnerville Ranchos Gerlach Goldfield Hawthorne Henderson Incline Village Las Vegas Laughlin Lovelock Mesquite Minden North Las Vegas Panaca Pahrump Paradise Pioche Primm Rachel Reno Spanish Springs Sparks Spring Creek Spring Valley Stateline Summerlin South Sun Valley Sunrise Manor Tonopah Virginia City West Wendover Winnemucca Whitney Winchester Yerington Former counties Bullfrog Ormsby Roop Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia_City,_Nevada&oldid=854692888 '' Categories : Virginia City , Nevada County seats in Nevada Census - designated places in Storey County , Nevada Mining communities in Nevada Reno -- Sparks metropolitan area History of Storey County , Nevada 1850s in Nevada Populated places established in 1859 1859 establishments in Utah Territory Boot Hill cemeteries Mark Twain Reportedly haunted locations in Nevada Hidden categories : Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier 's Encyclopedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Bân - lâm - gú Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 04 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what's the population of virginia city nevada | [
"Virginia City sprang up as a boomtown with the 1859 discovery of the Comstock Lode, the first major silver deposit discovery in the United States, with numerous mines opening. At the city's peak of population in the mid-1870s, it had an estimated 25,000 residents. The mines' output declined after 1878, and the city itself declined as a result. As of the 2010 Census the population of Virginia City was about 855,[3] and that of Storey County 4,000.\n"
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-4018959341407620176 | Say You Won't Let Go | Say You Wo n't Let Go - wikipedia Say You Wo n't Let Go Jump to : navigation , search `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' Single by James Arthur from the album Back from the Edge Released 9 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 09 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2016 Genre Pop folk R&B Length 3 : 31 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) James Arthur Neil Ormandy Steve Solomon Producer ( s ) Alex Beitzke Bradley Spence James Arthur singles chronology `` Get Down '' ( 2014 ) `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( 2016 ) `` Safe Inside '' ( 2017 ) `` Get Down '' ( 2014 ) `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( 2016 ) `` Safe Inside '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' on YouTube `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' is a song by British singer and songwriter James Arthur . The song was released as a digital download on 9 September 2016 in the United Kingdom by Columbia Records as the lead single from his second studio album Back from the Edge ( 2016 ) . The single peaked at the top of the UK Singles Chart , a position it maintained for three weeks . Outside the United Kingdom , the single has topped the charts in Australia , New Zealand , Sweden and the Republic of Ireland . It also became his breakthrough hit in the US , peaking at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Commercial performance 2 Music video 3 Live performances 4 Track listing 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Certifications 7 Release history 8 References Commercial performance ( edit ) On 12 September 2016 , the song was at number 30 on The Official Chart Update in the United Kingdom . On 16 September 2016 , the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 25 , and peaked at number one two weeks later , spending three consecutive weeks at the top . The song was ranked the nineteenth biggest - selling song of 2016 in the UK , making Arthur the biggest - selling British male artist of the year . By the second week of January 2017 , it had surpassed the one million sales mark , making him the first - ever X Factor act to have two singles sell over a million copies in his homeland . Controversy arose when similarities to The Script 's `` The Man Who Ca n't Be Moved '' were found , yet the Script ultimately decided not to pursue legal action . Listeners also think that it has plagiarised the chorus in Adele 's Someone like You . In early March , it had gone double platinum in the UK . In the United States , the song is his first single to chart on the US Billboard Hot 100 , making Arthur only the second winner of The X Factor UK to reach the US top 40 ( following Leona Lewis ) and only the third winner to chart on the Hot 100 following Lewis and Little Mix . In May 2017 , the song reached No. 1 on the Adult Pop Songs Airplay Chart , more than six months after its release in the US . The song was also certified platinum in the US by the RIAA on May 18 , 2017 . The song has sold over 1,208,000 digital copies in the US as of September 2017 . It was the eighth best - selling song of 2017 in the US , with 1,195,000 copies sold in 2017 . On 15 September 2016 , the song entered the Irish Singles Chart at number 91 before peaking at number one on 14 October and spending four non-consecutive weeks at the top of the charts . The song has also charted in Australia , France , New Zealand and Sweden . On February 26 , 2017 , it was announced on Channel 4 's Sunday Brunch that the single had sold 2 million copies worldwide . Music video ( edit ) A music video to accompany the release of `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' was first released onto YouTube on 9 September 2016 at a total length of three minutes and thirty seconds . Live performances ( edit ) The X Factor ( 9 October 2016 ) Sunrise ( 22 November 2016 ) The Late Late Show with James Corden ( 3 January 2017 ) The Today Show ( 5 January 2017 ) The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon ( 25 April 2017 ) Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' 3 : 31 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 6 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 9 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 10 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) France ( SNEP ) 21 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Germany ( Airplay Chart ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 28 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 38 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) 7 Italy ( FIMI ) 22 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 18 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 6 Malaysia ( RIM ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 9 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 9 Portugal ( AFP ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 19 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 12 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 16 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 24 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 11 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 16 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 6 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 22 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 79 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 80 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 46 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 86 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 19 Chart ( 2017 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 45 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 66 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 36 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 13 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 25 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 73 Italy ( FIMI ) 76 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 22 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 25 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 29 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 47 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 46 US Billboard Hot 100 11 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 8 × Platinum 560,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 5 × Platinum 400,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 2 × Platinum 180,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 150,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Gold 10,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 7 × Platinum 280,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 1,208,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label United Kingdom 9 September 2016 Digital download Columbia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Say You Wo n't Let Go - Single by James Arthur on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Jump up ^ Lady Gaga 's Perfect Illusion set to be this week 's highest new entry on the Official UK Singles Chart . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Starkey , Adam ( 16 October 2016 ) . `` Is James Arthur facing a copyright lawsuit over Say You Wo n't Let Go ? '' . Metro . DMG Media . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Justin ( 30 December 2016 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ YTD T40 Singles / Albums ( with estimated sales ) , Week 2 : 19 / 1 / 17 . BuzzJack Music Forum Jump up ^ `` James Arthur wo n't face legal action from The Script '' . MSN . 11 February 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ https://community.babycentre.co.uk/post/a30170621/james_arthur_say_you_wont_let_go_is_really_adele_someone_like_you Jump up ^ `` James Arthur on Twitter '' . Twitter . 3 March 2017 . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` James Arthur 's ' Say You Wo n't Let Go ' Tops Adult Pop Songs Airplay Chart '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 09 / 28 / 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( 3 January 2018 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Divide ' Is Nielsen Music 's Top Album of 2017 in U.S. '' Billboard . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Brunch on Twitter '' . Twitter . 26 February 2017 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ JamesAVEVO ( 9 September 2016 ) . `` James Arthur - Say You Wo n't Let Go '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur on iTunes '' . itunes . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201707 into search . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201646 into search . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 40 Uge 47 , 2016 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Chart history '' Billboard Euro Digital Songs for James Arthur . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP ( Week 4 , 2017 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Charts Deutschland -- Woche 48 / 2016 '' . German Charts . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 41 , 2016 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 6 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Lebanese Chart Top 20 History '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . 27 November 2016 . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 48 , 2016 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista - Topp 20 Single uke 44 , 2016 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . 26 June 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201711 into search . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201646 into search . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Chart History ( Adult Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2016 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Jahrescharts 2016 '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . viva.tv . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2016 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2016 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End of Year Singles 2017 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stream Top 100 - 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche annuali dei dischi più venduti e dei singoli più scaricati nel 2017 '' ( Click on `` Scarica allegato '' and open the `` Classifica annuale 2017 Singoli digital '' file ) ( in Italian ) . FIMI . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2017 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2017 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2017 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2017 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 -- 2017 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 463 '' . auspOp. 10 March 2018 . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Enter James Arthur in the field Interpret . Enter Say You Wo n't Let Go in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2017 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' `` . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . elportaldemusica.es . Productores de Música de España . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . 1 December 2017 . Type James Arthur in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Say You Wo n't LetGo and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Enter Say You Wo n't Let Go in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 09 / 14 / 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ( hide ) James Arthur Discography Studio albums James Arthur Back from the Edge Singles `` Impossible '' `` You 're Nobody ' til Somebody Loves You '' `` Recovery '' `` Get Down '' `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' `` Safe Inside '' `` Can I Be Him '' `` Sun Comes Up '' Tours James Arthur Tour The Story So Far Tour Back from the Edge Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Say_You_Won%27t_Let_Go&oldid=829699475 '' Categories : 2016 singles 2016 songs Irish Singles Chart number - one singles James Arthur songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Sweden UK Singles Chart number - one singles Pop ballads Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Songs written by Neil Ormandy Songs written by James Arthur Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 06 : 46 . 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"\n\n\"Say You Won't Let Go\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by James Arthur\n\n\nfrom the album Back from the Edge\n\n\nReleased\n9 September 2016 (2016-09-09)\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2016\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nPop\nfolk\nR&B\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n3:31\n\n\nLabel\nColumbia\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nJames Arthur\nNeil Ormandy\nSteve Solomon\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nAlex Beitzke\nBradley Spence\n\n\n\n\n\nJames Arthur singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Get Down\"\n(2014)\n\"Say You Won't Let Go\"\n(2016)\n\"Safe Inside\"\n(2017)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Get Down\"\n(2014)\n\"Say You Won't Let Go\"\n(2016)\n\"Safe Inside\"\n(2017)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Say You Won't Let Go\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n"
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"9 September 2016"
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5153726117021774886 | Iroquois | Iroquois - wikipedia Iroquois Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Native American peoples . For other uses , see Iroquois ( disambiguation ) . Iroquois Haudenosaunee Former full territories within Haudenosauneega Total population 125,000 ( 2010 , est . ) Regions with significant populations North America United States 80,000 Canada 45,000 Languages Northern Iroquoian languages ( including Mohawk , Oneida , Onondaga , Cayuga , Seneca , Tuscarora ) , English , French Religion Longhouse Religion , Karihwiio , Kanoh'hon'io , Kahni'kwi'io , Christianity , others The Iroquois ( / ˈɪrəkwɔɪ / or / ˈɪrəkwɑː / ) or Haudenosaunee ( / ˈhoʊdənoʊˈʃoʊni / ) ( People of the Longhouse ) are a historically powerful northeast Native American confederacy . They were known during the colonial years to the French as the `` Iroquois League '' , and later as the `` Iroquois Confederacy '' , and to the English as the `` Five Nations '' , comprising the Mohawk , Onondaga , Oneida , Cayuga , and Seneca . After 1722 , they accepted the Tuscarora people from the Southeast into their confederacy , and became known as the `` Six Nations '' . The Iroquois have absorbed many other peoples into their tribes as a result of warfare , adoption of captives , and by offering shelter to displaced peoples . Culturally all are considered members of the clans and tribes into which they are adopted by families . The historic St. Lawrence Iroquoians , Wyandot ( Huron ) , Erie , and Susquehannock , all independent peoples , also spoke Iroquoian languages . In the larger sense of linguistic families , they are often considered Iroquoian peoples because of their similar languages and cultures , all culturally and linguistically descended from the Proto - Iroquoian people and language ; however , they were traditionally enemies of the nations in the Iroquois League . In addition , Cherokee is an Iroquoian language . The Cherokee people are believed to have migrated south from the Great Lakes area in ancient times , settling in the backcountry of the Southeast United States , including what is now Tennessee . In 2010 , more than 45,000 enrolled Six Nations people lived in Canada , and about 80,000 in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 Iroquois Confederacy 3 History 3.1 Historiography 3.2 Formation of the League 3.3 Expansion 3.4 Beaver Wars 3.4. 1 1670 -- 1701 3.5 French and Indian Wars 3.6 American Revolution 3.7 Post-war 3.8 In the West 4 20th century 4.1 League of Nations 4.2 US Indian termination policies 5 Culture 5.1 War 5.2 Melting pot 5.3 Settlement 5.4 Food 5.5 Dress 5.6 Medicine 5.7 Women in society 5.8 Spiritual beliefs 5.9 Festivals 5.10 Games and sports 5.11 Naming conventions 5.12 Cannibalism 6 People 6.1 Nations 6.2 Clans 6.3 Population history 6.4 Prominent individuals 7 Government 7.1 Wampum belts 7.2 Influence on the United States 8 International relations 9 Modern communities 9.1 Canada 9.2 United States 10 See also 11 Notes 12 Footnotes 13 References 14 External links Names The most common name for the confederacy , Iroquois , is of somewhat obscure origin . The first time it appears in writing is in the account of Samuel de Champlain of his journey to Tadoussac in 1603 , where it occurs as `` Irocois '' . Other spellings appearing in the earliest sources include `` Erocoise '' , `` Hiroquois '' , `` Hyroquoise '' , `` Irecoies '' , `` Iriquois '' , `` Iroquaes '' , `` Irroquois '' , and `` Yroquois '' , as the French transliterated the term into their own phonetic system . In the French spoken at the time , this would have been pronounced as ( irokwe ) or ( irokwɛ ) . Over the years , several competing theories have been proposed for this name 's ultimate origin -- the earliest such proposal is by the Jesuit priest Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix , who wrote in 1744 : The name Iroquois is purely French , and is formed from the ( Iroquoian - language ) term Hiro or Hero , which means I have said -- with which these Indians close all their addresses , as the Latins did of old with their dixi -- and of Koué , which is a cry sometimes of sadness , when it is prolonged , and sometimes of joy , when it is pronounced shorter . In 1883 , Horatio Hale wrote that the Charlevoix etymology was dubious , and that `` no other nation or tribe of which we have any knowledge has ever borne a name composed in this whimsical fashion '' . Hale suggested instead that the term came from Huron , and was cognate with Mohawk ierokwa `` they who smoke '' or Cayuga iakwai `` a bear '' . J.N.B. Hewitt responded to Hale 's etymology in 1888 by expressing doubt that either of those words exist in the respective languages . His preferred etymology at the time was from Montagnais irin `` true , real '' and ako `` snake '' , plus the French - ois suffix , though he later revised his theory to state that the source was Algonquin Irinakhoiw . However , none of these etymologies gained widespread acceptance . By 1978 Ives Goddard could write : `` No such form is attested in any Indian language as a name for any Iroquoian group , and the ultimate origin and meaning of the name are unknown . '' A more modern etymology is that advocated by Gordon M. Day in 1968 , who elaborates upon an earlier etymology given by Charles Arnaud in 1880 . Arnaud had claimed that the word came from Montagnais irnokué , meaning `` terrible man '' , via the reduced form irokue . Day proposes a hypothetical Montagnais phrase irno kwédač , meaning `` a man , an Iroquois '' , as the origin of this term . For the first element irno , Day cites cognates from other attested Montagnais dialects : irinou , iriniȣ , and ilnu ; and for the second element kwédač he suggests a relation to kouetakiou , kȣetat - chiȣin , and goéṭètjg -- names used by neighboring Algonquian tribes to refer to the Iroquois , Hurons , and Laurentians . More recently , Peter Bakker has proposed a Basque origin for `` Iroquois '' . Basque fishermen and whalers are known to have frequented the waters of the Northeast in the 1500s , so much so that a Basque - based pidgin developed for communication with the Algonquian tribes of the region . Bakker claims that it is unlikely that `` - quois '' derives from a root specifically used to refer to the Iroquois , citing as evidence that several other Indian tribes of the region were known to the French by names terminating in the same element , e.g. `` Armouchiquois '' , `` Charioquois '' , `` Excomminquois '' , and `` Souriquois '' . He proposes instead that the word derives from hilokoa ( via the intermediate form irokoa ) , from the Basque roots hil `` to kill '' , ko ( the locative genitive suffix ) , and a ( the definite article suffix ) . In favor of an original form beginning with / h / , Bakker cites alternate spellings such as `` hyroquois '' sometimes found in documents from the period , and the fact that in the Southern dialect of Basque , the word hil is pronounced il . He also argues that the / l / was rendered as / r / since the former is not attested in the phonemic inventory of any language in the region ( including Maliseet , which developed an / l / later ) . Thus the word according to Bakker is translatable as `` the killer people '' . It is similar to other terms used by Eastern Algonquian tribes to refer to their enemy the Iroquois , which translate as `` murderers '' . The Five Nations historically referred to themselves by a different autonym , Haudenosaunee , meaning `` People of the Longhouse '' . It is also occasionally preferred by scholars of Native American history , who consider the name `` Iroquois '' to be derogatory in origin as arising from colonists . This name derives from two phonetically similar but etymologically distinct words in the Seneca language : Hodínöhšö : ni : h , meaning `` those of the extended house , '' and Hodínöhsö : ni : h , meaning `` house builders '' . The name `` Haudenosaunee '' first appears in English in Lewis Henry Morgan ( 1851 ) , where it is written as Ho - dé - no - sau - nee . The spelling `` Hotinnonsionni '' is also attested from later in the nineteenth century . An alternate designation , Ganonsyoni , is occasionally encountered as well . This term derives from the Mohawk kanǫhsyǫ́ ni ( `` the extended house '' ) , or from a cognate expression in a related Iroquoian language , and is frequently encountered in earlier sources variously spelled `` Kanosoni '' , `` akwanoschioni '' , `` Aquanuschioni '' , `` Cannassoone '' , `` Canossoone '' , `` Ke - nunctioni '' , or `` Konossioni '' . More transparently , the Iroquois confederacy is also often referred to simply as the Six Nations ( or , for the period before the entry of the Tuscarora in 1722 , the Five Nations ) . The word is Rotinonsionni in the Mohawk language . Iroquois Confederacy Map of the Five Nations ( from the Darlington Collection ) The Iroquois Confederacy is believed to have been founded by the Peacemaker in 1142 , bringing together five distinct nations in the southern Great Lakes area into `` The Great League of Peace '' . Each nation within this Iroquoian confederacy had a distinct language , territory , and function in the League . Iroquois influence at the peak of its power extended into present - day Canada , westward along the Great Lakes and down both sides of the Allegheny mountains into present - day Virginia and Kentucky and into the Ohio Valley . The League is governed by a Grand Council , an assembly of fifty chiefs or sachems , each representing one of the clans of one of the nations . The original Iroquois League ( as the French knew them ) or Five Nations ( as the British knew them ) , occupied large areas of present - day New York State up to the St. Lawrence River , west of the Hudson River , and south into northwestern Pennsylvania . From east to west , the League was composed of the Mohawk , Oneida , Onondaga , Cayuga , and Seneca nations . In or close to 1722 , the Tuscarora tribe joined the League , having migrated from the Carolinas after being displaced by Anglo - European settlement . Also an Iroquoian - speaking people , the Tuscarora were accepted into what became the Six Nations . Other independent Iroquoian - speaking peoples , such as the Erie , Susquehannock , Huron ( Wendat ) and Wyandot , lived at various times along the St. Lawrence River , and around the Great Lakes . In the American Southeast , the Cherokee were an Iroquoian - language people who had migrated to that area centuries before European contact . None of these was part of the Haudenosaunee . Those on the borders of Haudenosaunee territory in the Great Lakes region competed and warred with the member nations . The Iroquois and most Iroquoian peoples have a matrilineal kinship system ; with descent and inheritance passing through the maternal lines . Children are considered born into their mother 's clan and take their social status from her family . The clan mothers , the elder women of each clan , are highly respected . The women elders nominate the chief for life from the clan , and own the symbols of his office . When Europeans first arrived in North America , the Haudenosaunee were based in what is now the northeastern United States , primarily in what is referred to today as Central New York and Western New York , west of the Hudson River and through the Finger Lakes region , and upstate New York along the St. Lawrence River area downstream to today 's Montreal . French , Dutch and British colonists in both New France ( Canada ) and the what became the Thirteen Colonies recognized a need to gain favor with the Iroquois people , who occupied a significant portion of lands west of colonial settlements . Their first relations with them were for fur trading , which was favorable and became lucrative to both sides . The colonists also sought to establish positive relations to secure their settlement borders . For nearly 200 years the Iroquois were a powerful factor in North American colonial policy - making decisions . Alignment with Iroquois offered political and strategic advantages to the European colonies , but the Iroquois preserved considerable independence . Some of their people settled in mission villages along the St. Lawrence River , becoming more closely tied to the French . While they participated in French raids on Dutch and later English settlements , where some Mohawk and other Iroquois settled , in general the Iroquois resisted attacking their own peoples . The Iroquois remained a politically unique , undivided , large Native American polity up until the American Revolution . The League kept its treaty promises to the British Crown . But when the British were defeated , they ceded the Iroquois territory without consultation ; many Iroquois had to abandon their lands in the Mohawk Valley and elsewhere and relocate in the northern lands retained by the British . The Crown gave them land in compensation for the 5 million acres they had lost in the south , but it was not equivalent to earlier territory . The Iroquois League has also been known as the `` Iroquois Confederacy '' . Modern scholars distinguish between the League and the Confederacy . According to this interpretation , the Iroquois League refers to the ceremonial and cultural institution embodied in the Grand Council , while the Iroquois Confederacy is the decentralized political and diplomatic entity that emerged in response to European colonization . According to that theory , `` The League '' still exists . The Confederacy dissolved after the defeat of the British and allied Iroquois nations in the American Revolutionary War . Today 's Iroquois / Six Nations people do not make any distinction between `` The League '' and `` the Confederacy '' and use the terms interchangeably , preferring the name Haudenosaunee Confederacy . After the defeat of the British , they ceded most of the Iroquois territory to the United States , without bringing their allies to the negotiating table . Many of the Iroquois migrated to Canada , forced out of New York because of hostility to the British allies in the aftermath of a fierce war . Those remaining in New York were required to live mostly on reservations . In 1784 , a total of 6,000 Iroquois had to confront 240,000 New Yorkers , with land - hungry New Englanders poised to migrate west . `` Oneidas alone , who were only 600 strong , owned six million acres , or about 2.4 million hectares . Iroquoia was a land rush waiting to happen . '' In addition to the major cessions of Iroquois land , the Oneida and others who gained reservations in New York faced increasing pressures for their lands . By the War of 1812 , they had lost control of considerable property . History Historiography Knowledge of Iroquois history stems from Haudenosaunee oral tradition , archaeological evidence , accounts from Jesuit missionaries , and subsequent European historians . Historian Scott Stevens credits the early modern European value for the written word over oral tradition and cultures as contributing to a prejudiced , racialized element within writings about the Iroquois that continued into the 19th century . The historiography of the Iroquois peoples is a topic of much debate , especially regarding the American colonial period . Jesuit accounts of the Iroquois portrayed them as savages because of comparisons to French culture ; the Jesuits perceived them to lack government , law , letters , and religion . But the Jesuits made considerable effort to study their languages and cultures , and some came to respect them . A major problem with contemporary European sources from the 17th and 18th centuries , both French and British , was that Europeans , coming from a patriarchal society , did not understand the matrilineal kinship system of Iroquois society and the related power of women . The Canadian historian D. Peter MacLeod , writing about the relationship between the Canadian Iroquois and the French in the time of the Seven Years ' War , said : `` Most critically , the importance of clan mothers , who possessed considerable economic and political power within Canadian Iroquois communities , was blithely overlooked by patriarchal European scribes . Those references that do exist , show clan mothers meeting in council with their male counterparts to take decisions regarding war and peace and joining in delegations to confront the Onontio ( the Iroquois term for the French governor - general ) and the French leadership in Montreal , but only hint at the real influence wielded by these women '' . Eighteenth - century English historiography focuses on the diplomatic relations with the Iroquois , supplemented by such images as John Verelst 's Four Mohawk Kings , and publications such as the Anglo - Iroquoian treaty proceedings printed by Benjamin Franklin . One historical narrative persistent in the 19th and 20th centuries casts the Iroquois as `` an expansive military and political power ... ( who ) subjugated their enemies by violent force and for almost two centuries acted as the fulcrum in the balance of power in colonial North America '' . Historian Scott Stevens noted that the Iroquois themselves began to influence the writing of their history in the 19th century , including Joseph Brant ( Mohawk ) , and David Cusick ( Tuscarora ) . John Arthur Gibson ( Seneca , 1850 -- 1912 ) was an important figure of his generation in recounting versions of Iroquois history in epics on the Peacemaker . Notable women historians among the Iroquois emerged in the following decades , including Laura `` Minnie '' Kellog ( Oneida , 1880 -- 1949 ) and Alice Lee Jemison ( Seneca , 1901 -- 1964 ) . Formation of the League Iroquois painting of Tadodaho receiving two Mohawk chiefs The Iroquois League was established prior to European contact , with the banding together of five of the many Iroquoian peoples who had emerged south of the Great Lakes . Reliable sources link the origins of the Iroquois confederacy to 1142 and an agricultural shift when corn was adopted as a staple crop . Many archaeologists and anthropologists believe that the League was formed about 1450 . Arguments have been made for an earlier date . Meeting of Hiawatha and Deganawidah by Sanford Plummer One theory argues that the League formed shortly after a solar eclipse on August 31 , 1142 , an event thought to be expressed in oral tradition about the League 's origins . Anthropologist Dean Snow argues that the archaeological evidence does not support a date earlier than 1450 . He has said that recent claims for a much earlier date `` may be for contemporary political purposes '' . In contrast , other scholars note that at the time when anthropological studies were made , researchers consulted only male informants , although the Iroquois people had distinct oral traditions held by males and females . Thus half of the historical story , that told by women , was lost . For this reason , origin tales tend to emphasize Deganawidah and Hiawatha , while the role of Jigonsaseh largely remains unknown because this part of the oral history was held by women . According to oral traditions , the League was formed through the efforts of two men and one woman . They were Dekanawida , sometimes known as the Great Peacemaker , Hiawatha , and Jigonhsasee , known as the Mother of Nations , whose home acted as a sort of United Nations . They brought the Peacemaker 's message , known as the Great Law of Peace , to the squabbling Iroquoian nations , who were fighting , raiding and feuding with one another and other tribes , both Algonkian and Iroquoian . Five nations originally joined as the League , giving rise to the many historic references to Five Nations of the Iroquois or as often , just The Five Nations . With the addition of the southern Tuscarora in the 18th century , these original five tribes are the ones that still compose the Haudenosaunee in the early 21st century : the Mohawk , Onondaga , Oneida , Cayuga , and Seneca . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Other Iroquoian - language peoples , including the populous Wyandot ( Huron ) , with related social organization and cultures , became extinct as tribes as a result of disease and war . They did not join the League when invited and were much reduced after the Beaver Wars and high mortality from Eurasian infectious diseases . While the First Nations and Native Americans sometimes tried to remain neutral in the various colonial frontier wars , some also allied with one nation or another , through the French and Indian War . The Six Nations were split in their alliances between the French and British in that war , the North American front of the Seven Years War . In warfare the tribes were decentralized , and often bands acted independently . According to legend , an evil Onondaga chieftain named Tadodaho was the last converted to the ways of peace by The Great Peacemaker and Hiawatha . He was offered the position as the titular chair of the League 's Council , representing the unity of all nations of the League . This is said to have occurred at Onondaga Lake near present - day Syracuse , New York . The title Tadodaho is still used for the League 's chair , the fiftieth chief who sits with the Onondaga in council . With the formation of the League , internal conflicts were minimized . The council of fifty thereafter ruled on disputes , seeking consensus in their decisions . Raids within the member tribes ended , and they directed warfare against competitors . This allowed the Iroquois to increase in numbers while their rivals declined . The political cohesion of the Iroquois rapidly became one of the strongest forces in 17th - and 18th - century northeastern North America . The confederacy did not speak for all five tribes , which continued to act independently . But about 1678 , the council exerted more power in negotiations with the colonial governments of Pennsylvania and New York . Thereafter , the editors of American Heritage write the Iroquois became very adroit at playing the French off against the British , as individual tribes had played the Swedes , Dutch , and English . The editors of American Heritage magazine suggest the Iroquois spokesmen were as politically sophisticated as many a modern politician . As has been noted above , other Iroquoian - language peoples were encountered by early European colonists . While the tribes raided each other , they also traded with the members of the Iroquois who were nearby . The explorer Robert La Salle in the 17th century identified the Mosopelea as among the Ohio Valley peoples defeated by the Iroquoisin the early 1670s . The Erie and peoples of the upper Allegheny valley declined earlier during the Beaver Wars . By 1676 the Susquehannock were known to be broken as a power from the effects of three years of epidemic disease , war with the Iroquois , and frontier battles , as settlers took advantage of the weakened tribe . According to one theory of early Iroquois history , after becoming united in the League , the Iroquois invaded the Ohio River Valley in the territories that would become the eastern Ohio Country down as far as present - day Kentucky to seek additional hunting grounds . They displaced about 1200 Siouan - speaking tribepeople of the Ohio River valley , such as the Quapaw ( Akansea ) , Ofo ( Mosopelea ) , and Tutelo and other closely related tribes out of the region . These tribes migrated to regions around the Mississippi River and the piedmont regions of the east coast . Expansion In Reflections in Bullough 's Pond , historian Diana Muir argues that the pre-contact Iroquois were an imperialist , expansionist culture whose cultivation of the corn / beans / squash agricultural complex enabled them to support a large population . They made war primarily against neighboring Algonquian peoples . Muir uses archaeological data to argue that the Iroquois expansion onto Algonquian lands was checked by the Algonquian adoption of agriculture . This enabled them to support their own populations large enough to have sufficient warriors to defend against the threat of Iroquois conquest . The People of the Confederacy dispute whether any of this historical interpretation relates to the League of the Great Peace which they contend is the foundation of their heritage . Engraving based on a drawing by Champlain of his 1609 voyage . It depicts a battle between Iroquois and Algonquian tribes near Lake Champlain The Iroquois may be the Kwedech described in the oral legends of the Mi'kmaq nation of Eastern Canada . These legends relate that the Mi'kmaq in the late pre-contact period had gradually driven their enemies -- the Kwedech -- westward across New Brunswick , and finally out of the Lower St. Lawrence River region . The Mi'kmaq named the last - conquered land Gespedeg or `` last land , '' from which the French derived Gaspé . The `` Kwedech '' are generally considered to have been Iroquois , specifically the Mohawk ; their expulsion from Gaspé by the Mi'kmaq has been estimated as occurring c. 1535 -- 1600 . Around 1535 , Jacques Cartier reported Iroquoian - speaking groups on the Gaspé peninsula and along the St. Lawrence River . Archeologists and anthropologists have defined the St. Lawrence Iroquoians as a distinct and separate group ( and possibly several discrete groups ) , living in the villages of Hochelaga and others nearby ( near present - day Montreal ) , which had been visited by Cartier . By 1608 , when Samuel de Champlain visited the area , that part of the St. Lawrence River valley had no settlements , but was controlled by the Mohawk as a hunting ground . On the Gaspé peninsula , Champlain encountered Algonquian - speaking groups . The precise identity of any of these groups is still debated . The Iroquois became well known in the southern colonies in the 17th century by this time . After the first English settlement in Jamestown , Virginia ( 1607 ) , numerous 17th - century accounts describe a powerful people known to the Powhatan Confederacy as the Massawomeck , and to the French as the Antouhonoron . They were said to come from the north , beyond the Susquehannock territory . Historians have often identified the Massawomeck / Antouhonoron as the Haudenosaunee . Other Iroquoian - language tribes included the Erie , who were destroyed by the Iroquois in 1654 over competition for the fur trade . Between 1665 and 1670 , the Iroquois established seven villages on the northern shores of Lake Ontario in present - day Ontario , collectively known as the `` Iroquois du Nord '' villages . The villages were all abandoned by 1701 . Over the years 1670 -- 1710 , the Five Nations achieved political dominance of much of Virginia west of the Fall Line and extending to the Ohio River valley in present - day West Virginia and Kentucky . As a result of the Beaver Wars , they pushed Siouan - speaking tribes out and reserved the territory as a hunting ground by right of conquest . They finally sold the British colonists their remaining claim to the lands south of the Ohio in 1768 at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix . Map of the New York tribes before European arrival : Iroquoian tribes Algonquian tribes Beaver Wars See also : Beaver Wars Beginning in 1609 , the League engaged in a decades - long series of wars , the so - called Beaver Wars , against the French , their Huron allies , and other neighboring tribes , including the Petun , Erie , and Susquehannock . Trying to control access to game for the lucrative fur trade , they put great pressure on the Algonquian peoples of the Atlantic coast ( the Lenape or Delaware ) , the Anishinaabe peoples of the boreal Canadian Shield region , and not infrequently fought the English colonies as well . During the Beaver Wars , they were said to have defeated and assimilated the Huron ( 1649 ) , Petun ( 1650 ) , the Neutral Nation ( 1651 ) , Erie Tribe ( 1657 ) , and Susquehannock ( 1680 ) . The traditional view is that these wars were a way to control the lucrative fur trade in order to access European goods on which they had become dependent . Recent scholarship has elaborated on this view , arguing that the Beaver Wars were an escalation of the `` Mourning Wars '' , which were an integral part of early Iroquoian culture . This view suggests that the Iroquois launched large - scale attacks against neighboring tribes in order to avenge or replace the massive number of deaths resulting from battles or smallpox epidemics . In 1628 , the Mohawk defeated the Mahican to gain a monopoly in the fur trade with the Dutch at Fort Orange ( present - day Albany ) , New Netherland . The Mohawk would not allow northern native peoples to trade with the Dutch . In 1645 , a tentative peace was forged between the Iroquois and the Huron , Algonquin , and French . In 1646 , Jesuit missionaries at Sainte - Marie among the Hurons went as envoys to the Mohawk lands to protect the fragile peace of the time . Mohawk attitudes toward the peace soured while the Jesuits were traveling , and their warriors attacked the party en route . The missionaries were taken to the village of Ossernenon ( near present - day Auriesville , New York ) , where the moderate Turtle and Wolf clans recommended setting the priests free . Angered , members of the Bear clan killed Jean de Lalande , and Isaac Jogues on October 18 , 1646 . The Catholic Church has commemorated the two French priests and Jesuit lay Brother René Goupil ( killed 29 September 1642 ) as among the eight North American Martyrs . In 1649 during the Beaver Wars , the Iroquois used recently purchased Dutch guns to attack the Huron , who were allied with the French . These attacks , primarily against the Huron towns of Taenhatentaron ( St. Ignace ) and St. Louis in what is now Simcoe County , Ontario were the final battles that effectively destroyed the Huron Confederacy . From 1651 to 1652 , the Iroquois attacked the Susquehannock , located to their south in present - day Pennsylvania , without sustained success . In the early 17th century , the Iroquois Confederacy was at the height of its power , with a total population of about 12,000 people . In 1653 the Onondaga Nation extended a peace invitation to New France . An expedition of Jesuits , led by Simon Le Moyne , established Sainte Marie de Ganentaa in 1656 in their territory . The Jesuits were forced to abandon the mission by 1658 as hostilities resumed , possibly because of the sudden death of 500 native people from an epidemic of smallpox , a European infectious disease to which they had no immunity . From 1658 to 1663 , the Iroquois were at war with the Susquehannock and their Lenape and Province of Maryland allies . In 1663 , a large Iroquois invasion force was defeated at the Susquehannock main fort . In 1663 , the Iroquois were at war with the Sokoki tribe of the upper Connecticut River . Smallpox struck again , and through the effects of disease , famine , and war , the Iroquois were under threat of extinction . In 1664 , an Oneida party struck at allies of the Susquehannock on Chesapeake Bay . In 1665 , three of the Five Nations made peace with the French . The following year , the Canadian Governor sent the Carignan regiment under Marquis de Tracy to confront the Mohawk and the Oneida . The Mohawk avoided battle , but the French burned their villages and crops . In 1667 , the remaining two Iroquois Nations signed a peace treaty with the French and agreed to allow their missionaries to visit their villages . This treaty lasted for 17 years . 1670 -- 1701 Iroquois conquests 1638 -- 1711 Around 1670 , the Iroquois drove the Siouan - speaking Mannahoac tribe out of the northern Virginia Piedmont region . They began to claim ownership of the territory by right of conquest . In 1672 , the Iroquois were defeated by a war party of Susquehannock . The Iroquois appealed to the French for support and asked Governor Frontenac to assist them against the Susquehannock . It would be a shame for him to allow his children to be crushed , as they saw themselves to be ... they not having the means of going to attack their fort , which was very strong , nor even of defending themselves if the others came to attack them in their villages . Some old histories state that the Iroquois defeated the Susquehannock during this time period . As no record of a defeat has been found , historians have concluded that no defeat occurred . In 1677 , the Iroquois adopted the majority of the Iroquoian - speaking Susquehannock into their nation . In January 1676 , the Governor of New York colony , Edmund Andos , sent a letter to the chiefs of the Iroquois asking for their help in King Philip 's War as the English colonists in New England were having much difficulty fighting the Wampanoag under the leadership of Metacom . In exchange for guns from the English , which the Iroquois greatly valued , an Iroquois war party launched a devastating raid on the Wampanoag in February 1676 , destroying villages and with them , supplies of food while taking many prisoners . By 1677 , the Iroquois formed an alliance with the English through an agreement known as the Covenant Chain . By 1680 , the Iroquois Confederacy was in a strong position , having eliminated the Susquehannock and the Wampanoag , taken vast number of captives to increase the size of their population , and had secured an alliance with the English that guaranteed supplies of guns and ammunition . Together the allies battled to a standstill the French , who were allied with the Huron . These Iroquoian people had been a traditional and historic foe of the Confederacy . The Iroquois colonized the northern shore of Lake Ontario and sent raiding parties westward all the way to Illinois Country . The tribes of Illinois were eventually defeated , not by the Iroquois , but by the Potawatomi . In 1679 , the Susquehannock , with Iroquois help , attacked Maryland 's Piscataway and Mattawoman allies . Peace was not reached until 1685 . During the same period , French Jesuit missionaries were active in Iroquoia , which led to a voluntary mass relocation of many Haudenosaunee to the St. Lawrence valley at Kahnawake and Kanesatake near Montreal . It was the intention of the French to use the Catholic Haudenosaunee in the St. Lawrence valley as a buffer to keep the Haudenosaunee allied with the English living in what is now upstate New York away from Montreal , the center of the French fur trade . The attempts of both the English and the French to use their Haudenosaunee allies for their own purposes were foiled as the two groups of Haudenosaunee showed a `` profound reluctance to kill one another '' . Following the move of the Catholic Iroquois to the St. Lawrence valley , historians commonly describe the Iroquois living outside of Montreal as the Canadian Iroquois while the Iroquois who remained in the historical heartland of Iroquoia in modern upstate New York are described as the League Iroquois . In 1684 , the governor of New France , Joseph - Antoine Le Febvre de La Barre , decided to launch a putative expedition against the Seneca , who were attacking French and Algonquian fur traders in the Mississippi river valley , and asked for the Catholic Haudenosaunee to contribute men for his expedition . La Barre 's expedition ended in fiasco in September 1684 when influenza broke out among the troupes de la Marine while the Canadian Iroquois warriors refused to fight , instead only engaging in verbal battles as they exchanged insults with the Seneca warriors . King Louis XIV of France was not amused when he heard of La Barre 's failure , which led him to sack La Barre as governor of New France , and sent as his replacement , Jacques - René de Brisay de Denonville , Marquis de Denonville , Governor of New France from 1685 to 1689 , who arrived in August with orders from the king to crush the Haudenosaunee confederacy . The Sun King had instructed Denonville to ensure that the `` grandeur '' of France be respected even in the most remotest woods of North America . Map showing dates Iroquois claims relinquished , 1701 - 1796 . Note : In the 1701 Nanfan Treaty , the Five Nations abandoned their nominal claims to `` beaver hunting '' lands north of the Ohio in favor of England ; however , these areas were still de facto controlled by other tribes allied with France . In 1684 , the Iroquois invaded Virginia and Illinois territory again and unsuccessfully attacked French outposts in the latter . Trying to reduce warfare in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia , later that year , the Virginia Colony agreed in a conference at Albany to recognize the Iroquois ' right to use the North - South path , known as the Great Warpath , running east of the Blue Ridge , provided they did not intrude on the English settlements east of the Fall Line . In 1687 , the Marquis de Denonville set out for Fort Frontenac ( modern Kingston , Ontario ) with a well - organized force . In July 1687 Denonville took with him on his expedition a mixed force of troupes de la Marine , French - Canadian militiamen , and 353 Indian warriors from the Jesuit mission settlements , of which 220 were Haudenosaunee . They met with 50 hereditary sachems from the Onondaga council fire , who came under a flag of truce in what on the north shore of Lake Ontario in what is now southern Ontario . Denonville recaptured the fort for New France and seized , chained , and shipped the 50 Iroquois chiefs to Marseilles , France , to be used as galley slaves . Several of the Catholic Haudenosaunee were outraged at the way in which French enslaved a diplomatic party that had come under the flag of truce and had enslaved all of the Cayuga people living in several villages on the north shore of Lake Ontario , which led to least 100 of them to desert to the Seneca . Denonville justified enslaving the people he encountered , saying that as an `` civilized European '' he did not respect the customs of `` savages '' and would do as he liked with them . On 13 August 1687 , an advance party of French soldiers walked into a Seneca ambush and were nearly killed to a man ; however the Seneca had mistaken the advance party for the main French force and fled when the main French force came up . The remaining Catholic Haudenosaunee warriors refused orders from Denonville to pursue the retreating Seneca . Denonville ravaged the land of the Seneca , landing a French armada at Irondequoit Bay , striking straight into the seat of Seneca power , and destroying many of its villages . Fleeing before the attack , the Seneca moved farther west , east and south down the Susquehanna River . Although great damage was done to the Seneca homeland , the Senecas ' military might was not appreciably weakened . The Confederacy and the Seneca developed an alliance with the English who were settling in the east . The destruction of the Seneca land infuriated the members of the Iroquois Confederacy . On August 4 , 1689 , they retaliated by burning to the ground Lachine , a small town adjacent to Montreal . Fifteen hundred Iroquois warriors had been harassing Montreal defenses for many months prior to that . They finally exhausted and defeated Denonville and his forces . His tenure was followed by the return of Frontenac , who succeeded Denonville as Governor for the next nine years ( 1689 -- 1698 ) . Frontenac had been arranging a new plan of attack to lessen the effects of the Iroquois in North America . Realizing the danger of continuing to hold the sachems , he located the 13 surviving leaders of the 50 originally taken and returned with them to New France in October 1689 . In 1696 , Frontenac decided to take the field against the Iroquois , although at this time he was seventy - six years of age . On July 6 , he left Lachine at the head of a considerable force and traveled to the village of the Onondaga , where he arrived a month later . With support from the French , the Algonquian nations drove the Iroquois out of the territories north of Lake Erie and west of present - day Cleveland , Ohio , regions which they had conquered during the Beaver Wars . In the meantime , the Iroquois had abandoned their villages . As pursuit was impracticable , the French army commenced its return march on August 10 . Under Frontenac 's leadership , the Canadian militia became increasingly adept at guerrilla warfare , taking the war into Iroquois territory and attacking a number of English settlements . The Iroquois never threatened the French colony again . During King William 's War ( North American part of the War of the Grand Alliance ) , the Iroquois were allied with the English . In July 1701 , they concluded the `` Nanfan Treaty '' , deeding the English a large tract north of the Ohio River . The Iroquois claimed to have conquered this territory 80 years earlier . France did not recognize the validity of the treaty , as it had settlements in the territory at that time and the English had virtually none . Meanwhile , the Iroquois were negotiating peace with the French ; together they signed the Great Peace of Montreal that same year . French and Indian Wars See also : French and Indian Wars After the 1701 peace treaty with the French , the Iroquois remained mostly neutral . During the course of the 17th century , the Iroquois had acquired a fearsome reputation among the Europeans , and it was the policy of the Six Nations to use this reputation to play off the French against the British in order to extract the maximum amount of material rewards . In 1689 , the English Crown provided the Six Nations goods worth £ 100 in exchange for help against the French , in the year 1693 the Iroquois had received goods worth £ 600 , and in the year 1701 the Six Nations had received goods worth £ 800 . During Queen Anne 's War ( North American part of the War of the Spanish Succession ) , they were involved in planned attacks against the French . Peter Schuyler , mayor of Albany , arranged for three Mohawk chiefs and a Mahican chief ( known incorrectly as the Four Mohawk Kings ) to travel to London in 1710 to meet with Queen Anne in an effort to seal an alliance with the British . Queen Anne was so impressed by her visitors that she commissioned their portraits by court painter John Verelst . The portraits are believed to be the earliest surviving oil portraits of Aboriginal peoples taken from life . The four `` Mohawk Kings '' who travelled to London in 1710 . In the first quarter of the 18th century , the Iroquoian - speaking Tuscarora fled north from the pressure of British colonization of North Carolina and intertribal warfare ; they had been subject to having captives sold into Indian slavery . They petitioned to become the sixth nation of the Iroquois Confederacy . This was a non-voting position , but they gained the protection of the Haudenosaunee . The Iroquois program toward the defeated tribes favored assimilation within the ' Covenant Chain ' and Great Law of Peace , over wholesale slaughter . Both the Lenni Lenape , and the Shawnee were briefly tributary to the Six Nations , while subjected Iroquoian populations emerged in the next period as the Mingo , speaking a dialect like that of the Seneca , in the Ohio region . Iroquois engaging in trade with Europeans , 1722 In 1721 and 1722 , Lt. Governor Alexander Spotswood of Virginia concluded a new Treaty at Albany with the Iroquois , renewing the Covenant Chain and agreeing to recognize the Blue Ridge as the demarcation between Virginia Colony and the Iroquois . But , as European settlers began to move beyond the Blue Ridge and into the Shenandoah Valley in the 1730s , the Iroquois objected . Virginia officials told them that the demarcation was to prevent the Iroquois from trespassing east of the Blue Ridge , but it did not prevent English from expanding west . Tensions increased over the next decades , and the Iroquois were on the verge of going to war with the Virginia Colony . In 1743 , Governor Gooch paid them the sum of 100 pounds sterling for any settled land in the Valley that was claimed by the Iroquois . The following year at the Treaty of Lancaster , the Iroquois sold Virginia all their remaining claims in the Shenandoah Valley for 200 pounds in gold . During the French and Indian War ( the North American frontier of the Seven Years ' War ) , the League Iroquois sided with the British against the French and their Algonquian allies , who were traditional enemies . The Iroquois hoped that aiding the British would also bring favors after the war . Few Iroquois warriors joined the campaign . By contrast , the Canadian Iroquois supported the French . In February 1756 , the French learned from a spy , Ou8tatory , an Oneida chief , that a British were stockpiling supplies at the Oneida Carrying Place , a crucial portage between Albany and Oswego to support an offensive in the spring into what is now Ontario . As the frozen waters melted south of Lake Ontario on average two weeks before the waters did north of Lake Ontario , the British would be able to move against the French bases at Fort Frontenac and Fort Niagara before the French forces in Montreal could come to their relief , which from the French perspective necessitated a preventive strike at the Oneida Carrying Place in the winter . To carry out this strike , the Marquis de Vaudreuil , the Governor - General of New France , assigned the task to Gaspard - Joseph Chaussegros de Léry , an officer of the troupes de le Marine , who required and received the assistance of the Canadian Iroquois to guide him to the Oneida Carrying Place . The Canadian Iroquois joined the expedition , which left Montreal on 29 February 1756 on the understanding that they would only fight against the British , not the League Iroquois , and they would not be assaulting a fort . On 13 March 1756 , an Oswegatchie Indian traveler informed the expedition that the British had built two forts at the Oneida Carrying Place , which caused the majority of the Canadian Iroquois to want to turn back , as they argued the risks of assaulting a fort would mean too many casualties , and many did in fact abandon the expedition . On 26 March 1756 , Léry 's force of troupes de le Marine and French - Canadian militiamen , who had not eaten for two days , received much needed food when the Canadian Iroquois ambushed a British wagon train bringing supplies to Fort William and Fort Bull . As far as the Canadian Iroquois were concerned , the raid was a success as they captured 9 wagons full of supplies and taken 10 prisoners without losing a man , and for them , engaging in a frontal attack against the two wooden forts as Léry wanted to do was irrational . The Canadian Iroquois informed Léry `` if I absolutely wanted to die , I was the master of the French , but they were not going to follow me '' . In the end , about 30 Canadian Iroquois reluctantly joined Léry 's attack on Fort Bull on the morning of 27 March 1756 , when the French and their Indian allies stormed the fort , finally smashing their way in through the main gate with a battering ram at noon . Of the 63 people in Fort Bull , half of whom were civilians , only 3 soldiers , one carpenter and one woman survived the Battle of Fort Bull as Léry reported `` I could not restrain the ardor of the soldiers and the Canadians . They killed everyone they encountered '' . Afterwards , the French destroyed all of the British supplies and Fort Bull itself , which secured the western flank of New France . At the same day , the main force of the Canadian Iroquois ambushed a relief force from Fort William coming to the aid of Fort Bull , and did not slaughter their prisoners as the French did at Fort Bull ; for the Iroquois , prisoners were very valuable as they increased the size of the tribe . The crucial difference between the European and First Nations way of war was that Europe had millions of people , which meant that British and French generals were willing to see thousands of their own men die in battle in order to secure victory as their losses could always be made good ; by contrast , the Iroquois had a considerably smaller population , and could not afford heavy losses , which could cripple a community . The Iroquois custom of `` Mourning wars '' to take captives who would become Iroquois reflected the continual need for more people in the Iroquois communities . Iroquois warriors were brave , but would only fight to the death if necessary , usually to protect their women and children ; otherwise , the crucial concern for Iroquois chiefs was always to save manpower . The Canadian historian D. Peter MacLeod wrote that the Iroquois way of war was based on their hunting philosophy , where a successful hunter would bring down an animal efficiently without taking any losses to his hunting party , and in the same way , a successful war leader would inflict losses on the enemy without taking any losses in return . In the Battle of Lake George , a group of Catholic Mohawk ( from Kahnawake ) and French forces ambushed a Mohawk - led British column ; the Mohawk were deeply disturbed as they had created their confederacy for peace among the peoples and had not had warfare against each other . After the war , to protect their alliance , the British government issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 , forbidding Anglo - European ( white ) settlements beyond the Appalachian Mountains . Colonists largely ignored the order , and the British had insufficient soldiers to enforce it . Faced with confrontations , the Iroquois agreed to adjust the line again in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix ( 1768 ) . Sir William Johnson , 1st Baronet , British Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Northern District , had called the Iroquois nations together in a grand conference in western New York , which a total of 3,102 Indians attended . They had long had good relations with Johnson , who had traded with them and learned their languages and customs . As Alan Taylor noted in his history , The Divided Ground : Indians , Settlers , and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution ( 2006 ) , the Iroquois were creative and strategic thinkers . They chose to sell to the British Crown all their remaining claim to the lands between the Ohio and Tennessee rivers , which they did not occupy , hoping by doing so to draw off English pressure on their territories in the Province of New York . American Revolution Lithograph of the Mohawk war and political leader Thayendanegea or Joseph Brant During the American Revolution , the Iroquois first tried to stay neutral . Pressed to join one side or the other , the Tuscarora and the Oneida sided with the colonists , while the Mohawk , Seneca , Onondaga , and Cayuga remained loyal to Great Britain , with whom they had stronger relationships . Joseph Louis Cook offered his services to the United States and received a Congressional commission as a lieutenant colonel -- the highest rank held by any Native American during the war . The Mohawk war chief Joseph Brant , other war chiefs , and British allies conducted numerous operations against frontier settlements in the Mohawk Valley , including the Cherry Valley massacre , destroying many villages and crops , and killing and capturing inhabitants . The Continentals retaliated and in 1779 , George Washington ordered the Sullivan Campaign , led by Col. Daniel Brodhead and General John Sullivan , against the Iroquois nations to `` not merely overrun , but destroy '' , the British - Indian alliance . They burned many Iroquois villages and stores throughout western New York ; refugees moved north to Canada . By the end of the war , few houses and barns in the valley had survived the warfare . The American Revolution was a war that caused a great divide amongst the colonists between Patriots and Loyalists ; it caused a divide between the colonies and Great Britain , and it also caused a rift that would break the Iroquois Confederacy . At the onset of the Revolution , the Iroquois Confederacy 's Six Nations attempted to take a stance of neutrality . However , almost inevitably , the Iroquois nations eventually had to take sides in the conflict . It is easy to see how the American Revolution would have caused conflict and confusion among the Six Nations . For years they had been used to thinking about the English and their colonists as one and the same people . In the American Revolution , the Iroquois Confederacy now had to deal with relationships between two governments . The Iroquois Confederation 's population had changed significantly since the arrival of Europeans . Disease had reduced their population to a fraction of what it had been in the past . Therefore , it was in their best interest to be on the good side of whoever would prove to be the winning side in the war , for the winning side would dictate how future relationships would be with the Iroquois in North America . Dealing with two governments made it hard to maintain a neutral stance , because the governments could get jealous easily if the Confederacy was interacting or trading more with one side over the other , or even if there was simply a perception of favoritism . Because of this challenging situation , the Six Nations had to choose sides . The Oneida and Tuscarora decided to support the American colonists , while the rest of the Iroquois League ( the Cayuga , Mohawk , Onondaga , and Seneca ) sided with the British and their Loyalists among the colonists . There were many reasons that the Six Nations could not remain neutral and uninvolved in the Revolutionary War . One of these is simple proximity ; the Iroquois Confederacy was too close to the action of the war to not be involved . The Six Nations were very discontented with the encroachment of the English and their colonists upon their land . They were particularly concerned with the border established in the Proclamation of 1763 and the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768 . During the American Revolution , the authority of the British government over the frontier was highly contested . The colonists tried to take advantage of this as much as possible by seeking their own profit and claiming new land . In 1775 , the Six Nations were still neutral when `` a Mohawk person was killed by a Continental soldier '' . Such a case shows how the Six Nations ' proximity to the war drew them into it . They were concerned about being killed , and about their lands being taken from them . They could not show weakness and simply let the colonists and British do whatever they wanted . Many of the English and colonists did not respect the treaties made in the past . `` A number of His Majesty 's subjects in the American colonies viewed the proclamation as a temporary prohibition which would soon give way to the opening of the area for settlement ... and that it was simply an agreement to quiet the minds of the Indians '' . The Six Nations had to take a stand to show that they would not accept such treatment , and they looked to build a relationship with a government that would respect their territory . In addition to being in close proximity to the war , the new lifestyle and economics of the Iroquois Confederacy since the arrival of the Europeans in North America made it nearly impossible for the Iroquois to isolate themselves from the conflict . By this time , the Iroquois had become dependent upon the trade of goods from the English and colonists , and had adopted many European customs , tools , and weapons . For example , they were increasingly dependent on firearms for hunting . After becoming so reliant , it would have been hard to even consider cutting off trade that brought goods that were a central part of everyday life . As Barbara Graymont stated , `` Their task was an impossible one to maintain neutrality . Their economies and lives had become so dependent on each other for trading goods and benefits it was impossible to ignore the conflict . Meanwhile they had to try and balance their interactions with both groups . They did not want to seem as they were favoring one group over the other , because of sparking jealousy and suspicion from either side '' . Furthermore , the English had made many agreements with the Six Nations over the years , yet most of the Iroquois ' day - to - day interaction had been with the colonists . This made it a confusing situation for the Iroquois because they could not tell who the true heirs of the agreement were , and could n't know if agreements with England would continue to be honored by the colonists if they were to win independence . Supporting either side in the Revolutionary War was a complicated decision . Each nation individually weighed their options to come up with a final stance that ultimately broke neutrality and ended the collective agreement of the Confederation . The British were clearly the most organized , and seemingly most powerful . In many cases , the British presented the situation to the Iroquois as the colonists just being `` naughty children '' . On the other , the Iroquois considered that `` the British government was three thousand miles away . This placed them at a disadvantage in attempting to enforce both the Proclamation of 1763 and the Treaty at Fort Stanwix 1768 against land hungry frontiersmen . '' In other words , even though the British were the strongest and best organized faction , the Six Nations had concerns about whether they would truly be able to enforce their agreements from so far away . The Iroquois also had concerns about the colonists . The British asked for Iroquois support in the war . `` In 1775 , the Continental Congress sent a delegation to the Iroquois in Albany to ask for their neutrality in the war coming against the British '' . It had been clear in prior years that the colonists had not been respectful of the land agreements made in 1763 and 1768 . The Iroquois Confederacy was particularly concerned over the possibility of the colonists winning the war , for if a revolutionary victory were to occur , the Iroquois very much saw it as the precursor to their lands being taken away by the victorious colonists , who would no longer have the British Crown to restrain them . Continental army officers such as George Washington had attempted to destroy the Iroquois . On a contrasting note , it was the colonists who had formed the most direct relationships with the Iroquois due to their proximity and trade ties . For the most part , the colonists and Iroquois had lived in relative peace since the English arrival on the continent a century and a half before . The Iroquois had to determine whether their relationships with the colonists were reliable , or whether the English would prove to better serve their interests . They also had to determine whether there were really any differences between how the English and the colonists would treat them . The war ensued , and the Iroquois broke their confederation . Hundreds of years of precedent and collective government was trumped by the immensity of the American Revolutionary War . The Oneida and Tuscarora decided to support the colonists , while the rest of the Iroquois League ( the Cayuga , Mohawk , Onondaga , and Seneca ) sided with the British and Loyalists . At the conclusion of the war the fear that the colonists would not respect the Iroquois ' pleas came true , especially after the majority of the Six Nations decided to side with the British and were no longer considered trustworthy by the newly independent Americans . In 1783 the Treaty of Paris was signed . While the treaty included peace agreements between all of the European nations involved in the war as well as the newborn United States , it made no provisions for the Iroquois , who were left to be treated with by the new United States government as it saw fit . Post-war After the Revolutionary War , the ancient central fireplace of the League was re-established at Buffalo Creek . By 1811 , Methodist and Episcopalian missionaries established missions to assist the Oneida and Onondaga in western New York . However , white settlers continued to move into the area . By 1821 , a group of Oneida led by Eleazar Williams , son of a Mohawk woman , went to Wisconsin to buy land from the Menominee and Ho - Chunk and thus move their people further westward . Captain Joseph Brant and a group of Iroquois left New York to settle in the Province of Quebec ( present - day Ontario ) . To partially replace the lands they had lost in the Mohawk Valley and elsewhere because of their fateful alliance with the British Crown , they were given a large land grant on the Grand River , at Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation . Brant 's crossing of the river gave the original name to the area : Brant 's Ford . By 1847 , European settlers began to settle nearby and named the village Brantford . The original Mohawk settlement was on the south edge of the present - day Canadian city at a location still favorable for launching and landing canoes . In the 1830s many additional Onondaga , Oneida , Seneca , Cayuga , and Tuscarora relocated into the Indian Territory , the Province of Upper Canada , and Wisconsin . In the west Many Iroquois ( mostly Mohawk ) and Iroquois - descended Métis people living in Lower Canada ( primarily at Kahnawake ) took employment with the Montreal - based North West Company during its existence from 1779 to 1821 and became voyageurs or free traders working in the North American fur trade as far west as the Rocky Mountains . They are known to have settled in the area around Jasper 's House and possibly as far west as the Finlay River and north as far as the Pouce Coupe and Dunvegan areas , where they founded new Aboriginal communities which have persisted to the present day claiming either First Nations or Métis identity and indigenous rights . The Michel Band , Mountain Métis , and Aseniwuche Winewak Nation of Canada in Alberta and the Kelly Lake community in British Columbia all claim Iroquois ancestry . 20th century League of Nations The complex political environment which emerged in Canada with the Haudenosaunee grew out of the Anglo - American era of European colonization . At the end of the War of 1812 , Britain shifted Indian affairs from the military to civilian control . With the creation of the Dominion of Canada in 1867 , civil authority , and thus Indian affairs , passed to Canadian officials with Britain retaining control of military and security matters . At the turn of the century , the Canadian government began passing a series of Acts which were strenuously objected to by the Iroquois Confederacy . During World War I , an act attempted to conscript Six Nations men for military service . Under the Soldiers Resettlement Act , legislation was introduced to redistribute native land . Finally in 1920 , an Act was proposed to force citizenship on `` Indians '' with or without their consent , which would then automatically remove their share of any tribal lands from tribal trust and make the land and the person subject to the laws of Canada . The Haudenosaunee hired a lawyer to defend their rights in the Supreme Court of Canada . The Supreme Court refused to take the case , declaring that the members of the Six Nations were British citizens . In effect , as Canada was at the time a division of the British government , it was not an international state , as defined by international law . In contrast , the Iroquois Confederacy had been making treaties and functioning as a state since 1643 and all of their treaties had been negotiated with Britain , not Canada . As a result , a decision was made in 1921 to send a delegation to petition the King of England , whereupon Canada 's External Affairs division blocked issuing passports . In response , the Iroquois began issuing their own passports and sent Levi General , the Cayuga Chief `` Deskaheh , '' to England with their attorney . Winston Churchill dismissed their complaint claiming that it was within the realm of Canadian jurisdiction and referred them back to Canadian officials . On 4 December 1922 , Charles Stewart , Superintendent of Indian Affairs , and Duncan Campbell Scott , Deputy Superintendent of the Canadian Department of Indian Affairs traveled to Brantford to negotiate a settlement on the issues with the Six Nations . After the meeting , the Native delegation brought the offer to the tribal council , as was customary under Haudenosaunee law . The council agreed to accept the offer , but before they could respond , the Royal Canadian Mounted Police conducted a liquor raid on the Iroquois ' Grand River territory . The siege lasted three days and prompted the Haudenosaunee to send Deskaheh to Washington , DC , to meet with the chargé d'affaires of the Netherlands asking the Dutch Queen to sponsor them for membership in the League of Nations . Under pressure from the British , the Netherlands reluctantly refused sponsorship . Deskaheh and the tribal attorney proceeded to Geneva and attempted to gather support . `` On 27 September 1923 , delegates representing Estonia , Ireland , Panama and Persia signed a letter asking for communication of the Six Nations ' petition to the League 's assembly , '' but the effort was blocked . Six Nations delegates traveled to the Hague and back to Geneva attempting to gain supporters and recognition , while back in Canada , the government was drafting a mandate to replace the traditional Haudenosaunee Confederacy Council with one that would be elected under the auspices of the Canadian Indian Act . In an unpublicized signing on 17 September 1924 , Prime Minister Mackenzie King and Governor - General Lord Byng of Vimy signed the Order in Council , which set elections on the Six Nations reserve for 21 October . Only 26 ballots were cast . The long - term effect of the Order was that the Canadian government had wrested control over the Haudenosaunee trust funds from the Iroquois Confederation and decades of litigation would follow . In 1979 , over 300 Indian chiefs visited London to oppose Patriation of the Canadian Constitution , fearing that their rights to be recognized in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 would be jeopardized . In 1981 , hoping again to clarify that judicial responsibilities of treaties signed with Britain were not transferred to Canada , several Alberta Indian chiefs filed a petition with the British High Court of Justice . They lost the case but gained an invitation from the Canadian government to participate in the constitutional discussions which dealt with protection of treaty rights . U.S. Indian termination Policies In the period between World War II and The Sixties the US government followed a policy of Indian Termination for its Native citizens . In a series of laws , attempting to mainstream tribal people into the greater society , the government strove to end the U.S. government 's recognition of tribal sovereignty , eliminate trusteeship over Indian reservations , and implement state law applicability to native persons . In general the laws were expected to create taxpaying citizens , subject to state and federal taxes as well as laws , from which Native people had previously been exempt . On 13 August 1946 the Indian Claims Commission Act of 1946 , Pub . L. No. 79 - 726 , ch. 959 , was passed . Its purpose was to settle for all time any outstanding grievances or claims the tribes might have against the U.S. for treaty breaches , unauthorized taking of land , dishonorable or unfair dealings , or inadequate compensation . Claims had to be filed within a five - year period , and most of the 370 complaints that were submitted were filed at the approach of the 5 - year deadline in August , 1951 . On 2 July 1948 Congress enacted ( Public Law 881 ) 62 Stat. 1224 , which transferred criminal jurisdiction over offenses committed by and against `` Indians '' to the State of New York . It covered all reservations lands within the state and prohibited the deprivation of hunting and fishing rights which may have been guaranteed to `` any Indian tribe , band , or community , or members thereof . '' It further prohibited the state from requiring tribal members to obtain fish and game licenses . Within 2 years , Congress passed ( Public Law 785 ) 64 Stat. 845 , on 13 September 1950 which extended New York 's authority to civil disputes between Indians or Indians and others within the State . It allowed the tribes to preserve customs , prohibited taxation on reservations , and reaffirmed hunting and fishing rights . It also prohibited the state from enforcing judgments regarding any land disputes or applying any State Laws to tribal lands or claims prior to the effective date of the law 13 September 1952 . During congressional hearings on the law , tribes strongly opposed the passage , fearful that states would deprive them of their reservations . The State of New York disavowed any intention to break up or deprive tribes of their reservations and asserted that they did not have the ability to do so . On 1 August 1953 , United States Congress issued a formal statement , House Concurrent Resolution 108 , which was the formal policy presentation announcing the official federal policy of Indian termination . The resolution called for the `` immediate termination of the Flathead , Klamath , Menominee , Potawatomi , and Turtle Mountain Chippewa , as well as all tribes in the states of California , New York , Florida , and Texas . '' All federal aid , services , and protection offered to Native people were to cease , and the federal trust relationship and management of reservations would end . Individual members of terminated tribes were to become full United States citizens with all the rights , benefits and responsibilities of any other United States citizen . The resolution also called for the Interior Department to quickly identify other tribes who would be ready for termination in the near future . Beginning in 1953 , a Federal task force began meeting with the tribes of the Six Nations . Despite tribal objections , legislation was introduced into Congress for termination . The proposed legislation involved more than 11,000 Indians of the Iroquois Confederation and was divided into two separate bills . One bill dealt with the Mohawk , Oneida , Onondaga , Cayuga and Tuscarora tribes and the other dealt with the Seneca . The arguments the Six Nations made in their hearings with committees were that their treaties showed that the United States recognized that their lands belonged to the Six Nations , not the United States and that `` termination contradicted any reasonable interpretation that their lands would not be claimed or their nations disturbed '' by the federal government . The bill for the Iroquois Confederation died in committee without further serious consideration . On 31 August 1964 , H.R. 1794 An Act to authorize payment for certain interests in lands within the Allegheny Indian Reservation in New York was passed by Congress and sent to the president for signature . The bill authorized payment for resettling and rehabilitation of the Seneca Indians who were being dislocated by the construction of the Kinzua Dam on the Allegheny River . Though only 127 Seneca families ( about 500 people ) were being dislocated , the legislation benefited the entire Seneca Nation , because the taking of the Indian land for the dam abridged a 1794 treaty agreement . In addition , the bill provided that within three years , a plan from the Interior Secretary should be submitted to Congress withdrawing all federal supervision over the Seneca Nation , though technically civil and criminal jurisdiction had lain with the State of New York since 1950 . Accordingly , on 5 September 1967 a memo from the Department of the Interior announced proposed legislation was being submitted to end federal ties with the Seneca . In 1968 a new liaison was appointed from the BIA for the tribe to assist the tribe in preparing for termination and rehabilitation . The Seneca were able to hold off termination until President Nixon issued his Special Message to the Congress on Indian Affairs in July 1970 . Thus , no New York tribes then living in New York were terminated during this period . In a twist of fate , one former New York Tribe did lose its federal recognition . The Emigrant Indians of New York included the Oneidas , Stockbridge - Munsee , and Brothertown Indians of Wisconsin . In an effort to fight termination and force the government into recognizing their outstanding land claims from New York , the three tribes filed litigation with the Claims Commission in the 1950s . They won their claim on 11 August 1964 . Public Law 90 - 93 81 Stat. 229 Emigrant New York Indians of Wisconsin Judgment Act established federal trusteeship to pay the Oneidas and Stockbridge - Munsee , effectively ending Congressional termination efforts for them . Though the law did not specifically state the Brothertown Indians were terminated , it authorized all payments to be made directly to each enrollee with special provisions for minors to be handled by the Secretary . The payments were not subject to state or federal taxes . Beginning in 1978 , the Brothertown Indians submitted a petition to regain federal recognition . In 2012 the Department of the Interior , in the final determination on the Brothertown petition found that Congress had terminated their tribal status when it granted them citizenship in 1838 and therefore only Congress could restore their tribal status . They are still seeking Congressional approval . Culture Stone pipe ( 19th - century engraving ) War For the Haudenosaunee , grief for a loved one who died was a powerful emotion that if not attended would cause all sorts of problems for the grieving who if left without consolation would go mad . Rituals to honor the dead were very important and the most important of all was the Condolence ceremony to provide consolation for those who lost a family member or friend . Since it was believed that the death of a family member also weakened the spiritual strength of the surviving family members , it was considered crucially important to replace the lost family member by providing a substitute who could be adopted or alternatively could be tortured to provide an outlet for the grief . Hence the `` mourning wars '' . One of the central features of traditional Iroquois life was the `` mourning wars '' when Haudenosaunee warriors would raid neighboring peoples in search of captives to replace those Haudenosaunee who had died . War for the Haudenosaunee was primarily for captives , and the usual factors that were considered benefits of war for the Europeans like expansion of territory or glory in battle did not count for the Haudeenosaunee , who only cared about taking captives . A successful war party was one that had taken many prisoners without suffering losses in return ; killing enemies was considered acceptable if necessary , but disapproved of as it reduced the number of potential captives . Captives were seen as far more important than scalps . Additionally war served as a way for young men to demonstrate their valor and courage , which was not a prerequisite for becoming a chief , but also essential if one wanted to get married and hence have sex . A man considered a coward was viewed as unattractive by Haudenosaunee women who saw bravery in war as a very attractive feature in a man . In the precontact era , war was relativity bloodless as First Nations peoples fought one another in suits of wooden armor . In 1609 , the French explorer Samuel de Champlain observed several battles between the Algonquins and the Iroquois which featured hardly any killing , which seemed to be the norm for First Nations wars . At a battle between the Algonquins and the Iroquois by the shores of Lake Champlain , the only people killed were two Iroquois warriors when Champlain demonstrated the power of his musket to his Algonquin allies . The clan mothers would demand a `` mourning war '' to provide consolation and renewed spiritual strength for a family that lost a member to death by accusing the warriors of cowardice ; either the warriors would go on a `` mourning war '' or would be marked as cowards forever , which make them unmarriageable . At this point , the warriors would then usually leave to raid a neighboring people in search of captives . The captives were either adopted into Haudenosaunee families to become Haudenosaunee , or were to killed after bouts of ritualized torture as a way of expressing rage at the death of a family member . The male captives were usually received with blows as they were marched into the community , and were then all captives regardless of their sex or age were stripped naked and tied to poles in the middle of the community . After having sensitive parts of their bodies burned and some of their fingernails pulled out , the prisoners were allowed to rest and given food and water . In the following days , the captives had to dance naked before the community , and then it was decided if they were to be adopted or killed . If those who were adopted into the Haudenosaunee families made a sincere effort to become Haudenosaunee , then they would be embraced by the community , and if they did not , then they were swiftly executed . Those slated for execution had to wear red and black facial paint and were `` adopted '' by a family who addressed the prisoner as `` uncle '' , `` aunt '' , `` nephew '' or `` niece '' depending on their age and sex , and would bring them food and water . The captive would be executed after a day - long torture session of burning and removing body parts , which the prisoner was expected to behave with stoicism and nobility ( an expectation not usually met ) before being scalped alive , had hot sand applied to the exposed skull and finally killed by cutting out their hearts . Afterwards , the victim 's body was cut and eaten by the community . The practice of ritual torture and execution together with cannibalism ended some time in the early 18th century , and by late 18th century European writers like Philip Mazzei and James Adair were denying that the Haudenosaunee engaged in ritual torture and cannibalism , saying they had seen no evidence of such practices during their visits to Haudenosaunee villages . For Iroquois , the purpose of war was to take prisoners first and foremost , with the Onondaga chief Teganissorens telling the governor of New York , Sir Robert Hunter , in 1711 : `` We are not like you Christians , for when you have prisoners of one another you send them home , by such means you can never rout one another '' . The converse of this strategy was that the Iroquois would not accept losses in battle as it defeated the whole purpose of the `` mourning wars '' , which was to add to their numbers , not decrease them . The French during their wars with the Haudenosaunee were often astonished when a war party that was on the verge of victory over them could be made to retreat by merely killing one or two of their number . The European notion of a glorious death in battle had no counterpart with the Haudenosaunee . Death in battle was accepted only when absolutely necessary , and the Iroquois believed the souls of those who died in battle were destined to spend eternity as angry ghosts haunting the world in search of vengeance . For this reason , those who died in battle were never buried in community cemeteries , as it would bring the presence of unhappy ghosts into the community . For these reasons , the Haudenosaunee engaged in tactics that the French , the British and later on the Americans all considered to be cowardly . The Haudenosaunee preferred ambushes and surprise attacks , would almost never attack a fortified place or attack frontally , or would retreat if outnumbered . If Kanienkeh was invaded , the Haudenosaunee would attempt to ambush the enemy , or alternatively they would retreat behind the wooden walls of their villages to endure a siege . If the enemy appeared too powerful as when the French invaded Kanienkeh in 1693 , the Haudenosaunee burned their villages and their crops and the entire population retreated into the woods to wait for the French to depart . When European diseases that the Indians had no immunity to like smallpox devastated the Five Nations in the 17th century , causing thousands of deaths , the League began a period of `` mourning wars '' without precedent , which led to the virtual destruction of the Huron , Petun and Neutral peoples . By the 1640s , it is estimated that smallpox had reduced the population of the Haudenosaunee by least 50 % , which required massive `` mourning wars '' to make up these losses . The American historian Daniel Richter wrote it was at this point that war changed from being sporadic , small - scale raids launched in response to individual deaths and became `` the constant and increasing undifferentiated symptom of societies in demographic crisis '' . Furthermore , the introduction of guns , which could pierce the wooden armor , made First Nations warfare bloodier and more deadly than it had been in the pre-contact era , ending the age when armed conflicts were more brawls than battles as Europeans would had understood the term . At the same time , guns could be only be obtained by trading furs with the Europeans , and once the Haudenosaunee exhausted their supplies of beaver by about 1640 , they were forced to buy beaver pelts from Indians living further north , which led them to attempt to eliminate other middlemen in order to monopolize the fur trade in a series of `` beaver wars '' . Richter wrote `` the mourning war tradition , deaths from disease , dependence on firearms , and the trade in furs combined to produce a dangerous spiral : epidemics led to deadlier mourning wars fought with firearms ; the need for guns increased the need for pelts to trade for them ; the quest for furs provoked wars with other nations ; and deaths in those wars began the mourning war cycle anew '' . From 1640 to 1701 , the Five Nations was almost continuously at war , battling at various times the French , the Huron , the Erie , the Neutral , the Lenape , the Susquenhannock , the Petun , the Abenaki , the Ojibwa , and the Algonquins , fighting campaigns from Virginia to the Mississippi and all the way to what is now northern Ontario . Despite taking thousands of captives , the Five Nations populations continued to fall , as diseases continued to take their toll while Jesuits , whom the Haudenosaunee were forced to accept after making peace with the French in 1667 , encouraged Catholic converts to move to the St. Lawrence river valley . In the 1640s , the Mohawks could field about 800 warriors , and the 1670s , could field only 300 warriors , which suggested a population decline . Melting pot The Iroquois League traditions allowed for the dead to be symbolically replaced through captives taken in `` mourning wars '' , the blood feuds and vendettas that were an essential aspect of Iroquois culture . As a way of expediting the mourning process , raids were conducted to take vengeance and seize captives . Captives were generally adopted directly by the grieving family to replace the member ( s ) who had been lost . This process not only allowed the Iroquois to maintain their own numbers , but also to disperse and assimilate their enemies . The adoption of conquered peoples , especially during the period of the Beaver Wars ( 1609 - 1701 ) , meant that the Iroquois League was composed largely of naturalized members of other tribes . Cadwallader Colden wrote , `` It has been a constant maxim with the Five Nations , to save children and young men of the people they conquer , to adopt them into their own Nation , and to educate them as their own children , without distinction ; These young people soon forget their own country and nation and by this policy the Five Nations make up the losses which their nation suffers by the people they lose in war . '' Those who attempted to return to their families were harshly punished ; for instance , the French fur trader Pierre - Esprit Radisson was captured by an Iroquois raiding party as a teenager , was adopted by a Mohawk family , ran away to return to his family in Trois - Rivières , and upon being recaptured was punished by having his fingernails pulled out and having one of his fingers cut to the bone . However , Radisson was not executed as his adopted parents provided gifts to the families of the men Radisson had killed when he fled as compensation for their loss ; several of the Huron who fled with Radisson were not so lucky and were executed . By 1668 , two - thirds of the Oneida village were assimilated Algonquians and Hurons . At Onondaga there were Native Americans of seven different nations and among the Seneca eleven . They also adopted European captives , as did the Catholic Mohawk in settlements outside Montreal . This tradition of adoption and assimilation was common to native people of the northeast but was quite different from European settlers ' notions of combat . Settlement Traditional Iroquois longhouse At the time of first European contact the Iroquois lived in a small number of large villages scattered throughout their territory . Each nation had between one and four villages at any one time , and villages were moved approximately every five to twenty years as soil and firewood were depleted . These settlements were surrounded by a palisade and usually located in a defensible area such as a hill , with access to water . Because of their appearance with the palisade , Europeans termed them castles . Within the villages the inhabitants lived in longhouses . In 1653 , Dutch official and landowner Adriaen van der Donck described a Mohawk longhouse in his Description of New Netherland . Their houses are mostly of one and the same shape , without any special embellishment or remarkable design . When building a house , large or small , -- for sometimes they build them as long as some hundred feet , though never more than twenty feet wide -- they stick long , thin , peeled hickory poles in the ground , as wide apart and as long as the house is to be . The poles are then bent over and fastened one to another , so that it looks like a wagon or arbor as are put in gardens . Next , strips like split laths are laid across these poles from one end to the other. ... This is then well covered all over with very tough bark. ... From one end of the house to the other along the center they kindle fires , and the area left open , which is also in the middle , serves as a chimney to release the smoke . Often there are sixteen or eighteen families in a house ... This means that often a hundred or a hundred and fifty or more lodge in one house . A castle might contain twenty or thirty longhouses . In addition to the castles the Iroquois also had smaller settlements which might be occupied seasonally by smaller groups , for example for fishing or hunting . Total population for the five nations has been estimated at 20,000 before 1634 . After 1635 the population dropped to around 6,800 , chiefly due to the epidemic of smallpox introduced by contact with European settlers . By the late 1700s The Iroquois were building smaller log cabins resembling those of the colonists , but retaining some native features , such as bark roofs with smoke holes and a central fireplace . Food The Iroquois are a mix of horticulturalists , farmers , fishers , gatherers and hunters , though their main diet traditionally has come from farming . The main crops they cultivated are corn , beans and squash , which were called the three sisters ( De-oh - há - ko ) and are considered special gifts from the Creator . These crops are grown strategically . The cornstalks grow , the bean plants climb the stalks , and the squash grow beneath , inhibiting weeds and keeping the soil moist under the shade of their broad leaves . In this combination , the soil remained fertile for several decades . The food was stored during the winter , and it lasted for two to three years . When the soil in one area eventually lost its fertility , the Haudenosaunee moved their village . Gathering is the traditional job of the women and children . Wild roots , greens , berries and nuts were gathered in the summer . During spring , sap is tapped from the maple trees and boiled into maple syrup , and herbs are gathered for medicine . The Iroquois hunted mostly deer but also other game such as wild turkey and migratory birds . Muskrat and beaver were hunted during the winter . Fishing was also a significant source of food because the Iroquois had villages mostly in the St. Lawrence area . They fished salmon , trout , bass , perch and whitefish until the St. Lawrence became too polluted by industry . In the spring the Iroquois netted , and in the winter fishing holes were made in the ice . Allium tricoccum is also a part of traditional Iroquois cuisine . Dress In 1644 Johannes Megapolensis described Mohawk traditional wear . In summer they go naked , having only their private parts covered with a patch . The children and young folks to ten , twelve and fourteen years of age go stark naked . In winter , they hang about them simply an undressed deer or bear or panther skin ; or they take some beaver and otter skins , wild cat , racoon , martin , otter , mink , squirrel or such like skins ... and sew some of them to others , until it is a square piece , and that is then a garment for them ; or they buy of us Dutchmen two and a half ells ( about 170 centimetres ( 5.6 ft ) ) of duffel , and that they hang simply about them , just as it was torn off , without sewing it . On their feet the Iroquois wore moccasins , `` true to nature in its adjustment to the foot , beautiful in its materials and finish , and durable as an article of apparel . '' The moccason is made of one piece of deer - skin . It is seamed up at the heel , and also in front , above the foot , leaving the bottom of the moccasin without a seam . In front the deer - skin is gathered , in place of being crimped ; over this part porcupine quills or beads are worked , in various patterns . The plain moccasin rises several inches above the ankle ... and is fastened with deer strings ; but usually this part is turned down , so as to expose a part of the instep , and is ornamented with bead - work . Moccasins of a sort were also made of corn husks . In 1653 Dutch official Adriaen van der Donck wrote : Around their waist they all ( i.e. both men and women ) wear a belt made of leather , whalefin , whalebone , or wampum . The men pull a length of duffel cloth -- if they have it -- under this belt , front and rear , and pass it between the legs . It is over half an ell ( 35 centimetres ( 14 in ) ) wide and nine quarter - ells ( 155 centimetres ( 61 in ) ) long , which leaves a square flap hanging down in front and back ... Before duffel cloth was common in that country , and sometimes even now when it can not be had , they took for that purpose some dressed leather or fur -- The women also wear a length of woolen cloth of full width ( 165 centimetres ( 65 in ) ) and an ell and a quarter ( 90 centimetres ( 35 in ) ) long , which comes halfway down the leg . It is like a petticoat , but under it , next to the body , they wear a deerskin which also goes around the waist and ends in cleverly cut pointed edging and fringes . The wealthier women and those who have a liking for it wear such skirts wholly embroidered with wampum ... As for covering the upper part of the body both men and women use a sheet of duffel cloth of full width , i.e. nine and a half quarter - ells , and about three ells 210 centimetres ( 83 in ) long . It is usually worn over the right shoulder and tied in a knot around the waist and from there hangs down to the feet . During the 17th century , Iroquois clothing changed rapidly as a result of the introduction of scissors and needles obtained from the Europeans , and the British scholar Michael Johnson has cautioned that European accounts of Iroquois clothing from the latter 17th century may not have entirely reflected traditional pre-contact Iroquois clothing . In the 17th women normally went topless in the warm months while wearing a buckskin skirt overlapping on the left while in the winter women covered their upper bodies with a cape - like upper garment with an opening for the head . By the 18th century , cloth colored red and blue obtained from Europeans became the standard material for clothing with the men and women wearing blouses and shirts that usually decorated with beadwork and ribbons and were often worn alongside sliver broaches . By the latter 18th century , women were wearing muslin or calico long , loose - fitting overdresses . Married women wore their hair in a single braid held in place by a comb made of bone , antler or silver while unmarried wore their hair in several braids . Warriors wore moccasins , leggings and short kilts and on occasion wore robes that were highly decorated with painted designs . Initially , men 's clothing was made of buckskin and were decorated with porcupine quill - work and later on was made of broadcloth obtained from Europeans . The bodies and faces of Iroquois men were heavily tattooed with geometric designs and their noses and ears were pieced with rings made up of wampun or silver . On the warpath , the faces and bodies of the warriors were painted half red , half black . The men usually shaved most of their hair with leaving only a tuft of hair in the center , giving the name Mohawk to their hair style . A cap made of either buckskin or cloth tied to wood splints called the Gus - to - weh that was decorated with feathers was often worn by men . Chiefs wore headdresses made of deer antler . By the 18th century , Iroquois men normally wore shirts and leggings made of broadcloth and buckskin coats . In the 17th and 18th centuries silver armbands and gorgets were popular accessories . By the 1900s most Iroquois were wearing the same clothing as their non-Indian neighbors . Today most nations only wear their traditional clothing to ceremonies or special events . gusto'weh headdress Men wore a cap with a single long feather rotating in a socket called a gustoweh . Later , feathers in the gustoweh denote the wearer 's tribe by their number and positioning . The Mohawk wear three upright feathers , the Oneida two upright and one down . The Onondaga wear one feather pointing upward and another pointing down . The Cayuga have a single feather at a forty - five degree angle . The Seneca wear a single feather pointing up , and the Tuscarora have no distinguishing feathers . Writing in 1851 Morgan wrote that women 's outfits consisted of a skirt ( gä - kä ' - ah ) `` usually of blue broadcloth , and elaborately embroidered with bead - work . It requires two yards of cloth , which is worn with the selvedge at the top and bottom ; the skirt being secured about the waist and descending nearly to the top of the moccasin . '' Under the skirt , between the knees and the moccasins , women wore leggings ( gise ' - hǎ ) , called pantalettes by Morgan , `` of red broadcloth , and ornamented with a border of beadwork around the lower edge ... In ancient times the gise ' - hǎ was made of deer - skin and embroidered with porcupine - quill work . '' An over-dress ( ah - de-a ' - da - we - sa ) of muslin or calico was worn over the skirt , it is `` gathered slightly at the waist , and falls part way down the skirt ... In front it is generally buttoned with silver broaches . '' The blanket ( e'yose ) is two or three yards of blue or green broadcloth `` it falls from the head or neck in natural folds the width of the cloth , as the selvedges are at the top and bottom , and it is gathered round the person like a shawl . '' The women wore their hair very long and tied together at the back , or `` tied at the back of the head and folded into a tress of about a hand 's length , like a beaver tail ... they wear around the forehead a strap of wampum shaped like the headband that some was worn in olden times . '' `` The men have a long lock hanging down , some on one side of the head , and some on both sides . On the top of their heads they have a streak of hair from the forehead to the neck , about the breadth of three fingers , and this they shorten until it is about two or three fingers long , and it stands right on end like a cock 's comb or hog 's bristles ; on both sides of this cock 's comb they cut all the hair short , except for the aforesaid locks , and they also leave on the bare places here and there small locks , such as aree in sweeping brushes and then they are in fine array . '' This is the forerunner to what is today called a `` Mohawk hairstyle . '' The women did not paint their faces . The men `` paint their faces red , blue , etc . '' Medicine Plants traditionally used by the Iroquois include Agrimonia gryposepala , which was to treat diarrhea , and interrupted fern , used for blood and venereal diseases and conditions . Cone flower ( Echinacea ) , an immune system booster and treatment for respiratory disease was also known and used . They also give an infusion of Chelidonium majus , another plant & milk to pigs that drool and have sudden movements . They use Ranunculus acris , in that apply a poultice of the smashed plant to the chest for pains and for colds , take an infusion of the roots for diarrhea , and apply a poultice of plant fragments with another plant to the skin for excess water in the blood . Symphyotrichum novae - angliae is used in a decoction for weak skin , use a decoction of the roots and leaves for fevers , use the plant as a `` love medicine '' , and use an infusion of whole plant and rhizomes from another plant to treat mothers with intestinal fevers , . A decoction of the roots of chicory is used as a wash and applied as a poultice to chancres and fever sores . A decoction of the root of Allium tricoccum is used to treat worms in children , and they also use the decoction as a spring tonic to `` clean you out '' . Epigaea repens is also utilized , as they use a compound for labor pains in parturition , use a compound decoction for rheumatism , take a decoction of the leaves for indigestion , and they also take a decoction of the whole plant or roots , stalks and leaves taken for the kidneys . A pounded infusion of the roots of Potentilla canadensis is given as an antidiarrheal . They also use Senna hebecarpa as a worm remedy and take a compound decoction of it as a laxative . The whole plant of Solidago rugosa is used for biliousness and as liver medicine , and they take decoction of its flowers and leaves dizziness , weakness or sunstroke . The Iroquois take a compound decoction of the Carex oligosperma as an emetic before running or playing lacrosse . The Iroquois also used quinine , chamomile , ipecac , and a form of penicillin . Women in Society Further information : Clan Mother and Matriarchy The Iroquois have historically followed a matriarchal system . No person is entitled to ' own ' land , but it is believed that the Creator appointed women as stewards of the land . Traditionally , the Clan Mothers appoint leaders , as they have raised children and are therefore held to a higher regard . By the same token , if a leader does not prove sound , becomes corrupt or does not listen to the people , the Clan Mothers have the power to strip him of his leadership . The Iroquois have traditionally followed a matrilineal system , with women holding property and hereditary leadership passing through their lines . Historically women have held the dwellings , horses and farmed land , and a woman 's property before marriage has stayed in her possession without being mixed with that of her husband . Men and women have traditionally had separate roles but both hold real power in the Nations . The work of a woman 's hands is hers to do with as she sees fit . Historically , at marriage , a young couple lived in the longhouse of the wife 's family . A woman choosing to divorce a shiftless or otherwise unsatisfactory husband is able to ask him to leave the dwelling and take his possessions with him . The children of a traditional marriage belong to their mother 's clan and gain their social status through hers . Her brothers are important teachers and mentors to the children , especially introducing boys to men 's roles and societies . The clans are matrilineal , that is , clan ties are traced through the mother 's line . If a couple separates , the woman traditionally keeps the children . The chief of a clan can be removed at any time by a council of the women elders of that clan . The chief 's sister has historically been responsible for nominating his successor . It is regarded as incest by the Iroquois to marry within one 's matrilineal clan , but considered acceptable to marry someone from the same patrilineal clan . Spiritual beliefs Member of the False Face Society Like many cultures , the Iroquois ' spiritual beliefs changed over time and varied across tribes . Generally , the Iroquois believed in numerous deities , including the Great Spirit , the Thunderer , and the Three Sisters ( the spirits of beans , maize , and squash ) . The Great Spirit was thought to have created plants , animals , and humans to control `` the forces of good in nature '' , and to guide ordinary people . Orenda was the Iroquoian name for the magical potence found in people and their environment . The Iroquois believed in the orenda , the spiritual force that flowed all things , and believed if people were respectful of nature , then the orenda would harnessed to bring about positive results . There were three types of spirits for the Iroquois : 1 ) Those living on the earth 2 ) Those living above the earth and 3 ) the highest level of spirits controlling the universe from high above with the most highest being known variously as the Great Spirit , the Great Creator or the Master of Life . Sources provide different stories about Iroquois creation beliefs . Brascoupé and Etmanskie focus on the first person to walk the earth , called the Skywoman or Aientsik . Aientsik 's daughter Tekawerahkwa gave birth to twins , Tawiskaron , who created vicious animals and river rapids , while Okwiraseh created `` all that is pure and beautiful '' . After a battle where Okwiraseh defeated Tawiskaron , Tawiskaron was confined to `` the dark areas of the world '' , where he governed the night and destructive creatures . Other scholars present the `` twins '' as the Creator and his brother , Flint . The Creator was responsible for game animals , while Flint created predators and disease . Saraydar ( 1990 ) suggests the Iroquois do not see the twins as polar opposites but understood their relationship to be more complex , noting `` Perfection is not to be found in gods or humans or the worlds they inhabit . '' Descriptions of Iroquois spiritual history consistently refer to dark times of terror and misery prior to the Iroquois Confederacy , ended by the arrival of the Great Peacemaker . Tradition asserts that the Peacemaker demonstrated his authority as the Creator 's messenger by climbing a tall tree above a waterfall , having the people cut down the tree , and reappearing the next morning unharmed . The Peacemaker restored mental health to a few of the most `` violent and dangerous men '' , Ayonhwatha and Thadodaho , who then helped him bear the message of peace to others . After the arrival of the Europeans , some Iroquois became Christians , among them the first Native American Saint , Kateri Tekakwitha , a young woman of Mohawk - Algonquin parents . The Seneca sachem Handsome Lake , also known as Ganeodiyo , introduced a new religious system to the Iroquois in the late 18th century , which incorporated Quaker beliefs along with traditional Iroquoian culture . Handsome Lake 's teachings include a focus on parenting , appreciation of life , and peace . A key aspect of Handsome Lake 's teachings is the principle of equilibrium , wherein each person 's talents combined into a functional community . By the 1960s , at least 50 % of Iroquois followed this religion . Dreams play a significant role in Iroquois spirituality , providing information about a person 's desires and prompting individuals to fulfill dreams . To communicate upward , humans can send prayers to spirits by burning tobacco . Iroquois ceremonies are primarily concerned with farming , healing , and thanksgiving . Key festivals correspond to the agricultural calendar , and include Maple , Planting , Strawberry , Green Maize , Harvest , and Mid-Winter ( or New Year 's ) , which is held in early February . The ceremonies were given by the Creator to the Iroquois to balance good with evil . In the 17th century , Europeans described the Iroquois as having 17 festivals , but only 8 are observed today . The most important of the ceremonies were the New Year Festival , the Maple Festival held in late March to celebrate spring , the Sun Shooting Festival which also celebrates spring , the Seed Dance in May to celebrate the planting of the crops , the Strawberry Festival in June to celebrate the ripening of the strawberries , the Thunder Ceremony to bring rain in July , the Green Bean Festival in early August , the Green Corn Festival in late August and the Harvest Festival in October . Of all the festivals , the most important were the Green Corn Festival to celebrate the maturing of the corn and the New Year Festival . During all of the festivals , men and women from the False Face Society , the Medicine Society and the Husk Face Society would dance wearing their masks in attempt to humor the spirits that controlled nature . The most important of the occasions for the masked dancers to appear were the New Year Festival , which was felt to be an auspicious occasion to chase the malevolent spirits that were believed to cause disease . During healing ceremonies , a carved `` False Face Mask '' is worn to represent spirits in a tobacco - burning and prayer ritual . False Face Masks are carved in living trees , then cut free to be painted and decorated . False Faces represent grandfathers of the Iroquois , and are thought to reconnect humans and nature and to frighten illness - causing spirits . The False Face Society continues today among modern Iroquois . The Iroquois have three different medical societies . The False Face Company conducts rituals to cure sick people by driving away spirits ; the Husk Face Society is made up of those had dreams seen as messages from the spirits and the Secret Medicine Society likewise conducts rituals to cure the sick . There are 12 different types of masks worn by the societies . The types of masks are A ) The Secret Society of Medicine Men and the Company of Mystic Animals 1 ) Divided mask that painted half black and half red . 2 ) Masks with exaggerated long noses . 3 ) Horn masks 4 ) Blind masks without eye sockets. B) Husk Face Society 5 ) Masks made of braided corn C ) False Face Society 6 ) Whistling masks 7 ) Masks with smiling faces . 8 ) Masks with protruding tongues. 9 ) Masks with exaggerated hanging mouths . 10 ) Masks with exaggerated straight lops. 11 ) Masks with spoon - lips . 12 ) Masks with a disfigured twisted mouth . The `` crooked face '' masks with the twisted mouths , the masks with the spoon lips and the whistling masks are the Doctor masks . The other masks are `` Common Face '' or `` Beggar '' masks that are worn by those who help the Doctors . The Husk Face Society performs rituals to communicate with the spirits in nature to ensure a good crop , the False Face Society performs rituals to chase away evil spirits and the Secret Medicine Society performs rituals to cure diseases . The grotesque masks represent the faces of the spirits that the dancers are attempting to please . Those wearing Doctor masks blow hot ashes into the faces of the sick to chase away the evil spirits that are believed to be causing the illness . The masked dancers often carried turtle shell rattles and long staffs . Condolence ceremonies are conducted by the Iroquois for both ordinary and important people , but most notably when sachems died . Such ceremonies were still held on Iroquois reservations as late as the 1970s . After death , the soul is thought to embark on a journey , undergo a series of ordeals , and arrive in the sky world . This journey is thought to take one year , during which the Iroquois mourn for the dead . After the mourning period , a feast is held to celebrate the soul 's arrival in the skyworld . `` Keepers of the faith '' are part - time specialists who conduct religious ceremonies . Both men and women can be appointed as keepers of the faith by tribe elders . Festivals The Iroquois traditionally celebrate six major festivals throughout the year . These usually combine a spiritual component and ceremony , a feast , a chance to celebrate together , sports , entertainment and dancing . These celebrations have historically been oriented to the seasons and celebrated based on the cycle of nature rather than fixed calendar dates . For instance , the Mid-winter festival , Gi ' - ye - wä - no - us - quä - go - wä ( `` The supreme belief '' ) ushers in the new year . This festival is traditionally held for one week around the end of January to early February , depending on when the new moon occurs that year . Games and sports The favorite sport of the Iroquois was lacrosse ( O - tä - dä - jish ′ - quä - äge in Seneca ) . This version was played between two teams of six or eight players , made up of members of two sets of clans ( Wolf , Bear , Beaver , and Turtle on one side vs. Deer , Snipe , Heron , and Hawk on the other among the Senecas ) . The goals were two sets of poles roughly 450 yards ( 410 m ) apart . The poles were about 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) high and placed about 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) apart . A goal was scored by carrying or throwing a deer - skin ball between the goal posts using netted sticks -- touching the ball with hands was prohibited . The game was played to a score of five or seven . The modern version of lacrosse remains popular as of 2015 . A popular winter game was the snow - snake game . The `` snake '' was a hickory pole about 5 -- 7 feet ( 1.5 -- 2.1 m ) long and about . 25 inches ( 0.64 cm ) in diameter , turned up slightly at the front and weighted with lead . The game was played between two sides of up to six players each , often boys , but occasionally between the men of two clans . The snake , or Gawa ′ sa , was held by placing the index finger against the back end and balancing it on the thumb and other fingers . It was not thrown but slid across the surface of the snow . The side whose snake went the farthest scored one point . Other snakes from the same side which went farther than any other snake of the opposing side also scored a point ; the other side scored nothing . This was repeated until one side scored the number of points which had been agreed to for the game , usually seven or ten . The Peach - stone game ( Guskä ′ eh ) was a gambling game in which the clans bet against each other . Traditionally it was played on the final day of the Green Corn , Harvest , and Mid-winter festivals . The game was played using a wooden bowl about one foot in diameter and six peach - stones ( pits ) ground to oval shape and burned black on one side . A `` bank '' of beans , usually 100 , was used to keep score and the winner was the side who won them all . Two players sat on a blanket - covered platform raised a few feet off the floor . To play the peach stones were put into the bowl and shaken . Winning combinations were five of either color or six of either color showing . Players started with five beans each from the bank . The starting player shook the bowl ; if he shook a five the other player paid him one bean , if a six five beans . If he shook either he got to shake again . If he shook anything else the turn passed to his opponent . All his winnings were handed over to a `` manager '' or `` managers '' for his side . If a player lost all of his beans another player from his side took his place and took five beans from the bank . Once all beans had been taken from the bank the game continued , but with the draw of beans now coming from the winnings of the player 's side , which were kept out of sight so that no one but the managers knew how the game was going . The game was finished when one side had won all the beans . The game sometimes took quite a while to play , depending on the starting number of beans , and games lasting more than a day were common . The First Nations Lacrosse Association is recognized by the Federation of International Lacrosse as a sovereign state for international lacrosse competitions . It is the only sport in which the Iroquois field national teams and the only indigenous people 's organization sanctioned for international competition by any world sporting governing body . Naming conventions Each clan has a group of personal names which may be used to name members . The clan mother is responsible for keeping track of those names not in use , which may then be reused to name infants . When a child becomes an adult he takes a new `` adult '' name in place of his `` baby '' name . Some names are reserved for chiefs or faith keepers , and when a person assumes that office he takes the name in a ceremony in which he is considered to `` resuscitate '' the previous holder . If a chief resigns or is removed he gives up the name and resumes his previous one . Cannibalism Although the Iroquois are sometimes mentioned as examples of groups who practiced cannibalism , the evidence is mixed as to whether such a practice could be said to be widespread among the Six Nations , and to whether it was a notable cultural feature . Some anthropologists have found evidence of ritual torture and cannibalism at Iroquois sites , for example , among the Onondaga in the sixteenth century . However , other scholars , most notably anthropologist William Arens in his controversial book , The Man - Eating Myth , have challenged the evidence , suggesting the human bones found at sites point to funerary practices , asserting that if cannibalism was practiced among the Iroquois , it was not widespread . Modern anthropologists seem to accept the probability that cannibalism did exist among the Iroquois , with Thomas Abler describing the evidence from the Jesuit Relations and archaeology as making a `` case for cannibalism in early historic times ... so strong that it can not be doubted . '' . Scholars are also urged to remember the context for a practice that now shocks the modern Western society . Sanday reminds us that the ferocity of the Iroquois ' rituals `` can not be separated from the severity of conditions ... where death from hunger , disease , and warfare became a way of life '' . The missionaries Johannes Megapolensis and François - Joseph Bressani , and the fur trader Pierre - Esprit Radisson present first - hand accounts of cannibalism among the Mohawk . A common theme is ritualistic roasting and eating the heart of a captive who has been tortured and killed . `` To eat your enemy is to perform an extreme form of physical dominance . '' People Nations The first five nations listed below formed the original Five Nations ( listed from east to west , as they were oriented to the sunrise ) ; the Tuscarora became the sixth nation in 1722 . English word Iroquoian words Meaning 17th / 18th century location Mohawk Kanien'kehá : ka `` People of the Great Flint '' Mohawk River Oneida Onyota'a : ka `` People of the Standing Stone '' Oneida Lake Onondaga Onöñda'gega ' `` People of the Hills '' Onondaga Lake Cayuga Gayogo̱ho : nǫʔ `` People of the Great Swamp '' Cayuga Lake Seneca Onöndowá'ga : `` People of the Great Hill '' Seneca Lake and Genesee River Tuscarora Ska : rù : rę ' `` Hemp Gatherers '' From North Carolina 1 Not one of the original Five Nations ; joined 1720 . 2 Settled between the Oneida and Onondaga . Iroquois Five Nations c. 1650 Iroquois Six Nations c. 1720 Clans See also : Iroquois kinship Within each of the six nations , people belonged to a number of matrilineal clans . The number of clans varies by nation , currently from three to eight , with a total of nine different clan names . Current clans Seneca Cayuga Onondaga Tuscarora Oneida Mohawk Wolf ( Honöta : yö : nih ) Wolf ( Honǫtahyǫ́ : ni :) Wolf ( Hothahi : ionih ) Wolf ( Θkwarì nę ) Wolf ( Thayú : ni ) Wolf ( Okwáho ) Bear ( Hodidzöní'ga : ' ) Bear ( Hadihnyagwái ) Bear ( Ohgwai : ih ) Bear ( Uhčíhręˀ ) Bear ( Ohkwá : li ) Bear ( Ohkwá : ri ) Turtle ( Hadínyahdë : h ) Turtle ( Hadinyáhdę :) Turtle ( Hanya'dëñh ) Turtle ( Ráˀkwihs ) Turtle ( A'no : wál ) Turtle ( A'nó : wara ) Sandpiper / Snipe ( Hodí'nehsi : yo ' ) Sandpiper ( Hodi'nehsí : yo ' ) Snipe ( Odihnesi : ioh ) Sandpiper ( Tawístawis ) -- -- Deer ( Hodí : nyögwaiyo ' ) -- Deer ( De'odijinaindönda ' ) Deer ( Kà ? wí : ñu ) -- -- Beaver ( Hodígë'ge : ga : ' ) -- Beaver ( Hona'gaia'gih ) Beaver ( Rakinęhá ha ˀ ) -- -- Heron ( Hodidáë'ö : ga : ' ) ' Heron Heron -- -- -- Hawk / Eagle ( Hodíswë'gaiyo ' ) ' Hawk ( Hodihsw'ęgáiyo ' ) Hawk ( Degaiadahkwa ' ) -- -- -- -- -- Eel ( Ohgönde : na ' ) Eel ( Akunęhukwatíha ˀ ) -- -- Population History According to the Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life , The Iroquois Confederacy had 10,000 people at its peak , but by the 18th century , their population had decreased to 4,000 , recovering only to 7,000 by 1910 . According to data compiled in 1995 by Doug George - Kanentiio , a total of 51,255 Six Nations people lived in Canada . These included 15,631 Mohawk in Quebec ; 14,051 Mohawk in Ontario ; 3,970 Oneida in Ontario ; and a total of 17,603 of the Six Nations at the Grand River Reserve in Ontario . More recently according to the Six Nations Elected Council , some 12,436 on the Six Nations of the Grand River reserve , the largest First Nations reserve in Canada , as of December 2014 and 26,034 total in Canada . In 1995 , tribal registrations among the Six Nations in the United States numbered about 30,000 in total , with the majority of 17,566 in New York . The remainder were more than 10,000 Oneida in Wisconsin , and about 2200 Seneca - Cayuga in Oklahoma . As the nations individually determine their rules for membership or citizenship , they report the official numbers . ( Some traditional members of the nations refuse to be counted . ) There is no federally recognized Iroquois nation or tribe , nor are any Native Americans enrolled as Iroquois . In the 2000 United States census , 80,822 people identified as having Iroquois ethnicity ( which is similar to identifying as European ) , with 45,217 claiming only Iroquois ancestry . There are the several reservations in New York : Cayuga Nation of New York ( ~ 450 , ) St. Regis Mohawk Reservation ( 3248 in 2014 ) , Onondaga Reservation ( 473 in 2014 ) , Oneida Indian Nation ( ~ 1000 ) , Seneca Nation of New York ( ~ 8000 ) and the Tuscarora Reservation ( 1100 in 2010 ) . Some lived at the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin on the reservation there counting some 21,000 according to the 2000 census . Seneca - Cayuga Nation in Oklahoma has more than 5,000 people in 2011 . In the 2010 Census , 81,002 persons identified as Iroquois , and 40,570 as Iroquois only across the United States . Including the Iroquois in Canada , the total population numbered over 125,000 as of 2009 . Famous Seneca chief , Red Jacket , political negotiator and critic of European religion , speaking to crowd Seneca chief Cornplanter Joseph Brant , painted by the American artist Gilbert Stuart Prominent individuals Frederick Alexcee , artist ( also of Tsimshian ancestry ) Henry Armstrong , boxer , # 2 in Ring Magazine 's list of the 80 Best Fighters of the Last 80 Years George Armstrong , hockey player , most successful captain of the Toronto Maple Leafs , with five Stanley Cup victories . Akiatonharónkwen or Joseph Louis Cook , a Mohawk leader born to Abenaki and African - American parents and adopted by the Mohawk Chief John Big Tree , Seneca chief and actor Governor Blacksnake ( Chainbreaker ) Thaonawyuthe , Seneca war chief Joseph Brant or Thayendanegea , Mohawk leader Canasatego , Onondaga leader , diplomat and spokesperson known for his speech at the 1744 Treaty of Lancaster , where he recommended that the British colonies emulate the Iroquois by forming a confederacy . Polly Cooper , Oneida who aided the Continental army during the American Revolution and was a friend of George Washington Cornplanter or Kaintwakon , Seneca chief Jesse Cornplanter , Seneca artist and author David Cusick , Tuscarora artist and author Deganawida or The Great Peacemaker , the traditional founder , along with Hiawatha , of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy Deserontyon ( John Deseronto ) , prominent Mohawk war chief Gary Farmer , Cayuga actor Graham Greene , Oneida and award - winning Canadian actor Handsome Lake ( Ganioda'yo ) , Seneca religious leader Cornelius Hill ( Onangwatgo ) , last hereditary Oneida chief , also Episcopal priest Lillie Rosa Minoka Hill , Mohawk physician who was the second female American Indian doctor in the United States Little Beard Si - gwa - ah - doh - gwih ( `` Spear Hanging Down '' ) , Seneca chief John Smoke Johnson ( Sakayengwaraton ) , Mohawk chief Pauline Johnson , Canadian writer and performer popular in the late 19th century , of Mohawk - European ancestry Stan `` Bulldog '' Jonathan , Mohawk professional hockey left winger Ki Longfellow , novelist Tom Longboat ( Cogwagee ) , Onondaga distance runner Oren Lyons , Onondaga , traditional Faithkeeper of the Turtle clan Shelley Niro , Mohawk filmmaker , photographer , and installation artist John Norton ( Teyoninhokovrawen ) , Mohawk warrior and leader of Cherokee - Scottish ancestry ( adopted by Mohawk ) Skenandoa ( `` pine tree chief '' ) , Oneida chief Ely S. Parker , also known as Donehogawa or Häsanoan ′ da , Seneca , Union Army officer during American Civil War ; appointed Commissioner of Indian Affairs by President Ulysses S. Grant Sanford Plummer , Seneca artist Red Jacket , Seneca orator and chief of the Wolf clan Robbie Robertson , Mohawk , songwriter , guitarist and singer who was part of The Band . Sayenqueraghta , Seneca war chief August Schellenberg , Mohawk - Métis actor Jay Silverheels , actor , Canadian Mohawk , portrayed Tonto the companion to The Lone Ranger on US TV series Joanne Shenandoah , Oneida singer , songwriter , actress and educator Tanacharison ( Half - king ) , Seneca war leader during the Seven Years ' War Kateri Tekakwitha , Mohawk - Algonquin , first Catholic Native American saint Billy Two Rivers , Mohawk professional wrestler Government Mohawk leader John Smoke Johnson ( right ) with John Tutela and Young Warner , two other Six Nations War of 1812 veterans . Photo : July 1882 The Grand Council of the Six Nations is an assembly of 56 Hoyenah ( chiefs ) or sachems . Today , the seats on the Council are distributed among the Six Nations as follows : 14 Onondaga 10 Cayuga 9 Oneida 9 Mohawk 8 Seneca 6 Tuscarora When anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan studied the Grand Council in the 19th century , he interpreted it as a central government . This interpretation became influential , but Richter argues that while the Grand Council served an important ceremonial role , it was not a government in the sense that Morgan thought . According to this view , Iroquois political and diplomatic decisions are made on the local level , and are based on assessments of community consensus . A central government that develops policy and implements it for the people at large is not the Iroquois model of government . Unanimity in public acts was essential to the Council . In 1855 , Minnie Myrtle observed that no Iroquois treaty was binding unless it was ratified by 75 % of the male voters and 75 % of the mothers of the nation . In revising Council laws and customs , a consent of two - thirds of the mothers was required . The need for a double supermajority to make major changes made the Confederacy a de facto consensus government . The women traditionally held real power , particularly the power to veto treaties or declarations of war . The members of the Grand Council of Sachems were chosen by the mothers of each clan . If any leader failed to comply with the wishes of the women of his tribe and the Great Law of Peace , the mother of his clan could demote him , a process called `` knocking off the horns '' . The deer antlers , an emblem of leadership , were removed from his headgear , thus returning him to private life . Councils of the mothers of each tribe were held separately from the men 's councils . The women used men as runners to send word of their decisions to concerned parties , or a woman could appear at the men 's council as an orator , presenting the view of the women . Women often took the initiative in suggesting legislation . Wampum belts See also : Wampum Chiefs of the Six Nations explaining their wampum belts to Horatio Hale , 1871 Haudenosaunee flag created in the 1980s . It is based on the `` Hiawatha Wampum Belt ... created from purple and white wampum beads centuries ago to symbolize the union forged when the former enemies buried their weapons under the Great Tree of Peace . '' It represents the original five nations that were united by the Peacemaker and Hiawatha . The tree symbol in the center represents an Eastern White Pine , the needles of which are clustered in groups of five . The term `` wampum '' refers to beads made from purple and white mollusk shells . Species used to make wampum include the highly prized quahog clam ( Mercenaria mercenaria ) which produces the famous purple colored beads . For white colored beads the shells from the channeled whelk ( Busycon canaliculatum ) , knobbed whelk ( Busycon carica ) , lightning whelk ( Busycon sinistrum ) , and snow whelk ( Busycon Laeostomum ) are used . Wampum was primarily used to make wampum belts by the Iroquois . Wampum belts are used to signify the importance of a specific message being presented . Treaty making often involved wampum belts to signify the importance of the treaty . A famous example is `` The Two Row Wampum '' or `` Guesuenta '' , meaning `` it brightens our minds '' , which was originally presented to the Dutch settlers , and then French , representing a canoe and a sailboat moving side - by - side along the river of life , not interfering with the other 's course . All non-Native settlers are , by associations , members of this treaty . `` The Covenant Belt '' was presented to the Iroquois at the signing of the Canandaigua Treaty . The belt has a design of thirteen human figures representing symbolically the Thirteen Colonies of the United States . The house and the two figures directly next to the house represent the Iroquois people and the symbolic longhouse . The figure on the left of the house represent the Seneca Nation who are the symbolic guardians of the western door ( western edge of Iroquois territory ) and the figure to the right of the house represents the Mohawk who are the keepers of the eastern door ( eastern edge of Iroquois territory ) . The Hiawatha belt is the national belt of the Iroquois and is represented in the Iroquois Confederacy flag . The belt has four squares and a tree in the middle which represents the original five nations of the Iroquois . Going from left to right the squares represent the Seneca , Cayuga , Oneida and Mohawk . The Onondaga are represented by an eastern white pine which represents the Tree of Peace . Traditionally the Onondaga are the peace keepers of the confederacy . The placement of the nations on the belt represents the actually geographical distribution of the six nations over their shared territory , with the Seneca in the far west and the Mohawk in the far east of Iroquois territory . Influence on the United States Historians in the 20th century have suggested the Iroquois system of government influenced the development of the United States 's government . Contact between the leaders of the English colonists and the Iroquois started with efforts to form an alliance via the use of treaty councils . Prominent individuals such as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson were often in attendance . Bruce Johansen proposes that the Iroquois had a representative form of government . The Six Nations ' governing committee was elected by the men and women of the tribe , one member from each of the six nations . Giving each member the same amount of authority in the council ensured no man received too much power , providing some of the same effect as the United States 's future system of checks and balances . Consensus has not been reached on how influential the Iroquois model was to the development of United States ' documents such as the Articles of Confederation and United States Constitution . The influence thesis has been discussed by historians such as Donald Grinde and Bruce Johansen . In 1988 , the United States Congress passed a resolution to recognize the influence of the Iroquois League upon the Constitution and Bill of Rights . In 1987 , Cornell University held a conference on the link between the Iroquois ' government and the U.S. Constitution . Scholars such as Jack N. Rakove challenge thesis . Stanford University historian Rakove writes , `` The voluminous records we have for the constitutional debates of the late 1780s contain no significant references to the Iroquois '' and notes that there are ample European precedents to the democratic institutions of the United States . Historian Francis Jennings noted that supporters of the thesis frequently cite the following statement by Benjamin Franklin , made in a letter from Benjamin Franklin to James Parker in 1751 : `` It would be a very strange thing , if six Nations of ignorant savages should be capable of forming a Scheme for such a Union ... and yet that a like union should be impracticable for ten or a Dozen English Colonies , '' but he disagrees that it establishes influence . Rather , he thinks Franklin was promoting union against the `` ignorant savages '' and called the idea `` absurd '' . The anthropologist Dean Snow has stated that although Franklin 's Albany Plan may have drawn inspiration from the Iroquois League , there is little evidence that either the Plan or the Constitution drew substantially from that source . He argues that `` ... such claims muddle and denigrate the subtle and remarkable features of Iroquois government . The two forms of government are distinctive and individually remarkable in conception . '' Similarly , the anthropologist Elizabeth Tooker has concluded that `` there is virtually no evidence that the framers borrowed from the Iroquois . '' She argues that the idea is a myth resulting from a claim made by linguist and ethnographer J.N.B. Hewitt that was exaggerated and misunderstood after his death in 1937 . According to Tooker , the original Iroquois constitution did not involve representative democracy and elections ; deceased chiefs ' successors were selected by the most senior woman within the hereditary lineage in consultation with other women in the tribe . International relations Further information : Iroquois passport The Grand Council of the Iroquois Confederacy declared war on Germany in 1917 during World War I and again in 1942 in World War II . The Haudenosaunee government has issued passports since 1923 , when Haudenosaunee authorities issued a passport to Cayuga statesman Deskaheh ( Levi General ) to travel to the League of Nations headquarters . More recently , passports have been issued since 1997 . Before 2001 these were accepted by various nations for international travel , but with increased security concerns across the world since the September 11 attacks , this is no longer the case . In 2010 , the Iroquois Nationals lacrosse team was allowed by the U.S. to travel on their own passports to the 2010 World Lacrosse Championship in England only after the personal intervention of Secretary of State Hillary Clinton . However , the British government refused to recognize the Iroquois passports and denied the team members entry into the United Kingdom . The Onondaga Nation spent $1.5 million on a subsequent upgrade to the passports designed to meet 21st century international security requirements . Modern communities Iroquois in Buffalo , New York , 1914 Canada Kahnawake Mohawk in Quebec Kanesatake Mohawk in Quebec Mohawk Nation of Akwesasne in Ontario Thames Oneida in Ontario Six Nations of the Grand River Territory in Ontario Tyendinaga Mohawk in Ontario Wahta Mohawk in Ontario United States Cayuga Nation in New York Ganienkeh Mohawk -- not federally recognized Kanatsiohareke Mohawk Onondaga Nation in New York Oneida Indian Nation in New York Oneida Tribe of Indians in Wisconsin St. Regis Band of Mohawk Indians in New York Seneca Nation of New York Seneca - Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma Tuscarora Nation of New York See also Indigenous peoples of North America portal Covenant Chain David Cusick Delaware / Lenni - Lenape Economy of the Iroquois Ely S. Parker First Nations Lacrosse Association Ganondagan State Historic Site Great Law of Peace Gideon Hawley Handsome Lake Heritage Minutes History of New York History of Ontario Iroquois mythology Iroquois settlement of the northern shores of Lake Ontario Mohawk Chapel Red Jacket Seven Nations of Canada Sir William Johnson Six Nations of the Grand River Sullivan Expedition Town Destroyer The Kahnawake Iroquois and the Rebellions of 1837 - 38 The Flying Head Urban Indian Notes Jump up ^ Barbara Graymont ( 1972 ) . The Iroquois in the American Revolution ( 1st Paperback ed . ) . Syracuse University Press . pp. 14 -- 15 . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 0116 - 6 . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . It was a confederation based on kinship -- a symbolic household . They called their confederation Ganonsyoni , which means `` The Lodge Extended Lengthwise '' , that is , a lodge that is `` spread out far '' . All individuals and all the tribes of the Confederacy were considered as one family living together in one lodge . The Mohawks , dwelling furthest east , were Keepers of the Western Door . The Onondagas , situated in the center , were the Fire Keepers as well as the Wampum Keepers . Onondaga was therefore , the capital , where the Grand Council was held and wampum records were kept . The local clan chiefs of each tribe meeting together as a unit were the federal chiefs of the League . The Mohawks , Onondagas , and Senecas were the Elder Brothers ; The Oneidas and Cayugas , the Younger Brothers . The younger and elder brethren sat on opposite sides of the lodge and counseled across the fire with each other . The Onondagas sat in the middle and kept the balance between the two sides . Jump up ^ Morgan : `` eighty rods '' Jump up ^ `` three rods '' Jump up ^ The American Heritage encyclopedia relates that the Europeans learned about many of the interior tribes through the names given to them by the coastal tribes whom they first encountered . As the tribes were competitors and often enemies , the coastal peoples referred to the other tribes in terms that reflected their relations . The coastal tribes were among the large family of Algonquian language speakers , such as the Eastern Amerindians of Canada ( M'ik Maq and others ) , and the Lenape of the mid-Atlantic and Powhatan Confederacy of Virginia . The editors add , that Iroquois was a polite name from such people , and its meaning is ' from the south ' , people of the south , or such similar name . Jump up ^ The American Heritage Book of Indians states that oral tradition recounts that other Iroquoian peoples were given the opportunity to join the league . Jump up ^ extinct in part , but their surviving members sometimes were adopted by the Iroquois . The Editors of American Heritage Book of Indians said that one French observer hypothesized that by the end of 1678 , the adopted Iroquois may have outnumbered native - born tribesmen due to the decades of intertribal warfare . During that time frame , the Iroquois had repeated clashes with French - supported Algonquian tribes , seeking control over the fur trade . In addition they defeated the Erie people , and the Susquehannock suffered defeats , as well as high mortality from infectious disease . Jump up ^ The American Heritage Book of Indians states ( about the time of prolonged European contact , from 1600 - 1608 on ) the Iroquoian Huron people probably outnumbered the Five Tribes of the Iroquois combined populations by roughly 3 : 1 ; the editor 's assigned population estimates of 30,000 and 10,000 per group , with estimates the Erie and Susquehannock were also about 10,000 people per tribe -- all previous to the widespread ravages of diseases and the escalation of the Beaver Wars ... Jump up ^ The decline of the ' fierce ' Susquehannock was sudden between 1670 - 72 through three years of epidemic disease , going from a regional military power having subjugated several Delaware tribes and over two years were known to have soundly defeated two tribes of the Iroquois 1665 - 1667 Footnotes Jump up ^ Beauchamp , William Martin ( 1905 ) . A History of the New York Iroquois . New York State Education Department . p. 165 . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daeg de Mott , D.K. ( 2009 ) . `` Iroquois '' . In Gall , Timothy L. ; Hobby , Jeneen . Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life , Vol. 2 ( 2nd ed . ) . Detroit : Gale . pp. 304 -- 310 . ISBN 978 - 1414448909 . Retrieved 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Day , Gordon M. ( Autumn , 1968 ) . `` Iroquois : An Etymology . '' Ethnohistory. 15 ( 4 ) : 389 -- 402 . Jump up ^ Goddard , I. , `` Synonymy . '' In G. Trigger ( Ed . ) , Handbook of North American Indians : Northeast ( Vol. 15 , pp. 319 -- 321 ) . 1978 . Jump up ^ ( e ) pronunciation according to Goddard , 1978 . ( ɛ ) pronunciation according to Day , 1968 . ^ Jump up to : Quoted in Day , 1968 . Jump up ^ Day , 1968 Jump up ^ H ( ewitt ) , J.N. ( 1907 ) . `` Iroquois '' . In Hodge , Frederick Webb ( Ed . ) Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico , pp 617 -- 620 . ^ Jump up to : Goddard , 1978 . Jump up ^ Day , 1968 . Jump up ^ Bakker , Peter ( 1991 ) . `` A Basque etymology for the Amerindian tribal name Iroquois . '' Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca ( ASJU Geh ) . 14 ( 2 ) : 1119 -- 1124 . Jump up ^ Bakker , Peter ( 2002 ) . `` Amerindian Tribal Names in North America of Possible Basque Origin '' . In Artiagoitia , X. , R.P.G. de Rijk , P. Goenaga , and J. Lakarra ( Ed . ) , Erramau Boneta : Festschrift for Rudolf P.G. de Rijk , pp. 105 -- 116 . Jump up ^ http://www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com/ Jump up ^ c.f. Kasak , Ryan M. ( 2016 ) . `` A distant genetic relationship between Siouan - Catawban and Yuchi '' . In Rudin , Catherine and Bryan J. Gordon ( Ed . ) Advances in the Study of Siouan Languages and Linguistics , pp. 5 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Haudenosaunee . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved January 27th , 2017 , from http://www.yourdictionary.com/haudenosaunee . Jump up ^ Chafe , Wallace ( n.d. ) . English - Seneca Dictionary , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Lewis H. ( 1851 ) . League of the Ho - dé - no - sau - nee or Iroquois . Rochester : Sage & Brother , Publishers . Jump up ^ Goddard , 1978 Jump up ^ E.g. in Graymont , Barbara ( 1972 ) . The Iroquois in the American Revolution , pp. 14 -- 15 ; Rausch , David A. and Blair Schlepp , ( 1994 ) . Native American Voices , p 45 ; and Wolf , Eric R. ( 1982 ) Europe and the People Without History , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Goddard , 1978 Jump up ^ Goddard , 1978 . This is frequently used on the official Haudenosaunee Confederacy website : http://www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com . Jump up ^ `` Rotinonsionni , which is the Kanienkehaka ( Mohawk ) word for Haudenosaunee '' . Kanienkehaka Lifeways - Mohawk Valley , circa 1500 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Graymont , Barbara . The Iroquois in the American Revolution ( 1972 ) , pp. 14 - 15 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the Haudenosaunee . Greenwood Publishing Group . 2000 . p. 135 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30880 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Anthony F.C. Tuscarora : A History . Albany : SUNY Press , 2012 . ISBN 9781438444314 Jump up ^ `` First Nations Culture Areas Index '' . the Canadian Museum of Civilization . ^ Jump up to : Richter , `` Ordeals of the Longhouse '' , in Richter and Merrill , eds. , Beyond the Covenant Chain , 11 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Fenton , Great Law and the Longhouse , 4 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : Shannon , Iroquois Diplomacy , 72 -- 73 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Brookhiser , `` Iroquoia : A land lost in push by British empire and U.S. settlers , '' Book Review of Alan Taylor 's The Divided Ground : Indians , Settlers , and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution , New York Times , 19 May 2006 , accessed 16 December 2014 Jump up ^ Stevens 2013 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Stevens 2013 . Jump up ^ Johansen , Bruce ( 1999 ) . `` Notes from the `` culture wars '' : more annotations on the debate regarding the Iroquois and the origins of democracy `` . American Indian Culture & Research Journal . 23 ( 1 ) : 165 -- 175 . doi : 10.17953 / aicr. 23.1. x7035734612286m5 . ^ Jump up to : Stevens , Scott Manning ( 2013 ) . `` The Historiography of New France and the Legacy of Iroquois Internationalism '' . Comparative American Studies . 11 ( 2 ) : 148 -- 165 . doi : 10.1179 / 1477570013Z. 00000000037 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 page xiv . Jump up ^ MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 page xiv . Jump up ^ John Arthur Gibson ; Hanni Woodbury ; Reginald Henry ; Harry Webster ; Alexander Goldenweiser ( 1992 ) . series editor John D. Nichols ; Associate Editor H.C. Wolfart , eds . Concerning the League : The Iroquois League Tradition as Dictated in Onondaga by John Arthur Gibson . Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics . p. xii . ISBN 0 - 921064 - 09 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : The American Heritage Book of Indians , American Heritage Publishing , Co. , Inc. , 1961 , Editor : Alvin M. Josephy , Jr. , LCcat # : 61 - 14871 Jump up ^ Mann , Barbara A. and Jerry L. Fields . `` A Sign in the Sky : Dating the League of the Haudenosaunee , '' American Indian Culture and Research Journal . 21 : 2 ( 1997 ) : 105 - 163 . Jump up ^ Fenton , Great Law and the Longhouse , 69 . Jump up ^ Shannon , Iroquois Diplomacy , 25 . Jump up ^ Johansen , Bruce ( 1995 ) . `` Dating the Iroquois Confederacy '' . Akwesasne Notes New Series . 1 ( 3 ) : 62 -- 63 . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johansen , Bruce Elliott ; Mann , Barbara Alice ( 2000 ) . `` Ganondagan '' . Encyclopedia of the Haudenosaunee ( Iroquois Confederacy ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30880 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Charles C. Mann ( 2006 ) , 1491 : new revelations of the Americas before Columbus , Random House Digital , p. 333 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 3205 - 1 Jump up ^ Dean R. Snow ( 1994 ) . The Iroquois . Blackwell Publishers , Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55786 - 938 - 8 . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Johansen , Bruce ( 2010 ) . The Iroquois . New York : Chelsea House . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60413 - 794 - 1 . Jump up ^ See history of Erie people , Susquehannock , Tuscarora people and the Wyandot ( Huron ) peoples . Jump up ^ `` The History of Onondage'ga ' `` , Onondaga Nation School . Jump up ^ Charles Augustus Hanna , The Wilderness Trail , New York : Putnam Brothers , 1911 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Louis F. Burns , `` Osage '' Archived 2011 - 01 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Oklahoma Historical Society 's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Retrieved March 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Muir , Diana , Reflections in Bullough 's Pond , University Press of New England , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Bernard G. Hoffman , 1955 , Souriquois , Etechemin , and Kwedech - - A Lost Chapter in American Ethnography . Jump up ^ James F. Pendergast , 1991 , The Massawomeck . Jump up ^ Jordan ( 2013 ) , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Reville , F. Douglas . The History of the County of Brant , p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Catholic Encyclopedia ' ' , `` The Hurons '' `` . Newadvent.org. 1910 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Steele , Ian K. Warpaths : Invasions of North America . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1994 , p. 64 Jump up ^ Richter , D . The Ordeal of the Longhouse : The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization , Chapel - Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1992 Jump up ^ Alan Taylor , American Colonies , Penguin Books , 2001 Jump up ^ Brandão , José A. Your Fyre Shall Burn No More : Iroquois Policy towards New France and Its Allies to 1701 , Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1997 . 19 - 20 . Jump up ^ Jesuit Relations : 28 , `` Account of René Goupil ( donné ) , '' by Father Isaac Jogues Jump up ^ Trigger , Bruce G . The Children of Aataentsic : A History of the Huron People to 1660 , McGill - Queen 's University Press ; Kingston and Montreal , 1987 , p. 751 Jump up ^ Francis Parkman ^ Jump up to : Jennings , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 160 . ^ Jump up to : Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 page 42 Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 page 43 Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 page 44 . Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 page 44 . Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 page 44 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 page xi . Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 pages 44 - 45 . Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 page 45 . Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 page 46 . Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 page 45 . Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 page 45 . Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 page 45 . Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 pages 45 - 46 . Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 page 46 . Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 page 46 . Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Frontenac et Palluau , Louis de Buade '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 249 -- 250 . Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 pages 40 - 41 . Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 page 41 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Indian Kings '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Joseph Solomon Walton , 1900 , Conrad Weiser and the Indian Policy of Colonial Pennsylvania , pp. 76 - 121 . ^ Jump up to : MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 page 23 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 pages 23 - 25 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 pages 24 - 25 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 pages 26 - 27 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 page 30 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 pages 30 - 31 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 page 31 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 pages 31 - 32 . ^ Jump up to : MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 page 32 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 pages 32 - 33 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 page 35 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 page 27 . Jump up ^ Oneida Nation of New York Conveyance of Lands Into Trust Archived 2009 - 04 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . pp. 3 - 159 , Department of Indian Affairs . ^ Jump up to : Graymont , Barbara . The Iroquois In The American Revolution . Syracuse , N.Y. : Syracuse University Press , 1972 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Crawford , Neta . `` A Security Regime among Democracies : Cooperation among Iroquois Nations . '' International Organization 48 ( 1994 ) : 345 - 85 . Web . ^ Jump up to : Del Papa , Eugene M. `` The Royal Proclamation of 1763 : Its Effect upon Virginia Land Companies . '' The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 83 ( 1975 ) : 406 - 11 . Web . ^ Jump up to : Graymont , Barbara . The Iroquois In The American Revolution . Syracuse , N.Y. : Syracuse University Press , 1972 . Print ^ Jump up to : Morgan , Lewis Henry ( 1995 ) . The League of the Iroquois . North Dighton , MA : JG Press . ISBN 1572151242 ... Note : reprint of 1904 book , League of the Ho - dé - no - sau - nee or Iroquois Jump up ^ Keen Bloomfield , Julia ( 1908 ) . The Oneidas . p. 145 et seq . Jump up ^ `` Southesk '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` THE IROQUOIS IN THE PEACE RIVER AREA '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Mountain Métis Story '' . Jump up ^ `` Ancestral History - Aseniwuche Winewak Nation of Canada - Canada 's Rocky Mountain Aboriginal People '' . ^ Jump up to : Woo , Grace Li Xiu ( 30 April 2003 ) . `` Canada 's Forgotten Founders : The Modern Significance of the Haudenosaunee ( Iroquois ) Application for Membership in the League of Nations '' . Law Social Justice & Global Development Journal . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bennett , edited by Marie Léger ; translated by Arnold ( 1994 ) . Aboriginal peoples : toward self - government . Montréal : Black Rose Books . pp. 3 -- 6 . ISBN 1 - 551640 - 11 - 2 . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Un Chicanery '' . mohawknationnews.com . Jump up ^ `` U.S. House of Representatives Resolution 108 , 83rd Congress , 1953 . ( U.S. Statutes at Large , 67 : B132 . ) '' . Digital History . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` USDOJ : Environment and Natural Resources Division : Lead up to the Indian Claims Commission Act of 1946 '' . Jump up ^ Philip ( 2002 ) , pp. 21 -- 33 Jump up ^ INDIAN AFFAIRS : LAWS AND TREATIES . Vol. 6 , Laws ^ Jump up to : INDIAN AFFAIRS : LAWS AND TREATIES . Vol. 6 , Laws Jump up ^ Shattuck , George C. ( 1991 ) . `` The Oneida Land Claims : A Legal History '' . Syracuse University Press . pp. 168 -- 169 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Shattuck ( 1991 ) & p. 169 Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Charles . Blood Struggle : The Rise of Modern Indian Nations ' . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2005 Jump up ^ House Concurrent Resolution 108 Archived 2007 - 06 - 08 at the Wayback Machine. , Digital History , University of Houston ^ Jump up to : `` Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe - Culture and History '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Legislation terminating federal controls over eight Indian groups submitted to congress '' ( PDF ) . bia.gov . Department of the Interior . January 21 , 1954 . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Johansen , Bruce Elliott and Barbara Alice Mann ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of the Haudenosaunee ( Iroquois Confederacy ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30880 - 2 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Text of H.R. 1794 ( 88th ) : An Act to authorize payment for certain interests in lands within the Allegheny ... ( Passed Congress / Enrolled Bill version ) - GovTrack.us '' . GovTrack.us . Jump up ^ CQ Almanac Online Edition Jump up ^ `` Bill submitted to end federal ties with Seneca Indians '' ( PDF ) . bia.gov . Department of the Interior . September 5 , 1967 . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warren Times - Mirror and Observer from Warren , Pennsylvania Page 9 '' . Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS ( February 28 , 1968 ) . `` NEW BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS ASSIGNMENTS ANNOUNCED FOR SENECAS AND OSAGE '' ( PDF ) . bia.gov . Department of the Interior . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ In the Shadow of Kinzua : The Seneca Nation of Indians Since World War II , Syracuse University Press , Laurence Marc Hauptman 2013 , p. 32 Jump up ^ `` Richard Nixon : Special Message to the Congress on Indian Affairs '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian claims commission awards over $38.5 Million to Indian tribes in 1964 '' ( PDF ) . bia.gov . Department of the Interior . January 20 , 1965 . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Efforts have gone on for years to get Brothertown recognition '' . Jump up ^ INDIAN AFFAIRS : LAWS AND TREATIES . Vol. 6 , Laws Archived 2016 - 03 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Laverdure Issues a Final Determination Regarding Brothertown Indian Nation Petition for Federal Acknowledgment '' ( PDF ) . bia.gov . Washington D.C. : Department of the Interior . September 7 , 2012 . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Town action surprises tribe , county '' . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 531 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 531 -- 532 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 pages 530 -- 532 . ^ Jump up to : Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 532 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 535 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 535 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 530 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 530 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 538 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 538 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 pages 532 -- 533 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 533 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 533 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 533 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 533 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 533 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 534 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 534 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 534 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 534 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 535 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 535 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 535 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 535 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 pages 535 - 536 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 536 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 536 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 536 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 536 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 536 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 pages 537 - 538 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 537 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 537 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 538 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 539 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 539 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 541 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 pages 542 -- 543 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 542 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel K . The Ordeal of the Longhouse : The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization . Chapel - Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1992 . 32 ^ Jump up to : Fournier , Martin Pierre - Esprit Radisson : Merchant Adventurer , 1636 - 1701 , Montreal : McGill University Press , 2002 pages 33 - 34 . Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Eric E. ( December 2008 ) . Iroquois Population History and Settlement Ecology , AD 1500 - 1700 . The Pennsylvania State University . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Snow , Dean R. ; Gehring , Charles T. ; Starna , William A. ( 1996 ) . In Mohawk Country . Syracuse University Press . pp. xix -- xx . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 2723 - 8 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kerber , Jordan E. ( ed . ) ( 2007 ) . Archaeology of the Iroquois : Selected Readings and Research Sources . Syracuse University Press . ISBN 9780815631392 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bial , Raymond ( 1999 ) . Lifeways : The Iroquois . New York : Benchmark Books . ISBN 0 - 7614 - 0802 - 9 . Jump up ^ Waugh , F.W. 1916 Iroquois Foods and Food Preparation . Ottawa . Canada Department of Mines ( p. 118 ) Jump up ^ Johnson 2003 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Johnson 2003 , p. 36 - 37 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson 2003 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` Traditional Appearance '' . Haudenosaunee Confederacy . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James W. Herrick ; Dean R. Snow ( 1997 ) . Iroquois Medical Botany . Syracuse University Press . p. 161 . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 0464 - 5 . Jump up ^ Univ . Mich. - Dearborn College of Arts , Sciences , and Letters : Native American Ethnobotany : Osmunda species ( scroll for O. claytoniana ) . accessed 12.1. 2011 ^ Jump up to : Rousseau , Jacques 1945 Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga . Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55 : 7 - 72 ^ Jump up to : Herrick , James William 1977 Iroquois Medical Botany . 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ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 71699 - 2 . Jump up ^ Reid , 1996 , p. 167 Jump up ^ Johhson 2003 , p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson 2003 , p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson 2003 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Johnson 2003 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Demirel , Evin . `` A MILLENNIUM AFTER INVENTING THE GAME , THE IROQUOIS ARE LACROSSE 'S NEW SUPERPOWER '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tooker , Elisabeth ( 1970 ) . The Iroquois Ceremonial of Midwinter . Syracuse University Press . ISBN 978 - 0815621492 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bradley 1987 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Bradley 1987 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Arens , William ( 1980 ) . The Man - Eating Myth : Anthropology and Anthropophagy . Oxford . ISBN 978 - 0195027938 . Jump up ^ Abler , Thomas ( 1980 ) . `` Iroquois Cannibalism : Fact not Fiction '' . Ethnohistory. 27 ( 4 ) : 309 -- 316 . doi : 10.2307 / 481728 . JSTOR 481728 . Jump up ^ Abler , Thomas S. ( 1980 ) . `` Iroquois Cannibalism : Fact not Fiction '' . 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Jump up ^ `` 2011 Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory '' ( PDF ) . Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission , Barbara A. Warner ( Ponca Nation ) Executive Director 1993 to Present. April 10 , 2011 . p. 33 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Indian and Alaska Native Population by Tribal Grouping , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Census Bureau . ^ Jump up to : Wagner , Sally Roesch ( 1993 ) . `` The Iroquois Influence on Women 's Rights '' . In Sakolsky , Ron ; Koehnline , James . Gone To Croatan : Origins of North American Dropout Culture . Brooklyn , New York : Autonomedia . pp. 240 -- 247 . ISBN 0 - 936756 - 92 - 6 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Morden , Michael . `` Treaty Federalism as Conflict Management : Indigenous - Settler Power Sharing in Canada '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eldridge , Larry D. ( 1997 ) . Women and freedom in early America . New York : New York University Press . pp. 15 . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 2198 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` From beads to banner '' . Indian Country Today . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Haudenosaunee Flag '' . First Americans . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wampum & Wampum Belts '' . Ganondagan . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Johansen , Bruce E. Forgotten Founders : Benjamin Franklin , The Iroquois , And The Rationale For The American Revolution . Ipswich , Mass . : Gambit , 1981 . Print . Jump up ^ Armstrong , VI ( 1971 ) . I Have Spoken : American History Through the Voices of the Indians . Swallow Press . p. 14 . ISBN 0 - 8040 - 0530 - 3 . Jump up ^ Grindle , D ( 1992 ) . `` Iroquois political theory and the roots of American democracy '' . In Lyons O. Exiled in the land of the free : democracy , Indian nations , and the U.S. Constitution . Santa Fe , N.M. : Clear Light Publishers . ISBN 0 - 940666 - 15 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bruce E. Johansen ; Donald A. Grinde , Jr. ( 1991 ) . Exemplar of liberty : native America and the evolution of democracy . ( Los Angeles ) : American Indian Studies Center , University of California , Los Angeles . ISBN 0 - 935626 - 35 - 2 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` H. Con . Res. 331 , October 21 , 1988 '' ( PDF ) . United States Senate . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Tree of Peace The Great Law of Peace : New World Roots of American Democracy by David Yarrow © September 1987 '' . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Rakove , J ( 2005 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Did the Founding Fathers Really Get Many of Their Ideas of Liberty from the Iroquois ? '' . George Mason University . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Johansen , Bruce E. Forgotten Founders : Benjamin Franklin , The Iroquois , And The Rationale For The American Revolution . Ipswich , Mass . : Gambit , 1981 . Print . Jump up ^ Jennings F ( 1988 ) . Empire of fortune : crown , colonies , and tribes in the Seven Years War in America . New York : Norton . pp. 259n15 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30640 - 2 . Jump up ^ Snow DR ( 1996 ) . The Iroquois ( The Peoples of America Series ) . Cambridge , MA : Blackwell Publishers . pp. 154 . ISBN 1 - 55786 - 938 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Tooker E ( 1990 ) . `` The United States Constitution and the Iroquois League '' . In Clifton JA . The Invented Indian : Cultural Fictions and Government Policies . New Brunswick , N.J. , U.S.A : Transaction Publishers . pp. 107 -- 128 . ISBN 1 - 56000 - 745 - 1 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Thomas D. `` Native Americans in World War II . '' Excerpted from Army History : The Professional Bulletin of Army History , No. 35 ( Fall 1995 ) , pp. 22 - 27 . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Archived 27 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Indian Country Today Media Network.com '' . Indiancountrytoday.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ The Economist , July 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ MacAskill , Ewen ( 2010 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Iroquois lacrosse team cleared to travel by America -- then blocked by Britain '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Samantha , Gross ( July 14 , 2010 ) . `` UK wo n't let Iroquois lacrosse team go to tourney '' . Yahoo News . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Thomas ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` Iroquois Defeated by Passport Dispute '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Iroquois spend $1.5 million to upgrade passports : News '' . CNYCentral.com. 2010 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . References Brascoupé , Simon ; Etmanskie , Jenny ( 2006 ) . Birx , James , ed . Iroquois . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage Publications . pp. 1328 -- 1333 . Bradley , James ( 1987 ) . Evolution of the Onondaga Iroquois : Accommodating Change , 1500 - 1655 . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0803262362 . Carpenter , Roger M. ( 2004 ) . The Renewed , the Destroyed , and the Remade : The Three Thought Worlds of the Iroquois and the Huron , 1609 - 1650 Daeg de Mott , D.K. ( 2009 ) . `` Iroquois '' . In Gall , Timothy L. ; Hobby , Jeneen . Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life , Vol. 2 ( 2nd ed . ) . Detroit : Gale . pp. 304 -- 310 . ISBN 978 - 1414448909 . Retrieved 12 April 2015 . Fenton , William N. ( 1998 ) . The Great Law and the Longhouse : A Political History of the Iroquois Confederacy . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3003 - 2 . Jennings , Francis . ( 1984 ) . The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire : the Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian Tribes with English Colonies from Its Beginnings to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744 . New York : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 01719 - 2 . Barbara Graymont ( 1972 ) . The Iroquois in the American Revolution ( 1st Paperback ed . ) . books.google.com version of Syracuse University Press , Syracuse , NY 13244 - 5160 . pp. 361 ( only 353 in online version ) . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 0116 - 6 . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . Graymont , Barbara ( 2005 ) . The Iroquois . Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 7993 - 7 . Hauptman , Laurence M. ( 2008 ) . Seven Generations of Iroquois Leadership : The Six Nations Since 1800 ( Iroquois and Their Neighbors ) excerpt and text search Jennings , Francis , ed. ( 1985 ) . The History and Culture of Iroquois Diplomacy : An Interdisciplinary Guide to the Treaties of the Six Nations and Their League , Syracuse , N.Y. : Syracuse University Press . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 2650 - 9 . Jones , Eric E. ( 2010 ) . `` Population History of the Onondaga and Oneida Iroquois , A.D. 1500 - 1700 , '' American Antiquity 75 ( 2 ) : 387 -- 407 Jordan , Kurt A. ( 2013 ) . `` Incorporation and Colonization : Postcolumbian Iroquois Satellite Communities and Processes of Indigenous Autonomy '' . American Anthropologist. 115 ( 1 ) . Mann , Charles C. ( 2005 ) . 1491 New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 4006 - 3 . Parmenter , Jon . ( 2010 ) . The Edge of the Woods : Iroquoia , 1534 - 1701 Preston , David L. ( 2009 ) . The Texture of Contact : European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia , 1667 - 1783 ( The Iroquoians and Their World ) excerpt and text search Reid , Gerald ( 1996 ) . `` Iroquois '' . Encyclopedia of World Cultures . Vol. 1 : North America . New York : Macmillan Reference USA . pp. 164 -- 167 . Richter , Daniel K. ( 1992 ) . The Ordeal of the Longhouse : The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization , Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2060 - 1 . Richter , Daniel K. , and James H. Merrell , eds. ( 2003 ) . Beyond the Covenant Chain : the Iroquois and Their Neighbors in Indian North America , 1600 -- 1800 . University Park , Pa. : Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0 - 271 - 02299 - X . Santiemma , Adriano. ( 1999 ) . `` ' Towards a Monocultural Future through a Multicultural Perspective . The Iroquois Case '' , in : Canadian Issues XXI . Saraydar , Stephen ( 1990 ) . `` No Longer Shall You Kill : Peace , Power , and the Iroquois Great Law '' . Anthropology and Humanism Quarterly . 15 ( 1 ) : 20 -- 28 . doi : 10.1525 / ahu. 1990.15. 1.20 . Shannon , Timothy J. ( 2008 ) . Iroquois Diplomacy on the Early American Frontier . New York : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 01897 - 0 . Snow , Dean R. ( 1994 ) . The Iroquois . Oxford , UK and Cambridge , MA : Blackwell . ISBN 1 - 55786 - 225 - 7 . Tooker , Elisabeth , ed. ( 1985 / 1986 ) . An Iroquois Source Book . 3 volumes . New York : Garland . ISBN 0 - 8240 - 5877 - 1 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iroquois . Haudenosaunee Confederacy , official website Iroquois Indian Museum Canadian Genealogy ( The Iroquois ) `` Iroquois '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . ( hide ) League of the Iroquois Nations Cayuga Mohawk Onondaga Oneida Seneca Tuscarora Topics Clan mother Economy Hiawatha Languages Mythology Great Law of Peace Great Peacemaker Settlement of the northern shores of Lake Ontario Tadodaho GND : 4027675 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iroquois&oldid=836928468 '' Categories : Iroquois Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands First Nations in Ontario First Nations in Quebec Native American tribes in New York ( state ) Native American tribes in Oklahoma Historical legislatures Upstate New York Native Americans in the American Revolution Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2013 Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2013 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles containing Seneca - language text Articles containing Cayuga - language text Articles containing Onondaga - language text Articles containing Tuscarora - language text Articles containing Oneida - language text Articles containing Mohawk - language text Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Vèneto 粵語 中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 18 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the iroquois live in new york | [
"The original Iroquois League (as the French knew them) or Five Nations (as the British knew them), occupied large areas of present-day New York State up to the St. Lawrence River, west of the Hudson River, and south into northwestern Pennsylvania. From east to west, the League was composed of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca nations. In or close to 1722, the Tuscarora tribe joined the League,[25] having migrated from the Carolinas after being displaced by Anglo-European settlement. Also an Iroquoian-speaking people, the Tuscarora were accepted into what became the Six Nations."
] | [
"present-day New York State up to the St. Lawrence River, west of the Hudson River, and south into northwestern Pennsylvania"
] |
-8952762800743982205 | Land of the Lost (film) | Land of the Lost ( film ) - wikipedia Land of the Lost ( film ) Land of the Lost Theatrical release poster Directed by Brad Silberling Produced by Sid Krofft & Marty Krofft Jimmy Miller Screenplay by Chris Henchy Dennis McNicholas Based on Land of the Lost by Sid and Marty Krofft , Allan Foshko and David Gerrold Starring Will Ferrell Anna Friel Danny McBride Jorma Taccone Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Dion Beebe Edited by Peter Teschner Production company Relativity Media Sid & Marty Krofft Pictures Mosaic Media Group Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date June 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 05 ) Running time 102 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $100 million Box office $68.8 million Land of the Lost is a 2009 American adventure comedy film directed by Brad Silberling , written by Chris Henchy and Dennis McNicholas and starring Will Ferrell , Danny McBride and Anna Friel , loosely based on the 1974 Sid and Marty Krofft television series of the same name . The film was theatrically released on June 5 , 2009 by Universal Pictures . The film received generally negative reviews from critics and was a box office bomb , grossing just $68 million against its a $100 million budget . It received seven Golden Raspberry Award nominations , including Worst Picture , winning Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip - off or Sequel . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Marketing 3.2 Music 4 Differences from original series 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Awards 5.3 Box office 5.4 Home media 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Pompous paleontologist Rick Marshall has a low - level job at the La Brea Tar Pits , three years after a disastrous interview with Matt Lauer of Today became a viral video and ruined his career . Doctoral candidate Holly Cantrell tells him that his controversial theories combining time warps and paleontology inspired her . She shows him a fossil with an imprint of a cigarette lighter that he recognizes as his own along with a crystal made into a necklace that gives off strong tachyon energy . She convinces him to finish his tachyon amplifier and come help her on a seemingly routine expedition to the cave where Holly found the fossil , which is in the middle of nowhere . With cave gift shop owner Will Stanton they raft into the cave , where Marshall has detected high levels of tachyons . He activates the tachyon amplifier , triggering an earthquake that opens a time warp into which the raft falls . The group finds themselves in a desert , filled with various items from many eras , and without the amplifier . They rescue a primate - like creature , Cha - Ka of the Pakuni tribe , who becomes their friend and guide . The gang spends a night in a cave after surviving a meeting with a fast , intelligent Tyrannosaurus they nickname `` Grumpy '' , who stalks Marshall for calling him stupid . Marshall receives a telepathic message begging for help and finds himself in ancient ruins . The group encounters a race of lizard men called Sleestaks before meeting the one who sent Marshall the telepathic message , Enik the Altrusian . He explains that he was exiled by the evil Zarn who is attempting to take over Earth with his Sleestak minions , but Enik can prevent this if Marshall retrieves the tachyon amplifier . The group stumble upon a desert where many things from across time end up and they encounter many Compsognathus , Dromaeosaurs , Grumpy , and a female Allosaurus . The Allosaurus and Grumpy battle it out over a previously killed ice - cream seller until they sense Marshall and chase him . Marshall kills the Allosaurus with liquid nitrogen and finds that the amplifier was eaten by the Allosaurus . The amplifier is then stolen by a Pteranodon and taken to its nest . The group arrives at the nest and Marshall lightly steps through the Pteranodon eggs to retrieve the amplifier , but when he reaches it , it stops broadcasting the soundtrack to Marshall 's favorite musical A Chorus Line . When the eggs begin to hatch , Holly realizes that the music was acting as a sort of lullaby keeping the baby Pteranodons asleep . Marshall , Will and Holly belt out `` I Hope I Get It '' , with Cha - ka inexplicably joining in , displaying an impressive singing voice . Marshall , Will and Cha - ka celebrate their good fortune . Meanwhile , Holly pockets a dinosaur egg and learns from a recording left by the long - deceased Zarn that Enik deceived them and he is actually the one planning to invade Earth . But she is captured by the Sleestaks to be brought to the Library of Skulls for judgment . The others save her from being executed for helping Enik , but the villain -- now possessing the amplifier , and mind - controlling the Sleestaks -- leaves them to open a portal to Earth . Marshall pole vaults into Grumpy 's mouth and after removing an intestinal blockage , befriends him . He joins the others to defeat the Sleestak army and confront Enik . After the crystal link between the Land of the Lost and Earth is shattered , Enik reveals the portal will close forever . Thinking fast , Marshall grabs Holly 's crystal and inserts it into the port , knowing that the substitute crystal wo n't hold for long . Will chooses to stay behind to live a better life and to prevent Enik from following Marshall and Holly back to Earth , learning later that female Pakuni are very attractive . A triumphant Marshall again appears on Today with the dinosaur egg Holly brought back to promote his new book Matt Lauer Can Suck It . The egg left behind on the Today set hatches a baby Sleestak , which hisses as the screen goes black . Cast ( edit ) Will Ferrell as Dr. Rick Marshall , a renowned paleontologist and author , determined to prove his theory on time warps , thus embarking on a time travel experiment . Anna Friel as Holly Cantrell , Rick 's biggest fan . Danny McBride as Will Stanton , a gift shop owner who takes Holly and Rick to a tachyon rich cave . Jorma Taccone as Cha - Ka John Boylan as Enik who plans to invade and conquer Earth , and deceives Rick and the others into believing otherwise ; he also controls the Sleestak . Matt Lauer as Himself Leonard Nimoy as voice of The Zarn Douglas Tait as Sleestak The original actors who played Holly and Will in the TV series , Kathy Coleman and Wesley Eure , filmed cameos for the film . However , the final version of the film cut these scenes . Bobb'e J. Thompson , Kiernan Shipka ( uncredited ) , Dylan Sprayberry , and Sierra McCormick appeared in a cameo as Tar Pit Kids and Raymond Ochoa as an uncredited boy in a museum . Production ( edit ) Production for the film began on March 4 , 2008 . Only one week 's worth of filming was shot using a large - scale soundstage with green screen technology . The rest of filming took place on location in places such as the Dumont Dunes in the Mojave Desert , the La Brea Tar Pits in Hancock Park , and Trona , California . Marketing ( edit ) The first trailer was shown during Super Bowl XLIII . Subway Restaurants , which paid to appear in the film and had cross promotions with ( appearing on their cups ) , unveiled the second trailer exclusively on their website . JW Marriott Hotels and Pop Rocks also purchased rights to market with film tie - ins . Syfy aired a marathon of the original series on Memorial Day in 2009 in coordination with the studio to have frequent film clips and an interview with Sid and Marty Krofft . After the film 's release , another marathon aired on Chiller on June 6 . The majority of the first two seasons were also made available on Hulu . Ahead of the film 's release , Universal also released the complete series on DVD ; it had previously been released by Rhino Home Video . The entire series is also available via download from Xbox Live . Two different games were released online to promote the film . `` Chakker '' was available to play on the film 's official Web site while `` Crystal Adventure '' was a free downloadable game for iPhones from Kewlbox . Both Subway and MapQuest hosted an online sweepstakes on their respective Web sites with various movie - related merchandise given away as prizes . Both sweepstakes ran from May 18 through June 7 of 2009 . Ferrell also appeared on the season 4 premiere of Man vs. Wild , which aired June 2 , 2009 , to promote the film . Music ( edit ) The score to Land of the Lost was composed by Michael Giacchino , who recorded his score with an 88 - piece ensemble of the Hollywood Studio Symphony and a 35 - person choir . On May 10 , it was also announced by Dave Mustaine on TheLiveLine that some music from Megadeth would appear in the film . Whether this would be music from the new record was not entirely clear , however during the phone message Mustaine stated that there was new music playing in the background of the message . However parts of the song `` The Right to Go Insane '' , from the 2009 album Endgame , can be heard near the end of the film . In the film , Rick Marshall sings the original Land of the Lost theme and two other tracks ( Tracks 5 and 27 ) utilize parts of the theme as well. , The musical A Chorus Line plays a part in the story , and Ferrell sings Cher 's 1998 dance pop hit `` Believe '' . Varèse Sarabande released the soundtrack album on June 9 , 2009 ( tracks 30 - 32 are bonus tracks ) . Differences from original series ( edit ) The film serves as a parody of the original TV series , similar to Starsky & Hutch and The Brady Bunch Movie . In the original series , the main characters were the father and two children . While the first names remain the same , the film converts the Holly character into an unrelated research assistant to allow for more risque humor because she is the main character 's love interest . Will , instead of being a son , is an amusement park operator and survivalist . Rick Marshall is a paleontologist in the film , not a park ranger as in the original series . The film 's budget also uses CGI special effects rather than the puppet and stop motion animation effects that defined the original series . '' While the original Saturday morning show targeted a child audience , the film was designed for a more adult audience and includes profanity , sex , and a drug reference , among other adult - oriented items . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Despite negative reviews towards the film , Anna Friel 's performance was praised by some critics . Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 26 % based on 188 reviews , with an average rating of 4.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Only loosely based on the original TV series , Land of the Lost is decidedly less kid - friendly and feels more like a series of inconsistent sketches than a cohesive adventure comedy . '' On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 32 out of 100 , based on 32 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` C + '' on an A+ to F scale . The Wall Street Journal stated that it `` is n't worth the celluloid it 's printed on '' , Entertainment Weekly remarked that `` it leaves you feeling splattered '' , the New York Daily News called it `` a high - concept disaster '' , The Christian Science Monitor labeled it `` resolutely uninspired '' , The Hollywood Reporter labeled it `` lame '' , and The Miami Herald commented that `` the whole thing feels at least three summers too stale . '' A few critics professed admiration for it , notably Roger Ebert who gave the film three stars out of four and wrote : `` The dinosaurs are so obviously not really there in shots where they menace humans that you could almost say their shots are about how they 're not really there . Confronted with such effects , the actors make not the slightest effort to appear terrified , amazed or sometimes even mildly concerned . Some might consider that a weakness . I suspect it is more of a deliberate choice , and I say I enjoyed it . '' Empire magazine 's Sam Toy put the film # 8 on his best of the year list . On February 1 , 2010 , the film led the 30th Golden Raspberry Awards with seven nominations ( tied with Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ) including Worst Picture , Worst Actor ( Ferrell ) , Worst Director ( Silberling ) , Worst Screenplay , Worst Supporting Actor ( Taccone ) , Worst Screen Couple ( Ferrell and any co-star , creature or `` comic riff '' ) and Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip - off or Sequel . The film won the Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip - off or Sequel award . While at the Savannah Film Festival in 2011 , Ron Meyer ( president of Universal Pictures ) , said that `` Land of the Lost was just crap . I mean , there was no excuse for it . The best intentions all went wrong . '' Awards ( edit ) Award Nominee Result Golden Raspberry Award Worst Actor Will Ferrell Nominated Worst Screen Couple Nominated Any co-star , creature or `` comic riff '' Nominated Worst Director Brad Silberling Nominated Worst Picture Universal Pictures Nominated Worst Screenplay Dennis McNicholas and Chris Henchy Nominated Worst Supporting Actor Jorma Taccone Nominated Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip - off or Sequel Won Box office ( edit ) On its opening day of June 5 , the film was a box office flop by grossing only $7.9 million . The film performed under expectations in its first weekend in theaters , its $19 million opening was far less than the expected $30 million . The film 's box office results fell far behind that of the 2009 comedy The Hangover , which opened during the same weekend . The film 's opening weekend gross was about two - thirds what Universal reportedly expected to earn . It made $69 million worldwide . In 2014 , the Los Angeles Times listed the film as one of the most expensive box office flops of all time . Home Media ( edit ) The DVD was released on October 13 , 2009 , with sales reaching $20,286,563 as of August 2011 . See also ( edit ) Land of the Lost ( 1974 TV series ) , the original children 's television series created by Sid and Marty Krofft List of Land of the Lost episodes Land of the Lost characters and species Land of the Lost geography and technology Land of the Lost ( 1991 TV series ) , the TV remake of the original series The Land That Time Forgot ( 2009 film ) , a mockbuster made by The Asylum intended to capitalize on this film . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` LAND OF THE LOST ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2009 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Butler ( 2009 - 06 - 04 ) . `` ' Land of the Lost ' : Do n't waste your time '' . Kansas City Star . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Land of the Lost ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Catching up with the stars of ' Land of the Lost ' - Entertainment '' . TODAY.com. 2009 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Marcia White ( 2009 - 06 - 04 ) . `` ' Land of the Lost ' groovy ' 70s TV show , new Will Ferrell movie '' . Lehigh Valley Live . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Steve ' Frosty ' Weintraub ( 2009 - 04 - 19 ) . `` Goes to the LAND OF THE LOST '' . Collider . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( 2009 - 05 - 13 ) . `` Marketers happy to get ' Lost ' : Subway , Marriott pushing Universal film '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Marsters , James ( 2009 - 04 - 24 ) . `` Eureka and Land of the Lost : All on SCI FI '' . SF Universe . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Dan Goldwasser ( 2009 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Michael Giacchino scores Land of the Lost '' . ScoringSessions.com . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ SLAYER ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) . `` Megadeth Music To Be Featured In ' Land Of The Lost ' Movie '' . Metalpaths . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Dana ( 2009 - 06 - 04 ) . `` Dumb Summer Guy Movies : The Hangover and Land of the Lost attempt to amuse dudes everywhere '' . Slate . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Tom Long ( 2009 - 06 - 05 ) . `` Will Ferrell hits an all - time low with lame ' Land of the Lost ' '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Janusonis , Michael ( 2009 - 06 - 05 ) . `` Land of the Lost is lame '' . The Providence Journal . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Land of the Lost '' . United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. 2009 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/10009083_land_of_the_lost ? Jump up ^ `` Land of the Lost : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Land of the Lost '' . CinemaScore . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Land of the Lost ( PG ) '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Metacritic : 2009 Film Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Web.archive.org. 2010 - 02 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Pink , Stuart ( 2010 - 03 - 07 ) . `` Razzie for Oscar winner Sandra '' . The Sun . London . Jump up ^ `` ' Cowboys & Aliens ' slammed as Universal boss admits to `` s * * * ty movies '' `` . Digital Spy. 2011 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( 2011 - 11 - 03 ) . `` Universal Chief Ron Meyer Addresses VOD Fiasco , Admits Cowboys & Aliens , Land of the Lost , Wolfman Kinda Stunk '' . Movieline . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Dan Bradley ( 2009 - 06 - 07 ) . `` The Hangover Looks `` Up '' at Pixar in Weekend Box Office Results `` . TheHDRoom . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( 2009 - 06 - 07 ) . `` Is America over Will Ferrell ? '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Peterseim , Locke ( 2009 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Down goes Ferrell ! Up goes Ferrell ! '' . Redblog . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The costliest box office flops of all time '' . LA Times . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . ( subscription required ) External links ( edit ) Official website Land of the Lost on IMDb Land of the Lost at the TCM Movie Database Land of the Lost at AllMovie Land of the Lost at Box Office Mojo Land of the Lost at Rotten Tomatoes Land of the Lost at Metacritic Interview with Sid and Marty Krofft on Sci Fi Channel Land of the Lost Original series List of episodes `` Cha - Ka '' `` The Sleestak God '' `` Dopey '' `` Downstream '' `` Tag - Team '' `` The Stranger '' `` Album '' `` Skylons '' `` Tar Pit '' `` The Zarn '' `` Fair Trade '' `` One of Our Pylons Is Missing '' `` The Test '' `` Gravity Storm '' `` The Longest Day '' `` The Pylon Express '' Other Characters and species Geography and technology Other radio 1991 TV series Film Films directed by Brad Silberling Casper ( 1995 ) City of Angels ( 1998 ) Moonlight Mile ( 2002 ) Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2004 ) 10 Items or Less ( 2006 ) Land of the Lost ( 2009 ) An Ordinary Man ( 2017 ) Sid and Marty Krofft Television shows H.R. Pufnstuf ( 1969 ) The Bugaloos ( 1970 ) Lidsville ( 1971 ) Sigmund and the Sea Monsters ( 1973 ) Land of the Lost ( 1974 ) Far Out Space Nuts ( 1975 ) The Lost Saucer ( 1975 ) Donny & Marie ( 1976 ) The Krofft Supershow ( 1976 ) The Brady Bunch Hour ( 1977 ) The Krofft Superstar Hour ( 1978 ) Pink Lady and Jeff ( 1980 ) Barbara Mandrell and the Mandrell Sisters ( 1980 ) Pryor 's Place ( 1984 ) D.C. Follies ( 1987 ) Land of the Lost ( 1991 ) Family Affair ( 2002 ) Mutt & Stuff ( 2015 ) Electra Woman and Dyna Girl ( 2016 ) Sigmund and the Sea Monsters ( web series ) ( 2017 ) Krofft Supershow Segments Dr. Shrinker ( 1976 ) Electra Woman and Dyna Girl ( 1976 ) Kaptain Kool and the Kongs ( 1976 ) Wonderbug ( 1976 ) Magic Mongo ( 1977 ) Bigfoot and Wildboy ( 1977 ) Krofft Puppets appeared in The Dean Martin Show ( 1965 ) The Banana Splits ( 1968 ) The Great Space Coaster ( 1981 ) Pilots and TV specials Here 's Irving ( 1957 ) Fol - de-Rol ( 1972 ) The World of Sid & Marty Krofft at the Hollywood Bowl ( 1973 ) Really Raquel ( 1974 ) NBC Saturday Morning Preview Revue ( 1974 ) Jimmy Osmond Presents ABC 's Saturday Sneak Peek ( 1976 ) The Paul Lynde Halloween Special ( 1976 ) The Brady Bunch Variety Hour ( 1976 ) Kaptain Kool and the Kongs Present ABC All - Star Saturday ( 1977 ) The Bay City Rollers Meet the Saturday Superstars ( 1978 ) The Krofft Komedy Hour ( 1978 ) Bobby Vinton 's Rock ' n ' Rollers ( 1978 ) Anson & Lorrie ( 1981 ) Saturday 's the Place ( 1984 ) The Cracker Brothers ( 1985 ) Rock ' n ' Wrestling Saturday Spectacular ( 1985 ) The Patti LaBelle Show ( 1985 ) Sid & Marty Krofft 's Red Eye Express ( 1988 ) Krofft Late Night ( 1991 ) Electra Woman and Dyna Girl ( 2001 ) Films Pufnstuf ( 1970 ) Harry Tracy , Desperado ( 1982 ) Middle Age Crazy ( 1980 ) Side Show ( 1981 ) Land of the Lost ( 2009 ) Live shows Howdy , Mr. Ice of 1950 ( 1949 ) Les Poupées de Paris ( 1961 ) Circus ( 1966 ) Funny World ( 1966 ) Kaleidescope ( 1968 ) Fol - de-Rol ( 1968 ) A Broadway Baby ( 1984 ) Comedy Kings ( 1988 ) Other The World of Sid and Marty Krofft Theme Park Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions Inc. v. McDonald 's Corp . Toby Terrier and His Video Pals Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip - off or Sequel Remake or Sequel Wyatt Earp ( 1994 ) The Scarlet Letter ( 1995 ) Speed 2 : Cruise Control ( 1997 ) The Avengers / Godzilla / Psycho ( 1998 ) Book of Shadows : Blair Witch 2 ( 2000 ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Swept Away ( 2002 ) Charlie 's Angels : Full Throttle ( 2003 ) Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed ( 2004 ) Son of the Mask ( 2005 ) Prequel or Sequel Basic Instinct 2 ( 2006 ) Daddy Day Camp ( 2007 ) Remake or Rip - off Little Man ( 2006 ) I Know Who Killed Me ( 2007 ) Prequel , Remake , Rip - off or Sequel Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Land of the Lost ( 2009 ) Sex and the City 2 ( 2010 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) Annie ( 2014 ) Fantastic Four ( 2015 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_of_the_Lost_(film)&oldid=856331329 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films 2000s adventure films 2000s comedy films 2000s fantasy films 2000s science fiction films American adventure comedy films American comedy science fiction films American films American satirical films Dinosaur films Films scored by Michael Giacchino Films based on television series Films directed by Brad Silberling Films set in prehistory Giant monster films Land of the Lost Parallel universes in fiction Parody films Relativity Media films Sid and Marty Krofft Time travel films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages containing links to subscription - only content Film articles using image size parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 13 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played chaka in the land of the lost | [
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7782847049401158348 | Parliament of India | Parliament of India - Wikipedia Parliament of India Coordinates : 28 ° 37 ′ 2 '' N 77 ° 12 ′ 29 '' E / 28.61722 ° N 77.20806 ° E / 28.61722 ; 77.20806 Parliament of India Emblem of India Type Type Bicameral Houses Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha History Founded 26 January 1950 ( 68 years ago ) ( 1950 - 01 - 26 ) Preceded by Constituent Assembly of India Leadership President Ram Nath Kovind Since 25 July 2017 Chairman of Rajya Sabha ( Vice President ) Venkaiah Naidu Since 11 August 2017 Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha P.J. Kurien , INC Since 21 August 2012 Speaker of the Lok Sabha Sumitra Mahajan , BJP Since 6 June 2014 Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha M. Thambidurai , AIADMK Since 13 August 2014 Leader of the House ( Lok Sabha ) Narendra Modi , BJP Since 26 May 2014 Leader of the House ( Rajya Sabha ) Arun Jaitley , BJP Since 2 June 2014 Structure Seats 790 245 Members of Rajya Sabha 545 Members of Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha political groups NDA ( Majority ) UPA Lok Sabha political groups NDA ( Majority ) UPA Elections Rajya Sabha voting system Single transferable vote Lok Sabha voting system First past the post Rajya Sabha last election 21 July and 08 August 2017 Lok Sabha last election 7 April -- 12 May 2014 Rajya Sabha next election 16 January , 23 March and 21 June 2018 Lok Sabha next election April -- May 2019 Meeting place Sansad Bhavan , Sansad Marg , New Delhi , India Website parliamentofindia.nic.in Constitution Constitution of India India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFoS IPS ) Central Civil Services ( IRS IFS IA&AS IPoS IRAS IRTS IRPS ICAS IDAS IDES ICLS IIS ITrS IP&TAFS IOFS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body of the Republic of India . The Parliament is composed of the President of India and the houses . It is a bicameral legislature with two houses : the Rajya Sabha ( Council of States ) and the Lok Sabha ( House of the People ) . The President in his role as head of legislature has full powers to summon and prorogue either house of Parliament or to dissolve Lok Sabha . The president can exercise these powers only upon the advice of the Prime Minister and his Union Council of Ministers . Those elected or nominated ( by the President ) to either house of Parliament are referred to as members of parliament ( MP ) . The Members of Parliament , Lok Sabha are directly elected by the Indian public voting in Single - member districts and the Members of Parliament , Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of all of the State Legislative Assembly by proportional representation . The Parliament has a sanctioned strength of 545 in Lok Sabha including the 2 nominees from the Anglo - Indian Community by the President , and 245 in Rajya Sabha including the 12 nominees from the expertise of different fields of science , culture , art and history . The Parliament meets at Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi . Contents 1 History 2 Parliament House 2.1 General layout of the parliament 2.2 Proposal for a new building 3 Composition 3.1 President of India 3.2 Lok Sabha 3.3 Rajya Sabha 4 Session of parliament 5 Lawmaking procedures 6 Parliamentary committees 7 Incidents 8 Parliament Session and debates 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History Main articles : Imperial Legislative Council and Constituent Assembly of India Parliament House Main article : Sansad Bhavan The Sansad Bhavan ( Parliament House ) is located in New Delhi . It was designed by Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker , who were responsible for planning and construction of New Delhi by British government . The construction of buildings took six years and the opening ceremony was performed on 18 January 1927 by the then Viceroy and Governor - General of India , Irwin . The construction costs for the building were ₹ 8.3 million ( US $120,000 ) . The parliament is 560 feet ( 170 m ) in diameter and covers an area of 6 acres ( 2.4 ha ) . The Central hall consists of the chambers of Lok sabha , Rajya Sabha and the Library hall . Surrounding these three chambers is the four storied circular structure providing accommodations for members and houses Parliamentary committees , offices and the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs . General layout of the Parliament The centre and the focus of the building is the Central Hall . It consists of chambers of the Lok Sabha , the Rajya Sabha and the Library Hall and between them lie garden courts . Surrounding these three chambers is the four storyed circular structure providing accommodations for Ministers , Chairmen , Parliamentary committees , Party offices , important offices of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha Secretariats and also the offices of the ministry of Parliamentary affairs . The Central Hall is circular in shape and the dome is 29.87 m ( 98 feet ) in diameter . It is a place of historical importance . The Indian Constitution was framed in the Central Hall . The Central Hall was originally used in the library of erstwhile Central Legislative Assembly and the Council of States . In 1946 , it was converted and refurbished into Constituent Assembly Hall . At present , the Central Hall is used for holding joint sittings of both the houses of parliament and also used for address by the President in the commencement of first session after each general election . Proposal for a new building A new Parliament building may replace the existing complex . The new building is being considered on account of the stability concerns regarding the current complex . A committee to suggest alternatives to the current building has been set up by the Former Speaker , Meira Kumar . The present building , an 85 - year - old structure suffers from inadequacy of space to house members and their staff and is thought to suffer from structural issues . The building also needs to be protected because of its heritage tag . Composition The Indian Parliament consists of two houses called the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha with the President of India acting as their head . President of India Main article : President of India The President of India , the Head of state is a component of Parliament . Under Article 60 and Article 111 , President 's responsibility is to scrutinise that bills / laws passed by the parliament are in accordance with constitutional mandate and stipulated procedure is followed before according his / her approval to the bills . The President of India is elected by the members of Parliament of India and the state legislatures and serves for a term of 5 years . Lok Sabha Main article : Lok Sabha Lok Sabha ( House of the People ) or the lower house has 545 members . 543 members are directly elected by citizens of India on the basis of universal adult franchise representing Parliamentary constituencies across the country and 2 members are appointed by the President of India from Anglo - Indian Community . Every citizen of India who is over 18 years of age , irrespective of gender , caste , religion or race , who is otherwise not disqualified , is eligible to vote for the Lok Sabha. The Constitution provides that the maximum strength of the House be 552 members . It has a term of five years . To be eligible for membership in the Lok Sabha , a person must be a citizen of India and must be 25 years of age or older , mentally sound , should not be bankrupt and should not be criminally convicted . The total elective membership is distributed among the States in such a way that the ratio between the number of seats allotted to each State and the population of the State is , so far as practicable , the same for all States . Rajya Sabha Main article : Rajya Sabha Rajya Sabha ( Council of States ) or the upper house is a permanent body not subject to dissolution . One third of the members retire every second year , and are replaced by newly elected members . Each member is elected for a term of six years . Its members are indirectly elected by members of legislative bodies of the states . The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum of 250 members . It currently has a sanctioned strength of 245 members , of which 233 are elected from States and Union Territories and 12 are nominated by the President . The number of members from a state depends on its population . The minimum age for a person to become a member of Rajya Sabha is 30 years . Session of Parliament The period during which the House meets to conduct its business is called a session . The Constitution empowers the president to summon each House at such intervals that there should not be more than a six - month gap between the two sessions . Hence the Parliament must meet at least twice a year . In India , the parliament conducts three sessions each year : Budget session : February to May Monsoon session : July to September Winter session : November to December Lawmaking procedures Main article : Lawmaking procedure in India Legislative proposals are brought before either house of the Parliament in the form of a bill . A bill is the draft of a legislative proposal , which , when passed by both houses of Parliament and assented to by the President , becomes an Act of Parliament . Money bills must originate in the Lok Sabha . The council of states can only make recommendations over the bills to the House , within a period of fourteen days . Parliamentary committees Parliamentary committees are formed to deliberate specific matters at length . The public is directly or indirectly associated and studies are conducted to help committees arrive at the conclusions . Parliamentary committees are of two kinds : Ad hoc committees and the Standing committees . Standing committees are permanent committees constituted from time to time in pursuance of the provisions of an act of Parliament or rules of procedure and conduct of business in Parliament . The work of these committees is of a continuing nature . Ad hoc committees are appointed for a specific purpose and they cease to exist when they finish the task assigned to them and submits a report . Incidents Main article : 2001 Indian Parliament attack On 13 December 2001 , Indian Parliament was attacked by an Islamic terrorist group . The perpetrators were Lashkar - e-Taiba ( Let ) and Jaish - e-Mohammed ( JeM ) terrorists . The attack led to the deaths of five terrorists , six Delhi Police personnel , two Parliament Security Services personnel and a gardener , which totalled 14 fatalities . It also led to increased tensions between India and Pakistan , resulting in the 2001 - 2002 India - Pakistan standoff . Parliament session and debates On 16 November 2016 , The winter session of Indian Parliament had started and during the sittings in both Upper and Lower Houses of Parliament , observed strong opposition , and uproar by political parties , on note ban initiative by Narendra Modi Government on 8 November 2016 . Jawaharlal Nehru and other members taking pledge during the midnight session of the Constituent Assembly of India held on 14 and 15 August 1947 . Constituent Assembly of India Jawaharlal Nehru addressing the Constituent Assembly in 1946 . Indian Prime Minister , Morarji Desai listens to Jimmy Carter as he addresses the Indian Parliament House . President of the United States , Barack Obama addressing Joint Session of the Parliament in 2010 . See also Politics of India Election Commission of India Member of Parliament , Lok Sabha Member of Parliament , Rajya Sabha PRS Legislative Research Indian Parliamentary Group List of legislatures by country List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha References Jump up ^ `` Live : Ram Nath Kovind becomes the 14th President of India '' . The Hindu . New Delhi , India . 25 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Venkaiah Naidu sworn in as Vice-President '' . The Hindu . New Delhi , India . 11 August 2017 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` P.J. Kurien is Rajya Sabha Deputy Chairman '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sumitra Mahajan elected speaker '' . Times of India . Archived from the original on 26 August 2016 . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` M Thambidurai elected deputy speaker of Lok Sabha '' . Times of India . 13 August 2014 . Archived from the original on 14 August 2014 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Narendra Modi is sworn in as the 15th Prime Minister of India '' . The Times of India . 26 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 6 September 2014 . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PIB Press Releases '' . Pib.nic.in . Archived from the original on 3 November 2012 . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Deputy Chairman , Rajya Sabha , Parliament of India '' . Archived from the original on 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Parliament , Delhi '' . delhiassembly.nic.in . Archived from the original on 6 October 2013 . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi may see a new Parliament building '' . timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 13 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2013 . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Firstpost ( 13 July 2012 ) . `` Speaker sets up panel to suggest new home for Parliament '' . Firstpost . Archived from the original on 11 August 2012 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Constitution of India ( PDF ) . Ministry of Law and Justice , Government of India . 1 December 2007 . p. 26 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 September 2014 . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha '' . parliamentofindia.nic.in . Archived from the original on 1 June 2015 . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament -- Government : National Portal of India '' . Home : National Portal of India . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Our Parliament '' ( PDF ) . New Delhi : Lok Sabha Secretariat . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 September 2012 . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How bill becomes act '' . parliamentofindia.nic.in . Archived from the original on 16 May 2015 . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Parliamentary Committee . `` Parliament of India '' . Indian Parliament . Archived from the original on 24 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Committees of Rajya Sabha . `` General Information '' . Rajya Sabha Secretariat . Archived from the original on 20 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Lok Sabha - Committee Home . `` Introduction '' . Lok Sabha Secretariat . Archived from the original on 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Terrorists attack Parliament ; five intruders , six cops killed '' . rediff.com. 13 December 2001 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2013 . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Further reading `` The Parliamentary System '' by Arun Shourie , Publisher : Rupa & Co External links Media related to Parliament of India at Wikimedia Commons Works written on the topic Parliament of India at Wikisource Parliaments of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau National bicameral legislatures Federal Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Ethiopia Germany India Malaysia Mexico Nigeria Pakistan Russia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Switzerland United States Unitary Afghanistan Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belize Bhutan Bolivia Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Chile Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Czech Republic Dominican Republic Equatorial Guinea France Gabon Grenada Haiti Indonesia Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Morocco Myanmar Namibia Netherlands Oman Palau Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Rwanda Saint Lucia Slovenia South Africa Spain Swaziland Tajikistan Trinidad and Tobago United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Zimbabwe Dependent and other territories American Samoa Bermuda Isle of Man Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Non-UN states Somaliland Historical Soviet Union Czechoslovakia ( 1920 -- 1939 ) Czechoslovakia ( 1969 -- 1992 ) Yugoslavia Related Unicameralism List of legislatures by country National unicameral legislatures National lower houses National upper houses Parliament of India President of India President of India ( List ) Lok Sabha Speaker Leader of the Lok Sabha Leader of the Opposition Constituencies 1st LS ( 1952 -- 57 ) ( Members ) 2nd LS ( 1957 -- 62 ) ( Members ) 3rd LS ( 1962 -- 67 ) ( Members ) 4th LS ( 1967 -- 71 ) ( Members ) 5th LS ( 1971 -- 77 ) ( Members ) 6th LS ( 1977 -- 80 ) ( Members ) 7th LS ( 1980 -- 84 ) ( Members ) 8th LS ( 1984 -- 89 ) ( Members ) 9th LS ( 1989 -- 91 ) ( Members ) 10th LS ( 1991 -- 96 ) ( Members ) 11th LS ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( Members ) 12th LS ( 1998 -- 99 ) ( Members ) 13th LS ( 1999 -- 2004 ) ( Members ) 14th LS ( 2004 -- 09 ) ( Members ) 15th LS ( 2009 -- 14 ) ( Members ) 16th LS ( 2014 -- 19 ) ( Members ) 17th LS ( 2019 -- 24 ) ( Members ) Rajya Sabha Members Chairman Leader of the Rajya Sabha Leader of the Opposition Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_India&oldid=856971040 '' Categories : 1952 establishments in India Bicameral legislatures National legislatures Parliament of India Parliaments by country Politics of India Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from April 2018 Use Indian English from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা भोजपुरी Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् සිංහල Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 18 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the meeting of indian parliament are summoned by | [
"The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body of the Republic of India. The Parliament is composed of the President of India and the houses. It is a bicameral legislature with two houses: the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the People). The President in his role as head of legislature has full powers to summon and prorogue either house of Parliament or to dissolve Lok Sabha. The president can exercise these powers only upon the advice of the Prime Minister and his Union Council of Ministers.\n"
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"The President"
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-4391647963913547549 | Blue Moon (beer) | Blue Moon ( beer ) - wikipedia Blue Moon ( beer ) Blue Moon Manufacturer Blue Moon Brewing Co . ( MillerCoors ) Introduced 1995 Alcohol by volume 5.4 % Style Witbier Beer truck in Manhattan Blue Moon Belgian White is a Belgian - style witbier brewed by MillerCoors under the name the Blue Moon Brewing Co . It was launched in 1995 , and was originally brewed in Golden , Colorado . Originally called Bellyslide Belgian White , the beer was created by Keith Villa , a brewer at the Sandlot Brewery at Coors Field , Denver , Colorado ( owned by the Molson Coors Brewing Company ) . Blue Moon brewed at the Molson Brewery in Montreal , Quebec , Canada is sold in the USA , as well as exported to Europe . It 's sold under the name Belgian Moon in Canada . Blue Moon Brewing Co. is an entity of Tenth and Blake Beer Company , the craft and import division of MillerCoors . The grain bill for Blue Moon includes malted barley , white wheat , orange peel , coriander and oats -- and is usually served with a slice of orange , which its brewmasters claim accentuates the flavor of the brew . Available in cans , bottles and kegs , Blue Moon has 5.4 % alcohol by volume . In Oklahoma , Minnesota , Colorado and Utah , the alcohol content of all Blue Moon beers bought in grocery or convenience stores is 3.2 % alcohol by weight ( approximately 4.0 % alcohol by volume ) . Blue Moon Brews and seasonal brews sold in liquor stores are 5.4 % by volume . Contents ( hide ) 1 Awards 2 Craft beer controversy 3 Naming controversy 4 Variations of Blue Moon 4.1 Blue Moon brews 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Awards ( edit ) 1995 World Beer Championship gold medalist , White Beer category 1996 World Beer Championship silver medalist , White Beer category 1997 World Beer Championship silver medalist , White Beer category 2008 World Beer Cup gold medalist , Specialty Honey Lager or Ale category for Blue Moon 's Honey Moon 2008 World Beer Cup silver medalist , Fruit and Vegetable Beer category for Chardonnay Blonde 2008 World Beer Cup Champion Brewery - Large Brewing Company Craft beer controversy ( edit ) Blue Moon has come under fire from the Brewers Association for not stating on the bottle that the beer is made by MillerCoors . The Brewers Association says that this omission allows the Blue Moon Brewing Company to masquerade as an independent craft brewer . Independent craft brewers , such as Greg Koch , CEO of Stone Brewing Co. , agree that the multinational conglomerate brewers ' use of bottle imagery similar to independent craft beers misleads consumers . In May 2015 , a California man filed suit against MillerCoors for the `` Craft Beer '' labeling . Naming controversy ( edit ) In 1999 , the Confederation des Brasseries de Belgique ( The Confederation of Belgian Breweries ) sued the then - named Coors Brewing Company over its use of the term `` Belgian White '' . The CBB alleged Coors ' advertising was misleading , and could confuse American consumers into believing Blue Moon was made in Belgium . Coors at first responded by adding `` Made in USA '' and `` Belgian - style '' in small print to the bottle labels , but refused to change its advertising or packaging . Coors eventually settled out of court with the CBB , agreeing to change the labeling to `` Belgian - style Wheat Ale '' . Additionally , the CBB distributes the beer to conglomerates in European countries . The New Belgium Brewery , which makes Fat Tire Amber Ale , also complied with the CBB 's request for name changes . Variations of Blue Moon ( edit ) Blue Moon Agave Nectar Ale and Blue Moon . In addition to their original Belgian White variety , Blue Moon Brewing Company offers Blue Moon Summer Ale , renamed Honey Moon in 2006 . Honey Moon contains 5.2 % alcohol by volume in a standard 12 fluid ounce bottle . The beer was renamed `` Summer Honey Wheat '' in 2011 , and is still sold under that name . In autumn , Blue Moon provides Blue Moon Pumpkin Ale , renamed Harvest Moon in 2007 . This variety contains the flavors of pumpkins and other autumnal spices . Harvest Moon is typically available in bottles from mid-September through December . It contains 5.7 % alcohol by volume in a standard 12 fluid ounce bottle . The beer was renamed `` Harvest Pumpkin Ale '' and is still marketed under that name . Blue Moon offers Blue Moon Winter Abbey Ale during the winter season . Its name was changed to Full Moon with the subtitle `` Blue Moon Winter Ale '' in 2007 . It is brewed with natural flavor and a caramel color . Full Moon contains 5.6 % alcohol in a standard 12 fluid ounce bottle . The name was changed to `` Mountain Abbey Ale '' in 2012 . In spring , Blue Moon provides Blue Moon Spring Blonde Ale , originally known as Rising Moon . In 2011 the recipe was changed removing the Kaffir lime leaves . The new recipe focuses more on orange and lemon peel to add the citrus flavors . In 2013 the beer was changed to `` Valencia Grove Amber '' , an amber ale brewed with Valencia orange peel , roasted malts and a touch of wheat . It addition to its seasonal brews , Blue Moon released a pale ale called Pale Moon in 2008 , with filings commenced to create a Pale Moon Light . Pale Moon is now marketed as `` Rounder '' . Blue Moon released a revamped and renamed set of seasonal beers starting with the Winter Abbey Ale , in 2010 . Blue Moon brews ( edit ) Blue Moon ( 1995 ) ( originally Bellyslide Belgian White ) Raspberry Cream Ale ( 1995 ) ( Special release ) Nut Brown Ale ( 1995 ) ( Released with Raspberry Cream Ale ) Blue Moon Pale Ale ( 2008 ) ( originally Pale Moon ) Blue Moon Grand Cru ( 2010 ) Strong Belgian white ale , originally released to commemorate Blue Moon on New Year 's Day 2010 - ( Retired ) Mountain Abbey Ale ( 2010 ) ( formerly Full Moon ( 2006 ) and Winter Abbey Ale ( 2012 ) , originally Blue Moon Winter Ale ) Spring Blonde Wheat Ale ( 2011 ) ( formerly Rising Moon ( 2007 ) , originally Blue Moon Spring Ale ) - Valencia Grove Amber ( 2013 ) is the current Spring Seasonal Collection Summer Honey Wheat Ale ( 2011 ) ( formerly Honey Moon ( 2006 ) , originally Blue Moon Summer Ale ) Harvest Pumpkin Ale ( 2011 ) ( formerly Harvest Moon ( 2006 ) , originally Blue Moon Pumpkin Ale ) Spiced Amber Ale ( 2011 ) ( Retired ) Farmhouse Red Ale ( 2012 ) Valencia Amber Ale ( 2012 ) ( included in the Spring 2012 Brewmaster 's Sampler ) Agave Nectar Ale ( 2012 ) ( included in the Summer 2012 Brewmaster 's Sampler ) Caramel Apple Spiced Ale ( 2012 ) ( included in the Fall 2012 Brewmaster 's Sampler ) - Commemorating Lunar Blue Moon August 31 , 2012 & September 1 , 2012 Sunshine Citrus Blonde ( 2013 ) ( included in the Spring 2013 Brewmaster 's Sampler ) Blackberry Tart Ale ( 2013 ) Peanut Butter Ale ( 2013 ) ( Special release ) Rounder Belgian - Style Pale ( 2013 ) ( Part of the Expressionist Collection ) Gingerbread Spiced Ale ( 2013 ) ( included in the Winter 2013 Brewmaster 's Sampler ) Cinnamon Horchata Ale ( 2014 ) Chai Spiced Ale ( 2015 ) ( included in the Fall 2015 Brewmaster 's Sampler ) Cappuccino Oatmeal Stout ( 2015 ) ( included in the Winter 2015 Brewmaster 's Sampler ) White IPA ( 2015 ) Belgian Table Pils ( 2016 ) Cocoa Brown Ale ( 2016 ) ( included in the Winter 2016 Brewmaster 's Sampler ) See also ( edit ) Beer portal Shock Top , a similar beer produced by Anheuser - Busch . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coors.com Nutrition Information Archived 2015 - 03 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Molson to brew Blue Moon beer in Montreal '' . CBC News . May 5 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Blue Moon Brewing Company , accessed April 28 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` MillerCoors Beers '' . MillerCoors.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Trouble Brewing : The Craft Beer Vs. ' Crafty ' Beer Cat Fight '' . Time.com. 2012 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Big Beer dresses up in craft brewers ' clothing '' . Fortune . 2012 - 11 - 15 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Craft Brewer Sues Miller - Coors Over Blue Moon Labeling Archived May 4 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Belgian Brewers Group Sues Coors ; Alleges America 's 3rd Largest Brewer Misleads Consumers. , Business Wire , November 18 , 1999 Jump up ^ Coors agrees to change Blue Moon labeling - Brief Article , Modern Brewery Age , December 11 , 2000 Jump up ^ Belgian brewers sue Coors , Realbeer.com , November 19 , 1999 Jump up ^ `` Age Verification '' . MillerCoors . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Blue Moon Brewing Company SABMiller Beer Africa South African Breweries Carling Black Label Castle Lager Castle Lite Castle Milk Stout Hansa Hansa Marzen Gold Hansa Pilsener Kgalagadi Breweries Limited St Louis Lager St Louis Export Ohlssons Lager Intafact Beverages Limited Hero Lager Eagle Lager Castle Milk Stout Grand Malt Beta Malt International Breweries plc Trophy Lager Trophy Black Lager BETAMALT Nile Breweries Limited Chairman 's Extra Strong Beer Club Pilsener Eagle Extra Lager Eagle Lager Nile Gold Crystal Malt Lager Nile Special Cervejas de Moçambique 2M Laurentina Clara Laurentina Premium Laurentina Preta Manica Raiz Tanzania Breweries Limited Kilimanjaro Safari Ndovu Special Malt Southern Sudan Beverages Limited White Bull Nile Special Club Pilsener Other Balimi Extra Lager Barons Bohlinger 's Lager Chibuku Club Premium Lager Club Shandy Golden Pilsener Lion Lager Maluti Premium Lager Mosi N'GOLA Rhino Lager Sibebe Stone Strong Lager Zambezi Lager Zambezi Lite Lager Asia and Oceania CR Snow Huadan Dry Beer Löwen New Three Star Shengquan Singo Snow Zero Foster 's Group Carlton & United Breweries Carlton Draught Crown Lager Crown Pilsner Foster 's Melbourne Bitter NT Draught Resch 's Victoria Bitter Cascade Brewery Matilda Bay Brewing Company Other Haywards 2000 Haywards 5000 Haywards Black Indus Pride Knock Out Royal Challenge Premium Lager Zorok Europe Dreher Sörgyárak Arany Ászok Dreher 24 Dreher Bak Dreher Classic Dreher Premium Kőbányai Sör Kompania Piwowarska Dębowe Mocne Gingers Ksiazece Tyskie Lech Free Lech Lite Lech Mocny Lech Pils Lech Premium Tyskie Tyskie Gronie Wojak Żubr Plzeňský Prazdroj Pilsner Urquell Gambrinus Velkopopovický Kozel Radegast Ursus Breweries Azuga Ciucaș Stejar Timișoreana Ursus Premium Other Dorada Dorada Especial Dorada Sin Essa Moya Kaluga Šariš Dark Šariš Premium Šariš Light Siroco by Tropical Smädný Mnìch Topvar Tri Bogatyrya Svetloye Tropical Tropical Premium Velkopopovický Kozel Velkopopovický Kozel Cerny Velkopopovický Kozel Premium Velkopopovický Kozel Svěltý Zolotaya Bochka Klassicheskoye Zolotaya Bochka Platinovoe Zolotaya Bochka Razlyvnoe Zolotaya Bochka Svetloye Zolotaya Bochka Vyderzhannoye Żubr North America ( MillerCoors ) Miller Brewing Company Hamm 's Beer Hamm 's Golden Draft Hamm 's Special Light Icehouse MGD 64 Mickey 's Miller Chill Miller Genuine Draft Miller Genuine Draft Light Miller High Life Miller Lite Milwaukee 's Best Milwaukee 's Best Ice Milwaukee 's Best Light Olde English 800 Red Dog SouthPaw Light Steel Reserve St. Louis Henry Weinhard 's ( Belgian Style Wheat Blonde Blue Boar Pale Ale Classic Dark Hefeweizen India Pale Ale Private Reserve ) Jacob Leinenkugel Brewing Company ( Amber Light Berry Weiss Big Butt Doppelbock Creamy Dark Lager Honey Weiss Light Oktoberfest Original Red Lager Summer Shandy ) Molson Coors Brewing Company Blue Moon Coors Coors Light Killian 's Molson Canadian Other Saint Archer Brewing Company South America Backus and Johnston Arequipeña Cristal Cusqueña Cusqueña Light Cusqueña Malta Pilsen Callao Pilsner Polar Pilsen Trujillo San Juan Bavaria Brewery Águila Aguila Light Águila Light Brava Club Colombia Costeñita Costeña Leona Pilsen Poker Cerveceria Hondureña Barena Imperial Port - Royal Salva - Vida Other Atlas Balboa Barena Club Premium Lager Conquer Dorada Golden Light Pilsener Pilsener Lite Regia Extra Suprema Non-beer Blakes & Doyle Brutal Fruit Coca - Cola Beverages Africa Crispin Hard Cider Company Fox Barrel Cider Frisco Fusion Guaraná Redd 's Cougar Bourbon San Mateo Sarita Skelter 's Straight Viva Other SAB World of Beer Flagship brands Global brands Joint venture between SABMiller ( 49 % ) and China Resources Enterprises ( 51 % ) Joint venture between SABMiller ( 58 % ) and Molson Coors Brewing Company ( 42 % ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Moon_(beer)&oldid=846101895 '' Categories : Molson Coors brands Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hRecipes Articles with hProducts All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 09 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what kind of beer is blue moon considered | [
"Blue Moon Belgian White is a Belgian-style witbier brewed by MillerCoors under the name the Blue Moon Brewing Co. It was launched in 1995, and was originally brewed in Golden, Colorado."
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"Belgian-style witbier"
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4850358261753768293 | Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video) | Michael Jackson 's Thriller ( music video ) - wikipedia Michael Jackson 's Thriller ( music video ) Jump to : navigation , search Michael Jackson 's Thriller Title card Directed by John Landis Produced by George Folsey , Jr . Michael Jackson John Landis Written by John Landis Michael Jackson Starring Michael Jackson Ola Ray Narrated by Vincent Price Music by Rod Temperton Michael Jackson Elmer Bernstein Cinematography Robert Paynter , B.S.C. Edited by Malcolm Campbell George Folsey , Jr . Production companies MJJ Productions Optimum Productions Distributed by Epic Records Vestron Video Release date December 2 , 1983 ( 1983 - 12 - 02 ) Running time 13 : 43 Country United States Language English Budget $500,000 Box office Sales : 9 million units Music video `` Thriller '' on YouTube Michael Jackson 's Thriller is a 14 - minute horror - themed music video for the song of the same name , released on December 2 , 1983 . Directed by John Landis , who also co-wrote the screenplay with Michael Jackson , the song was released from Jackson 's sixth studio album of the same name . It was MTV 's first world premiere video . In the United Kingdom , the video was aired on Channel 4 late at night . Voted as the most influential pop music video of all time , Thriller proved to have a profound effect on popular culture , and was named `` a watershed moment for the ( music ) industry '' for its unprecedented merging of filmmaking and music . Guinness World Records listed it in 2006 as the `` most successful music video '' , selling over nine million copies . In 2009 , the video was inducted into the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress , the first music video to ever receive this honor , for being `` culturally , historically or aesthetically '' significant . The track was also listed at number one on `` The Top 10 Halloween Songs '' by Billboard . Co-starring with Jackson was former Playboy centerfold Ola Ray . The video was choreographed by Michael Peters ( who had worked with the singer on his prior hit `` Beat It '' ) , and Jackson . Jackson contacted Landis after seeing his film An American Werewolf in London ; make - up artist Rick Baker and composer Elmer Bernstein ( who composed incidental music for the video ) were also brought from the film to work on the video . The video ( like the song ) contains a spoken word performance by horror film veteran Vincent Price . `` Thriller '' was the third and final video for the Thriller album . The red jacket that Jackson wore was designed by Landis ' wife Deborah Landis to make him appear more `` virile '' . To qualify for an Academy Award as a short subject , the film was shown in a theatrical screening along with the 1940 Disney animated feature Fantasia in December 1983 ; however , the video failed to earn an Academy Award nomination . As of May 11 , 2018 , the video has garnered over 512 million views on YouTube . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Credits 3 Accolades 3.1 Grammy Award 3.2 MTV Award 4 Production 4.1 Aftermath 5 Themes 6 Making Michael Jackson 's Thriller 7 Broadway and litigation 8 Legacy 9 See also 10 Sources 11 References 12 External links Summary ( edit ) Michael Jackson dancing with the living dead . Due to Jackson being a Jehovah 's Witness at the time , the video begins with a disclaimer that reads : Due to my strong personal convictions , I wish to stress that this film in no way endorses a belief in the occult . -- Michael Jackson On a night set in the 1950s , a teenaged Michael and his unnamed girl of interest , ( Ola Ray ) , run out of gas while driving in a wooded area . They walk into the forest as they leave the car behind and Michael asks her to be his girlfriend . She accepts and he gives her a ring . However , he then tells her that he is `` not like other guys . '' She tells him that 's the reason she loves him , but Michael insists that she does n't understand what he means . As his girlfriend asks what he 's talking about , a full moon appears , and Michael begins transforming into a werecat , growling at her to leave in the process . The girl screams in terror and attempts to escape , but the werecat chases her , knocks her down , lunges at her with his claws , and attacks her ( off - screen ) . The scene then cuts to a movie theater where Michael and his unnamed girlfriend , along with an excitable audience , are actually watching the scene unfold in a Vincent Price horror movie titled `` Thriller '' . Afraid , Michael 's girlfriend leaves the theater and Michael follows , telling her , `` It 's only a movie . '' Some debate follows as to whether or not she was scared by the movie ; she denies it , but Michael disagrees . They then walk down a foggy road as Michael sings verses of the song excluding the chorus . They pass a nearby graveyard , in which the undead begin to rise out of their graves as Vincent Price 's speech is heard . The zombies corner the two main characters threateningly , and suddenly , Michael becomes a zombie himself . The zombies then break into an elaborate dance number , followed by the main chorus of `` Thriller '' ( during which Michael reverts to human form ) , frightening his date to the point where she runs for cover . Michael ( who has turned back into a zombie ) and his fellow corpses chase the terrified girl into the room of a nearby abandoned house . While being cornered , Michael then reaches for the girl 's throat as she lets out a horrifying shriek , only to awake and realize it was all a nightmare . Michael then offers to take her home , and she happily accepts . As they walk out of the house , Michael turns to the camera with a sinister grin , revealing his yellow werecat eyes from the opening scene , as Vincent Price offers one last spine - tingling and echoing laugh . As the credits are shown , a reprise scene is shown and at the end of the credits the zombies dance back to their graves as a disclaimer appears saying that `` Any similarity to actual events or persons living , dead , ( or undead ) is purely coincidental '' , the same disclaimer that appeared in An American Werewolf in London also directed by Landis . After that , a zombie breaks the fourth wall and gives a terrifying grimace to the audience as the screen fades to black . Credits ( edit ) Directed by : John Landis Produced by : George Folsey , Jr. , Michael Jackson & John Landis Written by : John Landis & Michael Jackson Starring : Michael Jackson Co-starring : Ola Ray Dancers : Marcea Lane , Kim Blank , Lorraine Fields , Tony Fields , Michele Simmons , Vincent Peters , Michael Peters , Vincent Paterson , Michael De Lorenzo , Ben Lokey , John Command , Richard Gaines , Mark Sellers , Suzan Stadner , Diane Geroni and Suga Pop . Director of Photography : Robert Paynter , B.S.C. Special Make - up Effects Designed & Created by : Rick Baker & EFX , Inc . Choreography : Michael Peters & Michael Jackson Edited by : Malcolm Campbell & George Folsey , Jr . Art Director : Charles Hughes Costume Designed by : Kelly Kimball & Deborah Nadoolman Landis Production Manager : Dan Allingham First Assistant Director : David Sosna Scary Music by : Elmer Bernstein `` Thriller '' Performed by : Michael Jackson Featuring ' Rap ' by : Vincent Price Produced by : Quincy Jones Written by : Rod Temperton Recorded & Mixed by : Bruce Swedien Available Now on CD & Cassette from Epic Records Accolades ( edit ) In December 2009 , it was selected for the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress along with 24 other films . It was the first ever ( and to this day , only ) music video to be selected . The Registry titled Thriller as `` the most famous music video of all time '' . The coordinator of the National Film Preservation Board , who decides upon candidates for inclusion in the National Film Registry , Steve Legett , said `` The time is right '' for Thriller to be included , because of the death of Jackson that year . Grammy Award ( edit ) Year Category Result Notes 1985 Best Video , Long Form Won `` Thriller '' 1984 Best Video Album Won Making Michael Jackson 's Thriller MTV Award ( edit ) Year Category Result 1999 100 Greatest Music Videos of all Time Won 1984 Best Overall Performance in a Video Won 1984 Best Choreography ( Michael Peters ) Won 1984 Viewer 's Choice Won Production ( edit ) In the summer of 1983 , Thriller had begun to decline in sales . Walter Yetnikoff and Larry Stessel answered calls throughout the night from Jackson . `` Walter , the record is n't No. 1 anymore , '' Yetnikoff recalls Jackson saying . `` What are we going to do about it ? '' ' We 're going to go to sleep and deal with it tomorrow , ' '' Yetnikoff remembered answering . Jackson manager Frank DiLeo first mentioned the idea of making a third video , and pressed Jackson to consider the album 's title track . `` It 's simple -- all you 've got to do is dance , sing , and make it scary , '' DiLeo recalls telling Jackson . In early August , after seeing An American Werewolf in London , Jackson contacted John Landis to direct the video . At the time , commercial motion - picture directors did not direct music videos , but Landis was intrigued . The music video was filmed at the Palace Theatre in downtown Los Angeles , the zombie dance sequence at the junction of Union Pacific Avenue and South Calzona Street in East Los Angeles and the final house scene in the Angeleno Heights neighborhood at 1345 Carroll Avenue . All principal photography was done in mid-October 1983 . Aftermath ( edit ) In an interview that aired December 11 , 1999 for MTV 's 100 Greatest Videos Ever Made , Jackson spoke about the making of the video : My idea was to make this short film with conversation ... in the beginning -- I like having a beginning and a middle and an ending , which would follow a story . I 'm very much involved in complete making and creating of the piece . It has to be , you know , my soul . Usually , you know , it 's an interpretation of the music . It was a delicate thing to work on because I remember my original approach was , ' How do you make zombies and monsters dance without it being comical ? ' So I said , ' We have to do just the right kind of movement so it does n't become something that you laugh at . ' But it just has to take it to another level . So I got in a room with ( choreographer ) Michael Peters , and he and I together kind of imagined how these zombies move by making faces in the mirror . I used to come to rehearsal sometimes with monster makeup on , and I loved doing that . So he and I collaborated and we both choreographed the piece and I thought it should start like that kind of thing and go into this jazzy kind of step , you know . Kind of gruesome things like that , not too much ballet or whatever . -- Michael Jackson Themes ( edit ) According to Kobena Mercer , `` the video is strewn with allusions to horror films '' . The opening scene is a parody of 1950s B movie horror films , with the characters dressed in the fashions of 1950s teenagers . The metamorphosis of the polite ' boy next door ' into a werecat can be seen as a depiction of male sexuality . A sexuality that is depicted as naturally bestial , predatory , aggressive , violent and therefore monstrous . Mercer perceived similarities with the werewolf depiction in The Company of Wolves ( 1984 ) . The second metamorphosis of the video has Michael becoming a zombie . It serves as an introduction to a dance sequence which features dancing ghouls , corresponding to a song lyric mentioning a masquerade ball of the dead . The scene calls attention to the macabre make - up of the ghouls . Jackson 's own make - up casts `` a ghostly pallor '' over his skin and emphasizes the outline of his skull . The image itself serves as an allusion to the mask from The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) . According to Peter Dendle the zombie invasion sequence of the film is inspired by Night of the Living Dead ( 1968 ) . The film manages to treat the sequence with enough seriousness to capture the feelings of claustrophobia and helplessness which are essential to the subgenre of zombie films . Making Michael Jackson 's Thriller ( edit ) The Palace Theatre is featured in the music video . Released in tandem with the video was an hour - long documentary providing candid glimpses behind the scenes of the production . Called Making Michael Jackson 's Thriller , it , too , was shown heavily on MTV for a time and was the top - selling home - video release of all time at one point , with over 9 million copies sold . The VHS also included video clips from the songs `` Can You Feel It '' , `` Beat It '' , and the Motown 25 performance of `` Billie Jean '' as well as audio clips from Jackson 's songs `` Off the Wall '' and `` Workin ' Day and Night '' . MTV paid $250,000 for the exclusive rights to show the documentary ; Showtime paid $300,000 for pay - cable rights ; and Vestron Music Video reportedly put down an additional $500,000 to market the cassette , in `` a profit participation . '' Rick Baker expected to have a few weeks to do the special effects make up for the zombies ( which usually requires impressions to be taken of the actors face to base the prosthetics on ) only to find out the dancers would not be cast until a few days before shooting began . It was decided to do generic make up for the dancers ( using a combination of precast prosthetics ) while members of Baker 's crew in the more elaborate make up for shots that featured more closeups ( like the zombie coming out of the manhole ) Broadway and litigation ( edit ) In 2009 , Jackson sold the rights of `` Thriller '' to the Nederlander Organization , to stage a Broadway musical based on the video . Jackson was sued by Landis in a dispute over royalties for the video ; Landis claims that he is owed four years worth of royalties . Ola Ray has also complained about difficulties collecting royalties . At first , Ray blamed Jackson , but then she apologized to him in 1997 . However , Ray did sue Jackson on May 6 , 2009 in a dispute to obtain uncollected royalties . less than two months before Jackson 's death on June 25 . Eventually the Jackson Family Trust settled . Legacy ( edit ) Participants of the 2008 Thrill the World event in Austin , Texas . Following the success of the `` Thriller '' video , a Hollywood production company reportedly began serious work on trying to turn Jackson 's song `` Billie Jean '' , which is also featured on Jackson 's Thriller album , into a feature film , but no plans were ever completed . Vinny Marino of ABC News commented that `` Thriller '' 's music video being selected as the `` Greatest Video of All Time '' was a `` no - brainer '' and remarked that , `` Michael Jackson 's `` Thriller '' continues to be considered the greatest video ever by just about everyone . '' Gil Kaufman of MTV described the `` Thriller '' video as being `` iconic '' and felt that it was one of Jackson 's `` most enduring legacies '' . Kaufman also noted that the music video was the `` mini-movie that revolutionized music videos '' and `` cemented Jackson 's status as one of the most ambitious , innovative pop stars of all time '' . Steve Peake , of About.com , listed `` Thriller '' as being Jackson 's eighth best song of the 1980s . Patrick Kevin Day and Todd Martens , of The Los Angeles Times commented that , `` Thriller 's '' phenomenal success led to a breaking down of traditional racial barriers on FM radio at the time . New York 's WPLJ , a `` white '' station , played Jackson 's `` Beat It '' because of Eddie Van Halen 's appearance on it . The song caused a wave of protests from some listeners who did n't want `` black '' music on their station . MTV also had a reputation for favoring white performers at the time , and its heavy rotation of Jackson videos helped alleviate the criticism . Leaders in Michael Jackson 's religion were not so pleased , by contrast . In spite of his disclaimer at the beginning of the video , Jackson made a public `` apology '' in the pages of Awake ! , a magazine published by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania . `` ' I would never do it again ! '' says Jackson . `` I just intended to do a good , fun short film , not to purposely bring to the screen something to scare people or to do anything bad . I want to do what 's right . I would never do anything like that again . '' Why not ? `` Because a lot of people were offended by it , '' explains Jackson . `` That makes me feel bad . I do n't want them to feel that way . I realize now that it was n't a good idea . I 'll never do a video like that again ! '' He continues : `` In fact , I have blocked further distribution of the film over which I have control , including its release in some other countries . There 's all kinds of promotional stuff being proposed on Thriller . But I tell them , ' No , no , no . I do n't want to do anything on Thriller . No more Thriller . ' '' In December 2009 , the music video for `` Thriller '' was selected for the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress , `` Thriller '' is the first music video to ever be inducted . The Registry explained , `` because of the way the recording industry is evolving and changing , we thought it would be good to go back to the development of an earlier seismic shift , which was the development of the music video '' and described the music video as being `` the most famous music video of all time '' . The coordinator of the National Film Preservation Board , who decides upon candidates for inclusion in the National Film Registry , Steve Legett , noted that the music video was considered for induction for years , but was chosen mainly due to Jackson 's death that year . In a poll conducted by Myspace in 2010 , which asked over one thousand users on their site to name the most influential music video of all time from a list of twenty videos selected by music and entertainment critics , Michael Jackson 's Thriller was voted the most influential video . In 2002 Lexington , Kentucky , became the first city to launch a `` Thriller '' reenactment as a Halloween festivity . The video 's storyline and dance sequences were recreated , beginning outside the Kentucky Theater and featuring hundreds of zombies who attended rehearsals at nearby Mecca Live Studio in the weeks leading up to the parade . Lexington 's annual Thriller Parade attracts around 20,000 spectators and features multiple actors playing the role of Michael Jackson . See also ( edit ) Michael Jackson 's Thriller jacket List of most expensive music videos Return of the Living Dead Part II , the film features a dancing zombie resembling Michael Jackson from this video . Thriller viral video featuring the CPDRC Dancing Inmates of Cebu Provincial Detention and Rehabilitation Center , Cebu , in the Cebu Province of the Philippines Donga , the `` Indian Thriller '' internet meme Thrill the World Lenny Henry , British comedian who produced a parody of the video titled `` Thinner '' . Sources ( edit ) Dendle , Peter ( 2001 ) , `` Thriller '' , The Zombie Movie Encyclopedia , McFarland & Company , ISBN 978 - 0786455201 Mercer , Kobena ( 1991 ) , `` Monster Metaphors : Notes on Michael Jackson 's Thriller '' , in Gledhill , Christine , Stardom : Industry of Desire , Psychology Press , ISBN 978 - 0415052177 Mercer , Kobena ( 2005 ) , `` Monster Metaphors : Notes on Michael Jackson 's Thriller '' , in Frith , Simon ; Goodwin , Andrew ; Grossberg , Larence , Sound and Vision : The Music Video Reader , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1134869237 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson 's Thriller ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 9 , 1983 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Director : Funds for `` Thriller '' almost did n't appear `` . Msnbc.msn.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Celizic , Mike ( April 26 , 2008 ) . `` ' Thriller ' still a classic after 35 years - TODAY Entertainment - TODAYshow.com '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Sharon Stone 50 Pop - Culture Moments That Rocked Fashion : The Top 25 Photo 21 of 25 '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` A farewell to Michael Jackson '' . Manchester Evening News . June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records '' ( PDF ) . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson , the Muppets and Early Cinema Tapped for Preservation in 2009 Library of Congress National Film Registry '' . Library of Congress . December 30 , 2009 . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ; Letkemann , Jessica ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` The Top 10 Halloween Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Lauren Goode ( June 30 , 2009 ) . `` Deborah Landis , Designer of the Red Jacket Michael Jackson Wore in `` Thriller '' `` . Wall Street Journal . Speakeasy . Retrieved July 4 , 2009 . At the time , she says , the 25 - year - old Jackson weighed only 99 lbs , with a 26 - inch waist ( '' exactly the same height and weight as Fred Astaire `` ) , and one of the challenges she faced was making the performer appear more `` virile . '' Jump up ^ `` ' Thriller ' teams with Disney '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. April 27 , 1984 . Retrieved December 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Jackson -- Thriller ( Official Video ) . October 2 , 2009 . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TDC -- Where are They Now ? '' . www.tremainedance.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Lyle , Peter . `` Michael Jackson 's monster smash '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Page 7 '' . benlokeyproductions . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Writer , Patrice StewartStaff . `` Performer to share skills first developed in Decatur '' . Decatur Daily . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Former dancer recalls her zombie days '' . tribunedigital - mcall . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Alex Dobuzinskis ( December 30 , 2009 ) . `` Jackson `` Thriller '' film picked for U.S. registry `` . Reuters . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jackson 's Thriller added to US film archive '' . BBC News . December 31 , 2009 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( December 30 , 2009 ) . `` ' Thriller ' Video Added to U.S. Film Registry '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MTV : 100 Greatest Music Videos Ever Made '' . Rock On The Net . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Griffin , Nancy ( July 2010 ) . `` The `` Thriller '' Diaries `` . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Photographic image of film schedule '' ( JPG ) . S12.postimg.org . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson 's Life & Legacy : Global Superstar ( 1982 -- 86 ) '' . VH1 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2009 . Retrieved July 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mercer ( 2005 ) , p. 85 - 89 ^ Jump up to : Mercer ( 1991 ) , p. 316 - 317 Jump up ^ Dendle ( 2001 ) , p. 171 Jump up ^ Jay Cocks ; Denise Worrell ; Peter Ainslie ; Adam Zagorin ( December 26 , 1982 ) . `` Sing a Song of Seeing '' . Time . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Grossberg , Josh ( January 27 , 2009 ) . `` A Legal Thriller : Michael Jackson Sued by John Landis '' . E ! Online . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson sued by ' Thriller ' director '' . Nme.Com. 2009 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Nancy ( May 5 , 2009 ) . `` Gloves are off ! ' Thriller ' co-star Ola Ray sues Michael Jackson for royalties , '' . New York : Nydailynews.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson , King of Pop , is dead at 50 '' . Los Angeles Times . 2009 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Kevin Day ; Todd Martens ( February 18 , 2008 ) . `` 25 ' Thriller ' facts '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vinny Marino ( May 2 , 2001 ) . `` VH1 Names ' 100 Greatest Videos of All Time ' '' . ABCNews.com . The Walt Disney Company . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Gil Kaufman ( December 30 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson 's ' Thriller ' Added To National Film Registry '' . MTV.com . Viacom . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Steve Peake . `` Top 10 Michael Jackson Songs of the ' 80s '' . 80Music.about.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Author Unknown ( May 22 , 1984 ) . `` Young People Ask ... '' What About Music Videos ? `` '' . Awake ! . Watchtower Bible and Tract Society . Jump up ^ Alex Dobuzinskis ( December 30 , 2009 ) . `` Jackson `` Thriller '' film picked for U.S. registry `` . Reuters.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Dave Itzkoff ( December 30 , 2009 ) . `` ' Thriller ' Video Added to U.S. Film Registry '' . NYTimes.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson 's Thriller added to US film archive '' . BBC News . December 31 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ' Thriller ' voted most influential pop video '' . MSNBC . May 2 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Thriller on IMDb Michael Jackson 's Thriller at AllMovie `` Thriller '' official music video on YouTube Michael Jackson : Thriller Side one `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Thriller '' Side two `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' Related articles Quincy Jones Victory Tour Michael Jackson 's Thriller Thriller jacket Thriller 25 ( Limited Japanese Single Collection ) Thrill the World Thriller viral video Thriller -- Live John Landis Vincent Price Ola Ray Parodied in films Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki Donga Michael Jackson Albums Singles Songs Videography Unreleased songs Awards Records and achievements Studio albums Got to Be There Ben Music & Me Forever , Michael Off the Wall Thriller 25 Bad 25 Dangerous HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I Invincible Posthumous albums Michael Xscape Remix albums The Original Soul of Michael Jackson The Stripped Mixes The Remix Suite Live albums One Night in Japan Other albums Farewell My Summer Love Looking Back to Yesterday Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix Soundtracks The Wiz E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial Michael Jackson 's This Is It Immortal Compilations A Collection of Michael Jackson 's Oldies The Best of Michael Jackson 18 Greatest Hits One Day in Your Life The Michael Jackson Mix 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Michael Jackson Love Songs Number Ones The Essential Michael Jackson King of Pop The Definitive Collection Icon Scream Box sets Anthology The Ultimate Collection Visionary : The Video Singles Thriller 25 : Limited Japanese Single Collection 50 Best Songs -- The Motown Years : Michael Jackson & The Jackson 5 The Collection Hello World : The Motown Solo Collection Concert tours Bad Dangerous World Tour HIStory World Tour This Is It Filmography Michael Jackson 's Thriller Captain EO Moonwalker Michael Jackson 's Ghosts Miss Cast Away and the Island Girls Michael Jackson 's This Is It Michael Jackson : The Life of an Icon Bad 25 Michael Jackson : The Last Photo Shoot Michael Jackson 's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall Video albums Dangerous : The Short Films Video Greatest Hits -- HIStory HIStory on Film , Volume II Number Ones The One Live in Bucharest : The Dangerous Tour Michael Jackson 's Vision Live at Wembley July 16 , 1988 Television Man in the Mirror : The Michael Jackson Story Michael Jackson 's Halloween Move Like Michael Jackson `` Stark Raving Dad '' ( The Simpsons episode ) Video games Michael Jackson 's Moonwalker Sonic the Hedgehog 3 Space Channel 5 Ready 2 Rumble Boxing : Round 2 Space Channel 5 : Part 2 Michael Jackson : The Experience Planet Michael Bibliography Moonwalk Dancing the Dream Specials Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever MJ & Friends Michael Jackson : 30th Anniversary Celebration United We Stand : What More Can I Give Live at the Apollo Michael Forever -- The Tribute Concert Assets Neverland Ranch Northern Songs Sony / ATV Music Publishing ( formerly ) Influence on society Heal the World Foundation Thrill the World Thriller viral video Thriller -- Live Michael Jackson : The Immortal World Tour Michael Jackson : One Related The Jackson 5 Moonwalk Health and appearance Personal relationships 1993 child sexual abuse accusations Living with Michael Jackson People v. Jackson Death Trial of personal physician Memorial service Cover versions Thriller jacket HIStory statue Michael Jackson - related games Quincy Jones Kenny Ortega Mesoparapylocheles Bubbles Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award We Are the World Mind Is the Magic : Anthem for the Las Vegas Show Never Can Say Goodbye : The Music of Michael Jackson Queen Forever Michael Forever -- The Tribute Concert Book Category Portal GND : 7672703 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Jackson%27s_Thriller_(music_video)&oldid=840621325 '' Categories : 1983 films English - language films 1983 horror films 1980s musical films 1980s short films American films Films set in the 1950s Films set in abandoned houses Films set in a movie theatre Michael Jackson Music videos Music videos directed by John Landis United States National Film Registry films Zombie films Zombies and revenants in popular culture Shapeshifting in fiction Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Русский Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 01 : 31 . 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"Michael Jackson's Thriller is a 14-minute horror-themed music video for the song of the same name, released on December 2, 1983. Directed by John Landis, who also co-wrote the screenplay with Michael Jackson, the song was released from Jackson's sixth studio album of the same name. It was MTV's first world premiere video. In the United Kingdom, the video was aired on Channel 4 late at night. Voted as the most influential pop music video of all time,[3] Thriller proved to have a profound effect on popular culture,[4][5] and was named \"a watershed moment for the [music] industry\"[3] for its unprecedented merging of filmmaking and music. Guinness World Records listed it in 2006 as the \"most successful music video\", selling over nine million copies.[6] In 2009, the video was inducted into the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, the first music video to ever receive this honor, for being \"culturally, historically or aesthetically\" significant.[7] The track was also listed at number one on \"The Top 10 Halloween Songs\" by Billboard.[8]"
] | [
"December 2, 1983"
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6529638415855963831 | A Confederacy of Dunces | A Confederacy of Dunces - wikipedia A Confederacy of Dunces A Confederacy of Dunces Author John Kennedy Toole Country United States Language English Genre Comedy , tragicomedy Published 1980 ( Louisiana State University Press ) Media type Print ( hardback , paperback ) , audiobook , e-book Pages 405 pp ( paperback ) ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0657 - 7 OCLC 5336849 Dewey Decimal 813 /. 5 / 4 LC Class PS3570. O54 C66 1980 A Confederacy of Dunces is a picaresque novel by American novelist John Kennedy Toole which reached publication in 1980 , eleven years after Toole 's suicide . Published through the efforts of writer Walker Percy ( who also contributed a foreword ) and Toole 's mother , the book became first a cult classic , then a mainstream success ; it earned Toole a posthumous Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1981 , and is now considered a canonical work of modern literature of the Southern United States . The book 's title refers to an epigram from Jonathan Swift 's essay , Thoughts on Various Subjects , Moral and Diverting : `` When a true genius appears in the world , you may know him by this sign , that the dunces are all in confederacy against him . '' Its central character , Ignatius J. Reilly , is an educated but slothful 30 - year - old man living with his mother in the Uptown neighborhood of early - 1960s New Orleans who , in his quest for employment , has various adventures with colorful French Quarter characters . Toole wrote the novel in 1963 during his last few months in Puerto Rico . Contents 1 Major characters 1.1 Ignatius J. Reilly 1.2 Myrna Minkoff 1.3 Irene Reilly 1.4 Others 2 Ignatius at the movies 3 Confederacy and New Orleans 4 Structure 5 The difficult path to publication 6 Adaptations 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Sources 10 Further reading 11 External links Major characters ( edit ) Ignatius J. Reilly ( edit ) Ignatius Jacques Reilly is something of a modern Don Quixote -- eccentric , idealistic , and creative , sometimes to the point of delusion . In his foreword to the book , Walker Percy describes Ignatius as a `` slob extraordinary , a mad Oliver Hardy , a fat Don Quixote , a perverse Thomas Aquinas rolled into one '' . He disdains modernity , particularly pop culture . The disdain becomes his obsession : he goes to movies in order to mock their perversity and express his outrage with the contemporary world 's lack of `` theology and geometry '' . He prefers the scholastic philosophy of the Middle Ages , and the Early Medieval philosopher Boethius in particular . However , he also enjoys many modern comforts and conveniences and is given to claiming that the rednecks of rural Louisiana hate all modern technology which they associate with progress . The workings of his pyloric valve play an important role in his life , reacting strongly to incidents in a fashion that he likens to Cassandra in terms of prophetic significance . Ignatius is of the mindset that he does not belong in the world and that his numerous failings are the work of some higher power . He continually refers to the goddess Fortuna as having spun him downwards on her wheel of fortune . Ignatius loves to eat , and his masturbatory fantasies lead in strange directions . His mockery of obscene images is portrayed as a defensive posture to hide their titillating effect on him . Although considering himself to have an expansive and learned worldview , Ignatius has an aversion to ever leaving the town of his birth , and frequently bores friends and strangers with the story of his sole , abortive journey out of New Orleans , a trip to Baton Rouge on a Greyhound Scenicruiser bus , which Ignatius recounts as a traumatic ordeal of extreme horror . Myrna Minkoff ( edit ) Myrna Minkoff , referred to by Ignatius as `` that minx '' , is a Jewish beatnik from New York City , whom Ignatius met while she was in college in New Orleans . Though their political , social , religious , and personal orientations could hardly be more different , Myrna and Ignatius fascinate one another . The novel repeatedly refers to Myrna and Ignatius having engaged in tag - team attacks on the teachings of their college professors . For most of the novel , she is seen only in the regular correspondence which the two sustain since her return to New York , a correspondence heavily weighted with sexual analysis on the part of Myrna and contempt for her apparent sacrilegious activity by Ignatius . Officially , they both deplore everything the other stands for . Though neither of them will admit it , their correspondence indicates that , separated though they are by half a continent , many of their actions are meant to impress one another . Irene Reilly ( edit ) Mrs. Irene Reilly is the mother of Ignatius . She has been widowed for 21 years . At first , she allows Ignatius his space and drives him where he needs to go , but throughout the course of the novel she learns to stand up for herself . She also has a drinking problem , most frequently indulging in muscatel , although Ignatius exaggerates that she is a raving , abusive drunk . She falls for Claude Robichaux , a fairly well - off man with a railroad pension and rental properties . At the end of the novel , she decides she will marry Claude . But first , she agrees with Santa Battaglia ( who has not only recently become Mrs. Reilly 's new best friend , but also harbors an intense dislike for Ignatius ) that Ignatius is insane and arranges to have him sent to a mental hospital . Others ( edit ) Santa Battaglia , a `` grammaw '' who is friends with Mrs. Reilly , and has a marked disdain for Ignatius Claude Robichaux , an old man constantly on the lookout for any `` communiss '' who might infiltrate America ; he takes an interest in protecting Irene Angelo Mancuso , an inept police officer , the nephew of Santa Battaglia Lana Lee , a pornographic model who runs the `` Night Of Joy '' , a downscale French Quarter strip club George , Lana 's distributor who sells photographs of her to high - school children of his age Darlene , the `` Night Of Joy 's '' goodhearted but none - too - bright stripper who has a pet cockatoo Burma Jones , black janitor for the `` Night Of Joy '' who holds on to his below - minimum wage job only to avoid being arrested for vagrancy Mr. Clyde , the frustrated owner of Paradise Vendors , a hot dog vendor business Gus Levy , the owner of Levy Pants , a family business in the Bywater neighborhood Mrs. Levy , Gus 's wife , who attempts to psychoanalyze her husband and Miss Trixie despite being completely unqualified to do so Miss Trixie , an aged clerk at Levy Pants who suffers from dementia and compulsive hoarding Mr. Gonzalez , the meek office manager at Levy Pants Dorian Greene , a flamboyant French Quarter homosexual who puts on elaborate parties Frieda Club , Betty Bumper , and Liz Steele , a trio of aggressive lesbians who run afoul of Ignatius Dr. Talc , a mediocre professor at Tulane who had the misfortune of teaching Myrna and Ignatius Miss Annie , the disgruntled neighbor of the Reillys who professes an addiction to headache medicine Ignatius at the movies ( edit ) Toole provides comical descriptions of two of the films Ignatius watches without naming them ; they can be recognized as Billy Rose 's Jumbo and That Touch of Mink , both Doris Day features released in 1962 . In another passage , Ignatius declines to see another film , a `` widely praised Swedish drama about a man who was losing his soul '' . This is most likely Ingmar Bergman 's Winter Light , also released in 1962 . In another passage , Irene Reilly recalls the night Ignatius was conceived : after she and her husband viewed Red Dust , released in October 1932 . Confederacy and New Orleans ( edit ) Canal Street , New Orleans in the late 1950s ; the D.H. Holmes store at right A `` Lucky Dogs '' cart from the era of the novel The book is famous for its rich depiction of New Orleans and the city 's dialects , including Yat . Many locals and writers think that it is the best and most accurate depiction of the city in a work of fiction . The city described in the novel differs in some ways from the actual New Orleans . The first chapter mentions the sun setting over the Mississippi River at the foot of Canal Street . As this direction is to the south - east , this is clearly impossible in reality . Possibly this is a joke by Toole related to the fact that the area across the river is known as the `` West Bank '' , despite the fact that because of the twists of the river it is actually to the south or east from parts of central New Orleans . Such details are not likely to be noticed by people who are not familiar with New Orleans . A bronze statue of Ignatius J. Reilly can be found under the clock on the down - river side of the 800 block of Canal Street , New Orleans , the former site of the D.H. Holmes Department Store , now the Hyatt French Quarter Hotel . The statue mimics the opening scene : Ignatius waits for his mother under the D.H. Holmes clock , clutching a Werlein 's shopping bag , dressed in a hunting cap , flannel shirt , baggy pants and scarf , ' studying the crowd of people for signs of bad taste . ' The statue is modeled on New Orleans actor John `` Spud '' McConnell , who portrayed Ignatius in a stage version of the novel . Various local businesses are mentioned in addition to D.H. Holmes , including Werlein 's Music Store and local cinemas such as the Prytania Theater . Some readers from elsewhere assume Ignatius 's favorite soft drink , Dr. Nut , to be fictitious , but it was an actual local soft drink brand of the era . The `` Paradise Hot Dogs '' vending carts are an easily recognized satire of those actually branded `` Lucky Dogs '' . Structure ( edit ) The structure of A Confederacy of Dunces reflects the structure of Ignatius 's favorite book , Boethius ' Consolation of Philosophy . Like Boethius ' book , A Confederacy of Dunces is divided into chapters that are further divided into a varying number of subchapters . Key parts of some chapters are outside of the main narrative . In Consolation , sections of narrative prose alternate with metrical verse . In Confederacy , such narrative interludes vary more widely in form and include light verse , journal entries by Ignatius , and also letters between himself and Myrna . A copy of the Consolation of Philosophy within the narrative itself also becomes an explicit plot device in several ways . The difficult path to publication ( edit ) As outlined in the introduction to a later revised edition , the book would never have been published if Toole 's mother had not found a smeared carbon copy of the manuscript left in the house following Toole 's 1969 suicide , at 31 . She was persistent and tried several different publishers , to no avail . Thelma repeatedly called Walker Percy , an author and college instructor at Loyola University New Orleans , to demand for him to read it . He initially resisted ; however , as he recounts in the book 's foreword : ... the lady was persistent , and it somehow came to pass that she stood in my office handing me the hefty manuscript . There was no getting out of it ; only one hope remained -- that I could read a few pages and that they would be bad enough for me , in good conscience , to read no farther . Usually I can do just that . Indeed the first paragraph often suffices . My only fear was that this one might not be bad enough , or might be just good enough , so that I would have to keep reading . In this case I read on . And on . First with the sinking feeling that it was not bad enough to quit , then with a prickle of interest , then a growing excitement , and finally an incredulity : surely it was not possible that it was so good . The book was published by LSU Press in 1980 . It won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1981 . In 2005 , Blackstone Audio released an unabridged audiobook of the novel , read by Barrett Whitener . While Tulane University in New Orleans retains a collection of Toole 's papers , and some early drafts have been found , the location of the original manuscript is unknown . Adaptations ( edit ) In March 1984 , LSU staged a musical comedy production of the book , with actor Scott Harlan in the role of Ignatius . Kerry Shale read the book for BBC Radio 4 's Book at Bedtime in 1982 , and later adapted the book into a one - man show which he performed at the Adelaide Festival in 1990 , at the Gate Theatre in London , and for BBC Radio . There have been repeated attempts to turn the book into a film . In 1982 , Harold Ramis was to write and direct an adaptation , starring John Belushi and Richard Pryor , but Belushi 's death prevented this . Later , John Candy and Chris Farley were touted for the lead , but both of them , like Belushi , also died at an early age , leading many to ascribe a curse to the role . Director John Waters was interested in directing an adaptation starring Divine , who also died at an early age , as Ignatius . British performer and writer Stephen Fry was at one point commissioned to adapt Toole 's book for the screen . He was sent to New Orleans by Paramount Studios in 1997 to get background for a screenplay adaptation . John Goodman , a longtime resident of New Orleans , was slated to play Ignatius at one point . A version adapted by Steven Soderbergh and Scott Kramer , and slated to be directed by David Gordon Green , was scheduled for release in 2005 . The film was to star Will Ferrell as Ignatius and Lily Tomlin as Ignatius 's mother . A staged reading of the script took place at the 8th Nantucket Film Festival , with Ferrell as Ignatius , Anne Meara as his mother , Paul Rudd as Officer Mancuso , Kristen Johnston as Lana Lee , Mos Def as Burma Jones , Rosie Perez as Darlene , Olympia Dukakis as Santa Battaglia and Miss Trixie , Natasha Lyonne as Myrna , Alan Cumming as Dorian Greene , John Shea as Gonzales , Jesse Eisenberg as George , John Conlon as Claude Robichaux , Jace Alexander as Bartender Ben , Celia Weston as Miss Annie , Miss Inez & Mrs. Levy , and Dan Hedaya as Mr. Levy . Various reasons are cited as to why the Soderbergh version has yet to be filmed . They include disorganization and lack of interest at Paramount Pictures , the head of the Louisiana State Film Commission being murdered , and the devastating effects of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans . When asked why the film was never made , Will Ferrell has said it is a `` mystery '' . In 2012 , there was a version in negotiation with director James Bobin and potentially starring Zach Galifianakis . In a 2013 interview , Steven Soderbergh remarked `` I think it 's cursed . I 'm not prone to superstition , but that project has got bad mojo on it . '' In November 2015 , Huntington Theatre Company debuted the world - premiere of a stage version of A Confederacy of Dunces written by Jeffrey Hatcher in their Avenue of the Arts / BU Theatre location in Boston , with Nick Offerman starring as Ignatius J. Reilly . It set a record as the company 's highest - grossing production . See also ( edit ) List of works published posthumously New Orleans portal Novels portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : A Confederacy of Dunces '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Podgorski , Daniel ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Peopling Picaresque : On the Well - drawn Characters of John Kennedy Toole 's A Confederacy of Dunces '' . The Gemsbok . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giemza , Bryan ( Spring 2004 ) . `` Ignatius Rising : The Life of John Kennedy Toole '' . Southern Cultures ( review ) . Cambridge : Chadwyck - Healey. 10 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 9 . ISSN 1534 - 1488 . Jump up ^ Miller , Karl ( 1999 - 03 - 05 ) . `` An American tragedy . A lifetime of rejection broke John Kennedy Toole . But his aged mother believed in his talent , found a publisher for his novel and rescued his memory from oblivion '' . www.newstatesman.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Lowe , John ( December 2008 ) . Louisiana culture from the colonial era to Katrina . LSU Press . p. 164 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 3337 - 8 . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Patteson , Richard F ( 1982 ) , `` Ignatius Goes to the Movies : The Films in Toole 's ' A Confederacy of Dunces ' '' , NMAL : Notes on Modern American Literature , 6 ( 2 ) , item 14 . Jump up ^ Toole 1980 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Nagle , Stephen J ; Sanders , Sara L ( 2003 ) . English in the southern United States . Cambridge University Press . p. 181 . Jump up ^ Heilman , Heather ; DeMocker , Michael ( November 26 , 2001 ) . `` Ignatius Comes of Age '' . Tulanian . Tulane University . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Miller , Elizabeth ' Liz ' . `` An Interview with Poppy Z . Brite '' . Bookslut . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ 1937 - 1969. , Toole , John Kennedy , . A confederacy of dunces . Percy , Walker , 1916 - 1990 , . Baton Rouge . p. 288 . ISBN 0807106577 . OCLC 5336849 . Jump up ^ Percy , Walker ( 1980 ) , Preface in Toole 1980 . Jump up ^ MacLauchlin , Cory ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` The Lost Manuscript to ' A Confederacy of Dunces ' '' ( online magazine ) . The Millions . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ https://digitallibrary.tulane.edu/islandora/object/tulane%3A51513/datastream/PDF/view Jump up ^ https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/198254900?q&versionId=217061488 Jump up ^ https://www.kerryshale.com/actor/ ^ Jump up to : Hyman , Peter ( December 14 , 2006 ) . `` The development hell of ' A Confederacy of Dunces ' '' . Slate . Archived from the original on 22 January 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Allman , Kevin . `` John Waters '' ( interview ) . Gambit New Orleans News and Entertainment . Best of New Orleans . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Fry , Stephen ( 2005 - 09 - 06 ) . `` The great stink of 2005 '' . Huffington post . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Fry , Stephen ( 2008 ) , Stephen Fry in America , Harper Collins , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ( 19 May 2000 ) . `` A Confederacy of Dunces celebrates its 20th anniversary '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Head , Steve ( 2003 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Filmforce '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2005 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , Hunter ( February 29 , 2008 ) . `` Will Ferrell Talks Land of the Lost , Old School 2 , Elf 2 and A Confederacy of Dunces '' . Slashfilm . Archived from the original on 24 January 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Brodesser - Akner , Claude ( 2012 - 05 - 22 ) , `` Exclusive : ' Dunces ' Finds Its Ignatius in Galifianakis '' , Vulture . Jump up ^ `` Soderbergh in Vulture '' . vulture.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shanahan , Mark ( 23 December 2015 ) . `` ' Confederacy of Dunces ' sets Huntington Theatre record '' . The Boston Globe . Sources ( edit ) Toole , John Kennedy ( 1980 ) , A Confederacy of Dunces , LSU Press , ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3020 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Scholarly studies Clark , William Bedford ( 1987 ) , `` All Toole 's children : A reading of ' A Confederacy of Dunces ' '' , Essays in Literature , 14 : 269 -- 80 . Dunne , Sara L ( 2005 ) , `` Moviegoing in the Modern Novel : Holden , Binx , Ignatius '' , Studies in Popular Culture , 28 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 47 . Kline , Michael ( 1999 ) , `` Narrating the Grotesque : The Rhetoric of Humor in John Kennedy Toole 's A Confederacy of Dunces '' , Southern Quarterly , 37 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 283 -- 91 . Leighton , H Vernon ( 2007 -- 2012 ) , John Kennedy Toole Research , Winona , three scholarly articles ( including one free full text ) and other materials . Lowe , John ( 2008 ) , `` The Carnival Voices of ' A Confederacy of Dunces ' '' , Louisiana Culture from the Colonial Era to Katrina , Baton Rouge , LA : Louisiana State UP , pp. 159 -- 90 . MacLauchlin , Cory ( 2012 ) , Butterfly in the Typewriter : The Tragic Life of John Kennedy Toole and the Remarkable Story of ' A Confederacy of Dunces ' ( biography ) , Da Capo Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 82040 - 3 ( literary analysis , chapter 15 ) . Marsh , Leslie ( 2013 ) , Critical Notice of Butterfly in the Typewriter : The Tragic Life of John Kennedy Toole and the Remarkable Story of A Confederacy of Dunces ' ( review ) , Journal of Mind and Behavior , ISSN 0271 - 0137 McNeil , David ( 1984 ) , `` A Confederacy of Dunces as Reverse Satire : The American Subgenre '' , Mississippi Quarterly , 38 : 33 -- 47 . Palumbo , Carmine D ( 1995 ) , `` John Kennedy Toole and His Confederacy of Dunces '' , Louisiana Folklore Miscellany , 10 : 59 -- 77 . Patteson , Richard F ; Sauret , Thomas ( 1983 ) , `` The Consolation of Illusion : John Kennedy Toole 's ' A Confederacy of Dunces ' '' , Texas Review , 4 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 77 -- 87 . Pugh , Tison ( 2006 ) , `` ' It 's Prolly Fulla Dirty Stories ' : Masturbatory Allegory and Queer Medievalism in John Kennedy Toole 's ' A Confederacy of Dunces ' '' , Studies in Medievalism , 15 : 77 -- 100 . Rudnicki , Robert ( 2009 ) , `` Euphues and the Anatomy of Influence : John Lyly , Harold Bloom , James Olney , and the Construction of John Kennedy Toole 's Ignatius '' , Mississippi Quarterly , 62 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 281 -- 302 . Simmons , Jonathan ( 1989 ) , `` Ignatius Reilly and the Concept of the Grotesque in John Kennedy Toole 's ' A Confederacy of Dunces ' '' , Mississippi Quarterly , 43 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 43 . Simon , Richard K ( 1994 ) , `` John Kennedy Toole and Walker Percy : Fiction and Repetition in ' A Confederacy of Dunces ' '' , Texas Studies in Literature & Language , 36 ( 1 ) : 99 -- 116 , JSTOR 40755032 . Zaenker , Karl A ( 1987 ) , `` Hrotsvit and the Moderns : Her Impact on John Kennedy Toole and Peter Hacks '' , in Wilson , Katharina M , Hrotsvit of Gandersheim : Rara Avis in Saxonia ? , Ann Arbor , MI : Marc , pp. 275 -- 85 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to A Confederacy of Dunces . `` John Kennedy Toole '' ( review ) , Spike . Written when the latest film adaptation was still scheduled to go ahead . Slate on the problems plaguing the film adaptation . PPrize ( photos ) of first edition Confederacy of Dunces . ignatius ' ghost , Google . A tour of Confederacy locations . Pulitzer Prize for Fiction 1918 -- 1925 His Family by Ernest Poole ( 1918 ) The Magnificent Ambersons by Booth Tarkington ( 1919 ) The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton ( 1921 ) Alice Adams by Booth Tarkington ( 1922 ) One of Ours by Willa Cather ( 1923 ) The Able McLaughlins by Margaret Wilson ( 1924 ) So Big by Edna Ferber ( 1925 ) 1926 -- 1950 Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis ( declined ) ( 1926 ) Early Autumn by Louis Bromfield ( 1927 ) The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder ( 1928 ) Scarlet Sister Mary by Julia Peterkin ( 1929 ) Laughing Boy by Oliver La Farge ( 1930 ) Years of Grace by Margaret Ayer Barnes ( 1931 ) The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck ( 1932 ) The Store by Thomas Sigismund Stribling ( 1933 ) Lamb in His Bosom by Caroline Pafford Miller ( 1934 ) Now in November by Josephine Winslow Johnson ( 1935 ) Honey in the Horn by Harold L. Davis ( 1936 ) Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell ( 1937 ) The Late George Apley by John Phillips Marquand ( 1938 ) The Yearling by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings ( 1939 ) The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck ( 1940 ) In This Our Life by Ellen Glasgow ( 1942 ) Dragon 's Teeth by Upton Sinclair ( 1943 ) Journey in the Dark by Martin Flavin ( 1944 ) A Bell for Adano by John Hersey ( 1945 ) All the King 's Men by Robert Penn Warren ( 1947 ) Tales of the South Pacific by James A. Michener ( 1948 ) Guard of Honor by James Gould Cozzens ( 1949 ) The Way West by A.B. Guthrie Jr. ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 The Town by Conrad Richter ( 1951 ) The Caine Mutiny by Herman Wouk ( 1952 ) The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway ( 1953 ) A Fable by William Faulkner ( 1955 ) Andersonville by MacKinlay Kantor ( 1956 ) A Death in the Family by James Agee ( 1958 ) The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters by Robert Lewis Taylor ( 1959 ) Advise and Consent by Allen Drury ( 1960 ) To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee ( 1961 ) The Edge of Sadness by Edwin O'Connor ( 1962 ) The Reivers by William Faulkner ( 1963 ) The Keepers of the House by Shirley Ann Grau ( 1965 ) The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter by Katherine Anne Porter ( 1966 ) The Fixer by Bernard Malamud ( 1967 ) The Confessions of Nat Turner by William Styron ( 1968 ) House Made of Dawn by N. Scott Momaday ( 1969 ) The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford by Jean Stafford ( 1970 ) Angle of Repose by Wallace Stegner ( 1972 ) The Optimist 's Daughter by Eudora Welty ( 1973 ) The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Humboldt 's Gift by Saul Bellow ( 1976 ) Elbow Room by James Alan McPherson ( 1978 ) The Stories of John Cheever by John Cheever ( 1979 ) The Executioner 's Song by Norman Mailer ( 1980 ) A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole ( 1981 ) Rabbit Is Rich by John Updike ( 1982 ) The Color Purple by Alice Walker ( 1983 ) Ironweed by William Kennedy ( 1984 ) Foreign Affairs by Alison Lurie ( 1985 ) Lonesome Dove by Larry McMurtry ( 1986 ) A Summons to Memphis by Peter Taylor ( 1987 ) Beloved by Toni Morrison ( 1988 ) Breathing Lessons by Anne Tyler ( 1989 ) The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love by Oscar Hijuelos ( 1990 ) Rabbit at Rest by John Updike ( 1991 ) A Thousand Acres by Jane Smiley ( 1992 ) A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain by Robert Olen Butler ( 1993 ) The Shipping News by E. Annie Proulx ( 1994 ) The Stone Diaries by Carol Shields ( 1995 ) Independence Day by Richard Ford ( 1996 ) Martin Dressler : The Tale of an American Dreamer by Steven Millhauser ( 1997 ) American Pastoral by Philip Roth ( 1998 ) The Hours by Michael Cunningham ( 1999 ) Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay by Michael Chabon ( 2001 ) Empire Falls by Richard Russo ( 2002 ) Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides ( 2003 ) The Known World by Edward P. Jones ( 2004 ) Gilead by Marilynne Robinson ( 2005 ) March by Geraldine Brooks ( 2006 ) The Road by Cormac McCarthy ( 2007 ) The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao by Junot Díaz ( 2008 ) Olive Kitteridge by Elizabeth Strout ( 2009 ) Tinkers by Paul Harding ( 2010 ) A Visit from the Goon Squad by Jennifer Egan ( 2011 ) No award given ( 2012 ) The Orphan Master 's Son by Adam Johnson ( 2013 ) The Goldfinch by Donna Tartt ( 2014 ) All the Light We Cannot See by Anthony Doerr ( 2015 ) The Sympathizer by Viet Thanh Nguyen ( 2016 ) The Underground Railroad by Colson Whitehead ( 2017 ) Less by Andrew Sean Greer ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Confederacy_of_Dunces&oldid=854707703 '' Categories : Novels set in the 1960s 1963 American novels 1980 American novels American comedy novels American satirical novels Novels published posthumously Novels set in New Orleans Picaresque novels Pulitzer Prize for Fiction - winning works Southern Gothic novels PEN / Faulkner Award for Fiction - winning works Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Italiano Nederlands Português Svenska Türkçe 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 06 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does a confederacy of dunces take place | [
"The book's title refers to an epigram from Jonathan Swift's essay, Thoughts on Various Subjects, Moral and Diverting: \"When a true genius appears in the world, you may know him by this sign, that the dunces are all in confederacy against him.\" Its central character, Ignatius J. Reilly, is an educated but slothful 30-year-old man living with his mother in the Uptown neighborhood of early-1960s New Orleans who, in his quest for employment, has various adventures with colorful French Quarter characters. Toole wrote the novel in 1963 during his last few months in Puerto Rico.\n"
] | [
"early-1960s"
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493472495450685641 | Vitamin B12 deficiency | Vitamin B12 deficiency - wikipedia Vitamin B deficiency Jump to : navigation , search Vitamin B deficiency Synonyms Hypocobalaminemia Cyanocobalamin Specialty Neurology Symptoms Decreased ability to think , depression , irritability , abnormal sensations , changes in reflexes Complications Megaloblastic anemia Causes Poor absorption , decreased intake , increased requirements Diagnostic method Blood levels below 120 -- 180 picomol / L ( 170 -- 250 pg / mL ) in adults Prevention Supplementation in those at high risk Treatment Supplementation by mouth or injection Frequency 6 % ( < 60 years old ) , 20 % ( > 60 years old ) ( edit on Wikidata ) Vitamin B deficiency is the medical condition of low blood levels of vitamin B. A wide variety of signs and symptoms may occur including a decreased ability to think and behavioural and emotional changes such as depression , irritability , and psychosis . Abnormal sensations , changes in reflexes , and poor muscle function can also occur as may inflammation of the tongue , decreased taste , low red blood cells , reduced heart function , and decreased fertility . In young children symptoms include poor growth , poor development , and difficulties with movement . Without early treatment some of the changes may be permanent . Common causes include poor absorption from the stomach or intestines , decreased intake , and increased requirements . Decreased absorption may be due to pernicious anemia , surgical removal of the stomach , chronic inflammation of the pancreas , intestinal parasites , certain medications , and some genetic disorders . Decreased intake may occur in those who eat a vegan diet or are malnourished . Increased requirements occur in HIV / AIDS and in those with rapid red blood cell breakdown . Diagnosis is typically based on vitamin B blood levels below 120 -- 180 picomol / L ( 170 -- 250 pg / mL ) in adults . Elevated methylmalonic acid levels ( values > 0.4 micromol / L ) may also indicate a deficiency . A type of low red blood cells known as megaloblastic anemia is often but not always present . Supplementation is recommended to prevent deficiency in vegetarians who are pregnant . Once identified it is easily treated with supplementation by mouth or injection . Excess vitamin B among those who are otherwise healthy is thought to be safe . Some cases may also be helped by treating the underlying cause . Other cases may require ongoing supplementation as the underlying cause is not curable . Vitamin B deficiency is common . It is estimated to occur in about 6 % of those under the age of 60 and 20 % of those over the age of 60 . Rates may be as high as 80 % in parts of Africa and Asia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Psychological 2 Causes 3 Mechanism 3.1 Metabolic 3.2 Pathomorphology 4 Diagnosis 4.1 Effect of folic acid 5 Treatment 6 Epidemiology 7 Veterinary medicine 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Vitamin B deficiency can lead to anemia and neurologic dysfunction . A mild deficiency may not cause any discernible symptoms , but as the deficiency becomes more significant , symptoms of anemia may result , such as weakness , fatigue , light - headedness , rapid heartbeat , rapid breathing and pale color to the skin . It may also cause easy bruising or bleeding , including bleeding gums . GI side effects including sore tongue , stomach upset , weight loss , and diarrhea or constipation . If the deficiency is not corrected , nerve cell damage can result . If this happens , vitamin B deficiency may result in tingling or numbness to the fingers and toes , difficulty walking , mood changes , depression , memory loss , disorientation and , in severe cases , dementia . The main syndrome of vitamin B deficiency is pernicious anemia . It is characterized by a triad of symptoms : Anemia with bone marrow promegaloblastosis ( megaloblastic anemia ) . This is due to the inhibition of DNA synthesis ( specifically purines and thymidine ) Gastrointestinal symptoms : alteration in bowel motility , such as mild diarrhea or constipation , and loss of bladder or bowel control . These are thought to be due to defective DNA synthesis inhibiting replication in a site with a high turnover of cells . This may also be due to the autoimmune attack on the parietal cells of the stomach in pernicious anemia . There is an association with GAVE syndrome ( commonly called watermelon stomach ) and pernicious anemia . Neurological symptoms : Sensory or motor deficiencies ( absent reflexes , diminished vibration or soft touch sensation ) , subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord , seizures , or even symptoms of dementia and or other psychiatric symptoms may be present . Deficiency symptoms in children include developmental delay , regression , irritability , involuntary movements and hypotonia . The presence of peripheral sensory - motor symptoms or subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord strongly suggests the presence of a B deficiency instead of folate deficiency . Methylmalonic acid , if not properly handled by B , remains in the myelin sheath , causing fragility . Dementia and depression have been associated with this deficiency as well , possibly from the under - production of methionine because of the inability to convert homocysteine into this product . Methionine is a necessary cofactor in the production of several neurotransmitters . Each of those symptoms can occur either alone or along with others . The neurological complex , defined as myelosis funicularis , consists of the following symptoms : Impaired perception of deep touch , pressure and vibration , loss of sense of touch , very annoying and persistent paresthesias Ataxia of dorsal chord type Decrease or loss of deep muscle - tendon reflexes Pathological reflexes -- Babinski , Rossolimo and others , also severe paresis Vitamin B deficiency can cause severe and irreversible damage , especially to the brain and nervous system . These symptoms of neuronal damage may not reverse after correction of hematological abnormalities , and the chance of complete reversal decreases with the length of time the neurological symptoms have been present . Tinnitus may be associated with vitamin B deficiency . Psychological ( edit ) Vitamin B deficiency can also cause symptoms of mania and psychosis , fatigue , memory impairment , irritability , depression , ataxia , and personality changes . In infants symptoms include irritability , failure to thrive , apathy , anorexia , and developmental regression . Causes ( edit ) Inadequate dietary intake of vitamin B. Vitamin B occurs in animal products ( eggs , meat , milk ) and recent research indicates it may also occur in some algae , such as Chlorella and Susabi - nori ( Porphyra yezoensis ) . B isolated from bacterial cultures is also added to many fortified foods , and available as a dietary supplement . Vegans , and also vegetarians but to a lesser degree , may be at risk for B deficiency due to inadequate dietary intake of B , if they do not supplement . However , B deficiency can occur even in people who consume meat , poultry , and fish . Children are at a higher risk for B deficiency due to inadequate dietary intake , as they have fewer vitamin stores and a relatively larger vitamin need per calorie of food intake . Selective impaired absorption of vitamin B due to intrinsic factor deficiency . This may be caused by the loss of gastric parietal cells in chronic atrophic gastritis ( in which case , the resulting megaloblastic anemia takes the name of `` pernicious anemia '' ) , or may result from wide surgical resection of stomach ( for any reason ) , or from rare hereditary causes of impaired synthesis of intrinsic factor . Impaired absorption of vitamin B in the setting of a more generalized malabsorption or maldigestion syndrome . This includes any form of structural damage or wide surgical resection of the terminal ileum ( the principal site of vitamin B absorption ) . Forms of achlorhydria ( including that artificially induced by drugs such as proton pump inhibitors and histamine 2 receptor antagonists ) can cause B malabsorption from foods , since acid is needed to split B from food proteins and salivary binding proteins . This process is thought to be the most common cause of low B in the elderly , who often have some degree of achlorhydria without being formally low in intrinsic factor . This process does not affect absorption of small amounts of B in supplements such as multivitamins , since it is not bound to proteins , as is the B in foods . Surgical removal of the small bowel ( for example in Crohn 's disease ) such that the patient presents with short bowel syndrome and is unable to absorb vitamin B . This can be treated with regular injections of vitamin B . Long - term use of ranitidine hydrochloride may contribute to deficiency of vitamin B . Untreated celiac disease may also cause impaired absorption of this vitamin , probably due to damage to the small bowel mucosa . In some people , vitamin B12 deficiency may persist despite treatment with a gluten - free diet and require supplementation . Some bariatric surgical procedures , especially those that involve removal of part of the stomach , such as Roux - en - Y gastric bypass surgery . ( Procedures such as the adjustable gastric band type do not appear to affect B metabolism significantly ) . Bacterial overgrowth in parts of the small bowel are thought to be able to absorb B. An example occurs in so - called blind loop syndrome . The diabetes medication metformin may interfere with B dietary absorption . Hereditary causes such as severe MTHFR deficiency , homocystinuria , and transcobalamin deficiency . Malnutrition of alcoholism . Nitrous oxide abuse . Infection with the Diphyllobothrium latum tapeworm Mechanism ( edit ) The total amount of vitamin B stored in the body is between two and five milligrams in adults . Approximately 50 % is stored in the liver , but approximately 0.1 % is lost each day , due to secretions into the gut -- not all of the vitamin in the gut is reabsorbed . While bile is the main vehicle for B excretion , most of the B secreted in bile is recycled via enterohepatic circulation . Due to the extreme efficiency of this mechanism , the liver can store three to five years worth of vitamin B under normal conditions and functioning . However , the rate at which B levels may change when dietary intake is low depends on the balance between several variables . Metabolic ( edit ) Vitamin B deficiency causes particular changes to the metabolism of 2 clinically relevant substances in humans : Homocysteine ( homocysteine to methionine , catalysed by methionine synthase ) leading to hyperhomocysteinemia may lead to varicose veins Methylmalonic acid ( methylmalonyl - CoA to succinyl - CoA , of which methylmalonyl - CoA is made from methylmalonic acid in a preceding reaction ) Methionine is activated to S - adenosyl methionine , which aids in purine and thymidine synthesis , myelin production , protein / neurotransmitters / fatty acid / phospholipid production and DNA methylation. 5 - Methyl tetrahydrofolate provides a methyl group , which is released to the reaction with homocysteine , resulting in methionine . This reaction requires cobalamin as a cofactor . The creation of 5 - methyl tetrahydrofolate is an irreversible reaction . If B is absent , the forward reaction of homocysteine to methionine does not occur , and the replenishment of tetrahydrofolate stops . Because B and folate are involved in the metabolism of homocysteine , hyperhomocysteinuria is a non-specific marker of deficiency . Methylmalonic acid is used as a more specific test of B deficiency . Pathomorphology ( edit ) A spongiform state of neural tissue along with edema of fibers and deficiency of tissue . The myelin decays , along with axial fiber . In later phases , fibric sclerosis of nervous tissues occurs . Those changes apply to dorsal parts of the spinal cord and to pyramidal tracts in lateral cords . The pathophysiologic state of the spinal cord is called subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord . In the brain itself , changes are less severe : They occur as small sources of nervous fibers decay and accumulation of astrocytes , usually subcortically located , and also round hemorrhages with a torus of glial cells . Pathological changes can be noticed as well in the posterior roots of the cord and , to lesser extent , in peripheral nerves . Abnormalities might be observed in MRI . Diagnosis ( edit ) MRI image of the brain in an axial view showing the `` precontrast FLAIR image '' . Note the abnormal lesions ( circled ) in the per ventricular area suggesting white matter pathology in someone with vitamin B12 deficiency . Serum B levels are often low in B deficiency , but if other features of B deficiency are present with normal B then further investigation is warranted . One possible explanation for normal B levels in B deficiency is antibody interference in people with high titres of intrinsic factor antibody . Some researchers propose that the current standard norms of vitamin B levels are too low . One Japanese study states the normal limits as 500 -- 1,300 pg / mL . Range of vitamin B12 levels in humans is considered as normal : > 300 pg / mL ; moderate deficiency : 201 -- 300 pg / mL ; and severe deficiency : < 201 pg / mL . Serum vitamin B tests results are in pg / mL ( picograms / milliliter ) or pmol / L ( pico moles / liter ) . The laboratory reference ranges for these units are similar , since the molecular weight of B is approximately 1000 , the difference between mL and L. Thus : 550 pg / mL = 400 pmol / L . Serum homocysteine and methylmalonic acid levels are considered more reliable indicators of B deficiency than the concentration of B in blood . The levels of these substances are high in B deficiency and can be helpful if the diagnosis is unclear . Routine monitoring of methylmalonic acid levels in urine is an option for people who may not be getting enough dietary B , as a rise in methylmalonic acid levels may be an early indication of deficiency . If nervous system damage is suspected , B analysis in cerebrospinal fluid is possible , though such an invasive test should be considered only if blood testing is inconclusive . The Schilling test has been largely supplanted by tests for antiparietal cell and intrinsic factor antibodies . Effect of folic acid ( edit ) The National Institutes of Health has found that `` Large amounts of folic acid can mask the damaging effects of vitamin B deficiency by correcting the megaloblastic anemia caused by vitamin B deficiency without correcting the neurological damage that also occurs '' , there are also indications that `` high serum folate levels might not only mask vitamin B deficiency , but could also exacerbate the anemia and worsen the cognitive symptoms associated with vitamin B deficiency '' . Due to the fact that in the United States legislation has required enriched flour to contain folic acid to reduce cases of fetal neural - tube defects , consumers may be ingesting more than they realize . To counter the masking effect of B deficiency the NIH recommends `` folic acid intake from fortified food and supplements should not exceed 1,000 μg daily in healthy adults . '' Most importantly , B deficiency needs to be treated with B repletion . Limiting folic acid will not counter the irrevocable neurological damage that is caused by untreated B deficiency . Treatment ( edit ) Hydroxocobalamin injection is a clear red liquid solution of hydroxocobalamin . B can be supplemented by pill or injection and appear to be equally effective in those with low levels due to absorption problems . When large doses are given by mouth its absorption does not rely on the presence of intrinsic factor or an intact ileum . Generally 1 to 2 mg daily is required as a large dose . Even pernicious anemia can be treated entirely by the oral route . These supplements carry such large doses of the vitamin that 1 % to 5 % of high oral doses of free crystalline B is absorbed along the entire intestine by passive diffusion . Very high doses of B over many years has been linked to an increase in lung cancer risk in male smokers . Epidemiology ( edit ) In the developing world the deficiency is very widespread , with significant levels of deficiency in Africa , India , and South and Central America . This is theorized to be due to low intakes of animal products , particularly among the poor . B deficiency is more common in the elderly . This is because B absorption decreases greatly in the presence of atrophic gastritis , which is common in the elderly . The 2000 Tufts University study found no correlation between eating meat and differences in B serum levels , likely due to a combination of fortified foods and B absorption disorders . Veterinary Medicine ( edit ) Ruminants , such as cows and sheep , absorb B produced by bacteria in their guts . For gut bacteria of ruminants to produce B the animal must consume sufficient amounts of cobalt in order for B to be synthesized . In the early 20th century during the development for farming of the North Island Volcanic Plateau of New Zealand , cattle suffered from what was termed `` bush sickness '' . It was discovered that the volcanic soils lacked the cobalt salts essential for the cattle food chain . The `` coast disease '' of sheep in the Ninety Mile Desert of the Southeast of South Australia in the 1930s was found to originate in nutritional deficiencies of the trace elements , cobalt and copper . The cobalt deficiency was overcome by the development of `` cobalt bullets '' , dense pellets of cobalt oxide mixed with clay given orally for lodging in the animal 's rumen . See also ( edit ) Beriberi ( caused by Vitamin B1 deficiency ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hunt , A ; Harrington , D ; Robinson , S ( 4 September 2014 ) . `` Vitamin B12 deficiency . '' ( PDF ) . BMJ ( Clinical research ed . ) . 349 : g5226 . PMID 25189324 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. g5226 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet : Vitamin B12 -- Health Professional Fact Sheet '' . National Institutes of Health : Office of Dietary Supplements. 2016 - 02 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Vidal - Alaball , J ; Butler , CC ; Cannings - John , R ; Goringe , A ; Hood , K ; McCaddon , A ; McDowell , I ; Papaioannou , A ( 20 July 2005 ) . `` Oral vitamin B12 versus intramuscular vitamin B12 for vitamin B12 deficiency . '' . The Cochrane database of systematic reviews ( 3 ) : CD004655 . PMC 5112015 . PMID 16034940 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD004655. pub2 . Jump up ^ Herrmann , Wolfgang ( 2011 ) . Vitamins in the prevention of human diseases . Berlin : Walter de Gruyter . p. 245 . ISBN 9783110214482 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Lachner , C ; Steinle , NI ; Regenold , WT ( 2012 ) . `` The neuropsychiatry of vitamin B12 deficiency in elderly patients . '' . The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences. 24 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 15 . PMID 22450609 . doi : 10.1176 / appi. neuropsych. 11020052 . Jump up ^ Wardlaw , Graeme J. Hankey , Joanna M. ( 2008 ) . Clinical neurology . London : Manson . p. 466 . ISBN 9781840765182 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , William ( 2012 ) . The 5 - minute pediatric consult ( 6th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer Health / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 535 . ISBN 9781451116564 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , E.H. ( 2014 ) . `` The neurology of folic acid deficiency '' . Handb Clin Neurol. 120 : 927 -- 43 . PMID 24365361 . doi : 10.1016 / B978 - 0 - 7020 - 4087 - 0.00061 - 9 . Jump up ^ Briani C , Dalla Torre C , Citton V , Manara R , Pompanin S , Binotto G , Adami F ( 2013 ) . `` Cobalamin Deficiency : Clinical Picture and Radiological Findings '' . Nutrients. 5 ( 11 ) : 4521 -- 4539 . ISSN 2072 - 6643 . PMC 3847746 . PMID 24248213 . doi : 10.3390 / nu5114521 . Jump up ^ DN Amarapurka MD , ND Patel MD ( September 2004 ) . `` Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia Syndrome '' . Journal of The Association of Physcians of India . 52 : 757 . Jump up ^ Matsumoto A , Shiga Y , Shimizu H , Kimura I , Hisanaga K ( Apr 2009 ) . `` ( Encephalomyelopathy due to vitamin B12 deficiency with seizures as a predominant symptom ) '' . Rinshō Shinkeigaku = Clinical Neurology . 49 ( 4 ) : 179 -- 85 . PMID 19462816 . doi : 10.5692 / clinicalneurol. 49.179 . Jump up ^ Kumar S ( Mar 2004 ) . `` Recurrent seizures : an unusual manifestation of vitamin B12 deficiency '' . Neurology India . Neurologyindia.com. 52 ( 1 ) : 122 -- 123 . PMID 15069260 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Mustafa TAŞKESEN ; Ahmet YARAMIŞ ; Selahattin KATAR ; Ayfer GÖZÜ PİRİNÇÇİOĞLU ; Murat SÖKER . `` Neurological presentations of nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency in 42 breastfed infants in Southeast Turkey '' ( PDF ) . Turk J Med Sci. 41 ( 6 ) : 1091 -- 1096 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2013 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Yavuz H ( Sep 2008 ) . `` ' Vitamin B12 deficiency and seizures ' '' . Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology ( Open access ) . 50 ( 9 ) : 720 . PMID 18754925 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 8749.2008. 03083. x . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kumar S , Narasimha A , Holla B , Viswanath B , Narayanaswamy JC , Math SB , Chandrashekar CR ( 2013 ) . `` Reversible dementia in young persons due to cobalamin deficiency '' . The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 25 : E62 -- E63 . doi : 10.1176 / appi. neuropsych. 12040083 . Jump up ^ Kliegman , Robert M. ; Stanton , Bonita M.D. ; Geme , Joseph St. ; Schor , Nina F ( eds . ) . Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics ( 20th ed . ) . pp. 2319 -- 2326 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4557 - 7566 - 8 . Jump up ^ Stover , editors , Janos Zempleni , John W. Suttie , Jesse F. Gregory , III , Patrick J. ( 2014 ) . Handbook of vitamins ( Fifth ed . ) . Hoboken : CRC Press . p. 477 . ISBN 9781466515574 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 17 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sethi NK , Robilotti E , Sadan Y ( 2005 ) . `` Neurological Manifestations Of Vitamin B - 12 Deficiency '' . The Internet Journal of Nutrition and Wellness. 2 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.5580 / 5a9 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Masalha R , Chudakov B , Muhamad M , Rudoy I , Volkov I , Wirguin I ( Sep 2001 ) . `` Cobalamin - responsive psychosis as the sole manifestation of vitamin B12 deficiency '' . The Israel Medical Association Journal . 3 ( 9 ) : 701 -- 703 . PMID 11574992 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Pernicious anemia : MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia '' . National Institutes of Health : National Library of Medicine . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Dror DK , Allen LH ( May 2008 ) . `` Effect of vitamin B12 deficiency on neurodevelopment in infants : current knowledge and possible mechanisms '' . Nutrition Reviews . 66 ( 5 ) : 250 -- 5 . PMID 18454811 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1753 - 4887.2008. 00031. x . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Black MM ( Jun 2008 ) . `` Effects of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency on brain development in children '' . Food and Nutrition Bulletin . 29 ( 2 Suppl ) : S126 -- 31 . PMC 3137939 . PMID 18709887 . Jump up ^ Kittaka - Katsura H , Fujita T , Watanabe F , Nakano Y ( Aug 2002 ) . `` Purification and characterization of a corrinoid compound from Chlorella tablets as an algal health food '' . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry . 50 ( 17 ) : 4994 -- 7 . PMID 12166996 . doi : 10.1021 / jf020345w . Jump up ^ Watanabe F , Takenaka S , Kittaka - Katsura H , Ebara S , Miyamoto E ( Oct 2002 ) . `` Characterization and bioavailability of vitamin B12 - compounds from edible algae '' . Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology. 48 ( 5 ) : 325 -- 31 . PMID 12656203 . doi : 10.3177 / jnsv. 48.325 . Jump up ^ Nakano S , Takekoshi H , Nakano M ( Mar 2010 ) . `` Chlorella pyrenoidosa supplementation reduces the risk of anemia , proteinuria and edema in pregnant women '' . Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 65 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 30 . PMID 20013055 . doi : 10.1007 / s11130 - 009 - 0145 - 9 . Jump up ^ Watanabe F , Takenaka S , Katsura H , Miyamoto E , Abe K , Tamura Y , Nakatsuka T , Nakano Y ( Dec 2000 ) . `` Characterization of a vitamin B12 compound in the edible purple laver , Porphyra yezoensis '' . Bioscience , Biotechnology , and Biochemistry . 64 ( 12 ) : 2712 -- 5 . PMID 11210144 . doi : 10.1271 / bbb. 64.2712 . Jump up ^ Croft MT , Lawrence AD , Raux - Deery E , Warren MJ , Smith AG ( Nov 2005 ) . `` Algae acquire vitamin B12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria '' . Nature . 438 ( 7064 ) : 90 -- 3 . PMID 16267554 . doi : 10.1038 / nature04056 . Jump up ^ Martens JH , Barg H , Warren MJ , Jahn D ( Mar 2002 ) . `` Microbial production of vitamin B12 '' . Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology . 58 ( 3 ) : 275 -- 85 . PMID 11935176 . doi : 10.1007 / s00253 - 001 - 0902 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : McBride , Judy ( 2 August 2000 ) . `` B12 Deficiency May Be More Widespread Than Thought '' . Agricultural Research Service . United States Department of Agriculture . Archived from the original on 20 June 2012 . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Lam JR , Schneider JL , Zhao W , Corley DA ( Dec 2013 ) . `` Proton pump inhibitor and histamine 2 receptor antagonist use and vitamin B12 deficiency '' . JAMA. 310 ( 22 ) : 2435 -- 2442 . PMID 24327038 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2013.280490 . Jump up ^ Baik , H.W. ; Russell , R.M. ( 1999 ) . `` Vitamin B12 deficiency in the elderly '' . Annu Rev Nutr. 19 : 357 -- 377 . PMID 10448529 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. nutr. 19.1. 357 . Jump up ^ Yeomans ND , Hanson RG , Smallwood RA , Mihaly GW , Louis WJ ( 1982 ) . `` Effect of chronic ranitidine treatment on secretion of intrinsic factor '' . Br Med J ( Clin Res Ed ) . 285 ( 6337 ) : 264 . PMC 1499627 . PMID 6124297 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 285.6337. 264 . Jump up ^ Caruso R , Pallone F , Stasi E , Romeo S , Monteleone G ( 2013 ) . `` Appropriate nutrient supplementation in celiac disease '' . Ann Med ( Review ) . 45 ( 8 ) : 522 -- 31 . PMID 24195595 . doi : 10.3109 / 07853890.2013. 849383 . Jump up ^ Ting RZ , Szeto CC , Chan MH , Ma KK , Chow KM ( Oct 2006 ) . `` Risk factors of vitamin B ( 12 ) deficiency in patients receiving metformin '' . Archives of Internal Medicine . 166 ( 18 ) : 1975 -- 9 . PMID 17030830 . doi : 10.1001 / archinte. 166.18. 1975 . Jump up ^ Kondo H , Osborne ML , Kolhouse JF , Binder MJ , Podell ER , Utley CS , Abrams RS , Allen RH ( May 1981 ) . `` Nitrous oxide has multiple deleterious effects on cobalamin metabolism and causes decreases in activities of both mammalian cobalamin - dependent enzymes in rats '' . The Journal of Clinical Investigation . The American Society For Clinical Investigation . 67 ( 5 ) : 1270 -- 1283 . PMC 370693 . PMID 6112240 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI110155 . Jump up ^ Voet , Donald , Voet , Judith G. ( 2010 ) . Biochemistry . New York : J. Wiley & Sons . p. 957 . ISBN 978 - 0470 - 57095 - 1 . Jump up ^ Yamada K ( 2013 ) . `` Chapter 9 . Cobalt : Its Role in Health and Disease '' . In Astrid Sigel , Helmut Sigel and Roland K.O. Sigel . Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases . Metal Ions in Life Sciences . 13 . Springer . pp. 295 -- 320 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 7500 - 8_9 . Jump up ^ Shane B , Stokstad EL ( 1985 ) . `` Vitamin B12 - folate interrelationships '' . Annual Review of Nutrition. 5 : 115 -- 41 . PMID 3927946 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. nu. 05.070185. 000555 . Jump up ^ `` Vitamin B12 / Pathophysiology Text '' . LifeSave.org . p. 215 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Guez S , Chiarelli G , Menni F , Salera S , Principi N , Esposito S ( 2012 ) . `` Severe vitamin B12 deficiency in an exclusively breastfed 5 - month - old Italian infant born to a mother receiving multivitamin supplementation during pregnancy '' . BMC Pediatrics ( Full text ) . Biomedcentral.com. 12 : 85 . PMC 3407531 . PMID 22726312 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2431 - 12 - 85 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Hamilton MS , Blackmore S , Lee A ( Sep 2006 ) . `` Possible cause of false normal B - 12 assays '' . BMJ. 333 ( 7569 ) : 654 -- 5 . PMC 1570871 . PMID 16990334 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 333.7569. 654 - c . Jump up ^ Goodman M , Chen XH , Darwish D ( Oct 1996 ) . `` Are U.S. lower normal B12 limits too low ? '' . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society . 44 ( 10 ) : 1274 -- 5 . PMID 8856015 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1532 - 5415.1996. tb01389. x . Jump up ^ Mitsuyama Y , Kogoh H ( Mar 1988 ) . `` Serum and cerebrospinal fluid vitamin B12 levels in demented patients with CH3 - B12 treatment -- preliminary study '' . The Japanese Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology . 42 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 71 . PMID 3398357 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 1819.1988. tb01957. x . Jump up ^ Solomon LR ( 2015 ) . `` Cobalamin - responsive disorders in the ambulatory care setting : unreliability of cobalamin , methylmalonic acid , and homocysteine testing '' . Blood . 105 ( 3 ) : 978 -- 85 . PMID 15466926 . doi : 10.1182 / blood - 2004 - 04 - 1641 . Jump up ^ `` Test used to diagnose B deficiency may be inadequate '' . news-medical.net . October 28 , 2004 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Donaldson MS ( 2000 ) . `` Metabolic vitamin B12 status on a mostly raw vegan diet with follow - up using tablets , nutritional yeast , or probiotic supplements '' . Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 44 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 229 -- 34 . PMID 11146329 . doi : 10.1159 / 000046689 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Devalia V ( Aug 2006 ) . `` Diagnosing vitamin B - 12 deficiency on the basis of serum B - 12 assay '' . BMJ. 333 ( 7564 ) : 385 -- 6 . PMC 1550477 . PMID 16916826 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 333.7564. 385 . Jump up ^ Melinda Beck ( January 18 , 2011 ) . `` Sluggish ? Confused ? Vitamin B12 May Be Low '' . Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kuzminski AM , Del Giacco EJ , Allen RH , Stabler SP , Lindenbaum J ( Aug 1998 ) . `` Effective treatment of cobalamin deficiency with oral cobalamin '' . Blood . 92 ( 4 ) : 1191 -- 1198 . PMID 9694707 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Bolaman Z , Kadikoylu G , Yukselen V , Yavasoglu I , Barutca S , Senturk T ( 2003 ) . `` Oral versus intramuscular cobalamin treatment in megaloblastic anemia : a single - center , prospective , randomized , open - label study '' . Clin Ther. 25 ( 12 ) : 3124 -- 34 . PMID 14749150 . doi : 10.1016 / S0149 - 2918 ( 03 ) 90096 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lane LA , Rojas - Fernandez C ; Rojas - Fernandez ( 2002 ) . `` Treatment of vitamin b ( 12 ) - deficiency anemia : oral versus parenteral therapy '' . Ann Pharmacother. 36 ( 7 -- 8 ) : 1268 -- 72 . PMID 12086562 . doi : 10.1345 / aph. 1A122 . Jump up ^ Butler , C.C. ; Vidal - Alaball , J ; Cannings - John , R ; McCaddon , A ; Hood , K ; Papaioannou , A ; McDowell , I ; Goringe , A ( 2006 ) . `` Oral vitamin B12 versus intramuscular vitamin B12 for vitamin B12 deficiency : A systematic review of randomized controlled trials '' . Family Practice. 23 ( 3 ) : 279 -- 285 . PMID 16585128 . doi : 10.1093 / fampra / cml008 . Jump up ^ `` Long - Term , High - Dose Vitamin B6 / B12 Use Associated With Increased Lung Cancer Risk Among Men '' . 2017 - 08 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Baik HW , Russell RM ( 1999 ) . `` Vitamin B12 deficiency in the elderly '' . Annual Review of Nutrition. 19 : 357 -- 77 . PMID 10448529 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. nutr. 19.1. 357 . Jump up ^ Gille , D ; Schmid , A ( February 2015 ) . `` Vitamin B12 in meat and dairy products . '' . Nutrition Reviews . 73 ( 2 ) : 106 -- 15 . PMID 26024497 . doi : 10.1093 / nutrit / nuu011 . ^ Jump up to : McDowell , Lee Russell ( 2008 ) . Vitamins in Animal and Human Nutrition . ( 2nd ed . ) . Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons . p. 525 . ISBN 9780470376683 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Soils '' . Waikato University . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Australian Academy of Science > Deceased Fellows > Hedley Ralph Marston 1900 -- 1965 Archived 2006 - 12 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 12 May 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Pacholok SM , Stuart JJ ( 2011 ) . Could It Be B12 ? : An Epidemic of Misdiagnoses . Fresno , CA : Linden Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61035 - 065 - 5 . Hooper M ( 2012 ) . Pernicious Anaemia : The Forgotten Disease - the causes and consequences of Vitamin B12 Deficiency . London : Hammersmith Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78161 - 004 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Classification V T D ICD - 10 : E53. 8 ICD - 9 - CM : 266.2 DiseasesDB : 13905 External resources MedlinePlus : 000574 Patient UK : Vitamin B12 deficiency http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/vitamin-b12-deficiency-anemia-topic-overview WebMD overview Vitamin B12 and Folate at Lab Tests Online ( hide ) Malnutrition or nutrition disorders ( E40 -- E68 , 260 -- 269 ) Malnutrition Protein - energy malnutrition Kwashiorkor Marasmus Catabolysis Vitamin deficiency B vitamins B : Beriberi / Wernicke -- Korsakoff syndrome ( Wernicke 's encephalopathy Korsakoff 's syndrome ) B : Riboflavin deficiency B : Pellagra ( Niacin deficiency ) B : Pyridoxine deficiency B : Biotin deficiency B : Folate deficiency B : Vitamin B deficiency Other vitamins A : Vitamin A deficiency / Bitot 's spots C : Scurvy D: Vitamin D deficiency / Rickets / Osteomalacia E : Vitamin E deficiency K : Vitamin K deficiency Mineral deficiency Sodium Potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Zinc Manganese Copper Iodine Chromium Molybdenum Selenium ( Keshan disease ) Overnutrition Overweight Obesity Childhood obesity Obesity hypoventilation syndrome Abdominal obesity Vitamin poisoning Hypervitaminosis A Hypervitaminosis D Hypervitaminosis E Mineral overload see inborn errors of metal metabolism , toxicity Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_B12_deficiency&oldid=808101934 '' Categories : Vitamin deficiencies Biology of bipolar disorder Vitamin B12 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 RTT RTTEM Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch فارسی עברית Lingála 日本 語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Slovenščina Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 22 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | a severe vitamin b12 deficiency results in what form of anemia | [
"The main syndrome of vitamin B12 deficiency is pernicious anemia. It is characterized by a triad of symptoms:"
] | [
"pernicious"
] |
1263840776933325031 | List of the largest trading partners of India | List of the largest trading partners of India - wikipedia List of the largest trading partners of India According to the Ministry of Commerce and Industry , the fifteen largest trading partners of India represent 59.37 % of total trade by India in the financial year 2015 - 2016 . These figures include trade in goods and commodities , but do not include services or foreign direct investment . The two largest goods traded by India are mineral fuels ( refined / unrefined ) and gold ( finished gold ware / gold metal ) . In the year 2013 - 14 , mineral fuels ( HS code 27 ) were the largest traded item with 181.383 billion US $ worth imports and 64.685 billion US $ worth re-exports after refining . In the year 2013 - 14 , gold and its finished items ( HS code 71 ) were the second largest traded items with 58.465 billion US $ worth imports and 41.692 billion US $ worth re-exports after value addition . These two goods are constituting 53 % total imports , 34 % total exports and nearly 100 % of total trade deficit ( 136 billion US $ ) of India in the financial year 2013 - 14 . The services trade ( exports and imports ) are not part of commodities trade . The trade surplus in services trade is US $ 73 billions in the year 2013 - 14 . Counting the European Union as one , the WTO ranks India fifth for commercial services exports and sixth for commercial services imports . The two main destinations of exported Indian merchandises is the EU market and the USA , when the two main markets of origin are China and the EU Contents 1 Largest trading partners 2 Countries of which India is the largest trading partner 3 Export partners 4 Import partners 5 See also 6 References Largest trading partners ( edit ) India 's largest trade partners with their total trade ( sum of imports and exports ) in billions of US dollars for the financial year 2017 -- 18 were as follows : Rank Country Exports Imports Total Trade Trade Balance China 16.34 68.06 84.4 - 51.72 United States 48.6 25.7 74.3 22.9 United Arab Emirates 30.29 19.45 49.74 10.84 Saudi Arabia 6.39 20.32 26.72 - 13.93 5 Switzerland 0.98 19.30 20.28 - 18.32 6 Germany 7.09 12.09 20.33 - 5.25 7 Hong Kong 13.7 20.34 34.04 - 6.64 8 Indonesia 2.82 13.13 19.05 - 10.96 9 South Korea 3.52 13.05 18.13 - 8.93 10 Malaysia 3.71 9.08 16.93 - 5.30 11 Singapore 7.72 7.31 16.93 2.68 12 Nigeria 2.22 9.95 16.36 - 11.00 13 Belgium 5.03 8.26 16.33 - 5.29 14 Qatar 0.90 9.02 15.66 - 13.55 15 Japan 4.66 9.85 15.52 - 4.75 16 Iraq 1.00 10.84 15.08 - 13.42 17 Kuwait 1.25 4.97 14.58 - 12.18 18 United Kingdom 8.83 5.19 14.34 4.30 19 Iran 2.78 6.28 13.13 - 4.78 20 Australia 3.26 8.90 13.03 - 7.47 21 Venezuela 0.13 5.70 11.99 - 11.47 22 South Africa 3.59 5.95 11.72 - 3.40 - Remaining Countries 126.78 104.92 231.70 21.86 India 's Total 262.29 381.01 758.30 - 137.63 Countries of which India is the largest trading partner ( edit ) India is the primary export or import partner of several countries . The percentages on these tables are based on 2017 data as shown on the CIA World Factbook . Exports Region Percentage Bhutan 95.3 % Guinea - Bissau 67.1 % Afghanistan 56.5 % Nepal 53.1 % Nigeria 30.6 % Mozambique 28.1 % Ghana 23.8 % Tanzania 21.8 % Iraq 21.2 % United Arab Emirates 10.1 % Imports Region Percentage Bhutan 89.5 % Nepal 70.2 % Sri Lanka 22.0 % Burundi 18.5 % Mauritius 17.9 % Tanzania 16.5 % Export partners ( edit ) India exports approximately 7500 commodities to about 192 countries . India exported US $ 264 billion worth of commodities in 2015 . The following table shows India 's 11 largest destinations for exports : Rank Country Value ( US $ billion ) Share of overall exports United States 40.4 15.3 % United Arab Emirates 30.3 11.5 % Hong Kong 12.2 4.6 % China 9.5 3.6 % 5 United Kingdom 8.9 3.4 % 6 Singapore 7.8 3 % 7 Germany 7 2.7 % 8 Saudi Arabia 7 2.7 % 9 Sri Lanka 5.5 2.1 % 10 Bangladesh 5.5 2.1 % 11 Vietnam 5.3 2 % Import partners ( edit ) India imports around 6000 commodities from 140 countries . India imported $390.7 billion worth of commodities in 2015 , down by 15 % from the previous year . The following table shows India 's 11 largest sources of imports : Rank Country Value ( US $ billion ) Share of overall imports China 61.5 15.8 % Saudi Arabia 21.4 5.5 % Switzerland 21.1 5.4 % United States 20.5 5.2 % 5 United Arab Emirates 20.3 5.2 % 6 Indonesia 13.9 3.5 % 7 South Korea 13.1 3.4 % 8 Germany 11.8 3 % 9 Iraq 11.3 2.9 % 10 Nigeria 10.2 2.6 % 11 Qatar 9.7 2.5 % See also ( edit ) Foreign trade of India Economy of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://commerce.nic.in/eidb/iecnttopn.asp Jump up ^ `` Total Trade : : 25 Top countries '' . commerce.nic.in . Department of Commerce . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics - Services Export Promotion Council '' . Department of Commerce . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/trade_profiles17_e.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/trade_profiles17_e.pdf Jump up ^ `` Total Trade '' . commerce.nic.in . Department of Commerce . 2015 -- 16 . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exports -- partners '' . The World Factbook . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Imports -- partners '' . The World Factbook . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Macroeconomics and Elementary Statistics . FK Publications . ISBN 9788187140900 . Jump up ^ `` Top India Exports '' . www.worldsrichestcountries.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` India Import Export Data '' . www.eximatlasindia.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Macroeconomics and Elementary Statistics . FK Publications . ISBN 9788187140900 . Jump up ^ `` Top India Imports Export Data '' . www.eximatlasindia.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Top India Imports '' . www.worldsrichestcountries.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 . International trade Terminology Absolute advantage Balance of payments Balance of trade Capital account Comparative advantage Current account Export - oriented industrialization Fair trade Foreign exchange reserves Globalization Import substitution industrialization Net capital outflow Outsourcing Outstaffing Tariff Trade justice Trade war Trading nation Organizations and policies International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development World Bank Group World Trade Organization ( WTO ) International Trade Centre International Chamber of Commerce Bilateral investment treaty Economic integration Incoterms ATA Carnet Free - trade zone Special economic zone Trade agreement Trade barrier Trade bloc Political economy Free trade ( Adam Smith , The Wealth of Nations , Repeal of the Corn Laws ) Mercantilism Protectionism ( Economic nationalism , Autarky ) Regional organizations ACU ASEAN CACM CAN CARICOM CEMAC CUBKR EAC EAU EU GCC Mercosur RCEP SAARC SACU WAEMU Exports by product Aircraft & Spacecraft Aircraft parts Aluminium Cars Car parts Coal Coffee Computers Copper Corn Cotton Diamonds Electricity Engines Gas turbines Gold Integrated circuits Iron ore Natural gas Oil Petrol Pharmaceuticals Ships Steel Telecommunications equipment Telephones Trucks Wheat Wine Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_India&oldid=865142779 '' Categories : Economy of India lists Foreign trade of India Economy - related lists of superlatives Indian superlatives Lists of trading partners Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 01 : 17 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | share of export from india is the maximum to the following country | [
"\n\nRank\n\nCountry\n\nValue (US$ billion)\n\nShare of overall exports\n\n\n1\n\n United States\n\n40.4\n\n15.3%\n\n\n2\n\n United Arab Emirates\n\n30.3\n\n11.5%\n\n\n3\n\n Hong Kong\n\n12.2\n\n4.6%\n\n\n4\n\n China\n\n9.5\n\n3.6%\n\n\n5\n\n United Kingdom\n\n8.9\n\n3.4%\n\n\n6\n\n Singapore\n\n7.8\n\n3%\n\n\n7\n\n Germany\n\n7\n\n2.7%\n\n\n8\n\n Saudi Arabia\n\n7\n\n2.7%\n\n\n9\n\n Sri Lanka\n\n5.5\n\n2.1%\n\n\n10\n\n Bangladesh\n\n5.5\n\n2.1%\n\n\n11\n\n Vietnam\n\n5.3\n\n2%\n"
] | [
"United States"
] |
-5791968959915456124 | Beautiful: The Carole King Musical | Beautiful : the Carole King musical - wikipedia Beautiful : the Carole King musical Beautiful : The Carole King Musical 2014 Broadway Playbill Music Various Artists Lyrics Various Artists Book Douglas McGrath Basis The Songs of Carole King Premiere 8 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) : Curran Theatre , San Francisco Productions 2013 San Francisco 2014 Broadway 2015 West End 2015 U.S. Tour 2017 U.K. Tour 2017 Australian Tour 2017 Tokyo Beautiful : The Carole King Musical is a jukebox musical with a book by Douglas McGrath that tells the story of the early life and career of Carole King , using songs that she wrote , often together with Gerry Goffin , and other contemporary songs by Barry Mann , Cynthia Weil , Phil Spector and others . The original production of Beautiful received its world premiere at the Curran Theatre , San Francisco , in October 2013 , with direction by Marc Bruni and choreography by Josh Prince , and starring Jessie Mueller and Jake Epstein as Carole King and Gerry Goffin . It made its Broadway debut at the Stephen Sondheim Theatre in January 2014 . A West End production starring Katie Brayben as Carole began in February 2015 . A U.S. tour launched in September 2015 . Contents 1 Productions 1.1 San Francisco pre-Broadway tryout ( 2013 ) 1.2 Original Broadway Production ( 2014 ) 1.3 Original London Production ( 2015 - 2017 ) 1.4 U.S. Tour ( 2015 - 16 ) 1.5 UK Tour ( 2017 - 18 ) 1.6 Australian Tour ( 2017 - 18 ) 2 Synopsis 2.1 Act I 2.2 Act II 3 Music 3.1 Musical numbers 3.2 Orchestra 3.3 Recordings 4 Principal roles and original casts 4.1 Notable cast replacements 5 Critical reception 6 Awards and nominations 6.1 Original Broadway production 6.2 Original London production 7 Film adaptation 8 Producers 9 References 10 External links Productions ( edit ) San Francisco pre-Broadway tryout ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Beautiful : The Carole King Musical had a pre-Broadway try - out in San Francisco , California , at the Curran Theatre from September 24 , 2013 through October 20 , with an official opening October 8 . The production was staged by Marc Bruni , with choreography by Josh Prince and musical direction by Jason Howland . Jessie Mueller played Carole King . The musical sold out its entire run at the Curran Theatre . Original Broadway production ( 2014 ) ( edit ) The musical opened on Broadway at the Stephen Sondheim Theatre on January 12 , 2014 , after previews from November 12 , 2013 . In addition to Mueller as King , the cast features Jake Epstein as Gerry Goffin , Anika Larsen as Cynthia Weil and Jarrod Spector as Barry Mann . King attended the April 3 , 2014 performance and appeared on stage with the cast at the curtain call , singing `` You 've Got a Friend '' together with them . Original London production ( 2015 - 2017 ) ( edit ) A production in London 's West End opened on February 25 , 2015 , following previews beginning February 10 , 2015 , at the Aldwych Theatre . Prior to the announcement , Baz Bamigboye from the Daily Mail reported that producers are looking for a full British cast for the transfer , meaning that Jessie Mueller would not transfer for the London production . On September 25 , 2014 , it was announced that British actress Katie Brayben would take the lead role of Carole King , with further casting including Alan Morrissey as Gerry Goffin , Gary Trainor as Don Kirshner , Glynis Barber as Genie Klein , Lorna Want as Cynthia Weil and Ian McIntosh as Barry Mann . Beginning November 30 , 2015 , Cassidy Janson took the lead role of Carole King and Diane Keen replace Glynis Barber in the role of Genie Klein . it was announced on May 23 , 2017 that the London production would close August 5 , 2017 . U.S. tour ( 2015 - 16 ) ( edit ) The musical began a U.S. tour starting in September 2015 in Providence , Rhode Island , at the Providence Performing Arts Center , with engagements across the United States , ending in San Francisco in August 2016 . The role of Carole King was played by Abby Mueller ( the sister of Jessie Mueller ) , with Liam Tobin as Gerry Goffin , Ben Fankhauser as Barry Mann and Becky Gulsvig as Cynthia Weil . UK tour ( 2017 - 18 ) ( edit ) A UK tour began September 2017 at the Alhambra Theatre in Bradford and ends at the New Theatre in Oxford in May 2018 , starring former Over the Rainbow contestant Bronté Barbé as Carole King . Australian tour ( 2017 - 18 ) ( edit ) An Australian tour began in Sydney on 24 September 2017 at the Lyric Theatre . Esther Hannaford leads the production , playing Carole King . The musical opened in Melbourne at Her Majesty 's Theatre on 22 February 2018 . In Brisbane , performances began at the Lyric Theatre , QPAC on Friday 13 July 2018 running through to Sunday 2nd September 2018 . Synopsis ( edit ) From the Beautiful : The Carole King Musical cast recording booklet Act I ( edit ) At Carnegie Hall in 1971 , Carole King sings `` So Far Away '' . Then , in Brooklyn 1958 , 16 - year - old Carole tells her mother , Genie , she is going into Manhattan to try to sell a song to music publisher Donnie Kirshner . In the long tradition of mothers , Genie is opposed to her daughter 's wish and in the equally long tradition of teenagers not caring about their mother 's opinion , Carole goes anyway . At 1650 Broadway , she hears the `` 1650 Broadway Medley '' . She then sings her new song `` It Might As Well Rain Until September '' . Donnie says he will take it and hopes she has others . At Queens College , Carole meets a handsome young lyricist named Gerry Goffin . They agree to collaborate , musically and romantically , which in both cases turns out to be a fertile arrangement . When they go to Donnie 's to play their new song , Carole confesses to Gerry that she is pregnant . Gerry asks her to marry him . It gives her an extra depth of feeling when she sings their new song for Donnie , `` Some Kind of Wonderful '' , which The Drifters then record . They get an office at 1650 . While there , Carole meets a new lyricist Cynthia Weil ( `` Happy Days Are Here Again '' ) , who is looking for a composer to work with . Gerry and Carole sing their new song `` Take Good Care of My Baby '' , during which Barry Mann , the composer with the office next door , enters . Barry meets Cynthia and they decide to collaborate . As they begin to work , sparks fly . Donnie tells them he needs a song for the Shirelles . The couples compete for the job . In Donnie 's office the next morning , Carole and Gerry present `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' . Cynthia and Barry perform `` He 's Sure the Boy I Love '' . Donnie picks Carole and Gerry 's song for The Shirelles and it goes to no . 1 . And so , on either side of the same wall , a competition is born . The two teams turn out an amazing parade of songs : `` Up on the Roof '' , `` On Broadway '' , `` The Loco - Motion '' and `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' . Gerry and Carole are at the taping of a TV special where their new song , `` One Fine Day '' , is being performed by the dazzling Janelle Woods . During a break , Gerry confesses to Carole that he is restless in their marriage . He wants to sleep with Janelle , and he does n't want to lie about it . Carole is stunned . As the song begins again , she takes it over and sings it herself . Act ii ( edit ) Carole is in a recording studio doing a demo of `` Chains '' . Gerry is off with Janelle but tells her he will meet her later ! Nick , a guitarist , asks Carole to come sing at the Bitter End sometime but she declines -- she 's a songwriter , not a singer . The thing with Gerry is getting her down so she goes and talks to Cynthia who is also having trouble with Barry -- they split up . Carole decides to tell Gerry he has to end the affair with Janelle . As she leaves , Barry comes in . He and Cynthia make up and play their new song , `` Walking in the Rain '' . Gerry shows up , but he is not making sense . He eventually has a breakdown . At the hospital , he tells Carole he will end the affair with Janelle and that he wants to come home . She suggests they make a new start and move to the suburbs ( `` Pleasant Valley Sunday '' ) . Barry , Cynthia and Donnie come to see the new house . Barry plays their new song , `` We Gotta Get Out of This Place '' . Depressed that he and Carole ca n't do as well , Gerry leaves in a funk for the city . While he is gone , it comes out that Barry and Cynthia have seen him with another woman , a singer named Marilyn Wald . Carole goes to Marilyn 's apartment and Gerry is there . It 's the final straw , and she ends their marriage . At the Bitter End , where Barry and Cynthia hear their song `` Uptown '' , Carole explains she went to Los Angeles for a vacation and has started writing on her own . Nick , the guitarist from the studio who asked her to sing with his group , is playing there and urges her to sing . She sings her new song , `` It 's Too Late '' . She decides to move to Los Angeles . At 1650 , she says goodbye to Donnie , Barry and Cynthia and plays them a parting present `` You 've Got a Friend '' . Surprisingly there is no reference to her great friend James Taylor in the show , who did backing vocals on Tapestry and had a huge hit with the song . In Los Angeles , she records her album , Tapestry . The session goes well until the last song , which she is afraid to sing . It 's a song she wrote with Gerry and she is afraid of the feelings it may stir up . Her producer , Lou Adler , persuades her . She sings `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' . The album is a smash . Carole is at Carnegie Hall for her concert , but has a restless night of sleep . She dreams of herself coming to a frightening revelation - that in order for beauty to triumph , all that is ugly in this world must be cut out first . A plain - looking audience member is dragged onto the stage at random and beaten to death by the other actors as Carole directly implores the audience to go home and undertake a great purge of all that is ugly and useless to purify this fallen world . As Carole awakens , she realizes that she has already spread this message via the song `` Beautiful '' at Carnegie Hall with Gerry the previous night , and it is too late to retract it now . Speechless , she sits at the piano as society collapses around her . Music ( edit ) Musical numbers ( edit ) Act 1 `` So Far Away '' - Carole King `` Oh Carol '' - Neil Sedaka † `` 1650 Broadway Medley '' - Ensemble `` It Might as Well Rain Until September '' - Carole King `` Be-Bop - A-Lula '' - Ensemble † `` Some Kind of Wonderful '' - Carole King , Gerry Goffin and The Drifters `` Happy Days Are Here Again '' - Cynthia Weil `` Take Good Care of My Baby '' - Gerry Goffin and Carole King `` Who Put the Bomp '' - Barry Mann † `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' - Carole King `` He 's Sure the Boy I Love '' - Cynthia Weil and Barry Mann `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' - The Shirelles `` Up on the Roof '' - Gerry Goffin and The Drifters `` On Broadway '' - The Drifters `` The Locomotion '' - Little Eva and Ensemble `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feeling '' - Barry Mann and The Righteous Brothers `` One Fine Day '' - Janelle , Backup Singers and Carole King Act 2 `` Chains '' - Carole King and Ensemble `` Walking in the Rain '' - Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil `` Pleasant Valley Sunday '' - Marilyn Wald , Gerry Goffin and Ensemble `` We Gotta Get Out of This Place '' - Barry Mann `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' ( Reprise ) - Carole King † `` Uptown '' - `` Uptown '' Singer and Ensemble `` It 's Too Late '' - Carole King `` You 've Got a Friend '' - Carole King , Barry Mann , Cynthia Weil and Don Kirshner `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' - Carole King and Ensemble `` Beautiful '' - Carole King and Company `` I Feel the Earth Move '' - Carole King and Company † Not included on the original Broadway Cast Album . Orchestra ( edit ) The musical uses a 12 - member orchestra consisting of three keyboards , two guitars , bass , drums , percussion , two reeds , trumpet / flugelhorn , and trombone / bass trombone . In addition the performer playing Carole King plays the piano if it is Katie Brayben ( London ) whereas Jessie Mueller ( Broadway ) needed piano lessons so she could mime . Recordings ( edit ) The Broadway cast album was recorded in February 2014 by Ghostlight Records and was released in digital form on April 1 , 2014 . It was in stores as of May 13 , 2014 . ( The Broadway cast album includes the song `` You 've Got a Friend '' , although that song is not listed in the opening night playbill . ) The album was also released on a vinyl format . Principal roles and original casts ( edit ) Character Broadway Cast West End Cast U.S. Tour Cast Japan Cast U.K. Tour Cast Australian Tour Cast Carole King Jessie Mueller Katie Brayben Abby Mueller Nana Mizuki Ayaka Hirahara Bronté Barbé Esther Hannaford Gerry Goffin Jake Epstein Alan Morrissey Liam Tobin Kanata Irei Kane Oliver Parry Josh Piterman Cynthia Weil Anika Larsen Lorna Want Becky Gulsvig Sonim Amy Ellen Richardson Amy Lehpamer Barry Mann Jarrod Spector Ian McIntosh Ben Fankhauser Akinori Nakagawa Matthew Gonsalves Mat Verevis Don Kirshner Jeb Brown Gary Trainor Curt Bouril Shinji Takeda Adam Howden Mike McLeish Genie Klein Liz Larsen Glynis Barber Suzanne Grodner Miyuki Tsurugi Carol Royle Anne Wood Betty Rebecca LaChance Joanna Woodward Sarah Bockel Ayaka Larrison Leigh Lothian Stefanie Caccamo Neil Sedaka / Righteous Brother / Lou Adler Kevin Duda Ed Currie John Michael Dias Gen Yamada Ben Morris Jason Arrow Lucille / Shirelle / `` One Fine Day '' Backup Singer Carly Hughes Danielle Steers Salisha Thomas Natsuko Takagi Paige Miller Ruva Ngwenya The Drifters E. Clayton Cornelious , Douglas Lyons , Arbender J. Robinson , James Harkness Matthew Elliot Campbell , Khalid Daley , Matt Mills , Simeon Montague Shirelle / Janelle Woods Rashidra Scott Tanisha L. Spring Rebecca E. Covington Eliana Jessica Joslin Akina Edmonds Shirelle / Little Eva / `` One Fine Day '' Backup Singer Ashley Blanchet Lucy St. Louis Ashley Blanchet MARIA - E Esme Laudat Chloé Zuel Shirelle / `` One Fine Day '' Backup Singer / `` Uptown '' Singer Alysha Deslorieux Tanya Nicole - Edwards Britney Coleman Marie Sugaya Paige Miller Rebecca Selley Righteous Brother / Nick Josh Davis Dylan Turner Andrew Brewer Yasuhiro Yamano Grant McConvey Andrew Cook Marilyn Wald Sara King Vivien Carter DeLaney Westfall Sayaka Watabiki Emma Lucia Naomi Price Notable cast replacements ( edit ) Melissa Benoist plays the role of Carole from June 7th , 2018 to August 4th , 2018 . Diane Keen replaced Glynis Barber in the role of Genie Klein on the West End on November 30 , 2015 . Jessica Keenan Wynn played Cynthia Weil until July 8th , 2018 Kara Lindsay returned to play Cynthia Weil on July 10th , 2018 Critical reception ( edit ) Ben Brantley , reviewing for The New York Times , called the musical a `` friendly , formulaic bio-musical '' . He wrote that the musical shows the change in King from a modest songwriter to the popular and confident performer of those songs , showing the `` real , conflicted person within the reluctant star . '' Jesse Green , in his review for the New York Magazine , praised the performers but criticized the book , writing that the musical does not have the `` dramatic coherence of book biomusicals '' . Similarly , Elyse Sommer , in her review for curtainup.com , praised the performers , especially Mueller , Spector and Larsen , as well as the `` shimmery lighting '' and the costumes . She wrote that while the musical `` does n't hang its songs on the greatest or most suspenseful story ever told , it has enough bounce and Broadway show glitz to keep you in your seat '' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 2014 Tony Award Best Musical Nominated Best Book of a Musical Douglas McGrath Nominated Best Leading Actress in a Musical Jessie Mueller Won Best Featured Actor in a Musical Jarrod Spector Nominated Best Featured Actress in a Musical Anika Larsen Nominated Best Orchestrations Steve Sidwell Nominated Best Sound Design Brian Ronan Won Drama Desk Award Outstanding Musical Nominated Outstanding Book of a Musical Douglas McGrath Nominated Outstanding Actress in a Musical Jessie Mueller Won Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Anika Larsen Won Outstanding Orchestrations Steve Sidwell Nominated Outstanding Sound Design in a Musical Brian Ronan Won 2015 Grammy Award Best Musical Theater Album Jessie Mueller ( principal soloist ) ; Jason Howland , Steve Sidwell & Billy Jay Stein ( producers ) Won Original London production ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 2015 Laurence Olivier Award Best New Musical Nominated Best Actress in a Musical Katie Brayben Won Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical Ian McIntosh Nominated Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical Lorna Want Won Best Theatre Choreographer Josh Prince Nominated Best Costume Design Alejo Vietti Nominated Best Sound Design Brian Ronan Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Music The Orchestra Nominated Film adaptation ( edit ) On March 22 , 2015 , it was announced that Sony Pictures would be bringing the musical to the big screen with Douglas McGrath adapting his book into a screenplay and stage producer Paul Blake producing through Tom Hanks and Gary Goetzman 's production company , Playtone . Producers ( edit ) The producers of the original Broadway production include : Paul Blake , Sony / ATV Music Publishing , Jeffery A. Sine , Richard A. Smith , Mike Bosner , Harriet Newman Leve , Elaine Krauss , Terry Schnuck , Orin Wolf , Patty Baker , Roger Faxon , Larry Magrid , Kit Seidel , Lawrence S. Toppall , Fakston Productions , Mary Soloman , William C. Cohen , John Gore , Barbara Freitag , Loraine Alterman Boyle , Matthew C. Blank , Tim Hogue , Joel Hyatt , Marianne Mills , Michael J. Moritz Jr. , StylesFour Production , Corey Brunish , Brisa Trinchero , Jeremiah J. Harris , Sherry Kondor ( Executive Producer ) , Christine Russell ( Executive Producer ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Tickets for San Francisco Engagement of ' Beautiful : The Carole King Musical ' on Sale Beginning Aug. 16 '' , playbill.com , August 16 , 2013 Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Broadway - Bound ' Beautiful : The Carole King Musical ' Sells Out San Francisco Engagement '' , playbill.com , October 17 , 2013 Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Beautiful : The Carole King Musical , Starring Jessie Mueller as Music Icon , Opens on Broadway '' Archived 2014 - 01 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , playbill.com , January 12 , 2014 Jump up ^ Blank , Matthew . Photo Call : Carole King Surprises Cast of Broadway Musical Beautiful With Impromptu Performance `` , playbill.com , April 4 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Broadway 's Carole King Musical ' Beautiful ' Expands to London '' . variety.com . Variety . 5 September 2014 . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Katie Brayben cast as Carole King in Beautiful '' . whatsonstage.com . Whats On Stage. 25 September 2014 . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New cast members join Katie Brayben in the upcoming production '' . whatsonstage.com . Whats On Stage. 17 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Stratford , Tom ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Cassidy Janson & Diane Keen join cast of Olivier , Tony & Grammy Award - winning Beautiful : The Carole King Musical '' . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beautiful - the Carole King Musical to close in the West End '' . Jump up ^ `` Tour '' beautifulonbroadway.com , accessed May 26 , 2015 Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert and Gans , Andrew . `` Full Casting and Stops Announced for National Tour of ' Beautiful -- The Carole King Musical ' '' playbill.com , August 10 , 2015 Jump up ^ Kops , Jade . `` BEAUTIFUL : THE CAROLE KING MUSICAL To Open In Sydney In September 2017 . Photos and Video '' . Jump up ^ Cuthbertson , Debbie ( 10 February 2017 ) . `` Esther Hannaford to take the lead in Beautiful : The Carole King Musical '' -- via The Age . Jump up ^ `` Beautiful The Carole King Musical Opening Night Credits '' . ibdb.com . Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Playbill : Beautiful : The Carole King Musical Playbill Opening Night at Stephen Sondheim Theatre '' . playbillvault.com . Playbill Vault . p. 4 . Archived from the original on 11 November 2014 . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jessie Mueller to Star in Beautiful : The Carole King Musical , Arriving on Broadway in November '' . playbill.com . Playbill. 12 August 2013 . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael and Hetrick , Adam. Ghostlight Records Will Record Broadway 's Beautiful : The Carole King Musical '' Playbill.com , February 13 , 2014 Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam. `` Cast Album of ' Beautiful : The Carole King Musical ' Hits Stores May 13 '' Playbill.com , May 13 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Complete Casting Announced for West End 's Beautiful : The Carole King Musical '' . playbill.com . Playbill. 17 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk ( 4 September 2015 ) . `` Official : Cassidy Janson to Play Carole King in BEAUTIFUL from Nov 2015 ! '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Jump up ^ http://www.playbill.com/article/kara-lindsay-will-return-to-broadways-beautiful Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben . `` Theater Review . ' Beautiful : The Carole King Musical ' at Sondheim Theater '' , The New York Times , January 13 , 2014 Jump up ^ Green , Jesse . `` Theater Review : A Natural Woman and Not Much Else in Beautiful : The Carole King Musical '' , vulture.com , January 13 , 2014 Jump up ^ Sommer , Elyse . `` A CurtainUp Review . Beautiful -- The Carole King Musical '' , curtainup.com , January 8 , 2014 Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( 22 March 2015 ) . `` Sony to Make ' Beautiful : The Carole King Musical ' a Feature Film '' . variety.com . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Person List '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Official Broadway Site Official West End Site Beautiful : The Carole King Musical at the Internet Broadway Database Carole King Studio albums Writer Tapestry Music Rhymes & Reasons Fantasy Wrap Around Joy Thoroughbred Simple Things Welcome Home Touch the Sky Pearls : Songs of Goffin and King One to One Speeding Time City Streets Colour of Your Dreams Love Makes the World Compilations Her Greatest Hits : Songs of Long Ago The Legendary Demos Live albums In Concert The Carnegie Hall Concert : June 18 , 1971 The Living Room Tour Live at the Troubadour Other albums A Holiday Carole Singles `` It Might as Well Rain Until September '' `` It 's Too Late '' / `` I Feel the Earth Move '' `` So Far Away '' / `` Smackwater Jack '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' / `` Beautiful '' ( Scandinavia only ) `` Sweet Seasons '' `` Been to Canaan '' `` Jazzman '' `` Nightingale '' `` Only Love Is Real '' `` One Fine Day '' `` Now and Forever '' Other songs `` Was n't Born to Follow '' `` Goin ' Back `` I Ca n't Hear You No More '' `` Up on the Roof '' `` Where You Lead '' `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' `` It 's Going to Take Some Time '' `` Some Kind of Wonderful '' `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' Related articles Discography Troubadour Reunion Tour A Natural Woman : A Memoir Tapestry Revisited : A Tribute to Carole King Beautiful : The Carole King Musical Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beautiful:_The_Carole_King_Musical&oldid=857031753 '' Categories : 2013 musicals Broadway musicals Rock musicals Carole King Musicals inspired by real - life events Works by Douglas McGrath Jukebox musicals Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with timeline metadata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 03 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays carole king in beautiful on broadway | [
"\n\n\nCharacter\n\nBroadway Cast\n\nWest End Cast[19]\n\nU.S. Tour Cast\n\nJapan Cast\n\nU.K. Tour Cast\n\nAustralian Tour Cast\n\n\nCarole King\n\nJessie Mueller\n\nKatie Brayben\n\nAbby Mueller\n\nNana Mizuki Ayaka Hirahara\n\nBronté Barbé\n\nEsther Hannaford\n\n\nGerry Goffin\n\nJake Epstein\n\nAlan Morrissey\n\nLiam Tobin\n\nKanata Irei\n\nKane Oliver Parry\n\nJosh Piterman\n\n\nCynthia Weil\n\nAnika Larsen\n\nLorna Want\n\nBecky Gulsvig\n\nSonim\n\nAmy Ellen Richardson\n\nAmy Lehpamer\n\n\nBarry Mann\n\nJarrod Spector\n\nIan McIntosh\n\nBen Fankhauser\n\nAkinori Nakagawa\n\nMatthew Gonsalves\n\nMat Verevis\n\n\nDon Kirshner\n\nJeb Brown\n\nGary Trainor\n\nCurt Bouril\n\nShinji Takeda\n\nAdam Howden\n\nMike McLeish\n\n\nGenie Klein\n\nLiz Larsen\n\nGlynis Barber\n\nSuzanne Grodner\n\nMiyuki Tsurugi\n\nCarol Royle\n\nAnne Wood\n\n\nBetty\n\nRebecca LaChance\n\nJoanna Woodward\n\nSarah Bockel\n\nAyaka Larrison\n\nLeigh Lothian\n\nStefanie Caccamo\n\n\nNeil Sedaka/Righteous Brother/Lou Adler\n\nKevin Duda\n\nEd Currie\n\nJohn Michael Dias\n\nGen Yamada\n\nBen Morris\n\nJason Arrow\n\n\nLucille/Shirelle/\"One Fine Day\" Backup Singer\n\nCarly Hughes\n\nDanielle Steers\n\nSalisha Thomas\n\nNatsuko Takagi\n\nPaige Miller\n\nRuva Ngwenya\n\n\nThe Drifters\n\nE. Clayton Cornelious, Douglas Lyons, Arbender J. Robinson, James Harkness\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMatthew Elliot Campbell, Khalid Daley, Matt Mills, Simeon Montague\n\n\n\n\nShirelle/Janelle Woods\n\nRashidra Scott\n\nTanisha L. Spring\n\nRebecca E. Covington\n\nEliana\n\nJessica Joslin\n\nAkina Edmonds\n\n\n Shirelle/Little Eva/\"One Fine Day\" Backup Singer\n\nAshley Blanchet\n\nLucy St. Louis\n\nAshley Blanchet\n\nMARIA-E\n\nEsme Laudat\n\nChloé Zuel\n\n\nShirelle/\"One Fine Day\" Backup Singer/\"Uptown\" Singer\n\nAlysha Deslorieux\n\nTanya Nicole-Edwards\n\nBritney Coleman\n\nMarie Sugaya\n\nPaige Miller\n\nRebecca Selley\n\n\nRighteous Brother/Nick\n\nJosh Davis\n\nDylan Turner\n\nAndrew Brewer\n\nYasuhiro Yamano\n\nGrant McConvey\n\nAndrew Cook\n\n\nMarilyn Wald\n\nSara King\n\nVivien Carter\n\nDeLaney Westfall\n\nSayaka Watabiki\n\nEmma Lucia\n\nNaomi Price\n"
] | [
"Jessie Mueller"
] |
1469318400466733781 | First Anglo-Afghan War | First Anglo - Afghan war - wikipedia First Anglo - Afghan war Jump to : navigation , search First Anglo - Afghan War Part of the Great Game A British - Indian force attacks Ghazni fort during the First Afghan War , c. 1839 . Date March 1839 -- October 1842 Location Afghanistan Result Afghan victory British conquer Kabul , imprison Dost Mohammad and install Shah Shujah ( August 1839 ) Dost Mohammad escapes , but is recaptured and deported ( 1840 ) Afghan uprisings and harsh winters force British withdrawal , Shah Shujah killed ( 1841 -- 1842 ) Dost Mohammad reinstalled to the throne ( 1843 ) Belligerents Emirate of Afghanistan British Empire British East India Company Commanders and leaders Dost Mohammad Khan ( POW ) Akbar Khan William Hay Macnaghten † John Keane Sir Willoughby Cotton George Pollock William Elphinstone ( POW ) Shah Shujah † Casualties and losses ~ 1,500 + soldiers , 1,500 captured 4,700 soldiers + 12,000 camp followers First Anglo - Afghan War Ghazni Khelat Kahun Retreat from Kabul ( Gandamak ) Jellalabad Kabul The First Anglo - Afghan War ( also known as Disaster in Afghanistan ) was fought between British imperial India and the Emirate of Afghanistan from 1839 to 1842 . The war is notorious for the loss of 4,500 British and Indian soldiers , plus 12,000 of their camp followers , to Afghan tribal fighters , but the British defeated the Afghans in the concluding engagement . Initially , the British successfully intervened in a succession dispute between emir Dost Mohammad ( Barakzai ) and former emir Shah Shujah ( Durrani ) , whom they installed upon conquering Kabul in August 1839 . However , in 1841 the Army of the Indus , numbering between 24,000 and 28,000 including families of soldiers , military and political pundits , suffered a series of defeats at the hands of rebel Afghan tribesmen . The main British Indian and Sikh force occupying Kabul , having endured harsh winters as well , was almost completely annihilated while retreating in January 1842 . It was one of the first major conflicts during the Great Game , the 19th century competition for power and influence in Central Asia between Britain and Russia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Causes 2 Forces 3 British Indian invasion of Afghanistan 3.1 Into Afghanistan 3.2 Qalat / Kalat 3.3 Guerilla war 4 Occupation and rising of the Afghans 5 Destruction of Elphinstone 's army 6 Reprisals 7 Legacy 8 Battle honour 9 Fictional depictions 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Causes ( edit ) Part of a series on the History of Afghanistan Timeline Ancient ( show ) Indus Valley Civilisation 2200 -- 1800 BC Oxus civilization 2100 -- 1800 BC Aryans 1700 -- 700 BC Median Empire 728 -- 550 BC Achaemenid Empire 550 -- 330 BC Seleucid Empire 330 -- 150 BC Maurya Empire 305 -- 180 BC Greco - Bactrian Kingdom 256 -- 125 BC Parthian Empire 247 BC -- 224 AD Indo - Greek Kingdom 180 -- 130 BC Indo - Scythian Kingdom 155 -- 80 ? BC Kushan Empire 135 BC -- 248 AD Indo - Parthian Kingdom 20 BC -- 50 ? AD Sasanian Empire 230 -- 651 Kidarite Kingdom 320 -- 465 Alchon Huns 380 -- 560 Hephthalite Empire 410 -- 557 Nezak Huns 484 -- 711 Medieval ( show ) Kabul Shahi 565 -- 879 Principality of Chaghaniyan 7th -- 8th centuries Rashidun Caliphate 652 -- 661 Umayyads 661 -- 750 Abbasids 750 -- 821 Tahirids 821 -- 873 Saffarids 863 -- 900 Samanids 875 -- 999 Ghaznavids 963 -- 1187 Ghurids before 879 -- 1215 Seljuks 1037 -- 1194 Khwarezmids 1215 -- 1231 Qarlughids 1224 -- 1266 Ilkhanate 1258 -- 1353 Chagatai Khanate 1225 -- 1370 Khaljis 1290 -- 1320 Karts 1245 -- 1381 Timurids 1370 -- 1507 Arghuns 1479 -- 1522 Modern ( show ) Mughals 1501 -- 1738 Safavids 1510 -- 1709 Hotak dynasty 1709 -- 1738 Afsharid dynasty 1738 -- 1747 Durrani Empire 1747 -- 1826 Emirate of Afghanistan 1826 -- 1919 Kingdom of Afghanistan 1919 -- 1973 Republic of Afghanistan 1973 -- 1978 Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 1978 -- 1992 Islamic State of Afghanistan 1992 -- 2001 Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 1996 -- 2004 Interim / Transitional Administration 2001 -- 2004 Islamic Republic of Afghanistan since 2004 Book Category Portal The 19th century was a period of diplomatic competition between the British and Russian empires for spheres of influence in Asia known as the `` Great Game '' to the British and the `` Tournament of Shadows '' to the Russians . With the exception of the insane Emperor Paul who ordered an invasion of India in 1800 ( which was cancelled after his assassination in 1801 ) , no Russian tsar ever seriously considered invading India , but for most of the 19th century , Russia was viewed as `` the enemy '' in Britain , and any Russian advance into Central Asia was always assumed in London to be directed towards the conquest of India as the American historian David Fromkin observed `` no matter how far - fetched '' such an interpretation might be . In 1832 , the First Reform Bill lowering the franchise requirements to vote and hold office in the United Kingdom was passed , which the ultra-conservative Emperor Nicholas I of Russia openly disapproved of , settling the stage for an Anglo - Russian `` cold war '' , with many believing that Russian autocracy and British democracy were bound to clash . In 1837 , Lord Palmerston and John Hobhouse , fearing the instability of Afghanistan , the Sindh , and the increasing power of the Sikh kingdom to the northwest , raised the spectre of a possible Russian invasion of British India through Afghanistan . The Russian Empire was slowly extending its domain into Central Asia , and this was seen by the East India Company as a possible threat to their interests in India . In 19th century Russia , there was the ideology of Russia 's `` special mission in the East '' , namely Russia had the `` duty '' to conquer much of Asia , through this was more directed against the nations of Central Asia and the alleged `` Yellow Peril '' of China than India . The British tended to misunderstand the foreign policy of the Emperor Nicholas I as anti-British and intent upon an expansionary policy in Asia ; whereas in fact though Nicholas disliked Britain as a liberal democratic state that he considered to be rather `` strange '' , he always believed it was possible to reach an understanding with Britain on spheres of influence in Asia , believing that the essentially conservative nature of British society would retard the advent of liberalism . The main goal of Nicholas 's foreign policy was not the conquest of Asia , but rather upholding the status quo in Europe , especially by co-operating with Prussia and Austria , and in isolating France , as Louis Philippe I , the King of the French was a man who Nicholas hated as an `` usurper '' . The duc d'Orleans had once been Nicholas 's friend , but when he assumed the throne of France after the revolution of 1830 , Nicholas was consumed with hatred for his former friend whom , as he saw it , had gone over to what he perceived as the dark side of liberalism . The Company sent an envoy to Kabul to form an alliance with Afghanistan 's Amir , Dost Mohammad Khan against Russia . Dost Mohammad had recently lost Afghanistan 's second capital of Peshawar to the Sikh Empire and was willing to form an alliance with Britain if they gave support to retake it , but the British were unwilling . Instead , the British feared the French - trained Dal Khalsa , and they considered the Sikh army to be a far more formidable threat than the Afghans who did not have an army at all , instead having only a tribal levy where under the banner of jihad tribesmen would come out to fight for the Emir . The Dal Khalsa was an enormous force that had been trained by French officers , was equipped with modern weapons and was widely considered to be one of the most powerful armies on the entire Indian subcontinent . For this reason , Lord Auckland preferred an alliance with the Punjab over an alliance with Afghanistan , which had nothing equivalent to the Dal Khalsa . The British could have had an alliance with the Punjab or Afghanistan , but not both at the same time . When Governor - General of India Lord Auckland heard about the arrival of Russian envoy Count Jan Prosper Witkiewicz ( better known by the Russian version of his name as Yan Vitkevich ) in Kabul and the possibility that Dost Mohammad might turn to Russia for support , his political advisers exaggerated the threat . Burnes described Witkiewicz : `` He was a gentlemanly and agreeable man , of about thirty years of age , spoke French , Turkish and Persian fluently , and wore the uniform of an officer of the Cossacks '' . The presence of Witkiewicz had thrown Burnes into a state of despair , leading one contemporary to note that he `` abandoned himself to despair , bound his head with wet towels and handkerchiefs and took to the smelling bottle '' . Dost Mohammad had in fact invited Count Witkiewicz to Kabul as a way to frighten the British into making an alliance with him against his archenemy Ranjit Singh , the Maharaja of the Punjab , not because he really wanted an alliance with Russia . The British had the power to compel Singh to return the former Afghan territories he had conquered whereas the Russians did not , which explains why Dost Mohammad Khan wanted an alliance with the British . Alexander Burnes , the Scotsman who served as the East India Company 's chief political officer in Afghanistan wrote home after having dinner with Count Witkiewicz and Dost Mohammad in late December 1837 : `` We are in a mess home . The emperor of Russia has sent an envoy to Kabul to offer ... money ( to the Afghans ) to fight Rajeet Singh ! ! ! I could not believe my own eyes or ears . '' On 20 January 1838 , Lord Auckland sent an ultimatum to Dost Mohammad telling him : `` You must desist from all correspondence with Russia . You must never receive agents from them , or have aught to do with them without our sanction ; you must dismiss Captain Viktevitch ( Witkiewicz ) with courtesy ; you must surrender all claims to Peshawar '' . Burnes himself had complained that Lord Auckland 's letter was `` so dictatorial and supercilious as to indicate the writer 's intention that it should give offense '' , and tried to avoid delivering it for long as possible . Dost Mohammad was indeed offended by the letter , but in order to avoid a war , he had his special military advisor , the American adventurer Josiah Harlan engage in talks with Burnes to see if some compromise could be arranged . Burnes was in fact had no power to negotiate anything , and Harlan complained that Burnes was just stalling , which led to Dost Mohammad expelling the British diplomatic mission on 26 April 1838 . British fears of a Russian invasion of India took one step closer to becoming a reality when negotiations between the Afghans and Russians broke down in 1838 . The Qajar dynasty of Persia , with Russian support , attempted the Siege of Herat . Herat is a city that had historically belonged to Persia that the Qajar shahs had long desired to take back and is located in a plain so fertile that is known as the `` Granary of Central Asia '' ; whoever controls Heret and the surrounding countryside also controls the largest source of grain in all of Central Asia . Russia , wanting to increase its presence in Central Asia , had formed an alliance with Qajar Persia , which had territorial disputes with Afghanistan as Herat had been part of the Safavid Persia before 1709 . Lord Auckland 's plan was to drive away the besiegers and replace Dost Mohammad with Shuja Shah Durrani , who had once ruled Afghanistan and who was willing to ally himself with anyone who might restore him to the Afghan throne . At one point , Shuja had hired an American adventurer Josiah Harlan to overthrow Dost Mohammad Khan , despite the fact Harlan 's military experience comprised only working as a surgeon with the East India Company 's troops in First Burma War . Shuja Shah had been deposed in 1809 and been living in exile in British India since 1818 , collecting a pension from the East India Company , which believed that he might be useful one day . The British denied that they were invading Afghanistan , claiming they were merely supporting its `` legitimate '' Shuja government `` against foreign interference and factious opposition . '' Shuja Shah by 1838 was barely remembered by most of his former subjects and those that did viewed him as a cruel , tyrannical ruler who , as the British were soon to learn , had almost no popular support in Afghanistan . On October 1 , 1838 Lord Auckland issued the Simla Declaration attacking Dost Mohammed Khan for making `` an unprovoked attack '' on the empire of `` our ancient ally , Maharaja Ranjeet Singh '' , going on to declare that Suja Shah was `` popular throughout Afghanistan '' and would enter his former realm `` surrounded by his own troops and be supported against foreign interference and factious opposition by the British Army '' . As the Persians had broken off the siege of Herat and the Emperor Nicholas I of Russia had ordered Count Vitkevich home ( he was to commit suicide upon reaching St. Petersburg ) , the reasons for attempting to put Shuja Shah back on the Afghan throne had vanished . The British historian Sir John William Kaye wrote that the failure of the Persians to take Herat `` cut from under the feet of Lord Auckland all ground of justification and rendered the expedition across the Indus at once a folly and a crime '' . But this point , Auckland was committed to putting Afghanistan into the British sphere of influence and nothing would stop him from going ahead with the invasion . On 25 November 1838 , the two most powerful armies on the Indian subcontinent assembled in a grand review at Ferozepore as Ranjit Singh , the Maharajah of the Punjab brought out the Dal Khalsa to march alongside the sepoy troops of the East India Company and the British troops in India with Lord Auckland himself present amid much colorful pageantry and music as men dressed in brightly colored uniforms together with horses and elephants marched in an impressive demonstration of military might . Lord Auckland declared that the `` Grand Army of the Indus '' would now start the march on Kabul to depose Dost Mohammed and put Shuja Shah back on the Afghan throne , ostensibly because the latter was the rightful Emir , but in reality to place Afghanistan into the British sphere of influence . The Duke of Wellington speaking in the House of Lords condemned the invasion , saying that the real difficulties would only begin after the invasion 's success , predicating that Anglo - Indian force would rout the Afghan tribal levy , but then find themselves struggling to hold on given the terrain of the Hindu Kush mountains and Afghanistan had no modern roads , calling the entire operation `` stupid '' given that Afghanistan was a land of `` rocks , sands , deserts , ice and snow '' . Forces ( edit ) British India at this time was a proprietary colony run by the East India Company , which had been granted the right to rule India by the British Crown . India was only one of several proprietary colonies in the British Empire around the world , where various corporations or individuals had been granted the right to rule by the Crown , with for instance Rupert 's Land , which was a vast tract covering most of what is now Canada being ruled by the Hudson 's Bay Company , but India was easily the most wealthy and profitable of all the proprietary colonies . By the 19th century , the East India Company ruled 90 million Indians and controlled 70m acres ( 243,000 square kilometres ) of land under its own flag while issuing its own currency , making it into the most powerful corporation in the world . The East India Company had been granted monopolies on trade by the Crown , but it was not owned by the Crown , through the shares in the East India Company were owned by numerous MPs and aristocrats , creating a powerful Company lobby in Parliament while the Company regularly gave `` gifts '' to influential people in Britain . The East India Company was sufficiently wealthy to maintain the three Presidency armies , known after their presidencies as the Bengal Army , the Bombay Army and the Madras Army , with the supreme field headquarters for commanding these armies being at Simla . The East India Company 's army totaled 200,000 men , making it one of the largest armies in the entire world , and was an army larger than those maintained by most European states . The majority of the men serving in the presidency armies were Indian , but the officers were all British , trained at the East India Company 's own officer school at the Addiscombe estate outside of London . Furthermore , the politically powerful East India Company had regiments from the British Army sent to India to serve alongside the East India Company 's army . Officers from the British Army serving in India tended to look down on officers serving in the Company 's army as mercenaries and misfits , and relations between the two armies were cool at best . The regiments chosen for the invasion of Afghanistan came from the Bengal and Bombay armies . The commander in India , Sir Henry Fane chose the regiments by drawing lots , which led to the best British regiment , the Third Foot , being excluded while the worst , the Thirteenth Light Infantry were included in the Grand Army of the Indus . The units from the Bengal Army going into Afghanistan were Skinner 's Horse , the Forty - third Native Infantry and the Second Light Cavalry , which were all Company regiments while the Sixteenth Lancers and the Thirteenth Light Infantry came from the British Army in India . The units from the Bombay Army chosen for the Grand Army of the Indus were the Nineteenth Native Infantry and the Poona Local Horse , which were Company regiments , and the Second Foot battalion of the Coldstream Guards , the Seventeenth Foot , and the Fourth Dragoons , which were all British Army regiments . Of the two divisions of the Grand Army of the Indus , the Bombay division numbered fifty - six hundred men and the Bengal division numbered ninety - five hundred men . Shuja recruited 6 , 000 Indian mercenaries out of his pocket for the invasion . Ranjit Singh , the elderly and ailing Maharaja of the Punjab was supposed to contribute several divisions from the Dal Khasla to the Grand Army of the Indus , but reneged on his promises , guessing that the Anglo - Indian force was sufficient to depose his archenemy Dost Mohammad , and he did not wish to occur the expenses of a war with Afghanistan . Accompanying the invasion force were 38,000 Indian camp followers and 30,000 camels to carry supplies . The Emirate of Afghanistan had no army , and instead under the Afghan feudal system , the tribal chiefs contributed fighting men when the Emir called upon their services . The Afghans were divided into numerous ethnic groups , of which the largest were the Pashtuns , the Tajiks , the Uzbeks , and the Hazaras , who were all in their turn divided into numerous tribes and clans . Islam was the sole unifying factor binding these groups together , through the Hazaras were Shia Muslims while the rest were Sunni Muslims . The Pashtuns were the dominant ethnic group , and it was with the Pashtun tribes that the British interacted with the most . The Pashtun tribesmen had no military training , but the ferociously warlike Pashtuns were forever fighting each other , when not being called up for service for the tribal levy by the Emir , meaning most Pashtun men had at least some experience of warfare . The Pashtun tribes lived by their strict moral code of Pashtunwali ( `` the way of the Pashtuns '' ) stating various rules for a Pashtun man to live by , one of which was that a man had to avenge any insult , real or imagined , with violence , in order to be considered a man . The standard Afghan weapon was a matchlock rifle known as a juzail . British Indian invasion of Afghanistan ( edit ) Into Afghanistan ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Ghazni Sir -- I -- Khajur in the Bolan Pass , 1839 The `` Army of the Indus '' . which included 21,000 British and Indian troops under the command of John Keane , 1st Baron Keane ( subsequently replaced by Sir Willoughby Cotton and then by William Elphinstone ) set out from Punjab in December 1838 . With them was William Hay Macnaghten , the former chief secretary of the Calcutta government , who had been selected as Britain 's chief representative to Kabul . It included an immense train of 38,000 camp followers and 30,000 camels , plus a large herd of cattle . The British intended to be comfortable -- one regiment took its pack of foxhounds , another took two camels to carry its cigarettes , junior officers were accompanied by up to 40 servants , and one senior officer required 60 camels to carry his personal effects . The Opening in to the Narrow Path above the Siri Bolan from James Atkinson 's Sketches in Afghaunistan By late March 1839 the British forces had crossed the Bolan Pass , reached the Baloch city of Quetta , and begun their march to Kabul . They advanced through rough terrain , across deserts and 4,000 - metre - high mountain passes , but made good progress and finally set up camps at Kandahar on 25 April 1839 . After reaching Kandahar , Keane decided to wait for the crops to ripen before resuming his march , so it was not until 27 June that the Grand Army of the Indus marched again . Keane left behind his siege engines in Kandahar , which turned out to be a mistake as he discovered that the walls of the Ghazni fortress were far stronger than he expected . A deserter , Abdul Rashed Khan , a nephew of Dost Mohammad Khan , informed the British that one of the gates of the fortress was in bad state of repair and might be blasted open with a gunpowder charge . Before the fortress , the British were attacked by a force of the Ghilji tribesmen fighting under the banner of jihad who were desperate to kill farangis , a pejorative Pashtun term for the British and were beaten off . The British took fifty prisoners who were brought before Shuja , where one of them stabbed a minister to death with a hidden knife . Shuja had them all beheaded , which Sir John Kaye in his official history of the war to write this act of `` wanton barbarity '' , the `` shrill cry '' of the Ghazis would be remembered as the `` funeral wail '' of the government 's `` unholy policy '' . On 22 July 1839 , in a surprise attack , the British - led forces captured the fortress of Ghazni , which overlooks a plain leading eastward into the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . The British troops blew up one city gate and marched into the city in a euphoric mood . In taking this fortress , they suffered 200 men killed and wounded , while the Afghans lost nearly 500 men . 1,600 Afghans were taken prisoner with an unknown number wounded . Ghazni was well - supplied , which eased the further advance considerably . Following this , the British achieved a decisive victory over Dost Mohammad 's troops , led by one of his sons . In August 1839 , after thirty years , Shuja was again enthroned in Kabul . Shuja promptly confirmed his reputation for cruelty by seeking to wreck vengeance all who had crossed him as he considered his own people to be `` dogs '' who needed to be taught to obey their master . Qalat / Kalat ( edit ) Main article : Kalat , Pakistan On November 13 , 1839 , while en route to India , the Bombay column of the British Indian Army attacked , as a form of reprisal , the Baloch tribal fortress of Kalat , from where Baloch tribes had harassed and attacked British convoys during the move towards the Bolan Pass . Guerilla war ( edit ) Dost Mohammad waged a guerilla war , being defeated in every skirmish he fought , but taunted Macnaughten in a letter with the boast : `` I am like a wooden spoon . You may throw me hither and yon , but I shall not be hurt '' . Dost Mohammad fled with his loyal followers across the passes to Bamyan , and ultimately to Bukhara . Nasrullah Khan , the emir of Bukhara violated the traditional code of hospitability by throwing Dost Mohammad into his dungeon , where he joined Colonel Charles Stoddart . Stoddard had been sent to Bukhara to sign a treaty of friendship and arrange a subsidy to keep Bukhara in the British sphere of influence , but was sent to the dungeon which Nasrullah Khan decided the British were not offering him a big enough bribe . Unlike Stoddart , Dost Mohammad was able to escape from the dungeon in August 1840 and fled south to Afghanistan . Occupation and rising of the Afghans ( edit ) Afghan forces attacking retreating British - Indian troops The majority of the British troops returned to India , leaving 8,000 in Afghanistan , but it soon became clear that Shuja 's rule could only be maintained with the presence of a stronger British force . The Afghans resented the British presence and the rule of Shah Shuja . As the occupation dragged on , the East India Company 's first political officer William Hay Macnaghten allowed his soldiers to bring their families to Afghanistan to improve morale ; this further infuriated the Afghans , as it appeared the British were setting up a permanent occupation . Macnaughten purchased a mansion in Kabul , where he installed his wife , crystal chandelier , a fine selection of French wines , and hundreds of servants from India , making himself completely at home . Macnaughten , who had once been a judge in a small town in Ulster before deciding he wanted to be much more than a small town judge in Ireland , was known for his arrogant , imperious manner , and was simply called `` the Envoy '' by both the Afghans and the British . The wife of one British officer , Lady Florentia Sale created an English style garden at her house in Kabul , which was much admired and in August 1841 her daughter Alexadrina was married at her Kabul home to Lieutenant John Sturt of the Royal Engineers . The British officers staged horse races , played cricket and in winter ice skating over the frozen local pounds , which astonished the Afghans who had never seen this before . The licentious conduct of the British troops greatly offended the puritanical values of the Afghan men who had always disapproved of premarital sex and were especially enraged to see British infidels take their womenfolk to their beds . In his official history , Sir John William Kaye wrote he sadly had to declare `` there are truths which must be spoken '' , namely there were `` temptations which are most difficult to withstand and were not withstood by our English officers '' as Afghan women were most attractive and those living in the zenanas ( Islamic women 's quarters ) `` were not unwilling to visit the quarters of the Christian stranger '' . Kaye wrote the scandal was `` open , undisguised , notorious '' with British officers and soldiers openly having sexual relationships with Afghan women and in a nation like Afghanistan where women were and still are routinely killed in `` honour killings '' for the mere suspicion of engaging in premarital sex which is seen as a slur against the manhood of their male family members , most Afghan men were highly furious at what they saw as a national humiliation that had questioned their manhoods . A popular ditty among the British troops was : `` A Kabul wife under burkha cover , Was never known without a lover '' . Some of these relationships ended in marriage as Dost Mohammad 's niece Jahan Begum married Captain Robert Warburton and a Lieutenant Lynch married the sister of a Ghilzai chief ; the fact that both women were very beautiful added to the humiliation of the Afghan men who did not like to see their women fall in love with infidels . One Afghan nobleman Mirza ' Ata wrote : `` The English drank the wine of shameless immodesty , forgetting that any act has its consequences and rewards - so that after a while , the spring garden of the King 's regime was blighted by the autumn of these ugly events ... The nobles complained to each other , `` Day by day , we are exposed , because of the English , to deceit and lies and shame . Soon the women of Kabul will give birth to half - caste monkeys - it 's a disgrace ! '' `` . Afghanistan was such a desperately poor country that even the salary of a British private was considered to be a small fortune , and many Afghan women willingly become prostitutes as an easy way to get rich , much to the intense fury of their menfolk . The East India Company 's second political officer Sir Alexander Burnes was especially noted for his insatiable womanizing , settling an example ardently imitated by his men . ' Ata wrote : `` Burnes was especially shameless . In his private quarters , he would take a bath with his Afghan mistress in the hot water of lust and pleasure , as the two rubbed each other down with flannels of giddy joy and the talc of intimacy . Two memsahibs , also his lovers , would join them '' . Of all the aspects of the British occupation , it was sex between Afghan women and British soldiers that most infuriated Afghan men . Afghanistan had no army , and instead had a feudal system under which the chiefs would maintain a certain number of armed retainers , principally cavalry together with a number of tribesmen who could be called upon to fight in a time of war ; when the Emir went to war , he would call upon his chiefs to bring out their men to fight for him . In 1840 , the British strongly pressured Shuja to replace the feudal system with a standing army , which threatened to do away with the power of the chiefs , and which the Emir rejected under the grounds that Afghanistan lacked the financial ability to fund a standing army . British army entering Kandahar Dost Mohammad unsuccessfully attacked the British and their Afghan protégé Shuja , and subsequently surrendered and was exiled to India in late 1840 . In 1839 -- 40 , the entire rationale for the occupation of Afghanistan was changed by the Oriental Crisis when Mohammad Ali the Great , the vali ( governor ) of Egypt who was a close French ally , rebelled against the Sublime Porte ; during the subsequent crisis , Russia and Britain co-operated against France , and with the improvement in Anglo - Russian relations , the need for a buffer state in Central Asia decreased . The Oriental Crisis of 1840 almost caused an Anglo - French war , which given the long - standing Franco - Russian rivalry caused by Nicholas 's detestation of Louis - Philippe as a traitor to the conservative cause , inevitably improved relations between London and St. Petersburg , which ultimately led to the Emperor Nicholas making an imperial visit to London in 1844 to meet Queen Victoria and the Prime Minister Lord Peel . As early as 1838 , Count Karl Nesselrode the Russian Foreign Minister had suggested to the British Ambassador in St. Petersburg Lord Clanricarde that Britain and Russia sign a treaty delimiting spheres of influence in Asia to end the `` Great Game '' once and for all . By 1840 Clanricarde was reporting to London that he was quite certain a mutually satisfactory agreement could be negotiated , and all he needed was the necessary permission from the Foreign Office to begin talks . From Calcutta , Lord Auckland pressed for acceptance of the Russian offer , writing `` I would look forward to a tripartite Treaty of the West under which a limit shall be placed to the advance of England , Russia and Persia and under which all shall continue to repress slave dealing and plunder '' . Through Britain rejected the Russian offer , after 1840 there was a marked decline in Anglo - Russian rivalry and a `` fair working relationship in Asia '' had developed . The British Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston rejected the Russian offer to end the `` Great Game '' as he believed that as long the `` Great Game '' continued , Britain could inconvenience Russia in Asia to better achieve her foreign policy goals in Europe much more than Russia could inconvenience Britain in Asia to achieve her foreign policy goals in Europe . Palmerston noted that because the British had more money to bribe local rulers in Central Asia , this gave them the advantage in this `` game '' , and it was thus better to keep the `` Great Game '' going . Palmerston believed it was Britain that held the advantage in the `` Great Game '' , that the Russian offer to definitely mark out spheres of influence in Asia was a sign of weakness and he preferred no such treaty be signed . From Palmerston 's viewpoint accepting the Russian offer would be unwelcome as the end of the `` Great Game '' in Asia would mean the redeployment of Russian power to Europe , the place that really counted for him , and it was better to keep the `` Great Game '' going , albeit at a reduced rate given the tensions with France . At the same time , the lowering of Anglo - Russian tension in the 1840s made holding Afghanistan more of an expensive luxury from the British viewpoint as it not longer seemed quite as essential to have a friendly government in Kabul anymore . By this time , the British had vacated the fortress of Bala Hissar and relocated to a cantonment built to the northeast of Kabul . The chosen location was indefensible , being low and swampy with hills on every side . To make matters worse , the cantonment was too large for the number of troops camped in it and had a defensive perimeter almost two miles long . In addition , the stores and supplies were in a separate fort , 300 yards from the main cantonment . The British commander , Major - General George Keith Ephinstone who arrived in April 1841 was bed - ridden most of the time with gout and rheumatism . Between April and October 1841 , disaffected Afghan tribes were flocking to support Dost Mohammad 's son , Akbar Khan , in Bamiyan and other areas north of the Hindu Kush mountains , organised into an effective resistance by chiefs such as Mir Masjidi Khan and others . In September 1841 , Macnaghten reduced the subsidies paid out to Ghazi tribal chiefs in exchange for accepting Shuja as Emir and to keep the passes open , which immediately led to the Ghazis rebelling and a jihad being proclaimed . The monthly subsidies , which were effectively bribes for the Ghazi chiefs to stay loyal , was reduced from 80,000 to 40,000 rupees at a time of rampant inflation , and as the chiefs ' loyalty had been entirely financial , the call of jihad proved stronger . Macnaughten did not take the threat seriously at first , writing to Henry Rawlinson in Kandahar on 7 October 1841 : `` The Eastern Ghilzyes are kicking up a row about some deductions which have been made from their pay . The rascals have completely succeeded in cutting communications for the time being , which is very provoking to me at this time ; but they will be well trounced for their pains . One down , t'other come on , is the principle of these vagabonds '' . Macnaughten ordered an expedition . On 10 October 1841 , the Ghazis in a night raid defeated the Thirty - fifth Native Infantry , but were defeated the next day by the Thirteenth Light Infantry . After their defeat , which led to the rebels fleeing to the mountains , Macnaughten overplayed his hand by demanding that the chiefs who rebelled now send their children to Shuja 's court as hostages to prevent another rebellion . As Shuja had a habit of mutilating people who displeased him in the slightest , Macnaghten 's demand that the children of the chiefs go to the Emir 's court was received with horror , which led the Ghazi chiefs to vow to fight on . Macnaghten who just been appointed the governor of Bombay was torn between a desire to leave Afghanistan on a high note with country settled and peaceful vs. a desire to crush the Ghazis , which lead him to temporize , at one moment threatening the harshest reprisals and the next moment , compromising by abandoning his demand for hostages . Macnaghten 's alternating policy of confrontation and compromise was perceived as weakness , which encouraged the chiefs around Kabul to start rebelling . Shuja was so unpopular that many of his ministers and the Durrani clan joined the rebellion On the night of 1 November 1841 , a group of Afghan chiefs met at the Kabul house of one of their number to plan the uprising , which began in the morning of the next day . In a flammable situation , the spark was provided unintentionally by Burnes . A Kashmiri slave girl who belonged to a Pashtun chief Abdullah Khan Achakzai living in Kabul ran away to Burnes 's house . When Ackakzai sent his retainers to retrieve her , it was discovered that Burnes had taken the slave girl to his bed , and he had one of Azkakzai 's men beaten . A secret jirga ( council ) of Pashtun chiefs was held to discuss this violation of pashtunwali , where Ackakzai holding a Koran in one hand stated : `` Now we are justified in throwing this English yoke ; they stretch the hand of tyranny to dishonor private citizens great and small : fucking a slave girl is n't worth the ritual bath that follows it : but we have to put a stop right here and now , otherwise these English will ride the donkey of their desires into the field of stupidity , to the point of having all of us arrested and deported to a foreign field '' . At the end of his speech , all of the chiefs shouted `` Jihad '' . Lady Sale wrote in her diary on 2 November 1841 : `` This morning early , all was in commotion in Kabul . The shops were plundered and the people all fighting . '' That same day , a mob `` thirsting for blood '' appeared outside of the house of the East India Company 's second political officer , Sir Alexander ' Sekundar ' Burnes , where Burnes ordered his sepoy guards not to fire while he stood outside haranguing the mob in Pashto , attempting to unconvincingly persuade the assembled men that he did not bed their daughters and sisters . Captain William Broadfoot who was with Burnes saw the mob march forward , leading him to open fire with another officer writing in his diary that he `` killed five or six men with his own hand before he was shot down '' . The mob smashed in to Burnes 's hourse , where he , his brother Charles , their wives and children , several aides and the sepoys were all torn to pieces . The mob then attacked the home of the paymaster Johnston who was not present , leading to later write when he surveyed the remains of his house that they `` gained possession of my treasury by undermining the wall ... They murdered the whole of the guard ( one officer and 28 sepoys ) , all my servants ( male , female , and children ) , plundered the treasury ... burnt all my office records ... and possessed themselves of all my private property '' . The British forces took no action in response despite being only five minutes away , which encouraged further revolt . The only person who took action that day was Shuja who ordered out one of his regiments from the Bala Hissar commanded by an Scots mercenary named Campbell to crush the riot , but the old city of Kabul with its narrow , twisting streets favored the defensive with Campbell 's men coming under fire from rebels in the houses above . After losing about 200 men killed , Campbell retreated back to the Bala Hissar . After hearing of the defeat of his regiment , Shuja descended into what Kaye called `` a pitiable state of dejection and alarm '' , sinking into a deep state of depression as it finally dawned on him that his people hated him and wanted to see him dead . Captain Sturt was sent to the Bala Hissar by Elphinstone to if were possible to recover control of the city later that afternoon , where his mother - in - law Lady Sale noted in her diary : `` Just as he entered the precincts of the palace , he was stabbed in three places by a young man well dressed , who escaped into a building close - by , were he was protected by the gates being shut . '' Sturt was sent home to be cared for by Lady Sale and his wife with the former noting : `` He was covered with blood issuing from his mouth and was unable to articulate . He could not lie down , from the blood choking him '' , only being capable hours later to utter one word : `` bet - ter '' . Lady Sale was highly critical of Elphinstone 's leadership , writing : `` General Elphinstone vacillates on every point . His own judgement appears to be good , but he is swayed by the last speaker '' , criticising him for `` ... a very strange circumstance that troops were not immediately sent into the city to quell the affair in the commencement , but we seem to sit quietly with out hands folded , and look on '' ... '' Despite both being in the cantonment , Elphinstone prefer to write letters to Macnaughten , with one letter on 2 November saying `` I have been considering what can done tomorrow '' ( he decided to do nothing that day ) , stating `` our dilemma is a difficult one '' , and finally concluding `` We must see what the morning brings '' . The British situation soon deteriorated when Afghans stormed the poorly defended supply fort inside Kabul on November 9 . In the following weeks the British commanders tried to negotiate with Akbar Khan . Macnaghten secretly offered to make Akbar Afghanistan 's vizier in exchange for allowing the British to stay , while simultaneously disbursing large sums of money to have him assassinated , which was reported to Akbar Khan . A meeting for direct negotiations between Macnaghten and Akbar was held near the cantonment on 23 December , but Macnaghten and the three officers accompanying him were seized and slain by Akbar Khan . Macnaghten 's body was dragged through the streets of Kabul and displayed in the bazaar . Elphinstone had partly lost command of his troops already and his authority was badly damaged . Destruction of Elphinstone 's Army ( edit ) Main article : 1842 retreat from Kabul Remnants of an Army by Elizabeth Butler depicting the arrival of assistant surgeon , William Brydon , at Jalalabad on 13 January 1842 . On 1 January 1842 , following some unusual thinking by Elphinstone , which may have had something to do with the poor defensibility of the cantonment , an agreement was reached that provided for the safe exodus of the British garrison and its dependents from Afghanistan . Five days later , the withdrawal began . The departing British contingent numbered around 16,500 , of which about 4,500 were military personnel , and over 12,000 were camp followers . Lieutenant Eyre commented about the camp followers that `` These proved from the very first mile a serious clog on our movements '' . Lady Sale brought with her 40 servants , none of whom she named in her diary while Lieutenant Eyre 's son was saved by a female Afghan servant , who rode through an ambush with the boy on her back , but he never gave her name . The American historian James Perry noted : `` Reading the old diaries and journals , it is almost as if these twelve thousand native servants and sepoy wives and children did n't exist individually . In a way , they really did n't . They would die , all of them - shot , stabbed , frozen to death - in these mountain passes , and no one bothered to write down the name of even one of them '' . The military force consisted mostly of Indian units and one British battalion , 44th Regiment of Foot . They were attacked by Ghilzai warriors as they struggled through the snowbound passes . On the first day , the retreating force made only five miles and as Lady Sale wrote about their arrival at a village of Begramee : `` There were no tents , save two or three small palls that arrived . Everyone scraped away the snow as best they might , to make a place to lie down . The evening and night were intensely cold ; no food for man or beast procurable , except a few handful of bhoosay ( chopped stew ) , for which we had to pay five to ten rupees '' . As the night fell and with it the temperatures dropped well below freezing , the retreating force learned that they lost all of their supplies of food and their baggage . On the second day all of the men of the Royal Afghan Army 's 6th regiment deserted , heading back to Kabul , marking the end of the first attempt to give Afghanistan a national army . For several months afterwards , what had once been Shuja 's army was reduced to begging on the streets of Kabul as Akbar had of all of Shuja 's mercenaries mutilated before throwing them on the streets to beg . Despite Akbar Khan 's promise of safe conduct , the Anglo - Indian force was repeatedly attack by the Ghilzais , with one especially fierce Afghan attack being beaten off with a spirited bayonet charge by the 44th Foot . While trying to cross the Koord - Kabual pass in the Hindu Kush that was described as five miles long and `` so narrow and so shut in on either side that the wintry sun rarely penetrates its gloomy recesses '' , the Anglo - Indian force was ambushed by the Ghilzai tribesmen . Johnson described `` murderous fire '' that forced the British to abandon all baggage while camp followers regardless of sex and age were cut down with swords . Lady Sale wrote : `` Bullets kept whizzing by us '' while some of the artillerymen smashed open the regimental store of brandy to get drunk amid the Afghan attacks . Lady Sale wrote she drank a tumbler of sherry `` which at any other time would have made me very unlady - like , but now merely warmed me . '' Lady Sale took a bullet in her wrist while she had to watch as her son - in - law Sturt had `` ... his horse was shot out from him and before he could rise from the ground he received a severe wound in the abdomen '' . With his wife and mother - in - law by his side in the snow , Sturt bled to death over the course of the night . The gentle , kindly , but naive and gullible Elphinstone continued to believe that Akbar Khan was his `` ally '' , and believed his promise that he would send out the captured supplies if he stopped the retreat on 8 January . Adding to the misery of the British , that night a ferocious blizzard blew in , causing hundreds to freeze to death . On 9 January 1842 , Akbar sent out a messenger saying he was willing to take all of the British women as hostages , giving his word that they would not be harmed , and otherwise his tribesmen would show no mercy and kill all the women and children . One of the British officers sent to negotiate with Akbar heard him say to his tribesmen in Dari ( Afghan Farsi ) - a language spoken by many British officers - to `` spare '' the British while saying in Pashto - which most British officers did not speak - to `` slay them all '' . Lady Sale , her pregnant daughter Alexandria and the rest of British women and children accepted Akbar 's offer of safe conduct back to Kabul . As the East India Company would not pay a ransom for Indian women and children , Akbar refused to accept them , and so the Indian women and children died with the rest of the force in the Hindu Kush . The camp followers captured by the Afghans were stripped of all their clothing and left to freeze to death in the snow . Lady Sale wrote that as she was taken back to Kabul she noticed : `` The road was covered with awful mangled bodies , all naked '' . In the early morning of 10 January , the column resumed its march , with everyone tired , hungry and cold . Most of the sepoys by this time had lost a finger or two frostbite , and could not fire their guns . At the narrow pass of Tunghee Tareekee , which was 50 yards long , but 4 yards wide , the Ghizye tribesmen ambushed the column , killing without mercy all of the camp followers , and the Anglo - Indian soldiers to fight their way over the corpses of the camp followers with heavy losses to themselves . From a hill , Akbar Khan and his chiefs watched the slaughter from while sitting on their horses , being apparently very much amused by the carnage . Captain Shelton and a few soldiers from the 44th regiment held the rear of the column and fought off successive Afghan attacks , despite being outnumbered . Johnson described Shelton as fighting like a `` bulldog '' with his sword , cutting down any Afghan who tried to take on him so efficiently that by the end of the day no Afghan would challenge him . On the evening of 11 January 1842 , General Elphinstone , Captain Shelton , the paymaster Johnston , and Captain Skinner met with Akbar Khan to ask him to stop his attacks on the column . Akbar Khan provided them with warm tea and a fine meal before telling them that they were all now his hostages as he reckoned the East India Company would pay good ransoms for their freedom , and when Captain Skinner tried to resist , he was shot in the face . Command now fell to Brigadier Thomas Anquetil . The evacuees were killed in huge numbers as they made their way down the 30 miles ( 48 km ) of treacherous gorges and passes lying along the Kabul River between Kabul and Gandamak , and were massacred at the Gandamak pass before a survivor reached the besieged garrison at Jalalabad . At Gandamak , some 20 officers and 45 other ranks of the 44th Foot regiment , together with some artillerymen and sepoys , armed with some 20 muskets and two rounds of ammunition to every man , found themselves at dawn surrounded by Afghan tribesmen . The force had been reduced to fewer than forty men by a withdrawal from Kabul that had become , towards the end , a running battle through two feet of snow . The ground was frozen , the men had no shelter and had little food for weeks . Of the weapons remaining to the survivors at Gandamak , there were approximately a dozen working muskets , the officers ' pistols and a few swords . The British formed a square , defeated the first couple of the Afghan attacks , `` driving the Afghans several times down the hill '' before running out of ammunition , fighting on with their bayonets and swords before being overwhelmed . The Afghans took only 9 prisoners and killed the rest . The remnants of the 44th were all killed except Captain James Souter , Sergeant Fair and seven soldiers who were taken prisoner . The only soldier to reach Jalalabad was Dr. William Brydon and several sepoys over the following nights . Another source states that over one hundred British were taken prisoner . Many of the women and children were taken captive by the Afghan warring tribes ; some of these women married their captors ( one such lady was the wife of Captain Warburton ) , and children taken from the battlefield at the time were later identified in the early part of the 20th century to be those of the fallen soldiers and who were brought up by Afghan families as their own children . Reprisals ( edit ) At the same time as the attacks on the garrison at Kabul , Afghan forces beleaguered the other British contingents in Afghanistan . These were at Kandahar ( where the largest British force in the country had been stationed ) , Jalalabad ( held by a force which had been sent from Kabul in October 1841 as the first stage of a planned withdrawal ) and Ghazni . Ghazni was stormed , but the other garrisons held out until relief forces arrived from India , in spring 1842 . Akbar Khan was defeated near Jalalabad and plans were laid for the recapture of Kabul and the restoration of British hegemony . However , Lord Auckland had suffered a stroke and had been replaced as governor - general by Lord Ellenborough , who was under instructions to bring the war to an end following a change of government in Britain . Ellenborough ordered the forces at Kandahar and Jalalabad to leave Afghanistan after inflicting reprisals and securing the release of prisoners taken during the retreat from Kabul . In August 1842 General Nott advanced from Kandahar , pillaging the countryside and seizing Ghazni , whose fortifications he demolished . Meanwhile , General Pollock , who had taken command of a demoralized force in Peshawar used it to clear the Khyber Pass to arrive at Jalalabad , where General Sale had already lifted the siege . From Jalalabad , General Pollock inflicted a further crushing defeat on Akbar Khan . The combined British forces defeated all opposition before taking Kabul in September . A month later , having rescued the prisoners and demolished the city 's main bazaar as an act of retaliation for the destruction of Elphinstone 's column , they withdrew from Afghanistan through the Khyber Pass . Dost Muhammad was released and re-established his authority in Kabul . He died on June 9 , 1863 . Dost Mohammad is reported to have said : I have been struck by the magnitude of your resources , your ships , your arsenals , but what I can not understand is why the rulers of so vast and flourishing an empire should have gone across the Indus to deprive me of my poor and barren country . Legacy ( edit ) Many voices in Britain , from Lord Aberdeen to Benjamin Disraeli , had criticized the war as rash and insensate . The perceived threat from Russia was vastly exaggerated , given the distances , the almost impassable mountain barriers , and logistical problems that an invasion would have to solve . In the three decades after the First Anglo - Afghan War , the Russians did advance steadily southward towards Afghanistan . In 1842 the Russian border was on the other side of the Aral Sea from Afghanistan ; but five years later the tsar 's outposts had moved to the lower reaches of the Amu Darya . By 1865 Tashkent had been formally annexed , as was Samarkand three years later . A peace treaty in 1873 with Amir Alim Khan of the Manghit Dynasty , the ruler of Bukhara , virtually stripped him of his independence . Russian control then extended as far as the northern bank of the Amu Darya . In 1878 , the British invaded again , beginning the Second Anglo - Afghan War . Lady Butler 's famous painting of Dr. William Brydon , initially thought to be the sole survivor , gasping his way to the British outpost in Jalalabad , helped make Afghanistan 's reputation as a graveyard for foreign armies and became one of the great epics of empire . In 1843 British army chaplain G.R. Gleig wrote a memoir of the disastrous ( First ) Anglo - Afghan War , of which he was one of the very few survivors . He wrote that it was a war begun for no wise purpose , carried on with a strange mixture of rashness and timidity , brought to a close after suffering and disaster , without much glory attached either to the government which directed , or the great body of troops which waged it . Not one benefit , political or military , was acquired with this war . Our eventual evacuation of the country resembled the retreat of an army defeated '' . The Church of St. John the Evangelist located in Navy Nagar , Mumbai , India , more commonly known as the Afghan Church , was dedicated in 1852 as a memorial to the dead of the conflict . Battle honour ( edit ) The battle honour of ' Afghanistan 1839 ' was awarded to all units of the presidency armies of the East India Company that had proceeded beyond the Bolan Pass , by gazette of the governor - general , dated 19 November 1839 , the spelling changed from ' Afghanistan ' to ' Affghanistan ' by Gazette of India No. 1079 of 1916 , and the date added in 1914 . All the honours awarded for this war are considered to be non-repugnant . The units awarded this battle honour were : 4th Bengal Irregular Cavalry -- 1 Horse 5th Madras Infantry Poona Auxiliary Horse -- Poona Horse Bombay Sappers & Miners -- Bombay Engineer Group 31st Bengal Infantry 43rd Bengal Infantry 19th Bombay Infantry 1st Bombay Cavalry -- 13th Lancers 2nd , 3rd Bengal Light Cavalry -- mutinied in 1857 . 2nd , 3rd Companies of Bengal Sappers and Miners -- mutinied in 1857 . 16th , 35th , 37th , 48th Bengal Infantry -- mutinied in 1857 . 42nd Bengal Infantry ( 5th LI ) -- disbanded 1922 . Fictional depictions ( edit ) The First Anglo -- Afghan war is depicted in a work of historical fiction , Flashman by George MacDonald Fraser . ( This is Fraser 's first Flashman novel . ) The ordeal of Dr. Brydon may have influenced the story of Dr. John Watson in Sherlock Holmes , although his wound was suffered in the second war . Emma Drummond 's novel Beyond all Frontiers ( 1983 ) is based on these events , as are Philip Hensher 's Mulberry Empire ( 2002 ) and Fanfare ( 1993 ) , by Andrew MacAllan , a distant relation of Dr William Brydon . G.A. Henty 's children 's novel To Herat and Kabul focuses on the Anglo - Afghan War through the perspective of a Scottish expatriate teenager named Angus . Theodor Fontane 's poem , Das Trauerspiel von Afghanistan ( The Tragedy of Afghanistan ) also refers to the massacre of Elphinstone 's army . See also ( edit ) Military history of Britain Military history of Afghanistan Chapslee Estate European influence in Afghanistan Invasions of Afghanistan Second Anglo - Afghan War Third Anglo - Afghan War War artist James Rattray References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Encarta - encyclopedie Winkler Prins ( 1993 -- 2002 ) s.v. `` Afghanistan . § 5.3 De tijd van de Britse invloed '' . Microsoft Corporation / Het Spectrum . ^ Jump up to : Kohn , George Childs ( 2013 ) . Dictionary of Wars . Revised Edition . London / New York : Routledge . p. 5 . ISBN 9781135954949 . ^ Jump up to : Baxter , Craig . `` The First Anglo -- Afghan War '' . In Federal Research Division , Library of Congress . Afghanistan : A Country Study . Baton Rouge , LA : Claitor 's Pub . Division . ISBN 1 - 57980 - 744 - 5 . Retrieved 23 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Antoinette Burton , `` On the First Anglo - Afghan War , 1839 -- 42 : Spectacle of Disaster '' ^ Jump up to : Keay , John ( 2010 ) . India : A History ( revised ed . ) . New York , NY : Grove Press . pp. 418 -- 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 4558 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies , Edison : CastleBooks , 2005 p. 110 . Jump up ^ Fromkin , David `` The Great Game in Asia '' pp. 936 -- 51 from Foreign Affairs , Volume 58 , Issue 4 , Spring 1980 pp. 937 -- 38 Jump up ^ Fromkin , David `` The Great Game in Asia '' pp. 936 -- 51 from Foreign Affairs , Volume 58 , Issue 4 , Spring 1980 p. 938 Jump up ^ Eskridge - Kosmach , Alena `` The Russian Press and the Ideas of Russia 's ' Special Mission in the East ' and ' Yellow Peril ' pp. 661 -- 75 from Journal of Slavic Military Studies , Volume 27 , November 2014 pp. 661 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Riasanovsky , Nicholas Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia , 1825 -- 1855 , Los Angeles : University of California Press , 1959 p. 255 . Jump up ^ Riasanovsky , Nicholas Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia , 1825 -- 1855 , Los Angeles : University of California Press , 1959 pp. 257 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Riasanovsky , Nicholas Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia , 1825 -- 1855 , Los Angeles : University of California Press , 1959 p. 258 . Jump up ^ L.W. Adamec / J.A. Norris , Anglo - Afghan Wars , in Encyclopædia Iranica , online ed. , 2010 Jump up ^ J.A. Norris , Anglo - Afghan Relations , in Encyclopædia Iranica , online ed. , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies , Edison : CastleBooks , 2005 p. 111 . ^ Jump up to : Macintyre , Ben The Man Who Would Be King , New York : Farrar , Straus , Giroux , 2002 p. 205 Jump up ^ Macintyre , Ben The Man Who Would Be King , New York : Farrar , Straus , Giroux , 2002 pp. 205 -- 06 Jump up ^ Macintyre , Ben The Man Who Would Be King , New York : Farrar , Straus , Giroux , 2002 p. 206 ^ Jump up to : Macintyre , Ben The Man Who Would Be King , New York : Farrar , Straus , Giroux , 2002 pp. 206 -- 07 Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies , Edison : CastleBooks , 2005 pp. 110 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Macintyre , Ben The Man Who Would Be King , New York : Farrar , Straus , Giroux , 2002 p. 32 ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies , Edison : CastleBooks , 2005 p. 112 . Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies , Edison : CastleBooks , 2005 pp. 109 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies , Edison : CastleBooks , 2005 pp. 112 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Company That Ruled The Waves '' . The Economist. 17 December 2011 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies , Edison : CastleBooks , 2005 p. 113 . Jump up ^ Yapp , M.E. Journal Article The Revolutions of 1841 -- 2 in Afghanistan pp. 333 -- 81 from The Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Volume 27 , Issue 2 , 1964 p. 338 . Jump up ^ Ewans , Martin ( 2002 ) . Afghanistan : A Short History of Its People and Politics . HarperCollins . p. 63 . ISBN 0060505087 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies , Edison : CastleBooks , 2005 page 116 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies , Edison : CastleBooks , 2005 p. 117 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies , Edison : CastleBooks , 2005 p. 121 . Jump up ^ Holdsworth , TWE ( 1840 ) . Campaign of the Indus : In a Series of Letters from an Officer of the Bombay Division . Private Copy . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies , Edison : CastleBooks , 2005 p. 120 . Jump up ^ Dupree , L. Afghanistan . Princeton : Princeton Legacy Library , 1980 . p. 379 Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies , Edison : CastleBooks , 2005 pp. 120 -- 21 ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies , Edison : CastleBooks , 2005 p. 123 ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies , Edison : CastleBooks , 2005 p. 123 . ^ Jump up to : Dalrymple , William Return of a King , London : Bloombsbury , 2012 p. 223 . Jump up ^ Dalrymple , William Return of a King , London : Bloombsbury , 2012 pp. 223 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Dalrymple , William Return of a King , London : Bloombsbury , 2012 pp. 223 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Dalrymple , William Return of a King , London : Bloombsbury , 2012 pp. 224 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Yapp , M.E. Journal Article The Revolutions of 1841 -- 2 in Afghanistan pp. 333 -- 81 from The Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Volume 27 , Issue 2 , 1964 p. 338 . Jump up ^ Yapp , M.E. `` The Revolutions of 1841 -- 2 in Afghanistan '' pp. 333 -- 81 from The Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Volume 27 , Issue 2 , 1964 pp. 339 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Yapp , M.E `` British Perceptions of the Russian Threat to India '' pp. 647 -- 65 from Modern Asian Studies , Volume 21 , No. 4 1987 p. 656 . Jump up ^ Yapp , M.E `` British Perceptions of the Russian Threat to India '' pp. 647 -- 65 from Modern Asian Studies , Volume 21 , No. 4 1987 p. 659 . ^ Jump up to : Yapp , M.E `` British Perceptions of the Russian Threat to India '' pp. 647 -- 65 from Modern Asian Studies , Volume 21 , No. 4 1987 p. 660 . Jump up ^ David , Saul . Victoria 's Wars , 2007 Penguin Books . p. 41 Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies , Edison : CastleBooks , 2005 p. 124 Jump up ^ Who after his demise in 1841 , was replaced by his son Mir Aqa Jan , see Maj ( r ) Nur Muhammad Shah , Kohistani , Nur i Kohistan , Lahore , 1957 , pp. 49 -- 52 ^ Jump up to : Yapp , M.E. `` The Revolutions of 1841 -- 2 in Afghanistan '' pp. 333 -- 81 from The Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Volume 27 , Issue 2 , 1964 pp. 334 -- 35 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies , Edison : CastleBooks , 2005 p. 125 . Jump up ^ Yapp , M.E. `` The Revolutions of 1841 -- 2 in Afghanistan '' pp 333 -- 81 from The Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Volume 27 , Issue 2 , 1964 p. 335 . Jump up ^ Yapp , M.E. `` The Revolutions of 1841 -- 2 in Afghanistan '' pp. 333 -- 81 from The Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Volume 27 , Issue 2 , 1964 p. 336 . Jump up ^ Yapp , M.E. : The Revolutions of 1841 -- 2 in Afghanistan '' pp. 333 -- 81 from The Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Volume 27 , Issue 2 , 1964 p. 336 . Jump up ^ Yapp , M.E. `` The Revolutions of 1841 -- 2 in Afghanistan '' pp. 333 -- 81 from The Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Volume 27 , Issue 2 , 1964 p. 336 . ^ Jump up to : Dalrymple , William Return of a King , London : Bloombsbury , 2012 p. 292 . Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies , Edison : CastleBooks , 2005 pp. 125 -- 26 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies , Edison : CastleBooks , 2005 p. 126 . Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies , Edison : CastleBooks , 2005 pp. 126 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies , Edison : CastleBooks , 2005 p. 127 . Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies , Edison : CastleBooks , 2005 p. 128 . Jump up ^ Macrory , Patrick . `` Retreat From Kabul : The Catastrophic Defeat In Afghanistan , 1842 '' . 2002 The Lyons Press p. 203 ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies , Edison : CastleBooks , 2005 p. 133 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies , Edison : CastleBooks , 2005 p. 134 . Jump up ^ Dalrymple , William Return of a King , London : Bloomsbury , 2012 pp. 366 -- 67 Jump up ^ Dalrymple , William Return of a King , London : Bloomsbury , 2012 p. 369 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies , Edison : CastleBooks , 2005 p. 135 . Jump up ^ Dalrymple , William Return of a King , London : Bloomsbury , 2012 p. 373 ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies , Edison : CastleBooks , 2005 p. 136 . Jump up ^ Dalrymple , William Return of a King , London : Bloomsbury , 2012 p. 375 Jump up ^ Dalrymple , William Return of a King , London : Bloomsbury , 2012 p. 374 Jump up ^ Dalrymple , William Return of a King , London : Bloomsbury , 2012 pp. 383 -- 84 Jump up ^ Dalrymple , William Return of a King , London : Bloomsbury , 2012 p. 384 Jump up ^ Dalrymple , William Return of a King , London : Bloomsbury , 2012 p. 379 Jump up ^ Dalrymple , William Return of a King , London : Bloombsury , 2012 p. 380 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies , Edison : CastleBooks , 2005 p. 137 . ^ Jump up to : Dalrymple , William Return of a King , London : Bloomsbury , 2012 p. 385 Jump up ^ Dalrymple , William Return of a King , London : Bloomsbury , 2012 pages 385 Jump up ^ Blackburn , Terence R. ( 2008 ) . The extermination of a British army : the retreat from Cabul . New Delhi : A.P.H. Publishing Corporation . p. 121 ^ Jump up to : Ewans , Martin ( 2002 ) . Afghanistan : A Short History of Its People and Politics . HarperCollins . p. 70 . ISBN 0060505087 . Jump up ^ Shultz , Richard H. ; Dew , Andrea J. ( 2006 - 08 - 22 ) . Insurgents , Terrorists , and Militias : The Warriors of Contemporary Combat . Columbia University Press . ISBN 9780231503426 . Jump up ^ Toorn , Wout van der ( 2015 - 03 - 17 ) . Logbook of the Low Countries ( in Arabic ) . Page Publishing Inc . ISBN 9781634179997 . Jump up ^ Henshall , Kenneth ( 2012 - 03 - 13 ) . A History of Japan : From Stone Age to Superpower . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 9780230369184 . Jump up ^ Little , David ; Understanding , Tanenbaum Center for Interreligious ( 2007 - 01 - 08 ) . Peacemakers in Action : Profiles of Religion in Conflict Resolution . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521853583 . Jump up ^ Steele , Jonathan ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) . Ghosts of Afghanistan : Hard Truths and Foreign Myths . Counterpoint Press . ISBN 9781582437873 . Jump up ^ ' no man could say , unless it were subsequently explained , this course was not as rash and impolitic , as it was ill - considered , oppressive , and unjust . ' Hansard , 19 March 1839 . Jump up ^ Gleig , George R. Sale 's Brigade In Afghanistan , John Murray , 1879 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ The Tragedy of Afghanistan , Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 21 . Further Reading ( edit ) Dalrymple , William , ( 2012 ) Return of a King : the battle for Afghanistan , London : Bloomsbury . ISBN 9781408818305 Findlay , Adam George ( 2015 ) . Preventing Strategic Defeat : A Reassessment of the First Anglo - Afghan War ( PhD thesis ) . University of Wollongong . Fowler , Corinne , ( 2007 ) Chasing Tales : Travel Writing , Journalism and the History of British Ideas about Afghanistan , Amsterdam : Rodopi , ISBN 9789042022621 Greenwood , Joseph , ( 1844 ) Narrative of the Late Victorious Campaign in Affghanistan , under General Pollock : With Recollections of Seven Years ' service in India . London : H. Colburn Hopkirk , Peter , ( 1992 ) The Great Game , New York , NY : Kodansha America , ISBN 1 - 56836 - 022 - 3 Husain , Farrukh ( 2018 ) Afghanistan in the age of empires - the great game for South and Central Asia ' London : Silk Road Books and photos . ( ISBN 978 - 1 - 5272 - 1633 - 4 ) Kaye , Sir John , ( 1860 ) History of the First Afghan War , London . Macrory , Patrick , ( 1966 ) The Fierce Pawns , J.B. Lippincott Company , Philadelphia Macrory , Patrick , ( 2002 ) Retreat from Kabul : The Catastrophic British Defeat in Afghanistan , 1842 . Guilford , CT : The Lyons Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59921 - 177 - 0 Morris , Mowbray . The First Afghan War . London : Sampson Low , Marston , Searle , and Rivington ( 1878 ) . Perry , James M. , ( 1996 ) , Arrogant Armies : Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them . New York : Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 11976 - 0 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Anglo - Afghan War . First Afghan War ( Battle of Ghuznee ) First Afghan War ( Battle of Kabul 1842 ) The Siege of Jellalabad First Afghan War ( Battle of Kabul and retreat to Gandamak ) The Afghan Wars 1839 -- 42 and 1878 -- 80 by Archibald Forbes , from Project Gutenberg Pictures of the First Anglo -- Afghan War The War of Kabul and Kandahar , circa 1850 Anglo - Afghan Wars Leaders British Empire William Hay Macnaghten John Keane Willoughby Cotton George Pollock William Elphinstone Sam Browne Frederick Roberts Donald Stewart Arthur Barrett Reginald Dyer Afghanistan Amir Dost Mohammad Khan Wazir Akbar Khan Amir Sher Ali Khan Ghazi Ayub Khan Amanullah Khan Mohammed Nadir Shah Events First War Battle of Ghazni Siege of Kahun Battle of Jellalabad Retreat from Kabul Battle of Kabul Second War Battle of Ali Masjid Battle of Peiwar Kotal Siege of the British Residency in Kabul Battle of Charasiab Siege of the Sherpur Cantonment Battle of Ahmed Khel Second Battle of Charasiab Battle of Maiwand Battle of Kandahar Third War Third Anglo - 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Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Anglo-Afghan_War&oldid=831702431 '' Categories : First Anglo - Afghan War Battles involving British India Emirate of Afghanistan 1839 in Afghanistan Invasions of Afghanistan Invasions by the United Kingdom History of the Corps of Engineers ( Indian Army ) History of the Bombay Sappers History of the Bengal Sappers Military history of Afghanistan Military history of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 1839 in Asia 1839 in British India 19th - century military history of the United Kingdom Hidden categories : CS1 Arabic - language sources ( ar ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Русский Seeltersk Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 21 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the british army first go to afghanistan | [
"The First Anglo-Afghan War (also known as Disaster in Afghanistan)[4] was fought between British imperial India and the Emirate of Afghanistan from 1839 to 1842. The war is notorious for the loss of 4,500 British and Indian soldiers, plus 12,000 of their camp followers, to Afghan tribal fighters, but the British defeated the Afghans in the concluding engagement.[3] Initially, the British successfully intervened in a succession dispute between emir Dost Mohammad (Barakzai) and former emir Shah Shujah (Durrani), whom they installed upon conquering Kabul in August 1839. However, in 1841 the Army of the Indus, numbering between 24,000 and 28,000[citation needed] including families of soldiers, military and political pundits, suffered a series of defeats at the hands of rebel Afghan tribesmen.[2] The main British Indian and Sikh force occupying Kabul, having endured harsh winters as well, was almost completely annihilated while retreating in January 1842.[2] It was one of the first major conflicts during the Great Game, the 19th century competition for power and influence in Central Asia between Britain and Russia.[5]"
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"1839"
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-4418570434464029822 | The Princess Diaries (film) | The Princess Diaries ( film ) - Wikipedia The Princess Diaries ( film ) The Princess Diaries Theatrical release poster Directed by Garry Marshall Produced by Whitney Houston Debra Martin Chase Mario Iscovich Screenplay by Gina Wendkos Based on The Princess Diaries by Meg Cabot Starring Anne Hathaway Julie Andrews Heather Matarazzo Héctor Elizondo Mandy Moore Caroline Goodall Robert Schwartzman Music by John Debney Cinematography Karl Walter Lindenlaub Edited by Bruce Green Production companies Walt Disney Pictures BrownHouse Productions Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date August 3 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 03 ) Running time 115 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $26 million Box office $165.3 million The Princess Diaries is a 2001 American teen romantic comedy film directed by Garry Marshall and written by Gina Wendkos , based on Meg Cabot 's 2000 novel of the same name . It stars Anne Hathaway ( in her film debut ) as Mia Thermopolis , a teenager who discovers that she is the heir to the throne of the fictional Kingdom of Genovia , ruled by her grandmother Queen dowager Clarisse Renaldi ( Julie Andrews ) . The film also stars Heather Matarazzo , Héctor Elizondo , Mandy Moore , and Robert Schwartzman . Released in North America on August 3 , 2001 , the film was a commercial success , grossing $165.3 million worldwide . The film was followed by a sequel , The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement , released in August 2004 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 6 Sequel 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Teenager Mia Thermopolis lives with her artist mother , Helen , and her cat , Fat Louie in a remodeled San Francisco firehouse . A somewhat awkward and unpopular girl , Mia has a fear of public speaking , and often wishes to be `` invisible '' . She has a crush on Josh Bryant , but is frequently teased by both him and his cheerleader girlfriend , Lana Thomas . Mia 's only friendships are in the form of the equally unpopular Lilly Moscovitz and Lilly 's brother , Michael , who secretly has a crush on Mia . Just before her sixteenth birthday , Mia learns that her paternal grandmother , Clarisse , is visiting from Genovia , a small European kingdom . When Mia goes to meet her grandmother at a large house ( later revealed to be the Genovian consulate ) , Clarisse reveals she is actually Queen Clarisse Renaldi , and that her son , Mia 's late father , was Crown Prince of Genovia . Mia is stunned to learn she is a princess and heir to the Genovian throne . In shock , Mia runs home and angrily confronts her mother , who explains she had planned to tell Mia on her eighteenth birthday , but that her father 's death has forced the matter . Queen Clarisse visits and explains that if Mia refuses the throne , Genovia will be without a ruler ( a subplot involves a scheming baron and his unsightly baroness quietly rooting for Mia 's downfall ) . Helen persuades a hesitant Mia to attend `` princess lessons '' with the Queen , telling her she does not have to make her decision until the upcoming Genovian Independence Day ball . Mia is given a glamorous makeover , the use of a limousine , and a bodyguard ( the Queen 's head of security , Joe ) . This and Mia 's frequent absences from the lessons make Lilly suspicious and jealous , and she accuses Mia of trying to be like the popular girls . Mia breaks down and tells Lilly everything and swears her to secrecy . However , the San Francisco Chronicle learns that Mia is the Genovian Crown Princess after royal hairdresser Paolo breaks his confidentiality agreement ( so his work would be known ) , causing a press frenzy , and a sudden surge in popularity at school for Mia . In a craven urge for fame , many of her classmates bluff that they are friends of the princess to reporters . At a state dinner , Mia embarrasses herself with her clumsiness , delighting her rivals for the crown . However , all is not lost , as the situation amuses a stuffy diplomat , and the Queen tells Mia the next day that she found it fun . Deciding it is time the two bonded as grandmother and granddaughter , the Queen allows Mia to take her out for the day to the Musée Mécanique , an amusement arcade . The day almost ends terribly when Mia 's car stalls on a hill and rams backward into a cable car , but Queen Clarisse saves the day by `` appointing '' the attending police officer and the tram driver to the Genovian `` Order of the Rose '' ( something she clearly made up on the spot ) , flattering them into dropping any charges . Mia sees this and is impressed with her grandmother . Later , Mia is delighted when Josh Bryant invites her to a beach party , but her acceptance hurts Lilly and Michael , with whom she had plans . Things go awry when the press arrive , tipped off by Lana . Josh uses Mia to get his fifteen minutes of fame by publicly kissing her , while Lana tricks Mia into changing in a tent , pulling it away as the paparazzi arrive , giving them a scandalous shot of Mia in a towel . The photos appear on tabloid covers the next day , leaving Queen Clarisse furious at Mia . A humiliated Mia tells Clarisse that she is renouncing the throne , feeling she is nowhere near ready to be a true princess . Joe later reminds the Queen that although Mia is a princess , she is still a teenager , and her granddaughter . Back at school , Mia rescues her friendships with Lilly and Michael by inviting them to the Genovian Independence Day Ball , and gets back at Josh by hitting a baseball into his groin during gym class . She finally stands up to Lana in defense of Jeremiah , whom Lana was mocking , by smearing ice cream on Lana 's cheerleader outfit and declaring that , while Mia has a chance to grow out of her awkward ways , Lana will always be a jerk . The teachers do not interfere , knowing full well that Lana deserved it . While Lilly is excited at the prospect of attending a royal ball , Michael , heartbroken over Mia 's initial feelings for Josh , turns her down . Clarisse apologizes to Mia for being furious at her over the beach incident , and states that she must publicly announce her decision to renounce becoming princess of Genovia . Mia , terrified at this large responsibility placed upon her , plans to run away . However , when she finds a letter from her late father , his touching words make her change her mind , and she makes her way to the ball . Mia 's car breaks down in the rain , but she is rescued by Joe , who had suspected she was going to run . When they arrive , a drenched and untidy Mia voices her acceptance of her role as Princess of Genovia . After changing into an opulent ballgown , Mia accompanies Clarisse to the ballroom , where she is formally introduced and invited to dance . Michael , accepting an apologetic gift from Mia ( a pizza with M & M candies cleverly topped to say `` sorry '' ) , arrives at the ball , and after a quick dance , they adjourn to the courtyard . Mia confesses her feelings to him , stating that even when she was constantly teased and embarrassed at school , Michael liked her for whom she truly was . Mia shares her first kiss with Michael , while Clarisse and Joe are seen holding hands . In the final scene , Mia is shown on a private plane with Fat Louie , writing in her diary , explaining that she is moving with her mother to Genovia , just as the beautiful royal palace and landscape come into view below . Cast ( edit ) Julie Andrews as Queen Clarisse Renaldi Anne Hathaway as Mia Thermopolis Héctor Elizondo as Joseph Heather Matarazzo as Lilly Moscovitz Mandy Moore as Lana Thomas Caroline Goodall as Helen Thermopolis , Mia 's mother Robert Schwartzman as Michael Moscovitz Erik von Detten as Josh Bryant Patrick Flueger as Jeremiah Hart Sean O'Bryan as Patrick O'Connell , Mia 's Debate teacher Sandra Oh as Vice Principal Geraldine Gupta Kathleen Marshall as Charlotte Kutaway Mindy Burbano as Gym teacher Ms. Anita Harbula René Auberjonois as Voice of Philippe Renaldi Larry Miller as Paolo Puttanesca Patrick Richwood as Mr. Robutusen Mayor Willie Brown as himself Fat Louie as himself Production ( edit ) Filming took place from September 18 to December 8 , 2000 . The film was produced by Whitney Houston and Debra Martin Chase and directed by Garry Marshall . Anne Hathaway was cast for the role of Mia because Garry Marshall 's granddaughters saw her audition tape and said she had the best `` princess hair . '' According to Hathaway , the first choice for the role of Mia Thermopolis was Liv Tyler , but the studio preferred to cast unfamiliar faces . Héctor Elizondo , who appears in all the films which Marshall directs , plays Joe , the head of Genovian security . Marshall 's daughter , Kathleen , plays Clarisse 's secretary Charlotte Kutaway . Charlotte 's surname is mentioned only in the credits , and Garry Marshall says it is a reference to how she is often used in cutaway shots . In one scene , Robert Schwartzman 's real - life group Rooney makes a cameo playing a garage band named Flypaper , whose lead singer is Michael , played by Schwartzman . The Cable car tourist was portrayed by Kathy Garver . The book was set in New York City , but the film 's location was changed to San Francisco . West Coast radio personalities Mark & Brian appear as themselves . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Princess Diaries soundtracks Reception ( edit ) The film opened in 2,537 theaters in North America and grossed $22,862,269 in its opening weekend . It grossed $165,335,153 worldwide -- $108,248,956 in North America and $57,086,197 in other territories . Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 47 % of 113 film critics gave the film a positive review , with a rating average of 5.2 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` A charming , if familiar , makeover movie for young teenage girls . '' Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , gives the film a score of 52 based on 27 reviews . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result 2002 ALMA Award Outstanding Song in a Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Miracles Happen '' by Myra Nominated ASCAP Top Box Office Film John Debney Won Artios Award Best Casting for Feature Film , Comedy Marcia Ross , Donna Morong , Gail Goldberg Nominated BFCA Award Best Family Film - Live Action Nominated Golden Trailer Award Best Animation / Family Nominated Hollywood Makeup Artist Hair Stylist Guild Award Best Contemporary Makeup - Feature Hallie D'Amore , Leonard Engelman Nominated MTV Movie Award Breakthrough Female Performance Anne Hathaway Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice Movie : Actress , Comedy Anne Hathaway Nominated Choice Movie : Comedy Nominated Young Artist Award Best Family Feature Film - Comedy Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Main article : The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement A sequel , The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement , was released on August 11 , 2004 , with Garry Marshall returning to direct and Debra Martin Chase to produce the sequel . Unlike the first film , it is not based on any of the books . Most of the cast returned for the sequel , including Anne Hathaway , Julie Andrews , Héctor Elizondo , Heather Matarazzo , and Larry Miller . New cast and characters include Viscount Mabrey ( John Rhys - Davies ) , Lord Nicholas Devereaux ( Chris Pine ) , and Andrew Jacoby ( Callum Blue ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Princess Diaries ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 26 , 2001 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Princess Diaries '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved August 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0247638/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast Jump up ^ The Princess Diaries DVD commentary . A behind - the - scenes look at the film 's production . Retrieved October 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Brown , Lauren . `` 10 Things You Never Knew About The Princess Diaries '' . glamour.com . Jump up ^ `` Hector Elizondo : Humor , Eloquence & Bongos '' . Screen Actors Guild Foundation . July 30 , 2002 . Retrieved October 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Princess Diaries '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixter . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Princess Diaries reviews at Metacritic.com '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Princess Diaries Official website The Princess Diaries on IMDb The Princess Diaries at the TCM Movie Database The Princess Diaries at AllMovie The Princess Diaries at Box Office Mojo The Princess Diaries at Rotten Tomatoes The Princess Diaries at Metacritic The Princess Diaries film series Character Clarisse Renaldi Novels The Princess Diaries book series Meg Cabot Films The Princess Diaries The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement Soundtracks The Princess Diaries soundtracks The Princess Diaries series by Meg Cabot Novels The Princess Diaries Princess in the Spotlight Princess in Love Princess in Waiting Princess in Pink Princess in Training Party Princess Princess on the Brink Princess Mia Forever Princess Royal Wedding Novellas Project Princess The Princess Present Sweet Sixteen Princess Valentine Princess Spin - off From the Notebooks of a Middle School Princess Royal Wedding Disaster films The Princess Diaries The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement soundtracks Garry Marshall Director Young Doctors in Love ( 1982 ) The Flamingo Kid ( 1984 ) Nothing in Common ( 1986 ) Overboard ( 1987 ) Beaches ( 1988 ) The Lottery ( 1989 ) Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) Frankie and Johnny ( 1991 ) Exit to Eden ( 1994 ) Dear God ( 1996 ) The Other Sister ( 1999 ) Runaway Bride ( 1999 ) The Princess Diaries ( 2001 ) Raising Helen ( 2004 ) The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement ( 2004 ) Georgia Rule ( 2007 ) Valentine 's Day ( 2010 ) New Year 's Eve ( 2011 ) Mother 's Day ( 2016 ) Stage Pretty Woman ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Princess_Diaries_(film)&oldid=863798776 '' Categories : 2001 films English - language films 2000s coming - of - age films 2000s high school films 2000s romantic comedy films 2000s teen comedy films 2000s teen romance films American coming - of - age films American films American high school films American romantic comedy films American teen comedy films American teen romance films Coming - of - age comedy films Coming - of - age romance films Films about royalty Films based on American novels Films based on children 's books Films based on young adult literature Films directed by Garry Marshall Films scored by John Debney Films set in a fictional European country Films set in San Francisco Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in San Francisco Films shot in Wiltshire Disney franchises Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2016 Film articles using image size parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Boarisch Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2018 , at 03 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did mandy moore play in princess diaries | [
"Julie Andrews as Queen Clarisse Renaldi\nAnne Hathaway as Mia Thermopolis\nHéctor Elizondo as Joseph\nHeather Matarazzo as Lilly Moscovitz\nMandy Moore as Lana Thomas\nCaroline Goodall as Helen Thermopolis, Mia's mother\nRobert Schwartzman as Michael Moscovitz\nErik von Detten as Josh Bryant\nPatrick Flueger as Jeremiah Hart\nSean O'Bryan as Patrick O'Connell, Mia's Debate teacher\nSandra Oh as Vice Principal Geraldine Gupta\nKathleen Marshall as Charlotte Kutaway\nMindy Burbano as Gym teacher Ms. Anita Harbula\nRené Auberjonois as Voice of Philippe Renaldi\nLarry Miller as Paolo Puttanesca\nPatrick Richwood as Mr. Robutusen\nMayor Willie Brown as himself\nFat Louie as himself"
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"Lana Thomas"
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-6606269967005987981 | Art Fleming | Art Fleming - wikipedia Art Fleming Art Fleming Art Fleming in August 1970 . Arthur Fleming Fazzin ( 1924 - 05 - 01 ) May 1 , 1924 New York , New York April 25 , 1995 ( 1995 - 04 - 25 ) ( aged 70 ) Crystal River , Florida Cause of death Pancreatic cancer Occupation TV presenter , game show host Years active 1949 -- 1995 Known for Original host of Jeopardy ! Spouse ( s ) Rebecca Lynn ( 1977 - 1995 , his death ) Arthur Fleming Fazzin ( May 1 , 1924 -- April 25 , 1995 ) , better known as Art Fleming , was an American actor and television host . He is most notable for being the original host of the television game show Jeopardy ! , which aired on NBC from 1964 until 1975 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Death and legacy 5 Partial filmography 6 Sources 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Fleming was born in New York City . His parents , William and Marie Fazzin , had immigrated to the United States from Austria . They were a popular dance team in Europe , who had brought their show to America . Their son Art was a varsity letterman football player at James Monroe High School in New York City , standing 6 foot , 4 inches ( 1.93 m ) , weighing 220 pounds ( 100 kg ) . He later attended Colgate and Cornell universities , starring on the football team , as well as water polo teams at both colleges . Fleming was a World War II veteran who served in the U.S. Navy for three and a half years as the pilot of a patrol bomber in the Atlantic . Career ( edit ) After leaving the Navy , Fleming became an announcer at a radio station in Rocky Mount , North Carolina . Here , he first shortened his name to `` Art Fleming '' . His radio career later took him to Akron , Ohio , and back home to New York . He was the first announcer to deliver the slogan `` Winston tastes good , like a cigarette should '' for Winston cigarettes . A 1970 NBC publicity photo featuring Art James , Bob Clayton , Jack Kelly , and Art Fleming Fleming 's acting career began at age four , when he starred in a Broadway play . His first television role was as a stunt double for Ralph Bellamy in the detective series Man Against Crime . In 1959 he starred as detective Ken Franklin in the ABC TV series International Detective , credited as Arthur Fleming . He also played attorney Jeremy Pitt in The Californians , an NBC Western set in San Francisco during the gold rush of the 1850s . Fleming also appeared in many television commercials . He was first spotted by Merv Griffin on a commercial for Trans World Airlines . Griffin thought Fleming was `` authoritative , yet warm and interesting '' , and Fleming was invited to audition for the role of host for a quiz show Griffin was developing . Fleming ( an actor with no prior TV quiz show experience ) was initially skeptical , but his agent encouraged him to `` act like a game show host '' at his audition , and Fleming ultimately won the job . The show was Jeopardy ! , which Fleming hosted from March 30 , 1964 , to January 3 , 1975 , and again from October 2 , 1978 , to March 2 , 1979 . Although often described as the `` host '' of the program , announcer Don Pardo 's introduction of him announced , `` and here 's the star of Jeopardy ! , Art Fleming . '' As `` the world 's greatest quiz show 's '' first host , Fleming earned two Emmy Award nominations . While he was host of Jeopardy ! , Fleming never missed a taping . Because he hosted a quiz show , Fleming earned a reputation as being a storehouse of trivia . While appearing as a guest star on Hollywood Squares ( another NBC game show in the 1960s and 1970s ) , Fleming was once selected as the `` secret square '' . His question was , `` In 1938 , who won the Wimbledon women 's tennis championship ? '' Fleming picked Helen Wills Moody , one of the three choices read to him . The female contestant ( who had selected Fleming ) turned to Hollywood Squares MC Peter Marshall , saying , `` Art Fleming would never lie ! I agree ! '' He was right , and the contestant won $11,000 . Fleming later said he did not know a thing about tennis and had guessed the answer . He hoped the contestant would disagree , thinking he was wrong . Throughout his career , Fleming starred in about 5,000 episodes of television programs and 48 motion pictures . After Jeopardy ! 's first cancellation in 1975 , Fleming returned to acting . In 1977 he played the role of W. Averell Harriman in the movie MacArthur starring Gregory Peck , and appeared in the comedy film American Raspberry , and also appeared in episodes of Starsky and Hutch , Kingston : Confidential , and the 1976 TV miniseries The Moneychangers . Fleming also hosted a radio version of College Bowl for CBS Radio from 1979 to 1982 . He hosted the NBC radio weekend magazine Monitor during 1972 . Fleming reprised his role as host of Jeopardy ! in the 1982 movie Airplane II : The Sequel and in `` Weird Al '' Yankovic 's music video `` I Lost on Jeopardy '' . Fleming was also often called upon to host mock versions of Jeopardy ! at trade shows and conventions . It was reported that Fleming was asked to reprise his role as Jeopardy ! host when Merv Griffin began developing a revival of the show in 1983 . He declined , later stating in 1989 that he did not like the direction the show had gone in moving the show to Hollywood ( being partial to his native New York , he felt that the Hollywood setting made the show dumber and less realistic ) . As a result , Alex Trebek took the position instead and has hosted the program ever since . From 1980 to 1992 , Fleming hosted a daily radio talk show on KMOX in St. Louis , which continued until his retirement . On Sunday evenings , he occasionally co-hosted Trivia Spectacular with David Strauss , a St. Louis schoolteacher . He also hosted the syndicated radio program When Radio Was . Personal life ( edit ) Mr. Fleming was first married to actress Peggy Ann Ellis , who worked on The Merv Griffin Show . They had a daughter , Jan Marie Hanna and were divorced after five years . Fleming then married Rebecca `` Becky '' Lynn in a private ceremony at Norman Vincent Peale 's home . Becky brought two children into the marriage . He also had four grandchildren . In 1992 , Fleming retired and the family moved to Crystal River , Florida . He remained active in charity work : he hosted fundraising videos for the Citrus County United Way and became involved with the Citrus County Abuse Shelter Association , Inc. ( where Becky served as director ) . He also hosted a syndicated television program , called Senior America , which showcased seniors and senior activities . Death and legacy ( edit ) Fleming died of pancreatic cancer at his home on April 25 , 1995 , six days before his 71st birthday . His ashes were scattered at sea . Studio 25 of The Burbank Studios is named in his honor . Partial filmography ( edit ) A Hatful of Rain ( 1957 ) - Jack - Mounted Cop Career ( 1959 ) - Mounted Policeman ( uncredited ) American Raspberry ( 1977 ) - Colonel Grant MacArthur ( 1977 ) - The Secretary Airplane II : The Sequel ( 1982 ) - Himself Biography portal New York City portal Los Angeles portal Ohio portal Missouri portal Florida portal Radio portal Television portal World War II portal United States Navy portal Sources ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Harris , Bob ( 2006 ) . Prisoner of Trebekistan : A Decade in Jeopardy !. Random House Digital . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 33956 - 0 . Jump up ^ http://jeopardy.edogo.com/index.php/cast-biography/art-fleming/ ^ Jump up to : Jeopardy tribute website Jump up ^ David Schwartz , Steve Ryan & Fred Wostbrock , The Encyclopedia of TV Game $ hows , Checkmark Books , 1999 , pp. 112 -- 115 . Jump up ^ `` What is Jeopardy ! ? , 05.01. 89 -- Sports Illustrated Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/27/obituaries/art-fleming-70-television-host-who-gave-polish-to-jeopardy.html Jump up ^ `` Art Fleming '' . Find a Grave . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Art Fleming . Art Fleming on IMDb Media offices Preceded by None Host of Jeopardy ! 1964 -- 1975 , 1978 -- 1979 Succeeded by Alex Trebek hide Jeopardy ! Tournaments Tournament of Champions Teen Tournament College Championship Ultimate Tournament of Champions Teachers Tournament Battle of the Decades Other tournaments Notable references in culture `` I Lost on Jeopardy '' `` What Is ... Cliff Clavin ? '' White Men Ca n't Jump Celebrity Jeopardy ! ( Saturday Night Live ) `` Miracle on Evergreen Terrace '' `` Little Expressionless Animals '' `` I Take Thee Quagmire '' Ellen 's Energy Adventure Adaptations Jep ! Rock & Roll Jeopardy ! Sports Jeopardy ! Related articles Alex Trebek Audition process Broadcast information List of notable contestants Merchandising Watson Book : Jeopardy ! Category : Jeopardy ! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Art_Fleming&oldid=849436469 '' Categories : 1924 births 1995 deaths American game show hosts American talk radio hosts American people of Austrian descent Radio personalities from St. Louis Deaths from pancreatic cancer Entertainers from New York City Male actors from Akron , Ohio Deaths from cancer in Florida United States Navy pilots of World War II People from Crystal River , Florida Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 00 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the original host of the 1960's jeopardy tv game show | [
"Arthur Fleming Fazzin (May 1, 1924 – April 25, 1995), better known as Art Fleming, was an American actor and television host. He is most notable for being the original host of the television game show Jeopardy!,[1] which aired on NBC from 1964 until 1975.\n"
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"Art Fleming"
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-4954485627326117705 | List of National Basketball Association seasons played leaders | List of National Basketball Association seasons played leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association seasons played leaders Robert Parish was the first to play 21 seasons in the NBA , currently tied for the most in league history . Only seven players in the history of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) have played at least 20 seasons in their careers . In 1985 -- 86 , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar broke the previous NBA record of 16 seasons held by Dolph Schayes , John Havlicek , Paul Silas , and Elvin Hayes ; he finished his career in 1988 -- 89 with a then - record 20 seasons played . Robert Parish broke the mark in 1996 -- 97 , when he retired after 21 seasons , and Kevin Willis tied him in his final season in 2006 -- 07 . They were joined by Kevin Garnett in 2015 -- 16 when he began his 21st season . His Minnesota Timberwolves played their season opener against the Los Angeles Lakers and Kobe Bryant , who became the fifth player to reach the 20 - season plateau that night . The game was the first time in league history that two opposing players each had at least 20 years of experience . Having played his entire career with the Lakers , Bryant was also the first NBA player to spend 20 seasons with one team . In 2017 -- 18 , Dirk Nowitzki and Vince Carter each began their 20th NBA seasons . Nowitzki , who has spent his entire career with the Dallas Mavericks , is the only player other than Bryant to have played 20 seasons with one team . In the NBA , big men typically have longer playing careers than smaller men . Older centers and power forwards may have the luxury of pacing themselves while running the court , or they might station themselves in the post . Big men Parish , Willis , and Garnett all had relatively minor roles while playing in their respective 21st seasons . On the other hand , guards are tasked with handling the ball full - court ; in addition , guards are more dependent on traits like speed and quickness that deteriorate with age . Bryant was the first guard to play in 20 seasons , passing the previous mark of 19 seasons for guards held by John Stockton and Jason Kidd . Contents 1 Seasons played leaders 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Seasons played leaders ( edit ) Following is a list of players who have played the most seasons in the NBA . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration § 1st time nominee for Hall of Fame in 2018 Kevin Garnett began his career with Minnesota , returning later and tying the record of 21 seasons played in 2016 . Kareem Abdul - Jabbar retired in 1989 with a then - record of 20 seasons played . Kobe Bryant was the first guard to play 20 seasons . Karl Malone played all but one of his 19 seasons with Utah . Jason Kidd had two stints with Dallas in his career , retiring tied with a then - record 19 seasons as a guard . Rank Player Position Team ( s ) Seasons Robert Parish * Golden State Warriors ( 1976 -- 1980 ) Boston Celtics ( 1980 -- 1994 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 -- 1997 ) 21 Kevin Willis PF / C Atlanta Hawks ( 1984 -- 1995 , 2004 -- 2005 ) Miami Heat ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1996 ) Houston Rockets ( 1996 -- 1998 , 2001 -- 2002 ) Toronto Raptors ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2001 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2007 ) Kevin Garnett PF / C Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1995 -- 2007 , 2015 -- 2016 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * Milwaukee Bucks ( 1969 -- 1975 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1975 -- 1989 ) 20 Kobe Bryant SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2016 ) Vince Carter ^ SG / SF Toronto Raptors ( 1998 -- 2004 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2018 -- present ) Dirk Nowitzki ^ PF Dallas Mavericks ( 1998 -- present ) 8 Moses Malone * Buffalo Braves ( 1976 ) Houston Rockets ( 1976 -- 1982 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1982 -- 1986 , 1993 -- 1994 ) Washington Bullets ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 -- 1993 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1994 -- 1995 ) 19 James Edwards Los Angeles Lakers ( 1977 , 1992 -- 1994 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1983 -- 1988 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1995 -- 1996 ) John Stockton * PG Utah Jazz ( 1984 -- 2003 ) Karl Malone * PF Utah Jazz ( 1985 -- 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Charles Oakley PF / C Chicago Bulls ( 1985 -- 1988 , 2001 -- 2002 ) New York Knicks ( 1988 -- 1998 ) Toronto Raptors ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Washington Wizards ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Houston Rockets ( 2004 ) Shaquille O'Neal * Orlando Magic ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2004 ) Miami Heat ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Juwan Howard PF / C Washington Bullets / Wizards ( 1994 -- 2001 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2001 -- 2002 , 2007 -- 2008 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2002 -- 2003 , 2008 ) Orlando Magic ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Houston Rockets ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Charlotte Bobcats ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Jason Kidd * PG Dallas Mavericks ( 1994 -- 1996 , 2008 -- 2012 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1996 -- 2001 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2001 -- 2008 ) New York Knicks ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Tim Duncan PF / C San Antonio Spurs ( 1997 -- 2016 ) Paul Pierce † SG / SF Boston Celtics ( 1998 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Washington Wizards ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Jason Terry ^ Atlanta Hawks ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2004 -- 2012 ) Boston Celtics ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Houston Rockets ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2016 -- present ) See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal List of National Basketball Association career games played leaders List of National Basketball Association career minutes played leaders List of NBA players who have spent their entire career with one franchise List of oldest and youngest National Basketball Association players Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Willis ' career spanned 23 years , but he missed two seasons . He was out injured all of 1988 -- 89 , and initially retired and did not play in 2005 -- 06 before returning for five games in 2007 . References ( edit ) General `` For single seasons , played in the NBA / BAA , in the regular season , from 1946 - 47 to 2016 - 17 , sorted by most seasons matching criteria '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Specific Jump up ^ Bonk , Thomas ( September 28 , 1985 ) . `` Lakers Move Closer to Signing Kareem for a Year or 2 More '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Roy S. ( May 22 , 1983 ) . `` THE LONG - RUN SUCCESS OF KAREEM ABDUL - JABBAR '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldaper , Sam ( February 12 , 1984 ) . `` HAYES ENJOYING FAREWELL SEASON '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Murray , Jim ( November 17 , 1992 ) . `` A Chapter Closed , He Is Opening '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pandian , Ananth ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` For ticket sales the Lakers will honor Kobe 's 20th season '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Armour , Terry ( August 26 , 1997 ) . `` After 21 Seasons , Parish Walks Away '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bjarkman , Peter C. ( 2002 ) . Boston Celtics Encyclopedia . Sports Publishing . p. 54 . ISBN 9781582615646 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Willis Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carlton , James ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` Garnett will become just the third NBA player to play 21 seasons '' . FoxSports.com . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA short takes '' . The Starr - Tribune . October 31 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe clears another milestone , begins 20th Lakers season '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant sets NBA record for seasons played with one franchise '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top stats to know : Kobe Bryant 's statistical legacy '' . ESPN.com . November 29 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Recap : Mavs fall to Hawks 117 - 111 '' . The Dallas Morning News . Associated Press . October 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chalabi , Mona ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` The Kobe Bryant outlier : how his career compares to the NBA average '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Groothuis , Peter A. ; Hill , J. Richard ( April 2004 ) . `` Exit Discrimination in the NBA : A Duration Analysis of Career Length '' ( PDF ) . Economic Inquiry. 42 ( 2 ) . pp. 341 -- 49 . ISSN 0095 - 2583 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Rich ( March 25 , 2001 ) . `` Center court : Stock portfolio '' . Deseret News . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Dave ( December 25 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant is not as Good as Michael Jordan -- So What ? '' . 20 Second Timeout . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Dave ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` The Twilight of Kobe Bryant '' . Twenty Second Blog . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McWilliams , Julian ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Jalen Rose : Kobe Bryant ' Does n't Want to Take A Back Seat ' '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Newman , Pete ( October 18 , 2015 ) . `` The inconsistent season of Kobe Bryant '' . Sheridan Hoops . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for three calendar years . Jump up ^ `` Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Announces Eligible Candidates for the Class of 2018 '' . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_seasons_played_leaders&oldid=854345283 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 17 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who's played the most years in the nba | [
"\n\n\nRank\n\nPlayer\n\nPosition\n\nTeam(s)\n\nSeasons\n\n\n1\nRobert Parish*\n\nC\n\n\nGolden State Warriors (1976–1980)\nBoston Celtics (1980–1994)\nCharlotte Hornets (1994–1996)\nChicago Bulls (1996–1997)\n\n\n21\n\n\nKevin Willis [a]\n\nPF / C\n\n\nAtlanta Hawks (1984–1995, 2004–2005)\nMiami Heat (1994–1996)\nGolden State Warriors (1996)\nHouston Rockets (1996–1998, 2001–2002)\nToronto Raptors (1998–2001)\nDenver Nuggets (2001)\nSan Antonio Spurs (2002–2004)\nDallas Mavericks (2007)\n\t\n\n\nKevin Garnett†\n\nPF / C\n\n\nMinnesota Timberwolves (1995–2007, 2015–2016)\nBoston Celtics (2007–2013)\nBrooklyn Nets (2013–2015)\n\n\n\n4\nKareem Abdul-Jabbar*\n\nC\n\n\nMilwaukee Bucks (1969–1975)\nLos Angeles Lakers (1975–1989)\n\n\n20\n\n\nKobe Bryant†\n\nSG\n\nLos Angeles Lakers (1996–2016)\n\n\nVince Carter^\n\nSG/SF\n\n\nToronto Raptors (1998–2004)\nNew Jersey Nets (2004–2009)\nOrlando Magic (2009–2010)\nPhoenix Suns (2010–2011)\nDallas Mavericks (2011–2014)\nMemphis Grizzlies (2014–2017)\nSacramento Kings (2017–2018)\nAtlanta Hawks (2018–present)\n\n\n\nDirk Nowitzki^\n\nPF\n\nDallas Mavericks (1998–present)\n\n\n8\nMoses Malone*\n\nC\n\n\nBuffalo Braves (1976)\nHouston Rockets (1976–1982)\nPhiladelphia 76ers (1982–1986, 1993–1994)\nWashington Bullets (1986–1988)\nAtlanta Hawks (1988–1991)\nMilwaukee Bucks (1991–1993)\nSan Antonio Spurs (1994–1995)\n\n\n19\n\n\nJames Edwards\n\nC\n\n\nLos Angeles Lakers (1977, 1992–1994)\nIndiana Pacers (1977–1981)\nCleveland Cavaliers (1981–1983)\nPhoenix Suns (1983–1988)\nDetroit Pistons (1988–1991)\nLos Angeles Clippers (1991–1992)\nPortland Trail Blazers (1994–1995)\nChicago Bulls (1995–1996)\n\n\n\nJohn Stockton*\n\nPG\n\nUtah Jazz (1984–2003)\n\n\nKarl Malone*\n\nPF\n\n\nUtah Jazz (1985–2003)\nLos Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)\n\n\n\nCharles Oakley\n\nPF / C\n\n\nChicago Bulls (1985–1988, 2001–2002)\nNew York Knicks (1988–1998)\nToronto Raptors (1998–2001)\nWashington Wizards (2002–2003)\nHouston Rockets (2004)\n\n\n\nShaquille O'Neal*\n\nC\n\n\nOrlando Magic (1992–1996)\nLos Angeles Lakers (1996–2004)\nMiami Heat (2004–2008)\nPhoenix Suns (2008–2009)\nCleveland Cavaliers (2009–2010)\nBoston Celtics (2010–2011)\n\n\n\nJuwan Howard\n\nPF / C\n\n\nWashington Bullets / Wizards (1994–2001)\nDallas Mavericks (2001–2002, 2007–2008)\nDenver Nuggets (2002–2003, 2008)\nOrlando Magic (2003–2004)\nHouston Rockets (2004–2007)\nCharlotte Bobcats (2008–2009)\nPortland Trail Blazers (2009–2010)\nMiami Heat (2010–2013)\n\n\n\nJason Kidd*\n\nPG\n\n\nDallas Mavericks (1994–1996, 2008–2012)\nPhoenix Suns (1996–2001)\nNew Jersey Nets (2001–2008)\nNew York Knicks (2012–2013)\n\n\n\nTim Duncan†\n\nPF / C\n\nSan Antonio Spurs (1997–2016)\n\n\nPaul Pierce†\n\nSG/SF\n\n\nBoston Celtics (1998–2013)\nBrooklyn Nets (2013–2014)\nWashington Wizards (2014–2015)\nLos Angeles Clippers (2015–2017)\n\n\n\nJason Terry^\n\nG\n\n\nAtlanta Hawks (1999–2004)\nDallas Mavericks (2004–2012)\nBoston Celtics (2012–2013)\nBrooklyn Nets (2013–2014)\nHouston Rockets (2014–2016)\nMilwaukee Bucks (2016–present)\n\n",
"\n\n\nRank\n\nPlayer\n\nPosition\n\nTeam(s)\n\nSeasons\n\n\n1\nRobert Parish*\n\nC\n\n\nGolden State Warriors (1976–1980)\nBoston Celtics (1980–1994)\nCharlotte Hornets (1994–1996)\nChicago Bulls (1996–1997)\n\n\n21\n\n\nKevin Willis [a]\n\nPF / C\n\n\nAtlanta Hawks (1984–1995, 2004–2005)\nMiami Heat (1994–1996)\nGolden State Warriors (1996)\nHouston Rockets (1996–1998, 2001–2002)\nToronto Raptors (1998–2001)\nDenver Nuggets (2001)\nSan Antonio Spurs (2002–2004)\nDallas Mavericks (2007)\n\t\n\n\nKevin Garnett†\n\nPF / C\n\n\nMinnesota Timberwolves (1995–2007, 2015–2016)\nBoston Celtics (2007–2013)\nBrooklyn Nets (2013–2015)\n\n\n\n4\nKareem Abdul-Jabbar*\n\nC\n\n\nMilwaukee Bucks (1969–1975)\nLos Angeles Lakers (1975–1989)\n\n\n20\n\n\nKobe Bryant†\n\nSG\n\nLos Angeles Lakers (1996–2016)\n\n\nVince Carter^\n\nSG/SF\n\n\nToronto Raptors (1998–2004)\nNew Jersey Nets (2004–2009)\nOrlando Magic (2009–2010)\nPhoenix Suns (2010–2011)\nDallas Mavericks (2011–2014)\nMemphis Grizzlies (2014–2017)\nSacramento Kings (2017–2018)\nAtlanta Hawks (2018–present)\n\n\n\nDirk Nowitzki^\n\nPF\n\nDallas Mavericks (1998–present)\n\n\n8\nMoses Malone*\n\nC\n\n\nBuffalo Braves (1976)\nHouston Rockets (1976–1982)\nPhiladelphia 76ers (1982–1986, 1993–1994)\nWashington Bullets (1986–1988)\nAtlanta Hawks (1988–1991)\nMilwaukee Bucks (1991–1993)\nSan Antonio Spurs (1994–1995)\n\n\n19\n\n\nJames Edwards\n\nC\n\n\nLos Angeles Lakers (1977, 1992–1994)\nIndiana Pacers (1977–1981)\nCleveland Cavaliers (1981–1983)\nPhoenix Suns (1983–1988)\nDetroit Pistons (1988–1991)\nLos Angeles Clippers (1991–1992)\nPortland Trail Blazers (1994–1995)\nChicago Bulls (1995–1996)\n\n\n\nJohn Stockton*\n\nPG\n\nUtah Jazz (1984–2003)\n\n\nKarl Malone*\n\nPF\n\n\nUtah Jazz (1985–2003)\nLos Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)\n\n\n\nCharles Oakley\n\nPF / C\n\n\nChicago Bulls (1985–1988, 2001–2002)\nNew York Knicks (1988–1998)\nToronto Raptors (1998–2001)\nWashington Wizards (2002–2003)\nHouston Rockets (2004)\n\n\n\nShaquille O'Neal*\n\nC\n\n\nOrlando Magic (1992–1996)\nLos Angeles Lakers (1996–2004)\nMiami Heat (2004–2008)\nPhoenix Suns (2008–2009)\nCleveland Cavaliers (2009–2010)\nBoston Celtics (2010–2011)\n\n\n\nJuwan Howard\n\nPF / C\n\n\nWashington Bullets / Wizards (1994–2001)\nDallas Mavericks (2001–2002, 2007–2008)\nDenver Nuggets (2002–2003, 2008)\nOrlando Magic (2003–2004)\nHouston Rockets (2004–2007)\nCharlotte Bobcats (2008–2009)\nPortland Trail Blazers (2009–2010)\nMiami Heat (2010–2013)\n\n\n\nJason Kidd*\n\nPG\n\n\nDallas Mavericks (1994–1996, 2008–2012)\nPhoenix Suns (1996–2001)\nNew Jersey Nets (2001–2008)\nNew York Knicks (2012–2013)\n\n\n\nTim Duncan†\n\nPF / C\n\nSan Antonio Spurs (1997–2016)\n\n\nPaul Pierce†\n\nSG/SF\n\n\nBoston Celtics (1998–2013)\nBrooklyn Nets (2013–2014)\nWashington Wizards (2014–2015)\nLos Angeles Clippers (2015–2017)\n\n\n\nJason Terry^\n\nG\n\n\nAtlanta Hawks (1999–2004)\nDallas Mavericks (2004–2012)\nBoston Celtics (2012–2013)\nBrooklyn Nets (2013–2014)\nHouston Rockets (2014–2016)\nMilwaukee Bucks (2016–present)\n\n",
"\n\n\nRank\n\nPlayer\n\nPosition\n\nTeam(s)\n\nSeasons\n\n\n1\nRobert Parish*\n\nC\n\n\nGolden State Warriors (1976–1980)\nBoston Celtics (1980–1994)\nCharlotte Hornets (1994–1996)\nChicago Bulls (1996–1997)\n\n\n21\n\n\nKevin Willis [a]\n\nPF / C\n\n\nAtlanta Hawks (1984–1995, 2004–2005)\nMiami Heat (1994–1996)\nGolden State Warriors (1996)\nHouston Rockets (1996–1998, 2001–2002)\nToronto Raptors (1998–2001)\nDenver Nuggets (2001)\nSan Antonio Spurs (2002–2004)\nDallas Mavericks (2007)\n\t\n\n\nKevin Garnett†\n\nPF / C\n\n\nMinnesota Timberwolves (1995–2007, 2015–2016)\nBoston Celtics (2007–2013)\nBrooklyn Nets (2013–2015)\n\n\n\n4\nKareem Abdul-Jabbar*\n\nC\n\n\nMilwaukee Bucks (1969–1975)\nLos Angeles Lakers (1975–1989)\n\n\n20\n\n\nKobe Bryant†\n\nSG\n\nLos Angeles Lakers (1996–2016)\n\n\nVince Carter^\n\nSG/SF\n\n\nToronto Raptors (1998–2004)\nNew Jersey Nets (2004–2009)\nOrlando Magic (2009–2010)\nPhoenix Suns (2010–2011)\nDallas Mavericks (2011–2014)\nMemphis Grizzlies (2014–2017)\nSacramento Kings (2017–2018)\nAtlanta Hawks (2018–present)\n\n\n\nDirk Nowitzki^\n\nPF\n\nDallas Mavericks (1998–present)\n\n\n8\nMoses Malone*\n\nC\n\n\nBuffalo Braves (1976)\nHouston Rockets (1976–1982)\nPhiladelphia 76ers (1982–1986, 1993–1994)\nWashington Bullets (1986–1988)\nAtlanta Hawks (1988–1991)\nMilwaukee Bucks (1991–1993)\nSan Antonio Spurs (1994–1995)\n\n\n19\n\n\nJames Edwards\n\nC\n\n\nLos Angeles Lakers (1977, 1992–1994)\nIndiana Pacers (1977–1981)\nCleveland Cavaliers (1981–1983)\nPhoenix Suns (1983–1988)\nDetroit Pistons (1988–1991)\nLos Angeles Clippers (1991–1992)\nPortland Trail Blazers (1994–1995)\nChicago Bulls (1995–1996)\n\n\n\nJohn Stockton*\n\nPG\n\nUtah Jazz (1984–2003)\n\n\nKarl Malone*\n\nPF\n\n\nUtah Jazz (1985–2003)\nLos Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)\n\n\n\nCharles Oakley\n\nPF / C\n\n\nChicago Bulls (1985–1988, 2001–2002)\nNew York Knicks (1988–1998)\nToronto Raptors (1998–2001)\nWashington Wizards (2002–2003)\nHouston Rockets (2004)\n\n\n\nShaquille O'Neal*\n\nC\n\n\nOrlando Magic (1992–1996)\nLos Angeles Lakers (1996–2004)\nMiami Heat (2004–2008)\nPhoenix Suns (2008–2009)\nCleveland Cavaliers (2009–2010)\nBoston Celtics (2010–2011)\n\n\n\nJuwan Howard\n\nPF / C\n\n\nWashington Bullets / Wizards (1994–2001)\nDallas Mavericks (2001–2002, 2007–2008)\nDenver Nuggets (2002–2003, 2008)\nOrlando Magic (2003–2004)\nHouston Rockets (2004–2007)\nCharlotte Bobcats (2008–2009)\nPortland Trail Blazers (2009–2010)\nMiami Heat (2010–2013)\n\n\n\nJason Kidd*\n\nPG\n\n\nDallas Mavericks (1994–1996, 2008–2012)\nPhoenix Suns (1996–2001)\nNew Jersey Nets (2001–2008)\nNew York Knicks (2012–2013)\n\n\n\nTim Duncan†\n\nPF / C\n\nSan Antonio Spurs (1997–2016)\n\n\nPaul Pierce†\n\nSG/SF\n\n\nBoston Celtics (1998–2013)\nBrooklyn Nets (2013–2014)\nWashington Wizards (2014–2015)\nLos Angeles Clippers (2015–2017)\n\n\n\nJason Terry^\n\nG\n\n\nAtlanta Hawks (1999–2004)\nDallas Mavericks (2004–2012)\nBoston Celtics (2012–2013)\nBrooklyn Nets (2013–2014)\nHouston Rockets (2014–2016)\nMilwaukee Bucks (2016–present)\n\n"
] | [
"Robert Parish",
"Kevin Willis",
"Kevin Garnett"
] |
5677693259525085129 | Remember the Titans | Remember the Titans - Wikipedia Remember the Titans Remember the Titans Theatrical release poster Directed by Boaz Yakin Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Chad Oman Written by Gregory Allen Howard Starring Denzel Washington Will Patton Donald Faison Nicole Ari Parker Music by Trevor Rabin Cinematography Philippe Rousselot Edited by Michael Tronick Production company Walt Disney Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films Technical Black Films Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date September 29 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 29 ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $30 million Box office $136.7 million Remember the Titans is a 2000 American biographical sports drama film produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and directed by Boaz Yakin . The screenplay , written by Gregory Allen Howard , is based on the true story of African - American coach Herman Boone , portrayed by Denzel Washington , and his attempt to integrate the T.C. Williams High School football team in Alexandria , Virginia , in 1971 . Will Patton portrays Bill Yoast , Boone 's assistant coach . Real - life athletes Gerry Bertier and Julius Campbell are portrayed by Ryan Hurst and Wood Harris , respectively . The film was co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer Films and released by Buena Vista Pictures . On September 29 , 2000 , the film 's soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records . It features songs by several recording artists including Creedence Clearwater Revival , The Hollies , Marvin Gaye , James Taylor , The Temptations , and Cat Stevens . Remember the Titans had a budget of $30 million and premiered in theaters nationwide in the United States on September 29 , 2000 . It has grossed an estimated $115,654,751 in the U.S. , and $136,706,683 worldwide . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 3.2 Historical accuracy 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In the autumn of 1981 , a group of former football coaches and players attend a funeral . Ten years earlier in July 1971 , at the desegregated T.C. Williams High School in Alexandria , Virginia , a black head coach , Herman Boone , is hired to coach the school 's football team . Boone is assigned to the coaching team under current coach Bill Yoast , nominated for the Virginia High School Hall of Fame . In an attempt to placate rising racial tensions and the fact that all other high schools are `` white '' only , Boone is assigned the head coach job . He refuses , believing it is unfair to Yoast , but relents after seeing what it means to the black community . Yoast is then offered an assistant coach 's job by the school board and initially refuses , but reconsiders after the white players pledge to boycott the team if he does not participate . Dismayed at the prospect of the students losing their chances at scholarships , Yoast changes his mind and takes up the position of defensive coordinator under Boone , to his daughter Sheryl 's dismay . The black students have a meeting in the gymnasium in auditioning to play for the team until Boone arrives , but the meeting turns into a fiasco when Yoast and white students interrupt . On August 15 , the players gather and journey to Gettysburg College , where their training camp takes place . As their days of training camp progress , black and white football team members frequently clash in racially motivated conflicts , including some between captains Gerry Bertier and Julius Campbell . But after forceful coaching and rigorous athletic training by Boone , which includes an early morning run to the Gettysburg cemetery , and a motivational speech , the team achieves racial harmony and success . After returning from football camp , Boone is told by a member of the school board that if he loses even a single game , he will be dismissed . Subsequently , the Titans go through the season undefeated while battling racial prejudice , before slowly gaining support from the community . Gerry even has his best friend Ray removed from the team because of his racism , following a game where he intentionally missed a block which consequently led to the near - season - ending injury of starting quarterback Jerry `` Rev '' Harris . Just before the state semi-finals , Yoast is told by the chairman of the school board that he will be inducted into the Hall of Fame after the Titans lose one game , implying he wants Boone to be dismissed over his race . During the game , it becomes apparent that the referees are biased against the Titans . Upon seeing the chairman and other board members in the audience looking on with satisfaction , Yoast realizes that they 've rigged the game and warns the head official that he will go to the press and expose the scandal unless the game is officiated fairly . The Titans nonetheless win and advance to the state championship , but Yoast is told by the chairman that his actions have resulted in his loss of candidacy for Hall of Fame induction . While celebrating the victory , Bertier is severely injured in a car accident with a truck after driving through an intersection . Although Bertier is unable to play due to being paralyzed from the waist down , the team goes on to win the state championship . Bertier would remain a paraplegic for the rest of his life . Ten years later , Bertier dies in another automobile accident caused by a drunk driver , after winning the gold medal in shot put in the Paralympic Games ; it is then revealed that it is his funeral the former football coaches and players are attending . In the epilogue , descriptions show the players ' and coaches ' activities after the events in 1971 . Cast ( edit ) Denzel Washington as Coach Herman Boone Will Patton as Assistant Coach Bill Yoast Wood Harris as DE Julius Campbell Ryan Hurst as LB Gerry Bertier Donald Faison as RB / LB Petey Jones Craig Kirkwood as QB Jerry `` Rev '' Harris Ethan Suplee as OL Louie Lastik Kip Pardue as QB Ronnie `` Sunshine '' Bass Hayden Panettiere as Sheryl Yoast , Bill Yoast 's tomboyish 9 - and - a-half - year - old daughter Nicole Ari Parker as Carol Boone , Herman Boone 's wife Kate Bosworth as Emma Hoyt , Gerry 's girlfriend Earl C. Poitier as DL Darryl `` Blue '' Stanton Ryan Gosling as Alan Bosley Burgess Jenkins as TE Ray Budds Neal Ghant as Frankie Glascoe Production ( edit ) Filming ( edit ) Filming locations for the motion picture included the campus of Berry College in Rome , GA , as well as in Atlanta , Georgia , including Henry Grady High School and Druid Hills High School which both filled in for T.C. Williams High School . Historical accuracy ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As with any movie that is not a documentary film but is rather `` based on a true story '' , it has strayed from the actual events that had occurred on many occasions to add new elements of teamwork , commitment , and friendship to the film . Coach Boone may not have been as inspirational a coach as Washington portrays in the movie ; in interviews , many former Titans football players said they believed his coaching strategies had no correlation to their success , and were indeed too harsh , causing some players to quit . It is fully true that the Titans were ranked second in the nation at the end of the 1971 season , finishing 13 -- 0 with 9 of those wins being shutouts . In the movie , Coach Boone states , `` We are not like all the other schools in this conference , they 're all white . They do n't have to worry about race . We do . '' This is false as well ; all the schools the Titans faced were integrated years before . While the team is at camp , it shows Coach Boone waking them up at three in the morning to go for a run . This did not occur ; neither did his speech at Gettysburg . The team did go on a tour in Gettysburg , although it was not as dramatic as portrayed in the film . Ronnie `` Sunshine '' Bass was far from being the only one with long hair at the time . Even Gerry Bertier had long hair . But in interviews Bass said `` I 'll say for the record my hair was never that long . '' He also says the kiss with Gerry never happened . The climax of the movie is a fictionalized 1971 AAA state championship football game between T.C. Williams and George C. Marshall High School . The dramatic license taken in the movie was to convert what was actually a mid-season match - up between T.C. Williams and Marshall into a made - for - Hollywood state championship . In reality , the Marshall game was the toughest game T.C. Williams played all year . As depicted in the movie , the real Titans won the Marshall game on a fourth down come - from - behind play at the very end of the game . The actual state championship ( against Andrew Lewis High School of Salem ) was a 27 -- 0 blowout , played at Victory Stadium in Roanoke , VA . Bertier 's car accident took place on December 11 , 1971 , after ( rather than a few days before ) the season - ending State Championship game . Bertier had been at a banquet honoring the team for their undefeated season . After the banquet , Bertier borrowed his mother 's new 1971 Chevrolet Camaro . Bertier lost control of the Camaro and crashed ( the movie shows him getting broadsided ) . The cause of the accident was determined to be a mechanical failure in the engine mount . The `` where are they now '' , shown during the film 's closing credits , omits the fact that Sheryl Yoast died in 1996 at the age of 34 and that she was not an only child as she had three sisters . Her oldest sister Bonnie was in college , her second oldest Angela went to a different high school , and her younger sister Deidre was only three years old in 1971 . Music ( edit ) On September 19 , 2000 , the soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records . The film score was orchestrated by musician Trevor Rabin and features music composed by various artists . From the instrumental score , Rabin 's track `` Titans Spirit '' , was the only cue ( of the 12 composed ) added to the soundtrack . It is also the only piece of music on the soundtrack album not to have been previously released . `` Titans Spirit '' was a seven - minute instrumental . It has been used on numerous sports telecasts , particularly those on NBC , which utilized the score during its closing credits for the Salt Lake 2002 , Athens 2004 , Torino 2006 , Beijing 2008 , Vancouver 2010 , London 2012 , and the Rio 2016 Olympic Games as well in 2002 with the final closing credits montage ending their 12 - year run of NBA coverage . The song was also played as veteran New York Mets players crossed home plate during the closing ceremonies at Shea Stadium , and as the New York Yankees were awarded their rings from their 2009 World Series championship . The New Jersey Devils also used this song during the jersey number retirement ceremonies for Scott Stevens , Ken Daneyko , Scott Niedermayer , Martin Brodeur and Patrik Eliáš . In 2018 , at the conclusion of the Stanley Cup playoffs , the song was used during the Washington Capitals Stanley Cup celebration as captain Alex Ovechkin lifted the cup in Las Vegas . It was also used during the 2008 Democratic National Convention to accompany the celebration and fireworks at Invesco Field after future president Barack Obama gave his nomination acceptance speech , and was also used immediately following his victory speech upon winning the 2008 Presidential Election . Soundtrack ( edit ) Remember the Titans : An Original Walt Disney Motion Picture Soundtrack Film score by Various Artists Released September 19 , 2000 Genre R&B , pop rock Length 46 : 21 Label Walt Disney Remember the Titans : An Original Walt Disney Motion Picture Soundtrack No . Title Length 1 . `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' 2 : 23 2 . `` Spirit in the Sky '' 4 : 02 3 . `` Peace Train '' 4 : 08 4 . `` Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye '' 4 : 05 5 . `` Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress '' 3 : 17 6 . `` I Want to Take You Higher '' 2 : 44 7 . `` Up Around the Bend '' 2 : 42 8 . `` Spill the Wine '' 4 : 05 9 . `` A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' 5 : 10 10 . `` Act Naturally '' 2 : 21 11 . `` Express Yourself '' 3 : 53 12 . `` Titans Spirit '' 7 : 25 Total length : 46 : 21 Release ( edit ) Home media ( edit ) Following its release in theaters , the Region 1 widescreen and Pan and scan edition of the motion picture was released on DVD in the United States on March 20 , 2001 . A Special Edition widescreen format of the film was released on March 20 , 2001 , along with a widescreen Director 's cut on March 14 , 2006 . A restored widescreen hi - definition Blu - ray version was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on September 4 , 2007 . Special features include backstage feature audio commentary with director Boaz Yakin , producer Jerry Bruckheimer and writer Gregory Allen Howard , feature audio commentary with real - life coaches Herman Boone and Bill Yoast , `` Remember The Titans : An inspirational journey behind the scenes '' hosted by Lynn Swann , `` Denzel Becomes Boone , '' `` Beating The Odds '' ; Deleted scenes ; Movie Showcase and seamless menus . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Remember the Titans opened strongly at the U.S. box office , grossing $26,654,715 in its first weekend and staying within the top five for six weeks . It eventually went on to gross an estimated $115,654,751 in the U.S. , and $136,706,684 worldwide . Critical response ( edit ) Among mainstream critics in the U.S. , Remember the Titans received generally positive reviews . Rotten Tomatoes reported that 73 % of 132 sampled critics gave the film a positive review , with an average score of 6.3 / 10 . At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average out of 100 to critics ' reviews , the film received a score of 48 based on 32 reviews . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare `` A + '' grade . James Berardinelli writing for ReelViews , called the film `` relentlessly manipulative and hopelessly predictable '' but noted that it was `` a notch above the average entry in part because its social message ( even if it is soft - peddled ) creates a richer fabric than the usual cloth from which this kind of movie is cut . '' Describing some pitfalls , Robert Wilonsky of the Dallas Observer said that `` beneath its rah - rah rhetoric and pigskin proselytizing , it 's no more provocative or thoughtful than a Hallmark Hall of Fame film or , for that matter , a Hallmark greeting card . Its heart is in the right place , but it has no soul . '' Wilonsky however was quick to admit `` The film 's intentions are noble , but its delivery is ham - fisted and pretentious ; you ca n't deny the message , but you can loathe the messenger without feeling too guilty about it . '' ' Remember the Titans ' has the outer form of a brave statement about the races in America , but the soul of a sports movie in which everything is settled by the obligatory last play in the last seconds of the championship game . -- Roger Ebert , writing in the Chicago Sun - Times Todd McCarthy , writing in Variety , said , `` As simplistic and drained of complexity as the picture is , it may well appeal to mainstream audiences as an ' if only it could be like this ' fantasy , as well as on the elemental level of a boot camp training film , albeit a PG - rated one with all the cuss words removed . '' Roger Ebert , in the Chicago Sun - Times , viewed the film as `` a parable about racial harmony , yoked to the formula of a sports movie , '' adding , `` Victories over racism and victories over opposing teams alternate so quickly that sometimes we 're not sure if we 're cheering for tolerance or touchdowns . Real life is never this simple , but then that 's what the movies are for '' . In the San Francisco Chronicle , Mick LaSalle wrote that the film reminds the viewer that `` it 's possible to make a sentimental drama that is n't sickening -- and a sports movie that transcends cliches . '' Columnist Bob Grimm of the Sacramento News & Review , somewhat praised the film , writing , `` The film is quite lightweight for the subject matter , but Washington and company make it watchable . '' Some detractors like Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote , `` Denzel Washington should have held out for a better script before he signed on to star in Remember the Titans , but you can see why he wanted to do the movie : He gets to play Martin Luther King Jr. and Vince Lombardi rolled into one nostalgically omnipotent tough - love saint . '' Jeff Vice of the Deseret News admitted that although the film contained dialogue that was `` corny , clichéd , and downright cheesy at times , '' as well as how it relayed its message in one of the `` most predictable , heavy - handed manners we 've seen in a movie in years '' , the film `` serves as a reminder of how much goodness there is inside people , just waiting for the right person to bring it out . '' He also viewed the casting as top - notch , saying that it helped to have a `` rock - solid foundation in the form of leading - man Denzel Washington '' at the helm . Accolades ( edit ) The film was nominated and won several awards in 2000 -- 2001 . Award Nominee Result 2001 Angel Awards Silver Angel -- -- -- -- Nominated BET Awards 2001 Best Actor Denzel Washington Won 2001 BMI Film & TV Awards Film Music Award Trevor Rabin Won Black Reel Awards of 2001 Best Actor Denzel Washington Won Best Screenplay Gregory Allen Howard Won Best Film Jerry Bruckheimer , Chad Oman Nominated 2001 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Favorite Actor - Drama Denzel Washington Nominated Favorite Supporting Actor - Drama Wood Harris Nominated 2001 Casting Society of America Awards Best Casting for Feature Film - Drama Ronna Kress Nominated 2001 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture Denzel Washington Won Outstanding Motion Picture -- -- -- -- Won Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Wood Harris Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Nicole Ari Parker Nominated Outstanding Youth Actor / Actress Krysten Leigh Jones Nominated Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards 2000 Best Male Newcomer Kip Pardue Nominated Youth in Film Hayden Panettiere Nominated 2001 Motion Picture Sound Editors Awards Best Sound Editing - Dialogue & ADR Robert L. Sephton , Christopher T. Welch , Julie Feiner , Cindy Marty , Gaston Biraben , Suhail Kafity Nominated Best Sound Editing - Music Will Kaplan Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards 2000 Best Performance by a Youth in a Leading or Supporting Role Hayden Panettiere Nominated 2001 Political Film Society Awards Human Rights -- -- -- -- Won Exposé -- -- -- -- Nominated Golden Satellite Awards 2000 Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture Drama Denzel Washington Nominated 2001 Teen Choice Awards Film - Choice Drama / Action Adventure -- -- -- -- Nominated 22nd Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress Hayden Panettiere Won Best Family Feature Film - Drama -- -- -- -- Nominated The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- Nominated See also ( edit ) American Football portal Virginia portal Film in the United States portal 1970s portal 2000s portal T.C. Williams High School References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Remember the Titans '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Remember the Titans Production Details '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Dave ( 2014 - 07 - 29 ) . `` Remember The Titans Is A Lie , And This Man Still Wants You To Know It '' . Deadspin . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : The Titans had a solid football team for many years after 1971 and won most of their games by large margins . `` Remember the Titans True Story - Real Gerry Bertier , Bill Yoast , Herman Boone '' . ChasingtheFrog.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Rose , Tom ( November 24 , 2002 ) . `` This legendary football coach wo n't forget the Titans '' . Observer - Reporter . Washington , MA . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama Wins Big : ' Change Has Come to America ' '' . Time . November 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) - DVD Widescreen '' . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Remember the Titans All Available Formats & Editions '' . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Remember the Titans Blu - Ray '' . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) Weekly '' . BoxOfficeMojo.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Remember the Titans . Metacritic . CNET Networks . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://www.thewrap.com/movies-you-loved-or-hated-films-got-or-f-cinemascores-photos-90331/19/ Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( September 2000 ) . Remember the Titans . ReelViews . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Wilonsky , Robert ( 28 September 2000 ) . Clash of the Titans . Dallas Observer . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( 29 September 2000 ) . Remember the Titans . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( 24 September 2000 ) . Remember the Titans . Variety . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Lasalle , Mick ( 29 September 2000 ) . Gaining Ground / Sport bridges racial divide with a minimum of cliches in Remember the Titans . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Grimm , Bob ( 19 July 2001 ) . Remember the Titans . Sacramento News & Review . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( 6 October 2000 ) . Remember the Titans . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Jeff , Vice ( 27 June 2002 ) . Remember the Titans . Deseret News . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Remember the Titans Official website Remember the Titans on IMDb Remember the Titans at AllMovie Remember the Titans at Rotten Tomatoes Remember the Titans at Metacritic Remember the Titans at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Boaz Yakin Fresh ( 1994 ) A Price Above Rubies ( 1998 ) Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) Uptown Girls ( 2003 ) Death in Love ( 2008 ) Safe ( 2012 ) Max ( 2015 ) Boarding School ( 2018 ) Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Farewell , My Lovely ( 1975 ) March or Die ( 1977 ) Defiance ( 1980 ) American Gigolo ( 1980 ) Thief ( 1981 ) Young Doctors in Love ( 1982 ) Flashdance ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Thief of Hearts ( 1984 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) The Ref ( 1994 ) Dangerous Minds ( 1995 ) Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) Bad Boys ( 1995 ) The Rock ( 1996 ) Con Air ( 1997 ) Enemy of the State ( 1998 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) Coyote Ugly ( 2000 ) Gone in 60 Seconds ( 2000 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) Bad Company ( 2002 ) Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Veronica Guerin ( 2003 ) Kangaroo Jack ( 2003 ) National Treasure ( 2004 ) King Arthur ( 2004 ) Just Legal ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Déjà Vu ( 2006 ) Glory Road ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) National Treasure : Book of Secrets ( 2007 ) G - Force ( 2009 ) Confessions of a Shopaholic ( 2009 ) Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( 2010 ) The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) Deliver Us from Evil ( 2014 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) 12 Strong ( 2018 ) Gemini Man ( 2019 ) Top Gun : Maverick ( 2020 ) NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Motion Picture 1972 -- 2000 Lady Sings the Blues ( 1972 ) Let 's Do It Again ( 1976 ) The Greatest ( 1978 ) Fame ( 1980 ) Bustin ' Loose ( 1981 ) An Officer and a Gentleman ( 1982 ) A Soldier 's Story ( 1985 ) The Color Purple ( 1986 ) Lethal Weapon ( 1987 ) Coming to America ( 1988 ) Lean on Me ( 1989 ) Glory ( 1990 ) Boyz n the Hood ( 1992 ) Sister Act ( 1993 ) Malcolm X ( 1994 ) Waiting to Exhale ( 1996 ) A Time to Kill ( 1997 ) Soul Food ( 1998 ) How Stella Got Her Groove Back ( 1999 ) The Best Man ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Remember the Titans ( 2001 ) Ali ( 2002 ) Antwone Fisher ( 2003 ) The Fighting Temptations ( 2004 ) Ray ( 2005 ) Crash ( 2006 ) The Pursuit of Happyness ( 2007 ) The Great Debaters ( 2008 ) The Secret Life of Bees ( 2009 ) Precious ( 2010 ) For Colored Girls ( 2011 ) The Help ( 2012 ) Red Tails ( 2013 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2014 ) Selma ( 2015 ) Straight Outta Compton ( 2016 ) Hidden Figures ( 2017 ) Girls Trip ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remember_the_Titans&oldid=866473340 '' Categories : 2000 films English - language films 2000s drama films 2000s sports films African - American biographical dramas American drama films American football films American films Films about racism Films set in the 1970s Films set in 1971 Films set in 1981 Films directed by Boaz Yakin Films set in Virginia Films shot in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Films based on actual events Films scored by Trevor Rabin Films about race and ethnicity High school football films Sports drama films Sports films based on actual events Walt Disney Pictures films 2000s high school films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 15 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who stars in the movie remember the titans | [
"Remember the Titans\nTheatrical release posterDirected by\nBoaz YakinProduced by\nJerry BruckheimerChad OmanWritten by\nGregory Allen HowardStarring\n\nDenzel Washington\nWill Patton\nDonald Faison\nNicole Ari Parker\nMusic by\nTrevor RabinCinematography\nPhilippe RousselotEdited by\nMichael TronickProductioncompany \nWalt Disney PicturesJerry Bruckheimer FilmsTechnical Black FilmsDistributed by\nBuena Vista PicturesRelease date\nSeptember 29, 2000 (2000-09-29)\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n113 minutesCountry\nUnited StatesLanguage\nEnglishBudget\n$30 million[1]Box office\n$136.7 million[1]",
"Remember the Titans\nTheatrical release posterDirected by\nBoaz YakinProduced by\nJerry BruckheimerChad OmanWritten by\nGregory Allen HowardStarring\n\nDenzel Washington\nWill Patton\nDonald Faison\nNicole Ari Parker\nMusic by\nTrevor RabinCinematography\nPhilippe RousselotEdited by\nMichael TronickProductioncompany \nWalt Disney PicturesJerry Bruckheimer FilmsTechnical Black FilmsDistributed by\nBuena Vista PicturesRelease date\nSeptember 29, 2000 (2000-09-29)\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n113 minutesCountry\nUnited StatesLanguage\nEnglishBudget\n$30 million[1]Box office\n$136.7 million[1]",
"Remember the Titans\nTheatrical release posterDirected by\nBoaz YakinProduced by\nJerry BruckheimerChad OmanWritten by\nGregory Allen HowardStarring\n\nDenzel Washington\nWill Patton\nDonald Faison\nNicole Ari Parker\nMusic by\nTrevor RabinCinematography\nPhilippe RousselotEdited by\nMichael TronickProductioncompany \nWalt Disney PicturesJerry Bruckheimer FilmsTechnical Black FilmsDistributed by\nBuena Vista PicturesRelease date\nSeptember 29, 2000 (2000-09-29)\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n113 minutesCountry\nUnited StatesLanguage\nEnglishBudget\n$30 million[1]Box office\n$136.7 million[1]",
"Remember the Titans\nTheatrical release posterDirected by\nBoaz YakinProduced by\nJerry BruckheimerChad OmanWritten by\nGregory Allen HowardStarring\n\nDenzel Washington\nWill Patton\nDonald Faison\nNicole Ari Parker\nMusic by\nTrevor RabinCinematography\nPhilippe RousselotEdited by\nMichael TronickProductioncompany \nWalt Disney PicturesJerry Bruckheimer FilmsTechnical Black FilmsDistributed by\nBuena Vista PicturesRelease date\nSeptember 29, 2000 (2000-09-29)\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n113 minutesCountry\nUnited StatesLanguage\nEnglishBudget\n$30 million[1]Box office\n$136.7 million[1]"
] | [
"Denzel Washington",
"Will Patton",
"Donald Faison",
"Nicole Ari Parker"
] |
-9107083764342386391 | Minimum wage in the United States | Minimum wage in the United States - Wikipedia Minimum wage in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Parts of this article ( those related to 2017 changes ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2017 ) Minimum wage by U.S. state and territory , as of January 1 , 2016 . Versus the federal rate : Higher Same Lower No state minimum wage law The minimum wage in the United States is set by US labor law and a network of state , and local laws . Employers generally must pay workers the highest minimum wage prescribed by federal , state , and local law . As of July 2016 , the federal government mandates a nationwide minimum wage of $7.25 per hour . As of October 2016 , there are 29 states with a minimum wage higher than the federal minimum . From 2014 to 2015 , nine states increased their minimum wage levels through automatic adjustments , while increases in 11 other states occurred through referendum or legislative action . In real terms , the federal minimum wage peaked near $10.00 per hour in 1968 , using 2014 inflation - adjusted dollars . Beginning in January 2017 , Massachusetts and Washington state will have the highest minimum wages , Aside from Santa Fe NM , which is currently at $11.09 which is still # 1 for Highest Min Wage in the country . Massachusetts and Washington state come in # 2 . New York City 's minimum wage will be $15.00 per hour by the end of 2018 . There is a racial difference for support of a higher minimum wage with most black and Hispanic individuals supporting a $15.00 federal minimum wage , and 54 % of whites opposing it . In 2015 , about 3 percent of White , Asian , and Hispanic or Latino workers earned the federal minimum wage or less . Among Black workers , the percentage was about 4 percent . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 20th century 1.2 Legislation , 21st century 1.3 Local ordinances 1.4 Union exemptions 2 Trends in purchasing power 3 Economic effects 3.1 Employment and job creation 3.2 Prices 3.3 Crime increase 3.4 Economic growth 3.5 Income inequality 3.6 Poverty 3.7 Federal budget deficit 4 Commentary 4.1 Economists 4.2 Politicians 5 Polls 6 List by jurisdiction 6.1 Federal 6.2 State 6.3 Territory 6.4 Federal District 7 Jobs affected , 2006 , 2009 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) 20th century ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2017 ) In 1912 , Massachusetts organized a commission to recommend non-compulsory minimum wages for women and children . Within eight years , at least thirteen U.S. states and the District of Columbia would pass minimum wage laws , with pressure being placed on state legislatures by the National Consumers League in a coalition with other women 's voluntary associations and organized labor . The United States Supreme Court of the Lochner era consistently invalidated compulsory minimum wage laws . Advocates for these minimum wage laws hoped that they would be upheld under the precedent of Muller v. Oregon , which had upheld maximum working hours laws for women on the grounds that women required special protection which men did not . However , the Court did not extend this principle to minimum wage laws , considering the latter as interfering with the ability of employers to freely negotiate wage contracts with employees . No business which depends for existence on paying less than living wages to its workers has any right to continue in this country . President Franklin Delano Roosevelt , 1933 In 1933 , the Roosevelt administration made the first attempt at establishing a national minimum wage , when a $0.25 per hour standard was set as part of the National Industrial Recovery Act . However , in the 1935 court case Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States ( 295 U.S. 495 ) , the US Supreme Court declared the act unconstitutional , and the minimum wage was abolished . In 1938 , the minimum wage was re-established pursuant to the Fair Labor Standards Act , once again at $0.25 per hour ( $4.23 in 2015 dollars ) . In 1941 , the Supreme Court upheld the Fair Labor Standards Act in United States v. Darby Lumber Co. , holding that Congress had the power under the Commerce Clause to regulate employment conditions . The 1938 minimum wage law only applied to `` employees engaged in interstate commerce or in the production of goods for interstate commerce , '' but in amendments in 1961 and 1966 , the federal minimum wage was extended ( with slightly different rates ) to employees in large retail and service enterprises , local transportation and construction , state and local government employees , as well as other smaller expansions ; a grandfather clause in 1990 drew most employees into the purview of federal minimum wage policy , which now set the wage at $3.80 . Legislation , 21st century ( edit ) In 2006 , voters in six states ( Arizona , Colorado , Missouri , Montana , Nevada , and Ohio ) approved statewide increases in the state minimum wage . The amounts of these increases ranged from $1 to $1.70 per hour and all increases were designed to annually index to inflation . Some politicians in the United States have advocated linking the minimum wage to the Consumer Price Index , thereby increasing the wage automatically each year based on increases to the Consumer Price Index . So far , Ohio , Oregon , Missouri , Vermont and Washington have linked their minimum wages to the consumer price index . Minimum wage indexing also takes place each year in Florida , San Francisco , California , and Santa Fe , New Mexico . The federal minimum wage in the United States was reset to its current rate of $7.25 per hour in July 2009 . Some U.S. territories ( such as American Samoa ) are exempt . Some types of labor are also exempt : employers may pay tipped labor a minimum of $2.13 per hour , as long as the hour wage plus tip income equals at least the minimum wage . Persons under the age of 20 may be paid $4.25 an hour for the first 90 calendar days of employment ( sometimes known as a youth , teen , or training wage ) unless a higher state minimum exists . The 2009 increase was the last of three steps of the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 , which was signed into law as a rider to the U.S. Troop Readiness , Veterans ' Care , Katrina Recovery , and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act , 2007 , a bill that also contained almost $5 billion in tax cuts for small businesses . In April 2014 , the U.S. Senate debated the Minimum Wage Fairness Act ( S. 1737 ; 113th Congress ) . The bill would have amended the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 ( FLSA ) to increase the federal minimum wage for employees to $10.10 per hour over the course of a two - year period . The bill was strongly supported by President Barack Obama and many of the Democratic Senators , but strongly opposed by Republicans in the Senate and House . Later in 2014 , voters in the Republican - controlled states of Alaska , Arkansas , Nebraska and South Dakota considered ballot initiatives to raise the minimum wage above the national rate of $7.25 per hour , which were successful in all 4 states . The results provided evidence that raising minimum wage has support across party lines . Since 2012 , a growing protest and advocacy movement called `` Fight for $15 '' , initially growing out of fast food worker strikes , has advocated for an increase in the minimum wage . On March 27 , 2014 , Connecticut passed legislation to raise the minimum wage from $8.70 to $10.10 by 2017 , making it one of about six states to aim at or above $10.00 per hour . In 2014 and 2015 , several cities , including San Francisco , Seattle , Los Angeles , and Washington passed ordinances that gradually increase the minimum wage to $15.00 . In 2016 , New York and California passed legislation that would gradually raise the minimum wage to $15 in each state . As of 2017 , recent legislation was passed in multiple states to raise the minimum wage a certain amount in a certain amount of time . California is set to raise their minimum wage to $15.00 / hour by January 1 , 2023 . Colorado is set to raise their minimum wage from $9.30 / hour to $12 / hour by January 1 , 2020 , raising $0.90 per year . Seattle passed legislation in 2015 for a raise in minimum wage ; for employers of 500 or more employees without heath benefits , the minimum wage will be raised to $15.00 / hour by 2017 , for employees with heath benefits , the minimum wage will raise to $15.00 / hour by 2018 , for smaller employees the $15.00 / hour wage will be reached at different times . Seattle is one of the first cities to put in place a plan that after $15.00 / hour wage is reached , they will continue to increase minimum wage by a certain percentage every year based on inflation changes . New York has also recently passed legislation to increase their minimum wage to $15.00 / hour over time , certain counties and larger companies are set on faster plans than others . As there have only been a few places mentioned , cities and states across the United States are putting in place certain legislation to increase the minimum wage for minimum wage workers to a livable wage . Time will only tell the effects on the economy and number of jobs in those cities and states . Local ordinances ( edit ) On June 2 , 2014 , the City Council of Seattle , Washington passed a local ordinance to increase the minimum wage of the city to $15.00 per hour , giving the city the highest minimum wage in the United States , which will be phased in over seven years , to be fully implemented by 2021 . A growing number of California cities have enacted local minimum wage ordinances , including Los Angeles , San Francisco , Oakland , Berkeley , Emeryville , Mountain View , Richmond , and San Jose . In September 2014 , the Los Angeles City Council approved a minimum salary for hotel workers of $15.37 per hour . In April 2016 , The Los Angeles Times reported that there is an exemption for unionised workers , and interviewed longtime workers at unionised Sheraton Universal who make $10.00 per hour , whereas non-union employees at a non-union Hilton a few feet away make at least the $15.37 mandated by law for non-unionised employees . Similar exemptions have been adopted in San Francisco , San Jose , Oakland , and Santa Monica . San Francisco is expected to become the first U.S. city to reach a minimum wage of $15.00 per hour on July 1 , 2018 , . The minimum wage in Los Angeles and Washington , D.C. , will be $15.00 per hour in 2020 . On August 18 , 2015 , the El Cerrito City Council directed city staff to draft a local minimum wage ordinance based on a template provided by a coalition for a county - wide minimum wage effort . The details are not final , but the Council discussed an initial increase of roughly 28 -- 36 % ( $11.52 -- $12.25 or more ) by January 1 , 2016 , with annual increases that will result in a $15.00 hourly wage rate by 2018 -- 2020 . The Council did not direct staff to create small business exemptions ( or any other exemptions ) , but a slower phase - in rate may be considered for employees of small businesses . The city will have outreach for residents and business owners to discuss the details of the proposed ordinance . Staff hopes to present a draft for The Council 's approval as early as October or November 2015 . Union exemptions ( edit ) As of December 2014 , unions were exempt from recent minimum wage increases in Chicago , Illinois , SeaTac , Washington , and Milwaukee County , Wisconsin , as well as the California cities of Los Angeles , San Francisco , Long Beach , San Jose , Richmond , and Oakland . In 2016 , the Washington , D.C. Council passed a minimum wage ordinance that included a union waiver , but Mayor Vincent Gray vetoed it . Later that year , the council approved an increase without the union waiver . Trends in purchasing power ( edit ) History of the federal minimum wage in real 2013 dollars and nominal dollars . Since its inception the purchasing power of the minimum wage has fluctuated . The minimum wage had its highest purchasing power in 1968 , when it was $1.60 per hour ( $11.49 in 2017 dollars ) . From January 1981 to April 1990 , the minimum wage was frozen at $3.35 per hour , then a record - setting minimum wage freeze . From September 1 , 1997 through July 23 , 2007 , the federal minimum wage remained constant at $5.15 per hour , breaking the old record . From the United States Department of Labor . Employment Standards Administration . Wage and Hour Division , the source page has a clickable US map with current and projected state - by - state minimum wage rates for each state . Some government entities , such as counties and cities , observe minimum wages that are higher than the state as a whole . One notable example of this is Santa Fe , New Mexico , whose $9.50 per hour minimum wage was the highest in the nation , until San Francisco increased its minimum wage to $9.79 in 2009 . Another device to increase wages , living wage ordinances , generally apply only to businesses that are under contract to the local government itself . Since 1984 , the purchasing power of the federal minimum wage has decreased . Measured in real terms ( adjusted for inflation ) using 1984 dollars , the real minimum wage was $3.35 in 1984 , $2.33 in 1994 , $1.84 in 2004 , and $1.46 in 2014 . If the minimum wage had been raised to $10.10 in 2014 , that would have equated to $4.40 in 1984 dollars . This would have been equal to a 31 % increase in purchasing power , despite the nominal value of the minimum wage increasing by 216 % in the same time period . Economic effects ( edit ) The economic effects of raising the minimum wage are controversial . Adjusting the minimum wage may affect current and future levels of employment , prices of goods and services , economic growth , income inequality and poverty . The interconnection of price levels , central bank policy , wage agreements , and total aggregate demand creates a situation in which the conclusions drawn from macroeconomic analysis are highly influenced by the underlying assumptions of the interpreter . Employment and job creation ( edit ) Further information : Unemployment in the United States CBO table with projections of the effects of minimum wage increases on employment and income , under two scenarios The law of demand states that -- all else being equal -- raising the price of any particular good or service will reduce the quantity demanded . Thus , neoclassical economics argues that -- all else being equal -- raising in the minimum wage will have adverse affects on employment . Conceptually , if an employer does not believe a worker generates value equal to or in excess of the minimum wage , that worker will not be hired or retained . Empirical work on fast food workers in the 1990s challenged the neoclassical model . In 1994 , economists David Card and Alan Krueger studied employment trends among 410 restaurants in New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania following New Jersey 's minimum wage hike ( from $4.25 to $5.05 ) in April 1992 . They found `` no indication that the rise in the minimum wage reduced employment . '' However , a 1995 re-analysis of the evidence by David Neumark found that the increase in New Jersey 's minimum wage actually resulted in a 4.6 % decrease in employment . Neumark 's study relied on payroll records from a sample of large fast - food restaurant chains , whereas the Card - Krueger study relied on business surveys . Additional research conducted by David Neumark and William Wascher ( which surveyed over 100 studies related to the employment effects of minimum wages ) found that the majority of peer - reviewed economic research ( about two - thirds ) showed a positive correlation between minimum wage hikes and increased unemployment -- especially for young and unskilled workers . Neumark 's analysis further found that , when looking at only the most credible research , 85 % of studies showed a positive correlation between minimum wage hikes and increased unemployment . In February 2014 , the Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) reported the theoretical effects of a federal minimum wage increase under two scenarios : an increase to $9.00 and an increase to $10.10 . According to the report , approximately 100,000 jobs would be lost under the $9.00 option , whereas 500,000 jobs would be lost under the $10.10 option ( with a wide range of possible outcomes ) . A 2013 Center for Economic and Policy Research ( CEPR ) review of multiple studies since 2000 indicated that there was `` little or no employment response to modest increases in the minimum wage . '' Another CEPR study in 2014 found that job creation within the United States is faster within states that raised their minimum wage . In 2014 , the state with the highest minimum wage in the nation , Washington , exceeded the national average for job growth in the United States . A 2012 study led by Joseph Sabia , professor of economics at the University of New Hampshire , estimated that the 2004 - 6 New York State minimum wage increase ( from $5.15 to $6.75 ) resulted in a 20.2 % to 21.8 % reduction in employment for less - skilled , less - educated workers . Another study conducted by Joseph Sabia , then an assistant professor at American University , found that minimum wages were ineffective at alleviating poverty for single mothers . The study further concluded that a 10 % increase in the minimum wage was associated with an 8.8 % reduction in employment and an 11.8 % reduction in hours for uneducated single mothers . Research conducted by Richard Burkhauser , professor emeritus of Policy Analysis at Cornell University , concluded that minimum wage increases `` significantly reduce the employment of the most vulnerable groups in the working - age population -- young adults without a high school degree ( aged 20 - 24 ) , young black adults and teenagers ( aged 16 - 24 ) , and teenagers ( aged 16 - 19 ) . '' A 2007 study by Daniel Aaronson and Eric French concluded that a 10 % increase in the minimum wage decreased low - skill employment by 2 - 4 % and total restaurant employment by 1 - 3 % . The Economist wrote in December 2013 : `` A minimum wage , providing it is not set too high , could thus boost pay with no ill effects on jobs ... Some studies find no harm to employment from federal or state minimum wages , others see a small one , but none finds any serious damage ... High minimum wages , however , particularly in rigid labour markets , do appear to hit employment . France has the rich world 's highest wage floor , at more than 60 % of the median for adults and a far bigger fraction of the typical wage for the young . This helps explain why France also has shockingly high rates of youth unemployment : 26 % for 15 - to 24 - year - olds . '' Prices ( edit ) Conceptually -- all else being equal -- raising the minimum wage will increase the cost of labor . Thus , employers may accept lower profits , raise their prices , or both . If prices increase , consumers may demand a lesser quantity of the product , substitute other products , or switch to imported products . Marginal producers ( those who are barely profitable enough to survive ) may be forced out of business if they can not raise their prices sufficiently to offset the higher cost of labor . Whether the increased income of the workers benefiting from the minimum wage increase can offset these effects is debatable . Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago research from 2007 has shown that restaurant prices rise in response to minimum wage increases . Crime increase ( edit ) A 2016 White House report based on `` back of envelope calculations and literature review '' argued that higher hourly wages led to less crime . A report by the Council of Economic Advisers claimed that `` raising the minimum wage reduces crime by 3 to 5 percent . '' To get those numbers , the study assumed that `` such a minimum wage increase would have no employment impacts , with an employment elasticity of 0.1 the benefits would be somewhat lower . '' However , In a 1987 journal article based on actual study data , Masanori Hashimoto noted that minimum wage hikes lead to increased levels of property crime in areas affected by the minimum wage after its increase . According to the article , by decreasing employment in poor communities , total legal trade and production are curtailed . The report also claimed that in order to compensate for the decrease in legal avenues for production and consumption , poor communities increasingly turn to illegal trade and activity . Economic growth ( edit ) Whether growth ( GDP , a measure of both income and production ) increases or decreases depends significantly on whether the income shifted from owners to workers results in an overall higher level of spending . The tendency of a consumer to spend their next dollar is referred to as the marginal propensity to consume or MPC . The transfer of income from higher income owners ( who tend to save more , meaning a lower MPC ) to lower income workers ( who tend to save less , with a higher MPC ) can actually lead to an increase in total consumption and higher demand for goods , leading to increased employment . Recent research has shown that higher wages lead to greater productivity . The CBO reported in February 2014 that income ( GDP ) overall would be marginally higher after raising the minimum wage , indicating a small net positive increase in growth . Raising the minimum wage to $10.10 and indexing it to inflation would result in a net $2 billion increase in income during the second half of 2016 , while raising it to $9.00 and not indexing it would result in a net $1 billion increase in income . Income inequality ( edit ) Further information : Income inequality in the United States Minimum wage levels in developed economies as a share of median full - time wage . The relative minimum wage ratio in the U.S. is shown in red . An increase in the minimum wage is a form of redistribution from higher - income persons ( business owners or `` capital '' ) to lower income persons ( workers or `` labor '' ) and therefore should reduce income inequality . The CBO estimated in February 2014 that raising the minimum wage under either scenario described above would improve income inequality . Families with income more than 6 times the poverty threshold would see their incomes fall ( due in part to their business profits declining with higher employee costs ) , while families with incomes below that threshold would rise . Poverty ( edit ) Among hourly - paid workers In 2016 , 701,000 earned the federal minimum wage and about 1.5 million earned wages below the minimum . Together , these 2.2 million workers represented 2.7 % of all hourly - paid workers . CBO estimated in February 2014 that raising the minimum wage would reduce the number of persons below the poverty income threshold by 900,000 under the $10.10 option versus 300,000 under the $9.00 option . Research conducted by David Neumark and colleagues found that minimum wages are associated with reductions in the hours and employment of low - wage workers . A separate study by the same researchers found that minimum wages tend to increase the proportion of families with incomes below or near the poverty line . Similarly , a 2002 study led by Richard Vedder , professor of economics at Ohio University , concluded that `` The empirical evidence is strong that minimum wages have had little or no effect on poverty in the U.S. Indeed , the evidence is stronger that minimum wages occasionally increase poverty ... '' Federal budget deficit ( edit ) The CBO reported in February 2014 that `` ( T ) he net effect on the federal budget of raising the minimum wage would probably be a small decrease in budget deficits for several years but a small increase in budget deficits thereafter . It is unclear whether the effect for the coming decade as a whole would be a small increase or a small decrease in budget deficits . '' On the cost side , the report cited higher wages paid by the government to some of its employees along with higher costs for certain procured goods and services . This might be offset by fewer government benefits paid , as some workers with higher incomes would receive fewer government transfer payments . On the revenue side , some would pay higher taxes and others less . Commentary ( edit ) Economists ( edit ) Effective Minimum Wage Adjusted for Cost of Living for Select U.S. Cities ( 2015 ) City Effective minimum wage Seattle $8.51 Denver $7.57 Houston $7.26 United States $7.25 San Francisco $7.03 Chicago $7.01 Boston $11.00 Washington , D.C. $6.53 Los Angeles $6.38 Atlanta $5.15 New York City $3.86 According to a survey conducted by economist Greg Mankiw , 79 % of economists agreed that `` a minimum wage increases unemployment among young and unskilled workers . '' A 2015 survey conducted by the University of New Hampshire Survey Center found that a majority of economists believed raising the minimum wage to $15 per hour would have negative effects on youth employment levels ( 83 % ) , adult employment levels ( 52 % ) , and the number of jobs available ( 76 % ) . Additionally , 67 % of economists surveyed believed that a $15 minimum wage would make it harder for small businesses with less than 50 employees to stay in business . A 2006 survey conducted by Robert Whaples , professor of economics at Wake Forest University , found that , among the economists surveyed , opinions about the minimum wage were as follows : 46.8 % favored eliminating it 14.3 % favored keeping it the same 1.3 % favored decreasing it 5.2 % favored increasing it by about 50 cents per hour 15.6 % favored increasing it by about $1 per hour 16.9 % favored increasing it by more than $1 per hour In 2014 , over 600 economists signed a letter in support of a $10.10 minimum wage increase with research suggesting that a minimum wage increase could have a small stimulative effect on the economy as low - wage workers spend their additional earnings , raising demand and job growth . Also , seven recipients of the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences were among 75 economists endorsing an increase in the minimum wage for U.S. workers and said `` the weight '' of economic research shows higher pay does n't lead to fewer jobs . According to a February 2013 survey of the University of Chicago IGM Forum , which includes approximately 40 economists : 34 % agreed with the statement that `` Raising the federal minimum wage to $9 per hour would make it noticeably harder for low - skilled workers to find employment '' , with 32 % disagreeing and 24 % uncertain 42 % agreed that `` ... raising the minimum wage to $9 per hour and indexing it to inflation ... would be a desirable policy '' , with 11 % disagreeing or strongly disagreeing and 32 % uncertain . According to a fall 2000 survey conducted by Fuller and Geide - Stevenson , 73.5 % ( 27.9 % of which agreed with provisos ) of American economists surveyed agreed that minimum wage laws increase unemployment among unskilled and young workers , while 26.5 % disagreed with the statement . Economist Paul Krugman advocated raising the minimum wage moderately in 2013 , citing several reasons , including : The minimum wage was below its 1960s purchasing power , despite a near doubling of productivity ; The great preponderance of the evidence indicates there is no negative impact on employment from moderate increases ; and A high level of public support , specifically Democrats and Republican women . Politicians ( edit ) Former President Bill Clinton advocated raising the minimum wage in 2014 : `` I think we ought to raise the minimum wage because it does n't just raise wages for the three or four million people who are directly affected by it , it bumps the wage structure everywhere ... The estimates are that 35 million Americans would get a pay raise if the federal minimum wage was raised ... If you ( raise the minimum wage ) in a phased way , it always creates jobs . Why ? Because people who make the minimum wage or near it are struggling to get by , they spend every penny they make , they turn it over in the economy , they create jobs , they create opportunity , and they take better care of their children . It 's just the right thing to do , but it 's also very good economics . '' Polls ( edit ) The Pew Center reported in January 2014 that 73 % of Americans supported raising the minimum wage from $7.25 to $10 . By party , 53 % of Republicans and 90 % of Democrats favored this action . Pew found a racial difference for support of a higher minimum wage in 2017 with most blacks and Hispanics supporting a $15.00 federal minimum wage , and 54 % of whites opposing it . A Lake Research Partners poll in February 2012 found the following : Strong support overall for raising the minimum wage , with 73 % of likely voters supporting an increase to $10 and indexing it to inflation during 2014 , including 58 % who strongly support the action ; Support crosses party lines , with support from 91 % of Democrats , 74 % of Independents , and 50 % of Republicans ; and A majority ( 56 % ) believe that raising the minimum wage will help the economy , with 16 % believing it wo n't make a difference . Only 21 % felt it would hurt the economy . List by jurisdiction ( edit ) This is a list of the minimum wages ( per hour ) in each state and territory of the United States , for jobs covered by federal minimum wage laws . If the job is not subject to the federal Fair Labor Standards Act , then state , city , or other local laws may determine the minimum wage . A common exemption to the federal minimum wage is a company having revenue of less than $500,000 per year while not engaging in any interstate commerce . Under the federal law , workers who receive a portion of their salary from tips , such as waitstaff , are required only to have their total compensation , including tips , meet the minimum wage . Therefore , often , their hourly wage , before tips , is less than the minimum wage . Seven states , and Guam , do not allow for a tip credit . Additional exemptions to the minimum wage include many seasonal employees , student employees , and certain disabled employees as specified by the FLSA . In addition , some counties and cities within states may observe a higher minimum wage than the rest of the state in which they are located ; sometimes this higher wage will apply only to businesses that are under contract to the local government itself , while in other cases the higher minimum will be enforced across the board . Federal ( edit ) Type Min Wage ( $ / h ) Notes Tipped $2.13 The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 has been requiring a minimum wage of $2.13 for tipped workers with the expectation that wages plus tips total no less than $7.25 per hour since September 1 , 1991 . The employer must pay the difference if total income does not add up to $7.25 per hour . Non-tipped $7.25 Per the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 ( FMWA ) since July 24 , 2009 . Youth $4.25 The Fair Labor Standards Act has since September 1 , 1996 allowed for persons under the age of 20 to be paid $4.25 for the first 90 calendar days of their employment . State ( edit ) The average US minimum wage per capita ( 2017 ) is $8.49 based on the population size of each state and generally represents the average minimum wage experienced by a person working in one of the fifty US states . Cities , counties , districts , and territories are not included in the calculation . As of October 2016 , there have been 29 states with a minimum wage higher than the federal minimum . From 2014 to 2015 , nine states increased their minimum wage levels through automatic adjustments , while increases in 11 other states occurred through referendum or legislative action . Beginning in January 2017 , Massachusetts and Washington state have the highest minimum wages in the country , at $11.00 per hour . New York City 's minimum wage will be $15.00 per hour by the end of 2018 . - State Min Wage ( $ / h ) Tipped ( $ / h ) Youth / Training ( $ / h ) Notes Alabama None Alaska $9.80 $9.80 Minimum wage increased to $9.80 on January 1 , 2017 . Arizona $10.00 $7.00 Minimum wage increased to $8.05 on January 1 , 2015 . The state tipped minimum wage is $3 per hour less . Pursuant to Arizona Proposition 202 ( 2006 ) , the rates are adjusted annually on January 1 based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index . This rate increase does not affect student workers in places such as libraries and cafeterias because those positions are given by universities , which are state entities . Arkansas $8.50 $2.63 The 2014 rate applies to employers of 4 or more employees . California $10.50 $10.50 Minimum wage increased to $10.00 on January 1 , 2016 and will increase to $15.00 by 2022 . Berkeley : $12.53 since October 1 , 2016 and will increase to $15.00 by 2018 . Emeryville : $14.82 for businesses with 56 or more employees ; $13.00 for businesses with 55 employees or less , effective July 2016 . Jackson Rancheria : $10.60 since January 1 , 2014 on the Tribe 's sovereign 1,500 - acre reservation in Amador County . Oakland : $12.55 since January 1 , 2016 . Unions are exempt from Oakland 's minimum wage law . Los Angeles : $10.50 since July 1 , 2016 and will increase to $15.00 by 2020 . Unions are exempt from Los Angeles 's minimum wage law . San Francisco : $13.00 since July 1 , 2016 and will increase to $15.00 by 2018 . Unions are exempt from San Francisco 's minimum wage law . San Jose : $10.30 since January 1 , 2015 . Unions are exempt from San Jose 's minimum wage law . Colorado $9.30 $6.28 On January 1 , 2017 , the minimum wage was increased to $9.30 and will be increased annually by $0.90 until it becomes $12 in January 2020 . Starting in 2021 , it will be adjusted by cost of living increases . The tipped wage is $3.02 less than the minimum wage Connecticut $10.10 $6.59 On March 26 , 2014 , the state passed legislation to raise the minimum wage to $10.10 by January 1 , 2017 . Connecticut 's tipped minimum wage is 65.2 % of the state minimum wage ( tipped employees defined as $10 / wk or $2 / day in tips ) . Delaware $8.25 $2.23 Minimum wage increased to $8.25 on June 1 , 2015 . Florida $8.10 $5.08 Minimum wage is increased annually on September 30 ( effective January 1 of the following calendar year ) based upon a cost of living formula ( the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers , not seasonally adjusted , for the South Region or a successor index as calculated by the United States Department of Labor , using the rate of inflation for the 12 months prior to September 1 ) . Florida 's minimum wage increased to $8.10 and the tipped minimum wage to $5.08 on January 1 , 2017 . Georgia $5.15 $2.13 Only applicable to employers of 6 or more employees . The state law excludes from coverage any employment that is subject to the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act when the federal rate is greater than the state rate . Hawaii $9.25 $8.50 Minimum wage increased to $8.50 on January 1 , 2016 , and will increase to $10.10 by January 1 , 2018 . Tipped employees earn 75 cents less than the current state minimum wage . Idaho $7.25 $3.35 Illinois $8.25 $4.95 $7.75 Employers may pay anyone under the age of 18 , or anyone for the first 90 days of employment , fifty cents less . Tipped employees earn 60 % of the minimum wage ( employers may claim credit for tips , up to 40 % of wage ) . There is a training wage for tipped employees . Chicago : $10.00 from July 1 , 2015 and will increase to $13.00 by 2019 . Unions are exempt from Chicago 's minimum wage law . Indiana $7.25 $2.13 Iowa $7.25 $4.35 Most small retail and service establishments grossing less than $300,000 annually are not required to pay the minimum wage . A tipped employee who makes $30.00 per month or more in tips , can be paid 60 % of the minimum wage , i.e. as little as $4.35 per hour . Increased minimum wage laws in Johnson and Linn counties were nullified by the legislature . Kansas $7.25 $2.13 Kansas had the lowest legislated , non-tipped worker , minimum wage in the U.S. , $2.65 per hour , until it was raised to $7.25 , effective January 1 , 2010 . Kentucky $7.25 $2.13 Louisville : $8.10 from July 1 , 2015 and will increase to $9.00 by 2017 . However , the Kentucky Supreme Court ruled that localities do not have authority to increase the minimum wage . Louisiana None Maine $9.00 $5.00 Tipped rate is half of the current state minimum wage . On July 6 , 2015 , the city council of Portland voted 6 - 3 to raise the city 's minimum wage to $10.10 beginning on January 1 , 2016 -- an increase of 34 % . Note : The tipped wage will return to being 50 % of the regular minimum wage starting January 1 , 2018 ; minimum wage will increase to $10 in January 2018 , $11 in January 2019 ; $12 in January 2020 . Maryland $9.25 $3.63 Minimum wage is $8.75 per hour as July 1 , 2016 ; $9.25 as of July 1 , 2017 ; and $10.10 as of July 1 , 2018 . For employees working in Prince George 's County , the minimum wage is $10.75 per hour , effective October 1 , 2016 , and increases to $11.50 on October 1 , 2017 . For employees working in Montgomery County , the minimum wage is $11.50 per hour starting July 1 , 2017 . County Council bill 12 - 16 was enacted on January 17 , 2017 to adjust the minimum wage to $15 and base future adjustments on the Consumer Price Index , but was later vetoed by the County Executive . Massachusetts $11.00 $3.75 Minimum wage increased to $11.00 ( $3.75 for tipped workers ) on January 1 , 2017 , making it the highest minimum - wage in the country at the state level . Massachusetts is the only state in the country that mandates time - and - a-half for retail workers working on Sunday . With state minimum wage at $11 an hour the effective minimum wage for a retail worker working on Sunday is $16.50 an hour . As of 2017 , Massachusetts has the largest gap between the hourly minimum wage for tipped workers ( $3.75 ) and the general minimum wage ( $11 ) . Michigan $8.90 $3.38 $8.90 ( tips included ) $4.25 ( training ) $7.57 ( youth ) Minimum wage will increase to $9.25 by January 2018 and increase with the consumer price index yearly after 2018 . Yearly increases , starting on February 1 2019 , shall not exceed 3.5 % . There will be no increase in minimum wage if the unemployment rate rises to or above 8.5 % in the previous year . Tipped workers must earn at least standard Michigan minimum wage once tips are included in their wages . Minnesota $9.50 $9.50 $7.25 Small employers , whose annual receipts are less than $500,000 and who do not engage in interstate commerce , can pay their employees $7.25 per hour . Overtime applies after 48 hours per week . Note : For large employers , the minimum wage became $9.00 on August 1 , 2015 ; and $9.50 on August 1 , 2016 . For small employers the minimum wage became $7.25 on August 1 , 2015 ; and $7.75 on August 1 , 2016 . Beginning January 1 , 2018 , all minimum wage rates will increase by the national implicit price deflator or 2.5 % , whichever is lower . Mississippi None Missouri $7.70 $3.825 Minimum wage rate is automatically adjusted annually based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index rounded to the nearest five cents , and increased to $7.70 on January 1 , 2017 . While a city ordinance was passed in St. Louis area to increase the minimum wage was set to $8.25 in 2015 , in October 2015 the law was voided by a new statewide bill barring cities from setting their own minimum wages . The State Supreme Court ruled on 28 February 2017 that the ordinance was lawful and could go into effect , with the minimum wage rate set to rise to $11.00 an hour by 2018 in St. Louis . However , on July 5 , 2017 , another law was passed to nullify the increase and to have a statewide minimum wage of $7.70 . Montana $8.15 $8.15 Minimum wage rate is automatically adjusted annually based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index , and increased to $8.15 on January 1 , 2017 . Income from tips can not offset an employee 's pay rate . The state minimum wage for business with less than $110,000 in annual sales is $4.00 . Nebraska $9.00 $2.13 Minimum wage increased to $9.00 January 1 , 2016 . Nevada $8.25 $8.25 The minimum wage has been $8.25 ( $1 higher than the federal minimum ) since July 1 , 2010 . Employers who offer health benefits can pay employees $7.25 . The rate is adjusted every July 1 , based on the federal minimum or the accumulated inflation since 2006 , whichever is higher , based on a 2006 Minimum Wage Amendment to the Nevada Constitution . New Hampshire $7.25 $3.27 New Jersey $8.44 $2.13 Minimum wage increased to $8.44 on January 1 , 2017 . New Mexico $7.50 $2.13 Santa Fe : $10.84 since January 1 , 2015 . Albuquerque : $8.75 since January 1 , 2015 . New York $9.75 Varies The minimum wage rate increased to $9.00 on December 31 , 2015 . As of July 24 , 2009 there has been a minimum for exempt employees of $543.75 per week . Tipped employee minimum ranges from $4.90 to $5.65 depending on industry . Effective December 31 , 2013 , there have been different rules for the minimum cash wage for tipped employees outside of the hospitality industry , ( e.g. , in car washes and in salons ) . For workers earning more than $1.95 on average per hour in tips , the minimum cash wage has been $6.05 per hour ; for workers earning between $1.20 and $1.95 in tips on average per hour , the cash wage has been $6.80 . A 2016 law changed the minimum wage over the following six years . `` Large '' employers have 11 or more employees , and `` small '' have between 1 and 10 . `` Downstate '' includes Nassau , Suffolk , and Westchester Counties . NYC large employers : $11.00 , NYC small employers : $10.50 , Downstate employers : $10.00 , Upstate employers : $9.70 . As of December 31 , 2017 : NYC large employers : $13.00 ; NYC small employers : $12.00 ; Downstate employers : $11.00 ; Upstate employers : $10.40 . As of December 31 , 2018 : NYC large employers : $15.00 ; NYC small employers : $13.50 ; Downstate employers : $12.00 ; Upstate employers : $11.10 . As of December 31 , 2019 : NYC large employers : $15.00 ; NYC small employers : $15.00 ; Downstate employers : $13.00 ; Upstate employers : $12.50 . As of December 31 , 2020 : NYC large employers : $15.00 ; NYC small employers : $15.00 ; Downstate employers : $14.00 ; Upstate employers : $12.50 . As of December 31 , 2021 : NYC large employers : $15.00 ; NYC small employers : $15.00 ; Downstate employers : $15.00 ; Upstate employers : Set by Commissioner of Labor based on economic conditions , up to $15.00 . Tipped food service workers will be paid $7.50 per hour , or two - thirds of the applicable minimum wage rate rounded to the nearest $0.05 , whichever is higher . North Carolina $7.25 $2.13 The employer may take credit for tips earned by a tipped employee and may count them as wages up to the amount permitted in section 3 ( m ) of the Fair Labor Standards Act . North Dakota $7.25 $4.86 Tipped minimum is 67 % of the minimum wage . Ohio $8.15 $4.08 $7.25 under 16 years old The rate is $7.25 for employers grossing $283,000 or less . The rate is adjusted annually on January 1 based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index and Oklahoma $7.25 $2.13 Minimum wage for employers grossing under $100,000 and with fewer than 10 employees per location is $2.00. ( OK Statutes 40 - 197.5 ) . Oregon $11.25 ( Portland metro ) $10.25 ( non-rural counties ) $10.00 ( rural counties ) $11.25 ( Portland metro ) $10.25 ( non-rural counties ) $10.00 ( rural counties ) On March 2 , 2016 , Senate Bill 1532 was signed into law , increasing minimum wage depending on the county . Beginning July 1 , 2016 the minimum wage increased to $9.75 for non-rural counties and to $9.50 for rural counties , thereafter increasing each year by fixed amounts until June 30 , 2022 when the minimum wage will be $14.75 for the Portland metro area , $13.50 for other non-rural counties , and $12.50 for rural counties . Thereafter , the minimum wage will be adjusted each year based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index . Non-rural counties are defined as Benton , Clackamas , Clatsop , Columbia , Deschutes , Hood River , Jackson , Josephine , Lane , Lincoln , Linn , Marion , Multnomah , Polk , Tillamook , Wasco , Washington , and Yamhill counties . Rural counties are defined as Baker , Coos , Crook , Curry , Douglas , Gilliam , Grant , Harney , Jefferson , Klamath , Lake , Malheur , Morrow , Sherman , Umatilla , Union , Wallowa , Wheeler counties . The Portland Metro rate ( $1.25 over the non-rural rate ) applies to employers located within the urban growth boundary ( UGB ) of the Portland metropolitan service district . Pennsylvania $7.25 $2.83 Rhode Island $9.60 $3.39 Minimum wage increased to $9.60 January 1 , 2016 . South Carolina None South Dakota $8.65 $4.325 Minimum wage increased to $8.65 on January 1 , 2017 , and is indexed to inflation . Tennessee None Texas $7.25 $2.13 Applies to all workers in the state , excluding patients of the Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation who have diminished production capacity and who work on behalf of the Department ; their salary is calculated at the minimum wage times a percentage of their diminished capacity . Utah $7.25 $2.13 Vermont $10.00 $4.80 Minimum wage increased to $10.00 on January 1 , 2017 , will increase to $10.50 by January 1 , 2018 , and will be indexed to inflation beginning on January 1 , 2019 . Virginia $7.25 $2.13 Washington $11.00 $11.00 $9.35 Minimum wage increases annually by a voter - approved cost - of - living adjustment based on the federal Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers ( CPI - W ) . Seattle : $11.00 for businesses less than 500 employees , 15.00 for businesses with over 500 employees , and for all businesses by 2021 . SeaTac : $15.00 for airport - related businesses . Union workshops are exempt from SeaTac 's $15 minimum wage law . West Virginia $8.75 $2.62 Minimum wage increased to $8.75 on December 31 , 2015 . The state minimum wage is applicable to employers of six or more employees at one location not involved in interstate commerce and for tipped employees is 30 % of the federal minimum wage . Wisconsin $7.25 $2.33 Wyoming $5.15 $2.13 Jump up ^ Generally applies to employees who make over $30 in tips per month , unless otherwise noted . Jump up ^ Applies to persons under age 20 , for the first 90 days of employment ( per FMWA ) , unless otherwise noted . ^ Jump up to : No state minimum wage law . Federal rates apply , although some small businesses exempt from FMWA may not be covered . Territory ( edit ) Territory Min Wage ( $ / h ) Notes American Samoa $4.18 -- $5.59 Varies by industry . On September 30 , 2010 , President Obama signed legislation that delays scheduled wage increases for 2010 and 2011 . On July 26 , 2012 , President Obama signed S. 2009 into law , postponing the minimum wage increase for 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 . Annual wage increases of $0.50 recommenced on September 30 , 2015 and will continue every three years until all rates have reached the federal minimum . Guam $8.25 Tipped employee minimum $6.55 Northern Mariana Islands $6.55 Since September 30 , 2016 . Wages are to go up $0.50 annually until reaching the federal $7.25 rate by 2018 . Bill S. 256 to delay the planned increases to the full rate until 2018 passed in Sept. 2013 . Puerto Rico $7.25 Following the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 , Employers covered by the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act ( FLSA ) are subject to the federal minimum wage and all applicable regulations . Employers not covered by the FLSA will be subject to a minimum wage that is at least 70 percent of the federal minimum wage or the applicable mandatory decree rate , whichever is higher . The Secretary of Labor and Human Resources may authorize a rate based on a lower percentage for any employer who can show that implementation of the 70 percent rate would substantially curtail employment in that business . Puerto Rico also has minimum wage rates that vary according to the industry . These rates range from a minimum of $5.08 to $7.25 per hour . U.S. Virgin Islands $8.35 The Virgin Islands ' minimum wage increased to $8.35 on June 21 , 2016 for all employees , with the exception of tourist service and restaurant employees . It is scheduled to increase to $9.50 on June 1 , 2017 ; $10.50 on June 1 , 2018 . Federal District ( edit ) Federal District Min Wage ( $ / h ) Tipped ( $ / h ) Youth / Training ( $ / h ) Notes District of Columbia $11.50 $3.47 None As of July 1 , 2017 , the minimum wage is $11.50 , and $3.47 per hour for tipped employees . In accordance with a law signed on June 27 , 2016 , the minimum wage will be $12.50 per hour as of July 1 , 2017 ; $13.25 per hour as of July 1 , 2018 ; 14.00 per hour as of July 1 , 2019 ; and $15.00 per hour as of July 1 , 2020 . As of each successive July 1 , the minimum wage will increase by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers in the Washington Metropolitan Statistical Area for the preceding twelve months . The minimum wage for tipped - employees will increase to $4.17 per hour as of July 1 , 2018 ; $4.87 per hour as of July 1 , 2019 ; and $5.55 per hour as of July 1 , 2020 . The minimum wage established by the federal government may be paid to newly hired individuals during their first 90 calendar days of employment , students employed by colleges and universities , and individuals under 18 years of age . Jobs affected , 2006 , 2009 ( edit ) The jobs that are most likely to be directly affected by the minimum wage are those which pay a wage close to the minimum . According to the May 2006 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates , the four lowest - paid occupational sectors in May 2006 ( when the federal minimum wage was $5.15 per hour ) were the following : Sector Workers Employed Median Wage Mean Wage Mean Annual Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations 11,029,280 $7.90 $8.86 $18,430 Farming , Fishing , and Forestry Occupations 450,040 $8.63 $10.49 $21,810 Personal Care and Service Occupations 3,249,760 $9.17 $11.02 $22,920 Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations 4,396,250 $9.75 $10.86 $22,580 Two years later , in May 2008 , when the federal minimum wage was $5.85 per hour and was about to increase to $6.55 per hour in July 2008 , these same sectors were still the lowest - paying , but their situation ( according to Bureau of Labor Statistics data ) was : Sector Workers Employed Median Wage Mean Wage Mean Annual Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations 11,438,550 $8.59 $9.72 $20,220 Farming , Fishing , and Forestry Occupations 438,490 $9.34 $11.32 $23,560 Personal Care and Service Occupations 3,437,520 $9.82 $11.59 $24,120 Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations 4,429,870 $10.52 $11.72 $24,370 In 2006 , workers in the following 13 individual occupations received , on average , a median hourly wage of less than $8.00 per hour : Occupation Workers Employed Median Wage Mean Wage Mean Annual Gaming Dealers 82,960 $7.08 $8.18 $17,010 Waiters and Waitresses 2,312,930 $3.14 $4.27 $11,190 Combined Food Preparation and Serving Workers , Including Fast Food 2,461,890 $7.24 $7.66 $15,930 Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and Bartender Helpers 401,790 $7.36 $7.84 $16,320 Cooks , Fast Food 612,020 $7.41 $7.67 $15,960 Dishwashers 502,770 $7.57 $7.78 $16,190 Ushers , Lobby Attendants , and Ticket Takers 101,530 $7.64 $8.41 $17,500 Counter Attendants , Cafeteria , Food Concession , and Coffee Shop 524,410 $7.76 $8.15 $16,950 Hosts and Hostesses , Restaurant , Lounge , and Coffee Shop 340,390 $7.78 $8.10 $16,860 Shampooers 15,580 $7.78 $8.20 $17,050 Amusement and Recreation Attendants 235,670 $7.83 $8.43 $17,530 Bartenders 485,120 $7.86 $8.91 $18,540 Farmworkers and Laborers , Crop , Nursery , and Greenhouse 230,780 $7.95 $8.48 $17,630 In 2008 , only two occupations paid a median wage less than $8.00 per hour : Occupation Workers Employed Median Wage Mean Wage Mean Annual Gaming Dealers 91,130 $7.84 $9.56 $19,890 Combined Food Preparation and Serving Workers , Including Fast Food 2,708,840 $7.90 $8.36 $17,400 According to the May 2009 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates , the lowest - paid occupational sectors in May 2009 ( when the federal minimum wage was $7.25 per hour ) were the following : Sector Workers Employed Median Wage Mean Wage Mean Annual Gaming Dealers 86,900 $8.19 $9.76 $20,290 Combined Food Preparation and Serving Workers , Including Fast Food 2,695,740 $8.28 $8.71 $18,120 Waiters and Waitresses 2,302,070 $8.50 $9.80 $20,380 Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and Bartender Helpers 402,020 $8.51 $9.09 $18,900 Cooks , Fast Food 539,520 $8.52 $8.76 $18,230 See also ( edit ) Economics portal United States portal Average worker 's wage Fair Labor Standards Act History of labor law in the United States Income inequality in the United States List of minimum wages by country Living wage Maximum wage Minimum Wage Fixing Convention , 1970 Minimum wage law United States labor law Wage slavery Wage theft Working poor References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Rachel ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` States ' Minimum Wages Rise , Helping Millions of Workers '' . NYT . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.cbsnews.com/news/a-higher-minimum-wage-for-millions-in-2017/ ^ Jump up to : 2017 Minimum Wage by State National Conference of State Legislatures , 5 January 2017 Jump up ^ 5 facts about the minimum wage Drew DeSilver , Pew Research Center , January 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ ( https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/minimum-wage/2015/home.htm Report 1061 Characteristics of minimum wage workers , 2015 ) April 2016 , U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ^ Jump up to : William P. Quigley , `` ' A Fair Day 's Pay For A Fair Day 's Work ' : Time to Raise and Index the Minimum Wage '' , 27 St. Mary 's L.J. 513 , 516 ( 1996 ) ^ Jump up to : Skocpol , Theda ( 1992 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Chapter 7 : Safeguarding the `` Mothers of the Race '' : Protective Legislation for Women Workers `` . Protecting soldiers and mothers : the political origins of social policy in the United States . Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674717657 . Jump up ^ Tritch , Teresa ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` F.D.R. Makes the Case for the Minimum Wage '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` CPI Inflation Calculator '' . U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Text of U.S. v. Darby Lumber Co. , 312 U.S. 100 ( 1941 ) is available from : Findlaw Justia ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Wage - Wage and Hour Division ( WHD ) - U.S. Department of Labor '' . www.dol.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ACORN and Unions Increase Working Wages Across the Country '' . Common Dreams. 2006 - 11 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet # 32 : Youth Minimum Wage -- Fair Labor Standards Act '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Labor -- Wage and Hour Division . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` S. 1737 -- Summary '' . United States Congress . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Sink , Justin ( 2 April 2014 ) . `` Obama : Congress has ' clear choice ' on minimum wage '' . The Hill . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Bolton , Alexander ( 8 April 2014 ) . `` Reid punts on minimum - wage hike '' . The Hill . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Bolton , Alexander ( 4 April 2014 ) . `` Centrist Republicans cool to minimum wage hike compromise '' . The Hill . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Andy ( September 15 , 2014 ) . `` A minimum - wage hike finds hope in U.S. heartland '' . Reuters . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Minimum Wage by State '' . ncsl.org . NCSL . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Medina , Jennifer ; Scheiber , Noam ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Los Angeles Lifts Its Minimum Wage to $15 Per Hour '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` A $15 Minimum Wage Bombshell in Los Angeles '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New York State 's Minimum Wage '' . Welcome to the State of New York . 2016 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Enforcement , Division of Labor Standards . `` Minimum wage '' . www.dir.ca.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage . '' Organization Title . State of California Department of Industrial Relations , Dec. 2016 . Web . 08 July 2017 . < https://www.dir.ca.gov/dlse/faq_minimumwage.htm > . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage . '' Colorado Department of Labor and Employment . State of Colorado , 2017 . Web . 08 July 2017 . < https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/cdle/minimumwage > . Jump up ^ `` $15 Minimum Wage . '' Mayor Murray . N.p. , n.d. Web . 08 July 2017 . < http://murray.seattle.gov/minimumwage/ > . Jump up ^ `` Governor Cuomo Signs $15 Minimum Wage Plan and 12 Week Paid Family Leave Policy into Law . '' Governor Andrew M. Cuomo . N.p. , 06 May 2016 . Web . 08 July 2017 . < https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-signs-15-minimum-wage-plan-and-12-week-paid-family-leave-policy-law > . Jump up ^ https://www.dol.gov/whd/minwage/chart.htm Jump up ^ Sheridan , Robert ( 3 June 2014 ) . `` Minimum Wage Groundswell ? Seattle , Others Raise Their Statutory Minimum Wage Rates '' . The National Law Review . Mintz , Levin , Cohn , Ferris , Glovsky and Popeo , P.C . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Blankinship , Donna Gordon ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` Seattle raises minimum wage ; will others follow ? '' . AP News . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff ( June 7 , 2014 ) . `` Seattle Leads the Way '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle City takes lead to raise minimum wage to $15 per hour '' . Seattle News.Net . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The mayor of Los Angeles just signed a $15 / hr minimum wage bill into law '' . Business Insider . Reuters. 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . The city council in September approved a pay increase for hotel workers to $15.37 an hour . Jump up ^ Peter , Jamison ( 9 April 2016 ) . `` Outrage after big labor crafts law paying their members less than non-union workers '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . At the Sheraton Universal Hotel , a longtime union property , bellhops , waiters and banquet servers make California 's current minimum wage : $10 an hour . ( When the hotel ordinance first went into effect , the state minimum was $9 . ) Those doing the same jobs at a non-union Hilton less than 500 feet away make at least $15.37 under the city 's hotel wage law . Neither amount includes tips . Jump up ^ City & County of San Francisco http://www.sfgsa.org/index.aspx?page=411 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Washington Post https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/dc-gives-final-approval-to-15-minimum-wage/2016/06/21/920ae156-372f-11e6-8f7c-d4c723a2becb_story.html . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles City Council approves landmark minimum wage increase '' . Los Angeles Times . June 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.el-cerrito.org/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/2339 ^ Jump up to : Minimum wage loophole written to help labor unions , Washington Examiner , December 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Higgins , Sean . `` Minimum wage loophole written to help labor unions '' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Ordinance 2003 - 8 '' ( PDF ) . City of Santa Fe . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` City 's minimum pay requirement expands to small businesses ; state minimum kicks in '' . By Julie Ann Grimm . Dec. 31 , 2007 . The Santa Fe New Mexican . Jump up ^ Santa Fe Living Wage Network . Jump up ^ Selna , Robert ( December 26 , 2008 ) . `` S.F. minimum wage rises to $9.79 in 2009 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ FRED Database - CPIAUCL - Inflation - Retrieved October 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Labor - History of Federal Minimum Wage Rates Under the Fair Labor Standards Act , 1938 -- 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ For a review article which analyzes the classical , Keynesian , and underconsumptionist approaches to wages , see Weintraub , Sidney ( December 1956 ) . `` A Macroeconomic Approach to the Theory of Wages '' . The American Economic Review . 46 ( 5 ) : 835 -- 56 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Hazlitt , Henry ( 1979 ) . Economics in One Lesson . Three Rivers Press . ISBN 0 - 517 - 54823 - 2 . Jump up ^ Alan Krueger and David Card . `` Minimum Wages and Employment : A Case Study of the Fast - Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania '' Jump up ^ `` The Effect of New Jersey 's Minimum Wage Increase on Fast - Food Employment : A Re-Evaluation Using Payroll Records '' Jump up ^ Neumark , Wascher ( 2007 ) . Minimum Wages and Employment . Foundations and Trends ® in Microeconomics . ^ Jump up to : CBO ( February 2014 ) . `` The Effects of a Minimum Wage Increase on Employment and Family Income '' . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Center for Economic and Policy Research . `` Why Does the Minimum Wage Have No Discernible Effect on Unemployment ? '' March 2013 Jump up ^ http://www.cepr.net/index.php/blogs/cepr-blog/2014-job-creation-in-states-that-raised-the-minimum-wage Jump up ^ Stilwell , Victoria ( March 8 , 2014 ) . `` Highest Minimum - Wage State Washington Beats U.S. in Job Creation '' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ Sabia , Burkhauser , Hansen ( 2012 ) . Are the Effects of Minimum Wage Increases Always Small ? New Evidence From a Case Study of New York State . Industrial and Labor Relations Review . Jump up ^ Sabia , J.J. ( 2008 ) . Minimum Wages and the Economic Well ‐ Being of Single Mothers . Journal of Policy Analysis and Management . Jump up ^ Burkhauser , Couch , Wittenburg ( 2000 ) . Who Minimum Wage Increases Bite : An Analysis Using Monthly Data from the SIPP and the CPS . South Economic Journal Jump up ^ Aaronson , French ( 2007 ) . Product Market Evidence on the Employment Effects of the Minimum Wage . Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago . Jump up ^ `` The Logical Floor '' . The Economist . December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago , The Minimum Wage , Restaurant Prices , and Labor Market Structure , August 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` Raise the Minimum Wage , Reduce Crime ? A new White House report links higher hourly incomes to lower rates of law - breaking . '' ( PDF ) , COEA , March 3 , 2017 , retrieved March 3 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : The Minimum Wage Law and Youth Crimes : Time - Series Evidence , Hashimoto . Chicago 1987 Jump up ^ Peterson Institute for International Economics ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` OECD Statistics ( GDP , unemployment , income , population , labour , education , trade , finance , prices ... ) '' . Stats.oecd.org . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers , 2016 . US Department of Labor . Jump up ^ Neumark , Shweitzer , Wascher ( 2004 ) . The Effects of Minimum Wages Throughout the Wage Distribution . Journal of Human Resources . Jump up ^ Neumark , Shweitzer , Wascher ( 2005 ) . The Effects of Minimum Wages on the Distribution of Family Incomes : A Non-Parametric Analysis . Journal of Human Resources . Jump up ^ Vedder , Gallaway ( 2002 ) . The minimum wage and poverty among full - time workers . Journal of Labor Research . Jump up ^ Cassleman , Ben ( 20 May 2015 ) . `` LA 's New Minimum Wage Is n't Worth Anywhere Close To $15 '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Liu , John C. ( July 2013 ) . `` Working but Still Struggling : The case for a New York City minimum wage '' ( PDF ) . New York City Comptroller 's Office . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Mankiw , N.G. Essentials of Economics , 8th Edition . Cengage Learning , pp. 31 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Smith ( 2015 ) . Survey of US Economists on a $15 Minimum Wage . Employment Policies Institute . Jump up ^ Whaples ( 2006 ) . Do Economists Agree on Anything ? Yes ! The Economists ' Voice . Jump up ^ http://www.epi.org/minimum-wage-statement/ Jump up ^ `` 600 Economists Now Back A $10.10 Minimum Wage '' . Huffington Post . January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Economists Hit Back in the Minimum - Wage Wars '' . The New York Times . March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.nationalmemo.com/over-600-economists-agree-its-time-to-raise-the-minimum-wage/ Jump up ^ `` Seven Nobel Laureates Endorse Higher U.S. Minimum Wage '' . Bloomberg . January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.economicpolicyjournal.com/2014/01/seven-nobel-laureates-endorse-increase.html Jump up ^ ( 2 ) University of Chicago - IGM Forum - February 26 , 2013 Jump up ^ Fuller , Dan and Doris Geide - Stevenson ( 2003 ) : Consensus Among Economists : Revisited , in : Journal of Economic Review , Vol. 34 , No. 4 , Seite 369 - 387 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ NYT - Paul Krugman - Raise that Wage - February 2013 Jump up ^ The Daily Show : President Bill Clinton . September 2014 Jump up ^ Pew Center . Most See Inequality Growing , But Partisans Differ Over Solutions . January 23 , 2014 Jump up ^ 5 facts about the minimum wage Drew DeSilver , Pew Research Center , January 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Lake Research Partners . Public Support for Raising the Minimum Wage . February 2012 Jump up ^ `` United States Minimum Wage By State 2013 '' . Minimum-Wage.org . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Employee Rights Under the Fair Labor Standards Act '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Labor -- Wage and Hour Division . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees '' . U.S. Department of Labor . Jump up ^ `` Exemptions to the Minimum Wage and the FLSA '' . Minimum-Wage.org . May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/whdfs32.pdf Jump up ^ `` What is the minimum wage for workers who receive tips ? What is the minimum wage for workers who receive tips ? '' . eLaws . United States Department of Labor . Retrieved 5 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Federal minimum wage will increase to $7.25 on July 24 '' . United States Department of Labor . Retrieved 5 November 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.dol.gov/whd/minwage/coverage.htm Jump up ^ Associated Press A higher minimum wage for millions in 2017 CBS News , December 29 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Minimum Wage Laws in the States Archived 2007 - 06 - 25 at the Wayback Machine ... From the United States Department of Labor , Employment Standards Administration -- Wage and Hour Division . The source page has a clickable US map with current and projected state - by - state minimum wage rates for each state . ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees '' . US Department of Labor . January 1 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` State Minimum Wage Rates '' . LaborLawCenter.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage FAQs '' . Industrial Commission of Arizona . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Wage Raise Passes In Four GOP States '' . Huffington Post . November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum wage '' . California Department of Industrial Relations . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lifsher , Marc ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` California Legislature approves raising minimum wage to $10 '' . LATimes.com . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Myers , John ; Dillon , Liam ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Gov. Brown hails deal to raise minimum wage to $15 as ' matter of economic justice ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Ordinance ( MWO ) '' . City of Berkeley . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Ordinance , City of Emeryville '' . City of Emeryville . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kasler , Dale ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Jackson Rancheria announcing raise for hundreds of employees '' . Sacramento Bee . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/o/CityAdministration/d/MinimumWage/OAK051451 Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Raises Minimum Wage to $15 Per Hour '' . ABC News . Associated Press . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Ordinance ( MWO ) '' . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Official Minimum Wage Bulletin '' . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` 2012 Colorado Minimum Wage Fact Sheet '' . Colorado DOLE . December 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The CT Mirror -- Connecticut becomes first state to pass $10.10 minimum wage '' . ctmirror.org . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History of Minimum Wage Rates '' . Connecticut Department of Labor . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Del . governor signs minimum wage increase washingtonpost , 30.1. 2014 Jump up ^ Florida Statutes Section 448.110 ( 4 ) ( a ) . Jump up ^ http://www.sun-sentinel.com/business/careers/fl-florida-minimum-wage-20161017-story.html ^ Jump up to : Note : Federal minimum wage applies to businesses involved in interstate commerce , and to most businesses with gross revenues over $500,000 , where state minimum wage is lower . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Change -- Spotlight -- Georgia Department of Labor '' . Dol.state.ga.us . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Go to Georgia Code Title 34 , Chapter 4 , § 34 - 4 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage and Overtime '' . Hawaii Department of Labor and Industrial Relations . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://www.legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title44/T44CH15SECT44-1502.htm Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage / Overtime FAQ '' . Illinois Department of Labor . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Lobosco , Katie ( 2 December 2015 ) . `` Chicago hikes minimum wage to $13 '' . CNN Money . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.in.gov/dol/files/Indiana2009MinimumWage.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Wage Frequently Asked Questions '' . Iowa Workforce Development . n.d . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On Iowa Blocking All Local Minimum Wage and Employment Benefits Laws `` . www.nelp.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Sebelius signs bill to raise Kansas minimum wage to $7.25 an hour '' . Kansas City Business Journal . April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) , ( Lawrence Journal - World ) , Scott Rothschild , April 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.lrc.ky.gov/statutes/statute.aspx?id=32064 Jump up ^ `` An Ordinance Relating to Minimum Wage to be Paid to Employees by Employers in Louisville Metro '' ( PDF ) . Louisville Kentucky Government . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.afscme.org/blog/louisville-council-raises-minimum-wage-to-9-an-hour Jump up ^ Barton , Ryland ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) . `` Kentucky Supreme Court Strikes Down Louisville Minimum Wage Ordinance '' . 89.3 WFPL News Louisville . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Poster '' ( PDF ) . Maine Department of Labor Standards . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.pressherald.com/2015/07/07/portland-city-council-votes-to-raise-minimum-wage-to-10-10-an-hour/ Jump up ^ Cousins , Christopher ; Staff , B.D.N. `` LePage signs bill into law to restore Maine tip credit '' . The Bangor Daily News . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Title 26 , § 664 : Minimum wage ; overtime rate '' . legislature.maine.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Maryland Minimum Wage and Overtime Law -- Employment Standards Service ( ESS ) . ' `` Department of Labor , Licensing & Regulation . State of Maryland . Jump up ^ Wagner , John . Maryland governor urges minimum - wage rise to $10.10 to help state 's lowest - paid workers . The Washington Post . February 11 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maryland Minimum Wage and Overtime Law Montgomery County '' . Maryland Department of Labor , Licensing and Regulation . August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leggett vetoes $15 minimum wage in Montgomery County '' . The Washington Post . January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill 12 - 16 , Human Rights and Civil Liberties - County Minimum Wage -- Amount -- Annual Adjustment Veto '' . Montgomery County Council . January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Program '' . Labor and Workforce Development . 2011 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Casteel , Kathryn ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) . `` The Minimum Wage Movement Is Leaving Tipped Workers Behind '' . FiveThirtyEight . ESPN . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` What is the Michigan Minimum Wage ? '' . Michigan Department of Energy , Labor & Economic Growth . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.michigan.gov/lara/0,4601,7-154-59886-370158--,00.html Jump up ^ http://www.michigan.gov/lara/0,4601,7-154-11407_32352-140972--,00.html ^ Jump up to : `` State minimum - wage laws -- Labor Standards ; Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry '' . www.dli.mn.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Standards -- Minnesota 's minimum - wage law '' . Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( PDF ) https://labor.mo.gov/sites/labor/files/pubs_forms/LS-52-AI.pdf . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` St. Louis city approves $11 minimum wage '' . FOX2now.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ http://www.kansascity.com/news/state/missouri/article39213675.html Jump up ^ `` Missouri Supreme Court upholds St. Louis minimum wage law ; will be $11 by 2018 '' . St. Louis Public Radio . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum wage hike set to reverse in Missouri '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://ballotpedia.org/Nebraska_Minimum_Wage_Increase,_Initiative_425_%282014%29 Jump up ^ `` Nevada 's minimum wage and daily overtime rates unchanged for 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Nevada Office of the Labor Commissioner . April 1 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Rate Increasing '' . Las Vegas Review Journal . June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.nh.gov/labor/inspection/wage-hour/minimum-wage.htm ^ Jump up to : N.J. minimum wage will increase next year NJ.com , October 2016 Jump up ^ living_wage santafenm.gov Jump up ^ http://www.cabq.gov/legal/news/albuquerque-minimum-wage-increase-2015 Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wages -- New York State Department of Labor '' . Labor.state.ny.us. 2013 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` New York approves $9 minimum wage '' . upi.com . UPI . March 29 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Viswanathan , Subhash ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` New York Increases Amount of Salary Necessary to Qualify Employees for Executive and Administrative Exemptions '' . New York Labor And Employment Law Report . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Tripp , Noel P. ; Jackson Lewis P.C. ( 8 Dec 2013 ) . `` New York 's New Miscellaneous Wage Order Tip Credit Provision to Impact Businesses Such As Car Washes and Salons '' . The National Law Review . Retrieved 10 Dec 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/new-york-state-increases-minimum-wage-98715/ ^ Jump up to : North Carolina MINIMUM WAGE N.C. Department of Labor , n.d. , accessed 4.4. 2017 Jump up ^ http://www.nd.gov/labor/laws/34-06.html Jump up ^ `` State Minimum Wages 2016 Minimum Wage by State '' . www.ncsl.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio minimum wage to go up 10 cents next week '' . Cleveland Plain Dealer . December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ `` Your Rights Under the Oklahoma Minimum Wage Act '' ( PDF ) . Oklahoma Department of Labor . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://www.oregon.gov/boli/WHD/OMW/Pages/Minimum-Wage-Rate-Summary.aspx Jump up ^ Text of SB 1532 ^ Jump up to : Kullgren , Ian K. `` Oregon House passes minimum wage hike after turbulent debate , sending it to Kate Brown '' . The Oregonian . February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.oregon.gov/boli/WHD/OMW/Pages/Minimum-Wage-Rate-Summary.aspx Jump up ^ http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=553566&mode=2 Jump up ^ https://dlr.sd.gov/employment_laws/minimum_wage.aspx Jump up ^ http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/LA/htm/LA.62.htm Jump up ^ ( 6 ) burlingtonfreepress , January 1 , 2017 Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Vermont minimum wage will rise to $10.50 an hour '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ http://www.doli.virginia.gov/laborlaw/laborlaw.html ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Wage '' . Washington State Department of Labor and Industries . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Employees aged 14 or 15 may be paid 85 % of the minimum wage . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage '' . Washington State Department of Labor and Industries . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Minimum Wage Ordinance '' . Seattle Office of Civil Rights . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle City Council approves historic $15 minimum wage '' . Seattle Times . 2014 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` SeaTac : The small US town that sparked a movement against low wages '' . Guardian . 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Raising the minimum wage without raising havoc , Washington Post , September 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ http://www.legis.state.wv.us/WVCODe/Code.cfm?chap=21&art=5C Jump up ^ Virginia minimum wage thinkprogress.org , 2014 / 04 / 03 Jump up ^ `` The Wisconsin 's 2009 Minimum Wage Rates '' . Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development . July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wage Rate in American Samoa '' ( PDF ) . Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division . Jump up ^ `` President Obama signs Minimum Wage delay into Law '' . US Dept of Labor . October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ State Allows no credit for tips . `` Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees '' . US Department of Labor . January 1 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/posters/cnmi.pdf Jump up ^ http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/house/321443-dems-vote-with-gop-to-delay-minimum-wage-hike-in-northern-mariana-islands Jump up ^ http://www.vidol.gov/dol_news_detail2.php Jump up ^ `` Washington , DC city council raises minimum wage to $11.50 / hr in 2016 '' . Reuters . December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Kelly . `` D.C. raises minimum wage to $15 '' . Washington Examiner . June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Aaron C. `` D.C. lawmakers approve $15 minimum wage , joining N.Y. , Calif . '' . The Washington Post . June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : DeWitt , Jeffrey S. `` Fiscal Impact Statement -- Fair Shot Minimum wage Amendment Act of 2016 '' . Office of the Chief Financial Officer . Government of the District of Columbia . June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Minimum Wage Poster '' . Department of Employment Services . Government of the District of Columbia . 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates United States '' . US Bureau of Labor Statistics . May 2006 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates United States '' . US Bureau of Labor Statistics . May 2008 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates United States '' . US Bureau of Labor Statistics . May 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Minimum wage in the United States at DMOZ Federal Minimum Wage . United States Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division . Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees . United States Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division . History of Federal Minimum Wage United States Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division . U.S. Minimum Wage History . Oregon State University -- Wealth and Poverty ( Anth 484 ) . Last updated December 26 , 2012 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is the last time the federal minimum wage was raised | [
"The minimum wage in the United States is set by US labor law and a network of state, and local laws. Employers generally must pay workers the highest minimum wage prescribed by federal, state, and local law. As of July 2016, the federal government mandates a nationwide minimum wage of $7.25 per hour. As of October 2016, there are 29 states with a minimum wage higher than the federal minimum. From 2014 to 2015, nine states increased their minimum wage levels through automatic adjustments, while increases in 11 other states occurred through referendum or legislative action. In real terms, the federal minimum wage peaked near $10.00 per hour in 1968, using 2014 inflation-adjusted dollars.[1]"
] | [
"October 2016"
] |
6823181555929682205 | That's the Way Love Goes (Merle Haggard album) | That 's the Way Love Goes ( Merle Haggard album ) - wikipedia That 's the Way Love Goes ( Merle Haggard album ) Jump to : navigation , search That 's the Way Love Goes Studio album by Merle Haggard Released August 1983 Recorded January / March 1983 at Woodland Sound Studio and Eleven Sound Studio , Nashville , TN Genre Country Length 32 : 00 Label Epic Producer Merle Haggard , Ray Baker Merle Haggard chronology Pancho & Lefty ( 1983 ) Pancho & Lefty 1983 That 's the Way Love Goes ( 1983 ) Heart to Heart ( 1983 ) Heart to Heart 1983 That 's the Way Love Goes is the 38th studio album by American country singer Merle Haggard , released in 1983 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Reception 3 Track listing 4 Personnel 5 Chart performance 6 References Background ( edit ) Haggard had loved Lefty Frizzell 's `` That 's the Way Love Goes '' since he first heard the song took a stab at recording it towards the end of his tenure with Capitol Records in the mid-seventies with unsatisfactory results . That version , which can be found on the box set Hag : The Studio Recordings 1969 - 1976 , is more lighthearted and whimsical than the one Haggard would record in 1983 , which possesses a delicate melancholy that somehow becomes uplifting mainly because of Haggard 's masterful delivery of the words . The song topped the Billboard country singles chart , as did `` Someday When Things Are Good , '' a song co-authored by Haggard and his wife Leona Williams . It also proved to be prophetic , as the couple would divorce that year . Williams had also written Haggard 's recent hit `` You Take Me For Granted , '' but Williams , who replaced Haggard 's previous wife Bonnie Owens in the Strangers , had creative aspirations of her own that were not always appreciated by her husband . As Haggard wrote in his 1981 autobiography Sing Me Back Home , `` I 'd reached the point in my career where I felt in charge of my music ... When Leona tried to make a suggestion , I resented it . She resented my resentment . So it went . She kept saying she felt like an outsider ... I could n't understand why she got so upset by the press leaning toward good ol ' Bonnie and the snide remarks about Leona coming in and breaking up my ' happy home . ' '' The divorce would instigate a personal landslide for Haggard , who would spend the rest of the decade losing himself in a fog of alcohol and drugs , although initially it did not prevent him from scoring # 1 hits . In fact , That 's The Way Love Goes was his third hit LP for Epic in two years , not counting two separate duet albums with George Jones and Willie Nelson . While discussing his own song `` Bad Boy '' in the liner notes to Great Days : The John Prine Anthology , John Prine admitted , `` Around that time , I fell under the spell of Merle Haggard 's songwriting . There was a period there when he just seemed to be churning out some really great stuff . He was bringing out great albums every six or eight months , and I considered ' Bad Boy ' sort of in the vein of what he was doing . '' Overall , That 's The Way Love Goes offers a more laid back feel than Haggard 's recent LPs , demonstrating the singer 's emotive vocal range on several ballads like `` What Am I Gonna Do ( With the Rest of My Life ) '' , which peaked at number 3 and appears to reflect the turmoil with Williams , as does the lilting yet bitter `` If You Hated Me . '' Other tracks feature the bright pop sound that was becoming more predominate on country albums in the eighties , such as `` I 'm Carrying Fire '' and the jazzy `` The Last Boat of the Day . '' The album 's closing track , `` I Think I 'll Stay , '' sounds like an afterhours blues jam as Haggard croons , `` Think I 'll stay around till I 'm sick of home sweet home ... '' The album would peak at number 8 on the Billboard country albums chart . Reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Matt Fink of AllMusic rates the album `` another decent collection of laidback ballads that lets Haggard display some of the full range of his vocal talents ... '' John Morthland of Amazon.com : `` Here 's one of the great , lost Haggard albums ... The tone is bleak , funereal , without a single uptempo stomp to break up the succession of one beautiful , heartbreaking ballad after another . '' At the Grammy Awards of 1985 , That 's the Way Love Goes won the Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance . That 's the Way Love Goes was reissued on CD by DCC Compact Classics in 2000 , and reissued again along with Going Where the Lonely Go on CD by S & P Records in 2005 . Track listing ( edit ) `` What Am I Gonna Do ( With the Rest of My Life ) '' ( Merle Haggard ) -- 3 : 35 `` ( I 'm Gonna Paint Me ) A Bed of Roses '' ( Haggard , Bobby Whitson ) -- 2 : 11 `` Someday When Things Are Good '' ( Haggard , Leona Williams ) -- 3 : 38 `` That 's the Way Love Goes '' ( Lefty Frizzell , Sanger D. Shafer ) -- 3 : 04 `` Carryin ' Fire '' ( Red Lane ) -- 2 : 55 `` Do n't Seem Like We 've Been Together All Our Lives '' ( Haggard ) -- 2 : 56 `` If You Hated Me '' ( Haggard , Lane , Dean Holloway ) -- 2 : 42 `` Love Will Find You '' ( Haggard ) -- 2 : 36 `` The Last Boat of the Day '' ( Hank Cochran , Lane ) -- 3 : 40 `` I Think I 'll Stay '' ( Haggard ) -- 4 : 43 Personnel ( edit ) Merle Haggard -- vocals , guitar Roy Nichols -- guitar Reggie Young -- guitar Greg Galbraith -- guitar Dave Kirby -- guitar Glenn Martin -- guitar Red Lane -- guitar Norm Hamlet -- steel guitar Dennis Hromek -- bass Mike Leach -- bass Gene Chrisman -- drums Kenny Malone -- drums Biff Adams -- drums Tiny Moore -- fiddle , mandolin Jimmy Balken -- fiddle Bobby Wood -- keyboards Mark Yeary -- keyboards Terry McMillan -- harmonica Don Markham -- horns Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums 8 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Haggard , Merle ; Russell , Peggy ( 1983 ) . Sing Me Back Home : My Story . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 45275 - 9 . Jump up ^ Allmusic review Jump up ^ Allmusic entry for Going Where the Lonely Go / That 's the Way Love Goes . Retrieved December 2009 . ( hide ) Merle Haggard The Strangers Roy Nichols Norman Hamlet Biff Adam Dennis Hromek Bobby Wayne Marcia Nichols Eddie Burris George French Jerry Ward Studio albums Strangers Swinging Doors I 'm a Lonesome Fugitive Branded Man Sing Me Back Home The Legend of Bonnie & Clyde Mama Tried Pride in What I Am Same Train , A Different Time A Portrait of Merle Haggard A Tribute to the Best Damn Fiddle Player in the World ( or , My Salute to Bob Wills ) Hag Someday We 'll Look Back Let Me Tell You About a Song It 's Not Love ( But It 's Not Bad ) If We Make It Through December Merle Haggard Presents His 30th Album Keep Movin ' On It 's All in the Movies My Love Affair with Trains The Roots of My Raising Ramblin ' Fever A Working Man Ca n't Get Nowhere Today My Farewell to Elvis I 'm Always on a Mountain When I Fall Serving 190 Proof The Way I Am Back to the Barrooms Big City Going Where the Lonely Go That 's the Way Love Goes It 's All in the Game Kern River Out Among the Stars A Friend In California Chill Factor 5 : 01 Blues Blue Jungle If I Could Only Fly Roots , Volume 1 The Peer Sessions Haggard Like Never Before Unforgettable Chicago Wind The Bluegrass Sessions I Am What I Am Working in Tennessee Live albums Okie from Muskogee The Fightin ' Side of Me I Love Dixie Blues Rainbow Stew Live at Anaheim Stadium The Epic Collection ( Recorded Live ) Amber Waves of Grain Motorcycle Cowboy : Live at Billy Bob 's Texas Ol ' Country Singer Live from Austin , TX Live from Austin , TX ' 78 Gospel albums The Land of Many Churches Songs for the Mama That Tried Cabin in the Hills Two Old Friends ( with Albert E. Brumley , Jr . ) Holiday albums Merle Haggard 's Christmas Present Goin ' Home for Christmas Pancho , Lefty and Rudolph ( with Willie Nelson ) I Wish I Was Santa Claus The Strangers albums Instrumental Sounds of Merle Haggard 's Strangers Introducing My Friends The Strangers Getting to Know Merle Haggard 's Strangers Honky Tonkin ' Totally Instrumental ( With One Exception ... ) Singles 1960s `` Sing a Sad Song '' `` Sam Hill '' `` ( My Friends Are Gonna Be ) Strangers '' `` I 'm Gonna Break Every Heart I Can '' `` Swinging Doors '' `` The Bottle Let Me Down '' `` The Fugitive '' `` I Threw Away the Rose '' `` Branded Man '' `` Sing Me Back Home '' `` The Legend of Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Mama Tried '' `` I Take a Lot of Pride in What I Am '' `` Hungry Eyes '' `` Workin ' Man Blues '' `` Okie from Muskogee '' 1970s `` The Fightin ' Side of Me '' `` Street Singer '' `` Jesus , Take a Hold '' `` I Ca n't Be Myself '' `` Soldier 's Last Letter '' `` Someday We 'll Look Back '' `` Daddy Frank ( The Guitar Man ) '' `` Carolyn '' `` Grandma Harp '' `` It 's Not Love ( But It 's Not Bad ) '' `` I Wonder If They Ever Think of Me '' `` The Emptiest Arms in the World '' `` Everybody 's Had the Blues '' `` If We Make It Through December '' `` Things Are n't Funny Anymore '' `` Old Man from the Mountain '' `` Kentucky Gambler '' `` Always Wanting You '' `` Movin ' On '' `` It 's All in the Movies '' `` The Roots of My Raising '' `` Here Comes the Freedom Train '' `` Cherokee Maiden '' `` If We 're Not Back in Love by Monday '' `` Ramblin ' Fever '' `` A Working Man Ca n't Get Nowhere Today '' `` From Graceland to the Promised Land '' `` Running Kind '' `` I 'm Always on a Mountain When I Fall '' `` It 's Been a Great Afternoon '' `` The Way It Was in ' 51 '' `` Red Bandana '' `` My Own Kind of Hat '' 1980s -- 1990s `` The Way I Am '' `` Misery and Gin '' `` I Think I 'll Just Stay Here and Drink '' `` Leonard '' `` Rainbow Stew '' `` My Favorite Memory '' `` Big City '' `` Dealing with the Devil '' `` Are the Good Times Really Over ( I Wish a Buck Was Still Silver ) '' `` Going Where the Lonely Go '' `` You Take Me for Granted '' `` What Am I Gonna Do ( With the Rest of My Life ) '' `` It 's All in the Game '' `` That 's the Way Love Goes '' `` Someday When Things Are Good '' `` Let 's Chase Each Other Around the Room '' `` A Place to Fall Apart '' `` Make - Up and Faded Blue Jeans '' `` Kern River '' `` Amber Waves of Grain '' `` American Waltz '' `` I Had a Beautiful Time '' `` A Friend in California '' `` Out Among the Stars '' `` Almost Persuaded '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle Lucky Star '' `` Chill Factor '' `` We Never Touch at All '' `` You Babe '' `` 5 : 01 Blues '' `` A Better Love Next Time '' `` If You Want to Be My Woman '' `` Broken Friend '' `` When It Rains It Pours '' `` In My Next Life '' Collaborations Albums Just Between the Two of Us ( with Bonnie Owens ) A Taste of Yesterday 's Wine ( with George Jones ) Pancho & Lefty ( with Willie Nelson ) Heart to Heart ( with Leona Williams ) Walking the Line ( with George Jones and Willie Nelson ) Seashores of Old Mexico ( with Willie Nelson ) Kickin ' Out the Footlights ... Again ( with George Jones ) Last of the Breed ( with Willie Nelson and Ray Price ) Django & Jimmie ( with Willie Nelson ) Singles `` Just Between the Two of Us '' ( with Bonnie Owens ) `` The Bull and the Beaver '' with Leona Williams `` Bar Room Buddies '' ( with Clint Eastwood ) `` Yesterday 's Wine '' ( with George Jones ) `` C.C. Waterback '' ( with George Jones ) `` Reasons to Quit '' ( with Willie Nelson ) `` Pancho and Lefty '' ( with Willie Nelson ) `` We 're Strangers Again '' ( with Leona Williams ) `` If I Could Only Fly '' ( with Willie Nelson ) `` That 's the Way Love Goes '' with ( Jewel ) `` Wreck on the Highway '' ( with Chester Smith ) Guest appearances `` Street Singer '' ( by The Strangers ) `` Willie '' ( by Hank Cochran ) `` Walking the Floor Over You '' ( by Ernest Tubb ) `` I Ca n't Hold Myself in Line '' ( by Johnny Paycheck ) `` Lefty '' ( by David Frizzell ) `` Same Old Train '' ( from Tribute to Tradition ) `` Politically Uncorrect '' ( by Gretchen Wilson ) `` I Think I 'll Just Stay Here and Drink '' ( by Hank Williams , Jr . ) Compilations The Best of Merle Haggard Close - Up The Best of the Best of Merle Haggard Songs I 'll Always Sing Eleven Winners The Way It Was in ' 51 Merle Haggard 's Greatest Hits His Epic Hits : The First 11 ( To Be Continued ... ) His Best His Greatest and His Best The Lonesome Fugitive Untamed Hawk Vintage Collections Down Every Road 1962 -- 1994 Yesterday 's Wine 1981 - 1988 A&E Biography 16 Biggest Hits For the Record : 43 Legendary Hits Merle Haggard 's Train Whistle Blues 20 Greatest Hits David Allan Coe Presents 40 # 1 Hits The Essential Merle Haggard : The Epic Years Hag : The Best of Merle Haggard Related articles Discography Capitol Records MCA Records Epic Records Marty Haggard Noel Haggard Bonnie Owens Leona Williams Mama 's Hungry Eyes : A Tribute to Merle Haggard `` Untanglin ' My Mind '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=That%27s_the_Way_Love_Goes_(Merle_Haggard_album)&oldid=723453096 '' Categories : 1983 albums Merle Haggard albums Epic Records albums Albums produced by Ray Baker ( music producer ) Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 June 2016 , at 04 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | merle haggard that's the way love goes songs | [
"\n\"What Am I Gonna Do (With the Rest of My Life)\" (Merle Haggard) – 3:35\n\"(I'm Gonna Paint Me) A Bed of Roses\" (Haggard, Bobby Whitson) – 2:11\n\"Someday When Things Are Good\" (Haggard, Leona Williams) – 3:38\n\"That's the Way Love Goes\" (Lefty Frizzell, Sanger D. Shafer) – 3:04\n\"Carryin' Fire\" (Red Lane) – 2:55\n\"Don't Seem Like We've Been Together All Our Lives\" (Haggard) – 2:56\n\"If You Hated Me\" (Haggard, Lane, Dean Holloway) – 2:42\n\"Love Will Find You\" (Haggard) – 2:36\n\"The Last Boat of the Day\" (Hank Cochran, Lane) – 3:40\n\"I Think I'll Stay\" (Haggard) – 4:43\n",
"\n\"What Am I Gonna Do (With the Rest of My Life)\" (Merle Haggard) – 3:35\n\"(I'm Gonna Paint Me) A Bed of Roses\" (Haggard, Bobby Whitson) – 2:11\n\"Someday When Things Are Good\" (Haggard, Leona Williams) – 3:38\n\"That's the Way Love Goes\" (Lefty Frizzell, Sanger D. Shafer) – 3:04\n\"Carryin' Fire\" (Red Lane) – 2:55\n\"Don't Seem Like We've Been Together All Our Lives\" (Haggard) – 2:56\n\"If You Hated Me\" (Haggard, Lane, Dean Holloway) – 2:42\n\"Love Will Find You\" (Haggard) – 2:36\n\"The Last Boat of the Day\" (Hank Cochran, Lane) – 3:40\n\"I Think I'll Stay\" (Haggard) – 4:43\n",
"\n\"What Am I Gonna Do (With the Rest of My Life)\" (Merle Haggard) – 3:35\n\"(I'm Gonna Paint Me) A Bed of Roses\" (Haggard, Bobby Whitson) – 2:11\n\"Someday When Things Are Good\" (Haggard, Leona Williams) – 3:38\n\"That's the Way Love Goes\" (Lefty Frizzell, Sanger D. Shafer) – 3:04\n\"Carryin' Fire\" (Red Lane) – 2:55\n\"Don't Seem Like We've Been Together All Our Lives\" (Haggard) – 2:56\n\"If You Hated Me\" (Haggard, Lane, Dean Holloway) – 2:42\n\"Love Will Find You\" (Haggard) – 2:36\n\"The Last Boat of the Day\" (Hank Cochran, Lane) – 3:40\n\"I Think I'll Stay\" (Haggard) – 4:43\n",
"\n\"What Am I Gonna Do (With the Rest of My Life)\" (Merle Haggard) – 3:35\n\"(I'm Gonna Paint Me) A Bed of Roses\" (Haggard, Bobby Whitson) – 2:11\n\"Someday When Things Are Good\" (Haggard, Leona Williams) – 3:38\n\"That's the Way Love Goes\" (Lefty Frizzell, Sanger D. Shafer) – 3:04\n\"Carryin' Fire\" (Red Lane) – 2:55\n\"Don't Seem Like We've Been Together All Our Lives\" (Haggard) – 2:56\n\"If You Hated Me\" (Haggard, Lane, Dean Holloway) – 2:42\n\"Love Will Find You\" (Haggard) – 2:36\n\"The Last Boat of the Day\" (Hank Cochran, Lane) – 3:40\n\"I Think I'll Stay\" (Haggard) – 4:43\n",
"\n\"What Am I Gonna Do (With the Rest of My Life)\" (Merle Haggard) – 3:35\n\"(I'm Gonna Paint Me) A Bed of Roses\" (Haggard, Bobby Whitson) – 2:11\n\"Someday When Things Are Good\" (Haggard, Leona Williams) – 3:38\n\"That's the Way Love Goes\" (Lefty Frizzell, Sanger D. Shafer) – 3:04\n\"Carryin' Fire\" (Red Lane) – 2:55\n\"Don't Seem Like We've Been Together All Our Lives\" (Haggard) – 2:56\n\"If You Hated Me\" (Haggard, Lane, Dean Holloway) – 2:42\n\"Love Will Find You\" (Haggard) – 2:36\n\"The Last Boat of the Day\" (Hank Cochran, Lane) – 3:40\n\"I Think I'll Stay\" (Haggard) – 4:43\n",
"\n\"What Am I Gonna Do (With the Rest of My Life)\" (Merle Haggard) – 3:35\n\"(I'm Gonna Paint Me) A Bed of Roses\" (Haggard, Bobby Whitson) – 2:11\n\"Someday When Things Are Good\" (Haggard, Leona Williams) – 3:38\n\"That's the Way Love Goes\" (Lefty Frizzell, Sanger D. Shafer) – 3:04\n\"Carryin' Fire\" (Red Lane) – 2:55\n\"Don't Seem Like We've Been Together All Our Lives\" (Haggard) – 2:56\n\"If You Hated Me\" (Haggard, Lane, Dean Holloway) – 2:42\n\"Love Will Find You\" (Haggard) – 2:36\n\"The Last Boat of the Day\" (Hank Cochran, Lane) – 3:40\n\"I Think I'll Stay\" (Haggard) – 4:43\n",
"\n\"What Am I Gonna Do (With the Rest of My Life)\" (Merle Haggard) – 3:35\n\"(I'm Gonna Paint Me) A Bed of Roses\" (Haggard, Bobby Whitson) – 2:11\n\"Someday When Things Are Good\" (Haggard, Leona Williams) – 3:38\n\"That's the Way Love Goes\" (Lefty Frizzell, Sanger D. Shafer) – 3:04\n\"Carryin' Fire\" (Red Lane) – 2:55\n\"Don't Seem Like We've Been Together All Our Lives\" (Haggard) – 2:56\n\"If You Hated Me\" (Haggard, Lane, Dean Holloway) – 2:42\n\"Love Will Find You\" (Haggard) – 2:36\n\"The Last Boat of the Day\" (Hank Cochran, Lane) – 3:40\n\"I Think I'll Stay\" (Haggard) – 4:43\n",
"\n\"What Am I Gonna Do (With the Rest of My Life)\" (Merle Haggard) – 3:35\n\"(I'm Gonna Paint Me) A Bed of Roses\" (Haggard, Bobby Whitson) – 2:11\n\"Someday When Things Are Good\" (Haggard, Leona Williams) – 3:38\n\"That's the Way Love Goes\" (Lefty Frizzell, Sanger D. Shafer) – 3:04\n\"Carryin' Fire\" (Red Lane) – 2:55\n\"Don't Seem Like We've Been Together All Our Lives\" (Haggard) – 2:56\n\"If You Hated Me\" (Haggard, Lane, Dean Holloway) – 2:42\n\"Love Will Find You\" (Haggard) – 2:36\n\"The Last Boat of the Day\" (Hank Cochran, Lane) – 3:40\n\"I Think I'll Stay\" (Haggard) – 4:43\n",
"\n\"What Am I Gonna Do (With the Rest of My Life)\" (Merle Haggard) – 3:35\n\"(I'm Gonna Paint Me) A Bed of Roses\" (Haggard, Bobby Whitson) – 2:11\n\"Someday When Things Are Good\" (Haggard, Leona Williams) – 3:38\n\"That's the Way Love Goes\" (Lefty Frizzell, Sanger D. Shafer) – 3:04\n\"Carryin' Fire\" (Red Lane) – 2:55\n\"Don't Seem Like We've Been Together All Our Lives\" (Haggard) – 2:56\n\"If You Hated Me\" (Haggard, Lane, Dean Holloway) – 2:42\n\"Love Will Find You\" (Haggard) – 2:36\n\"The Last Boat of the Day\" (Hank Cochran, Lane) – 3:40\n\"I Think I'll Stay\" (Haggard) – 4:43\n",
"\n\"What Am I Gonna Do (With the Rest of My Life)\" (Merle Haggard) – 3:35\n\"(I'm Gonna Paint Me) A Bed of Roses\" (Haggard, Bobby Whitson) – 2:11\n\"Someday When Things Are Good\" (Haggard, Leona Williams) – 3:38\n\"That's the Way Love Goes\" (Lefty Frizzell, Sanger D. Shafer) – 3:04\n\"Carryin' Fire\" (Red Lane) – 2:55\n\"Don't Seem Like We've Been Together All Our Lives\" (Haggard) – 2:56\n\"If You Hated Me\" (Haggard, Lane, Dean Holloway) – 2:42\n\"Love Will Find You\" (Haggard) – 2:36\n\"The Last Boat of the Day\" (Hank Cochran, Lane) – 3:40\n\"I Think I'll Stay\" (Haggard) – 4:43\n"
] | [
"\"What Am I Gonna Do (With the Rest of My Life)\"",
"\"(I'm Gonna Paint Me) A Bed of Roses\"",
"\"Someday When Things Are Good\"",
"\"That's the Way Love Goes\"",
"\"Carryin' Fire\"",
"\"Don't Seem Like We've Been Together All Our Lives\"",
"\"If You Hated Me\"",
"\"Love Will Find You\"",
"\"The Last Boat of the Day\"",
"\"I Think I'll Stay\""
] |
-4403063178180654166 | Planet of the Apes | Planet of the Apes - wikipedia Planet of the Apes Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Planet of the Apes ( disambiguation ) . Planet of the Apes Created by Pierre Boulle Original work La Planète des Singes ( 1963 ) Print publications Novel ( s ) La Planète des Singes ( 1963 ) Comics List of comics Films and television Film ( s ) Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television series Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Games Video game ( s ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes is an American science fiction media franchise consisting of films , books , television series , comics , and other media about a world in which humans and intelligent apes clash for control . The series began with French author Pierre Boulle 's 1963 novel La Planète des Singes , translated into English as Planet of the Apes or Monkey Planet . The 1968 film adaptation , Planet of the Apes , was a critical and commercial hit , initiating a series of sequels , tie - ins , and derivative works . Arthur P. Jacobs produced the series under APJAC Productions until his death in 1973 ; since then 20th Century Fox has owned the franchise . Four sequels followed the original film between 1970 and 1973 : Beneath the Planet of the Apes , Escape from the Planet of the Apes , Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , and Battle for the Planet of the Apes . They did not approach the critical acclaim of the original , but were commercially successful . The series also spawned two television series in 1974 and 1975 . Plans for a film remake stalled in `` development hell '' for over ten years before Tim Burton 's Planet of the Apes was released in 2001 . A new reboot film series commenced in 2011 with Rise of the Planet of the Apes , which was followed by Dawn of the Planet of the Apes in 2014 and War for the Planet of the Apes in 2017 . The films have grossed a total of over $2 billion worldwide , against a combined budget of $567.5 million . Other media and merchandising tie - ins include books , comics , video games , and toys . Planet of the Apes has received particular attention for its treatment of race , which critics consider its primary theme . Critics have also written on its Cold War and animal rights themes . The series has had a wide influence on subsequent films , media , and art , as well as popular culture and political discourse . Contents ( hide ) 1 La Planète des Singes 2 Original film series 2.1 Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) 2.2 Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) 2.3 Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) 2.4 Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) 2.5 Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) 3 Television series 3.1 Planet of the Apes TV series 3.2 Animated series 3.2. 1 Return to the Planet of the Apes 4 Remake film 4.1 Planned relaunch and `` development hell '' 4.2 Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) 5 Reboot film series 5.1 Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) 5.2 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) 5.3 War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) 5.4 Possible fourth film 6 Other media and merchandise 6.1 Books 6.2 Comics 6.3 Toys and merchandise 6.4 Theme park ride 6.5 Video games 7 Themes 8 Cultural impact and legacy 9 List of media 9.1 Feature films 10 Reception 10.1 Box office performance 10.2 Critical and public response 11 Characters 11.1 Humans 11.2 Apes 12 Crew and other 13 Footnotes 14 References 15 External links La Planète des Singes ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( novel ) First American edition of Boulle 's novel , titled Planet of the Apes The series began with French author Pierre Boulle 's 1963 novel La Planète des Singes . Boulle wrote the novel in six months after the `` humanlike expressions '' of gorillas at the zoo inspired him to contemplate the relationship between man and ape . La Planète des Singes was heavily influenced by 18th - and 19th - century fantastical travel narratives , especially Jonathan Swift 's satirical Gulliver 's Travels . It is one of several of Boulle 's works to use science fiction tropes and plot devices to comment on the failings of human nature and mankind 's overreliance on technology . However , Boulle rejected the science fiction label for his work , instead terming it `` social fantasy '' . The novel is a social satire following French journalist Ulysse Mérou , who participates in a voyage to a distant planet where speechless , animalistic humans are hunted and enslaved by an advanced society of apes . Eventually Mérou discovers that humans once dominated the planet until their complacency allowed the more industrious apes to overthrow them . The novel 's central message is that human intelligence is not a fixed quality and could atrophy if taken for granted . Boulle considered the novel one of his minor works , though it proved to be a hit . Xan Fielding translated it into English ; it was published in the United Kingdom as Monkey Planet and in the United States as Planet of the Apes . Original film series ( edit ) Boulle 's literary agent Allain Bernheim brought the novel to the attention of American film producer Arthur P. Jacobs , who had come to Paris looking for new properties to adapt with his new company , APJAC Productions . To explain his interests , Jacobs had mentioned to agents , `` I wish King Kong had n't been made so I could make it . '' Bernheim initially approached Jacobs about a Françoise Sagan novel , which Jacobs turned down . Remembering Jacobs ' earlier comment about King Kong , Bernheim mentioned La Planète des Singes , not expecting Jacobs would be interested . However , the story intrigued Jacobs , who bought the film rights immediately . Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( 1968 film ) Charlton Heston , star of Planet of the Apes Franklin J. Schaffner , director of Planet of the Apes After optioning the novel 's film rights , Arthur P. Jacobs spent over three years trying to convince filmmakers to take on the project . He hired a succession of artists to create test sketches , and hired veteran television writer Rod Serling , creator of The Twilight Zone , to pen the script . Serling 's script changed elements of Boulle 's novel , introducing Cold War themes ; notably he wrote a new twist ending that revealed the planet to be a future Earth where humans had destroyed themselves through nuclear warfare . As production costs were estimated at over $10 million , no studio in either Hollywood or Europe would assume the risk . Jacobs and associate producer Mort Abrahams persevered , and eventually persuaded Charlton Heston to star ; Heston in turn recommended director Franklin J. Schaffner . The team recorded a brief screen test featuring Heston , which ultimately convinced 20th Century Fox the film could succeed . Fox insisted on changes to reduce the budget to a more manageable $5.8 million . The producers hired veteran writer Michael Wilson , who had previously adapted Boulle 's novel The Bridge over the River Kwai , to rewrite Serling 's script . To save on special effects costs , Wilson 's script described an ape society more primitive than that which appeared in the novel . The new script changed much of the plot and dialogue , but retained the Cold War themes and Serling 's ending . John Chambers created the innovative makeup effects . Heston played 20th - century American astronaut George Taylor , who travels to a strange planet where intelligent apes dominate mute , primitive humans . Kim Hunter and Roddy McDowall played the sympathetic chimpanzees Zira and Cornelius , and Linda Harrison portrayed Taylor 's love interest Nova . Maurice Evans played the villain , orangutan science minister Dr. Zaius . The finale , in which Taylor comes upon a ruined Statue of Liberty and realizes he has been on Earth all along , became the series ' defining scene and one of the most iconic images in 1960s film . The film was released on February 8 , 1968 , and was a smash success with both critics and audiences , breaking contemporary box office records and earning rave reviews . John Chambers received an honorary Oscar at the 41st Academy Awards for his make - up effects , the first ever given to a make - up artist . Jerry Goldsmith 's score and Morton Haack 's costume design also earned Oscar nominations . Fox approached Jacobs and Abrahams about filming a sequel . Though they had not made the film with sequels in mind , its success led them to consider the prospect . Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) ( edit ) Main article : Beneath the Planet of the Apes Kim Hunter played Zira in the first three films Planning for the sequel , eventually titled Beneath the Planet of the Apes , began two months after the original film 's release . Jacobs and Abrahams initially considered several treatments by Rod Serling and Pierre Boulle , but ultimately turned them down . In fall 1968 the producers hired Paul Dehn to write the script ; he would become the primary writer for the franchise . Charlton Heston was uninterested in a sequel , but agreed to shoot a few scenes if his character were killed off and his salary donated to charity . In one of many major rewrites , Dehn altered the script to center on a new character , Brent , played by James Franciscus . With director Franklin J. Shaffner unavailable , owing to his work on Patton , the producers hired Ted Post on January 8 , 1969 . Post struggled with the material , especially after the studio cut the budget to $3.4 million . The story follows Franciscus ' character Brent , an astronaut who inadvertently follows Taylor into the future while searching for him . After encountering the apes from the first film , Brent finds Taylor imprisoned by a colony of subterranean human mutants who worship an ancient nuclear bomb . Kim Hunter , Maurice Evans , and Linda Harrison returned as Zira , Zaius , and Nova . David Watson replaced Roddy McDowall as Cornelius , as McDowall was unavailable due to a scheduling conflict . James Gregory played gorilla General Ursus and Paul Richards played mutant leader Méndez . The film opened on May 26 , 1970 . Unlike the first film , Beneath was poorly reviewed ; critics typically regard it as the worst of the Apes sequels other than the fifth film , Battle for the Planet of the Apes . However , it was a major box office hit , nearing the original 's numbers . Despite a conclusion depicting the planet 's nuclear destruction , Fox requested another sequel , creating a series . Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) ( edit ) Main article : Escape from the Planet of the Apes Roddy McDowall returned as Cornelius in Escape from the Planet of the Apes . He would go on to star in two additional Apes films and the live - action television series Following the financial success of Beneath , Arthur P. Jacobs recruited Paul Dehn to write a new script with a brief telegram : `` Apes exist , Sequel required . '' Dehn immediately started work on what became Escape from the Planet of the Apes . The producers hired a new director , Don Taylor . Fox gave the production a greatly diminished budget ( $2.5 million ) , which required a tight production schedule . To work around the budget , as well as Beneath 's seemingly definitive ending , the film took the series in a new direction by transporting Zira ( Kim Hunter ) and Cornelius ( Roddy McDowall , returning to the role after being absent from Beneath ) back in time to the contemporary United States , reducing the need for expensive sets and ape make - up effects . In the film , Zira and Cornelius are initially accepted by American society , but fears that their child will bring about the domination of the human race by evolved apes leads to conflict . Jacob 's wife Natalie Trundy , who appeared as a mutant in Beneath and later played the ape Lisa in the next two sequels , was cast as Dr. Stephanie Branton . Bradford Dillman played Dr. Lewis Dixon , Ricardo Montalbán played Armando , and Eric Braeden portrayed the villain , the President 's Science Advisor Otto Hasslein . Compared to its predecessors , Escape dwelt more heavily on themes of racial conflict , which became a primary focus through the rest of the series . The film opened on May 21 , 1971 , less than a year after Beneath . It was well received by critics . From this point critics began seeing the films less as independent units and more as installments in a greater work ; Frederick S. Clarke wrote that the burgeoning series had `` the promise of being the first epic of filmed science fiction . '' It also performed well at the box office , though not as strongly as its predecessors . Fox ordered a third sequel . Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) ( edit ) Main article : Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Based on the strong positive response to Escape , Fox ordered Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , though it provided a comparatively low budget of $1.7 million . Paul Dehn returned as the scriptwriter , and producer Jacobs hired J. Lee Thompson to direct . Thompson had worked with Jacobs on two earlier films as well as during the initial stages of Planet , but scheduling conflicts had made him unavailable during its long development process . For Conquest , Thompson and Dehn focused heavily on the racial conflict theme , an ancillary concern in the early films that became a major theme in Escape . In particular , Dehn associated the apes with African - Americans and modeled the plot after the 1966 Watts Riots and other episodes from the Civil Rights Movement . Roddy McDowall signed on to play Caesar , the son of his previous character Cornelius . Ricardo Montalban returned as Armando , while Don Murray played Governor Breck , Severn Darden played Kolp , and Hari Rhodes played MacDonald . Following Escape , Conquest is set in a near future where humans have turned apes into slaves ; Caesar rises from bondage to lead an ape rebellion . The film opened June 30 , 1972 . Reviews were mixed . However , the ending left the series open to another sequel , and Conquest was successful enough at the box office that Fox greenlit another film . Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) ( edit ) Main article : Battle for the Planet of the Apes Fox approved Battle for the Planet of the Apes with a $1.2 million budget , the lowest of the series . The filmmakers went into the project knowing it would be the last of the series . J. Lee Thompson returned as director . Series writer Paul Dehn submitted a treatment , but illness forced him to leave the film before completing the script . The producers subsequently hired John William Corrington and Joyce Hooper Corrington to write the screenplay . Battle continued Conquest 's focus on racial conflict and domination . However , likely based in part on the studio 's wishes , the Corringtons discarded Dehn 's pessimistic treatment in favor of a story with a more hopeful , though ambiguous , resolution . Battle follows Caesar as he leads the apes and their human subjects after a devastating war that destroyed much of the planet . He contends with both an attack by radiation - scarred human mutants and a coup attempt as he attempts to build a better society for both apes and humans . McDowall returned as Caesar , and Severn Darden returned as Kolp . Paul Williams played the orangutan Virgil , Austin Stoker played MacDonald ( the brother of Hari Rhodes ' character ) , and Claude Akins played the evil gorilla general Aldo . John Huston played the orangutan Lawgiver in a frame narrative . The film opened May 2 , 1973 . It made a profit over production costs , but received poor reviews from critics , who regard it as the weakest of the five films . Critics have offered various interpretations of the film 's message and its significance for the series . Particular attention has been paid to the ambiguous imagery in the ending : set 700 years after the main events , the last scene depicts a statue of Caesar shedding a single tear as the Lawgiver recounts Caesar 's story to an integrated audience of ape and human children . By one interpretation , the statue cries tears of joy because the species have broken the cycle of oppression , giving the series an optimistic finale . By another , the statue weeps because racial strife still exists , implying the dystopian future of Planet and Beneath is unavoidable . Television series ( edit ) Planet of the Apes TV series ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( TV series ) The cast of the Planet of the Apes television series : James Naughton as Burke , Ron Harper as Virdon , and Roddy McDowall as Galen In addition to their box office grosses , the films earned very high ratings when broadcast on television after their theatrical run . To capitalize on this success , Arthur P. Jacobs conceived of an hour - long live action television series to follow the films . He originally thought of the idea in 1971 during the production of Conquest , which he then anticipated would be the final film . However , he shelved the project once Fox ordered a fifth film . Jacobs died on June 27 , 1973 , bringing an end to the APJAC Productions era of the Planet of the Apes franchise . Former Fox executive Stan Hough took over as producer for the television project , titled Planet of the Apes . CBS picked up the series for its 1974 fall lineup . Ron Harper and James Naughton played Alan Virdon and Peter Burke , two 20th - century American astronauts who pass through a time warp to a future where apes subjugate humans ( unlike the original film , the humans can speak ) . Roddy McDowall returned to the franchise as Galen , a chimpanzee who joins the astronauts . Booth Coleman played orangutan Councillor Zaius and Mark Lenard played gorilla General Urko . The episodes portray Virdon , Burke , and Galen as they look for answers , aid downtrodden humans and apes , and avoid the authorities . The show premiered on September 13 , 1974 , filling CBS ' 8 -- 9 p.m. time slot on Fridays . It earned low ratings during its run , a fact the production team attributed to repetitive storytelling and too little screen time for the apes who made the series famous . Given the considerable production costs , CBS cancelled the show after 14 episodes , the last airing on December 20 , 1974 . In 1981 , Fox reedited ten of the episodes into five television films . Each film combined two episodes and ( in some markets ) added new introductory and concluding segments starring Roddy McDowall as an aged Galen . The films were given what scholar Eric Greene called `` the most outlandish titles of the Apes corpus '' : Back to the Planet of the Apes ; Forgotten City of the Planet of the Apes ; Treachery and Greed on the Planet of the Apes ; Life , Liberty and Pursuit on the Planet of the Apes ; and Farewell to the Planet of the Apes . Greene finds the show 's timeline significant : set in 3085 , it occurs about 900 years before Taylor 's crash in the original film , and 400 years after the Lawgiver 's sermon in Battle . By depicting a future where apes dominate humans , it implies the Lawgiver 's message of equality between man and ape has failed , giving weight to the more pessimistic interpretation of Battle 's ending . Greene writes that the show emphasized the theme of racial conflict less than the films had , though the episodes `` The Trap '' and `` The Liberator '' made it the central focus . However , the show is actually set in the original timeline , before Caesar came to exist . Animated series ( edit ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( edit ) Main article : Return to the Planet of the Apes In 1975 , after the failure of the live - action series , NBC decided to adapt Planet of the Apes for an animated series . The network contracted DePatie - Freleng Enterprises to produce a half - hour Saturday morning cartoon titled Return to the Planet of the Apes . Doug Wildey , co-creator of Jonny Quest , took on most creative control as associate producer , storyboard director , and supervising director . Wildey had only watched the original film and Beneath , and thus based his interpretation on them . As such , the show relied less on the themes and plot developments from Escape , Conquest , and Battle and instead returned to the Vietnam War and Cold War themes prominent in the first two films . The plot concerns three American astronauts , Bill Hudson ( Tom Williams ) , Jeff Allen ( Austin Stoker , who played MacDonald in Battle ) , and Judy Franklin ( Claudette Nevins ) , who inadvertently journey to Earth 's far future . They find the world populated by three groups : mute humans who inhabit desert caves , subterranean human `` Underdwellers '' fashioned after the mutants of Beneath , and civilized apes who subjugate the humans . Through the show , the astronauts become increasingly involved in the planet 's affairs and in defending the humans against an ape invasion . The cast featured characters based on those from the previous films and TV series , including Nova ( Claudette Nevis ) , General Urko ( Henry Cordin ) , Zira ( Philippa Harris ) , Cornelius ( Edwin Mills ) , and Dr. Zaius ( Richard Blackburn ) . NBC broadcast thirteen episodes between September 6 and November 21 , 1975 . The show did not achieve particularly strong ratings . The network considered producing a second three - episode season to complete the story , but this never materialized . Remake film ( edit ) Planned relaunch and `` development hell '' ( edit ) Fox initiated plans to relaunch the Planet of the Apes series in the 1980s , but the project fell into `` development hell '' for over ten years , experiencing one of the most protracted development periods in film history . It began in 1988 , when Fox announced Adam Rifkin , then a 21 - year - old independent film director , would develop a new Apes film . At a Fox executive 's invitation , Rifkin pitched a concept for Return to the Planet of the Apes , an alternative sequel to Planet that ignored the other four films . In Rifkin 's initial concept , Taylor 's descendant Duke launches a Spartacus - like uprising against Roman - inspired ape oppressors led by General Izan . The project nearly entered pre-production , but days before , Fox brought in new studio executives who sent the project back to development . They commissioned Rifkin to rewrite the script through several drafts , but found them unsatisfactory and ultimately scrapped the project . After several years in limbo , Fox returned to the Apes concept , this time with Oliver Stone as a producer . Stone brought in Terry Hayes as screenwriter , and they developed a script titled Return of the Apes . In their script , humanity is threatened by an ailment encoded in their DNA , so two scientists go back in time thousands of years to stop it at its origin . They discover the disease was engineered by advanced apes to ensure humanity 's eventual destruction . Arnold Schwarzenegger committed to star as scientist Will Robinson , while Philip Noyce agreed to direct . The draft impressed Fox president Peter Chernin , but other executives were ambivalent about the action script , believing it should be lighter . Notably , executive Dylan Sellers insisted the script include a comic scene involving apes playing baseball as his `` stamp '' on the film , and fired Hayes when he left it out . This move caused Noyce to quit as well , and subsequently almost everyone involved in the project left for one reason or another . After the collapse of the Stone - Hayes project , Fox brought on Chris Columbus to develop a new Apes concept . Columbus hired Sam Hamm to write a new draft taking elements from Boulle 's novel and various unused scripts . In Hamm 's script , an ape astronaut from a distant planet unleashes a devastating virus on Earth . Scientists go to the astronaut 's planet , where apes hunt humans ; they locate a cure , but return to find Earth overrun by simians . Schwarzenegger remained attached , but Fox found the script underwhelming . Columbus left the project in 1995 after his mother 's death , and James Cameron stepped in to produce . Cameron intended to go in a `` very different direction '' with the script , but following the critical and financial success of his film Titanic , he dropped out of the project . Fox approached a series of directors to take over , without success . By 1999 the studio decided once again to go in a new direction . Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( 2001 film ) Tim Burton , director of the 2001 Planet of the Apes In 1999 , Fox hired William Broyles , Jr. to write a new script . Fox insisted on a July 2001 release date , but otherwise offered considerable creative control . This prospect attracted director Tim Burton , who hoped to do a `` re-imagining '' of Planet of the Apes . However , Burton found the production arduous , largely due to Fox 's strict release schedule . The studio budgeted the film at $100 million , meaning Broyles ' ambitious script had to be rewritten to reduce costs ; Lawrence Konner and Mark Rosenthal worked on rewrites even as the film entered production . The tight schedule meant all stages of production were rushed . The film stars Mark Wahlberg as astronaut Leo Davidson , who accidentally travels through a wormhole to a distant planet where talking apes enslave humans . He leads a human revolt and upends ape civilization by discovering that the apes evolved from the normal earth primates who had accompanied his mission , and arrived years before . Helena Bonham Carter played chimpanzee Ari , while Tim Roth played the human - hating chimpanzee General Thade . The film received mixed reviews , with critics generally believing it failed to compare to the original . Much criticism focused on the confusing plot and twist ending , though many reviewers praised the special effects . The film succeeded in the box office , taking in a total of $362,211,740 . Fox had initially hoped for a second film , but the difficult production made Burton disinclined to participate , and the film failed to generate enough interest for Fox to pursue a sequel . Reboot film series ( edit ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rise of the Planet of the Apes Andy Serkis portrayed Caesar via performance capture acting In 2005 , screenwriters Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver developed a concept for a new Planet of the Apes film , eventually titled Rise of the Planet of the Apes . Inspired by news articles on apes raised as humans and advances in genetics , Jaffa conceived an idea for a film about a genetically enhanced chimp raised in a human household . He and Silver pitched the concept to Fox as a way to reboot the Apes franchise by reinventing the story of the chimpanzee Caesar , the lead character of Conquest . Fox was impressed and bought the pitch , but development struggled for five years as the production cycled through scripts , writers , directors , and producers . In 2010 , producers Peter Chernin and Dylan Clark of Chernin Entertainment stepped in to move the film forward , retaining Jaffa and Silver as writers . In the final script , Caesar receives enhanced cognition from a viral drug created by Will Rodman , who raises him . After being imprisoned in a primate sanctuary , Caesar uses his ingenuity to launch an uprising . The screenplay contains numerous complex connections to other entries in the series , causing some confusion as to its exact relation to them . Oliver Lindler writes that while the film 's premise might identify it as a remake of Conquest , official dispatches and professional reviewers typically avoided the term , instead calling the film a prequel or `` origin story '' to the original Planet of the Apes film , and / or a reboot of the series , although fans and bloggers were more apt to make the `` remake '' connection . The completed script attracted director Rupert Wyatt . To portray ape characters realistically , the production avoided practical effects and animal actors in favor of performance capture acting , partnering with New Zealand visual effects company Weta Digital . Wyatt cast James Franco as Will Rodman , while veteran performance capture actor Andy Serkis signed on to star as Caesar . Rise debuted on August 5 , 2011 . Critics reviewed it positively , especially praising the visual effects and Serkis ' performance . It was a major box office hit , taking in $481,801,049 over its $93 million budget . Weta 's special effects earned the film two Visual Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 84th Academy Awards , among other accolades . The strength of Serkis 's performance also inspired Fox to promote him for Oscar consideration , though the Academy did not nominate him . Following this success , Fox immediately planned for a sequel . Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Cast and crew of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( from left ) : director Matt Reeves and stars Jason Clarke , Keri Russell , and Andy Serkis Producers Peter Chernin and Dylan Clark started planning the film eventually titled Dawn of the Planet of the Apes just after Rise 's release in 2011 . Fox gave the film a budget of $170 million and a release date of July 11 , 2014 . Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver returned to pen the script and produce , and the studio quickly signed Andy Serkis to reprise his role as Caesar . Director Rupert Wyatt withdrew from the project due to production and scheduling issues , and was replaced by Matt Reeves . Set ten years after Rise , the film establishes that the `` Simian Flu '' that increased the intelligence of the apes has killed most humans . Caesar struggles to maintain peace as his ape community is drawn into a war with nearby human survivors . Weta Digital again provided special effects work , which combined practical sets , digitally manipulated backgrounds , and performance capture ape characters . The human cast included Jason Clarke as Malcolm , Keri Russell as Ellie , and Gary Oldman as Dreyfus . The film debuted on July 11 , 2014 . It was met with critical acclaim ; reviewers found it a strong followup to Rise and lauded the combination of an engaging script with impressive special effects . It also performed very strongly at the box office , taking in $707,498,744 in worldwide grosses . Its special effects received several accolades , including three Visual Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 87th Academy Awards . War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : War for the Planet of the Apes The producers were confident enough in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes that they started planning for the next installment before production had completed . They contracted Matt Reeves to return as director after seeing his cut of Dawn ; he also wrote the script with Mark Bomback . Peter Chernin , Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver serve as producers . The film , War for the Planet of the Apes , was released on July 14 , 2017 . Woody Harrelson and Gabriel Chavarria played human characters , while Steve Zahn played Bad Ape . The film received overwhelmingly positive reviews . Possible fourth film ( edit ) In October 2016 , it was announced that a fourth Planet of the Apes film is already being planned . Other media and merchandise ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Pierre Boulle 's novel La Planète des Singes was translated and reprinted several times after its original publication in 1963 . In addition , all of the original sequels spawned novelizations by established science fiction writers of the day , each of which went through multiple reprintings of their own . Michael Avallone wrote the novelization for Beneath the Planet of the Apes in 1970 . Jerry Pournelle , who later co-authored Lucifer 's Hammer and The Mote in God 's Eye , wrote the Escape from the Planet of the Apes novelization . John Jakes , former Science Fiction Writers of America president , wrote Conquest of the Planet of the Apes . David Gerrold , scriptwriter for the Star Trek episode `` The Trouble with Tribbles '' , novelized Battle for the Planet of the Apes . Novelizations of the live action and animated television series were also produced . William T. Quick novelized the 2001 Planet of the Apes ; he also wrote two prequel novels , and several other book tie - ins were published . Comics ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( comics ) Planet of the Apes - based comics have been published regularly since 1968 . Among the most notable is Marvel Comics ' Planet of the Apes magazine , published from 1974 to 1977 . The black - and - white series featured comics adaptations of each of the films , new Apes stories by Doug Moench , series news , essays , interviews and other material . It became one of Marvel 's most successful titles , attracting 300 to 400 fan letters with every issue , so many that the studio had to suspend its practice of writing personal responses . Marvel also published the monthly title Adventures on the Planet of the Apes from 1975 to 1976 , comprising color reprints of the Planet and Beneath adaptations . In 1990 , during a resurgence of interest in the series , Malibu Comics launched a new monthly black - and - white Planet of the Apes comic through its Adventure Comics studio . The debut issue sold 40,000 , a record for black - and - white comics , leading to a successful run of 24 issues over two years . The series follows Caesar 's grandson and heir Alexander as he struggles to govern ape civilization . The comic 's success led Malibu to publish five four - issue spin - off miniseries : Ape City , Planet of the Apes : Urchak 's Folly , the Alien Nation crossover Ape Nation , Planet of the Apes : Blood of the Apes , and Planet of the Apes : The Forbidden Zone . Malibu also published two one - shots : A Day on the Planet of the Apes and Planet prequel Planet of the Apes : Sins of the Fathers ; a trade paperback collecting the first four issues of the main series , titled Monkey Planet ; and reissues of stories from Marvel 's earlier Apes series . Other companies producing Planet of the Apes comics include Gold Key Comics , Dark Horse Comics , and Boom ! Studios . In 2014 , Boom ! collaborated with IDW Publishing on the Star Trek crossover Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive . Toys and merchandise ( edit ) The series , and particularly the live - action Apes television show and the Return to the Planet of the Apes cartoon , generated numerous toy and merchandising tie - ins . During the 1970s , Fox licensed around 60 companies to produce about 300 different Apes products , including action figures and playsets , model building kits , coloring books , book - and - record sets , trading cards , toy weapons , costumes , apparel , branded tableware , and lunch boxes . This level of merchandising was unusual for the time , and the success of Apes merchandise may have inspired the campaigns that later became commonplace for films and television series . The action figures , sold by Mego beginning in 1973 , were the first such toys sold as film tie - ins ; they proved popular and inspired the rise of action figure series based on popular culture franchises . Eric Greene writes that Apes toys were popular enough to lead some contemporary children to engage in apes - vs. - humans role - playing make believe games that simulated the series ' conflicts in a manner similar to `` Cowboys and Indians '' . With the release of the 21st - century films , Fox licensed several companies to manufacture new Apes toys , including detailed action figures of new and `` classic '' characters sold as collectibles . Theme park ride ( edit ) A Planet of the Apes ride is planned for the 20th Century Fox World theme park under construction in Malaysia . Video games ( edit ) In 1983 , 20th Century Fox Videogames developed a Planet of the Apes game for the Atari 2600 , which was to be the first computer game based on the series . However , the game was still in the prototype phase when Fox shuttered its game division during the video game crash of 1983 , and never saw release . It was assumed lost until 2002 , when collectors identified a prototype , found earlier in a case labeled Alligator People , as the missing Apes game . Independent designers Retrodesign completed and released the game as Revenge of the Apes in 2003 . In the game , the player controls Taylor as he fights apes across several levels inspired by the film to reach the Statue of Liberty . A video game based on the series did not appear until 2001 . Fox Interactive began developing the Planet of the Apes game in 1998 for PC and PlayStation as a tie - in to the long - gestating remake film . Fox and developer Visiware proceeded with the game when the film went into limbo , creating their own story based on Boulle 's novel and the original films . The game is an action - adventure in which players control astronaut Ulysses as he explores an ape - ruled future Earth . Setbacks with the film project and Fox Interactive 's decision to co-publish with another company ( Ubisoft ) delayed the game three years . Despite its long development , the game missed the debut of Tim Burton 's Planet of the Apes film by two months ; it finally appeared on September 20 , 2001 , to mostly negative reviews . Additionally , Ubisoft produced a substantially different Planet of the Apes game for Game Boy Advance and Game Boy Color , a side - scroller following the first two films . In 2014 , Fox partnered with Ndemic Creations on a substantial Dawn of the Planet of the Apes - themed update to the mobile game Plague Inc . Players create and spread a `` Simian Flu '' virus to eradicate humans while helping apes survive . Andy Serkis has mentioned that War for the Planet of the Apes would be accompanied by a video game , for which he performed motion capture . Titled Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier , the game is set for release for the PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and PC in fall 2017 . Themes ( edit ) Critics consider race to be the Planet of the Apes series ' primary theme . Eric Greene , author of a book on the role of race in the original films and spinoff material , writes that `` when seen as one epic work , the Apes saga emerges as a liberal allegory of racial conflict . '' In Greene 's interpretation , the franchise 's plot arc is founded in the conflict between humans and apes , who alternately subjugate one another in a destructive cycle . Difference between human and ape manifests primarily in physical appearance , and dominance derives from social power rather than innate superiority . Each film shifts the power balance so that the audience identifies sometimes with the humans , and other times with the apes . According to Greene , this arc 's central message is that unresolved racial discord inevitably leads to cataclysm . Other critics have followed Greene 's interpretations . Producers Abrahams and Jacobs did not consciously intend the first film 's racial undertones , and did not appreciate them until Sammy Davis Jr. pointed them out in 1968 . Subsequently , the filmmakers incorporated the theme more overtly in later installments ; as a result , race moves from being a secondary theme in the first two films , to becoming the major concern of the last three . Several critics have written that the reboot films downplay the original series ' theme of race , generally arguing that this is to their detriment . Others , however , write that the films incorporate racial themes in subtler ways . The Cold War and the threat of nuclear holocaust are major themes introduced in Rod Serling 's original Planet of the Apes script . The films are apocalyptic and dystopian , and portray the era 's tensions leading to world destruction . The films critique both sides of the war , with the oppressive ape society and the mutant city featuring traits of both Western culture and the Soviet bloc . According to Greene , Cold War themes were central to the first two films and some spinoff media , but were less significant in the later sequels , which foregrounded racial conflict instead . Questions of animal rights also figure heavily in the series ; Greene considers this related to the racial themes . The first film portrays Taylor treated cruelly by apes who consider him an animal ; in later films humans abuse apes for the same reason . The primate rights theme is much more dominant in the reboot films , which directly invoke the question of great ape personhood in portraying Caesar and his friends struggling for their rights in a society that does not consider them legal persons . Cultural impact and legacy ( edit ) Fans in costume as Dr. Zaius and Dr. Zira at a science fiction convention Planet of the Apes received popular and critical attention well after production ended on the original films and television series . Fans ' interest in the franchise continued through publications like Marvel Comics ' Planet of the Apes magazine and science fiction conventions , where the series was sufficiently popular to inspire `` apecons '' -- conventions devoted entirely to films involving apes -- in the 1970s . The series ' distinctive ape costumes were employed in live appearances , including by musician Paul Williams ( Virgil from Battle ) on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and by Mike Douglas on The Mike Douglas Show . In the 1970s , fans Bill Blake and Paula Crist created Cornelius and Zira costumes ; their routine was convincing enough that Fox licensed them to portray the characters at events . The films earned strong ratings when they aired on television after their releases , and various stations rebroadcast them together in marathons in later years . The live - action television series was re-formatted into five TV movies for further broadcast in 1981 , and the Sci - Fi Channel ran both it and the cartoon in the 1990s . Planet of the Apes had a wide impact on subsequent popular media . In terms of production , the series ' success with sequelization , spinoffs , and merchandising established a new model of media franchising in Hollywood filmmaking , in which studios develop films specifically to generate multi-media franchises . In terms of content , the series influenced various films and television productions during the 1970s and ' 80s that used science fiction settings and characters to explore race relations , including Alien Nation , Enemy Mine , and V. More direct influence can be seen in DC Comics ' 1972 -- 1978 series Kamandi : The Last Boy on Earth and the Japanese franchise Time of the Apes , which concern human protagonists in post-apocalyptic worlds ruled by talking animals . Mel Brooks ' 1987 science fiction spoof Spaceballs lampooned the Statue of Liberty ending from the original Planet . Interest in the series resurged in the 1990s , as plans for a new film and other media circulated . Greene attributes this renewed interest to a combination of `` pop culture nostalgia and baby boomer economics '' , as well as a `` political ferment '' rising at the time that hearkened back to the period when the films were first released . Inspired particularly by the publication of the Malibu Comics series , during this period fans founded new clubs , websites , and fanzines active in the U.S. , Canada , Brazil , and other countries . Companies began producing new branded merchandise , including clothing , toys , and costumes . Especially after the 1990s , artists in diverse media referenced , incorporated , or were otherwise influenced by the series . Planet of the Apes turned up in songs by various musicians , references in films , comedy bits by Dennis Miller and Paul Mooney , and an episode of Saturday Night Live hosted by Charlton Heston . The Simpsons parodied the series several times . Notably , the episode `` A Fish Called Selma '' features the washed - up actor Troy McClure starring in a Broadway musical adaptation called Stop the Planet of the Apes , I Want to Get Off ! Artist Martha Rosler incorporated footage of Cornelius and Zira 's interrogation from Escape in her installation `` Global Taste : A Meal in Three Courses '' , while Guillermo Gómez - Peña and Coco Fusco employed video from Planet in a 1993 performance art piece at the Whitney Museum of American Art . The series ' impact has also extended to the political sphere , and groups of various leanings have employed its themes and imagery in their discourse . The phrase `` planet of the apes '' has been used for an overturning of the political or racial status quo . Eric Greene writes that it is especially popular among racial nationalists and reactionaries of different stripes , who use it in reference to race conflict . According to Greene , white supremacists liken minority advancement to the films ' world in which supposed `` inferiors '' seize control , while black nationalists subvert the reference to celebrate the `` racial apocalypse '' ; in this spirit , gangsta rap group Da Lench Mob titled their 1994 album Planet of da Apes . Greene writes that these uses invert the anti-racist message of the films . Planet 's final image of the ruined Statue of Liberty has become a common political reference ; for example , Greenpeace used it in an advertising campaign against nuclear testing . The series ' themes and imagery have been invoked in political discussions on topics as varied as Sixties culture , urban decay , contemporary wars , and gun violence . List of media ( edit ) Feature films ( edit ) Number Title Release date Director Continuity Planet of the Apes 000000001968 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 1968 Franklin J. Schaffner Original series Beneath the Planet of the Apes 000000001970 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 1970 Ted Post Escape from the Planet of the Apes 000000001971 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 1971 Don Taylor Conquest of the Planet of the Apes 000000001972 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 1972 J. Lee Thompson 5 Battle for the Planet of the Apes 000000001973 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 1973 6 Planet of the Apes 000000002001 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2001 Tim Burton Remake 7 Rise of the Planet of the Apes 000000002011 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 2011 Rupert Wyatt Reboot series 8 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 000000002014 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2014 Matt Reeves 9 War for the Planet of the Apes 000000002017 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2017 Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film , see the `` Reception '' section on each film 's article Box office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office gross Box office ranking Budget Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) February 8 , 1968 $32,589,624 $160,000,000 # 2,328 $5.8 million Beneath the Planet of the Apes May 27 , 1970 $18,999,718 # 3,301 $4.67 million Escape from the Planet of the Apes May 21 , 1971 $12,348,905 # 4,089 $2.06 million Conquest of the Planet of the Apes June 14 , 1972 $9,043,472 # 4,555 $1.7 million Battle for the Planet of the Apes May 23 , 1973 $8,844,595 # 4,581 $1.71 million Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) July 27 , 2001 $180,011,740 $182,200,000 $362,211,740 # 215 # 282 $100 million Rise of the Planet of the Apes August 5 , 2011 $176,760,185 $305,040,864 $481,801,049 # 235 # 184 $93 million Dawn of the Planet of the Apes July 11 , 2014 $208,545,589 $502,098,977 $710,644,566 # 167 # 90 $208.6 million War for the Planet of the Apes July 14 , 2017 $145,847,510 $287,867,730 $433,715,240 # 344 # 223 $150 million Total $792,991,338 $1,275,398,594 $2,148,372,595 $567.5 million List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Critical and Public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) 90 % ( 49 reviews ) 79 ( 14 reviews ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes 41 % ( 22 reviews ) 46 ( 9 reviews ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes 78 % ( 23 reviews ) 69 ( 9 reviews ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes 44 % ( 18 reviews ) 49 ( 6 reviews ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes 38 % ( 24 reviews ) 40 ( 5 reviews ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) 45 % ( 156 reviews ) 50 ( 34 reviews ) B - Rise of the Planet of the Apes 81 % ( 252 reviews ) 68 ( 39 reviews ) A - Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 90 % ( 283 reviews ) 79 ( 48 reviews ) A - War for the Planet of the Apes 93 % ( 266 reviews ) 82 ( 50 reviews ) A - List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Planet of the Apes characters The following table shows the cast members who played the primary characters in the film series . Character Original series Remake Reboot series Planet of the Apes Beneath the Planet of the Apes Escape from the Planet of the Apes Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Battle for the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes Rise of the Planet of the Apes Dawn of the Planet of the Apes War for the Planet of the Apes 1968 1970 1971 1972 1973 2001 2011 2014 2017 Humans ( edit ) George Taylor Charlton Heston Charlton Heston ( archival footage ) Nova Linda Harrison Amiah Miller Brent James Franciscus Mendez Paul Richards Albina Natalie Trundy Skipper Tod Andrews Dr. Lewis Dixon Bradford Dillman Dr. Stephanie `` Stevie '' Branton Natalie Trundy Dr. Otto Hasslein Eric Braeden Armando Ricardo Montalbán Governor Breck Don Murray MacDonald Hari Rhodes Kolp Severn Darden MacDonald Austin Stoker Mendez Paul Stevens Jake Michael Stearns Leo Davidson Mark Wahlberg Daena Estella Warren Birn Luke Eberl Will Rodman James Franco James Franco ( archival footage ) Caroline Aranha Freida Pinto John Landon Brian Cox Steven Jacobs David Oyelowo Charles Rodman John Lithgow Dodge Landon Tom Felton Dreyfus Gary Oldman Malcolm Jason Clarke Ellie Keri Russell Alexander Kodi Smit - McPhee Carver Kirk Acevedo Werner Jocko Sims McVeigh Kevin Rankin Finney Keir O'Donnell The Colonel Woody Harrelson Preacher Gabriel Chavarria Apes ( edit ) Cornelius Roddy McDowall David Watson Roddy McDowall Roddy McDowall ( archival footage ) Infant Devyn Dalton Dr. Zira Kim Hunter Kim Hunter ( archival footage ) Dr. Zaius Maurice Evans Charlton Heston General Ursus James Gregory Caesar Walker Edmiston ( voice ) Roddy McDowall Andy Serkis Lisa Natalie Trundy General Aldo David Chow Claude Akins Virgil Paul Williams Nova Lisa Marie Ari Helena Bonham Carter General Thade Tim Roth Rocket Terry Notary Maurice Karin Konoval Cornelia Devyn Dalton Judy Greer Koba Christopher Gordon Toby Kebbell Toby Kebbell ( as hallucination ) Blue Eyes Nick Thurston Max Lloyd - Jones Ash Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw Grey Lee Ross Bad Ape Steve Zahn Red Donkey Ty Olsson Lake Sara Canning Luca Michael Adamthwaite Winter Aleks Paunovic Note : A grey cell indicates the character does not appear in that medium . Crew and other ( edit ) Crew / detail Film Planet of the Apes Beneath the Planet of the Apes Escape from the Planet of the Apes Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Battle for the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes Rise of the Planet of the Apes Dawn of the Planet of the Apes War for the Planet of the Apes 1968 1970 1971 1972 1973 2001 2011 2014 2017 Director Franklin J. Schaffner Ted Post Don Taylor J. Lee Thompson Tim Burton Rupert Wyatt Matt Reeves Producer ( s ) Arthur P. Jacobs Richard D. Zanuck Peter Chernin , Dylan Clark , Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Composer Jerry Goldsmith Leonard Rosenman Jerry Goldsmith Tom Scott Leonard Rosenman Danny Elfman Patrick Doyle Michael Giacchino Writer ( s ) Michael Wilson , Rod Serling Paul Dehn John William Corrington , Joyce Hooper Corrington William Broyles , Jr. , Lawrence Konner , Mark Rosenthal Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Mark Bomback , Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Mark Bomback , Matt Reeves Distributor 20th Century Fox Running time 112 mins . 95 mins . 98 mins . 87 mins . 96 mins . 120 mins . 105 mins . 130 mins . 142 mins . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 4 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Becker 1993 , pp. 122 -- 124 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 2 , 9 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 2 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 25 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Webb 1998 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 27 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 29 , 42 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 52 , 53 and note . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 57 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 57 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 108 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 105 -- 106 , 117 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 117 -- 118 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 108 -- 109 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 -- 110 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 , 143 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 145 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 153 , 187 , 212 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 170 , 178 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 170 , 178 -- 179 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 81 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 186 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 217 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 114 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 115 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 , 217 -- 220 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 143 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 232 -- 235 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 235 -- 237 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 152 , 158 , 218 -- 221 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 150 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 159 , 221 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 159 -- 164 , 221 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 221 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Hughes 2004 , pp. 34 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 180 -- 181 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 38 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 181 -- 182 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 41 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 44 -- 46 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 188 -- 190 , 192 . Jump up ^ Brodesser - Akner , Claude ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` Vulture Exclusive : Fox 's Planet of the Apes Reboot of the Reboot Is Back On '' . www.vulture.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 191 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Lindner 2015 , pp. 30 , 31 , 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 192 -- 193 . Jump up ^ Faraci , Devin ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` So What The Hell Is RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES ? '' . birthmoviesdeath.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 194 -- 199 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 209 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 216 , 222 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` Matt Reeves Confirmed to Helm ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' '' . www.slashfilm.com . / Film . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 222 -- 224 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 1998 , pp. 227 -- 238 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 225 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' Tops Visual Effects Society Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves Will Return to Direct ' Planet of the Apes 3 ′ '' . Variety . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves To Helm ' Planet Of The Apes 3 ′ '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : New PLANET OF THE APES Movie Title Revealed '' . www.collider.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Woody Harrelson to Play Villain in New ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Steve Zahn to Play New Ape in Next ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie '' . The Wrap . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` War of the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` War for the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Director Matt Reeves `` Absolutely '' Has Ideas About Where the Story Goes Next `` . SlashFilm.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Luke ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Planet of the Apes 4 already being developed '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 166 and note . Jump up ^ Handley 2008 , pp. 256 , 267 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 164 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 171 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Star Trek / Planet of the Apes Crossover Announced By Boom Studios '' . / Film . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 166 -- 168 . Jump up ^ Scott 2010 , pp. 3 , 204 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond , pp. 178 -- 184 . Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-20th-century-fox-dubai-20151103-story.html ^ Jump up to : Green , Earl ( 2014 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( Prototype ) '' . www.allgame.com . AllGame . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss 2012 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Adams , Tom ( February 9 , 2000 ) . `` IGNDC Monkeys Around with Planet of the Apes Producer Cos Lazouras '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ubi Soft and Fox Interactive kick off a global partnership , bringing Planet of the Apes to video games '' . www.bluesnews.com . September 6 , 2001 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 16 , 2001 ) . `` Fox 's Ape - athy '' . Variety . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sulic , Ivan ( October 18 , 2001 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( PC ) '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( PC ) '' . www.gamerankings.com . GameRankings. 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( PlayStation ) '' . www.gamerankings.com . GameRankings. 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Hilary ( December 14 , 2001 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( GBA ) '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Watts , Steve ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Virus Added to Plague Inc '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mat Paget . `` War for the Planet of the Apes Video Game Coming to Consoles '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes Video Game Announced for This Fall '' . ComingSoon.net. 17 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 9 , 21 , 33 . Jump up ^ Von Busack 2004 , pp. 171 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Davis 2013 , pp. 246 -- 247 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 16 , 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Davis 2013 , pp. 245 -- 246 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 19 -- 20 , 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Ed ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Slant . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Jim ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` Apes and allegories : What is the meaning of this ? ! '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goodkind , Seth ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Enlightened Racism in Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Paracinema . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chidester 2015 , pp. 7 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Kirshner 2001 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 8 -- 9 , 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 65 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 72 , 159 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 3 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 27 , 78 -- 79 , 86 . Jump up ^ Hamilton 2016 , pp. 300 -- 301 . Jump up ^ Southard 1982 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 164 , 167 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 152 , 169 . Jump up ^ Von Busack 2004 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 169 -- 170 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 169 , 170 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 175 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. xv , 169 . Jump up ^ Kassabian 2013 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 176 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 176 -- 177 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 177 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Cotham , Perry C. ( 1973 ) . Obscenity , pornography & censorship . Baker Book House . p. 129 . ISBN 9780801023453 ... taken in up to $150 million at box offices around the world Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beneath the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Escape from the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Conquest of the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ FilmL. A. ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` 2014 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes Moviesat the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/planet-of-the-apes-1968 Jump up ^ `` Beneath the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/beneath-the-planet-of-the-apes Jump up ^ `` Escape from the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/escape-from-the-planet-of-the-apes Jump up ^ `` Conquest of the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/conquest-of-the-planet-of-the-apes Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/battle-for-the-planet-of-the-apes ^ Jump up to : `` Cinemascore '' . Cinemascore.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ War for the Planet of the Apes Will Feature A Character From The Original 1968 Movie References ( edit ) Becker , Lucille Frackman ( 1993 ) . `` Science and Detective Fiction : Complementary Genres on the Margins of French Literature '' . In Henry , Freeman G. French Literature Series : On The Margins of French Literature . XX . Ropodi . pp. 119 -- 126 . ISBN 9051834268 . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Chidester , Phil ( January 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Simian That Screamed No ! : Rise of the Planet of the Apes and the Speculative as Public Memory '' . Visual Communication Quarterly . 22 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 14 . Davis , Jason ( 2013 ) . `` Aping Race , Racing Apes '' . In Huss , John . Planet of the Apes and Philosophy : Great Apes Think Alike . Open Court Publishing . ISBN 0812698223 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Fordham , Joe ; Bond , Jeff ( 2014 ) . Planet of the Apes : The Evolution of a Legend . Titan Books . ISBN 1783291982 . Greene , Eric ( 1998 ) . Planet of the Apes as American Myth : Race and Politics in the Films and Television Series . Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 9780819563293 . Hamilton , Sheryl N. ( November 2016 ) . `` ' Human no like smart ape ' : figuring the ape as legal person in Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Law and Humanities . Routledge. 10 ( 2 ) : 300 -- 321 . Handley , Rich ( 2008 ) . Timeline of the Planet of the Apes : The Definitive Chronology . Hasslein Books . ISBN 061525392X . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Hughes , David ( 2004 ) . Tales from Development Hell . London : Titan Books . pp. 34 -- 37 . ISBN 1 - 84023 - 691 - 4 . Kassabian , Anahid ( 2013 ) . Ubiquitous Listening : Affect , Attention , and Distributed Subjectivity . University of California Press . ISBN 0520275152 . Kirshner , Jonathan ( 2001 ) . `` Subverting the Cold War in the 1960s : Dr. Strangelove , The Manchurian Candidate , and The Planet of the Apes '' . Film & History : an Interdisciplinary Journal of Film and Television Studies . 31 ( 2 ) : 40 -- 44 . Lindner , Oliver ( 2015 ) . `` The Remade Prequel : Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . Remakes and Remaking : Concepts -- Media − Practices . Transcript Verlag . pp. 23 -- 39 . ISBN 3839428947 . Russo , Joe ; Landsman , Larry ; Gross , Edward ( 2001 ) . Planet of the Apes Revisited . Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 0312252390 . Scott , Sharon M. ( 2010 ) . Toys and American Culture : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 0313351112 . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Southard , Bruce ( March 1 , 1982 ) . `` The Language of Science Fiction Fan Magazines '' . American Speech . Duke University Press . 57 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 31 . ISSN 0003 - 1283 . Von Busack , Richard ( 2004 ) . `` Signifying Monkeys : Politics and Story - Telling in the Planet of the Apes Series '' . In Rickman , Gregg . The Science Fiction Film Reader . Limelight Editions . pp. 165 -- 177 . ISBN 0879109947 . Webb , Gordon C. ( July -- August 1998 ) . `` 30 Years Later : Rod Serling 's Planet of the Apes '' . Creative Screenwriting . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Weiss , Brett ( 2012 ) . Classic Home Video Games , 1972 - 1984 : A Complete Reference Guide . McFarland . ISBN 0786487550 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Planet of the Apes . Dale Winogura ( Summer 1972 ) . `` Special Planet of the Apes Series Issue - Interviews & Set Visit '' ( PDF ) . Cinefantastique . ( hide ) Planet of the Apes Films Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 ) Behind the Planet of the Apes ( 1998 ) Video games Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier ( 2017 ) Other La Planète des Singes Characters Comics Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes / Green Lantern Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planet_of_the_Apes&oldid=801270205 '' Categories : Film series Novels adapted into comics French novels adapted into films Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Evolution in popular culture Planet of the Apes Science fiction by franchise Works about slavery Films adapted into television programs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Čeština Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული Latviešu 日本 語 Português Română Русский Scots ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 18 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did the make up for planet of the apes | [
"Fox insisted on changes to reduce the budget to a more manageable $5.8 million.[8] The producers hired veteran writer Michael Wilson, who had previously adapted Boulle's novel The Bridge over the River Kwai, to rewrite Serling's script.[9][10] To save on special effects costs, Wilson's script described an ape society more primitive than that which appeared in the novel.[10][11] The new script changed much of the plot and dialogue, but retained the Cold War themes and Serling's ending.[11][12] John Chambers created the innovative makeup effects.[13]"
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"John Chambers"
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1796681693322784522 | List of mountain peaks of Himachal Pradesh | List of mountain Peaks of Himachal Pradesh - Wikipedia List of mountain Peaks of Himachal Pradesh View of Reo Purgyil ( Leo Pargial ) , highest peak in Himachal Pradesh Kinnaur kailash range from kalpa , Kinnaur Kinnaur Kailash Shivling and Jorkanden with glimpse of top portion of Kalpa Temple View of CHAU CHAU KANG NILDA peak near Demul village View of Gangchhua peak on the way to Tashigang village from Nako Name of the peak Altitude ( meters ) Location Reo Purgyil 6,816 Kinnaur Gya 6,794 Lahaul and Spiti Leo Pargial / Reo Purgyil North Peak 6,791 Kinnaur Ninjeri 6,646 Kinnaur Undung Kangri 6,642 Lahaul and Spiti Parvati Parvat 6,632 Lahaul and Spiti , Kullu Manirang 6,597 Kinnaur , Lahaul and Spiti Granite Peak 6,585 Kinnaur Rangrik Rang 6,553 Kinnaur Kullu Pumori 6,553 Lahaul and Spiti Mulkila 6,520 Lahaul and Spiti Jorkanden 6,473 Kinnaur Menthosa 6,443 Chamba Papsura 6,440 Kullu , Lahaul and Spiti Dharamsura 6,420 Kullu , Lahaul and Spiti Gyagar 6,400 Lahaul and Spiti Dibibokri Pyramid 6,400 Kullu Gyephang 6,400 Lahaul and Spiti Phawarang 6,350 Kinnaur Kangla Tarbo 1 6,315 Lahaul and Spiti Chau Chau Kang Nilda ( 1 ) 6,303 Lahaul and Spiti Baihali Jot 6,295 Lahaul and Spiti , Chamba Gang Chua 6,288 Kinnaur Shigrila 6,230 Lahaul and Spiti Indrasan 6,220 Kullu Shikar Beh 6,200 Lahaul and Spiti , Kangra Ramabang 6,135 Lahaul and Spiti Shilla 6,132 Lahaul and Spiti Mount Yunum ( mountain ) 6,111 Mukar Beh 6,070 Lahaul and Spiti , Kangra Gepang Goh 6,050 Lahaul and Spiti Shipki 6,068 Kinnaur Kinnaur Kailash 6,050 Kinnaur Sanakdeik Jot 6,045 Chamba , Lahaul and Spiti Deo Tibba 6,001 Kullu Solang 5,975 Kullu Pir Panjal 5,972 Chamba Maiwa Kandinoo 5,944 Kullu Hanuman Tibba 5,860 Kullu / Kangra Bara Kanda 5,860 Chamba Pishu 5,672 Kinnaur , Shimla Manimahesh Kailash 5,660 Chamba Saltu - Da - Par 5,650 Lahaul and Spiti Gushu 5,607 Kinnaur , Shimla Raldang 5,499 Kinnaur Shitindhar 5,290 Kullu Srikhand Mahadev 5,182 Kullu Thamsar 5,080 Chamba Lachalunga 5,060 Lahaul and Spiti Murangla 5,060 Lahaul and Spiti Shringla 4,999 Lahaul and Spiti Inder Kila 4,940 Kullu Pin Parbati 4,800 Kullu Ghoralantinu 4,760 Kullu / Kangra Chanshal Peak 4,520 Shimla Patalsu 4,470 Kullu Gauri Devi Ka Tibba 4,030 Chamba Nagru 4,020 Mandi Hargaran 3,850 Lahaul and Spiti Narshing Tibba 3,730 Chamba Choordhar 3,647 Shimla / Sirmaur Shacha 3,540 Kullu Hatu Peak 3,400 Shimla Shikari Devi 3,359 Mandi Karena Peak 3,300 Shimla Cholang 3,270 Kangra Kuppar Peak 3,250 Shimla Kamrunag 3,065 Mandi Billing Top 3,050 Kangra Derthu Peak 3,020 Shimla Devidarh 2,872 Mandi Shali Tibba 2,870 Shimla Nag Tikkar 2,780 Shimla Prashar 2,730 Mandi Winch Camp 2,700 Mandi References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Famous peaks in Himachal Pradesh '' . Jump up ^ Kapadia , Harish ( 1999 ) . Across Peaks & Passes in Himachal Pradesh . Atlanta : Indus Publishing . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7387 - 099 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` REO PURGYIL - BENEATH THE SHROUD '' . ^ Jump up to : `` CHANGO , 1998 '' . Jump up ^ `` Himalaya , India Tso Moriri - Paradise your of the plateau '' . ^ Jump up to : Guide to Trekking in Himachal : Over 65 Treks and 100 Destinations . Jump up ^ `` Elite teams to climb Bara Shigri peaks '' . Jump up ^ `` The Army Mountaineering Association Himachal Pradesh Expedition 1973 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` In pursuit of Gya '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Map 322973 ( Peaks 6000 -- 6999m ) '' . Jump up ^ Across Peaks & Passes in Himachal Pradesh . Jump up ^ Kapadia , Harish , `` Spiti -- Where two worlds meet '' , The Himalayan Journal , vol. 40 , 1984 . Jump up ^ `` Shilla '' , Indovacations.net , accessed August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shila '' , Peakery.com , accessed August 2015 . Jump up ^ Deepak Sanan , Dhanu Swadi ( 2002 ) . Exploring Kinnaur in the Trans - Himalaya . Indus Publishing . Sources ( edit ) Peaks of Himachal Pradesh Geography of Himachal Pradesh Lakes Renuka Lake Maharana Pratap Sagar Gobind Sagar more ... Rivers Beas Chenab Ravi Sutlej Yamuna Districts Bilaspur Chamba Hamirpur Kangra Kinnaur Kullu Lahaul and Spiti Mandi Sirmaur Shimla Solan Una Other Climate of Himachal Pradesh Protected areas of Himachal Pradesh List of peaks in Himachal Pradesh Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_mountain_peaks_of_Himachal_Pradesh&oldid=860602897 '' Categories : Mountains of Himachal Pradesh Lists of mountains of India Himachal Pradesh - related lists Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2017 Use Indian English from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 September 2018 , at 20 : 14 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | which is the highest peak of himachal pradesh | [
"\n\n\nName of the peak\n\nAltitude (meters)\n\nLocation\n\n\nReo Purgyil[1]\n\n6,816\n\nKinnaur\n\n\nGya[1]\n\n6,794\n\nLahaul and Spiti\n\n\nLeo Pargial / Reo Purgyil North Peak[2][3]\n\n6,791\n\nKinnaur\n\n\nNinjeri[4]\n\n6,646\n\nKinnaur\n\n\nUndung Kangri[5]\n\n6,642\n\nLahaul and Spiti\n\n\nParvati Parvat[6]\n\n6,632\n\nLahaul and Spiti, Kullu\n\n\nManirang\n\n6,597\n\nKinnaur, Lahaul and Spiti\n\n\nGranite Peak[4]\n\n6,585\n\nKinnaur\n\n\nRangrik Rang[6]\n\n6,553\n\nKinnaur\n\n\nKullu Pumori[7]\n\n6,553\n\nLahaul and Spiti\n\n\nMulkila\n\n6,520\n\nLahaul and Spiti\n\n\nJorkanden\n\n6,473\n\nKinnaur\n\n\nMenthosa[8]\n\n6,443\n\nChamba\n\n\nPapsura[6]\n\n6,440\n\nKullu, Lahaul and Spiti\n\n\nDharamsura[6]\n\n6,420\n\nKullu, Lahaul and Spiti\n\n\nGyagar[9]\n\n6,400\n\nLahaul and Spiti\n\n\nDibibokri Pyramid\n\n6,400\n\nKullu\n\n\nGyephang\n\n6,400\n\nLahaul and Spiti\n\n\nPhawarang\n\n6,350\n\nKinnaur\n\n\nKangla Tarbo 1\n\n6,315\n\nLahaul and Spiti\n\n\nChau Chau Kang Nilda[1]\n\n6,303\n\nLahaul and Spiti\n\n\nBaihali Jot[10]\n\n6,295\n\nLahaul and Spiti, Chamba\n\n\nGang Chua [11]\n\n6,288\n\nKinnaur\n\n\nShigrila\n\n6,230\n\nLahaul and Spiti\n\n\nIndrasan\n\n6,220\n\nKullu\n\n\nShikar Beh\n\n6,200\n\nLahaul and Spiti, Kangra\n\n\nRamabang\n\n6,135\n\nLahaul and Spiti\n\n\nShilla[12][13][14]\n\n6,132\n\nLahaul and Spiti\n\n\nMount Yunum (mountain) \n\n6,111\n\n\nMukar Beh\n\n6,070\n\nLahaul and Spiti, Kangra\n\n\nGepang Goh\n\n6,050\n\nLahaul and Spiti\n\n\nShipki\n\n6,068\n\nKinnaur\n\n\nKinnaur Kailash[15]\n\n6,050\n\nKinnaur\n\n\nSanakdeik Jot[10]\n\n6,045\n\nChamba, Lahaul and Spiti\n\n\nDeo Tibba\n\n6,001\n\nKullu\n\n\nSolang\n\n5,975\n\nKullu\n\n\nPir Panjal\n\n5,972\n\nChamba\n\n\nMaiwa Kandinoo\n\n5,944\n\nKullu\n\n\nHanuman Tibba\n\n5,860\n\nKullu/Kangra\n\n\nBara Kanda\n\n5,860\n\nChamba\n\n\nPishu\n\n5,672\n\nKinnaur, Shimla\n\n\nManimahesh Kailash\n\n5,660\n\nChamba\n\n\nSaltu-Da-Par\n\n5,650\n\nLahaul and Spiti\n\n\nGushu\n\n5,607\n\nKinnaur, Shimla\n\n\nRaldang\n\n5,499\n\nKinnaur\n\n\nShitindhar\n\n5,290\n\nKullu\n\n\nSrikhand Mahadev\n\n5,182\n\nKullu\n\n\nThamsar\n\n5,080\n\nChamba\n\n\nLachalunga\n\n5,060\n\nLahaul and Spiti\n\n\nMurangla\n\n5,060\n\nLahaul and Spiti\n\n\nShringla\n\n4,999\n\nLahaul and Spiti\n\n\nInder Kila\n\n4,940\n\nKullu\n\n\nPin Parbati\n\n4,800\n\nKullu\n\n\nGhoralantinu\n\n4,760\n\nKullu/Kangra\n\n\nChanshal Peak\n\n4,520\n\nShimla\n\n\nPatalsu\n\n4,470\n\nKullu\n\n\nGauri Devi Ka Tibba\n\n4,030\n\nChamba\n\n\nNagru\n\n4,020\n\nMandi\n\n\nHargaran\n\n3,850\n\nLahaul and Spiti\n\n\nNarshing Tibba\n\n3,730\n\nChamba\n\n\nChoordhar\n\n3,647\n\nShimla/Sirmaur\n\n\nShacha\n\n3,540\n\nKullu\n\n\nHatu Peak\n\n3,400\n\nShimla\n\n\nShikari Devi\n\n3,359\n\nMandi\n\n\nKarena Peak\n\n3,300\n\nShimla\n\n\nCholang\n\n3,270\n\nKangra\n\n\nKuppar Peak\n\n3,250\n\nShimla\n\n\nKamrunag\n\n3,065\n\nMandi\n\n\nBilling Top\n\n3,050\n\nKangra\n\n\nDerthu Peak\n\n3,020\n\nShimla\n\n\nDevidarh\n\n2,872\n\nMandi\n\n\nShali Tibba\n\n2,870\n\nShimla\n\n\nNag Tikkar\n\n2,780\n\nShimla\n\n\nPrashar\n\n2,730\n\nMandi\n\n\nWinch Camp\n\n2,700\n\nMandi\n"
] | [
"Reo Purgyil"
] |
-7003603943194787253 | Thanos | Thanos - wikipedia Thanos Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Marvel Comics villain . For people with the given name or surname , see Thanos ( name ) . Thanos Variant cover of Infinity # 4 ( October 2013 ) Art by Jerome Opeña and Dustin Weaver Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance The Invincible Iron Man # 55 ( February 1973 ) Created by Mike Friedrich Jim Starlin In - story information Alter ego Dione Species Eternal - Deviant Hybrid Place of origin Titan Team affiliations Infinity Watch Black Order Notable aliases The Mad Titan Abilities Superhuman strength , agility , durability , and longevity Superhuman physiology of Eternals Plasma energy projection Thanos ( UK : / ˈθænɒs / , US : / ˈθænoʊs / ) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by writer Mike Friedrich and writer - artist Jim Starlin , the character first appeared in The Invincible Iron Man # 55 ( cover dated February 1973 ) . The character appears in various Marvel Cinematic Universe films , including The Avengers ( 2012 ) , portrayed by Damion Poitier , and Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) , Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) , and its untitled sequel ( 2019 ) , portrayed by Josh Brolin through voice and motion capture . The character has appeared in various comic adaptations , including animated television series , arcade , and video games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Publication history 3 Fictional character biography 3.1 Cosmic Cube and Infinity Gems 3.2 The Infinity saga 3.3 Other adventures 3.4 Annihilation 3.5 The Thanos Imperative 3.6 Infinity and the Cabal 3.7 Ultimates and Civil War II 3.8 `` Thanos Wins '' 3.9 The Unworthy Thor 4 Powers and abilities 5 Other versions 5.1 Amalgam Comics 5.2 Earth X 5.3 Ultimate Marvel 5.4 Marvel Zombies 2 6 In other media 6.1 Television 6.2 Film 6.3 Video games 6.4 Novels 7 Collected editions 8 Reception 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Origin ( edit ) Writer - artist Jim Starlin originally conceived of Thanos of Titan during college psychology classes . As Starlin described : I went to college between doing U.S. military service and getting work in comics , and there was a psych class and I came up with Thanos ... and Drax the Destroyer , but I 'm not sure how he fit into it , just anger management probably . So I came up to Marvel and ( editor ) Roy ( Thomas ) asked if I wanted to do an issue of Iron Man . I felt that this may be my only chance ever to do a character , not having the confidence that my career was going to last anything longer than a few weeks . So they got jammed into it . Thanos was a much thinner character and Roy suggested beefing him up , so he 's beefed up quite a bit from his original sketches ... and later on I liked beefing him up so much that he continued to grow in size . Starlin has admitted the character 's look was influenced by Jack Kirby 's Darkseid : Kirby had done the New Gods , which I thought was terrific . He was over at DC at the time . I came up with some things that were inspired by that . You 'd think that Thanos was inspired by Darkseid , but that was not the case when I showed up . In my first Thanos drawings , if he looked like anybody , it was Metron . I had all these different gods and things I wanted to do , which became Thanos and the Titans . Roy took one look at the guy in the Metron - like chair and said : `` Beef him up ! If you 're going to steal one of the New Gods , at least rip off Darkseid , the really good one ! '' Publication history ( edit ) Thanos ' first appearance was in The Invincible Iron Man # 55 ( February 1973 ) , featuring a story by Jim Starlin that was scripted by Mike Friedrich . The storyline from that issue continued through Captain Marvel # 25 -- 33 ( bi-monthly : March 1973 -- Jan. 1974 ) , Marvel Feature # 12 ( Nov. 1973 ) , Daredevil # 107 ( Jan. 1974 ) , and Avengers # 125 ( July 1974 ) . He returned in an extended storyline that spanned Strange Tales # 178 -- 181 ( Feb. -- Aug. 1975 ) , Warlock # 9 - 11 ( Oct. 1975 -- Jan. 1976 ) , Marvel Team Up # 55 ( March 1977 ) , and the 1977 Annuals for Avengers and Marvel Two - in - One ( Thanos does not actually appear until the end of Warlock # 9 ) . He was also featured in a short backup story in Logan 's Run # 6 ( June 1977 ) and had a small role in the Death of Captain Marvel graphic novel ( April 1982 ) . The character was revived in Silver Surfer vol. 3 , # 34 ( Feb. 1990 ) and guest - starred until issue # 59 ( November 1991 ) , while simultaneously appearing in The Thanos Quest # 1 -- 2 ( Sept. -- Oct. 1990 ) and The Infinity Gauntlet # 1 -- 6 ( July -- Dec. 1991 ) . After an appearance in Spider - Man # 17 ( Dec. 1991 ) , Thanos had a recurring role in Warlock and the Infinity Watch # 1 -- 42 ( Feb. 1992 -- Aug. 1995 ) . This was followed by crossover appearances in Infinity War # 1 -- 6 ( June -- Nov. 1992 ) , Infinity Crusade # 1 -- 6 ( June -- Nov. 1993 ) , Silver Surfer vol. 3 , # 86 -- 88 ( Nov. 1993 -- Jan. 1994 ) , Warlock Chronicles # 6 -- 8 , Thor # 468 -- 471 ( Nov. 1993 -- Feb. 1994 ) , Namor The Sub-Mariner # 44 ( Nov. 1993 ) , Secret Defenders # 11 -- 14 ( Jan. -- April 1994 ) , Cosmic Powers # 1 -- 6 ( March -- July 1994 ) , and Cosmic Powers Unlimited # 1 ( May 1995 ) . Thanos appeared in a connected storyline in Ka - Zar vol. 2 , # 4 -- 11 ( Aug. 1997 -- March 1998 ) , Ka - Zar Annual ( 1997 ) , and the X-Man and Hulk Annual ( 1998 ) , before featuring in Thor vol. 2 , # 21 -- 25 ( March -- July 2000 ) and the 2000 Annual . The character was next used in Captain Marvel vol. 4 , # 17 -- 19 ( June -- Aug. 2001 ) , Avengers : Celestial Quest # 1 -- 8 ( Nov. 2001 -- June 2002 ) , Infinity Abyss # 1 -- 6 ( Aug. -- Oct. 2002 ) and Marvel : The End # 1 -- 6 ( May -- Aug 2003 ) . In 2004 Thanos received an eponymous title that ran for 12 issues . In 2006 , the character played an important role in Annihilation : Silver Surfer # 1 -- 4 ( June -- Sept. 2006 ) and Annihilation # 1 -- 6 ( Oct. 2006 -- March 2007 ) . The character was re-introduced in Guardians of the Galaxy vol. 2 , # 24 -- 25 ( April -- May 2010 ) and played a major role in The Thanos Imperative : Ignition ( June 2010 ) and The Thanos Imperative # 1 -- 6 ( July -- Dec. 2010 ) . The character returned in Avengers Assemble # 1 ( March 2012 ) . A mini-series titled Thanos : Son of Titan by Joe Keatinge was planned for publication in August 2012 , but was cancelled . The character 's origin was expanded in the five - issue Thanos Rising miniseries by Jason Aaron and Simone Bianchi which was published monthly beginning in April 2013 . Later that same year , Thanos played a central role in the Infinity miniseries written by Jonathan Hickman and drawn by Jim Cheung , Jerome Opeña , and Dustin Weaver . In May 2014 , Jim Starlin and Ron Lim worked together on the one - shot Thanos Annual , which is a prelude to a new trilogy of original graphic novels . The first , Thanos : The Infinity Revelation , was released the following August . Beginning in February 2015 , Starlin also penned a four - issue miniseries titled Thanos vs. Hulk , which was set prior to the graphic novels . The second installment in the trilogy , Thanos : The Infinity Relativity , was released in June , 2015 . The third graphic novel , Thanos : The Infinity Finale , as well as the connected mini-series The Infinity Entity were published in 2016 . At the same time Starlin was writing these graphic novels and tie - ins , the character also appeared in New Avengers # 23 -- 24 ( Oct -- Nov 2014 ) , Guardians of the Galaxy vol. 3 , # 18 -- 20 ( Oct -- Dec 2014 ) , Legendary Star - Lord # 4 ( Dec 2014 ) , a six - issue miniseries titled Thanos : A God Up There Listening ( Dec 2014 ) , Avengers vol. 5 , # 40 -- 41 ( Mar -- Apr 2015 ) , and Deadpool vol. 3 , # 45 ( `` # 250 '' ) ( Jun 2015 ) . Thanos also played a major role in the five - issue miniseries The Infinity Guantlet vol. 2 , ( July 2015 -- Jan 2016 ) , a tie - in of the cross-over Secret Wars ( 2015 ) . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Thanos was born on Saturn 's moon Titan as the son of Eternals Mentor and Sui - San , and his brother is Eros of Titan , also known as Starfox . Thanos carries the Deviants gene , and as such , shares the physical appearance of the Eternals ' cousin race . At birth , his mother was shocked by his appearance and attempted to kill him , due to believing that her son would annihilate all life in the universe , but was stopped by A'Lars , Thanos ' father . During his school years , Thanos was a pacifist and would only play with his brother Eros ( Starfox ) and pets . By adolescence , Thanos had become fascinated with nihilism and death , worshipping and eventually falling in love with the physical embodiment of death , Mistress Death . As an adult , Thanos augmented his physical strength and powers through his superior scientific knowledge . He also attempted to create a new life for himself by siring many children as well as becoming a pirate . He finds no fulfillment in either until he is visited again by Mistress Death , for whom he murders his offspring and his pirate captain . Cosmic Cube and Infinity Gems ( edit ) Wishing to impress Mistress Death , Thanos gathers an army of villainous aliens and begins a nuclear bombardment of Titan that kills millions of his race . Seeking universal power in the form of the Cosmic Cube , Thanos travels to Earth . Prior to landing , his vessel destroys a nearby car as a family witnesses his arrival . Unbeknownst to Thanos , two of the family members in the vehicle survive : the father 's spirit is preserved by the Titanian cosmic entity Kronos and is given a new form as Drax the Destroyer while the daughter is found by Thanos ' father , Mentor , and is raised to become the heroine Moondragon . Thanos eventually locates the Cube , and also attracts the attention of Mistress Death . Willing the Cube to make him omnipotent , Thanos then discards the Cube . He imprisons Kronos and taunts Kree hero Captain Marvel , who , with the aid of superhero team the Avengers and ISAAC ( a super-computer based on Titan ) , is eventually able to defeat Thanos by destroying the Cube . Thanos later comes to the aid of Adam Warlock in a war against the Magus and his religious empire . During this alliance Thanos cultivates a plan to reunite with Mistress Death , and secretly siphons off the energies of Warlock 's Soul Gem , combining these with the power of the other Infinity Gems to create a weapon capable of destroying a star . Warlock summons the Avengers and Captain Marvel to stop Thanos , although the plan is foiled when Thanos kills Warlock . The Titan regroups and captures the heroes , who are freed by Spider - Man and the Thing . Thanos is finally stopped by Warlock , whose spirit emerges from the Soul Gem and turns the Titan to stone . Thanos 's spirit eventually reappears to accompany a dying Captain Marvel 's soul into the realm of Death . The Infinity saga ( edit ) Thanos is eventually resurrected , and collects the Infinity Gems once again . He uses the gems to create the Infinity Gauntlet , making himself omnipotent , and erases half the living things in the universe to prove his love to Death . This act and several other acts are soon undone by Adam Warlock . Warlock reveals that Thanos has always allowed himself to be defeated because the Titan secretly knows he is not worthy of ultimate power . Thanos joins Warlock as part of the Infinity Watch and helps him to defeat first his evil and then good personas , and cure Thor of `` warrior Madness '' . Other adventures ( edit ) Thanos later recruits a team of Earth - bound super-villains and puts them under the field leadership of Geatar in a mission to capture an ancient robot containing the obscure knowledge of a universal library and extract its data . Thanos uses information from the robot to plot against and battle Tyrant , the first creation of Galactus turned destroyer . When trapped in an alternate dimension , Thanos employs the aid of the brother of Ka - Zar , Parnival Plunder and later the Hulk to escape , although both attempts are unsuccessful . Thanos is eventually freed and comes into conflict with Thor , aligning himself with Mangog in a scheme to obtain powerful mystical and cosmic talismans which will allow him to destroy all life in the universe , and during their battles Thanos decimates the planet Rigel - 3 . Thanos then uses the heroes Thor and Genis - Vell ( Captain Marvel 's son ) against the death god Walker , who attempts to woo Mistress Death and then destroy the entity after being rejected . Thanos then devises a plan to become the All - Father of a new pantheon of gods created by himself . Thanos , however , finds himself opposed by the Avengers ' former member Mantis and her son Quoi , who apparently is destined to be the Celestial Messiah . Thanos abandons this plan after having to unite with Mistress Death to destroy the `` Rot '' , a cosmic aberration in deep space caused by Thanos 's incessant love for Death . Thanos also once conducted extensive research on genetics , and after studying many of the universe 's heroes and villains cloned them and gene - spliced his own DNA into the subjects . Although he later abandons the project , five clones survive , being versions of Professor X , Iron Man , Gladiator , Doctor Strange , and Galactus respectively . A sixth and unnamed version of Thanos also appears , and it is revealed the incarnations of Thanos encountered in the past by Thor and Ka - Zar were actually clones . The true Thanos -- with the aid of Adam Warlock , Gamora , Pip the Troll , Spider - Man , Captain Marvel , and Dr. Strange -- destroys the remaining clones . When the ancient Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten uses a source of cosmic power , the Heart of the Universe , to seize power in present - day Earth ( killing most of Earth 's heroes in the process ) , Thanos uses a time - travel stratagem to defeat him . Thanos then uses the Heart of the Universe to reverse Akhenaten 's actions and was also compelled to correct a flaw in the universe . Changed by the experience , Thanos advises confidant Adam Warlock he will no longer seek universal conquest . Thanos decides to atone for the destruction of Rigel - 3 , and agrees to aid a colony of Rigellians in evacuating their planet before Galactus can consume it . During the course of this mission Thanos learns Galactus is collecting the Infinity Gems in an effort to end his unyielding hunger . Thanos later learns Galactus is being manipulated into releasing a multiversal threat called Hunger , which feeds on entire universes . Despite opposition from Thanos , Galactus unwittingly frees the entity , and when its intentions are revealed , the pair team up and attempt to destroy it . En route to the Kyln , an intergalactic prison , Thanos meets Death , who for the first time speaks to the Titan . Death claims to be worth wooing , but says Thanos must offer something other than death . At the Kyln Thanos encounters Peter Quill , also known as Star - Lord , and the Shi'ar warrior Gladiator , who are both prisoners , and the Beyonder , who has been rendered amnesiac by its choice to assume a humanoid female form . Thanos battles the Beyonder , causing its mind to shut down and leaving its power trapped within a comatose physical form . Thanos then instructs the Kyln officers to keep the Beyonder on life support indefinitely in order to prevent the entity from being reborn . Thanos departs the Kyln in the company of Skreet , a chaos - mite freed from the prison . Thanos then meets the Fallen , revealed to be the true first Herald of Galactus . Thanos defeats the former Herald and places him under complete mental control . He later appears in Wisconsin attempting to charge a weapon called the Pyramatrix with the life force of everyone on Earth until he is defeated by Squirrel Girl . After the battle , Uatu the Watcher appears and confirms to Squirrel Girl that she defeated the real Thanos , not a clone or copy . Annihilation ( edit ) Main article : Annihilation ( comics ) During the Annihilation War Thanos allies himself with the genocidal villain Annihilus . When the Annihilation Wave destroys the Kyln , Thanos sends the Fallen to check on the status of the Beyonder , whose mortal form he finds has perished . Before the Fallen can report back to Thanos it encounters Tenebrous and Aegis : two of Galactus 's ancient foes . Thanos convinces Tenebrous and Aegis to join the Annihilation Wave in order to get revenge on Galactus , and they subsequently defeat the World Devourer and the Silver Surfer . Annihilus desires the secret of the Power Cosmic and asks Thanos to study Galactus . Once Thanos learns Annihilus 's true goal is to use the Power Cosmic to destroy all life and remain the sole survivor , he decides to free Galactus . Drax the Destroyer kills Thanos before he can do so but discovers that Thanos had placed a failsafe device to allow Silver Surfer to free Galactus in the event that Annihilus betrayed him . During a climactic battle with Annihilus , Nova is near death and sees Thanos standing with Mistress Death . The Thanos Imperative ( edit ) Main article : The Thanos Imperative A cocoon protected by the Universal Church of Truth is revealed to be hiding Thanos , who has been chosen by Oblivion to be the new Avatar of Death . Resurrected before his mind could be fully formed , Thanos goes on a mindless rampage before being captured by the Guardians of the Galaxy . Thanos pretends to aid the Guardians against the invading Cancerverse , and after discovering its origin kills an alternate version of Mar - Vell , the self - proclaimed Avatar of Life . This causes the collapse of the Cancerverse , and Nova sacrifices himself in an attempt to contain Thanos inside the imploding reality . Thanos escapes and returns to Earth seeking an artificial cosmic cube . He forms an incarnation of the criminal group Zodiac to retrieve it , but he is defeated by the Avengers and the Guardians of the Galaxy and remanded to the custody of the Elders of the Universe . Infinity and the Cabal ( edit ) Main article : Infinity ( comic book ) Thanos soon invades Earth again after being informed that most of the Avengers have temporarily left the planet . He launches an assault on Attilan , which he offers to spare in exchange for the deaths of all Inhumans between the ages of 16 and 22 . Black Bolt later informs the Illuminati that the true purpose of the invasion is to find and kill Thane , an Eternal / Inhuman hybrid that Thanos had secretly fathered years earlier . Thanos is trapped in a pocket limbo of stasis by his son . Thanos is freed by Namor and was among the villains that joined his Cabal to destroy other worlds . Thanos later meets his end on Battleworld , where he is easily killed by God Emperor Doom during an attempted insurrection . Ultimates and Civil War ii ( edit ) Main article : Civil War II Thanos is unintentionally brought back to life by Galactus . When Thanos prepares to raid a Project Pegasus facility to steal a Cosmic Cube , he is ambushed and defeated by a team of Avengers . During their battle , he mortally wounds War Machine and critically injures She - Hulk . After his defeat , he is imprisoned in the Triskelion , and manipulates Anti-Man into facilitating his escape . Thanos goes on a killing spree , but Black Panther , Blue Marvel and Monica Rambeau are able to stop him by devising a device that blocks the electrical synapses in his brain . `` Thanos wins '' ( edit ) Thanos somehow later recovers and escapes captivity , and reclaims his Black Order forces from Corvus Glaive . After retaking command of his Black Quadrant outpost , Thanos discovers that he is dying . Thanos tries to force Mentor to find a cure for his malady , but kills him when he is unable to . Soon after Thanos would be battered and detained by the Shi'ar Imperial Guard after he invaded the very planet station of his fathers facility sitting in their territory . A quick jump into the future shows Thanos ' estranged son Thane having bested his mad father with the personification of death at his side . Presently locked within a maximum security cosmic Alcatraz , Thanos sits alone within a cell as his sickness ravages his body . All while being mocked by its prison warden whom he lured into a false sense of security in order to escape ; ripping off his arm for escape access and murdering half his personal staff in a bid for freedom . Having narrowly escaped his imprisonment before its self - destruction , Thanos retreats to a hidden outpost where a roving mercenary colony loyal only to him was once stationed . Only to find it decimated at the hand of the new lover of Mistress Death ; who reveals that she 'd stricken her former avatar with his fatal sickness , being his son Thane , now boasting the power of the Phoenix Force . Whom under her coaxing , had banished the mad titan back to the decimated Moon of Titan now entirely stripped of his godlike powers . For the next few months , Thanos would survive alone and all but powerless in the ruins of his home city . Surviving off the flesh of mutated vermin and being accosted by local scavengers who preyed upon him in his weakened condition , he is soon picked up by the unlikely crew of Thane 's betrayed cohorts Tryco Slatterus , his adopted daughter Nebula and his brother Eros of Titan . Having heard of their plight , the three were dismayed to find Thanos stripped of all he was and had ever been ; his second daughter only agreeing to come along so she could kill her father , immediately assaulted him . Starfox was able to preempt her attempt at patricide while inviting his wayward tyrant of a brother aboard their vessel . Thanos mentioned the only way for him to be relived of his mortality was to seek out the God Quarry heralded by The Witches of Infinity . Starfox initially wrote this off as fable and folklore . Now on the path to the cosmic coven set at the edge of the known universe , Thanos and crew stop short of a black hole , knowing full well that it is where the witches make their home . The Mad Titan jumps into the pinhole of nothingness alongside his brother , whom not trusting his butcherous sibling with the supposed infinite power of said collective ; having survived the crushing force of the singularity they dove into , Thanos and Eros are greeted by the Coven at the godly graveyard . Thanos demands the three that are one to return his godhood to him . Starfox tries his best charm the enchantresses only to be rebuked by them , much to Thanos 's joy when they prematurely aged him . Seeing as it was neither their place to destroy nor turn away those seeking them , The Witches profess the only way for the warlord to be made whole again was to climb down into the God Quarry and await a trial that would test his soul . Immediately after setting foot within the graveyard of old gods , Thanos is subsumed into the bedrock within which they rest . As his journey of the core being commenced , Thanos 's trial began with him as leader of earth and the universes greatest champions , the Avengers . But he 's unable to escape the nagging feeling he 's forgotten something , till the quarry itself wearing the guise of Falcon reminds him of who he used to be ; tempting him to live as a hero and a man at peace for the first time in his immortal life . But Thanos laughs maniacally as he coldly rebukes such a path , ruthlessly killing his would be friends and allies while choosing to remain whom he always was . His cosmic might returned to him , Thanos is freed from the God Quarry , wherein he immediately accosts his brother Eros and threatens the coven to release him from their domain so that he might do away with Thane once and for all . The unworthy Thor ( edit ) Around the time of the New Thor 's appearance , Thanos is approached by a mysterious hooded woman , who proposes an alliance . He tasks her with bringing him the hammer of the deceased Ultimate Thor . The woman fails , but removes her disguise to reveal herself as Hela , the Norse goddess of death . She tells Thanos that she needs his help to reclaim Hel , and in exchange , offers to give him the one thing he has been searching for his entire life : death . After this , the two kiss . Powers and abilities ( edit ) Thanos is a mutant member of the race of superhumans known as the Titanian Eternals . The character possesses abilities common to the Eternals , but amplified to a higher degree through a combination of his mutant -- Eternal heritage , bionic amplification , mysticism , and power bestowed by the abstract entity , Death . Demonstrating enormous superhuman strength , speed , stamina , immortality and invulnerability among other qualities , Thanos can absorb and project vast quantities of cosmic energy , and is capable of telekinesis and telepathy . He can manipulate matter and live indefinitely without food , air or water , can not die of old age , is immune to all terrestrial diseases , and has high resistance to psychic assaults . Thanos is also an accomplished hand - to - hand combatant , having been trained in the art of war on Titan . Thanos has proven himself capable of briefly holding his own in battle against Odin , and of blasting Galactus off his feet . Thanos is a supergenius in virtually all known fields of advanced science and has created technology far exceeding that which is found on contemporary Earth . He often employs a transportation chair capable of space flight , force field projection , teleportation , time travel , and movement through alternate universes . Thanos is also a master strategist and uses several space vessels , at least three under the name `` Sanctuary '' , as a base of operations . Other versions ( edit ) Amalgam Comics ( edit ) During the 1996 Amalgam Comics crossover between DC Comics and Marvel , Thanos merged with Darkseid to become `` Thanoseid '' . Earth X ( edit ) In the alternate universe limited series Earth X , Thanos dwelled in the Realm of the Dead with the entity Death . It is revealed his mother was a Skrull and Death used her secret to make him believe that Death was his mother . When the deception is revealed , he uses the Ultimate Nullifier on Death . Ultimate Marvel ( edit ) The Ultimate Marvel imprint title Ultimate Fantastic Four features an alternate universe version of Thanos who is the ruler of Acheron ( and has a son called Ronan the Accuser , who is in possession of a Cosmic Cube ) , a vast empire consisting of thousands of worlds on another plane of existence . Marvel Zombies 2 ( edit ) Thanos features in the limited series Marvel Zombies 2 , set in the alternate universe of Earth - 2149 . Having been `` zombified '' , the character is killed by the cosmic - powered Hulk after an altercation over food . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Thanos was featured in the Silver Surfer animated television series , voiced by Gary Krawford . Due to Fox 's broadcast standards , Thanos is depicted as a worshiper of Lady Chaos . Thanos talks to a statue of Lady Chaos on his ship . Thanos appears on The Super Hero Squad Show , voiced by Steven Blum in his first appearance , and by Jim Cummings in all other appearances . Thanos appears in the Avengers Assemble and Guardians of the Galaxy animated shows , voiced by Isaac C. Singleton Jr . Film ( edit ) Damion Poitier ( top ) as Thanos in the end credits of The Avengers and Josh Brolin ( bottom ) as Thanos in Avengers : Infinity War . In The Avengers ( 2012 ) Thanos makes a cameo appearance in the middle of the end credits . Damion Poitier ( credited as Man # 1 ) portrays Thanos as Loki 's mysterious benefactor . In Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) Thanos tries to use Ronan the Accuser to obtain an Infinity Stone . The film also introduces him as the adoptive father of Gamora and Nebula . Sean Gunn stood in for Thanos on set . Josh Brolin provided the performance capture for Thanos . Thanos was originally going to have a larger role in Guardians of the Galaxy , but Joss Whedon felt that the character needed to be threaded more gently . In Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , Thanos makes a cameo appearance in the middle of the end credits . He dons an Infinity Gauntlet and vows to retrieve the Infinity Stones himself . Brolin reprises his uncredited role . In Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) , Thanos is once again portrayed by Brolin . In the film , he seeks the six Infinity Stones because he believes the Universe is overpopulated and wants to cull it by half so that those who remain may have a better quality of life . Brolin will reprise his role in the fourth Avengers movie ( scheduled US release , May 3 , 2019 ) . Video games ( edit ) Thanos appeared in the Capcom fighting games Marvel Super Heroes and Marvel vs. Capcom 2 as a playable character , voiced by Andrew Jackson . Thanos appears as a downloadable content character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes . Thanos appears as a playable character of Lego Marvel 's Avengers , voiced by Isaac C. Singleton Jr . Thanos is a playable character in Marvel Future Fight . Thanos is available to play with in Marvel : Contest of Champions . There are two playable versions of Thanos in the match - three mobile game Marvel Puzzle Quest . Thanos was added to the game in December 2016 . Thanos appears in Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series , voiced by Jake Hart . In the first chapter , Thanos seeks the Eternity Forge , an ancient artifact . He is killed in a battle with the Nova Corps and the Guardians of the Galaxy . Thanos appears as a playable character in Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite , voiced again by Isaac C. Singleton Jr . In this game , Thanos no longer has the Infinity Stone - based moves from the previous Marvel vs. Capcom games . In the story mode , he was originally captured by Ultron Sigma ( a fusion between Ultron and Sigma from Capcom 's Mega Man X series ) , until he is rescued by the remaining heroes and soon must aid the heroes to devise another plan in combatting Ultron Sigma . Fortnite Battle Royale has an official Marvel - sponsored event tie - in with Avengers : Infinity War , which features the Infinity Gauntlet that randomly spawns on the map ; any player that equips it becomes Thanos and has additional abilities . The MCU incarnation of Thanos ( based on his appearance in Avengers : Infinity War ) appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 . He is seen in the `` Infinity War '' DLC where he leads the Black Order into invading Attilan . Thanos ( based on Josh Brolin 's performance in Avengers : Infinity War ) also appears in the Infinity War update of Spider - Man Unlimited as a boss . Novels ( edit ) Thanos is the protagonist of the 2017 novel Thanos : Death Sentence by Stuart Moore . The book follows Thanos ' last chance to win Death 's love after his defeat at the end of The Infinity Gauntlet . Collected editions ( edit ) A number of the stories featuring Thanos have been republished into trade paperbacks and other collected editions : The Life of Captain Marvel ( collects Iron Man # 55 , Captain Marvel # 25 -- 34 , Marvel Feature # 12 ) , 1991 , ISBN 0 - 87135 - 635 - X Essential Avengers : Volume 6 ( includes Captain Marvel # 33 ; The Avengers # 125 , 135 ) , 576 pages , February 2008 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 3058 - 6 The Greatest Battles of the Avengers ( includes Avengers Annual # 7 ) , 156 pages , December 1993 , ISBN 0 - 87135 - 981 - 2 Avengers vs. Thanos ( collects Iron - Man # 55 , Captain Marvel # 25 -- 33 , Marvel Feature # 12 , Daredevil # 105 -- 107 , Avengers # 125 , Warlock # 9 - 11 , 15 , Avengers Annual # 7 , Marvel Two - In - One Annual # 2 , and material from Logan 's Run # 6 ) , 472 pages , March 2013 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 6850 - 8 Essential Marvel Two - in - One : Volume 2 ( includes Marvel Two - in - One Annual # 2 ) , 568 pages , July 2007 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 2698 - 8 Marvel Masterworks Captain Marvel : Volume 3 ( collects Captain Marvel # 22 -- 33 , Iron Man # 55 ) , 288 pages , hardcover , April 2008 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 3015 - 2 Marvel Masterworks Captain Marvel : Volume 6 ( collects Captain Marvel # 58 -- 62 , Marvel Spotlight # 1 -- 4 , 8 , Marvel Super-Heroes # 3 , Marvel Graphic Novel # 1 ; Logan 's Run # 63 ) , 296 pages , hardcover , May 2016 , ISBN 978 - 0785199946 Marvel Masterworks Warlock : Volume 2 ( collects Strange Tales # 178 -- 181 ; Warlock # 9 -- 15 ; Avengers Annual # 7 ; Marvel Two - in - One Annual # 2 ) , hardcover , 320 pages , hardcover , June 2009 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 3511 - 1 The Death of Captain Marvel ( collects Captain Marvel # 34 , Marvel Spotlight # 1 -- 2 , Marvel Graphic Novel # 1 ) , 128 pages , hardcover , June 2010 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 4627 - X Silver Surfer : Rebirth of Thanos ( collects Silver Surfer # 34 -- 38 ; The Thanos Quest miniseries ; `` The Final Flower ! '' from Logan 's Run # 6 ) , 224 pages , April 2006 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 2046 - 7 ( hardcover , August 2010 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 4478 - 1 ) The Infinity Gauntlet ( collects The Infinity Gauntlet limited series ) , 256 pages , March 2000 , ISBN 0 - 87135 - 944 - 8 ( December 2004 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 0892 - 0 ; July 2006 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 2349 - 0 ; hardcover , August 2010 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 4549 - 4 ) Infinity War ( collects Infinity War limited series ; Warlock and the Infinity Watch # 7 -- 10 ; Marvel Comics Presents # 108 -- 111 ) , 400 pages , April 2006 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 2105 - 6 Infinity Crusade : Volume 1 ( collects Infinity Crusade # 1 -- 3 , Warlock Chronicles # 1 -- 3 , Warlock and the Infinity Watch # 18 -- 19 ) , 248 pages , December 2008 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 3127 - 2 Volume 2 ( collects Infinity Crusade # 4 -- 6 , Warlock Chronicles # 4 -- 5 , Warlock and the Infinity Watch # 20 -- 22 ) , 248 pages , February 2009 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 3128 - 0 Thor : Blood and Thunder ( collects Thor # 468 -- 471 , Silver Surfer # 86 -- 88 , Warlock Chronicles # 6 -- 8 , Warlock and the Infinity Watch # 23 -- 25 ) , 336 pages , July 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 5094 - 7 DC versus Marvel Comics ( collects DC vs. Marvel mini-series , Doctor Strangefate # 1 ) , 163 pages , September 1996 , ISBN 1 - 56389 - 294 - 4 Ka - Zar by Mark Waid and Andy Kubert : Volume 1 ( collects Ka - Zar # 1 -- 7 , Tales of the Marvel Universe # 1 ) , 208 pages , January 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 4353 - 6 Volume 2 ( collects Ka - Zar # 8 -- 14 , Annual ' 97 ) , 216 pages , March 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 5992 - 6 Deadpool Classic : Volume 5 ( collects Deadpool # 26 -- 33 , Baby 's First Deadpool , Deadpool Team - Up # 1 ) , 272 pages , June 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 5519 - 5 The Mighty Thor by Dan Jurgens and John Romita , Jr. : Volume 4 ( collects Thor vol. 2 , # 18 -- 25 , Annual 2000 ) , 256 pages , November 2010 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 4927 - 9 Infinity Abyss ( collects Infinity Abyss limited series ) , 176 pages , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 0985 - 4 Thanos : The End ( collects Marvel : The End limited series ) , 160 pages , May 2004 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 1116 - 6 Thanos : Redemption ( collects Thanos # 1 -- 12 ) , 304 pages , November 2013 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 8506 - 2 Epiphany ( collects Thanos # 1 -- 6 ) , 144 pages , June 2004 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 1355 - X Samaritan ( collects Thanos # 7 -- 12 ) , 144 pages , October 2004 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 1540 - 4 Annihilation : Volume 1 ( collects Drax the Destroyer miniseries , Annihilation : Prologue one - shot , Annihilation : Nova miniseries ) , 256 pages , October 2007 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 2901 - 4 ( hardcover , March 2007 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 2511 - 6 ) Volume 2 ( collects Annihilation : Ronan miniseries , Annihilation : Silver Surfer miniseries , Annihilation : Super-Skrull miniseries ) , 320 pages , November 2007 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 2902 - 2 ( hardcover , May 2007 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 2512 - 4 ) Volume 3 ( collects Annihilation : The Nova Corps Files one - shot / handbook , Annihilation limited series , Annihilation : Heralds of Galactus miniseries ) , 304 pages , December 2007 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 2903 - 0 ( hardcover , July 2007 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 2513 - 2 ) The Thanos Imperative ( collects The Thanos Imperative # 1 -- 6 , The Thanos Imperative : Ignition , The Thanos Imperative : Devastation , Thanos Sourcebook ) , 248 pages , hardcover , February 2011 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 5183 - 4 Infinity ( collects Infinity # 1 -- 6 , New Avengers vol. 3 , # 7 -- 12 , Avengers vol 5 , # 14 -- 23 , Infinity : Against the Tide Infinite Comic # 1 -- 2 ) , 632 pages , hardcover , February 2014 , ISBN 978 - 0785184225 Thanos Rising ( collects Thanos Rising # 1 -- 5 ) , 136 pages , hardcover , July 2014 , ISBN 978 - 0785190479 Thanos : A God Up There Listening ( collects Thanos : A God Up There Listening # 1 -- 4 and Thanos Annual # 1 ) , 120 pages , hardcover , December 2014 , ISBN 978 - 0785191582 Thanos vs. Hulk ( collects Thanos vs. Hulk # 1 -- 4 , Warlock ( 1972 ) # 12 ) , 112 pages , June 2015 , ISBN 978 - 0785197126 Thanos : Cosmic Powers ( collects Secret Defenders # 12 -- 14 , Cosmic Powers # 1 -- 6 ) , 344 pages , November 2015 , ISBN 978 - 0785198178 Deadpool vs. Thanos ( collects Deadpool vs. Thanos # 1 -- 4 ) , 112 pages , December 2015 , ISBN 978 - 0785198451 The Infinity Gauntlet : Warzones ! ( collects The Infinity Gauntlet # 1 -- 5 ) , 112 pages , December 2015 , ISBN 978 - 0785198741 Siege : Battleworld ( collects Siege # 1 -- 4 , Uncanny X-Men ( 2011 ) # 9 -- 10 ) , 144 pages , February 2016 , ISBN 978 - 0785195498 Secret Wars ( collects Secret Wars # 1 -- 9 and material from Secret Wars # 0 FCBD ) , 312 pages , March 2016 , ISBN 978 - 0785198840 The Infinity Entity ( collects : The Infinity Entity # 1 -- 4 , Thanos Annual # 1 ) , 116 pages , July 2016 , ISBN 978 - 0785194217 ' Thanos The Infinity Revelation , Jim Starlin , 2014 , ISBN 978 - 0785184706 Thanos The Infinity Relativity , Jim Starlin , 2015 , ISBN 978 - 0785193036 Thanos The Infinity Finale , Jim Starlin , 2016 , ISBN 978 - 0785193050 Reception ( edit ) Thanos was ranked number 47 on IGN 's top 100 comic book villains of all time , 22nd on Wizard 's Top 100 Greatest Villains list , and number 21 on Complex 's 25 Greatest Comic Book Villains List . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to Kevin Feige , the Infinity Gauntlet seen at the end of the film is not the same as the one seen in Odin 's vault in Asgard in Thor , revealing that two Gauntlets exist in the MCU . The Asgard Gauntlet is revealed to be a fake in Thor : Ragnarok . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thanos Vol. 2 # 14 Jump up ^ `` Jim Starlin '' . Adelaide Comics and Books . Archived via the Wayback Machine . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( 2010 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Comic Book Legends Revealed # 266 '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Meylikhov , Matthew ( 2012 - 05 - 09 ) . `` The Big Bad of Avengers Assembled Revealed '' . Multiversity.com . Jump up ^ Marvel Cancels Thanos : Son of Titan miniseries , www.bleedingcool.com , 27 July 2012 Jump up ^ Sunu , Steve ( 16 January 2013 ) . `` Aaron and Bianchi Explore `` Thanos Rising '' in April `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Thanos Annual # 1 , Inside Pulse , May 28 , 2014 ( accessed May 28 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ Jim Starlin Has an `` Infinity Revelation '' for Thanos , Comic Book Resources , January 3 , 2014 ( accessed May 28 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` '' Thanos : The Infinity Relativity '' OGN From Jim Starlin `` , Comic Book Resources , November 20 , 2014 ( accessed April 3 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ Richards , Dave ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Jim Starlin Enters Adam Warlock 's Mind In `` Infinity Entity '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Meylikhov , Matthew ( May 30 , 2014 ) `` Thanos Joins the New Avengers in September Archived 2014 - 06 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , '' Multiversity Comics ( accessed June 19 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ Thanos Rising # 1 Jump up ^ Thanos Rising # 3 , Iron Man vol 1 # 55 Jump up ^ Thanos Rising # 4 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : Avengers Annual # 7 ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ Captain Marvel # 30 ( Jan. 1974 ) Jump up ^ Captain Marvel # 33 ( July 1974 ) Jump up ^ Strange Tales # 178 -- 181 ( Feb. -- Aug. 1975 ) Jump up ^ Warlock # 9 -- 11 ( Oct. 1975 -- Jan. 1976 ) Jump up ^ Marvel Two - in - One Annual # 2 ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ Death of Captain Marvel ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ Silver Surfer vol. 3 , # 34 ( Feb. 1990 ) Jump up ^ The Thanos Quest ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ The Infinity Gauntlet # 1 ( July 1991 ) Jump up ^ The Infinity Gauntlet # 6 ( Dec. 1991 ) Jump up ^ The Infinity War # 1 -- 6 ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ The Infinity Crusade # 1 -- 6 ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Thor # 470 -- 471 ( Jan. -- Feb. 1994 ) ; Silver Surfer vol. 3 , # 88 ( Jan. 1994 ) ; Warlock Chronicles # 8 ( Feb. 1994 ) ; Warlock and the Infinity Watch # 25 ( Feb. 1994 ) Jump up ^ Secret Defenders # 11 -- 14 ( Jan. -- April 1994 ) Jump up ^ Cosmic Powers # 1 -- 6 ( March -- Aug. 1994 ) Jump up ^ Ka - Zar vol. 2 , # 4 -- 11 ( Aug 1997 -- March 1998 ) , Annual 1997 Jump up ^ X-Man and Hulk Annual 1998 Jump up ^ Thor vol. 2 , # 21 -- 25 ( March -- July 2000 ) Jump up ^ Thor Annual ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Captain Marvel vol. 2 , # 17 -- 19 ( June -- Aug. 2001 ) Jump up ^ Avengers : Celestial Quest # 1 -- 8 ( Nov. 2001 -- June 2002 ) Jump up ^ The Infinity Abyss # 1 -- 6 ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Marvel : The End # 1 -- 6 ( May -- Aug. 2003 ) Jump up ^ Thanos # 1 -- 6 ( Dec. 2003 -- April 2004 ) Jump up ^ Thanos # 7 -- 9 ( May 2004 ) Jump up ^ Thanos # 10 -- 12 ( July -- Sept. 2004 ) Jump up ^ GLX - Mas Special ( December 2005 ) Jump up ^ Annihilation # 4 ( Jan. 2007 ) Jump up ^ Annihilation # 6 ( March 2007 ) Jump up ^ Guardians of the Galaxy vol. 2 , # 24 ( May 2010 ) Jump up ^ Guardians of the Galaxy vol. 2 , # 25 ( June 2010 ) Jump up ^ The Thanos Imperative : Ignition July 2010 ; The Thanos Imperative Aug. 2010 -- Jan. 2011 Jump up ^ Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 , # 18 -- 20 ( Oct . -- Dec. 2014 ) Jump up ^ Avengers Assemble # 1 -- 8 ( March -- Oct. 2012 ) Jump up ^ Infinity # 1 Jump up ^ Infinity # 2 Jump up ^ Infinity # 6 Jump up ^ New Avengers Vol. 3 , # 23 Jump up ^ Secret Wars vol. 2 , # 8 Jump up ^ Ultimates vol. 2 , # 5 Jump up ^ Free Comic Book Book Day Avengers 2016 ; Civil War II # 1 Jump up ^ `` War Machine did n't put She - Hulk in a coma , and other Civil War revelations today '' . Bleedingcool.com . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ A-Force # 8 ( 2016 ) Jump up ^ Ultimates vol. 2 , # 8 Jump up ^ Ultimates vol. 2 , # 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Ultimates vol. 2 , # 11 Jump up ^ Thanos ( 2016 ) # 1 Jump up ^ Thanos v. 2 # 2 Jump up ^ Thanos v. 2 # 3 Jump up ^ Thanos v. 2 # 4 Jump up ^ Thanos v. 2 # 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Thanos v. 2 # 6 Jump up ^ Thanos v. 2 # 7 Jump up ^ Thanos v. 2 # 8 Jump up ^ Thanos v. 2 # 9 Jump up ^ Thanos v. 2 # 10 Jump up ^ The Unworthy Thor # 2 Jump up ^ The Unworthy Thor # 5 Jump up ^ Warlock and the Infinity Watch # 25 ( Feb. 1994 ) Jump up ^ Thanos # 5 ( April 2004 ) Jump up ^ Bullets and Bracelets # 1 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Earth X # 0 -- 12 , X ( Mar. 1999 -- June 2000 ) Jump up ^ Universe X Issue X Jump up ^ Ultimate Fantastic Four # 42 ( May 2007 ) Jump up ^ Ultimate Fantastic Four # 35 ( Dec. 2006 ) Jump up ^ Marvel Zombies 2 # 1 ( Dec. 2007 -- Apr. 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Interview with Larry Brody '' . Marvelite.prohosting.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` If This Be My Thanos '' . The Super Hero Squad Show . Season 1 . Episode 11 . October 24 , 2009 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Voice Actors -- Jim Cummings '' . Behind the Voice Actors . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Check mark indicates BTVA has verified the entries using screenshots of credits and other confirmed sources . Jump up ^ `` First look : Thanos a foe for animated ' Avengers ' '' . USA TODAY. 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thanos Rising '' . Avengers Assemble . Season 2 . Episode 2 . October 5 , 2014 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Feige Avengers Spoiler Podcast '' . Empire Magazine . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Avengers has two post-credit scenes , mystery actor revealed '' . IFC. 2012 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Josh Brolin Voicing Thanos in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of The Galaxy ' Connects to ' Avengers 3 ; ' Plus New Image '' . / Film . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` James Gunn Reveals His Brother 's Roles in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' -- Spinoff Online -- TV , Film , and Entertainment News Daily '' . Spinoff Online -- TV , Film , and Entertainment News Daily . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Kevin Feige Talks GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY , THOR 3 , CAPTAIN AMERICA 3 , DOCTOR STRANGE , Casting Josh Brolin as Thanos , Comic - Con Plans , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Joss Whedon reveals that there was supposed to be more Thanos in Guardians of the Galaxy '' . HitFix. 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Big Secret Behind The Infinity Gauntlet , According To Marvel 's Kevin Feige '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2015 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . I asked Feige if the presence of the Infinity Gauntlet in the mid-credits sequence was a rewrite in continuity or something else entirely , and he explained that nothing is being overwritten . Or as he put it , There are two different gloves . That was not Odin 's vault that you see at the end . When you think about it , this really does make all kinds of sense . After all , the idea of forging just one cosmic artifact glove is kind of silly when most have two hands , right ? So there is a degree of sense in Thanos having his own gauntlet while its double continues to rest on Asgard . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Feige Answers Your Lingering ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Spoiler Questions '' . / Film . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2395427/reference ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel 's The Avengers Head Into an Infinity War - News - Marvel.com '' . marvel.com . ^ Jump up to : `` ' It 's Thanos Against Everyone ' Says Brolin of Avengers : Infinity War - ComingSoon.net '' . ComingSoon.net . Jump up ^ `` Loading ... '' Brickextra.com . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Future Fight 2.1. 0 with Thanos , Supergiant , Ebony Maw playable '' . Product-reviews.net . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thanos Comes to ' Marvel Puzzle Quest ' -- TouchArcade '' . Toucharcade.com . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series '' . IMDb.com. 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 24 November 2017 -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite story mode demo out now on PS4 and XB1 , trailer shows several new characters '' . Eventhubs.com . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Capcom . Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite . Capcom . Scene : Credits , `` Cast '' . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Thanos is coming to Fortnite for epic Avengers : Infinity War crossover '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO Marvel Super Heroes 2 Gets Infinity War DLC '' . ComingSoon.net. 19 April 2018 . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.justpushstart.com/2018/04/spider-man-unlimited-mobile-game-getting-avengers-infinity-war-content/ Jump up ^ http://gametyrant.com/news/spider-man-unlimited-is-getting-infinity-war-content Jump up ^ `` Thanos : Death Sentence Prose Novel ( Hardcover ) - Comic Books - Comics - Marvel.com '' . Marvel.com . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thanos is Number 47 '' . IGN . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Thanos is Number 21 '' . Complex . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Thanos Thanos at the Marvel Universe wiki Thanos at the Comic Book DB Thanos -- The Mad Titan Thanos at the Marvel Directory Article about the differences between Thanos and Darkseid . Thanos on TVtropes . 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"In The Avengers (2012) Thanos makes a cameo appearance in the middle of the end credits. Damion Poitier (credited as Man #1) portrays Thanos as Loki's mysterious benefactor.[87][88]"
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8314230282850814290 | Battle of Galveston | Battle of Galveston - wikipedia Battle of Galveston Jump to : navigation , search x caption = CS Bayou City captures the USS Harriet Lane during the Battle of Galveston date = January 1 , 1863 ( 1863 - 01 - 01 ) place = Galveston , Texas coordinates = map_type = latitude = longitude = map_size = map_caption = map_label = territory = result = Confederate victory status = combatant1 = United States ( Union ) combatant2 = Confederate States ( Confederacy ) combatant3 = commander1 = Isaac S. Burrell William B. Renshaw † commander2 = John B. Magruder Leon Smith ( naval commander ) commander3 = units1 = West Gulf Blockading Squadron 42nd Massachusetts Infantry units2 = Department of Texas , New Mexico and Arizona Texas Marine Department units3 = strength1 = 6 gunboats unknown infantry strength2 = 2 gunboats unknown infantry strength3 = casualties1 = ca . 420 captured 1 gunboat captured 1 gunboat destroyed casualties2 = 26 killed , 117 wounded casualties3 = notes = ) ) Operations Against Galveston Battle of Galveston Harbor Battle of Galveston Action off Galveston Light Operations to Blockade the Texas Coast First Battle of Sabine Pass Battle of Corpus Christi Battle of Galveston Harbor Battle of Galveston Action off Galveston Light Second Battle of Sabine Pass Map of Galveston Battlefield core and study areas by the American Battlefield Protection Program . The Battle of Galveston was a naval and land battle of the American Civil War , when Confederate forces under Major Gen. John B. Magruder expelled occupying Union troops from the city of Galveston , Texas on January 1 , 1863 . After the loss of the cutter Harriet Lane , the Union Fleet Commander William B. Renshaw blew up the stranded vessel USS Westfield to save it from falling into enemy hands . Union troops on shore thought the fleet was surrendering , and laid down their arms . The battle is sometimes called the Second Battle of Galveston , as the Battle of Galveston Harbor ( October 1862 ) is sometimes called the First Battle of Galveston . Contents ( hide ) 1 Battle 2 Aftermath 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Battle ( edit ) Two Confederate cottonclads , CS Bayou City and the CS Neptune commanded by Leon Smith , sailed from Houston to Galveston in an effort to engage the Union Fleet in Galveston Harbor , which consisted of USS Clifton , USS Harriet Lane , USS Westfield , USS Owasco , USS Corypheus and USS Sachem . Outnumbered six to two by the Northern ships , the Neptune was severely damaged by the Union Fleet and eventually sank . While the Neptune was quickly disabled , the Bayou City succeeded in capturing the USS Harriet Lane . During this time , the USS Westfield was grounded on a sandbar . A three - hour truce was called for by Magruder , but Union Fleet Commander William B. Renshaw , ignoring the negotiation offer , attempted to destroy the grounded Westfield with explosives rather than let it fall into enemy hands . Renshaw and several Union troops were subsequently killed when the explosives were set off too early . Union troops on shore were convinced that their own ships were surrendering and , therefore , laid down their arms . The remaining U.S. ships did not surrender and succeeded in retreating to Union - controlled New Orleans . Artist 's depiction of the capture of the USS Harriet Lane . Replicas of the `` Twin Sisters '' , which were used in the 1836 Battle of San Jacinto and the 1863 Battle of Galveston . Aftermath ( edit ) The Union blockade around the city of Galveston was lifted temporarily for four days , and Galveston remained the only major port that remained in Confederate hands at the end of the war . The Confederate Congress stated this on the successful recapture of Galveston : The bold , intrepid , and gallant conduct of Maj. Gen. J. Bankhead Magruder , Col. Thomas Green , Maj . Leon Smith and other officers , and of the Texan Rangers and soldiers engaged in the attack on , and victory achieved over , the land and naval forces of the enemy at Galveston , on the 1st of January , 1863 , eminently entitle them to the thanks of Congress and the country ... This brilliant achievement , resulting , under the providence of God , in the capture of the war steamer Harriet Lane and the defeat and ignominious flight of the hostile fleet from the harbor , the recapture of the city and the raising of the blockade of the port of Galveston , signally evinces that superior force may be overcome by skillful conception and daring courage . See also ( edit ) Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright II , killed in action during the battle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Appletons ' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events of the year : 1862 . New York : D. Appleton & Company . 1863 . p. 774 . Jump up ^ `` Confederate Ships - C.S. Army gun boat Bayou City '' . Naval Historical Center , Department of the U.S. Navy ( 13 October 2000 ) , www.history.navy.mil . Archived from the original on 2001 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Alwyn Barr . `` Galveston , Battle of '' . The Handbook of Texas Online , Texas State Historical Assoc . ( June 6 , 2001 ) , www.tshaonline.org . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2010 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Galveston ( 1 January 1863 ) '' . Lone Star Junction ( 1996 ) , www.lsjunction.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . External links ( edit ) National Park Service battle description CWSAC Report Update The Battle of Galveston ( 1 January 1863 ) at Lone Star Junction Battle of Galveston at The Handbook of Texas Online City of Galveston Attractions Ashton Villa Balinese Room Bishop 's Palace East End Historic District Elissa ( ship ) Fort Crockett Galveston Island Historic Pleasure Pier Galveston Island State Park Galveston Pirate SC Galveston Railroad Museum Galveston Seawall Galveston Island Trolley Grand 1894 Opera House Lone Star Flight Museum Moody Gardens Moody Plaza Ocean Star Offshore Drilling Rig & Museum Old Red Rosenberg Library St. Mary Cathedral Basilica Schlitterbahn Galveston Island Waterpark Seawolf Park Strand Historic District 1861 United States Customs and Federal Court House USS Cavalla USS Stewart Industries American National Insurance Company Galveston Railroad Island Transit Moody Foundation Moody National Bank Port of Galveston Texas First Bank Scholes International Airport at Galveston History First Battle of Galveston Second Battle of Galveston Battle of Galveston Harbor The Beach Hotel Fort Point Light Galveston Railroad Galveston Hurricane of 1900 Galveston Hurricane of 1915 Galveston Movement Jewish history Karankawa Indians Free State of Galveston Strand Historic District 1861 United States Customs and Federal Court House Gulf , Colorado and Santa Fe Railway Geography Galveston Bay Galveston Island Gulf of Mexico San Luis Pass West Bay Education Galveston College Galveston ISD Ball HS Central HS O'Connell College Preparatory School Texas A&M University at Galveston University of Texas Medical Branch Healthcare & research Galveston National Biocontainment Laboratory John Sealy Hospital Sealy & Smith Foundation Shriners Hospital for Children Transitional Learning Center University of Texas Medical Branch Media Newspapers The Daily News Television KLTJ ( Daystar ) KTMD ( Telemundo ) AM radio KGBC FM radio KOVE VHF radio KHB40 Other Galveston Causeway List of museums in the Texas Gulf Coast Canceled Bolivar Bridge proposal Texas in the American Civil War Origins History of slavery in Texas 1861 Ordinance of Secession 1862 Marshall Conferences Nueces Massacre Battle of Corpus Christi First Battle of Sabine Pass Battle of Galveston Harbor ( 1862 ) Great Hanging at Gainesville 1863 Battle of Galveston Second Battle of Sabine Pass Battle of Brownsville 1864 Battle of Laredo 1865 Battle of Dove Creek Battle of Palmito Ranch Units Confederate units Union units Aftermath Juneteenth Texas v. White Andrew Hamilton Commons Coordinates : 29 ° 20 ′ 22 '' N 94 ° 46 ′ 01 '' W / 29.339536 ° N 94.767036 ° W / 29.339536 ; - 94.767036 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Galveston&oldid=837922748 '' Categories : 1863 in Texas Battles of the Trans - Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War Confederate victories of the American Civil War Conflicts in 1863 History of Galveston , Texas Maritime incidents in 1863 Operations Against Galveston ( American Civil War ) Battles of the American Civil War in Texas January 1863 events Naval battles of the American Civil War Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 21 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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"The Battle of Galveston was a naval and land battle of the American Civil War, when Confederate forces under Major Gen. John B. Magruder expelled occupying Union troops from the city of Galveston, Texas on January 1, 1863."
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8664979161994844724 | History of colonialism | History of colonialism - wikipedia History of colonialism Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Territories colonized by European , Russian , Turkish , American , and Japanese powers since 1492 The historical phenomenon of colonisation is one that stretches around the globe and across time . Modern state global colonialism , or imperialism , began in the 15th century with the `` Age of Discovery '' , led by Portuguese and Spanish exploration of the Americas , the coasts of Africa , the Middle East , India and East Asia . The Spanish and Portuguese empires were the first global empires because they were the first to stretch across different continents , covering vast territories around the globe . The phrase `` the empire on which the sun never sets '' was first used for the Spanish Empire in the 16th century . During the late 16th and 17th centuries , England , France and the Dutch Republic also established their own overseas empires , in direct competition with each other . The end of the 18th and early 19th century saw the first era of decolonization , when most of the European colonies in the Americas gained their independence from their respective metropoles . Spain was irreversibly weakened after the loss of their New World colonies , but the Kingdom of Great Britain ( uniting Scotland with England and Wales ) , France , Portugal , and the Dutch turned their attention to the Old World , particularly South Africa , India and South East Asia , where coastal enclaves had already been established . The second industrial revolution , in the 19th century , led to what has been termed the era of New Imperialism , when the pace of colonization rapidly accelerated , the height of which was the Scramble for Africa , in which Belgium , Germany and Italy were also participants . During the 20th century , the colonies of the defeated central powers in World War I were distributed amongst the victors as mandates , but it was not until the end of World War II that the second phase of decolonization began in earnest . In 1999 , Portugal gave up the last of Europe 's colonies in Asia , Macau , to China , ending an era that had lasted six hundred years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Portuguese and Spanish exploration and colonization 1.1 Northern European challenges to the Iberian hegemony 1.2 Role of companies in early colonialism 1.3 European colonies in India 2 Independence in the Americas ( 1770 -- 1820 ) 2.1 Britain and the Thirteen Colonies 2.2 France and the Haitian Revolution ( 1791 -- 1804 ) 2.3 Spain and the Wars of Independence in Latin America 2.4 Portugal and Brazil 3 India ( 1858 onwards ) 3.1 The British in India 3.2 Other European Empires in India 4 New Imperialism ( 1870 -- 1914 ) 4.1 The scramble for Africa 4.2 Imperialism in Asia 5 Inter-War Period ( 1918 -- 1939 ) 5.1 Japanese imperialism 6 Second Decolonization ( 1945 -- 99 ) 6.1 Role of the USSR and China 7 Postcolonialism 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography Portuguese and Spanish exploration and colonization ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Elmina Castle , Ghana , one in a chain of about fifty fortified factories to enforce Portuguese trade rule along the coast . View from the sea in 1668 . The combined Spanish and Portuguese empires during the Iberian Union ( 1580 -- 1640 ) Main articles : Portuguese Empire , Portugal in the Age of Discovery , and Spanish colonization of the Americas European colonization of both Eastern and Western Hemispheres has its roots in Portuguese exploration . There were financial and religious motives behind this exploration . By finding the source of the lucrative spice trade , the Portuguese could reap its profits for themselves . They would also be able to probe the existence of the fabled Christian kingdom of Prester John , with an eye to encircling the Islamic Ottoman Empire , itself gaining territories and colonies in Eastern Europe . The first foothold outside of Europe was gained with the conquest of Ceuta in 1415 . During the 15th century , Portuguese sailors discovered the Atlantic islands of Madeira , Azores , and Cape Verde , which were duly populated , and pressed progressively further along the west African coast until Bartolomeu Dias demonstrated it was possible to sail around Africa by rounding the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 , paving the way for Vasco da Gama to reach India in 1498 . Portuguese successes led to Spanish financing of a mission by Christopher Columbus in 1492 to explore an alternative route to Asia , by sailing west . When Columbus eventually made landfall in the Caribbean Antilles he believed he had reached the coast of India , and that the people he encountered there were Indians with red skin . This is why Native Americans have been called Indians or red - Indians . In truth , Columbus had arrived on a continent that was new to the Europeans , the Americas . After Columbus ' first trips , competing Spanish and Portuguese claims to new territories and sea routes were solved with the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 , which divided the world outside of Europe in two areas of trade an exploration , between the Iberian kingdoms of Castile and Portugal along a north - south meridian , 370 leagues west of Cape Verde . According to this international agreement , the larger part of the Americas and the Pacific Ocean were open to Spanish exploration and colonization , while Africa , the Indian Ocean and most of Asia were assigned to Portugal . The boundaries specified by the Treaty of Tordesillas were put to the test in 1521 when Ferdinand Magellan , sailing for the Spanish Crown became the first European to cross the Pacific Ocean , reaching Guam and the Philippines , parts of which the Portuguese had already explored , sailing from the Indian Ocean . The two by now global empires , which had set out from opposing directions , had finally met on the other side of the world . The conflicts that arose between both powers were finally solved with the Treaty of Zaragoza in 1529 , which defined the areas of Spanish and Portuguese influence in Asia , establishing the anti meridian , or line of demarcation on the other side of the world . During the 16th century the Portuguese continued to press both eastwards and westwards into the Oceans . Towards Asia they made the first direct contact between Europeans and the peoples inhabiting present day countries such as Mozambique , Madagascar , Sri Lanka , Malaysia , Indonesia , East Timor ( 1512 ) , China , and finally Japan . In the opposite direction , the Portuguese colonized the huge territory that eventually became Brasil , and the Spanish conquistadores established the vast Viceroyalties of New Spain and Peru , and later of Río de la Plata ( Argentina ) and New Granada ( Colombia ) . In Asia , the Portuguese encountered ancient and well populated societies , and established a seaborne empire consisting of armed coastal trading posts along their trade routes ( such as Goa , Malacca and Macau ) , so they had relatively little cultural impact on the societies they engaged . In the Western Hemisphere , the European colonization involved the emigration of large numbers of settlers , soldiers and administrators intent on owning land and exploiting the apparently primitive ( as perceived by Old World standards ) indigenous peoples of the Americas . The result was that the colonization of the New World was catastrophic : native peoples were no match for European technology , ruthlessness , or their diseases which decimated the indigenous population . Spanish treatment of the indigenous populations caused a fierce debate , the Valladolid Controversy , over whether Indians possessed souls and if so , whether they were entitled to the basic rights of mankind . Bartolomé de Las Casas , author of A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies , championed the cause of the native peoples , and was opposed by Sepúlveda , who claimed Amerindians were `` natural slaves '' . The Roman Catholic Church played a large role in Spanish and Portuguese overseas activities . The Dominicans , Jesuits , and Franciscans , notably Francis Xavier in Asia and Junípero Serra in North America , were particularly active in this endeavour . Many buildings erected by the Jesuits still stand , such as the Cathedral of Saint Paul in Macau and the Santisima Trinidad de Paraná in Paraguay , the latter an example of the Jesuit Reductions . The Dominican and Franciscan buildings of California 's missions and New Mexico 's missions stand restored , such as Mission Santa Barbara in Santa Barbara , California and San Francisco de Asis Mission Church in Ranchos de Taos , New Mexico . Map indicating the territories colonized by the European powers over the Americas in 1750 , ( mainly Spain , Portugal and France at the time . As characteristically happens in any colonialism , European or not , previous or subsequent , both Spain and Portugal profited handsomely from their newfound overseas colonies : the Spanish from gold and silver from mines such as Potosí and Zacateca in New Spain , the Portuguese from the huge markups they enjoyed as trade intermediaries , particarlarly during the Namban Japan trade period . The influx of precious metals to the Spanish monarchy 's coffers allowed it to finance costly religious wars in Europe which ultimately proved its undoing : the supply of metals was not infinite and the large inflow caused inflation and debt . Northern European challenges to the Iberian hegemony ( edit ) It was not long before the exclusivity of Iberian claims to the Americas was challenged by other up and coming European powers , primarily the Netherlands , France and England : the view taken by the rulers of these nations is epitomized by the quotation attributed to Francis I of France demanding to be shown the clause in Adam 's will excluding his authority from the New World . This challenge initially took the form of piratical attacks ( such as those by Francis Drake ) on Spanish treasure fleets or coastal settlements , but later the Northern European countries began establishing settlements of their own , primarily in areas that were outside of Spanish interests , such as what is now the eastern seaboard of the U.S. and Canada , or islands in the Caribbean , such as Aruba , Martinique and Barbados , that had been abandoned by the Spanish in favour of the mainland and larger islands . Whereas Spanish colonialism was based on the religious conversion and exploitation of local populations via encomiendas ( many Spaniards emigrated to the Americas to elevate their social status , and were not interested in manual labour ) , Northern European colonialism was bolstered by those emigrating for religious reasons ( for example , the Mayflower voyage ) . The motive for emigration was not to become an aristocrat or to spread one 's faith but to start a new society afresh , structured according to the colonists wishes . The most populous emigration of the 17th century was that of the English , who after a series of wars with the Dutch and French came to dominate the Thirteen Colonies on the eastern coast of the present day U.S. and other colonies such as Newfoundland and Rupert 's Land in what is now Canada . However , the English , French and Dutch were no more averse to making a profit than the Spanish and Portuguese , and whilst their areas of settlement in the Americas proved to be devoid of the precious metals found by the Spanish , trade in other commodities and products that could be sold at massive profit in Europe provided another reason for crossing the Atlantic , in particular furs from Canada , tobacco and cotton grown in Virginia and sugar in the islands of the Caribbean and Brazil . Due to the massive depletion of indigenous labour , plantation owners had to look elsewhere for manpower for these labour - intensive crops . They turned to the centuries - old slave trade of west Africa and began transporting Africans across the Atlantic on a massive scale -- historians estimate that the Atlantic slave trade brought between 10 and 12 million African ( mostly black skinned ) slaves to the New World . The islands of the Caribbean soon came to be populated by slaves of African descent , ruled over by a white minority of plantation owners interested in making a fortune and then returning to their home country to spend it . Role of companies in early colonialism ( edit ) From its very outset , Western colonialism was operated as a joint public - private venture . Columbus ' voyages to the Americas were partially funded by Italian investors , but whereas the Spanish state maintained a tight rein on trade with its colonies ( by law , the colonies could only trade with one designated port in the mother country and treasure was brought back in special convoys ) , the English , French and Dutch granted what were effectively trade monopolies to joint - stock companies such as the East India Companies and the Hudson 's Bay Company . Imperial Russia had no State sponsored expeditions or colonization in the Americas , but did charter the first Russian joint - stock commercial enterprise , the Russian America Company , which did sponsor those activities in its territories . European colonies in India ( edit ) Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 , painted by Francis Hayman Main article : European colonies in India In May 1498 , the Portuguese set foot in Kozhikode in Kerala , making them the first Europeans to sail to India . Rivalry among reigning European powers saw the entry of the Dutch , English , French , Danish and others . The kingdoms of India were gradually taken over by the Europeans and indirectly controlled by puppet rulers . In 1600 , Queen Elizabeth I accorded a charter , forming the East India Company to trade with India and eastern Asia . The English landed in India in Surat in 1612 . By the 19th century , they had assumed direct and indirect control over most of India . Independence in the Americas ( 1770 -- 1820 ) ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Colonization of Canada During the five decades following 1770 , Britain , France , Spain and Portugal lost many of their possessions in the Americas . Britain and the thirteen colonies ( edit ) Main articles : Thirteen Colonies , American Revolution , American Revolutionary War , and United States Declaration of Independence After the conclusion of the Seven Years ' War in 1763 , Britain had emerged as the world 's dominant power , but found itself mired in debt and struggling to finance the Navy and Army necessary to maintain a global empire . The British Parliament 's attempt to raise taxes from North American colonists raised fears among the Americans that their rights as `` Englishmen '' , and particularly their rights of self - government , were in danger . From 1765 , a series of disputes with Parliament over taxation led to the American Revolution , first to informal committees of correspondence among the colonies , then to coordinated protest and resistance , with an important event in 1770 , the Boston Massacre . A standing army was formed by the United Colonies , and independence was declared by the Second Continental Congress on 4 July 1776 . The Patriots fought the British in the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 1783 ) . Formal acts of rebellion against British authority began in 1774 when the Patriot Suffolk Resolves effectively abolished the legal government of the Province of Massachusetts Bay and expelled all royal officials . The tensions caused by this would lead to the outbreak of fighting between Patriot militia and British regulars at Lexington and Concord in April 1775 . The American War of Independence continued until 1783 , when the Treaty of Paris was signed . Britain recognised the sovereignty of the United States over the territory bounded by the British possessions to the North , Florida to the South , and the Mississippi River to the west . France and the Haitian Revolution ( 1791 -- 1804 ) ( edit ) The Haitian Revolution , a slave revolt led by Toussaint L'Ouverture in the French colony of Saint - Domingue , established Haïti as a free , black republic , the first of its kind . Haiti became the second independent nation that was a former European colony in the Western Hemisphere after the United States . Africans and people of African ancestry freed themselves from slavery and colonization by taking advantage of the conflict among whites over how to implement the reforms of the French Revolution in this slave society . Although independence was declared in 1804 , it was not until 1825 that it was formally recognized by King Charles X of France . Spain and the wars of independence in Latin America ( edit ) Independent republics in the Americas , c. 1830 . Main articles : Spanish American wars of independence and Latin American wars of independence The gradual decline of Spain as an imperial power throughout the 17th century was hastened by the War of the Spanish Succession ( 1701 -- 14 ) , as a result of which it lost its European imperial possessions . The death knell for the Spanish Empire in the Americas was Napoleon 's invasion of the Iberian peninsula in 1808 . With the installation of his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne , the main tie between the metropole and its American colonies , the Spanish monarchy , had been cut , leading the colonists to question their continued subordination to a declining and distant country . With an eye on the events of the American Revolution forty years earlier , revolutionary leaders began bloody wars of independence against Spain , whose armies were ultimately unable to maintain control . By 1831 , Spain had been ejected from the mainland of the American continent , leaving a collection of independent republics that stretched from Chile and Argentina in the south to Mexico in the north . Spain 's colonial possessions were reduced to Cuba , Puerto Rico , the Philippines and a number of small islands in the Pacific , all of which she was to lose to the United States in the 1898 Spanish -- American War or sell to Germany shortly thereafter . Portugal and Brazil ( edit ) Brazil was the only country in Latin America to gain its independence without bloodshed . The invasion of Portugal by Napoleon in 1808 had forced King João VI to escape to Brazil and establish his court in Rio de Janeiro . For thirteen years , Portugal was ruled from Brazil ( the only instance of such a reversal of roles between colony and metropole ) until his return to Portugal in 1821 . His son , Dom Pedro , was left in charge of Brazil and in 1822 he declared independence from Portugal and himself the Emperor of Brazil . Unlike Spain 's former colonies which had abandoned the monarchy in favour of republicanism , Brazil therefore retained its links with its monarchy , the House of Braganza . India ( 1858 onwards ) ( edit ) Main articles : Colonial India and Western imperialism in Asia Vasco da Gama 's maritime success to discover for Europeans a new sea route to India in 1498 paved the way for direct Indo - European commerce . The Portuguese soon set up trading - posts in Goa , Daman , Diu and Bombay . The next to arrive were the Dutch , the English -- who set up a trading - post in the west - coast port of Surat in 1619 -- and the French . The internal conflicts among Indian Kingdoms gave opportunities to the European traders to gradually establish political influence and appropriate lands . Although these continental European powers were to control various regions of southern and eastern India during the ensuing century , they would eventually lose all their territories in India to the British , with the exception of the French outposts of Pondicherry and Chandernagore , the Dutch port in Travancore , and the Portuguese colonies of Goa , Daman , and Diu . The British in India ( edit ) Main article : British Raj The British Indian Empire and surrounding countries in 1909 The English East India Company had been given permission by the Mughal emperor Jahangir in 1617 to trade in India . Gradually the Company 's increasing influence led the de jure Mughal emperor Farrukh Siyar to grant them dastaks or permits for duty - free trade in Bengal in 1717 . The Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah , the de facto ruler of the Bengal province , opposed British attempts to use these permits . This led to the Battle of Plassey in 1757 , in which the armies of the East India Company , led by Robert Clive , defeated the Nawab 's forces . This was the first political foothold with territorial implications that the British had acquired in India . Clive was appointed by the Company as its first Governor of Bengal in 1757 . This was combined with British victories over the French at Madras , Wandiwash and Pondicherry that , along with wider British successes during the Seven Years ' War , reduced French influence in India . After the Battle of Buxar in 1764 , the Company acquired the civil rights of administration in Bengal from the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II ; it marked the beginning of its formal rule , which was to engulf eventually most of India and extinguish the Moghul rule and dynasty itself in less than a century . The East India Company monopolized the trade of Bengal . They introduced a land taxation system called the Permanent Settlement which introduced a feudal - like structurea ( See Zamindar ) in Bengal . By the 1850s , the East India Company controlled most of the Indian sub-continent , which included present - day Pakistan and Bangladesh . Their policy was sometimes summed up as Divide and Rule , taking advantage of the enmity festering between various princely states and social and religious groups . The first major movement against the British Company 's high handed rule resulted in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , also known as the `` Indian Mutiny '' or `` Sepoy Mutiny '' or the `` First War of Independence '' . After a year of turmoil , and reinforcement of the East India Company 's troops with British soldiers , the Company overcame the rebellion . The nominal leader of the uprising , the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar , was exiled to Burma , his children were beheaded and the Moghul line abolished . In the aftermath all power was transferred from the East India Company to the British Crown , which began to administer most of India as a colony ; the Company 's lands were controlled directly and the rest through the rulers of what it called the Princely states . There were 565 princely states when the Indian subcontinent gained independence from Britain in August 1947 . During period of the British Raj , famines in India , often attributed to failed government policies , were some of the worst ever recorded , including the Great Famine of 1876 -- 78 , in which 6.1 million to 10.3 million people died and the Indian famine of 1899 -- 1900 , in which 1.25 to 10 million people died . The Third Plague Pandemic started in China in the middle of the 19th century , spreading plague to all inhabited continents and killing 10 million people in India alone . Despite persistent diseases and famines , however , the population of the Indian subcontinent , which stood at about 125 million in 1750 , had reached 389 million by 1941 . Other European empires in India ( edit ) Main articles : French India and Portuguese India Like the other European colonists , the French began their colonisation via commercial activities , starting with the establishment of a factory in Surat in 1668 . The French started to settle down in India in 1673 , beginning with the purchase of land at Chandernagore from the Mughal Governor of Bengal , followed by the acquisition of Pondicherry from the Sultan of Bijapur the next year . Both became the centres of the maritime commercial activities that the French conducted in India . The French also had trading posts in Mahe , Karikal and Yanaom . Similar to the situation in Tahiti and Martinique , the French colonial administrative area was insular , but , in India , the French authority was isolated on the peripheries of a British - dominated territory . By the early eighteenth century , the French had become the chief European rivals of the British . During the eighteenth century , it was highly possible for the Indian subcontinent to have succumbed to French control , but the defeat inflicted on them in the Seven Years War ( 1756 - 1763 ) permanently curtailed French ambitions . The Treaty of Paris of 1763 restored the original five to the French while making it clear that France could not expand its control beyond these areas . The beginning of the Portuguese occupation of India can be traced back to the arrival of Vasco da Gama near Calicut on 20 May 1498 . Soon after this , other explorers , traders and missionaries followed . By 1515 , the Portuguese were the strongest naval power in the Indian Ocean and the Malabar Coast was dominated by them . New Imperialism ( 1870 -- 1914 ) ( edit ) Main article : New Imperialism Empires of the world in 1910 The policy and ideology of European colonial expansion between the 1870s ( circa opening of Suez Canal and Second Industrial Revolution ) and the outbreak of World War I in 1914 are often characterised as the `` New Imperialism . '' The period is distinguished by an unprecedented pursuit of what has been termed `` empire for empire 's sake , '' aggressive competition for overseas territorial acquisitions and the emergence in colonising countries of doctrines of racial superiority which denied the fitness of subjugated peoples for self - government . During this period , Europe 's powers added nearly 8,880,000 square miles ( 23,000,000 km2 ) to their overseas colonial possessions . As it was mostly unoccupied by the Western powers as late as the 1880s , Africa became the primary target of the `` new '' imperialist expansion ( known as the Scramble for Africa ) , although conquest took place also in other areas -- notably south - east Asia and the East Asian seaboard , where Japan joined the European powers ' scramble for territory . The Berlin Conference ( 1884 -- 1885 ) mediated the imperial competition among Britain , France and Germany , defining `` effective occupation '' as the criterion for international recognition of colonial claims and codifying the imposition of direct rule , accomplished usually through armed force . In Germany , rising pan-Germanism was coupled to imperialism in the Alldeutsche Verband ( `` Pangermanic League '' ) , which argued that Britain 's world power position gave the British unfair advantages on international markets , thus limiting Germany 's economic growth and threatening its security . Asking whether colonies paid , economic historian Grover Clark argues and an emphatic No ! He reports that in every case the support cost , especially the military system necessary to support and defend the colonies outran the total trade they produced . Apart from the British Empire , they were not favored destinations for the immigration of surplus populations . The Scramble for Africa ( edit ) European territories in Africa , 1914 , following the Scramble for Africa . Main article : Scramble for Africa Africa was the target of the third wave of European colonialism , after that of the Americas and Asia . Many European statesmen and industrialists wanted to accelerate the Scramble for Africa , securing colonies before they strictly needed them . As a champion of Realpolitik , Bismarck disliked colonies and thought they were a waste of time , but his hand was forced by pressure from both the elites and the general population which considered the colonization a necessity for German prestige . German colonies in Togoland , Samoa , South - West Africa and New Guinea had corporate commercial roots , while the equivalent German - dominated areas in East Africa and China owed more to political motives . The British also took an interest in Africa , using the East Africa Company to take over what are now Kenya and Uganda . The British crown formally took over in 1895 and renamed the area the East Africa Protectorate . Leopold II of Belgium personally owned the Congo Free State from 1885 to 1908 , When round after round of international scandal regarding the abusive treatment of native workers forced the Belgium government to take full ownership and responsibility . The Dutch Empire continued to hold the Dutch East Indies , which was one of the few profitable overseas colonies . In the same manner , Italy tried to conquer its `` place in the sun , '' acquiring Somaliland in 1899 - 90 , Eritrea and 1899 , and , taking advantage of the `` Sick man of Europe , '' the Ottoman Empire , also conquered Tripolitania and Cyrenaica ( modern Libya ) with the 1911 Treaty of Lausanne . The conquest of Ethiopia , which had remained the last African independent territory , had to wait till the Second Italo - Abyssinian War in 1935 -- 36 ( the First Italo - Ethiopian War in 1895 -- 96 had ended in defeat for Italy ) . The Portuguese and Spanish colonial empire were smaller , mostly legacies of past colonization . Most of their colonies had acquired independence during the Latin American revolutions at the beginning of the 19th century . Imperialism in Asia ( edit ) Main article : Western imperialism in Asia In Asia , The Great Game , which lasted from 1813 to 1907 , opposed the British Empire against Imperial Russia for supremacy in central Asia . China was opened to Western influence starting with the First and Second Opium Wars ( 1839 -- 1842 ; 1856 -- 1860 ) . After the visits of Commodore Matthew Perry in 1852 -- 1854 , Japan opened itself to the Western world during the Meiji Era ( 1868 -- 1912 ) . The above basically concerns India and China . But other or the same forms of Imperialism , that should not be overlooked , were in action in Burma , Indonesia ( Netherlands East Indies ) , Malaya and the Philippines . Burma had been under British rule for nearly a hundred years , however , it was always considered an `` imperial backwater '' . This accounts for the fact that Burma does not have an obvious colonial legacy and is not a part of the Commonwealth . In the beginning , in the mid-1820s , Burma was administered from Penang in Britain 's Straits Settlements . However , it was soon brought within British India , of which it remained a part until 1937 . Burma was governed as a province of India , not considered very important , and barely any accommodation was made to Burmese political culture or sensitivities . As reforms began to move India towards independence , Burma was simply dragged along . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2008 ) Inter-war period ( 1918 -- 1939 ) ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : Aftermath of World War I and League of Nations Mandate The colonial map was redrawn following the defeat of the German Empire and the Ottoman Empire after the First World War ( 1914 -- 18 ) . Colonies from the defeated empires were transferred to the newly founded League of Nations , which itself redistributed it to the victorious powers as `` mandates '' . The secret 1916 Sykes - Picot Agreement partitioned the Middle East between Britain and France . French mandates included Syria and Lebanon , whilst the British were granted Iraq and Palestine . The bulk of the Arabian peninsula became the independent Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1922 . The discovery of the world 's largest easily accessible crude oil deposits led to an influx of Western oil companies that dominated the region 's economies until the 1970s , and making the emirs of the oil states immensely rich , enabling them to consolidate their hold on power and giving them a stake in preserving Western hegemony over the region . During the 1920 and 1930s Iraq , Syria and Egypt moved towards independence , although the British and French did not formally depart the region until they were forced to do so after World War II . Japanese Imperialism ( edit ) Main articles : Japanese imperialism and Empire of Japan For Japan , the second half of the nineteenth century was a period of internal turmoil succeeded by a period of rapid development . After being closed for centuries to Western influence , Japan opened itself to the West during the Meiji Era ( 1868 -- 1912 ) , characterized by swift modernization and borrowings from European culture ( in law , science , etc . ) This , in turn , helped make Japan the modern power that it is now , which was symbolized as soon as the 1904 -- 1905 Russo - Japanese War : this war marked the first victory of an Asian power against a European imperial power , and led to widespread fears among European populations ( first appearance of the `` Yellow Peril '' ) . During the first part of the 20th century , while China was still subject to various European imperialisms , Japan became an imperialist power , conquering what it called a `` Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere '' . With the final revision of treaties in 1894 , Japan may be considered to have joined the family of nations on a basis of equality with the western states . From this same time imperialism became a dominant motive in Japanese policy . Japan ruled over and governed Korea and Taiwan from 1895 when the Treaty of Shimonoseki was concluded to 1945 when Japan was defeated . In 1910 , Korea was formally annexed to the Japanese Empire . According to the Korean , The Japanese colonization of Korea was particularly brutal , even by 20th century standards . This brutal colonization included the use of Korean `` comfort women '' who were forced to serve as sex slaves in Japanese Army brothels . In 1931 Japanese army units based in Manchuria seized control of the region ; full - scale war with China followed in 1937 , drawing Japan toward an overambitious bid for Asian hegemony ( Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere ) , which ultimately led to defeat and the loss of all its overseas territories after World War II ( see Japanese expansionism and Japanese nationalism ) . As in Korea , the Japanese treatment of the Chinese people was particularly brutal as exemplified by the Nanjing Massacre . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2008 ) Second decolonization ( 1945 -- 99 ) ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dates of independence of African countries . Main article : Decolonization Anticolonialist movements had begun to gain momentum after the close of World War I , which had seen colonial troops fight alongside those of the metropole , and U.S. President Woodrow Wilson 's speech on the Fourteen Points . However , it was not until the end of World War II that they were fully mobilised . British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's 1941 Atlantic Charter declared that the signatories would `` respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live '' . Though Churchill subsequently claimed this applied only to those countries under Nazi occupation , rather than the British Empire , the words were not so easily retracted : for example , the legislative assembly of Britain 's most important colony , India , passed a resolution stating that the Charter should apply to it too . In 1945 , the United Nations ( UN ) was founded when 50 nations signed the UN Charter , which included a statement of its basis in the respect for the principle of equal rights and self - determination of peoples . In 1952 , demographer Alfred Sauvy coined the term `` Third World '' in reference to the French Third Estate . The expression distinguished nations that aligned themselves with neither the West nor the Soviet Bloc during the Cold War . In the following decades , decolonization would strengthen this group which began to be represented at the United Nations . The Third World 's first international move was the 1955 Bandung Conference , led by Jawaharlal Nehru for India , Gamal Abdel Nasser for Egypt and Josip Broz Tito for Yugoslavia . The Conference , which gathered 29 countries representing over half the world 's population , led to the creation of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1961 . Although the U.S. had first opposed itself to colonial empires , the Cold War concerns about Soviet influence in the Third World caused it to downplay its advocacy of popular sovereignty and decolonization . France thus had a free hand in the First Indochina War ( 1946 -- 54 ) and in the Algerian War of Independence ( 1954 -- 62 ) . Decolonization itself was a seemingly unstoppable process . In 1960 , after a number countries gained independence , the UN had reached 99 members states : the decolonization of Africa was almost complete . In 1980 , the UN had 154 member states , and in 1990 , after Namibia 's independence , 159 states Role of the U.S.S.R and China ( edit ) The Soviet Union was a main supporter of decolonization movements . While the Non-Aligned Movement , created in 1961 following the Bandung 1955 Conference , was supposedly neutral , the `` Third World '' being opposed to both the `` First '' and the `` Second '' Worlds , geopolitical concerns , as well as the refusal of the U.S. to support decolonization movements against its NATO European allies , led the national liberation movements to look increasingly toward the East . However , China 's appearance on the world scene , under the leadership of Mao Zedong , created a rupture between the Soviet Union and independentists movements . Globally , the non-aligned movement , led by Jawaharlal Nehru ( India ) , Josip Broz Tito ( Yugoslavia ) and Gamal Abdel Nasser ( Egypt ) tried to create a block of nations powerful enough to be dependent on neither the U.S. nor the Soviet Union , but finally tilted towards the U.S.S.R , while smaller independence movements , both by strategic necessity and ideological choice , were supported either by Moscow or by Peking . The Cuban government , led by Fidel Castro after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 , was at first neutral before turning itself towards Moscow . Cuba also sponsored independence movements in Angola and Mozambique . Few independence movements were totally independent from foreign aid . Postcolonialism ( edit ) Main article : Postcolonialism Postcolonialism is a term used to recognise the continued and troubling presence and influence of colonialism within the period we designate as after - the - colonial . It refers to the ongoing effects that colonial encounters , dispossession and power have in shaping the familiar structures ( social , political , spatial , uneven global interdependencies ) of the present world . Postcolonialism , in itself , questions the end of colonialism . See also ( edit ) American imperialism Colonisation of China Historiography of the British Empire Neocolonialism Impact of Western European colonialism and colonisation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Why are native Americans called Indians or red Indians ? - Quora '' . www.quora.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Staff , history.com ( 2009 ) . `` Ferdinand Magellan '' . history.com . A + E Networks . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vasco da Gama : Round Africa to India , 1497 -- 1498 CE '' . Internet Modern History Sourcebook . Paul Halsall . June 1998 . Retrieved 7 May 2007 . From : Oliver J. Thatcher , ed. , The Library of Original Sources ( Milwaukee : University Research Extension Co. , 1907 ) , Vol . V : 9th to 16th Centuries , pp. 26 -- 40 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Moghul Jahangir : Letter to James I , King of England , 1617 A.D '' . Indian History Sourcebook : England , India , and The East Indies , 1617 CE . Internet Indian History Sourcebook , Paul Halsall . June 1998 . Retrieved 7 May 2007 . From : James Harvey Robinson , ed. , Readings in European History , 2 Vols . ( Boston : Ginn and Co. , 1904 -- 1906 ) , Vol. II : From the opening of the Protestant Revolt to the Present Day , pp. 333 -- 335 . Jump up ^ `` KOLKATA ( CALCUTTA ) : HISTORY '' . Calcuttaweb.com . Archived from the original on 10 May 2007 . Retrieved 7 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Rickard , J. ( 1 November 2000 ) . `` Robert Clive , Baron Clive , ' Clive of India ' , 1725 -- 1774 '' . Military History Encyclopedia on the Web . historyofwar.org . Retrieved 7 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Prakash , Om . `` The Transformation from a Pre-Colonial to a Colonial Order : The Case of India '' ( PDF ) . Global Economic History Network . Economic History Department , London School of Economics . pp. 3 -- 40 . Retrieved 7 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Kashmir : The origins of the dispute , BBC News , 16 January 2002 Jump up ^ Davis , Mike . Late Victorian Holocausts. 1 . Verso , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 85984 - 739 - 0 p. 7 Jump up ^ Davis , Mike . Late Victorian Holocausts. 1 . Verso , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 85984 - 739 - 0 p. 173 Jump up ^ Plague . World Health Organization . Jump up ^ Reintegrating India with the World Economy . Peterson Institute for International Economics . Jump up ^ Ganesan , V.B. ( 2012 - 07 - 02 ) . `` A French colony that fought the British '' . The Hindu . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Kate ( 2013 - 08 - 28 ) . Narratives of the French Empire : Fiction , Nostalgia , and Imperial Rivalries , 1784 to the Present . Lexington Books . ISBN 9780739176573 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Kate ( 2013 - 08 - 28 ) . Narratives of the French Empire : Fiction , Nostalgia , and Imperial Rivalries , 1784 to the Present . Lexington Books . ISBN 9780739176573 . Jump up ^ Parker , R.H. ( 1955 - 10 - 01 ) . `` The French and Portuguese Settlements in India '' . The Political Quarterly . 26 ( 4 ) : 389 -- 398 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 923X. 1955. tb02588. x . ISSN 1467 - 923X . Jump up ^ Harrison M. Wright , ed . The `` New Imperialism '' : Analysis of Late Nineteenth Century Expansion ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Hugh Seton - Watson , The new imperialism ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ Parker Thomas Moon , Imperialism and world politics ( 1926 ) , online . Jump up ^ Raymond Leslie Buell , `` Do Colonies Pay ? '' The Saturday Review , August 1 , 1936 p 6 Jump up ^ Thomas Pakenham , The scramble for Africa : The White Man 's conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912 ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Holliday , Ian ( 2012 - 03 - 06 ) . Burma Redux : Global Justice and the Quest for Political Reform in Myanmar . Columbia University Press . ISBN 9780231504249 . Jump up ^ Myint - U , Thant ( 2008 - 05 - 10 ) . `` The shared history of Britain and Burma '' . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Vinacke , Harold M. ( 1933 ) . `` Japanese Imperialism '' . The Journal of Modern History . 5 ( 3 ) : 366 -- 380 . doi : 10.2307 / 1875849 . Jump up ^ Ki - Jung , Kim ( 1998 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The Road to Colonization : Korea Under Imperialism , 1897 - 1910 '' . Korea Journal . 38 ( 4 ) : 36 -- 64 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Raghavan , Srinath ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) . India 's War : The Making of Modern South Asia , 1939 - 1945 . Penguin Books Limited . ISBN 9781846145438 . Jump up ^ `` The United Nations and Decolonization '' . www.un.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Seeing the world differently '' . The Economist. 2010 - 06 - 10 . ISSN 0013 - 0613 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Milestones : 1953 -- 1960 - Office of the Historian '' . history.state.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Growth in United Nations Membership , 1945 -- 2005 '' . United Nations . 2000 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Jazeel , Tariq ( 2012 ) . `` Postcolonialism : Orientalism and the geographical imagination '' . Geography. 97 ( 1 ) : 4 -- 11 . doi : 10.2307 / 24412174 . Bibliography ( edit ) Panikkar , K.M. ( 1953 ) . Asia and Western dominance , 1498 - 1945 , by K.M. Panikkar . London : G. Allen and Unwin . Scott , Barbara Gail ( 1993 ) . Viking Colonialism : Contact and Interaction Between Viking / Medieval Norway and the Northern Isles . University of Minnesota . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . ( hide ) Colonial empires American Austro - Hungarian Belgian British Couronian Danish Dutch English French German Italian Japanese Sovereign Military Order of Malta Ottoman Portuguese Russian Soviet Spanish Swedish Colonies in antiquity Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_colonialism&oldid=816054785 '' Categories : History of colonialism Colonialism History of ideologies Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles needing additional references from August 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from June 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی हिन्दी Bahasa Melayu Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 23 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | in the late-nineteenth century the european race to rapidly colonize africa became known as the | [
"Africa was the target of the third wave of European colonialism, after that of the Americas and Asia.[21] Many European statesmen and industrialists wanted to accelerate the Scramble for Africa, securing colonies before they strictly needed them. As a champion of Realpolitik, Bismarck disliked colonies and thought they were a waste of time, but his hand was forced by pressure from both the elites and the general population which considered the colonization a necessity for German prestige. German colonies in Togoland, Samoa, South-West Africa and New Guinea had corporate commercial roots, while the equivalent German-dominated areas in East Africa and China owed more to political motives. The British also took an interest in Africa, using the East Africa Company to take over what are now Kenya and Uganda. The British crown formally took over in 1895 and renamed the area the East Africa Protectorate."
] | [
"Scramble for Africa"
] |
-7936621314730011948 | Barbara McClintock | Barbara McClintock - wikipedia Barbara McClintock Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the American scientist . For the American illustrator , see Barbara McClintock ( illustrator ) . Barbara McClintock Barbara McClintock shown in her laboratory . Eleanor McClintock ( 1902 - 06 - 16 ) June 16 , 1902 Hartford , Connecticut , U.S. September 2 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 02 ) ( aged 90 ) Huntington , New York , U.S. Nationality American Alma mater Cornell University ( BS ) ( MS ) ( PhD ) Known for Work in genetic structure of maize Awards National Medal of Science ( 1970 ) Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal ( 1981 ) Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize ( 1982 ) Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ( 1983 ) Scientific career Fields Cytogenetics Institutions University of Missouri Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Thesis A Cytological and Genetical Study of Triploid Maize ( 1927 ) Signature Barbara McClintock ( June 16 , 1902 -- September 2 , 1992 ) was an American scientist and cytogeneticist who was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . McClintock received her PhD in botany from Cornell University in 1927 . There she started her career as the leader in the development of maize cytogenetics , the focus of her research for the rest of her life . From the late 1920s , McClintock studied chromosomes and how they change during reproduction in maize . She developed the technique for visualizing maize chromosomes and used microscopic analysis to demonstrate many fundamental genetic ideas . One of those ideas was the notion of genetic recombination by crossing - over during meiosis -- a mechanism by which chromosomes exchange information . She produced the first genetic map for maize , linking regions of the chromosome to physical traits . She demonstrated the role of the telomere and centromere , regions of the chromosome that are important in the conservation of genetic information . She was recognized among the best in the field , awarded prestigious fellowships , and elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1944 . During the 1940s and 1950s , McClintock discovered transposition and used it to demonstrate that genes are responsible for turning physical characteristics on and off . She developed theories to explain the suppression and expression of genetic information from one generation of maize plants to the next . Due to skepticism of her research and its implications , she stopped publishing her data in 1953 . Later , she made an extensive study of the cytogenetics and ethnobotany of maize races from South America . McClintock 's research became well understood in the 1960s and 1970s , as other scientists confirmed the mechanisms of genetic change and genetic regulation that she had demonstrated in her maize research in the 1940s and 1950s . Awards and recognition for her contributions to the field followed , including the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , awarded to her in 1983 for the discovery of genetic transposition ; she is the only woman to receive an unshared Nobel Prize in that category . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Education and research at Cornell 3 University of Missouri 4 Cold Spring Harbor 4.1 Discovery of controlling elements 4.2 The origins of maize 4.3 Rediscovery 5 Honors and recognition 6 Later years 7 Legacy 8 Key publications 9 See also 10 Citations 11 References 11.1 Archives and research collections 12 External links Early life ( edit ) McClintock children , from left to right : Mignon , Malcolm Rider `` Tom '' , Barbara and Marjorie McClintock family , from left to right : Mignon , Tom , Barbara , Marjorie and Sara ( at the piano ) Barbara McClintock was born Eleanor McClintock on June 16 , 1902 in Hartford , Connecticut , the third of four children born to physician Thomas Henry McClintock and Sara Handy McClintock . Thomas McClintock was the child of British immigrants , and Sara Ryder Handy , descended from an old American Mayflower family . Marjorie , the oldest child , was born in October 1898 ; Mignon , the second daughter , was born in November 1900 . The youngest , Malcolm Rider ( called Tom ) , was born 18 months after Barbara . As a young girl , her parents determined that Eleanor , a `` feminine '' and `` delicate '' name , was not appropriate for her , and chose Barbara instead . McClintock was an independent child beginning at a very young age , a trait she later identified as her `` capacity to be alone '' . From the age of three until she began school , McClintock lived with an aunt and uncle in Brooklyn , New York in order to reduce the financial burden on her parents while her father established his medical practice . She was described as a solitary and independent child . She was close to her father , but had a difficult relationship with her mother , tension that began when she was young . The McClintock family moved to Brooklyn in 1908 and McClintock completed her secondary education there at Erasmus Hall High School ; she graduated early in 1919 . She discovered her love of science and reaffirmed her solitary personality during high school . She wanted to continue her studies at Cornell University 's College of Agriculture . Her mother resisted sending McClintock to college , for fear that she would be unmarriageable . McClintock was almost prevented from starting college , but her father intervened just before registration began , and she matriculated at Cornell in 1919 . Education and research at Cornell ( edit ) Barbara McClintock ( As Told By Jo Handelsman ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . McClintock began her studies at Cornell 's College of Agriculture in 1919 . There , she participated in student government and was invited to join a sorority , though she soon realized that she preferred not to join formal organizations . Instead , McClintock took up music , specifically jazz . She studied botany , receiving a BSc in 1923 . Her interest in genetics began when she took her first course in that field in 1921 . The course was based on a similar one offered at Harvard University , and was taught by C.B. Hutchison , a plant breeder and geneticist . Hutchison was impressed by McClintock 's interest , and telephoned to invite her to participate in the graduate genetics course at Cornell in 1922 . McClintock pointed to Hutchison 's invitation as the reason she continued in genetics : `` Obviously , this telephone call cast the die for my future . I remained with genetics thereafter . '' Although it has been reported that women could not major in genetics at Cornell , and therefore her MS and PhD -- earned in 1925 and 1927 , respectively -- were officially awarded in botany , recent research has revealed that women did earn graduate degrees in Cornell 's Plant Breeding Department during the time that McClintock was a student at Cornell . During her graduate studies and postgraduate appointment as a botany instructor , McClintock was instrumental in assembling a group that studied the new field of cytogenetics in maize . This group brought together plant breeders and cytologists , and included Marcus Rhoades , future Nobel laureate George Beadle , and Harriet Creighton . Rollins A. Emerson , head of the Plant Breeding Department , supported these efforts , although he was not a cytologist himself . She also worked as a research assistant for Lowell Fitz Randolph and then for Lester W. Sharp , both Cornell Botanists . McClintock 's cytogenetic research focused on developing ways to visualize and characterize maize chromosomes . This particular part of her work influenced a generation of students , as it was included in most textbooks . She also developed a technique using carmine staining to visualize maize chromosomes , and showed for the first time the morphology of the 10 maize chromosomes . This discovery was made because she observed cells from the microspore as opposed to the root tip . By studying the morphology of the chromosomes , McClintock was able to link specific chromosome groups of traits that were inherited together . Marcus Rhoades noted that McClintock 's 1929 Genetics paper on the characterization of triploid maize chromosomes triggered scientific interest in maize cytogenetics , and attributed to her 10 of the 17 significant advances in the field that were made by Cornell scientists between 1929 and 1935 . In 1930 , McClintock was the first person to describe the cross-shaped interaction of homologous chromosomes during meiosis . The following year , McClintock and Creighton proved the link between chromosomal crossover during meiosis and the recombination of genetic traits . They observed how the recombination of chromosomes seen under a microscope correlated with new traits . Until this point , it had only been hypothesized that genetic recombination could occur during meiosis , although it had not been shown genetically . McClintock published the first genetic map for maize in 1931 , showing the order of three genes on maize chromosome 9 . This information provided necessary data for the crossing - over study she published with Creighton ; they also showed that crossing - over occurs in sister chromatids as well as homologous chromosomes . In 1938 , she produced a cytogenetic analysis of the centromere , describing the organization and function of the centromere , as well as the fact that it can divide . McClintock 's breakthrough publications , and support from her colleagues , led to her being awarded several postdoctoral fellowships from the National Research Council . This funding allowed her to continue to study genetics at Cornell , the University of Missouri , and the California Institute of Technology , where she worked with E.G. Anderson . During the summers of 1931 and 1932 , she worked at Missouri with geneticist Lewis Stadler , who introduced her to the use of X-rays as a mutagen . Exposure to X-rays can increase the rate of mutation above the natural background level , making it a powerful research tool for genetics . Through her work with X-ray - mutagenized maize , she identified ring chromosomes , which form when the ends of a single chromosome fuse together after radiation damage . From this evidence , McClintock hypothesized that there must be a structure on the chromosome tip that would normally ensure stability . She showed that the loss of ring - chromosomes at meiosis caused variegation in maize foliage in generations subsequent to irradiation resulting from chromosomal deletion . During this period , she demonstrated the presence of the nucleolus organizer region on a region on maize chromosome 6 , which is required for the assembly of the nucleolus . In 1933 , she established that cells can be damaged when nonhomologous recombination occurs . During this same period , McClintock hypothesized that the tips of chromosomes are protected by telomeres . McClintock received a fellowship from the Guggenheim Foundation that made possible six months of training in Germany during 1933 and 1934 . She had planned to work with Curt Stern , who had demonstrated crossing - over in Drosophila just weeks after McClintock and Creighton had done so ; however , Stern emigrated to the United States . Instead , she worked with geneticist Richard B. Goldschmidt , who was the head of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute . She left Germany early amidst mounting political tension in Europe , and returned to Cornell , remaining there until 1936 , when she accepted an Assistant Professorship offered to her by Lewis Stadler in the Department of Botany at the University of Missouri - Columbia . While still at Cornell , she was supported by a two - year Rockefeller Foundation grant obtained for her through Emerson 's efforts . University of Missouri ( edit ) During her time at Missouri , McClintock expanded her research on the effect of X-rays on maize cytogenetics . McClintock observed the breakage and fusion of chromosomes in irradiated maize cells . She was also able to show that , in some plants , spontaneous chromosome breakage occurred in the cells of the endosperm . Over the course of mitosis , she observed that the ends of broken chromatids were rejoined after the chromosome replication . In the anaphase of mitosis , the broken chromosomes formed a chromatid bridge , which was broken when the chromatids moved towards the cell poles . The broken ends were rejoined in the interphase of the next mitosis , and the cycle was repeated , causing massive mutation , which she could detect as variegation in the endosperm . This breakage -- rejoining -- bridge cycle was a key cytogenetic discovery for several reasons . First , it showed that the rejoining of chromosomes was not a random event , and second , it demonstrated a source of large - scale mutation . For this reason , it remains an area of interest in cancer research today . Although her research was progressing at Missouri , McClintock was not satisfied with her position at the University . She recalled being excluded from faculty meetings , and was not made aware of positions available at other institutions . In 1940 , she wrote to Charles Burnham , `` I have decided that I must look for another job . As far as I can make out , there is nothing more for me here . I am an assistant professor at $3,000 and I feel sure that that is the limit for me . '' Initially , McClintock 's position was created especially for her by Stadler , and might have depended on his presence at the university . McClintock believed she would not gain tenure at Missouri , even though according to some accounts , she knew she would be offered a promotion from Missouri in the spring of 1942 . Recent evidence reveals that McClintock more likely decided to leave Missouri because she had lost trust in her employer and in the University administration , after discovering that her job would be in jeopardy if Stadler were to leave for Caltech , as he had considered doing . The university 's retaliation against Stadler amplified her sentiments . In early 1941 , she took a leave of absence from Missouri in hopes of finding a position elsewhere . She accepted a visiting Professorship at Columbia University , where her former Cornell colleague Marcus Rhoades was a professor . Rhoades also offered to share his research field at Cold Spring Harbor on Long Island . In December 1941 , she was offered a research position by Milislav Demerec , the newly appointed acting director of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 's Department of Genetics Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory ; McClintock accepted his invitation despite her qualms and became a permanent member of the faculty . Cold Spring Harbor ( edit ) After her year - long temporary appointment , McClintock accepted a full - time research position at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory . There , she was highly productive and continued her work with the breakage - fusion - bridge cycle , using it to substitute for X-rays as a tool for mapping new genes . In 1944 , in recognition of her prominence in the field of genetics during this period , McClintock was elected to the National Academy of Sciences -- only the third woman to be elected . That same year , she became the first female president of the Genetics Society of America ; she was elected its vice-president in 1939 . In 1944 she undertook a cytogenetic analysis of Neurospora crassa at the suggestion of George Beadle , who used the fungus to demonstrate the one gene -- one enzyme relationship . He invited her to Stanford to undertake the study . She successfully described the number of chromosomes , or karyotype , of N. crassa and described the entire life cycle of the species . Beadle said `` Barbara , in two months at Stanford , did more to clean up the cytology of Neurospora than all other cytological geneticists had done in all previous time on all forms of mold . '' N. crassa has since become a model species for classical genetic analysis . Discovery of controlling elements ( edit ) The relationship of Ac / Ds in the control of the elements and mosaic color of maize . The seed in 10 is colorless , there is no Ac element present and Ds inhibits the synthesis of colored pigments called anthocyanins . In 11 to 13 , one copy of Ac is present . Ds can move and some anthocyanin is produced , creating a mosaic pattern . In the kernel in panel 14 there are two Ac elements and in 15 there are three . In the summer of 1944 at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory , McClintock began systematic studies on the mechanisms of the mosaic color patterns of maize seed and the unstable inheritance of this mosaicism . She identified two new dominant and interacting genetic loci that she named Dissociator ( Ds ) and Activator ( Ac ) . She found that the Dissociator did not just dissociate or cause the chromosome to break , it also had a variety of effects on neighboring genes when the Activator was also present , which included making certain stable mutations unstable . In early 1948 , she made the surprising discovery that both Dissociator and Activator could transpose , or change position , on the chromosome . She observed the effects of the transposition of Ac and Ds by the changing patterns of coloration in maize kernels over generations of controlled crosses , and described the relationship between the two loci through intricate microscopic analysis . She concluded that Ac controls the transposition of the Ds from chromosome 9 , and that the movement of Ds is accompanied by the breakage of the chromosome . When Ds moves , the aleurone - color gene is released from the suppressing effect of the Ds and transformed into the active form , which initiates the pigment synthesis in cells . The transposition of Ds in different cells is random , it may move in some but not others , which causes color mosaicism . The size of the colored spot on the seed is determined by stage of the seed development during dissociation . McClintock also found that the transposition of Ds is determined by the number of Ac copies in the cell . Between 1948 and 1950 , she developed a theory by which these mobile elements regulated the genes by inhibiting or modulating their action . She referred to Dissociator and Activator as `` controlling units '' -- later , as `` controlling elements '' -- to distinguish them from genes . She hypothesized that gene regulation could explain how complex multicellular organisms made of cells with identical genomes have cells of different function . McClintock 's discovery challenged the concept of the genome as a static set of instructions passed between generations . In 1950 , she reported her work on Ac / Ds and her ideas about gene regulation in a paper entitled `` The origin and behavior of mutable loci in maize '' published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . In summer 1951 , she reported her work on the origin and behavior of mutable loci in maize at the annual symposium at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory , presenting a paper of the same name . The paper delved into the instability caused by Dc and As or just As in four genes , along with the tendency of those genes to unpredictably revert to the wild phenotype . She also identified `` families '' of transposons , which did not interact with one another . Her work on controlling elements and gene regulation was conceptually difficult and was not immediately understood or accepted by her contemporaries ; she described the reception of her research as `` puzzlement , even hostility '' . Nevertheless , McClintock continued to develop her ideas on controlling elements . She published a paper in Genetics in 1953 , where she presented all her statistical data , and undertook lecture tours to universities throughout the 1950s to speak about her work . She continued to investigate the problem and identified a new element that she called Suppressor - mutator ( Spm ) , which , although similar to Ac / Ds , acts in a more complex manner . Like Ac / Ds , some versions could transpose on their own and some could not ; unlike Ac / Ds , when present , it fully suppressed the expression of mutant genes when they normally would not be entirely suppressed . Based on the reactions of other scientists to her work , McClintock felt she risked alienating the scientific mainstream , and from 1953 stopped publishing accounts of her research on controlling elements . The Origins of maize ( edit ) McClintock 's microscope and ears of corn on exhibition at the National Museum of Natural History In 1957 , McClintock received funding from the National Academy of Sciences to start research on indigenous strains of maize in Central America and South America . She was interested in studying the evolution of maize through chromosomal changes , and being in South America would allow her to work on a larger scale . McClintock explored the chromosomal , morphological , and evolutionary characteristics of various races of maize . After extensive work in the 1960s and 1970s , McClintock and her collaborators published the seminal study The Chromosomal Constitution of Races of Maize , leaving their mark on paleobotany , ethnobotany , and evolutionary biology . Rediscovery ( edit ) McClintock officially retired from her position at the Carnegie Institution in 1967 , and was made a Distinguished Service Member of the Carnegie Institution of Washington . This honor allowed her to continue working with graduate students and colleagues in the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory as scientist emerita ; she lived in the town . In reference to her decision 20 years earlier to stop publishing detailed accounts of her work on controlling elements , she wrote in 1973 : Over the years I have found that it is difficult if not impossible to bring to consciousness of another person the nature of his tacit assumptions when , by some special experiences , I have been made aware of them . This became painfully evident to me in my attempts during the 1950s to convince geneticists that the action of genes had to be and was controlled . It is now equally painful to recognize the fixity of assumptions that many persons hold on the nature of controlling elements in maize and the manners of their operation . One must await the right time for conceptual change . The importance of McClintock 's contributions was revealed in the 1960s , when the work of French geneticists Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod described the genetic regulation of the lac operon , a concept she had demonstrated with Ac / Ds in 1951 . Following Jacob and Monod 's 1961 Journal of Molecular Biology paper `` Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins '' , McClintock wrote an article for American Naturalist comparing the lac operon and her work on controlling elements in maize . McClintock 's contribution to biology is still not widely acknowledged as amounting to the discovery of genetic regulation . McClintock was widely credited with discovering transposition after other researchers finally discovered the process in bacteria , yeast , and bacteriophages in the late 1960s and early 1970s . During this period , molecular biology had developed significant new technology , and scientists were able to show the molecular basis for transposition . In the 1970s , Ac and Ds were cloned by other scientists and were shown to be Class II transposons . Ac is a complete transposon that can produce a functional transposase , which is required for the element to move within the genome . Ds has a mutation in its transposase gene , which means that it can not move without another source of transposase . Thus , as McClintock observed , Ds can not move in the absence of Ac . Spm has also been characterized as a transposon . Subsequent research has shown that transposons typically do not move unless the cell is placed under stress , such as by irradiation or the breakage - fusion - bridge cycle , and thus their activation during stress can serve as a source of genetic variation for evolution . McClintock understood the role of transposons in evolution and genome change well before other researchers grasped the concept . Nowadays , Ac / Ds is used as a tool in plant biology to generate mutant plants used for the characterization of gene function . Honors and recognition ( edit ) In 1947 , McClintock received the Achievement Award from the American Association of University Women . She was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1959 . In 1967 , McClintock was awarded the Kimber Genetics Award ; three years later , she was given the National Medal of Science by Richard Nixon in 1970 . She was the first woman to be awarded the National Medal of Science . Cold Spring Harbor named a building in her honor in 1973 . She received the Louis and Bert Freedman Foundation Award and the Lewis S. Rosensteil Award in 1978 . In 1981 , she became the first recipient of the MacArthur Foundation Grant , and was awarded the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research , the Wolf Prize in Medicine and the Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal by the Genetics Society of America . In 1982 , she was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University for her research in the `` evolution of genetic information and the control of its expression . '' Most notably , she received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1983 , the first woman to win that prize unshared , credited by the Nobel Foundation for discovering `` mobile genetic elements '' ; it was more than 30 years after she initially described the phenomenon of controlling elements . She was compared to Gregor Mendel in terms of her scientific career by the Swedish Academy of Sciences when she was awarded the Prize . McClintock giving her Nobel Lecture She was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ( ForMemRS ) in 1989 . McClintock received the Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences of the American Philosophical Society in 1993 . She was awarded 14 Honorary Doctor of Science degrees and an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters . In 1986 she was inducted into the National Women 's Hall of Fame . During her final years , McClintock led a more public life , especially after Evelyn Fox Keller 's 1983 biography of her , A Feeling for the Organism , brought McClintock 's story to the public . She remained a regular presence in the Cold Spring Harbor community , and gave talks on mobile genetic elements and the history of genetics research for the benefit of junior scientists . An anthology of her 43 publications The Discovery and Characterization of Transposable Elements : The Collected Papers of Barbara McClintock was published in 1987 . Later years ( edit ) McClintock spent her later years , post Nobel Prize , as a key leader and researcher in the field at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on Long Island , New York . McClintock died of natural causes in Huntington , New York , on September 2 , 1992 at the age of 90 ; she never married or had children . Legacy ( edit ) Since her death , McClintock has been the subject of a biography by the science historian Nathaniel C. Comfort 's The Tangled Field : Barbara McClintock 's Search for the Patterns of Genetic Control . Comfort 's biography contests some claims about McClintock , described as the `` McClintock Myth '' , which he claims was perpetuated by the earlier biography by Keller . Keller 's thesis was that McClintock was long ignored or met with derision because she was a woman working in the sciences . For example , when McClintock presented her findings that the genetics of maize did not conform to Mendelian distributions , geneticist Sewall Wright expressed the belief that she did not understand the underlying mathematics of her work , a belief he had expressed towards other women at the time . In addition , geneticist Lotte Auerbach recounted that Joshua Lederberg returned from a visit to McClintock 's lab with the remark : ' By God , that woman is either crazy or a genius . ' `` As Auerbach tells it , McClintock had thrown Lederberg and his colleagues out after half an hour ' because of their arrogance . She was intolerant of arrogance ... She felt she had crossed a desert alone and no one had followed her . ' '' Comfort , however , asserts that McClintock was well regarded by her professional peers , even in the early years of her career . Although Comfort argues that McClintock was not a victim of gender discrimination , she has been widely written about in the context of women 's studies . Most recent biographical works on women in science feature accounts of her experience . She is held up as a role model for girls in such works of children 's literature as Edith Hope Fine 's Barbara McClintock , Nobel Prize Geneticist , Deborah Heiligman 's Barbara McClintock : Alone in Her Field and Mary Kittredge 's Barbara McClintock . A recent biography for young adults by Naomi Pasachoff , Barbara McClintock , Genius of Genetics , provides a new perspective , based on the current literature . On 4 May 2005 , the United States Postal Service issued the `` American Scientists '' commemorative postage stamp series , a set of four 37 - cent self - adhesive stamps in several configurations . The scientists depicted were Barbara McClintock , John von Neumann , Josiah Willard Gibbs , and Richard Feynman . McClintock was also featured in a 1989 four - stamp issue from Sweden which illustrated the work of eight Nobel Prize - winning geneticists . A small building at Cornell University and a laboratory building at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory were named for her . A street has been named after her in the new `` Adlershof Development Society '' science park in Berlin . Some of McClintock 's personality and scientific achievements were referred to in Jeffrey Eugenides 's 2011 novel The Marriage Plot , which tells the story of a yeast geneticist named Leonard who suffers from bipolar disorder . He works at a laboratory loosely based on Cold Spring Harbor . The character reminiscent of McClintock is a reclusive geneticist at the fictional laboratory , who makes the same discoveries as her factual counterpart . Judith Pratt wrote a play about McClintock , called MAIZE , which was read at Artemesia Theatre in Chicago in 2015 , and will be produced in Ithaca NY -- the home of Cornell University -- in February - March 2018 . Key publications ( edit ) McClintock , B. ( 1929 ) . `` A Cytological and Genetical Study of Triploid Maize '' . Genetics . 14 ( 2 ) : 180 -- 222 . PMC 1201029 . PMID 17246573 . Creighton , H.B. ; McClintock , B. ( 1931 ) . `` A Correlation of Cytological and Genetical Crossing - Over in Zea Mays '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 17 ( 8 ) : 492 -- 497 . Bibcode : 1931PNAS ... 17 ... 492C . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 17.8. 492 . PMC 1076098 . PMID 16587654 . McClintock , B. ( 1931 ) . `` The Order of the Genes C , Sh and Wx in Zea Mays with Reference to a Cytologically Known Point in the Chromosome '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 17 ( 8 ) : 485 -- 491 . Bibcode : 1931PNAS ... 17 ... 485M . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 17.8. 485 . PMC 1076097 . PMID 16587653 . McClintock , B. ( 1941 ) . `` The Stability of Broken Ends of Chromosomes in Zea Mays '' . Genetics . 26 ( 2 ) : 234 -- 282 . PMC 1209127 . PMID 17247004 . McClintock , B. ( 1945 ) . `` Neurospora . I. Preliminary Observations of the Chromosomes of Neurospora crassa '' . American Journal of Botany. 32 ( 10 ) : 671 -- 678 . doi : 10.2307 / 2437624 . JSTOR 2437624 . McClintock , B. ( 1950 ) . `` The origin and behavior of mutable loci in maize '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 36 ( 6 ) : 344 -- 355 . Bibcode : 1950PNAS ... 36 ... 344M . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 36.6. 344 . PMC 1063197 . PMID 15430309 . McClintock , B. ( 1953 ) . `` Induction of Instability at Selected Loci in Maize '' . Genetics . 38 ( 6 ) : 579 -- 599 . PMC 1209627 . PMID 17247459 . McClintock , B. ( 1961 ) . `` Some Parallels Between Gene Control Systems in Maize and in Bacteria '' . The American Naturalist. 95 ( 884 ) : 265 -- 277 . doi : 10.1086 / 282188 . McClintock , B. , Kato Yamakake , T.A. & Blumenschein , A. ( 1981 ) . Chromosome constitution of races of maize . Its significance in the interpretation of relationships between races and varieties in the Americas . Chapingo , Mexico : Escuela de Nacional de Agricultura , Colegio de Postgraduados . See also ( edit ) List of female Nobel laureates Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nobel Prize . ^ Jump up to : Lamberts 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Comfort 2001 , pp. 19 -- 22 . ^ Jump up to : Keller 1983 . Jump up ^ Boyer 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Comfort 2001 , pp. 23 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Fedoroff 1995 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Kass & Provine 1997 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Kass 2000 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Fedoroff 1995 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ McClintock 1983 . ^ Jump up to : Kass 2003 , pp. 1251 -- 1260 . Jump up ^ Kass 2005 , pp. 118 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Kass 2007 . ^ Jump up to : The Barbara McClintock Papers -- Cornell . ^ Jump up to : Kass & Bonneuil 2004 , pp. 91 -- 118 . Jump up ^ Kass , Bonneuil & Coe Jr. 2005 . Jump up ^ Colonna , Federica Turriziani . `` Barbara McClintock ( 1902 -- 1992 ) '' . embryo.asu.edu . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Fedoroff 1995 , p. 217 . ^ Jump up to : Fedoroff 1995 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Rhoades . ^ Jump up to : Coe & Kass 2005 , pp. 6641 -- 6656 . Jump up ^ Creighton & McClintock 1931 , pp. 492 -- 497 . Jump up ^ McClintock 1931 , pp. 485 -- 491 . ^ Jump up to : Fedoroff 1995 , p. 218 . ^ Jump up to : Fedoroff 1995 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ McClintock 1934 , p. 294 -- 328 . Jump up ^ Green 1959 , p. 1243 . ^ Jump up to : CSHL Biography . ^ Jump up to : Kass 2005 , p. 52 -- 71 . ^ Jump up to : Fedoroff 1995 , p. 220 . ^ Jump up to : The Barbara McClintock Papers -- Missouri . Jump up ^ McClintock 1941 , pp. 234 -- 282 . Jump up ^ Selvarajah et al. 2006 . Jump up ^ McClintock 1940 . Jump up ^ Comfort 2002 , p. 440 . ^ Jump up to : Fedoroff 1995 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Keller 1983 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ McClintock 1945 , pp. 671 -- 678 . Jump up ^ Klug et al. 2012 , pp. 128 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Comfort 2001 , pp. 84 -- 94 . Jump up ^ The Barbara McClintock Papers -- Cold Spring Harbor . ^ Jump up to : Comfort 1999 , pp. 133 -- 162 . Jump up ^ Goodier & Kazazian 2008 , pp. 23 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Fedoroff 1995 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ National Academy of Sciences 2005 . Jump up ^ Comfort 2001 , pp. 102 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Klug et al. 2012 , p. 395 . ^ Jump up to : Pray & Zhaurova 2008 . Jump up ^ McClintock 1950 , pp. 344 -- 355 . Jump up ^ McClintock 1987 . Jump up ^ McClintock 1953 , pp. 579 -- 599 . ^ Jump up to : Fedoroff 1995 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Fedoroff 1995 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Comfort 2001 , pp. 209 -- 217 . Jump up ^ The Barbara McClintock Papers -- Origins of Maize . ^ Jump up to : Kolata 1992 . Jump up ^ McClintock 1973 . Jump up ^ McClintock 1961 , pp. 265 -- 77 . ^ Jump up to : Fedoroff 1995 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Fedoroff 1995 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Pray 2008 . Jump up ^ Jin et al. 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Book of Members , 1780 -- 2010 : Chapter M '' ( PDF ) . American Academy of Arts and Sciences . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fedoroff 1995 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ National Medal of Science . Jump up ^ `` The President 's National Medal of Science : Recipient Detailswork = National Science Foundation '' . Archived from the original on 11 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Washington Post . Jump up ^ Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize . Jump up ^ Nobel Prize 1983 . Jump up ^ Keirns 1999 . Jump up ^ Fedoroff 1995 , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Franklin Medal . Jump up ^ Esther Lederberg . Jump up ^ Keller 1983 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Esther Lederberg Colleagues . Jump up ^ Comfort 1999 . Jump up ^ Pasachoff 2006 . Jump up ^ Berlin . Jump up ^ Kolata 2012 . References ( edit ) `` Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences Recipients '' , Amphilsoc.org , American Philosophical Society , retrieved 27 November 2011 `` Berlin map excerpt '' , Berliner-stadtplan.com , Pharos Plans , retrieved 18 March 2010 Kass , Lee B. ; Bonneuil , Christophe ( 2004 ) , `` Mapping and seeing : Barbara McClintock and the linking of genetics and cytology in maize genetics , 1928 -- 1935 '' , in Rheinberger , Hans - Jörg ; Gaudilliere , Jean - Paul , Classical Genetic Research and its Legacy : The Mapping Cultures of 20th Century Genetics , London : Routledge , pp. 91 -- 118 Kass , Lee B. ; Bonneuil , Christophe ; Coe Jr. , Edward H. 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( January 2002 ) , `` Barbara McClintock 's long postdoc years '' , Science , 295 ( 5554 ) : 440 , doi : 10.1126 / science. 295.5554. 440a , PMID 11799999 Comfort , Nathaniel C. ( 1999 ) , `` '' The real point is control `` : The reception of Barbara McClintock 's controlling elements '' , Journal of the History of Biology , 32 ( 1 ) : 133 -- 62 , doi : 10.1023 / A : 1004468625863 , PMID 11623812 Creighton , Harriet B. ; McClintock , Barbara ( 1931 ) , `` A Correlation of Cytological and Genetical Crossing - Over in Zea Mays '' , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 17 ( 8 ) : 492 -- 497 , Bibcode : 1931PNAS ... 17 ... 492C , doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 17.8. 492 , PMC 1076098 , PMID 16587654 `` Anecdotes -- # 25 '' , Esther M. 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Burnham ( PDF ) McClintock , Barbara ( 1945 ) , `` Neurospora : preliminary observations of the chromosomes of Neurospora crassa '' , American Journal of Botany , 32 ( 10 ) : 671 -- 78 , doi : 10.2307 / 2437624 , JSTOR 2437624 McClintock , Barbara ( 1950 ) , `` The origin and behavior of mutable loci in maize '' , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 36 ( 6 ) : 344 -- 55 , Bibcode : 1950PNAS ... 36 ... 344M , doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 36.6. 344 , PMC 1063197 , PMID 15430309 McClintock , Barbara ( 1987 ) , Moore , John A. , ed. , The discovery and characterization of transposable elements : the collected papers of Barbara McClintock , New York : Garland Pub. , ISBN 0 - 8240 - 1391 - 3 McClintock , Barbara ( 1953 ) , `` Induction of instability at selected loci in maize '' , Genetics , 38 ( 6 ) : 579 -- 99 , PMC 1209627 , PMID 17247459 McClintock , Barbara ( 1973 ) , Letter from Barbara McClintock to Maize geneticist Oliver Nelson McClintock , Barbara ( 1961 ) , `` Some parallels between gene control systems in maize and in bacteria '' , American Naturalist , 95 ( 884 ) : 265 -- 77 , doi : 10.1086 / 282188 `` Barbara McClintock '' , Members , National Academy of Sciences , 2005 , archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 28 `` 1970 National Medal of Science '' , The Laureates , National Science and Technology Medals Foundation , 2009 , archived from the original on 11 September 2012 , retrieved 28 December 2012 `` Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine '' , Nobelprize.org , Nobel Media AB , archived from the original on 25 July 2010 , retrieved 12 July 2010 `` The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983 '' , Nobelprize.org , Nobel Media AB , archived from the original on 6 July 2010 , retrieved 8 July 2010 Pasachoff , Naomi ( 2006 ) , Barbara McClintock , Genius of Genetics , Enslow Publishers , Inc. , ISBN 978 - 0766025059 Pray , Leslie ( 2008 ) , `` Transposons : The Jumping Genes '' , Nature Education , Nature Publishing Group , 1 ( 1 ) Pray , Leslie ; Zhaurova , Kira ( 2008 ) , `` Barbara McClintock and the Discovery of Jumping Genes ( Transposons ) '' , Nature Education , Nature Publishing Group , 1 ( 1 ) Rhoades , Marcus M. , The golden age of corn genetics at Cornell as seen through the eyes of M.M. Rhoades ( PDF ) Selvarajah S , Yoshimoto M , Park PC , Maire G , Paderova J , Bayani J , Lim G , Al - Romaih K , Squire JA , Zielenska M ( December 2006 ) , `` The breakage - fusion - bridge ( BFB ) cycle as a mechanism for generating genetic heterogeneity in osteosarcoma '' , Chromosoma , 6 , 115 ( 6 ) : 459 -- 467 , doi : 10.1007 / s00412 - 006 - 0074 - 4 , PMID 16897100 `` Geneticist B. McClintock Dies ; Nobelist '' , The Washington Post , 4 September 1992 , retrieved 28 December 2012 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) Archives and research collections ( edit ) The Barbara McClintock Papers -- Profiles in Science , National Library of Medicine . Barbara McClintock Papers , 1927 -- 1991 at the American Philosophical Society External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barbara McClintock . Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Archives , Barbara McClintock : A Brief Biographical Sketch Enhancer and Gene Trap Transposon Mutagenesis in Arabidopsis , comprehensive article on the use of Ac / Ds and other transposons for plant mutagenesis Biography and Bibliographic Resources , from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information , United States Department of Energy Laureates of the Wolf Prize in Medicine 1970s George Snell / Jean Dausset / Jon J. van Rood ( 1978 ) Roger Sperry / Arvid Carlsson / Oleh Hornykiewicz ( 1979 ) 1980s César Milstein / Leo Sachs / James L. Gowans ( 1980 ) Barbara McClintock / Stanley Norman Cohen ( 1981 ) Jean - Pierre Changeux / Solomon H. Snyder / James W. Black ( 1982 ) Donald F. Steiner ( 1984 / 5 ) Osamu Hayaishi ( 1986 ) Pedro Cuatrecasas / Meir Wilchek ( 1987 ) Henri G. Hers / Elizabeth F. Neufeld ( 1988 ) John Gurdon / Edward B. Lewis ( 1989 ) 1990s Maclyn McCarty ( 1990 ) Seymour Benzer ( 1991 ) Judah Folkman ( 1992 ) Michael Berridge / Yasutomi Nishizuka ( 1994 / 5 ) Stanley B. Prusiner ( 1995 / 6 ) Mary F. Lyon ( 1996 / 7 ) Michael Sela / Ruth Arnon ( 1998 ) Eric Kandel ( 1999 ) 2000s Avram Hershko / Alexander Varshavsky ( 2001 ) Ralph L. Brinster / Mario Capecchi / Oliver Smithies ( 2002 / 3 ) Robert Weinberg / Roger Y . Tsien ( 2004 ) Alexander Levitzki / Anthony R. Hunter / Anthony Pawson ( 2005 ) Howard Cedar / Aharon Razin ( 2008 ) 2010s Axel Ullrich ( 2010 ) Shinya Yamanaka / Rudolf Jaenisch ( 2011 ) Ronald M. Evans ( 2012 ) Nahum Sonenberg / Gary Ruvkun / Victor Ambros ( 2014 ) John Kappler / Philippa Marrack / Jeffrey V. Ravetch ( 2015 ) Lewis C. Cantley / C. Ronald Kahn ( 2016 ) James P. Allison ( 2017 ) Agriculture Arts Chemistry Mathematics Medicine Physics Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901 -- 1925 1901 Emil Behring 1902 Ronald Ross 1903 Niels Finsen 1904 Ivan Pavlov 1905 Robert Koch 1906 Camillo Golgi / Santiago Ramón y Cajal 1907 Alphonse Laveran 1908 Élie Metchnikoff / Paul Ehrlich 1909 Emil Kocher 1910 Albrecht Kossel 1911 Allvar Gullstrand 1912 Alexis Carrel 1913 Charles Richet 1914 Róbert Bárány 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Jules Bordet 1920 August Krogh 1921 1922 Archibald Hill / Otto Meyerhof 1923 Frederick Banting / John Macleod 1924 Willem Einthoven 1925 1926 -- 1950 1926 Johannes Fibiger 1927 Julius Wagner - Jauregg 1928 Charles Nicolle 1929 Christiaan Eijkman / Frederick Gowland Hopkins 1930 Karl Landsteiner 1931 Otto Warburg 1932 Charles Scott Sherrington / Edgar Adrian 1933 Thomas Morgan 1934 George Whipple / George Minot / William Murphy 1935 Hans Spemann 1936 Henry Dale / Otto Loewi 1937 Albert Szent - Györgyi 1938 Corneille Heymans 1939 Gerhard Domagk 1940 1941 1942 1943 Henrik Dam / Edward Doisy 1944 Joseph Erlanger / Herbert Gasser 1945 Alexander Fleming / Ernst Chain / Howard Florey 1946 Hermann Muller 1947 Carl Cori / Gerty Cori / Bernardo Houssay 1948 Paul Müller 1949 Walter Hess / António Egas Moniz 1950 Edward Kendall / Tadeusz Reichstein / Philip Hench 1951 -- 1975 1951 Max Theiler 1952 Selman Waksman 1953 Hans Krebs / Fritz Lipmann 1954 John Enders / Thomas Weller / Frederick Robbins 1955 Hugo Theorell 1956 André Cournand / Werner Forssmann / Dickinson W. Richards 1957 Daniel Bovet 1958 George Beadle / Edward Tatum / Joshua Lederberg 1959 Severo Ochoa / Arthur Kornberg 1960 Frank Burnet / Peter Medawar 1961 Georg von Békésy 1962 Francis Crick / James Watson / Maurice Wilkins 1963 John Eccles / Alan Hodgkin / Andrew Huxley 1964 Konrad Bloch / Feodor Lynen 1965 François Jacob / André Lwoff / Jacques Monod 1966 Francis Rous / Charles B. Huggins 1967 Ragnar Granit / Haldan Hartline / George Wald 1968 Robert W. Holley / Har Khorana / Marshall Nirenberg 1969 Max Delbrück / Alfred Hershey / Salvador Luria 1970 Bernard Katz / Ulf von Euler / Julius Axelrod 1971 Earl Sutherland Jr . 1972 Gerald Edelman / Rodney Porter 1973 Karl von Frisch / Konrad Lorenz / Nikolaas Tinbergen 1974 Albert Claude / Christian de Duve / George Palade 1975 David Baltimore / Renato Dulbecco / Howard Temin 1976 -- 2000 1976 Baruch Blumberg / Daniel Gajdusek 1977 Roger Guillemin / Andrew Schally / Rosalyn Yalow 1978 Werner Arber / Daniel Nathans / Hamilton O. Smith 1979 Allan Cormack / Godfrey Hounsfield 1980 Baruj Benacerraf / Jean Dausset / George Snell 1981 Roger Sperry / David H. Hubel / Torsten Wiesel 1982 Sune Bergström / Bengt I. Samuelsson / John Vane 1983 Barbara McClintock 1984 Niels Jerne / Georges Köhler / César Milstein 1985 Michael Brown / Joseph L. Goldstein 1986 Stanley Cohen / Rita Levi - Montalcini 1987 Susumu Tonegawa 1988 James W. Black / Gertrude B. Elion / George H. Hitchings 1989 J. Michael Bishop / Harold E. Varmus 1990 Joseph Murray / E. Donnall Thomas 1991 Erwin Neher / Bert Sakmann 1992 Edmond Fischer / Edwin G. Krebs 1993 Richard J. Roberts / Phillip Sharp 1994 Alfred G. Gilman / Martin Rodbell 1995 Edward B. Lewis / Christiane Nüsslein - Volhard / Eric F. Wieschaus 1996 Peter C. Doherty / Rolf M. Zinkernagel 1997 Stanley B. Prusiner 1998 Robert F. Furchgott / Louis Ignarro / Ferid Murad 1999 Günter Blobel 2000 Arvid Carlsson / Paul Greengard / Eric Kandel 2001 -- present 2001 Leland H. Hartwell / Tim Hunt / Paul Nurse 2002 Sydney Brenner / H. Robert Horvitz / John E. Sulston 2003 Paul Lauterbur / Peter Mansfield 2004 Richard Axel / Linda B. Buck 2005 Barry Marshall / Robin Warren 2006 Andrew Fire / Craig Mello 2007 Mario Capecchi / Martin Evans / Oliver Smithies 2008 Harald zur Hausen / Luc Montagnier / Françoise Barré - Sinoussi 2009 Elizabeth Blackburn / Carol W. Greider / Jack W. Szostak 2010 Robert G. Edwards 2011 Bruce Beutler / Jules A. Hoffmann / Ralph M. Steinman ( posthumously ) 2012 John B. Gurdon / Shinya Yamanaka 2013 James Rothman / Randy Schekman / Thomas C. Südhof 2014 John O'Keefe / May - Britt Moser / Edvard Moser 2015 William C. Campbell / Satoshi Ōmura / Tu Youyou 2016 Yoshinori Ohsumi 2017 Jeffrey C. Hall , Michael Rosbash , Michael W. Young United States National Medal of Science laureates Behavioral and social science 1960s 1964 : Roger Adams Othmar H. Ammann Theodosius Dobzhansky Neal Elgar Miller 1980s 1986 : Herbert A. Simon 1987 : Anne Anastasi George J. Stigler 1988 : Milton Friedman 1990s 1990 : Leonid Hurwicz Patrick Suppes 1991 : Robert W. Kates George A. Miller 1992 : Eleanor J. Gibson 1994 : Robert K. Merton 1995 : Roger N. Shepard 1996 : Paul Samuelson 1997 : William K. Estes 1998 : William Julius Wilson 1999 : Robert M. Solow 2000s 2000 : Gary Becker 2001 : George Bass 2003 : R. Duncan Luce 2004 : Kenneth Arrow 2005 : Gordon H. Bower 2008 : Michael I. Posner 2009 : Mortimer Mishkin 2010s 2011 : Anne Treisman 2014 : Robert Axelrod 2015 : Albert Bandura ( hide ) Biological sciences 1960s 1963 : C.B. van Niel 1964 : Marshall W. Nirenberg 1965 : Francis P. Rous George G. Simpson Donald D. Van Slyke 1966 : Edward F. Knipling Fritz Albert Lipmann William C. Rose Sewall Wright 1967 : Kenneth S. Cole Harry F. Harlow Michael Heidelberger Alfred H. Sturtevant 1968 : Horace Barker Bernard B. Brodie Detlev W. Bronk Jay Lush Burrhus Frederic Skinner 1969 : Robert Huebner Ernst Mayr 1970s 1970 : Barbara McClintock Albert B. Sabin 1973 : Daniel I. Arnon Earl W. Sutherland Jr . 1974 : Britton Chance Erwin Chargaff James V. Neel James Augustine Shannon 1975 : Hallowell Davis Paul Gyorgy Sterling B. Hendricks Orville Alvin Vogel 1976 : Roger Guillemin Keith Roberts Porter Efraim Racker E.O. Wilson 1979 : Robert H. Burris Elizabeth C. Crosby Arthur Kornberg Severo Ochoa Earl Reece Stadtman George Ledyard Stebbins Paul Alfred Weiss 1980s 1981 : Philip Handler 1982 : Seymour Benzer Glenn W. Burton Mildred Cohn 1983 : Howard L. Bachrach Paul Berg Wendell L. Roelofs Berta Scharrer 1986 : Stanley Cohen Donald A. Henderson Vernon B. Mountcastle George Emil Palade Joan A. Steitz 1987 : Michael E. DeBakey Theodor O. Diener Harry Eagle Har Gobind Khorana Rita Levi - Montalcini 1988 : Michael S. Brown Stanley Norman Cohen Joseph L. Goldstein Maurice R. Hilleman Eric R. Kandel Rosalyn Sussman Yalow 1989 : Katherine Esau Viktor Hamburger Philip Leder Joshua Lederberg Roger W. Sperry Harland G. Wood 1990s 1990 : Baruj Benacerraf Herbert W. Boyer Daniel E. Koshland Jr . Edward B. Lewis David G. Nathan E. Donnall Thomas 1991 : Mary Ellen Avery G. Evelyn Hutchinson Elvin A. Kabat Salvador Luria Paul A. Marks Folke K. Skoog Paul C. Zamecnik 1992 : Maxine Singer Howard Martin Temin 1993 : Daniel Nathans Salome G. Waelsch 1994 : Thomas Eisner Elizabeth F. Neufeld 1995 : Alexander Rich 1996 : Ruth Patrick 1997 : James Watson Robert A. Weinberg 1998 : Bruce Ames Janet Rowley 1999 : David Baltimore Jared Diamond Lynn Margulis 2000s 2000 : Nancy C. Andreasen Peter H. Raven Carl Woese 2001 : Francisco J. Ayala Mario R. Capecchi Ann Graybiel Gene E. Likens Victor A. McKusick Harold Varmus 2002 : James E. Darnell Evelyn M. Witkin 2003 : J. Michael Bishop Solomon H. Snyder Charles Yanofsky 2004 : Norman E. Borlaug Phillip A. Sharp Thomas E. Starzl 2005 : Anthony S. Fauci Torsten N. Wiesel 2006 : Rita R. Colwell Nina Fedoroff Lubert Stryer 2007 : Robert J. Lefkowitz Bert W. O'Malley 2008 : Francis S. Collins Elaine Fuchs J. Craig Venter 2009 : Susan L. Lindquist Stanley B. Prusiner 2010s 2010 : Ralph L. Brinster Shu Chien Rudolf Jaenisch 2011 : Lucy Shapiro Leroy Hood Sallie Chisholm 2014 : May Berenbaum Bruce Alberts 2015 : Stanley Falkow Rakesh K. Jain Mary - Claire King Simon Levin Chemistry 1980s 1982 : F. Albert Cotton Gilbert Stork 1983 : Roald Hoffmann George C. Pimentel Richard N. Zare 1986 : Harry B. Gray Yuan Tseh Lee Carl S. Marvel Frank H. Westheimer 1987 : William S. Johnson Walter H. Stockmayer Max Tishler 1988 : William O. Baker Konrad E. Bloch Elias J. Corey 1989 : Richard B. Bernstein Melvin Calvin Rudolph A. Marcus Harden M. McConnell 1990s 1990 : Elkan Blout Karl Folkers John D. Roberts 1991 : Ronald Breslow Gertrude B. Elion Dudley R. Herschbach Glenn T. Seaborg 1992 : Howard E. Simmons Jr . 1993 : Donald J. Cram Norman Hackerman 1994 : George S. Hammond 1995 : Thomas Cech Isabella L. Karle 1996 : Norman Davidson 1997 : Darleane C. Hoffman Harold S. Johnston 1998 : John W. Cahn George M. Whitesides 1999 : Stuart A. Rice John Ross Susan Solomon 2000s 2000 : John D. Baldeschwieler Ralph F. Hirschmann 2001 : Ernest R. Davidson Gábor A. Somorjai 2002 : John I. Brauman 2004 : Stephen J. Lippard 2006 : Marvin H. Caruthers Peter B. Dervan 2007 : Mostafa A. El - Sayed 2008 : Joanna Fowler JoAnne Stubbe 2009 : Stephen J. Benkovic Marye Anne Fox 2010s 2010 : Jacqueline K. Barton Peter J. Stang 2011 : Allen J. Bard M. Frederick Hawthorne 2014 : Judith P. Klinman Jerrold Meinwald 2015 : A. Paul Alivisatos Geraldine L. Richmond Engineering sciences 1960s 1962 : Theodore von Kármán 1963 : Vannevar Bush John Robinson Pierce 1964 : Charles S. Draper 1965 : Hugh L. Dryden Clarence L. Johnson Warren K. Lewis 1966 : Claude E. Shannon 1967 : Edwin H. Land Igor I. Sikorsky 1968 : J. Presper Eckert Nathan M. Newmark 1969 : Jack St. Clair Kilby 1970s 1970 : George E. Mueller 1973 : Harold E. Edgerton Richard T. Whitcomb 1974 : Rudolf Kompfner Ralph Brazelton Peck Abel Wolman 1975 : Manson Benedict William Hayward Pickering Frederick E. Terman Wernher von Braun 1976 : Morris Cohen Peter C. Goldmark Erwin Wilhelm Müller 1979 : Emmett N. Leith Raymond D. Mindlin Robert N. Noyce Earl R. Parker Simon Ramo 1980s 1982 : Edward H. Heinemann Donald L. Katz 1983 : William Redington Hewlett George M. Low John G. Trump 1986 : Hans Wolfgang Liepmann T.Y. Lin Bernard M. Oliver 1987 : R. Byron Bird H. Bolton Seed Ernst Weber 1988 : Daniel C. Drucker Willis M. Hawkins George W. Housner 1989 : Harry George Drickamer Herbert E. Grier 1990s 1990 : Mildred Dresselhaus Nick Holonyak Jr . 1991 : George H. Heilmeier Luna B. Leopold H. Guyford Stever 1992 : Calvin F. Quate John Roy Whinnery 1993 : Alfred Y . Cho 1994 : Ray W. Clough 1995 : Hermann A. Haus 1996 : James L. Flanagan C. Kumar N. Patel 1998 : Eli Ruckenstein 1999 : Kenneth N. Stevens 2000s 2000 : Yuan - Cheng B. Fung 2001 : Andreas Acrivos 2002 : Leo Beranek 2003 : John M. Prausnitz 2004 : Edwin N. Lightfoot 2005 : Jan D. Achenbach Tobin J. Marks 2006 : Robert S. Langer 2007 : David J. Wineland 2008 : Rudolf E. Kálmán 2009 : Amnon Yariv 2010s 2010 : Shu Chien 2011 : John B. Goodenough 2014 : Thomas Kailath Mathematical , statistical , and computer sciences 1960s 1963 : Norbert Wiener 1964 : Solomon Lefschetz H. Marston Morse 1965 : Oscar Zariski 1966 : John Milnor 1967 : Paul Cohen 1968 : Jerzy Neyman 1969 : William Feller 1970s 1970 : Richard Brauer 1973 : John Tukey 1974 : Kurt Gödel 1975 : John W. Backus Shiing - Shen Chern George Dantzig 1976 : Kurt Otto Friedrichs Hassler Whitney 1979 : Joseph L. Doob Donald E. Knuth 1980s 1982 : Marshall Harvey Stone 1983 : Herman Goldstine Isadore Singer 1986 : Peter Lax Antoni Zygmund 1987 : Raoul Bott Michael Freedman 1988 : Ralph E. Gomory Joseph B. Keller 1989 : Samuel Karlin Saunders Mac Lane Donald C. Spencer 1990s 1990 : George F. Carrier Stephen Cole Kleene John McCarthy 1991 : Alberto Calderón 1992 : Allen Newell 1993 : Martin David Kruskal 1994 : John Cocke 1995 : Louis Nirenberg 1996 : Richard Karp Stephen Smale 1997 : Shing - Tung Yau 1998 : Cathleen Synge Morawetz 1999 : Felix Browder Ronald R. Coifman 2000s 2000 : John Griggs Thompson Karen K. Uhlenbeck 2001 : Calyampudi R. Rao Elias M. Stein 2002 : James G. Glimm 2003 : Carl R. de Boor 2004 : Dennis P. Sullivan 2005 : Bradley Efron 2006 : Hyman Bass 2007 : Leonard Kleinrock Andrew J. Viterbi 2009 : David B. Mumford 2010s 2010 : Richard A. Tapia S.R. Srinivasa Varadhan 2011 : Solomon W. Golomb Barry Mazur 2014 : Alexandre Chorin David Blackwell 2015 : Michael Artin Physical sciences 1960s 1963 : Luis W. Alvarez 1964 : Julian Schwinger Harold Clayton Urey Robert Burns Woodward 1965 : John Bardeen Peter Debye Leon M. Lederman William Rubey 1966 : Jacob Bjerknes Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Henry Eyring John H. Van Vleck Vladimir K. Zworykin 1967 : Jesse Beams Francis Birch Gregory Breit Louis Hammett George Kistiakowsky 1968 : Paul Bartlett Herbert Friedman Lars Onsager Eugene Wigner 1969 : Herbert C. Brown Wolfgang Panofsky 1970s 1970 : Robert H. Dicke Allan R. Sandage John C. Slater John A. Wheeler Saul Winstein 1973 : Carl Djerassi Maurice Ewing Arie Jan Haagen - Smit Vladimir Haensel Frederick Seitz Robert Rathbun Wilson 1974 : Nicolaas Bloembergen Paul Flory William Alfred Fowler Linus Carl Pauling Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer 1975 : Hans A. Bethe Joseph O. Hirschfelder Lewis Sarett Edgar Bright Wilson Chien - Shiung Wu 1976 : Samuel Goudsmit Herbert S. Gutowsky Frederick Rossini Verner Suomi Henry Taube George Uhlenbeck 1979 : Richard P. Feynman Herman Mark Edward M. Purcell John Sinfelt Lyman Spitzer Victor F. Weisskopf 1980s 1982 : Philip W. Anderson Yoichiro Nambu Edward Teller Charles H. Townes 1983 : E. Margaret Burbidge Maurice Goldhaber Helmut Landsberg Walter Munk Frederick Reines Bruno B. Rossi J. Robert Schrieffer 1986 : Solomon J. Buchsbaum H. Richard Crane Herman Feshbach Robert Hofstadter Chen - Ning Yang 1987 : Philip Abelson Walter Elsasser Paul C. Lauterbur George Pake James A. Van Allen 1988 : D. Allan Bromley Paul Ching - Wu Chu Walter Kohn Norman F. Ramsey Jack Steinberger 1989 : Arnold O. Beckman Eugene Parker Robert Sharp Henry Stommel 1990s 1990 : Allan M. Cormack Edwin M. McMillan Robert Pound Roger Revelle 1991 : Arthur L. Schawlow Ed Stone Steven Weinberg 1992 : Eugene M. Shoemaker 1993 : Val Fitch Vera Rubin 1994 : Albert Overhauser Frank Press 1995 : Hans Dehmelt Peter Goldreich 1996 : Wallace S. Broecker 1997 : Marshall Rosenbluth Martin Schwarzschild George Wetherill 1998 : Don L. Anderson John N. Bahcall 1999 : James Cronin Leo Kadanoff 2000s 2000 : Willis E. Lamb Jeremiah P. Ostriker Gilbert F. White 2001 : Marvin L. Cohen Raymond Davis Jr . Charles Keeling 2002 : Richard Garwin W. Jason Morgan Edward Witten 2003 : G. Brent Dalrymple Riccardo Giacconi 2004 : Robert N. Clayton 2005 : Ralph A. Alpher Lonnie Thompson 2006 : Daniel Kleppner 2007 : Fay Ajzenberg - Selove Charles P. Slichter 2008 : Berni Alder James E. Gunn 2009 : Yakir Aharonov Esther M. Conwell Warren M. Washington 2010s 2011 : Sidney Drell Sandra Faber Sylvester James Gates 2014 : Burton Richter Sean C. Solomon 2015 : Shirley Ann Jackson Connecticut Women 's Hall of Fame 1994 Mary Jobe Akeley Anni Albers Marian Anderson Beatrice Fox Auerbach Emma Fielding Baker Evelyn Beatrice Longman Catharine Beecher Jody Cohen Prudence Crandall Katharine Seymour Day Fidelia Fielding Charlotte Perkins Gilman Dorothy Goodwin Ella T. Grasso Estelle Griswold Mary Hall Alice Hamilton Katharine Hepburn Katharine Martha Houghton Hepburn Isabella Beecher Hooker Emeline Roberts Jones Barbara B. Kennelly Clare Boothe Luce Rachel Taylor Milton Alice Paul Ellen Ash Peters Ann Petry Sarah Porter Theodate Pope Riddle Edna Negron Rosario Margaret Rudkin Susan Saint James Lydia Sigourney Virginia Thrall Smith Smiths of Glastonbury Hilda Crosby Standish Harriet Beecher Stowe Gladys Tantaquidgeon Betty Tianti Hannah Bunce Watson Chase G. Woodhouse 1995 Helen M. Feeney Caroline Hewins Donna Lopiano María Colón Sánchez Edythe J. Gaines Madeleine L'Engle Susanne Langer 1997 Elizabeth Hart Jarvis Colt Annie Dillard Margo Rose Laura Wheeler Waring 1998 Dorrit Hoffleit Constance Baker Motley Rosa Ponselle Lillian Vernon Mabel Osgood Wright 1999 Jane Hamilton - Merritt Sophie Tucker Ann Uccello Florence Wald 2000 Emily Barringer Adrianne Baughns - Wallace Mary Goodrich Jenson 2001 Laura Nyro Catherine Roraback Maria Miller Stewart 2002 Florence Griswold Eileen Kraus Miriam Therese Winter 2003 Dotha Bushnell Hillyer Clarice McLean 2005 Martha Coolidge Helen Frankenthaler Rosalind Russell 2006 Helen Keller Mary Townsend Seymour Anne Stanback 2007 Dorothy Hamill Joan Joyce Glenna Collett - Vare 2008 Jewel Plummer Cobb Patricia Goldman - Rakic Barbara McClintock Joan A. Steitz 2009 Martha Minerva Franklin Carolyn M. Mazure Helen L. Smits Anne M. Mulcahy Martha Parsons Maggie Wilderotter 2011 Isabelle M. Kelley Denise Lynn Nappier Patricia Wald 2012 Anne Garrels Annie Leibovitz Faith Middleton 2013 Rosa DeLauro Barbara Franklin Linda Lorimer Augusta Lewis Troup 2014 Beatrix Farrand Jennifer Lawton Marian Salzman 2015 Margaret Bourke - White Carolyn Miles Indra Nooyi 2016 Rebecca Lobo Jane Pauley Joyce Yerwood Inductees to the National Women 's Hall of Fame 1970 -- 1979 1973 Jane Addams Marian Anderson Susan B. Anthony Clara Barton Mary McLeod Bethune Elizabeth Blackwell Pearl S. Buck Rachel Carson Mary Cassatt Emily Dickinson Amelia Earhart Alice Hamilton Helen Hayes Helen Keller Eleanor Roosevelt Florence Sabin Margaret Chase Smith Elizabeth Cady Stanton Helen Brooke Taussig Harriet Tubman 1976 Abigail Adams Margaret Mead Mildred `` Babe '' Didrikson Zaharias 1979 Dorothea Dix Juliette Gordon Low Alice Paul Elizabeth Bayley Seton 1980 -- 1989 1981 Margaret Sanger Sojourner Truth 1982 Carrie Chapman Catt Frances Perkins Belva Lockwood Lucretia Mott 1984 Mary `` Mother '' Harris Jones Bessie Smith 1986 Barbara McClintock Lucy Stone Harriet Beecher Stowe 1988 Gwendolyn Brooks Willa Cather Sally Ride Ida B. Wells - Barnett 1990 -- 1999 1990 Margaret Bourke - White Barbara Jordan Billie Jean King Florence B. Seibert 1991 Gertrude Belle Elion 1993 Ethel Percy Andrus Antoinette Blackwell Emily Blackwell Shirley Chisholm Jacqueline Cochran Ruth Colvin Marian Wright Edelman Alice Evans Betty Friedan Ella Grasso Martha Wright Griffiths Fannie Lou Hamer Dorothy Height Dolores Huerta Mary Jacobi Mae Jemison Mary Lyon Mary Mahoney Wilma Mankiller Constance Baker Motley Georgia O'Keeffe Annie Oakley Rosa Parks Esther Peterson Jeannette Rankin Ellen Swallow Richards Elaine Roulet Katherine Siva Saubel Gloria Steinem Helen Stephens Lillian Wald Madam C.J. Walker Faye Wattleton Rosalyn S. Yalow Gloria Yerkovich 1994 Bella Abzug Ella Baker Myra Bradwell Annie Jump Cannon Jane Cunningham Croly Catherine East Geraldine Ferraro Charlotte Perkins Gilman Grace Hopper Helen LaKelly Hunt Zora Neale Hurston Anne Hutchinson Frances Wisebart Jacobs Susette La Flesche Louise McManus Maria Mitchell Antonia Novello Linda Richards Wilma Rudolph Betty Bone Schiess Muriel Siebert Nettie Stevens Oprah Winfrey Sarah Winnemucca Fanny Wright 1995 Virginia Apgar Ann Bancroft Amelia Bloomer Mary Breckinridge Eileen Collins Elizabeth Hanford Dole Anne Dallas Dudley Mary Baker Eddy Ella Fitzgerald Margaret Fuller Matilda Joslyn Gage Lillian Moller Gilbreth Nannerl O. Keohane Maggie Kuhn Sandra Day O'Connor Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin Pat Schroeder Hannah Greenebaum Solomon Louisa May Alcott Charlotte Anne Bunch Frances Xavier Cabrini Mary A. Hallaren Oveta Culp Hobby Wilhelmina Cole Holladay Anne Morrow Lindbergh Maria Goeppert - Mayer Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose Maria Tallchief Edith Wharton 1998 Madeleine Albright Maya Angelou Nellie Bly Lydia Moss Bradley Mary Steichen Calderone Mary Ann Shadd Cary Joan Ganz Cooney Gerty Cori Sarah Grimké Julia Ward Howe Shirley Ann Jackson Shannon Lucid Katharine Dexter McCormick Rozanne L. Ridgway Edith Nourse Rogers Felice Schwartz Eunice Kennedy Shriver Beverly Sills Florence Wald Angelina Grimké Weld Chien - Shiung Wu 2000 -- 2009 2000 Faye Glenn Abdellah Emma Smith DeVoe Marjory Stoneman Douglas Mary Dyer Sylvia A. Earle Crystal Eastman Jeanne Holm Leontine T. Kelly Frances Oldham Kelsey Kate Mullany Janet Reno Anna Howard Shaw Sophia Smith Ida Tarbell Wilma L. Vaught Mary Edwards Walker Annie Dodge Wauneka Eudora Welty Frances E. Willard 2001 Dorothy H. Andersen Lucille Ball Rosalynn Carter Lydia Maria Child Bessie Coleman Dorothy Day Marian de Forest Althea Gibson Beatrice A. Hicks Barbara Holdridge Harriet Williams Russell Strong Emily Howell Warner Victoria Woodhull 2002 Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis Ruth Bader Ginsburg Katharine Graham Bertha Holt Mary Engle Pennington Mercy Otis Warren 2003 Linda G. Alvarado Donna de Varona Gertrude Ederle Martha Matilda Harper Patricia Roberts Harris Stephanie L. Kwolek Dorothea Lange Mildred Robbins Leet Patsy Takemoto Mink Sacagawea Anne Sullivan Sheila E. Widnall 2005 Florence Ellinwood Allen Ruth Fulton Benedict Betty Bumpers Hillary Clinton Rita Rossi Colwell Mother Marianne Cope Maya Y. Lin Patricia A. Locke Blanche Stuart Scott Mary Burnett Talbert 2007 Eleanor K. Baum Julia Child Martha Coffin Pelham Wright Swanee Hunt Winona LaDuke Elisabeth Kübler - Ross Judith L. Pipher Catherine Filene Shouse Henrietta Szold 2009 Louise Bourgeois Mildred Cohn Karen DeCrow Susan Kelly - Dreiss Allie B. Latimer Emma Lazarus Ruth Patrick Rebecca Talbot Perkins Susan Solomon Kate Stoneman 2010 -- 2019 2011 St. Katharine Drexel Dorothy Harrison Eustis Loretta C. Ford Abby Kelley Foster Helen Murray Free Billie Holiday Coretta Scott King Lilly Ledbetter Barbara A. Mikulski Donna E. Shalala Kathrine Switzer 2013 Betty Ford Ina May Gaskin Julie Krone Kate Millett Nancy Pelosi Mary Joseph Rogers Bernice Sandler Anna Schwartz Emma Willard 2015 Tenley Albright Nancy Brinker Martha Graham Marcia Greenberger Barbara Iglewski Jean Kilbourne Carlotta Walls LaNier Philippa Marrack Mary Harriman Rumsey Eleanor Smeal 2017 Matilda Cuomo Temple Grandin Lorraine Hansberry Victoria Jackson Sherry Lansing Clare Boothe Luce Aimee Mullins Carol Mutter Janet Rowley Alice Waters Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1989 Fellows Brian Anderson Kenneth Bagshawe John M. Ball Adrian Bird Roger Blandford Arthur Cain Mark Child Alwyn Davies Peter Goddard Michael Green Brian Heap Geoffrey Hewitt Derek Hull Julian Hunt Richard Hynes Michael James Francis Kelly John Lawton Gilbert George Lonzarich Andrew David McLachlan Michael A. Moore Kim Nasmyth Paul Nurse Robert Ladislav Parker Geoff Parker Richard Peto Warren R. Roper John Martin Rowell Ian John Russell John Philip Simons Charles Roger Slack Marshall Stoneham Roger C. Thomas Anne Treisman Kenneth Wade Patrick David Wall Rob Webster Thomas Summers West Andrew Wiles Ian Robert Young Statute 12 Edward Shackleton , Baron Shackleton Foreign Nicole Marthe Le Douarin Paul Erdős Kenichi Fukui Edward B. Lewis Barbara McClintock Edward Mills Purcell VIAF : 14832103 LCCN : n82153492 ISNI : 0000 0000 8093 783X GND : 119046660 SELIBR : 401017 SUDOC : 073685151 BNF : cb12278203r ( data ) NDL : 00621106 SNAC : w65f0b91 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbara_McClintock&oldid=826763649 '' Categories : American biologists American geneticists Evolutionary biologists Theoretical biologists Women Nobel laureates 1902 births 1992 deaths American women biologists American women botanists American women scientists Women evolutionary biologists Women food scientists Women geneticists Women physiologists American Nobel laureates Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences National Medal of Science laureates Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research Wolf Prize in Medicine laureates Guggenheim Fellows MacArthur Fellows Foreign Members of the Royal Society Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences alumni Erasmus Hall High School alumni University of Missouri faculty American people of British descent People from Brooklyn People from Columbia , Missouri People from Hartford , Connecticut 20th - century American botanists 20th - century biologists 20th - century women scientists Hidden categories : Biography with signature Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats Pages containing links to subscription - only content Subscription required using via Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 21 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was awarded the nobel prize for the discovery that genes can change position on chromosomes | [
"Barbara McClintock (June 16, 1902 – September 2, 1992) was an American scientist and cytogeneticist who was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. McClintock received her PhD in botany from Cornell University in 1927. There she started her career as the leader in the development of maize cytogenetics, the focus of her research for the rest of her life. From the late 1920s, McClintock studied chromosomes and how they change during reproduction in maize. She developed the technique for visualizing maize chromosomes and used microscopic analysis to demonstrate many fundamental genetic ideas. One of those ideas was the notion of genetic recombination by crossing-over during meiosis—a mechanism by which chromosomes exchange information. She produced the first genetic map for maize, linking regions of the chromosome to physical traits. She demonstrated the role of the telomere and centromere, regions of the chromosome that are important in the conservation of genetic information. She was recognized among the best in the field, awarded prestigious fellowships, and elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1944."
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"Barbara McClintock"
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-4600797247871126806 | Smoking ban in England | Smoking ban in England - wikipedia Smoking ban in England Jump to : navigation , search Since 1 July 2007 smoking has been banned in all enclosed public places in England including pubs , bars and restaurants . A smoking ban in England , making it illegal to smoke in all enclosed work places in England , came into force on 1 July 2007 as a consequence of the Health Act 2006 . Similar bans had already been introduced by the rest of the United Kingdom : in Scotland on 26 March 2006 , Wales on 2 April 2007 and Northern Ireland on 30 April 2007 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Before the smoking ban 2 Passage of the law 3 Following the passing of the law 4 Exemptions from the law 5 Public transport 6 Policing of the ban 7 Opposition to the ban 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Before the smoking ban ( edit ) Before the ban many businesses voluntarily introduced bans on smoking mainly as a result of public feedback . The pub chain Wetherspoons was the first major chain to introduce a complete ban on indoor smoking . Tobacco advertising had been banned in England gradually starting with a ban on Television Advertising of cigarettes in 1965 to a complete ban on all Tobacco Advertising in 2005 . Passage of the law ( edit ) On 16 November 2004 a Public Health white paper proposed a smoking ban in almost all public places in England and Wales . Smoking restrictions would be phased in , with a ban on smoking in NHS and government buildings by 2006 , in enclosed public places by 2007 , and pubs , bars and restaurants ( except pubs not serving food ) by the end of 2008 . On 26 October 2005 , after external challenge and debates within the Cabinet , the government announced that it would continue with its plans . All workplaces , including restaurants and pubs selling food , would have to comply by summer 2007 However , there was widespread criticism from all sides of the argument on this , with a number of MPs threatening to try to overturn the bill . Many representatives of the licensed trade told the Government that only a total ban would work , and over 90 MPs signed a motion demanding this , with over 100 signing a petition for a free vote on the issue . It was reported on 24 November that Chief Medical Officer Liam Donaldson nearly quit over the partial ban , but decided to stay to champion a total ban . On the same day , the government released the results of the public consultation , after Cancer Research UK demanded them under the Freedom of Information Act , which revealed that nearly 9 out of 10 respondents wanted a total ban . On 11 January 2006 , the government further announced that it would give MPs a free vote on an amendment to the Health Bill , submitted by the Health select committee , to instigate a comprehensive smoke - free workplace regulations . Health Secretary Patricia Hewitt voted in favour of the amendment and , in so doing , voted against her own Department 's then publicly stated policy ( i.e. the proposed partial regulations ) . All other parties had offered free votes on the issue which was debated on 14 February , with three options : the present compromise , a total ban , or an exemption for members ' clubs only . On 14 February 2006 , the House of Commons first voted on the amendment to the original compromise plan , to extend the ban to all enclosed public places except private members ' clubs . The amendment was carried with a large majority . MPs then voted on a further amendment to ban smoking in all enclosed public places including private members ' clubs . Again this amendment gained significant support and was carried with a large majority . This therefore replaced the earlier successful amendment which would have allowed smoking only in private members ' clubs . The legislation was passed by the House of Lords , allowing a total smoking ban in enclosed public places to come into force in England . Political opposition did not entirely disappear at this point , the House of Lords Economic Affairs Committee accused the Government of overreacting to the threat posed by passive smoking and said that the smoking ban was symptomatic of MPs ' failure to understand risk on 7 June 2006 . The ban came into force on 1 July 2007 , as announced on 30 November 2006 by former Secretary of State for Health Patricia Hewitt , who called it `` a huge step forward for public health '' . Following the passing of the law ( edit ) Many pubs provide smoking areas outdoors , where smoking remains generally permitted . A smoking shelter outside an office building in England . Since 2007 such shelters have become commonplace at workplaces . On 30 June 2010 , the recently formed Coalition Government announced that it would not be reviewing the ban . An attempt in October 2010 by Conservative MP David Nuttall to amend the law to exempt private members ' clubs and pubs from the smoking ban was defeated in the House of Commons on its first reading . Exemptions from the law ( edit ) While the ban affects almost all indoor workplaces , some exemptions were provided : designated hotel rooms designated rooms in nursing homes designated rooms in prisons designated rooms in offshore oil rigs designated rooms in mental health units ( until 1 July 2008 ) specialist tobacconists in relation to sampling cigars and / or pipe tobacco . An exemption was also theoretically possible within the Palace of Westminster , as for other Royal Palaces , although members of the House of Commons and the House of Lords agreed to observe the spirit of the ban and restrict any smoking within the grounds of Parliament to four designated outside areas . Smoking is permitted in a private residence , although not in areas used as a shared work - space . In flats with communal entrances or shared corridors , these must be smoke - free . University halls of residence presented some dilemmas in practice as regards defining what is public and private . Several universities have imposed a blanket ban on smoking including halls of residence . Public transport ( edit ) As part of the implementation of the smoking ban , Transport for London announced that smoking would be no longer permitted on taxis , private hire vehicles and all London Buses premises , including all bus stop shelters . The Association of Train Operating Companies and Network Rail introduced an extended ban on smoking covering all railway property including all National Rail station platforms whether enclosed or not . The ban has since been extended to cover the use of Electronic cigarettes . Smoking on board trains was banned in 2005 when both GNER and First Caledonian Sleeper withdrew smoking accommodation from their services . The Tyne and Wear Metro was the first public transport system to ban in its entirety which has been enforced since the system first opened in 1980 . Policing of the ban ( edit ) The ban is enforced by Environmental Health Officers in England , who issue warnings and offer advice before resorting to punitive measures and have had to issue a low frequency of fines since the law came into force . However , there were some objectors who generated higher - profile legal cases , for instance Hugh Howitt , also known as Hamish Howitt , the landlord of the Happy Scots Bar in Blackpool who was the first landlord to be prosecuted for permitting smoking in a smoke - free place under his control . On 2 August 2007 , Howitt appeared before Blackpool Magistrates ' Court and pleaded not guilty to 12 counts of failing to stop people smoking in his pub . On 2 December 2008 , Howitt effectively had his premises licence revoked , after an appeal by Blackpool Council was upheld ; he was not allowed to appeal , and Howitt had to close the Delboys Bar following the decision . There have been some incidents of violence perpetrated by people refusing to obey the ban , in one of which a former heavyweight boxer , James Oyebola , was shot in the head after he asked a customer at a nightclub to stop smoking and later died of his injuries . However , the view of enforcement authorities is that the smoke - free workplace regulations are simple to understand , popular , and as a result largely ' self - policing ' . For a short while , bars in the UK that offered shisha ( the smoking of flavoured tobacco through a pipe ) were still allowed to provide their services inside the establishment , however the ban covered this area in late 2007 leading to a rapid decline in shisha bars . A legal blunder by Stoke - on - Trent City Council meant that , while the smoking ban still applied in the city , the council were unable to issue fines to people caught flouting the law until 16 July 2007 . The blunder caused the city to briefly be dubbed Smoke - on - Trent . Opposition to the ban ( edit ) A group calling themselves `` Freedom To Choose '' , launched a campaign for a judicial review of the smoke - free workplace regulations claiming a breach of the Human Rights Act 1998 , as it does not respect the right to privacy of people who wish to smoke in public . Supporters of the regulations put forward counter-arguments positing that the rights of smokers to indulge in their habit cease as soon as it negatively affects other people in the vicinity . In 2010 pub landlord Nick Hogan was jailed for an offence related to the smoking ban . In 2012 it was reported that `` Five years after the introduction of the smoking ban in England , almost seven out of 10 licensees want the legislation amended to allow for separate smoking rooms in pubs '' . See also ( edit ) Smoking in the United Kingdom List of smoking bans Smokeasy FOREST Action on Smoking and Health References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wetherspoon pubs ban smoking '' . BBC Online . BBC News . 24 January 2005 . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Smoking ban proposed for England '' . BBC News . 16 November 2004 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smoke ban bill details released '' . BBC News . 27 October 2005 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chief medic considered quitting '' . BBC News . 24 November 2005 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.webcitation.org/5tkNlefMT?url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/health/article672477.ece Jump up ^ `` BBC News - ' No plans ' for smoking ban review '' . Bbc.co.uk. 1 July 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Smoking ban exemptions bid defeated News '' . Thisislondon.co.uk . Archived from the original on 25 December 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Smoke - free ( Premises and Enforcement ) Regulations 2006 '' . Opsi.gov.uk. 16 July 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Smoke - free ( Exemptions and Vehicles ) Regulations 2007 '' . Opsi.gov.uk. 16 July 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Parliamentary Privilege First Report '' . The Stationery Office . 4 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 4 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` MPs ' smoking in Commons toilets ' '' . BBC News . 5 July 2007 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Part 3B Section 13.1 '' ... warwick.ac.uk . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Smoking ban : impact on London 's transport network '' . tfl.gov.uk . Transport for London . 6 June 2007 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Smoke Free Law and Vehicles '' . Smoke Free England . Smoke Free England . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Saul , Heather ( 12 August 2015 ) . `` Rail companies ban e-cigarettes from trains and stations '' . Independent . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` End of the line for train smoking '' . BBC News ( London ) . BBC News . 29 August 2005 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First ScotRail withdraws smoking on Caledonian Sleeper service ahead of £ 1million refurbishment '' . First Scotrail . First Group . 28 August 2005 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2015 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Metro was built '' . Tyne and Wear Metro . Nexus . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilmore , James ( 2 December 2008 ) . `` Blackpool smoke ban rebel loses licence '' . The Publican . Retrieved 5 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Fielding , Paul ( 5 December 2008 ) . `` Bar shuts as smoking rebel loses court fight '' . Blackpool Gazette . Retrieved 5 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Boxer shot over club smoking row '' . BBC News . 24 July 2007 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Boxer shot in smoking row dies '' . BBC News . 27 July 2007 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Council error stubs out smoke ban '' . BBC . BBC News . 11 July 2007 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Kathryn ( 11 July 2007 ) . `` Smoke - on - Trent reignites debate '' . BBC . BBC Stoke . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom To Choose '' . Freedom2choose.info. 12 October 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Swindon Advertiser ( 19 June 2007 ) . `` Non-smoking landlord braced for High Court ban battle '' . Retrieved 2 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Chris Melville ( 1 July 2007 ) . `` Smoking ban : why did we have to wait for so long ? '' . eurosong.net . Retrieved 2 July 2007 . Jump up ^ The Daily Mail ( 27 February 2010 ) . `` Pub landlord is first person in Britain to be jailed over smoking ban '' . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . Jump up ^ The Publican 's Morning Advertiser ( 3 July 2012 ) . `` Smoking ban : Majority of licensees want smoking legislation amended for pubs '' . Retrieved 7 September 2012 . External links ( edit ) NHS Smokefree website ( focused on Quiting ) Archived NHS Smokefree website ( Contains signage , and more legal info than the current site ) Video clips Discussing the ban with TV GP Dr Chris Steel David Cameron discussing the ban Smokefree England TV advert England articles History Overviews Timeline Education Local government Maritime Military Social Chronology Prehistoric Roman Britain Lloegyr Anglo - Saxon England Heptarchy Kingdom of England Norman conquest Angevin Empire Wars of the Roses Tudor period Stuart period English Renaissance English Reformation Elizabethan era Jacobean era Civil War Union with Scotland Georgian era Regency Victorian era Edwardian period The Blitz Geography Counties Districts Gardens Islands Parishes Places Regions Towns Politics Economy Middle Ages Elizabethan government Independence Monarchy Parliament Culture Afternoon Tea Anglophilia Castles Country clothing Cuisine Demographics Education Folklore Fête Landscape garden Identity Innovations and discoveries English language in England Middle England Museums People list Religion Church of England Science education Sport Cricket national team Football The Football Association national team Rugby league Rugby Football League national team Rugby union Rugby Football Union national team Wimbledon Symbols Coat of arms Flags national flag Heraldry Oak tree Royal Standards Royal Supporters St. George St George 's Day Tudor Rose Outline Book Category Portal Smoking Country and region Albania Argentina Brazil Canada China Colombia East Timor Ecuador Egypt Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iraq Iran Ireland Italy Japan Korea North South Macau Malaysia New Zealand Nigeria Norway Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sweden Syria Taiwan Tokelau Turkey United Kingdom United States Uruguay Vietnam Religion Smoking in Jewish law Tobacco fatwa Ceremonial pipe Chanunpa Kinnikinnick Pipe bag Health Health effects of tobacco ( Nicotine poisoning Nicotine withdrawal ) Passive smoking Third - hand smoke Prevalence of tobacco consumption Schizophrenia and smoking Sidestream smoke Smokeless tobacco keratosis Smoker 's face Smoker 's melanosis Stomatitis nicotina Smoking age Smoking and male infertility Smoking cessation Tobacco - Free Pharmacies Tobacco packaging warning messages WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products World No Tobacco Day Youth smoking Women and smoking Breastfeeding difficulties Breast cancer Cervical cancer Menopause Ptosis of the breast Smoking and female infertility Smoking and pregnancy Smoking ban Inflight smoking List of smoking bans Smoking bans in private vehicles Tobacco - Free College Campuses Country and region Australia United States Other Chain smoking Cigarette consumption per capita History of smoking Smokeasy Smoking fetishism Tobacco advertising Tobacco bowdlerization Tobacco industry Tobacco smoking Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smoking_ban_in_England&oldid=842323832 '' Categories : Governance of England Smoking in the United Kingdom 2007 establishments in England 2007 in politics Tobacco control Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 18 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the smoking ban come in in england | [
"A smoking ban in England, making it illegal to smoke in all enclosed work places in England, came into force on 1 July 2007 as a consequence of the Health Act 2006. Similar bans had already been introduced by the rest of the United Kingdom: in Scotland on 26 March 2006, Wales on 2 April 2007 and Northern Ireland on 30 April 2007."
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"1 July 2007"
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-8288428307706347367 | 2018 A-League Grand Final | 2018 A-League Grand Final - Wikipedia 2018 A-League Grand Final Jump to : navigation , search 2018 A-League Grand Final Event 2017 -- 18 A-League Newcastle Jets Melbourne Victory 0 Date 5 May 2018 Venue McDonald Jones Stadium , Newcastle Man of the Match Lawrence Thomas Referee Jarred Gillett Attendance 29,410 ← 2017 2019 → The 2018 A-League Grand Final was the thirteenth A-League Grand Final , played on 5 May 2018 . The match took place at McDonald Jones Stadium , with Newcastle Jets hosting Melbourne Victory , the first A-League grand final held outside a metropolitan city . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route to the final 2 Match 2.1 Details 2.2 Statistics 3 Broadcasting 4 Records 5 Video assistant referee ( VAR ) controversy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Route to the final ( edit ) Pos Team Pts Sydney FC 64 Newcastle Jets 50 Melbourne City 43 Melbourne Victory 41 5 Adelaide United 39 6 Brisbane Roar 35 See also : 2017 -- 18 A-League Elimination - finals Semi-finals Grand Final Sydney FC Melbourne Victory Melbourne Victory Adelaide United Melbourne Victory Newcastle Jets 0 Newcastle Jets Melbourne City Melbourne City Brisbane Roar 0 Match ( edit ) Details ( edit ) 5 May 2018 19 : 50 AEST Newcastle Jets 0 -- 1 Melbourne Victory Report Barbarouses 9 ' McDonald Jones Stadium , Newcastle Attendance : 29,410 Referee : Jarred Gillett Newcastle Jets Melbourne Victory GK 20 Glen Moss DF 17 Daniel Georgievski 74 ' 51 ' DF 44 Nikolai Topor - Stanley DF Nigel Boogaard DF 18 John Koutroumbis MF 27 Riley McGree MF 6 Steven Ugarkovic MF 8 Ronald Vargas 65 ' WI 7 Dimitri Petratos FW 9 Roy O'Donovan 90 + 3 ' WI Jason Hoffman 90 + 1 ' Substitutes : GK 30 Ivan Necevski DF 22 Lachlan Jackson DF 16 Nick Cowburn FW 11 Patito Rodríguez 74 ' FW 24 Joe Champness 65 ' Manager : Ernie Merrick GK 20 Lawrence Thomas DF 22 Stefan Nigro 77 ' DF 17 James Donachie DF 14 Thomas Deng DF 6 Leigh Broxham MF 21 Carl Valeri ( c ) MF 24 Terry Antonis WI 9 Kosta Barbarouses 9 ' MF 10 James Troisi WI 41 Leroy George FW 8 Besart Berisha Substitutes : GK Matt Acton DF 16 Joshua Hope MF 23 Jai Ingham MF 18 Matías Sánchez 77 ' 90 + 2 ' FW 7 Kenny Athiu Manager : Kevin Muscat Joe Marston Medal : Lawrence Thomas Assistant referees : Matthew Cream Paul Cetrangolo Fourth official : Kurt Ams Match rules 90 minutes . 30 minutes of extra time if necessary . Penalty shoot - out if scores still level . Five named substitutes . Maximum of three substitutions . A-League 2018 Champions Melbourne Victory Fourth Title Statistics ( edit ) Overall statistics Newcastle Jets Melbourne Victory Goals scored 0 Total shots 14 7 Shots on target Ball possession 58.3 % 41.7 % Corner kicks 5 Fouls Conceded 12 17 Offsides Yellow cards Red cards 0 Broadcasting ( edit ) The Grand Final was broadcast live throughout Australia on Fox Sports and Network Ten . Records ( edit ) Kosta Barbarouses 's 9th minute goal was the fastest ever goal scored in an A-League Grand Final . Kosta Barbarouses 's 9th minute goal was the equal 3rd fastest goal ever scored in any previous National Soccer League Grand Final & A-League Grand Final history behind John Anastasiadis in 1998 for ( South Melbourne ) against Carlton at Olympic Park , Mile Sterjovski in 1999 for ( Sydney United ) against South Melbourne at Olympic Park , and Mark Koussas in 1984 for ( Sydney Olympic ) against South Melbourne at Olympic Park . Melbourne Victory became the first ever team to qualify for the A-League Grand Final from outside the top 3 . With their win , the Victory became the first team in A-League history to win 4 championships , and the first team in A-League history to win the Championship from outside the top 2 . Melbourne Victory also became the first team to win the championship from outside the top 2 positions after regular season since Adelaide City won the 1994 NSL Grand Final from 5th spot on the ladder and Melbourne Victory are only just the 9th team in history to win an away from home Grand Final in 34 year history of season deciders in NSL & A-League history and were just only the 7th team in history to win the NSL Grand Final & A-League Grand Final from outside the top 2 positions after regular season . Melbourne Victory equal the record for most NSL & A-League championships on four titles along with Hakoah Sydney City ( 1977 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 ) , Marconi Stallions ( 1979 , 1988 , 1989 , 1993 ) , and South Melbourne ( 1984 , 1991 , 1998 , 1999 ) . The crowd of 29,410 was Newcastle 's biggest ever home attendance . Video assistant referee ( VAR ) controversy ( edit ) Kosta Barbarouses 's goal in the 9th minute of the game came about via a header from James Donachie , however Donachie was offside when Leroy George took the free kick which Donachie passed to Barbarouses . The game 's video assistant referee ( VAR ) system failed to detect Donachie 's offside position as its video feed had failed in the thirty seconds leading up to the goal , although the issue was apparent from the Fox Sports broadcast footage . By the time the system was restored , the game had resumed , meaning the decision to allow the goal stood . Football Federation Australia acknowledged the technical issues , and the frustration of Newcastle 's team and fans . See also ( edit ) A-League portal New South Wales portal 2017 -- 18 A-League List of A-League honours References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gardiner , James ( 2018 - 04 - 29 ) . `` Newcastle Jets to host A-League grand final after Victory stun Sydney FC '' . Newcastle Herald . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Newcastle Jets v Melbourne Victory '' . A-League . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New TV deal for Football '' . Hyundai A-League . Football Federation Australia . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A-League grand final : Melbourne Victory beat Newcastle Jets 1 - 0 to win fourth championship '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosengarten , Jake . `` Melbourne Victory 's grand final win sees Melbourne City without an Asian Champions League spot '' . Fox Sports Australia . News Corp . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Major VAR glitch behind offside goal standing in A-League decider '' . ABC News . 6 May 2018 . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official A-League Website A-League Seasons 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Grand Finals 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Current clubs Adelaide United Brisbane Roar Central Coast Mariners Melbourne City Melbourne Victory Newcastle Jets Perth Glory Sydney FC Wellington Phoenix Western Sydney Wanderers Former clubs Gold Coast United New Zealand Knights North Queensland Fury Proposed clubs Canberra South Coast Sydney Rovers Tasmanian Rivalries The Big Blue The Original Derby F3 Derby Melbourne Derby Sydney Derby The Distance Derby Competition Players ( Foreign ) Head coaches Records ( All - time table Golden Boot Coach of the Year Young Footballer of the Year Goalkeeper of the Year Hat - tricks Highest scoring games Attendance Clubs in Asia ) Honours Stadiums Expansion Associated competitions W - League National Youth League National Premier Leagues AFC Champions League FFA Cup Pre-Season Challenge Cup ( defunct ) All Stars Game ( hiatus ) 2017 -- 18 in Australian soccer `` 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 '' National competitions A-League National Premier Leagues ( ' 17 , ' 18 ) FFA Cup ( ' 17 , ' 18 ) ( Preliminary Rounds ( ' 17 , ' 18 ) * Final ( ' 17 , ' 18 ) ) National Youth League W - League National Premier Leagues Australian Capital Territory ( ' 17 , ' 18 ) New South Wales ( ' 17 , ' 18 ) Northern NSW ( ' 17 , ' 18 ) Queensland ( ' 17 , ' 18 ) South Australia ( ' 17 , ' 18 ) Tasmania ( ' 17 , ' 18 ) Victoria ( ' 17 , ' 18 ) Western Australia ( ' 17 , ' 18 ) International Asian club competitions Champions League ( ' 17 , ' 18 ) National teams Men 's Results ( ' 17 , ' 18 ) Women 's Results Club seasons A-League Adelaide United Brisbane Roar Central Coast Mariners Melbourne City Melbourne Victory Newcastle Jets Perth Glory Sydney FC Wellington Phoenix Western Sydney Wanderers W - League Adelaide United Brisbane Roar Canberra United Melbourne City Melbourne Victory Newcastle Jets Perth Glory Sydney FC Western Sydney Wanderers A-League transfers W - League transfers Newcastle Jets FC matches A-League Grand Finals 2008 2018 Melbourne Victory FC matches A-League Grand Finals 2007 2009 2015 2017 2018 FFA Cup Finals 2015 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_A-League_Grand_Final&oldid=841566443 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 A-League season 2010s in New South Wales A-League Grand Finals May 2018 sports events in Oceania Melbourne Victory FC matches Newcastle Jets FC matches Soccer in Newcastle , New South Wales Association football controversies Hidden categories : Use Australian English from April 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 16 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where will the 2018 a league grand final be played | [
"The 2018 A-League Grand Final was the thirteenth A-League Grand Final, played on 5 May 2018. The match took place at McDonald Jones Stadium, with Newcastle Jets hosting Melbourne Victory, the first A-League grand final held outside a metropolitan city.[1]"
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"McDonald Jones Stadium"
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-4207868324148179152 | Cold turkey | Cold turkey - wikipedia Cold turkey Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Cold turkey ( disambiguation ) . `` Cold turkey '' refers to the abrupt cessation of a substance dependence and the resulting unpleasant experience , as opposed to gradually easing the process through reduction over time or by using replacement medication . The term comes from the piloerection or `` goose bumps '' that occurs with abrupt withdrawal from opioids , which resembles the skin of a plucked refrigerated turkey . Sudden withdrawal from drugs such as alcohol , benzodiazepines , and barbiturates can be extremely dangerous , leading to potentially fatal seizures . For long - term alcoholics , going cold turkey can cause life - threatening delirium tremens , rendering this an inappropriate method for breaking an alcohol addiction . In the case of opioid withdrawal , going `` cold turkey '' is extremely unpleasant but less dangerous . Life - threatening issues are unlikely unless one has a pre-existing medical condition . Smoking cessation methods advanced by J. Wayne McFarland and Elman J. Folkenburg ( an M.D. and a pastor who wrote their Five Day Plan ca . 1959 ) , Joel Spitzer and John R. Polito ( smoking cessation educators ) and Allen Carr ( who founded Easyway during the early 1980s ) are cold turkey plans . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 In popular culture 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 2.3 Music 2.4 Video games 3 See also 4 References Etymology ( edit ) An early printed use of the term from 1920 : Some addicts voluntarily stop taking opiates and `` suffer it out '' as they express it without medical assistance , a process which in their slang is called taking `` cold turkey '' ... Another early printed use of the term in the media to refer to drug withdrawal occurred in the Daily Colonist in British Columbia in 1921 : Perhaps the most pitiful figures who have appeared before Dr. Carleton Simon ... are those who voluntarily surrender themselves . When they go before him , that are given what is called the ' cold turkey ' treatment . The phrase `` taking cold turkey '' has also been reported during the 1920s as slang for pleading guilty . The term is later seen in the 1947 novel I , The Jury ' by Mickey Spillane : Included was a medical record from the hospital when he had made her go cold turkey , which is dope - addict talk for an all - out cure . On February 26 , 1951 Time magazine article `` High & Light '' used the phrase , stating : There is one dimly hopeful side to the teenage dope problem . Unlike older people , few teenagers appear to take to drugs because of psychological troubles ; youngsters usually start using narcotics either out of ignorance or the same reckless impulses which lead them to race hot rods . Though they are easier to wean , however , there are almost no facilities for taking care of them . On New York City 's Rikers Island , youngsters have to endure the horrors of a sudden `` cold turkey '' cure or get none at all . Once released , many go right back to drugs again . In early drug slang , the term `` going cold turkey '' was referred to suddenly and totally stopping drugs . The term is now used in general slang with the broader meaning of stopping any habit or practice suddenly . There are several explanations of the phrase 's origin : The `` goose bumps '' ( piloerection ) that occurs with sudden discontinuation in persons dependent on opioids , frequently persons addicted to heroin . Similarly the term `` kick the habit '' alludes to the muscle spasms that also occur . A narrowing of the meaning `` suddenly or without preparation '' , from cold turkey being a dish that requires little preparation ; originally used for heroin addicts . From the American phrase talk turkey meaning `` to speak bluntly with little preparation '' . In popular culture ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) Instances of the phrase 's use in popular culture include : Film ( edit ) Norman Lear 's 1971 movie Cold Turkey , about a small town that gives up smoking to win $25,000,000 French Connection II ( 1975 ) had Gene Hackman 's NYCPD Jimmy `` Popeye '' Doyle lead character suffering this after the drug ring he was pursuing captured him and forced heroin on him while keeping him prisoner . In Trainspotting ( 1996 ) , Renton goes cold turkey after overdosing on heroin . Television ( edit ) Kojak episode `` Sweeter Than Life '' has one of the title character 's cousins going through cold turkey ( 1975 ) Hollyoaks `` Episode 4429 '' sees cold turkey as the only plot with character Ste Hay ( 2016 ) Wentworth episode `` Smitten '' sees character Allie Novak going through cold turkey . ( 2016 ) Music ( edit ) John Lennon 's song `` Cold Turkey '' ( 1969 ) , about giving up heroin Green Day 's song `` Hitchin ' A Ride '' ( 1997 ) , main singer says `` cold turkey 's getting stale '' , in a hidden reference to the state Cage 's song `` This Place '' ( 2013 ) , wherein he sings : `` I ca n't believe I made it out with so little damage / Back then I thought cold turkey was a fuckin ' sandwich '' Video games ( edit ) Fallout 2 ( post-apocalyptic cRPG , 1998 ) : Myron mentions going cold turkey as the only cure for Jet addiction . See also ( edit ) Look up cold turkey in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Smoking cessation Drug withdrawal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hales , Robert E. ; Yudofsky , Stuart C. ; Roberts , Laura Weiss ( 2014 ) . The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychiatry , Sixth Edition . American Psychiatric Publishing . p. 779 . ISBN 9781585624447 . ^ Jump up to : Ghodse , Hamid ( 2010 ) . Ghodse 's Drugs and Addictive Behaviour : A Guide to Treatment . Cambridge University Press . p. 77 . ISBN 9781139485678 . Jump up ^ Hughes , John R. ( 2009 ) . `` Alcohol withdrawal seizures '' . Epilepsy & Behavior . 15 ( 2 ) : 92 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. yebeh. 2009.02. 037 . PMID 19249388 . Jump up ^ Opiate withdrawal . Medline Plus -- NIH . Jump up ^ `` New book details history of LLU bringing ' Health to the People ' '' . Loma Linda University . March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McFarland , J. Wayne ; Folkenberg , Elman J. ( 1964 ) . `` The Five - Day Plan to Quit Smoking '' ( PDF ) . University Health Services , University of Wisconsin . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 10 , 2010 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` WhyQuit '' . WhyQuit . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Allen Carr Worldwide '' . Allen Carr . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Narcotic Drug Problem Arthur D. Greenfield . December 1920 . Monthly Bulletin of the Department of Health in the City of New York , Volume 10 Jump up ^ Movers and Shakers : A Chronology of Words that Shaped Our Age , by John Ayto Jump up ^ Statistical Report . New York ( N.Y. ) . Police Dept . Page 192 . 1924 . Jump up ^ Cold turkey Definition.net . Jump up ^ `` Cold turkey '' in the Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` cold turkey '' definition , Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ Green Day Song Hitchin ' A Ride & common sense Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold_turkey&oldid=835299118 '' Categories : Drug rehabilitation Substance dependence Slang Hidden categories : Articles with trivia sections from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی עברית Latina Nederlands Polski Svenska West - Vlams 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 20 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the word cold turkey originated from | [
"\"Cold turkey\" refers to the abrupt cessation of a substance dependence and the resulting unpleasant experience, as opposed to gradually easing the process through reduction over time or by using replacement medication. The term comes from the piloerection or \"goose bumps\" that occurs with abrupt withdrawal from opioids, which resembles the skin of a plucked refrigerated turkey.[1][2]"
] | [
"from the piloerection or \"goose bumps\" that occurs with abrupt withdrawal from opioids, which resembles the skin of a plucked refrigerated turkey"
] |
-7218903663954580287 | On Top of the World (Imagine Dragons song) | On Top of the World ( Imagine Dragons song ) - wikipedia On Top of the World ( Imagine Dragons song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` On Top of the World '' Single by Imagine Dragons from the album Night Visions Released March 18 , 2013 Format Digital download Recorded 2011 -- 12 at Westlake Recording Studios ( Los Angeles , United States ) Genre Folk rock pop rock Length 3 : 12 Label KIDinaKORNER Interscope Universal Songwriter ( s ) Ben McKee Dan Platzman Dan Reynolds Wayne Sermon Alexander Grant Producer ( s ) Imagine Dragons Alex da Kid Imagine Dragons singles chronology `` Demons '' ( 2013 ) `` On Top of the World '' ( 2013 ) `` Monster '' ( 2013 ) `` Demons '' ( 2013 ) `` On Top of the World '' ( 2013 ) `` Monster '' ( 2013 ) Music video `` On Top Of The World '' on YouTube `` On Top of the World '' is a song by the American rock band Imagine Dragons for their major - label debut extended play Continued Silence ( 2012 ) , where it appears as the third track . The song also appears on their debut studio album Night Visions ( 2012 ) as the fifth track . `` On Top of the World '' was released digitally as a single on March 18 , 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 In media 3 Music video 4 Track listing 5 Commercial performance 6 Personnel 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Certifications 9 Accolades 10 Release history 11 References 12 External links Composition ( edit ) `` On Top of the World '' `` On Top of the World '' is a sharp contrast to the darker , thematic songs on Night Visions . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` On Top of the World '' primarily features guitar and piano instrumentation , with vocals performed by lead singer Dan Reynolds . Originally published in the key of C major , the song itself expresses a celebration of accomplishment for the band after striving for years to become successful . The song incorporates the chord progression of C-F-C - Dm in the verses , and F-C-G - Dm in the chorus and bridge , with the pre-chorus using Am and G to create a different break in the song . The song `` On Top of the World '' is found to be a positive , upbeat track , unlike other songs found on Night Visions , including `` Bleeding Out '' and `` Hear Me '' . The song is built on a sample of minimalist composer Steve Reich 's `` Clapping Music '' from 1972 . In Media ( edit ) Imagine Dragons performed the song live on the Australian version of The X Factor in 2013 . `` On Top of the World '' was licensed for inclusion on the soundtrack of EA Sports game , FIFA 13 . The band , longtime fans of the FIFA video game series , reacted positively to its inclusion in the game and stated that it would be `` a lot of fun hearing the track play while we are doing bicycle kicks and screaming at the screen . '' It also served as the opening theme of the short - lived CBS comedy series Partners . `` On Top of the World '' was performed by the PS22 Chorus during Barack Obama 's second United States presidential inauguration . It also featured in Konami video game Pro Evolution Soccer 2013 as well as being used in a Samsung Galaxy Note 8.0 advert . The song was featured prominently in the film The Incredible Burt Wonderstone several times . The song is featured in the Liv and Maddie episode `` Twin - a-Rooney '' , performed by Dove Cameron in the title role of Liv Rooney . Dove Cameron 's version appears on the compilation album Disney Channel Play It Loud . Hunter Hayes covered the song live on his US tour . The song was used by ESPN for their coverage of the NBA for the 2013 -- 14 NBA season . The song was used during Cartoon Network 's 2013 Hall of Game Awards . The song was used in trailers for the films The Croods ( 2013 ) and Island of Lemurs : Madagascar ( 2014 ) . WPVI - TV in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania uses the song to promote their morning news , Action News Mornings . The song is used in the Coca - Cola promotional video `` Moments of Happiness '' , shown exclusively at the World of Coca - Cola in Atlanta , Georgia . The song was featured in the soundtracks of Alpha and Omega : The Legend of the Saw Tooth Cave and The Angry Birds Movie . From 2013 to 2015 , Vodafone Portugal used the song in their ads for the Red phone plan . In November 2017 , Ford used this song in their Black Friday year - end event sales commercial . Music video ( edit ) The official music video satirizes a popular conspiracy theory that the Apollo moon landings were faked with the help of director Stanley Kubrick ( pictured ) As a part of the Palladia documentary Imagine Dragons : The Making of Night Visions , which originally aired on November 7 , 2012 , the band filmed a video of themselves performing `` On Top of the World '' and subsequently uploaded it to YouTube . On November 13 , 2013 the band released an official music video for the song . The video satirizes a popular conspiracy theory that the 1969 Moon landings were faked , the footage having been directed by Stanley Kubrick , and that Kubrick then made references to the fakery in various of his subsequent films . In the video , a rock band similar to the Beatles ( played by the members of Imagine Dragons ) pretend to be astronauts for the faked moon landing . The taping goes awry as fans of the band stream into the sound stage and turn the event into a rock concert , much to the chagrin of Kubrick and President Richard Nixon , who is also on hand ; the crowd might be discovering by being there , that the landings were fake or just be happy to be at the concert . The people at home might be agreeing now that the conspiracies were real , though just how many people are aware or not is not exactly shown . The video also briefly references another popular conspiracy theory from around the same time , that Beatles member Paul McCartney died in 1966 and was replaced by a look - alike . The video was filmed in Provo , Utah , Imagine Dragons ' original hometown , and includes cameos from various celebrities associated with Provo or Brigham Young University , including Jon Heder , the cast of the TV show Studio C , guitarist Robbie Connolly , and members of The New Electric Sound . Whit Hertford plays Kubrick , and singer Aja Volkman , Imagine Dragons frontman Dan Reynolds ' wife , appears as Reynolds ' character 's wife . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` On Top of the World '' 3 : 12 Promotional CD No . Title Length 1 . `` On Top of the World '' 2 : 58 Commercial performance ( edit ) The song peaked at 79 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and 10 on the Hot Rock Songs charts . It has also charted in the top ten in Australia ( No. 10 ) , Austria ( No. 6 ) , Netherlands ( No. 10 ) , New Zealand ( No. 10 ) , Poland ( No. 7 ) , and Portugal ( No. 1 ) . Despite having not yet been released to mainstream radio , it has received airplay on contemporary hit stations , such as 97.1 ZHT in Salt Lake City . The song reached a million copies sold in the U.S. in April 2014 . It 's the fourth million seller from the Night Visions album . Personnel ( edit ) Adapted from Night Visions liner notes . Imagine Dragons Dan Reynolds -- vocals Wayne Sermon -- guitar Ben McKee -- bass Daniel Platzman -- drums Additional musicians J Browz -- guitar Additional personnel Alexander Grant -- co-writer , producer Charlie Stavish -- recording Josh Mosser -- engineering Manny Marroquin -- mixing Joe LaPorta -- mastering Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 -- 14 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 10 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 43 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 30 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 37 Colombia Rock Songs ( National - Report Top Rock ) 5 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 21 France ( SNEP ) 35 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 13 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 36 Iceland ( RÚV ) 23 Ireland ( IRMA ) 24 Italy ( FIMI ) 10 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 10 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 14 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 10 Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 7 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 29 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 37 South Africa ( EMA ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 21 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 40 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 14 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 34 US Billboard Hot 100 79 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 10 US Rock Airplay ( Billboard ) 22 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 19 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Position Germany ( Media Control AG ) 79 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 26 Chart ( 2014 ) Position Italy ( FIMI ) 57 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 23 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 37 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 10,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 15,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 2 × Platinum 20,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Since May 2013 RIAA certifications for digital singles include on - demand audio and / or video song streams in addition to downloads . Accolades ( edit ) Year Ceremony Award Result 2014 Teen Choice Awards Choice Rock Song Nominated VEVO Hot This Year Awards Best Alternative / Rock Video Nominated Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Portugal March 18 , 2013 Digital download Interscope Records KIDinaKORNER Australia Streamed audio United Kingdom United States Spain May 27 , 2013 Contemporary hit radio Interscope Records Australia August 22 , 2013 United States October 21 , 2013 Triple A radio Interscope Records KIDinaKORNER United Kingdom November 18 , 2013 Contemporary hit radio Australia Digital download ( RAC remix ) Germany United Kingdom Italy May 30 , 2014 Contemporary hit radio Interscope Records References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Imagine Dragons ' On Top of the World ' Sheet Music '' . Universal Music Publishing Group . MN0112551 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons -- Continued Silence EP '' . AbsolutePunk . July 25 , 2012 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` On Top of the World Chords '' . ultimate-guitar.com . Retrieved 3 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` - Watch The X-Factor Clips -- Official site '' . Jump up ^ `` ' On Top of the World ' to be featured in FIFA 2013 ! '' . Imaginedragonsmusic.com . Interscope . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kyte , Kathryn ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` Debut Spotlight : Imagine Dragons '' . Shaw Media . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Luis ( March 10 , 2013 ) . `` Interview : Imagine Dragons singer savors flight on the wings of success '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` REVIEW : Hunter Hayes rocks Savannah '' . Jump up ^ `` Anuncio e Música Vodafone RED ( Top of the World ) 2013 '' . aquelamusicanuncio . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Year End Event TV Commercial , ' Pumpkin Patch ' Song by Imagine Dragons '' . iSpot.tv . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Imagine Dragons Reveal ' Subliminal ' Secrets Of New ' On Top Of The World ' Video '' . Jump up ^ Tribune , Jim Dalrymple Ii The Salt Lake . `` Imagine Dragons ' new Utah video secrets revealed , mapped out '' . ^ Jump up to : `` On Top of the World -- Single by Imagine Dragons '' . iTunes Store ( POR ) . Apple . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Grein ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : Pharrell Steps Up '' . Yahoo Music . Jump up ^ Night Visions ( Deluxe Edition ) ( liner notes ) . Imagine Dragons . Interscope Records . 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Imagine Dragons -- On Top of the World '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Imagine Dragons -- On Top of the World '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Imagine Dragons -- On Top of the World '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Imagine Dragons -- On Top of the World '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' Billboard . Retrieved January 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' Billboard . Retrieved January 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ROCK '' ( in Spanish ) . National - Report . 27 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201439 into search . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Imagine Dragons -- On Top of the World '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Imagine Dragons -- On Top of the World '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons This Chart History '' . RÚV . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 45 , 2013 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Digital Download - Classifica settimanale WK 32 ( dal 04 - 08 - 2014 al 10 - 08 - 2014 ) '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Imagine Dragons search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Imagine Dragons -- On Top of the World '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Imagine Dragons -- On Top of the World '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons -- Chart history '' Billboard Portugal Digital Songs for Imagine Dragons . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201428 into search . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2014 - 01 - 14 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Imagine Dragons -- On Top of the World '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Imagine Dragons -- On Top of the World '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Imagine Dragons -- On Top of the World '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons Chart History ( Rock Airplay ) '' Billboard . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles Jahrescharts 2013 '' ( in German ) . VIVA . Viacom International Media Networks . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Rock Songs : Year End 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI - Classifiche Annuali 2014 `` TOP OF THE MUSIC '' FIMI - GfK : un anno di musica italiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Rock Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Alternative Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2014 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Imagine Dragons -- On Top of the World '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Imagine Dragons -- On Top of the World '' . IFPI Denmark . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Imagine Dragons -- On Top of the World '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Imagine Dragons -- On Top of the World '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Imagine Dragons -- On Top of the World '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Type Imagine Dragons in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select On Top of the World and see certification . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Imagine Dragons ; ' On Top of the World ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Imagine Dragons -- On Top of the World '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter On Top of the World in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Imagine Dragons -- On Top of the World '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` RIAA Adds Digital Streams To Historic Gold & Platinum Awards '' . Recording Industry Association of America . May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` On Top Of The World de Imagine Dragons '' . 7digital ( PT ) . Archived from the original on 14 May 2013 . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` On Top Of The World by Imagine Dragons '' . Spotify . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AAA '' . Interscope Records . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` On Top of the World '' ( single ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( Media notes ) . Imagine Dragons . Interscope Records / KIDinaKORNER. 2014 . OTOTW1 . Jump up ^ `` On Top of the World ( RAC Remix ) -- Single by Imagine Dragons '' . iTunes Store ( AU ) . Apple . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` On Top of the World ( RAC Remix ) -- Single von Imagine Dragons '' . iTunes Store ( DE ) ( in German ) . Apple . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` On Top of the World ( RAC Remix ) -- Single by Imagine Dragons '' . iTunes Store ( GB ) . Apple . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Aldi , Giorgia . `` Imagine Dragons -- On Top Of The World ( Interscope Records ) '' ( in Italian ) . Radio Airplay SRL . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Imagine Dragons Dan Reynolds Wayne Sermon Ben McKee Daniel Platzman Studio albums Night Visions Smoke + Mirrors Evolve Live albums Live at Independent Records Night Visions Live EPs Imagine Dragons Hell and Silence It 's Time Continued Silence EP Hear Me It 's Time Remixes The Archive iTunes Session Singles `` It 's Time '' `` Radioactive '' `` Hear Me '' `` Demons '' `` On Top of the World '' `` Monster '' `` Battle Cry '' `` Warriors '' `` I Bet My Life '' `` Gold '' `` Shots '' `` Roots '' `` I Was Me '' `` Sucker for Pain '' `` Believer '' `` Thunder '' `` Whatever It Takes '' Promotional singles `` Amsterdam '' `` Round and Round '' `` I 'm So Sorry '' `` Walking the Wire '' Songs `` Tiptoe '' `` Bleeding Out '' `` Who We Are '' Tours Night Visions Tour Smoke + Mirrors Tour Evolve Tour Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On_Top_of_the_World_(Imagine_Dragons_song)&oldid=814816925 '' Categories : 2012 songs 2013 singles Imagine Dragons songs Song recordings produced by Alex da Kid Songs written by Wayne Sermon Songs written by Dan Reynolds ( musician ) Songs written by Daniel Platzman Songs written by Ben McKee Songs written by Alex da Kid Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Pages using citations with format and no URL Use dmy dates from March 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Portugaldigitalsongs Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrockairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 02 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote i'm on top of the world | [
"\n\n\"On Top of the World\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Imagine Dragons\n\n\nfrom the album Night Visions\n\n\nReleased\nMarch 18, 2013\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2011–12\nat Westlake Recording Studios\n(Los Angeles, United States)\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nFolk rock\npop rock\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n3:12\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nKIDinaKORNER\nInterscope\nUniversal\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nBen McKee\nDan Platzman\nDan Reynolds\nWayne Sermon\nAlexander Grant\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nImagine Dragons\nAlex da Kid\n\n\n\n\n\nImagine Dragons singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Demons\"\n(2013)\n\"On Top of the World\"\n(2013)\n\"Monster\"\n(2013)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Demons\"\n(2013)\n\"On Top of the World\"\n(2013)\n\"Monster\"\n(2013)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"On Top Of The World\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\"On Top of the World\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Imagine Dragons\n\n\nfrom the album Night Visions\n\n\nReleased\nMarch 18, 2013\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2011–12\nat Westlake Recording Studios\n(Los Angeles, United States)\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nFolk rock\npop rock\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n3:12\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nKIDinaKORNER\nInterscope\nUniversal\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nBen McKee\nDan Platzman\nDan Reynolds\nWayne Sermon\nAlexander Grant\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nImagine Dragons\nAlex da Kid\n\n\n\n\n\nImagine Dragons singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Demons\"\n(2013)\n\"On Top of the World\"\n(2013)\n\"Monster\"\n(2013)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Demons\"\n(2013)\n\"On Top of the World\"\n(2013)\n\"Monster\"\n(2013)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"On Top Of The World\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\"On Top of the World\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Imagine Dragons\n\n\nfrom the album Night Visions\n\n\nReleased\nMarch 18, 2013\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2011–12\nat Westlake Recording Studios\n(Los Angeles, United States)\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nFolk rock\npop rock\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n3:12\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nKIDinaKORNER\nInterscope\nUniversal\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nBen McKee\nDan Platzman\nDan Reynolds\nWayne Sermon\nAlexander Grant\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nImagine Dragons\nAlex da Kid\n\n\n\n\n\nImagine Dragons singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Demons\"\n(2013)\n\"On Top of the World\"\n(2013)\n\"Monster\"\n(2013)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Demons\"\n(2013)\n\"On Top of the World\"\n(2013)\n\"Monster\"\n(2013)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"On Top Of The World\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\"On Top of the World\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Imagine Dragons\n\n\nfrom the album Night Visions\n\n\nReleased\nMarch 18, 2013\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2011–12\nat Westlake Recording Studios\n(Los Angeles, United States)\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nFolk rock\npop rock\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n3:12\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nKIDinaKORNER\nInterscope\nUniversal\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nBen McKee\nDan Platzman\nDan Reynolds\nWayne Sermon\nAlexander Grant\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nImagine Dragons\nAlex da Kid\n\n\n\n\n\nImagine Dragons singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Demons\"\n(2013)\n\"On Top of the World\"\n(2013)\n\"Monster\"\n(2013)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Demons\"\n(2013)\n\"On Top of the World\"\n(2013)\n\"Monster\"\n(2013)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"On Top Of The World\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\"On Top of the World\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Imagine Dragons\n\n\nfrom the album Night Visions\n\n\nReleased\nMarch 18, 2013\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2011–12\nat Westlake Recording Studios\n(Los Angeles, United States)\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nFolk rock\npop rock\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n3:12\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nKIDinaKORNER\nInterscope\nUniversal\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nBen McKee\nDan Platzman\nDan Reynolds\nWayne Sermon\nAlexander Grant\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nImagine Dragons\nAlex da Kid\n\n\n\n\n\nImagine Dragons singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Demons\"\n(2013)\n\"On Top of the World\"\n(2013)\n\"Monster\"\n(2013)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Demons\"\n(2013)\n\"On Top of the World\"\n(2013)\n\"Monster\"\n(2013)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"On Top Of The World\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Ben McKee",
"Dan Platzman",
"Dan Reynolds",
"Wayne Sermon",
"Alexander Grant"
] |
-6154789896149893126 | Lent | Lent - wikipedia Lent Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Lent in Western Christianity . For Lent in Eastern Christianity , see Great Lent . For other uses , see Lent ( disambiguation ) . Liturgical year Western Advent Christmastide Epiphanytide Ordinary Time Pre-Lent / Shrovetide Lent Holy Week Paschal Triduum Eastertide Pentecost Ordinary Time / Kingdomtide Eastern Nativity Fast Christmastide Ordinary Time Pre-Great Lent Great Lent Eastertide Apostles ' Fast Ordinary Time East Syriac Rite Weeks of Annunciation Weeks of Epiphany Weeks of Great Fast Weeks of Resurrection Slihe or Weeks of Apostles Qaita or Weeks of Summer Eliya - Sliba - Muse or Weeks of Eliyah , Cross and Muse Qudas Edta or Weeks of Dedication of Church Lent ( Latin : Quadragesima : Fortieth ) is a solemn religious observance in the Christian liturgical calendar that begins on Ash Wednesday and ends approximately six weeks later , before Easter Sunday . The purpose of Lent is the preparation of the believer for Easter through prayer , doing penance , mortifying the flesh , repentance of sins , almsgiving , and self - denial . This event is observed in the Anglican , Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , Lutheran , Methodist , and Catholic Churches . Some Anabaptist and evangelical churches also observe the Lenten season . Its institutional purpose is heightened in the annual commemoration of Holy Week , marking the death , burial , and resurrection of Jesus , which recalls the tradition and events of the New Testament beginning on Palm Sunday , further climaxing on Jesus ' crucifixion on Good Friday , which ultimately culminates in the joyful celebration on Easter Sunday of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ . In Lent , many Christians commit to fasting , as well as giving up certain luxuries in order to replicate the sacrifice of Jesus Christ 's journey into the desert for 40 days . Many Christians also add a Lenten spiritual discipline , such as reading a daily devotional or praying through a Lenten calendar , to draw themselves near to God . The Stations of the Cross , a devotional commemoration of Christ 's carrying the Cross and of his execution , are often observed . Many Roman Catholic and some Protestant churches remove flowers from their altars , while crucifixes , religious statues , and other elaborate religious symbols are often veiled in violet fabrics in solemn observance of the event . Throughout Christendom , some adherents mark the season with the traditional abstention from the consumption of meat , most notably among Lutherans , Roman Catholics and Anglicans . Lent is traditionally described as lasting for 40 days , in commemoration of the 40 days Jesus spent fasting in the desert , according to the Gospels of Matthew , Mark and Luke , before beginning his public ministry , during which he endured temptation by Satan . Holy Week and the season of Lent , depending on the Christian denomination and local custom , end with Easter Vigil at sundown on Holy Saturday , on the morning of Easter Sunday , or at the midnight between them . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Duration and traditions 2.1 Roman Catholicism 2.2 Protestantism and Western Orthodoxy 2.3 Eastern Orthodoxy and Byzantine Rite 2.4 Oriental Orthodoxy 3 Other related fasting periods 4 Associated customs 5 Omission of Gloria and Alleluia 6 Veiling of religious images 7 Pre-Lenten festivals 8 Fasting and abstinence 9 Media coverage 10 Holy days within the season of Lent 10.1 Easter Triduum 11 Vestments 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Etymology ( edit ) Lent celebrants carrying out a street procession during Holy Week , in Granada , Nicaragua . The violet color is often associated with penance and detachment . Similar Christian penitential practice is seen in other Christian countries , sometimes associated with mortification of the flesh . The English word Lent is a shortened form of the Old English word len ( c ) ten , meaning `` spring season '' , as its Dutch language cognate lente ( Old Dutch lentin ) still does today . A dated term in German , lenz ( Old High German lenzo ) , is also related . According to the Oxford English Dictionary , ' the shorter form ( ? Old Germanic type * laŋgito - , * laŋgiton - ) seems to be a derivative of * laŋgo - long ... and may possibly have reference to the lengthening of the days as characterizing the season of spring ' . The origin of the - en element is less clear : it may simply be a suffix , or lencten may originally have been a compound of * laŋgo - ' long ' and an otherwise little attested word * - tino , meaning ' day ' . In languages spoken where Christianity was earlier established , such as Greek and Latin , the term signifies the period dating from the 40th day before Easter . In modern Greek the term is Σαρακοστή , derived from the earlier Τεσσαρακοστή , meaning `` fortieth '' . The corresponding word in Latin , quadragesima ( `` fortieth '' ) , is the origin of the term used in Latin - derived languages and in some others : for example , Croatian korizma , French carême , Irish carghas , Italian quaresima , Portuguese quaresma , Albanian kreshma , Romanian păresimi , Spanish cuaresma , Basque garizuma and Welsh c ( a ) rawys . In other languages , the name used refers to the activity associated with the season . Thus it is called `` fasting period '' in Czech ( postní doba ) , German ( Fastenzeit ) , and Norwegian ( fasten / fastetid ) , and it is called `` great fast '' in Polish ( wielki post ) and Russian ( великий пост -- veliki post ) . The terms used in Filipino are kuwaresma ( from the Spanish ) and Mahál na Araw ( `` precious / great days '' ) ; the latter term is also used specifically for Holy Week . Duration and traditions ( edit ) Various Christian denominations calculate the 40 days of Lent differently . The way they observe Lent also differs . Roman catholicism ( edit ) In the Roman Rite Lent starts on Ash Wednesday and finishes on Holy Saturday . This comprises a period of 46 days . This includes 6 Sundays which are not considered part of Lent because Sundays are days of celebration for Catholics . In the Ambrosian Rite , Lent begins on the Sunday that follows what is celebrated as Ash Wednesday in the rest of the Latin Catholic Church , and ends as in the Roman Rite , thus being of 40 days , counting the Sundays but not Holy Thursday . The day for beginning the Lenten fast is the following Monday , the first weekday in Lent . The special Ash Wednesday fast is transferred to the first Friday of the Ambrosian Lent . Until this rite was revised by Saint Charles Borromeo the liturgy of the First Sunday of Lent was festive , celebrated in white vestments with chanting of the Gloria in Excelsis and Alleluia , in line with the recommendation in Matthew 6 : 16 , `` When you fast , do not look gloomy '' . The period of Lent observed in the Eastern Catholic Churches corresponds to that in other churches of Eastern Christianity that have similar traditions . Protestantism and Western Orthodoxy ( edit ) In Protestant and Western Orthodox Churches , the season of Lent lasts from Ash Wednesday to Holy Saturday . This calculation makes Lent last 46 days , if the 6 Sundays are included , but only 40 , if they are excluded , This definition is still that of the Anglican Church , Lutheran Church , Methodist Church , and Western Rite Orthodox Church . Eastern Orthodoxy and Byzantine Rite ( edit ) Main article : Great Lent In the Byzantine Rite , i.e. , the Eastern Orthodox Great Lent ( Greek : Μεγάλη Τεσσαρακοστή or Μεγάλη Νηστεία , meaning `` Great 40 Days '' and `` Great Fast '' respectively ) is the most important fasting season in the church year . The 40 days of Great Lent includes Sundays , and begins on Clean Monday and are immediately followed by what are considered distinct periods of fasting , Lazarus Saturday and Palm Sunday , which in turn are followed straightway by Holy Week . Great Lent is broken only after the Paschal ( Easter ) Divine Liturgy . The Eastern Orthodox Church maintains the traditional Church 's teaching on fasting . The rules for lenten fasting are the monastic rules . Fasting in the Orthodox Church is more than simply abstaining from certain foods . During the Great Lent Orthodox Faithful intensify their prayers and spiritual exercises , go to church services more often , study the Scriptures and the works of the Church Fathers in depth , limit their entertainment and spendings and focus on charity and good works . Oriental Orthodoxy ( edit ) Among the Oriental Orthodox , there are various local traditions regarding Lent . Those using the Alexandrian Rite , i.e. , the Coptic Orthodox , Coptic Catholic , Ethiopian Orthodox , Ethiopian Catholic , Eritrean Orthodox , and Eritrean Catholic Churches , observe eight weeks of Lent . In Ethiopian Orthodoxy , fasting ( tsome ) lasts for 55 continuous days before Easter ( Fasika ) , although the fast is divided into three separate periods : Tsome Hirkal , eight days commemorating an early Christian figure ; Tsome Arba , 40 days of Lent ; and Tsome Himamat , seven days commemorating Holy Week . Fasting involves abstention from animal products ( meat , dairy , and eggs ) , and refraining from eating or drinking before 3 : 00 pm . Ethiopian devotees may also abstain from sexual activity and the consumption of alcohol . As in the Eastern Orthodox Churches , the date of Easter is reckoned according to the Julian Calendar , and usually occurs later than Easter according to Gregorian Calendar used by Catholic and Protestant Churches . Other related fasting periods ( edit ) The season of Lent begins on Ash Wednesday , most notably by the public imposition of ashes . In this photograph , a woman receives a cross of ashes on Ash Wednesday outside an Anglican church . A Lutheran pastor distributes ashes during the Divine Service on Ash Wednesday . The number 40 has many Biblical references : Moses spent 40 days on Mount Sinai with God ( Exodus 24 : 18 ) Elijah spent 40 days and nights walking to Mount Horeb ( 1 Kings 19 : 8 ) God sent 40 days and nights of rain in the great flood of Noah ( Genesis 7 : 4 ) The Hebrew people wandered 40 years in the desert while traveling to the Promised Land ( Numbers 14 : 33 ) Jonah 's prophecy of judgment gave 40 days to the city of Nineveh in which to repent or be destroyed ( Jonah 3 : 4 ) . Jesus retreated into the wilderness , where He fasted for 40 days , and was tempted by the devil ( Matthew 4 : 1 -- 2 , Mark 1 : 12 -- 13 , Luke 4 : 1 -- 2 ) . He overcame all three of Satan 's temptations by citing scripture to the devil , at which point the devil left him , angels ministered to Jesus , and He began His ministry . Jesus further said that His disciples should fast `` when the bridegroom shall be taken from them '' ( Matthew 9 : 15 ) , a reference to his Passion . Since , presumably , the Apostles fasted as they mourned the death of Jesus , Christians have traditionally fasted during the annual commemoration of his burial . It is the traditional belief that Jesus laid for 40 hours in the tomb , which led to the 40 hours of total fasting that preceded the Easter celebration in the early Church ( the biblical reference to ' three days in the tomb ' is understood by them as spanning three days , from Friday afternoon to early Sunday morning , rather than three 24 - hour periods of time ) . Some Christian denominations , such as The Way International and Logos Apostolic Church of God , as well as Anglican scholar E.W. Bullinger in The Companion Bible , believe Christ was in the grave for a total of 72 hours , reflecting the type of Jonah in the belly of the whale . One of the most important ceremonies at Easter is the baptism of the initiates on Easter Eve . The fast was initially undertaken by the catechumens to prepare them for the reception of this sacrament . Later , the period of fasting from Good Friday until Easter Day was extended to six days , to correspond with the six weeks of training necessary to give the final instruction to those converts who were to be baptized . Converts to Christianity followed a strict catechumenate or period of instruction and discipline prior to receiving the sacrament of baptism , sometimes lasting up to three years . In Jerusalem near the close of the fourth century , classes were held throughout Lent for three hours each day . With the legalization of Christianity ( by the Edict of Milan ) and its later imposition as the state religion of the Roman Empire , its character was endangered by the great influx of new members . In response , the Lenten fast and practices of self - renunciation were required annually of all Christians , both to show solidarity with the catechumens , and for their own spiritual benefit . Associated customs ( edit ) Statues and icons veiled in violet shrouds for Passiontide in St Pancras Church , Ipswich , England There are traditionally 40 days in Lent ; these are marked by fasting , both from foods and festivities , and by other acts of penance . The three traditional practices to be taken up with renewed vigour during Lent are prayer ( justice towards God ) , fasting ( justice towards self ) , and almsgiving ( justice towards neighbours ) . However , in modern times , observers give up partaking in vices and often invest the time or money saved in charitable purposes or organizations . In addition , some believers add a regular spiritual discipline , to bring them closer to God , such as reading a Lenten daily devotional . Another practice commonly added is the singing of the Stabat Mater hymn in designated groups . Among Filipino Catholics , the recitation of Jesus Christ ' passion , called Pasiong Mahal , is also observed . In some Christian countries , grand religious processions and cultural customs are observed , and the faithful attempt to visit seven churches during Holy Week in honor of Jesus Christ heading to Mount Calvary . In many liturgical Christian denominations , Good Friday , Holy Saturday , and Easter Sunday form the Easter Triduum . Lent is a season of grief that necessarily ends with a great celebration of Easter . Thus , it is known in Eastern Orthodox circles as the season of `` Bright Sadness '' . It is a season of sorrowful reflection which is punctuated by breaks in the fast on Sundays . Omission of Gloria and Alleluia ( edit ) The Gloria in excelsis Deo , which is usually said or sung on Sundays at Mass of the Roman Rite and Anglican rite , is omitted on the Sundays of Lent , but continues in use on solemnities and feasts and on special celebrations of a more solemn kind . Some mass compositions were written especially for Lent , such as Michael Haydn 's Missa tempore Quadragesimae , without Gloria , in D minor , and for modest forces , only choir and organ . The Gloria is used on Maundy Thursday , to the accompaniment of bells , which then fall silent until the Gloria in excelsis of the Easter Vigil . The Lutheran Divine Service , the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church , and the Presbyterian service of worship associate the Alleluia with joy and omits it entirely throughout Lent , not only at Mass but also in the canonical hours as well as outside the liturgy . Before 1970 , the omission began with Septuagesima . The word `` Alleluia '' at the beginning and end of the Acclamation Before the Gospel at Mass is replaced by another phrase . Before 1970 , the whole Acclamation was omitted and was replaced by a Tract . Again , before 1970 , the word `` Alleluia '' normally added to the Gloria Patri at the beginning of each Hour of the Liturgy of the Hours was replaced by the phrase Laus tibi , Domine , rex aeternae gloriae ( Praise to you , O Lord , king of eternal glory ) . Now it is simply omitted . Until the Ambrosian Rite was revised by Saint Charles Borromeo the liturgy of the First Sunday of Lent was festive , celebrated with chanting of the Gloria and Alleluia , in line with the recommendation in Matthew 6 : 16 , `` When you fast , do not look gloomy '' . In the Byzantine Rite , the Gloria ( Great Doxology ) continues to be used in its normal place in the Matins service , and the Alleluia appears all the more frequently , replacing `` God is the Lord '' at Matins . Veiling of religious images ( edit ) A United Methodist minister prostrates at the start of the Good Friday liturgy at Holy Family Church , in accordance with the rubrics in the Book of Worship . The processional cross is veiled in black , the liturgical colour associated with Good Friday in Methodist Churches . A crucifix on the high altar is veiled for Lent . Saint Martin 's parish , Württemberg , Germany In certain pious Christian states , in which liturgical forms of Christianity predominate , religious objects were traditionally veiled for the entire 40 days of Lent . Though perhaps uncommon in the United States of America , this pious practice is consistently observed in Goa , Malta , Peru , the Philippines ( the latter only for the entire duration of Holy Week , with the exception of processional images ) , and in the Spanish cities : Barcelona , Málaga , and Seville . In Ireland , before Vatican II , when impoverished rural Catholic convents and parishes could not afford purple fabrics , they resorted to either removing the statues altogether or , if too heavy or bothersome , turned the statues to face the wall . As is popular custom , the 14 Stations of the Cross plaques on the walls are not veiled . Crucifixes made before the time of Saint Francis of Assisi did not have a corpus ( body of Christ ) and therefore were adorned with jewels and gemstones , which was referred to as Crux Gemmatae . To keep the faithful from adoring the crucifixes elaborated with ornamentation , veiling it in royal purple fabrics came into place . The violet colour later evolved as a color of penance and mourning . Further liturgical changes in modernity reduced such observances to the last week of Passiontide . In parishes that could afford only small quantities of violet fabrics , only the heads of the statues were veiled . If no violet fabrics could be afforded at all , then the religious statues and images were turned around facing the wall . Flowers were always removed as a sign of solemn mourning . In the pre-1992 Methodist liturgy and pre-1970 forms of the Roman Rite , the last two weeks of Lent are known as Passiontide , a period beginning on the Fifth Sunday in Lent , which in the 1962 edition of the Roman Missal is called the First Sunday in Passiontide and in earlier editions Passion Sunday . All statues ( and in England paintings as well ) in the church were traditionally veiled in violet . This was seen as in keeping with the Gospel of that Sunday ( John 8 : 46 -- 59 ) , in which Jesus `` hid himself '' from the people . Within many churches in the United States of America , after the Second Vatican Council , the need to veil statues or crosses became increasingly irrelevant and was deemed unnecessary by some diocesan bishops . As a result , the veils were removed at the singing of the Gloria in Excelsis Deo during the Easter Vigil . In 1970 , the name `` Passiontide '' was dropped , although the last two weeks are markedly different from the rest of the season , and continuance of the tradition of veiling images is left to the discretion of a country 's conference of bishops or even to individual parishes as pastors may wish . On Good Friday , the Anglican , Lutheran , and Methodist churches traditionally veiled `` all pictures , statutes , and the cross are covered in mourning black '' , while `` the chancel and altar coverings are replaced with black , and altar candles are extinguished '' . The fabrics are then `` replaced with white on sunrise on Easter Sunday '' . Pre-Lenten Festivals ( edit ) Main article : Shrovetide Further information : Carnival , Mardi Gras , Swabian - Alemannic - Fastnacht , Maslenitsa , Pancake Day , and Baklahorani The carnival celebrations which in many cultures traditionally precede Lent are seen as a last opportunity for excess before Lent begins . Some of the most famous are the Carnival of Barranquilla , the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife , the Carnival of Venice , Cologne Carnival , the New Orleans Mardi Gras , the Rio de Janeiro carnival , and the Trinidad and Tobago Carnival . The day immediately preceding Lent is variously called Mardi Gras ( `` Fat Tuesday '' ) , Pancake Tuesday , or Shrove Tuesday . Sometimes , it is the peak of the pre-Lenten festival , while sometimes it is largely occupied with preparations for Lent . The observances vary from culture to culture , and even from town to town . Originally , in Lebanon and Syria , the last Thursday preceding Lent was called `` Khamis el zakara '' . For Catholics , it was meant to be a day of remembrance of the dead ones . However , zakara ( which means `` remembrance '' , in Arabic ) was gradually replaced by sakara ( meaning `` getting drunk '' in Arabic ) , and so the occasion came to be known as Khamis el sakara , wherein celebrants indulge themselves with alcoholic beverages . Fasting and abstinence ( edit ) Jesus Tempted in the Wilderness ( Jésus tenté dans le désert ) , James Tissot , Brooklyn Museum Further information : Christian dietary laws Fasting during Lent was more prominent in ancient times than today . Socrates Scholasticus reports that in some places , all animal products were strictly forbidden , while various others permitted fish , or fish and fowl , others prohibited fruit and eggs , and still others permitted only bread . In many places , the observant abstained from food for a whole day until the evening , and at sunset , Western Christians traditionally broke the Lenten fast , which was often known as the Black Fast . In India and Pakistan , many Christians continue this practice of fasting until sunset on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday , with some fasting in this manner throughout the whole season of Lent . For other Latin Catholics , by the early 20th century the theoretical obligation of the penitential fast throughout Lent except on Sundays was to take only one full meal a day . In addition , a smaller meal , called a collation , was allowed in the evening , and a cup of some beverage , accompanied by a little bread , in the morning . In practice , this obligation , which was a matter of custom rather than of written law , was not observed strictly . The 1917 Code of Canon Law allowed the full meal on a fasting day to be taken at any hour and to be supplemented by two collations , with the quantity and the quality of the food to be determined by local custom . The Lenten fast ended on Holy Saturday at noon . Only those aged 21 to 59 were obliged to fast . As with all merely ecclesiastical laws , particular difficulties , such as strenuous work or illness , excused one from observance , and a dispensation from the law could be granted by a bishop or parish priest . In addition to fasting , abstinence from meat was to be observed on Ash Wednesday and on Fridays and Saturdays in Lent . A rule of thumb is that the two collations should not add up to the equivalent of another full meal . Rather portions were to be : `` sufficient to sustain strength , but not sufficient to satisfy hunger '' . The apostolic constitution Paenitemini of 17 February 1966 reduced the fasting days to two : Ash Wednesday and Good Friday , and allowed episcopal conferences to `` substitute abstinence and fast wholly or in part with other forms of penitence and especially works of charity and the exercises of piety '' . This was made part of the 1983 Code of Canon Law , which made obligatory fasting for those aged between 18 and 59 , and abstinence for those aged 14 and upward . The Irish Catholic Bishops ' Conference decided to allow other forms of Friday penance to replace that of abstinence from meat , whether in Lent or outside Lent , suggesting alternatives such as abstaining from some other food , or from alcohol or smoking ; making a special effort at participating in family prayer or in Mass ; making the Stations of the Cross ; or helping the poor , sick , old , or lonely . The Catholic Bishops ' Conference of England and Wales made a similar ruling in 1985 but decided in 2011 to restore the traditional year - round Friday abstinence from meat . The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops has maintained the rule of abstention from meat on Friday only during Lent . Many Lutheran Churches advocate fasting during designated times such as Lent , especially on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday . A Handbook for the Discipline of Lent delineates the following Lutheran fasting guidelines : Fast on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday with only one simple meal during the day , usually without meat . Refrain from eating meat ( bloody foods ) on all Fridays in Lent , substituting fish for example . Eliminate a food or food group for the entire season . Especially consider saving rich and fatty foods for Easter . Consider not eating before receiving Communion in Lent . Abstain from or limit a favorite activity ( television , movies , etc . ) for the entire season , and spend more time in prayer , Bible study , and reading devotional material . The historic Methodist homilies regarding the Sermon on the Mount stress the importance of the Lenten fast , which begins on Ash Wednesday . The United Methodist Church therefore states that : There is a strong biblical base for fasting , particularly during the 40 days of Lent leading to the celebration of Easter . Jesus , as part of his spiritual preparation , went into the wilderness and fasted 40 days and 40 nights , according to the Gospels . Good Friday , which is towards the end of the Lenten season , is traditionally an important day of communal fasting for Methodists. Rev. Jacqui King , the minister of Nu Faith Community United Methodist Church in Houston explained the philosophy of fasting during Lent as `` I 'm not skipping a meal because in place of that meal I 'm actually dining with God '' . Many of the Churches in the Reformed tradition retained the Lenten fast in its entirety . The Reformed Church in America describes the first day of Lent , Ash Wednesday , as a day `` focused on prayer , fasting , and repentance '' and considers fasting a focus of the whole Lenten season , as demonstrated in the `` Invitation to Observe a Lenten Discipline '' , found in the Reformed liturgy for the Ash Wednesday service , which is read by the presider : We begin this holy season by acknowledging our need for repentance and our need for the love and forgiveness shown to us in Jesus Christ . I invite you , therefore , in the name of Christ , to observe a Holy Lent , by self - examination and penitence , by prayer and fasting , by practicing works of love , and by reading and reflecting on God 's Holy Word . Good Friday , which is towards the end of the Lenten season , is traditionally an important day of communal fasting for adherents of the Reformed faith . During the early Middle Ages , eggs , dairy products , and meat were generally forbidden . In favour of the traditional practice , observed both in East and West , Thomas Aquinas argued that `` they afford greater pleasure as food ( than fish ) , and greater nourishment to the human body , so that from their consumption there results a greater surplus available for seminal matter , which when abundant becomes a great incentive to lust . '' Aquinas also authorized the consumption of candy during Lent , because `` sugared spices '' ( such as comfits ) were , in his opinion , digestive aids on par with medicine rather than food . Jousting against Carnival is represented by a fat man on a beer barrel who wears a huge meat pie as headdress ; Lent is represented by a thin gaunt woman on a cart ( shown here ) bearing Lenten fare : mussels , pretzels , and waffles . Oil painting The Fight Between Carnival and Lent by Pieter Bruegel the Elder ( circa 1558 -- 1559 ) . In Spain , the bull of the Holy Crusade ( renewed periodically after 1492 ) allowed the consumption of dairy products and eggs during Lent in exchange for a contribution to the cause of the crusade . Giraldus Cambrensis , in his Itinerary of Archbishop Baldwin through Wales , reports that `` in Germany and the arctic regions '' , `` great and religious persons '' eat the tail of beavers as `` fish '' because of its superficial resemblance to `` both the taste and colour of fish '' . The animal was very abundant in Wales at the time . In current Western societies the practice is considerably relaxed , though in the Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , and Eastern Catholic Churches , abstinence from all animal products including eggs , fish , fowl , and milk sourced from animals ( e.g. , cows and goats , as opposed to the milk of coconuts and soy beans ) is still commonly practiced , so that , where this is observed , only vegetarian ( or vegan ) meals are consumed for the whole of Lent , 45 days in the Byzantine Rite . In the Western Catholic Church , the obligation to fast no longer applies to all weekdays of Lent ( 40 days ) , but only to Ash Wednesday and Good Friday . In the tradition of this part of the Catholic Church , abstinence from eating some form of food ( generally meat , but not dairy or fish products ) is distinguished from fasting . Fasting involves having during the day only one proper meal with up to two `` collations '' , light meatless meals sufficient to maintain strength but not adding up to the equivalent of a full meal . In principle , abstinence is to be observed on Ash Wednesday and on every Friday of the year that is not a solemnity ( a liturgical feast day of the highest rank ) ; but in each country the episcopal conference can determine the form it is to take , perhaps replacing abstinence with other forms of penance . Present canonical legislation on these matters follows the 1966 Apostolic Constitution of Pope Paul VI , Paenitemini , in which he recommended that fasting be appropriate to the local economic situation and that all Catholics voluntarily fast and abstain . He also allowed replacing fasting and abstinence with prayer and works of charity in countries with a lower standard of living . The law of abstinence binds those age 14 or over , and that of fast binds those who are at least 18 years of age and not yet 60 . The sick and those who have special needs are excused , and dispensations can be granted by episcopal conferences or individual bishops , which can be wider outside of Lent . Even during Lent , the rule about solemnities holds , so that the obligation of Friday abstinence does not apply on 19 and 25 March when , as usually happens , the solemnities of Saint Joseph and the Annunciation are celebrated on those dates . The same applies to Saint Patrick 's Day , which is a solemnity in the whole of Ireland as well as in dioceses that have Saint Patrick as principal patron saint . In some other places , too , where there are strong Irish traditions within the Catholic community , a dispensation is granted for that day . In Hong Kong , where Ash Wednesday often coincides with Chinese New Year celebrations , a dispensation is then granted from the laws of fast and abstinence , and the faithful are exhorted to use some other form of penance . After the Protestant Reformation , in the Lutheran Church , `` Church orders of the 16th century retained the observation of the Lenten fast , and Lutherans have observed this season with a serene , earnest attitude . '' In the Anglican Churches , the Traditional Saint Augustine 's Prayer Book : A Book of Devotion for Members of the Anglican Communion , a companion to the Book of Common Prayer , states that fasting is `` usually meaning not more than a light breakfast , one full meal , and one half meal , on the forty days of Lent '' . It further states that `` the major Fast Days of Ash Wednesday and Good Friday , as the American Prayer - Book indicates , are stricter in obligation , though not in observance , than the other Fast Days , and therefore should not be neglected except in cases of serious illness or other necessity of an absolute character . '' In many Christian countries , religious processions during the season of Lent are often accompanied by a military escort both for security and parade . Ceuta , Spain Traditionally , on Sunday , and during the hours before sunrise and after sunset , some Churches , such as Episcopalians , allow `` breaks '' in their Lent promises . For Roman Catholics , the Lenten penitential season ends after the Easter Vigil Mass . Orthodox Christians also break their fast after the Paschal Vigil , a service which starts around 11 : 00 pm on Holy Saturday , and which includes the Paschal celebration of the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom . At the end of the service , the priest blesses cheese , eggs , flesh meats , and other items that the faithful have been abstaining from for the duration of Great Lent . Lenten traditions and liturgical practices are less common , less binding , and sometimes non-existent among some liberal and progressive Christians , since these generally do not emphasize piety and the mortification of the flesh as a significant virtue . A greater emphasis on anticipation of Easter Sunday is often encouraged more than the penitence of Lent or Holy Week . Some Christians as well as secular groups also interpret the Lenten fast in a positive tone , not as renunciation but as contributing to causes such as environmental stewardship and improvement of health . Even some atheists find value in the Christian tradition and observe Lent . Media coverage ( edit ) During Lent , BBC 's Radio Four normally broadcasts a series of programmes called the Lent Talks . These 15 - minute programmes are normally broadcast on a Wednesday and have featured various speakers , such as John Lennox . Holy days within the season of Lent ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Easter Triduum A Methodist minister distributing ashes to confirmands kneeling at the chancel rails on Ash Wednesday Church of the Holy Sepulchre , Old Jerusalem on Golgotha , Mount Calvary , where tradition claims Jesus was crucified and died There are several holy days within the season of Lent : Ash Wednesday is the first day of Lent in Western Christianity , such as the Lutheran Churches , Roman Rite of the Catholic Church , Methodist Churches , Reformed traditions , etc . In the Ambrosian Rite and the Mozarabic Rite , there is no Ash Wednesday : Lent begins on the first Sunday and the fast begins on the first Monday . The Sundays in Lent carry Latin names in German Lutheranism , derived from the beginning of the Sunday 's introit . The first is called Invocabit , the second Reminiscere , the third Oculi , the fourth Laetare , the fifth Judica , the sixth Palm Sunday . The fourth Sunday in Lent , which marks the halfway point between Ash Wednesday and Easter Sunday , is referred to as Laetare Sunday by Anglicans , Roman Catholics , and many other Christians , because of the traditional Entrance Antiphon of the Mass . Due to the more `` joyful '' character of the day ( since laetare in Latin means `` rejoice '' ) , the priest , deacon , and subdeacon have the option of wearing vestments of a rose colour ( pink ) instead of violet . Additionally , the fourth Lenten Sunday , Mothering Sunday , which has become known as Mother 's Day in the United Kingdom and an occasion for honouring mothers of children , has its origin in a 16th - century celebration of the Mother Church . The fifth Sunday in Lent , also known in some denominations as Passion Sunday ( and in some denominations also applies to Palm Sunday ) marks the beginning of Passiontide . The sixth Sunday in Lent , commonly called Palm Sunday , marks the beginning of Holy Week , the final week of Lent immediately preceding Easter . Wednesday of Holy Week , Holy Wednesday ( also sometimes known as Spy Wednesday ) commemorates Judas Iscariot 's bargain to betray Jesus . Thursday of Holy Week is known as Maundy Thursday or Holy Thursday , and is a day Christians commemorate the Last Supper shared by Christ with his disciples . The next day is Good Friday , on which Christians remember Jesus ' crucifixion , death , and burial . Easter Triduum ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the Anglican , Lutheran , Old Catholic , Roman Catholic , and many other churches , the Easter Triduum is a three - day event that begins Maundy Thursday evening , with the entrance hymn of the Mass of the Lord 's Supper . After this celebration , the consecrated Hosts are taken solemnly from the altar to a place of reposition , where the faithful are invited to meditate in the presence of the consecrated Hosts. This is the Church 's response to Jesus ' question to the disciples sleeping in the Garden of Gethsemane , `` Could you not watch with me one hour ? '' On the next day , the liturgical commemoration of the Passion of Jesus Christ is celebrated at 3 pm , unless a later time is chosen due to work schedules . This service consists of readings from the Scriptures , especially John the Evangelist 's account of the Passion of Jesus , followed by prayers , veneration of the cross of Jesus , and a communion service at which the hosts consecrated at the evening Mass of the day before are distributed . The Easter Vigil during the night between Holy Saturday afternoon and Easter Sunday morning starts with the blessing of a fire and a special candle , and with readings from Scripture associated with baptism . Then , the Gloria in Excelsis Deo is sung , water is blessed , baptism and confirmation of adults may take place , the people are invited to renew the promises of their own baptism , and finally , Mass is celebrated in the usual way from the Preparation of the Gifts onwards . Holy Week and the season of Lent , depending on denomination and local custom , end with Easter Vigil at sundown on Holy Saturday or on the morning of Easter Sunday . It is custom for some churches to hold sunrise services which include open air celebrations in some places . Vestments ( edit ) The chancel of a Lutheran church decorated with red paraments , the liturgical colour of the last week of Lent , Holy Week , in the Lutheran and Anglican Churches In the Lutheran , Methodist , Reformed , Roman Catholic , and many Anglican churches , the pastor 's vestments are violet during the season of Lent . On the fourth Sunday in Lent , rose - coloured ( pink ) vestments may be worn in lieu of violet . Historically , black had also been used : Pope Innocent III declared black to be the proper color for Lent , though Durandus of Saint - Pourçain claims violet has preference over black . In some Anglican churches , a type of unbleached linen or muslin known as `` Lenten array '' is worn during the first three weeks of Lent , crimson is worn during Passiontide , and on holy days , the colour proper to the day is worn . In certain other Anglican churches , as an alternative to violet for all of Lent except Holy Week and red beginning on Palm Sunday through Holy Saturday , Lenten array , typically made of sackcloth such as burlap and trimmed with crimson cloth , often velvet , is worn , even during Holy Week -- since the sackcloth represents penance and the crimson edges represent the Passion of Christ . Even the veils that cover the altar crosses or crucifixes and statuary ( if any ) are made of the same sackcloth with the crimson trim . See also ( edit ) Christianity : Fasting in the Eastern Orthodox Church Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church Fasting and abstinence of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria Fast of Nineveh People 's Sunday Quinquagesima Islam : Ramadan Judaism : Counting of the Omer Tisha B'Av Yom Kippur Modern interpretations Lent Event , asks people to donate the value of what they forego during Lent General : Asceticism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stoll , Anita K. ; Smith , Dawn L. ( 2000 ) . Gender , Identity , and Representation in Spain 's Golden Age . Bucknell University Press . p. 178 . ISBN 9780838754252 . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Comparative Religion For Dummies . For Dummies. 31 January 2011 . ISBN 9781118052273 . Retrieved 8 March 2011 . This is the day Lent begins . Christians go to church to pray and have a cross drawn in ashes on their foreheads . The ashes drawn on ancient tradition represent repentance before God . The holiday is part of Roman Catholic , Lutheran , Methodist , and Episcopalian liturgies , among others . ^ Jump up to : Gassmann , Günther ( 4 January 2001 ) . Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism . Scarecrow Press , Inc. p. 180 . ISBN 081086620X . Jump up ^ Benedict , Philip ( 3 March 2014 ) . Christ 's Churches Purely Reformed : A Social History of Calvinism . Yale University Press . p. 506 . ISBN 030010507X . Jump up ^ Mennonite Stew -- A Glossary : Lent . Third Way Café . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Traditionally , Lent was not observed by the Mennonite church , and only recently have more modern Mennonite churches started to focus on the six - week season preceding Easter . Jump up ^ Brumley , Jeff . `` Lent not just for Catholics , but also for some Baptists and other evangelicals '' . The Florida Times Union . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Margaret ( 5 March 2017 ) . `` Students observe Lent on campus -- The Brown and White '' . The Brown and White . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm , Hugh ( 1911 ) . The Encyclopaedia Britannica : A Dictionary of Arts , Sciences , Literature and General Information . Encyclopaedia Britannica . p. 428 . The Lenten fast was retained at the Reformation in some of the reformed Churches , and is still observed in the Anglican and Lutheran communions . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Gassmann , Günther ; Oldenburg , Mark W. ( 10 October 2011 ) . Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism . Scarecrow Press . p. 229 . ISBN 9780810874824 . In many Lutheran churches , the Sundays during the Lenten season are called by the first word of their respective Latin Introitus ( with the exception of Palm / Passion Sunday ) : Invocavit , Reminiscere , Oculi , Laetare , and Judica . Many Lutheran church orders of the 16th century retained the observation of the Lenten fast , and Lutherans have observed this season with a serene , earnest attitude . Special days of eucharistic communion were set aside on Maundy Thursday and Good Friday . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Crumm , David . Our Lent , 2nd Edition . ISBN 1934879509 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Gill ; Craig - Wild , Peter ; Craven , Diane ; Moger , Peter ( 5 March 2007 ) . Together for a Season . Church House Publishing . p. 34 . ISBN 9780715140635 . ^ Jump up to : Weitzel , Thomas L. ( 1978 ) . `` A Handbook for the Discipline of Lent '' ( PDF ) . Evangelical Lutheran Church in America . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gavitt , Loren Nichols ( 1991 ) . Traditional Saint Augustine 's Prayer Book : A Book of Devotion for Members of the Anglican Communion . Holy Cross Publications . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ This practice is observed in numerous pious Christian countries , although the form of abstention may vary depending on what is customary . Some abstain from meat for 40 days , some do so only on Fridays , or some only on Good Friday itself . By pontifical decree under Pope Alexander VI , eggs and dairy products may be consumed by penitents in Spain and its colonized territories . Jump up ^ `` What is Lent and why does it last forty days ? '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 24 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Liturgical Year '' . The Anglican Catholic Church . Retrieved 24 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Knowlton , MaryLee ( 2004 ) . Macedonia . Marshall Cavendish . p. 125 . ISBN 9780761418542 . Traditionally , as in many Christian countries , the carnival marked the beginning of Lent , which ushered in a six - week period of fasting for Christians . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` lente ( voorjaar ) '' . etymologiebank.nl . Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Lent '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 16 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 427 . Jump up ^ `` Questions and Answers about Lent and Lenten Practices '' . www.usccb.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Il Tempo di Quaresima nel rito Ambrosiano '' ( PDF ) ( in Italian ) . Parrocchia S. Giovanna Antida Thouret . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Herbert , Thurston ( 1910 ) . `` Lent '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 9 . New York : Robert Appleton Company . See paragraph : Duration of the Fast ^ Jump up to : The `` Secret of the Mass '' in the First Sunday of Lent -- `` Sacrificium Quadragesimalis Initii '' , Missale Romanum Ambrosianus Jump up ^ Akin , James . `` All About Lent '' . EWTN . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ The Roman and the Lutheran Observance of Lent . Luther League of America . 1920 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ What is Lent and why does it last forty days ? . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Lent is a season of forty days , not counting Sundays , which begins on Ash Wednesday and ends on Holy Saturday . Sundays in Lent are not counted in the forty days because each Sunday represents a `` mini-Easter '' and the reverent spirit of Lent is tempered with joyful anticipation of the Resurrection . Jump up ^ Kitch , Anne E. ( 10 January 2003 ) . The Anglican Family Prayer Book . Church Publishing , Inc. p. 130 . Jump up ^ The Northwestern Lutheran , Volumes 60 -- 61 . Northwestern Publishing House . 1973 . p. 66 . Jump up ^ Langford , Andy ( 4 January 1993 ) . Blueprints for worship : a user 's guide for United Methodist congregations . Abingdon Press . p. 96 . Jump up ^ Fenton , John . `` The Holy Season of Lent in the Western Tradition '' . Western Rite of the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fasting and Great Lent - Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese '' . Antiochian.org . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : James Jeffrey ( 22 March 2017 ) . `` Ethiopia : fasting for 55 days '' . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tsome Nenewe ( The Fast of Nineveh ) '' . Minneapolis : Debre Selam Medhanealem Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church . 28 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 April 2015 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Robel Arega . `` Fasting in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church '' . Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Sunday School Department -- Mahibere Kidusan . Why Fifty - Five Days ? . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Lent & Beyond : Dr. Peter Toon -- From Septuagesima to Quadragesima ( web site gone , no alternate source found , originally cited 27 August 2010 ) Jump up ^ Jesus Was Literally Three Days and Three Nights in the Grave , www.logosapostolic.org , retrieved 23 March 2011 Jump up ^ Burke , Daniel ( 13 April 2011 ) . `` Just How Long Did Jesus Stay in the Tomb ? '' . www.huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Hinson , E. Glenn ( 1 January 1981 ) . The Evangelization of the Roman Empire : Identity and Adaptability . Mercer University Press . ISBN 9780865540149 . Like its parent , Judaism , earliest Christianity had a catechism for its converts , as much recent study has proven ... Hippolytus required up to three years ' instruction before baptism , shortened by a candidate 's progress in developing Christian character . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Lent -- disciplines and practices '' . Spirit Home . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` General Norms for the Liturgical Year and the Calendar , 19 '' . Catholicliturgy.com . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ General Instruction of the Roman Missal , 53 Jump up ^ Roman Missal , Thursday of the Lord 's Supper , 7 Jump up ^ `` Why do n't we use alleluias during Lent ? '' ( PDF ) . Evangelical Lutheran Church in America . 2013 . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Jr. , J. Dudley Weaver , ( 2002 ) . Presbyterian Worship : A Guide for Clergy . Geneva Press . p. 106 . ISBN 9780664502188 . The alleluia is traditionally not sung during Lent , and , here at the first service of Easter , it is at last reintroduced to the church 's liturgy . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bratcher , Dennis ( 2015 ) . `` The Days of Holy Week '' . CRI . Jump up ^ Cléir , Síle de ( 5 October 2017 ) . Popular Catholicism in 20th - Century Ireland : Locality , Identity and Culture . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 101 . ISBN 9781350020603 . Catherine Bell outlines the details of fasting and abstinence in a historical context , stating that the Advent fast was usually less severe than that carried out in Lent , which originally involved just one meal a day , not to be eaten until after sunset . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Guéranger , Prosper ; Fromage , Lucien ( 1912 ) . The Liturgical Year : Lent . Burns , Oates & Washbourne . p. 8 . St. Benedict 's rule prescribed a great many fasts , over and above the ecclesiastical fast of Lent ; but it made this great distinction between the two : that whilst Lent obliged the monks , as well as the rest of the faithful , to abstain from food till sunset , these monastic fasts allowed the repast to be taken at the hour of None . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Some Christians observe Lenten fast the Islamic way '' . Union of Catholic Asian News . 27 February 2002 . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , James David ( 1909 ) . `` Fast '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 5 . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ `` CIC 1917 : text -- IntraText CT '' . Intratext.com . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Gregson , David . `` Fasting '' . EWTN . Eternal Word Television Network . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paenitemini ( February 17 , 1966 ) - Paul VI '' . w2.vatican.va . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Code of Canon Law - IntraText '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Penance resource from ICBC '' . Catholicbishops.ie . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fasting and Abstinence . Statement from the Bishops of England and Wales on Canons 1249 -- 1253 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Catholics asked to abstain from meat for Friday penance '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` EWTN Q & A , Response '' . Ewtn.com . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ What is the holiest season of the Church Year ? Archived 2009 - 02 - 09 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 03 . Archived copy at the Internet Archive Jump up ^ Hatch , Jane M. ( 1978 ) . The American Book of Days . Wilson . p. 163 . ISBN 9780824205935 . Special religious services are held on Ash Wednesday by the Church of England , and in the United States by Episcopal , Lutheran , and some other Protestant churches . The Episcopal Church prescribes no rules concerning fasting on Ash Wednesday , which is carried out according to members ' personal wishes ; however , it recommends a measure of fasting and abstinence as a suitable means of marking the day with proper devotion . Among Lutherans as well , there are no set rules for fasting , although some local congregations may advocate this form of penitence in varying degrees . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Pfatteicher , Philip H. ( 1990 ) . Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship : Lutheran Liturgy in Its Ecumenical Context . Augsburg Fortress Publishers . pp. 223 -- 244 , 260 . ISBN 9780800603922 . The Good Friday fast became the principal fast in the calendar , and even after the Reformation in Germany many Lutherans who observed no other fast scrupulously kept Good Friday with strict fasting . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jacobs , Henry Eyster ; Haas , John Augustus William ( 1899 ) . The Lutheran Cyclopedia . Scribner . p. 110 . By many Lutherans Good Friday is observed as a strict fast . The lessons on Ash Wednesday emphasize the proper idea of the fast . The Sundays in Lent receive their names from the first words of their Introits in the Latin service , Invocavit , Reminiscere , Oculi , Lcetare , Judica . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Abraham , William J. ; Kirby , James E. ( 2009 - 09 - 24 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies . Oxford University Press . pp. 257 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 160743 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` What does The United Methodist Church say about fasting ? '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ripley , George ; Dana , Charles Anderson ( 1883 ) . The American Cyclopaedia : A Popular Dictionary for General Knowledge . D. Appleton and Company . p. 101 . The Protestant Episcopal , Lutheran , and Reformed churches , as well as many Methodists , observe the day by fasting and special services . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Chavez , Kathrin ( 2010 ) . `` Lent : A Time to Fast and Pray '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Liturgical Calendar '' . Reformed Church in America . 2018 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ash Wednesday '' . Reformed Church in America . 2018 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Summa Theologica Q147a8 '' . Newadvent.org . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Tim H. ( 2002 ) . Sweets : A History of Candy . Bloomsbury USA . pp. 147 -- 148 . ISBN 1 - 58234 - 229 - 6 . Jump up ^ Alejandro Torres Gutiérrez , Universidad Complutense de Madrid . `` Millennium : Fear and Religion '' . Archived from the original on 18 August 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Baldwin 's Itinerary Through Wales No. 2 by Giraldus Cambrensis '' . Gutenberg.org. 31 December 2001 . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of `` collation '' -- Collins English Dictionary `` . ^ Jump up to : `` Penitential Days -- Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong '' . Jump up ^ `` Catholics United for the Faith -- Lent -- Discipline and History -- Teaching the Catholic Faith '' . Catholics United for the Faith -- Catholics United for the Faith is an international lay apostolate founded to help the faithful learn what the Catholic Church teaches . Jump up ^ Colin B. Donovan , Fast and Abstinence . Retrieved 28 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Engber , Daniel ( 15 March 2006 ) . `` Thou Shalt Eat Corned Beef on Friday : Who Sets the Rules on Lent ? '' . Slate . Retrieved 13 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Church 's Discipline as to Fasting and Abstinence '' . Anglican Communion . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Wednesday : What Is Ash Wednesday ? How Do We Observe It ? Why Should We ? '' . Patheos.com . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` An Ecofeminist Perspective on Ash Wednesday and Lent -- USA -- Peter Lang Verlagsgruppe '' . Peterlang.com . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Hebden , Keith ( 3 March 2014 ) . `` This Lent I will eat no food , to highlight the hunger all around us '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ DiLallo , Matt ( 2 March 2014 ) . `` Believe it or Not , Catholics Observing Lent Save Our Environment '' . Fool.com . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Kellow , Juliette ( 4 March 2014 ) . `` Cut out one treat for Lent and your waistline could reap the benefits '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Winston , Kimberly . `` After giving up religion , atheists try giving up something else for Lent '' . Religion News Service . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Programmes : Lent Talks '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Lennox , John ( 27 March 2012 ) . `` John Lennox 's Lent Talk for Radio 4 '' . RZIM . Archived from the original on 14 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` spy , n . '' , OED Online , Oxford University Press , December 2013 , Spy Wednesday n . in Irish use , the Wednesday before Easter . Jump up ^ Packer , George Nichols ( 1893 ) . `` Our Calendar : The Julian Calendar and Its Errors , how Corrected by the Gregorian '' . Corning , NY : ( The author ) . p. 112 . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Spy Wednesday , so called in allusion to the betrayal of Christ by Judas , or the day on which he made the bargain to deliver Him into the hands of His enemies for 30 pieces of silver . Jump up ^ McNichol , Hugh ( 2014 ) . `` Spy Wednesday conversion to Holy Wednesday '' . Catholic Online . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Gally , Howard E. ( 25 January 1989 ) . Ceremonies of the Eucharist . Cowley Publications . p. 45 . ISBN 9781461660521 . In recent decades there has been a revival of the ancient use of red ( crimson or scarlet ) for Holy Week among both Episcopalians and Lutherans . The Roman rite has restored the use of red only on Palm Sunday and Good Friday . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kellner , K.A.H. ( 1908 ) . Heortology : A History of the Christian Festivals from Their Origin to the Present Day Kegan Paul Trench Trubner & Co Limited . p. 430 . Jump up ^ The Church of England rubric states : `` The colour for a particular service should reflect the predominant theme . If the Collect , Readings , etc. on a Lesser Festival are those of the saint , then either red ( for a martyr ) or white is used ; otherwise , the colour of the season is retained . '' See page 532 here . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lent ( fasting period ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Lent Look up Lent in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Daily Lenten Devotional -- LHM Methodist Church : Lent and Easter Resources Easter Main topics Controversies Date Easter Sunday Etymology Observances Traditions Christianity Apostles ' Fast Bright Week Burial of Jesus Crucifixion of Jesus Dormition of the Theotokos Easter Monday Easter Vigil Epitaphios Exsultet Good Friday Good Friday Prayer Good Friday prayer for the Jews Great Lent Holy Week Jesus Last Supper Lent Lumen Christi Maundy Thursday Myrrhbearers Paschal candle Paschal cycle Paschal greeting Paschal Homily Paschal Tide Paschal trikirion Paschal troparion The Passion Pentecostarion Resurrection of Jesus Tenebrae Traditions Artos Burning of Judas Cascarón Clipping the church Croatian pisanica Crucession Easter basket Easter Bilby Easter bonnet Easter Bunny Easter egg Easter egg tree Easter postcard Easter Sepulchre Egg dance Egg decorating Egg decorating in Slavic culture Egg hunt Egg rolling Egg tapping Egg tossing Fasika Gorzkie żale Holy Fire Holy Week procession Lieldienas Osterbrunnen Pace Egg play Polish pisanka Pysanka Radonitsa Rouketopolemos Saitopolemos Scoppio del carro Sunrise service Święconka Traditional Easter games and customs Media Film Fiction Songs Related topics Computus Dionysius Exiguus ' Easter table Easter controversy Easter Epic Ecclesiastical new moon Paschal Full Moon Pussy willow Reform of the date of Easter Related events Divine Mercy Sunday Easter Monday Easter Tuesday Easter Wednesday Easter Thursday Easter Friday Easter Saturday Eastertide Easter Triduum Easter Week Good Friday Holy Saturday Maundy Thursday Mid-Pentecost Octave of Easter Palm Sunday Pentecost Pre-Lenten Season Trinity Sunday Society Ēostre Maslenitsa Salzburg Easter Festival Liturgical year of the Catholic Church Based on the General Roman Calendar ( 1969 ) Advent Advent Sunday Immaculate Conception ^ Gaudete Sunday ( O Antiphons ) Christmastide Christmas ( Nativity of Jesus ) ^ Holy Family Solemnity of Mary , Mother of God ^ Epiphany ^ Baptism of the Lord Ordinary Time I Presentation of Jesus at the Temple ( Candlemas ) Feast of the Annunciation ( Carnival ) Lent Ash Wednesday Saint Joseph 's Day ^ Laetare Sunday Holy Week : Palm Sunday , Holy Wednesday , Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Chrism ) Paschal Triduum Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Lord 's Supper ) Good Friday Liturgy of the Word , Adoration of the Cross , Holy Communion Holy Saturday Easter Vigil Eastertide Easter Sunday : Resurrection of Jesus Octave of Easter ( Divine Mercy Sunday ) Feast of the Ascension ^ Pentecost Ordinary Time II Trinity Sunday Corpus Christi ^ Sacred Heart Visitation of Mary Saint John the Baptist Feast of Saints Peter and Paul ^ Transfiguration of Jesus Assumption of Mary ^ Nativity of Mary Feast of the Cross All Saints ' Day ^ All Souls ' Day Presentation of Mary Feast of Christ the King Legend ^ = Holy days of obligation ( 10 ) Catholicism portal See also : Computus Liturgical colours Solemnity Older calendars : General Roman Calendar of 1960 General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII of 1950 General Roman Calendar of 1954 Tridentine Calendar Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lent&oldid=837849046 '' Categories : Lent Christian terminology Christian fasting March observances Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from August 2010 Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from February 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from March 2018 Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc ܐܪܡܝܐ Bosanski Català Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kaszëbsczi Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Nouormand Português Română Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย ትግርኛ Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 54 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 12 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | why do we need to give up something for lent | [
"In Lent, many Christians commit to fasting, as well as giving up certain luxuries in order to replicate the sacrifice of Jesus Christ's journey into the desert for 40 days.[7][8][9] Many Christians also add a Lenten spiritual discipline, such as reading a daily devotional or praying through a Lenten calendar, to draw themselves near to God.[10][11] The Stations of the Cross, a devotional commemoration of Christ's carrying the Cross and of his execution, are often observed. Many Roman Catholic and some Protestant churches remove flowers from their altars, while crucifixes, religious statues, and other elaborate religious symbols are often veiled in violet fabrics in solemn observance of the event. Throughout Christendom, some adherents mark the season with the traditional abstention from the consumption of meat, most notably among Lutherans, Roman Catholics and Anglicans.[12][13][14]"
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"in order to replicate the sacrifice of Jesus Christ's journey into the desert for 40 days"
] |
63465403447178411 | Securities commission | Securities commission - wikipedia Securities commission Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on financial services Financial regulation Types of regulations ( show ) Money Laundering Capital requirements Bank regulations Basel accords International Financial Reporting Standards Fund governance Reserve requirement Concepts ( show ) Bank run accounting scandals Too big to fail Securities fraud Ponzi scheme Regulatory agencies ( show ) Central banks Securities commissions List of financial regulatory authorities by country Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering Bank for International Settlements World Bank Regulatory terms ( show ) Fractional reserve banking Offshore banking Tax haven Money service business Global financial system Financial integration Systemically important financial institution Related topics ( show ) Financial market ( participants ) Corporate finance Personal finance Public finance Banking List of banks A securities commission is a government department or agency responsible for financial regulation of securities products within a particular country . Its powers and responsibilities vary greatly from country to country , but generally cover the setting of rules as well as enforcing them for financial intermediaries and stock exchanges . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Structure 2.1 Naming 2.2 Common features 2.3 International cooperation 3 Agencies 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) As long as there have been securities there have been regulations . However , in the early days this consisted primarily of self - regulated groups or societies . External government regulation has primarily been driven by financial crises or scandals . As early as the 13th century the king Edward I of England decreed that brokers should be licensed after he was forced to go to local money brokers that give much less favorable terms then his Italian brokers after the start of the Anglo - French war . In 1720 the British Parliament passed the Bubble Act which had specific regulations for securities . However the motive of this act was more to support the ' South Sea bubble ' than protect consumers . However this was the first time that prospectuses and disclosure in the modern sense were used . There was widespread distrust of brokers as the scams collapsed . In the United States , although Massachusetts required the registration of railroad securities as early as 1852 , and other states passed laws relating to securities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , the real push for securities regulation came from the Midwestern and far western states . After common feeling that investors in these areas of the country were being victimized by capitalists in the east . However it was the failure of the Blue sky law and the 1930 financial crisis and Great Depression that led the United States government to pass legislation in 1934 to strengthen securities law and for the first time create a separate agency the Securities and Exchange Commission . In the early 1980s as many countries deregulated their financial markets , they created specific government agencies to police the securities markets and stock exchanges so as to separate regulation from operation of financial markets . Some countries like the UK , created one large agency that covered all financial products . However , some countries use a different model where there are separate agencies for different financial products . Typically , securities , banking and insurance are split , but there may also be separate agencies for futures , options and commodities . With the advent of derivatives and new financial products it has not always been easy to see who has jurisdiction and what their responsibilities are . A fact , that some unscrupulous financial companies have used to their advantage to skirt existing regulation . The Financial crisis of 2007 -- 2010 has seen much criticism of the securities regulators for failing to stop abuses of markets and their slowness in responding to the crisis and having suffered regulatory capture . Structure ( edit ) Most securities commissions are semi-independent government organisations that have a board of commissioners , usually appointed by the government of the country . They are often fully or partially funded by the organisations that are regulated through charges such as registration and licensing fees . Naming ( edit ) There is no common name for securities commission or financial regulatory agency in each country . Naming has become more complicated as some governments have consolidated or merged organisations and given them a wider remit . They sometimes contain the term securities and commission . Such as the Securities and Exchange Commission of the US or Securities and Futures Commission ( Hong Kong ) . A number also have names based on Financial Authority , such as the Financial Services Authority of the UK or Financial Supervisory Authority ( Sweden ) or variations such as the Financial Services Agency ( Japan ) . Common features ( edit ) Most securities commissions have a mandate to protect consumers , make sure there is an orderly and stable financial market and that brokers and participants behave fairly with clients and each other . Often local stock exchanges as well as brokers are covered by the commission . International cooperation ( edit ) Most financial regulators are members of the International Organization of Securities Commissions ( IOSCO ) , an organisation that helps securities commissions cooperate . The main way that securities commission cooperate is through the IOSCO Memorandum of Understanding , or through bilateral agreements between securities commissions . Within the European Union there is the European Securities and Markets Authority ( ESMA ) which is advisory body for the European Commission which attempts to coordinate rules between EU securities commissions . Agencies ( edit ) Main article : List of financial regulatory authorities by country U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) , USA Financial Conduct Authority ( FCA ) and the Prudential Regulation Authority ( PRA ) , UK Monetary Authority of Singapore ( MAS ) , Singapore Financial Services Agency ( FSA ) , Japan Federal Financial Supervisory Authority ( BaFin ) , Germany Autorité des marchés financiers ( AMF ) , France Commissione Nazionale per le Società e la Borsa ( CONSOB ) , Italy China Securities Regulatory Commission ( CSRC ) , People 's Republic of China Canada , is the only OECD country that does not have a national securities commission , instead relying on provincial agencies that cooperate via the Canadian Securities Administrators . Comissão de Valores Mobiliários ( CVM ) , Brazil Suruhanjaya Sekuriti ( SC ) , Malaysia Securities and Exchange Board of India ( SEBI ) , India See also ( edit ) Financial regulation Central Bank Bank regulation List of financial regulatory authorities by country Securities market participants ( United States ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived September 10 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Securities_commission&oldid=791053097 '' Categories : Financial regulatory authorities Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 17 July 2017 , at 20 : 52 . About Wikipedia | what is the uk equivalent of the sec | [
"There is no common name for securities commission or financial regulatory agency in each country. Naming has become more complicated as some governments have consolidated or merged organisations and given them a wider remit. They sometimes contain the term securities and commission. Such as the Securities and Exchange Commission of the US or Securities and Futures Commission (Hong Kong). A number also have names based on Financial Authority, such as the Financial Services Authority of the UK or Financial Supervisory Authority (Sweden) or variations such as the Financial Services Agency (Japan)."
] | [
"Financial Services Authority"
] |
3803478713900809470 | The Birdcage | The Birdcage - wikipedia The Birdcage Jump to : navigation , search The Birdcage Theatrical release poster Directed by Mike Nichols Produced by Mike Nichols Neil A. Machlis Screenplay by Elaine May Based on La Cage aux Folles by Jean Poiret Francis Veber Starring Robin Williams Gene Hackman Nathan Lane Dianne Wiest Music by Stephen Sondheim Cinematography Emmanuel Lubezki Edited by Arthur Schmidt Production company Nichols Film Company Distributed by United Artists Release date 8 March 1996 ( 21 years ago ) ( 1996 - 03 - 08 ) Running time 118 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $31 million Box office $185,260,553 The Birdcage is a 1996 American comedy film directed by Mike Nichols , written by Elaine May , and starring Robin Williams , Gene Hackman , Nathan Lane , and Dianne Wiest . Dan Futterman , Calista Flockhart , Hank Azaria , and Christine Baranski appear in supporting roles . It is a remake of the Franco - Italian film La Cage aux Folles ( 1978 ) by Édouard Molinaro starring Michel Serrault and Ugo Tognazzi . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Reception 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Armand Goldman is the openly gay owner of a drag club in South Beach called The Birdcage ; his partner Albert , an extremely effeminate and flamboyant man , plays `` Starina '' , the star attraction of the club . They live together in an apartment above The Birdcage with Agador , their flamboyant Guatemalan housekeeper who dreams of being in Albert 's drag show as well . One day , Armand 's son Val ( born after Armand had a one - night stand with a woman named Katherine ) comes home to visit and announces that he has secretly been seeing a young woman named Barbara , whom he intends to marry . Although initially unhappy with the secrecy , Armand is thrilled by the news , along with Albert , who can not wait to celebrate the wedding . Unfortunately , the couple learns that Barbara 's parents are the ultraconservative Republican Senator Kevin Keeley and his wife Louise . Keeley , who is co-founder of a conservative group called the Coalition for Moral Order , becomes embroiled in a political scandal when his co-founder and fellow Senator is found dead in the bed of an underage black prostitute . Louise and Barbara convince Senator Keeley that a visit to his daughter 's fiancee 's family would be the perfect way to stave off bad press , and plan to travel to South Beach as soon as possible . Barbara shares news of her father 's plan to Val ; to cover the Goldmans ' alternate lifestyle , she has told her parents that Armand is straight and cultural attaché to Greece . Armand dislikes the idea of deception , but agrees to play along , hiring contractors to redecorate the family 's apartment to more closely resemble a traditional household . Albert initially wants to use his skills as a drag artist to play Val 's mother , but Val and Armand fear that the trick will not work , and instead convince him to pose as Val 's uncle . Armand contacts Katherine and explains the situation ; she agrees to the farce , promising to come to the party and pretend to be his wife . Armand then tries to coach Albert on how to be straight , but Albert 's flamboyant nature makes the task difficult . When Albert overhears Val and Armand discussing how he might ruin the whole charade , he takes offense and locks himself in his room . The Keeleys arrive at the Goldmans ' ( who are calling themselves `` Coleman '' for the evening to hide their Jewish heritage ) redecorated apartment ; they are greeted by Agador , who is passing himself off as a Greek butler named `` Spartacus '' for the night . Despite a few near misses , including Louise discovering that all of the old - fashioned books on the shelves are Nancy Drew mysteries , Agador only preparing a soup for dinner , and the dinner plates themselves featuring Greek depictions of homosexuality , things seem to be going smoothly . Unfortunately , Katherine gets caught in traffic , and the Keeleys begin wondering where `` Mrs. Coleman '' is . Suddenly , Albert enters , dressed and styled as a conservative middle - aged woman . Armand , Val , and Barbara are nervous , but Kevin and Louise are tricked by the disguise , especially when Albert delivers tirades about the collapse of morality in the United States ; the act is so convincing that Louise even becomes jealous of Albert , accusing her husband of flirting with her . Despite the success of the evening , trouble begins when Senator Keeley 's chauffeur betrays him to two tabloid journalists who have been hoping for a scoop on the Coalition story . While they research The Birdcage , they also remove a note that Armand has left on the door informing Katherine not to come upstairs . When she finally arrives , she unknowingly reveals the deceptions . Though Armand and Albert scramble to find a new cover story , Val instead confesses to the scheme and identifies Albert as his true parent . Senator Keeley is initially confused by the situation , but Louise both informs him of the truth and scolds him for being more concerned with his career than his family 's happiness . He agrees to the marriage , but discovers that the paparazzi are waiting outside to take his picture . Albert then realizes that there is a way for the family to escape without being recognized : he dresses Kevin and Louise in drag , and they use the apartment 's back entrance to sneak into The Birdcage , with Armand introducing them as a part of the club 's nightly act . They all dance out of the nightclub door and reach safety , preventing a disaster . Barbara and Val are married in an interfaith service , which both families attend . Cast ( edit ) Robin Williams as Armand Goldman Gene Hackman as Senator Kevin Keeley Nathan Lane as Albert Goldman Dianne Wiest as Louise Keeley Dan Futterman as Val Goldman Calista Flockhart as Barbara Keeley Hank Azaria as Agador Spartacus Christine Baranski as Katherine Archer Tom McGowan as Harry Radman Grant Heslov as National Enquirer photographer Kirby Mitchell as Keeley 's chauffeur Originally , Williams was going to portray Albert whereas Steve Martin was going to portray Armand . Soundtrack ( edit ) A number of songs written by Stephen Sondheim were used in the film . The song that Albert rehearses during the sequence with the gum - chewing dancer is entitled `` Little Dream '' and was written specifically for use in the film . Albert 's first song as `` Starina '' is `` Can That Boy Foxtrot '' , cut from Sondheim 's Follies . The song that Armand and Katherine sing and dance to in her office , `` Love Is in the Air '' , had been intended as the opening number for the musical A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum in 1962 . The song was cut from the show and replaced with Comedy Tonight . Reception ( edit ) The film opened on March 8 , 1996 , and grossed $18,275,828 in its opening weekend , topping the box office . It remained at # 1 for the next 3 weeks before being derailed by the openings of Primal Fear and A Thin Line Between Love and Hate . By the end of its 14 - week run , the film had grossed $124,060,553 domestically and $61,200,000 internationally , eventually reaching a total of US $185,260,553 worldwide . The film received positive reviews upon its release , and as of 2017 , the film holds a 79 % approval rating on the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , based on 47 critic reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Mike Nichols wrangles agreeably amusing performances from Robin Williams and Nathan Lane in this fun , if not quite essential , remake of the French - Italian comedy La Cage aux Folles . '' The review aggregator Metacritic reported that the film received `` generally favorable '' reviews , with a score of 72 % based on 18 reviews . James Berardinelli wrote : `` The film is so boisterously entertaining that it 's easy for the unsuspecting viewer not to realize that there 's a message here . '' Desson Thomson from The Washington Post described the film : `` A spirited remake of the French drag farce , has everything in place , from eyeliner to one - liner . '' Owen Gleiberman from Entertainment Weekly called the film `` Enchantingly witty '' . The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation ( GLAAD ) praised the film for `` going beyond the stereotypes to see the character 's depth and humanity . The film celebrates differences and points out the outrageousness of hiding those differences . '' The film was also nominated for a GLAAD Media Award . See also ( edit ) Cross-dressing in film and television La Cage aux Folles , the original 1973 French play La Cage aux Folles , the 1983 American stage musical List of lesbian , gay , bisexual , or transgender - related films by storyline References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Birdcage '' . Powergrid.com . Jump up ^ Evans , Bradford ( 25 October 2012 ) . `` The Lost Roles of Steve Martin '' . Splitsider . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Kimmel , Bruce . `` The Birdcage '' . Sondheim.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum `` . Sondheim.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office : March 8 - 10 , 1996 Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Birdcage at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` The Birdcage ( 1996 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Birdcage reviews '' . Metacritic . ^ Jump up to : Alexander Ryll ( 2014 ) . `` Essential Gay Themed Films To Watch , The Birdcage '' . Gay Essential . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Calley , John ( March 5 , 1996 ) . `` GLAAD APPLAUDS ' THE BIRDCAGE ' '' . GLAAD . Retrieved January 20 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` What to Watch : Thursday , September 1 '' . GLAAD . August 1 , 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Birdcage . The Birdcage on IMDb The Birdcage at AllMovie The Birdcage at Box Office Mojo The Birdcage at Rotten Tomatoes The Birdcage at Metacritic La Cage aux Folles Theatrical productions 1973 French play 1983 musical Original film series La Cage aux Folles ( 1978 ) La Cage aux Folles II ( 1980 ) La Cage aux Folles 3 : The Wedding ( 1985 ) Film remakes The Birdcage ( 1996 ) Mike Nichols Films Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) The Graduate ( 1967 ) Catch - 22 ( 1970 ) Carnal Knowledge ( 1971 ) The Day of the Dolphin ( 1973 ) The Fortune ( 1975 ) Gilda Live ( 1980 ) Silkwood ( 1983 ) Heartburn ( 1986 ) Biloxi Blues ( 1988 ) Working Girl ( 1988 ) Postcards from the Edge ( 1990 ) Regarding Henry ( 1991 ) Wolf ( 1994 ) The Birdcage ( 1996 ) Primary Colors ( 1998 ) What Planet Are You From ? ( 2000 ) Wit ( 2001 ) Angels in America ( 2003 ) Closer ( 2004 ) Charlie Wilson 's War ( 2007 ) Related Nichols and May Mike Nichols : American Masters ( 2016 documentary ) Elaine May Films A New Leaf ( 1971 ) The Heartbreak Kid ( 1972 ) Mikey and Nicky ( 1976 ) Ishtar ( 1987 ) Mike Nichols : American Masters ( 2016 ) Related Nichols and May The Birdcage ( 1996 screenplay ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture ( 1995 -- 2000 ) 1995 Apollo 13 Kevin Bacon , Tom Hanks , Ed Harris , Bill Paxton , Kathleen Quinlan , Gary Sinise The Birdcage Hank Azaria , Christine Baranski , Dan Futterman , Gene Hackman , Nathan Lane , Dianne Wiest , Robin Williams The Full Monty Mark Addy , Paul Barber , Robert Carlyle , Deirdre Costello , Steve Huison , Bruce Jones , Lesley Sharp , William Snape , Hugo Speer , Tom Wilkinson , Emily Woof 1998 Shakespeare in Love Ben Affleck , Simon Callow , Jim Carter , Martin Clunes , Judi Dench , Joseph Fiennes , Colin Firth , Gwyneth Paltrow , Geoffrey Rush , Antony Sher , Imelda Staunton 1999 American Beauty Annette Bening , Wes Bentley , Thora Birch , Chris Cooper , Peter Gallagher , Allison Janney , Kevin Spacey , Mena Suvari 2000 Traffic Steven Bauer , Benjamin Bratt , James Brolin , Don Cheadle , Erika Christensen , Clifton Collins Jr. , Benicio del Toro , Michael Douglas , Miguel Ferrer , Albert Finney , Topher Grace , Luis Guzmán , Amy Irving , Tomas Milian , D.W. Moffett , Dennis Quaid , Peter Riegert , Jacob Vargas , Catherine Zeta - Jones Complete list ( 1995 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2010 ) ( 2011 -- 2020 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Birdcage&oldid=805001387 '' Categories : English - language films 1990s comedy films 1990s LGBT - related films 1996 films American comedy films American films American LGBT - related films American remakes of French films Cross-dressing in American films Films about weddings Films based on adaptations Films based on plays Films directed by Mike Nichols Films set in Miami Films shot in Miami Interfaith romance films LGBT - related comedy films Screenplays by Elaine May United Artists films Hidden categories : Film articles using image size parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 12 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the phony name that armand and val called their maid agadore during the senator's visit | [
"The Keeleys arrive at the Goldmans' (who are calling themselves \"Coleman\" for the evening to hide their Jewish heritage) redecorated apartment; they are greeted by Agador, who is passing himself off as a Greek butler named \"Spartacus\" for the night. Despite a few near misses, including Louise discovering that all of the old-fashioned books on the shelves are Nancy Drew mysteries, Agador only preparing a soup for dinner, and the dinner plates themselves featuring Greek depictions of homosexuality, things seem to be going smoothly. Unfortunately, Katherine gets caught in traffic, and the Keeleys begin wondering where \"Mrs. Coleman\" is. Suddenly, Albert enters, dressed and styled as a conservative middle-aged woman. Armand, Val, and Barbara are nervous, but Kevin and Louise are tricked by the disguise, especially when Albert delivers tirades about the collapse of morality in the United States; the act is so convincing that Louise even becomes jealous of Albert, accusing her husband of flirting with her."
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"Spartacus"
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-4082221677372691763 | List of Star Trek: Voyager episodes | List of Star Trek : Voyager episodes - wikipedia List of Star Trek : Voyager episodes Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is an episode list for the science fiction television series Star Trek : Voyager , which aired on UPN from January 1995 through May 2001 . This is the fourth television program in the Star Trek franchise , and comprises a total of 172 episodes over the show 's seven seasons . Four episodes of Voyager ( `` Caretaker '' , `` Dark Frontier '' , `` Flesh and Blood '' , and `` Endgame '' ) each originally aired as two - hour presentations , and are considered whole episodes on the DVD release ; additionally , parts I and II of `` The Killing Game '' aired back - to - back , and are treated as separate episodes on the DVD release . The episodes are listed in chronological order by original air date , which match the episode order in each season 's DVD set . This list also includes the stardate on which the events of each episode took place with STAR TREK ENTERPRISE . Endgame will next be aired on Thursday 15th December 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 1995 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 1995 -- 96 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 1996 -- 97 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 1997 -- 98 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 1998 -- 99 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 2.7 Season 7 ( 2000 -- 01 ) 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 16 January 16 , 1995 ( 1995 - 01 - 16 ) May 22 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 22 ) 26 August 28 , 1995 ( 1995 - 08 - 28 ) May 20 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 20 ) 26 September 4 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 04 ) May 21 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 21 ) 26 September 3 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 03 ) May 20 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 20 ) 5 26 October 14 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 14 ) May 26 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 26 ) 6 26 September 22 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 22 ) May 24 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 24 ) 7 26 October 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 04 ) May 23 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 23 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 1995 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Stardate Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Caretaker '' 48315.6 Winrich Kolbe Story by : Rick Berman , Michael Piller and Jeri Taylor Teleplay by : Michael Piller and Jeri Taylor Paris January 16 , 1995 ( 1995 - 01 - 16 ) 40840 - 721 ( 101 / 102 ) 21.3 While searching for a missing Maquis ship with a Starfleet spy aboard , USS Voyager is swept away to the Delta Quadrant , more than 70,000 light - years from home , by an incredibly powerful being known as the `` Caretaker . '' `` Parallax '' 48439.7 Kim Friedman Story by : Jim Trombetta Teleplay by : Brannon Braga Janeway , Torres January 23 , 1995 ( 1995 - 01 - 23 ) 40840 - 103 14.6 Voyager is trapped in a quantum singularity 's event horizon , and Captain Janeway must decide between Lt. Carey and former Maquis B'Elanna Torres to be the new chief engineer . `` Time and Again '' Unknown Les Landau Story by : David Kemper Teleplay by : David Kemper and Michael Piller Janeway , Paris January 30 , 1995 ( 1995 - 01 - 30 ) 40840 - 104 13.9 Investigating a planet just devastated by a polaric explosion , Janeway and Paris are engulfed by a subspace fracture and transported in time to before the accident . 5 5 `` Phage '' 48532.4 Winrich Kolbe Story by : Timothy DeHaas Teleplay by : Skye Dent and Brannon Braga Neelix February 6 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 06 ) 40840 - 105 13.5 An organ - harvesting species known as the Vidiians steal Neelix 's lungs , leaving him to die . 6 6 `` The Cloud '' 48546.2 David Livingston Story by : Brannon Braga Teleplay by : Tom Szollosi and Michael Piller Various February 13 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 13 ) 40840 - 106 11.2 The crew enter a nebula to collect samples before realizing it is a living organism , but not before injuring it . 7 7 `` Eye of the Needle '' 48579.4 Winrich Kolbe Story by : Hilary J. Bader Teleplay by : Bill Dial and Jeri Taylor Various February 20 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 20 ) 40840 - 107 11.7 A micro-wormhole is discovered that leads to the Alpha Quadrant , and the crew make contact with a Romulan ship on the other side . 8 8 `` Ex Post Facto '' Unknown LeVar Burton Story by : Evan Carlos Somers Teleplay by : Evan Carlos Somers and Michael Piller Paris , Tuvok February 27 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 27 ) 40840 - 108 11.8 Tom Paris is convicted of murder on an alien world , and his punishment is to witness the murder from the victim 's perspective every 14 hours . 9 9 `` Emanations '' 48623.5 David Livingston Brannon Braga Kim March 13 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 13 ) 40840 - 109 10.3 Harry Kim is transported to an alien world at the same time as a dead woman 's body arrives on Voyager . 10 10 `` Prime Factors '' 48642.5 Les Landau Story by : David R. George III and Eric A. Stillwell Teleplay by : Michael Perricone and Greg Elliot Janeway , Torres , Kim , Seska March 20 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 20 ) 40840 - 110 10.7 A race that could shorten Voyager 's journey with a transportation device will not share its technology . 11 11 `` State of Flux '' 48658.2 Robert Scheerer Story by : Paul Robert Coyle Teleplay by : Chris Abbott Janeway , Chakotay , Seska April 10 , 1995 ( 1995 - 04 - 10 ) 40840 - 111 10.0 Janeway and the other senior officers attempt to flush out a spy who is sending information to the Kazon . 12 12 `` Heroes and Demons '' 48693.2 Les Landau Naren Shankar The Doctor April 24 , 1995 ( 1995 - 04 - 24 ) 40840 - 112 6.4 The holographic doctor must rescue crew members who were turned to light energy in a Holodeck simulation of Beowulf . 13 13 `` Cathexis '' 48734.2 Kim Friedman Story by : Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky Teleplay by : Brannon Braga Various May 1 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 01 ) 40840 - 113 10.0 A shuttlecraft with Chakotay and Tuvok aboard is attacked ; Chakotay is left brain - dead , while Tuvok begins acting strangely . An unknown force begins controlling crewmembers . 14 14 `` Faces '' 48784.2 Winrich Kolbe Story by : Jonathan Glassner and Kenneth Biller Teleplay by : Kenneth Biller Torres , Paris May 8 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 08 ) 40840 - 114 8.7 B'Elanna Torres is split into her human and Klingon halves by the Vidiians . 15 15 `` Jetrel '' 48832.1 , 48840.5 Kim Friedman Story by : James Thomton and Scott Nimerfro Teleplay by : Jack Klein , Karen Klein and Kenneth Biller Neelix May 15 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 15 ) 40840 - 115 8.2 A member of the Haakonians , a race warring with the Talaxians , arrives on Voyager , much to the dismay of Neelix , whose family was killed by a weapon of mass destruction this particular individual devised . 16 16 `` Learning Curve '' 48846.5 David Livingston Ronald Wilkerson and Jean Louise Matthias Tuvok May 22 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 22 ) 40840 - 116 8.3 Tuvok trains several Maquis members who have not fully integrated into the Voyager crew . Season 2 ( 1995 -- 96 ) ( edit ) The last four episodes of season 1 were moved to season 2 ( the episodes with stardates 48xxx ) . `` The 37 's '' was originally filmed as season 1 's finale . No . overall No. in season Title Stardate Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 17 `` The 37s '' 48975.1 James L. Conway Jeri Taylor and Brannon Braga Various August 28 , 1995 ( 1995 - 08 - 28 ) 40840 - 120 7.5 A group of humans from the 1930s are found in stasis on a seemingly abandoned planet , including the lost Amelia Earhart . 18 `` Initiations '' 49005.3 Winrich Kolbe Kenneth Biller Chakotay September 4 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 04 ) 40840 - 121 5.9 Chakotay encounters a Kazon youth who is on an initiation rite : to earn his name by killing an enemy or be killed in the attempt . 19 `` Projections '' 48892.1 Jonathan Frakes Brannon Braga The Doctor September 11 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 11 ) 40840 - 117 6.1 The Doctor becomes delusional after an accident , causing him to believe that he is a flesh - and - blood person and his time on USS Voyager is a holodeck program . 20 `` Elogium '' 48921.3 Winrich Kolbe Story by : Jimmy Diggs and Steve J. Kay Teleplay by : Kenneth Biller and Jeri Taylor Kes September 18 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 18 ) 40840 - 118 5.7 Space - dwelling life - forms cause Kes to enter the Ocampan fertile phase called Elogium , putting pressure on her relationship with Neelix when she wants to have his child . 21 5 `` Non Sequitur '' 49011 David Livingston Brannon Braga Kim September 25 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 25 ) 40840 - 122 6.0 Harry Kim wakes up in 24th century San Francisco with no record of him on Voyager . 22 6 `` Twisted '' 48945.8 Kim Friedman Story by : Arnold Rudnick and Rich Hosek Teleplay by : Kenneth Biller Various October 2 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 02 ) 40840 - 119 5.6 A region of space distorts the interior of Voyager . 23 7 `` Parturition '' 49068.5 Jonathan Frakes Tom Szollosi Neelix , Paris October 9 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 09 ) 40840 - 123 5.9 Neelix and Tom Paris fight over Kes , but are sent on an away mission together . 24 8 `` Persistence of Vision '' 49037.2 James L. Conway Jeri Taylor Various October 30 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 30 ) 40840 - 124 6.1 The crew experiences hallucinations brought on by an alien that put them into a trance - like state . 25 9 `` Tattoo '' 49211.5 Alexander Singer Story by : Larry Brody Teleplay by : Michael Piller Chakotay November 6 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 06 ) 40840 - 125 5.8 Chakotay encounters non-humans who have the same tattoo on their foreheads that he has . 26 10 `` Cold Fire '' 49164.8 Cliff Bole Story by : Anthony Williams Teleplay by : Brannon Braga Kes November 13 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 13 ) 40840 - 126 6.0 An Ocampan helps Kes with her mental abilities as the crew encounter a being who appears to be the Caretaker 's female counterpart . 27 11 `` Maneuvers '' 49208.5 David Livingston Kenneth Biller Various November 20 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 20 ) 40840 - 127 5.4 Kazon Nistrim board Voyager and steal a transporter module in an attempt to unite the Kazon sects . 28 12 `` Resistance '' 49234.1 Winrich Kolbe Story by : Michael Jan Friedman and Kevin J. Ryan Teleplay by : Lisa Klink Various November 27 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 27 ) 40840 - 128 5.9 A mission to acquire Telerium goes wrong causing Tuvok and B'Elanna to be captured and believed to be with the resistance . 29 13 `` Prototype '' 49270.9 Jonathan Frakes Nicholas Corea Torres January 15 , 1996 ( 1996 - 01 - 15 ) 40840 - 129 4.9 The crew finds and reactivates a robot 's body which was adrift in space only to find themselves in the middle of a war when B'Elanna is abducted . 30 14 `` Alliances '' 49337.4 Les Landau Jeri Taylor Various January 22 , 1996 ( 1996 - 01 - 22 ) 40840 - 131 5.4 Janeway attempts to form an alliance with the Kazon to improve Voyager 's standing in the Delta Quadrant . 31 15 `` Threshold '' 49373.4 Alexander Singer Story by : Michael De Luca Teleplay by : Brannon Braga Paris January 29 , 1996 ( 1996 - 01 - 29 ) 40840 - 132 6.2 Tom Paris breaks the transwarp threshold in the Shuttlecraft Cochrane , designed to reach warp 10 , but there are some peculiar side effects . 32 16 `` Meld '' 49380.5 Cliff Bole Story by : Mike Sussman Teleplay by : Michael Piller Tuvok , Lon Suder February 5 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 05 ) 40840 - 133 5.1 Crewman Lon Suder murders an Engineering crewman for no apparent reason . Tuvok mind melds with him to ascertain his motive . 33 17 `` Dreadnought '' 49447 LeVar Burton Gary Holland Torres February 12 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 12 ) 40840 - 134 6.0 A highly advanced Cardassian AI missile that had been reprogrammed by B'Elanna Torres is found in the Delta Quadrant . 34 18 `` Death Wish '' 49301.2 James L. Conway Story by : Shawn Piller Teleplay by : Michael Piller Various February 19 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 19 ) 40840 - 130 6.8 The crew encounter a member of the Q Continuum seeking to end his immortal life . 35 19 `` Lifesigns '' 49504.3 Cliff Bole Kenneth Biller The Doctor February 26 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 26 ) 40840 - 136 5.6 The Doctor helps a Phage - ridden Vidiian woman . 36 20 `` Investigations '' 49485.2 Les Landau Story by : Jeff Schnaufer and Ed Bond Teleplay by : Jeri Taylor Various March 13 , 1996 ( 1996 - 03 - 13 ) 40840 - 135 4.9 Neelix tries to flush out the traitor on board who has been colluding with the Kazon Nistrim . 37 21 `` Deadlock '' 49548.7 David Livingston Brannon Braga Various March 18 , 1996 ( 1996 - 03 - 18 ) 40840 - 137 5.8 Attempting to evade the Vidiians , a duplicate Voyager is created after it passes through a spatial scission . 38 22 `` Innocence '' 49578.2 James L. Conway Story by : Anthony Williams Teleplay by : Lisa Klink Tuvok April 8 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 08 ) 40840 - 138 5.1 Tuvok crash - lands on a moon and finds children who have been abandoned . 39 23 `` The Thaw '' 49610.3 Marvin V. Rush Story by : Richard Gadas Teleplay by : Joe Menosky Various April 29 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 29 ) 40840 - 139 5.1 The crew finds aliens mentally connected to a computer that has created a being that feeds on their fear . 40 24 `` Tuvix '' 49655.2 Cliff Bole Story by : Andrew Shepard Price and Mark Gaberman Teleplay by : Kenneth Biller Tuvok , Neelix May 6 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 06 ) 40840 - 140 5.0 A transporter accident merges Tuvok and Neelix into a new person . 41 25 `` Resolutions '' 49690.1 Alexander Singer Jeri Taylor Janeway , Chakotay May 13 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 13 ) 40840 - 141 4.5 Janeway and Chakotay must adapt to life quarantined on a planet after they contract an incurable disease . 42 26 `` Basics , Part I '' 49700.0 Winrich Kolbe Michael Piller Various May 20 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 20 ) 40840 - 142 4.9 Seska and the Kazon - Nistrim take control of Voyager and maroon its crew on a primitive planet . Season 3 ( 1996 -- 97 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Stardate Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 43 `` Basics , Part II '' 50023.4 Winrich Kolbe Michael Piller Various September 4 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 04 ) 40840 - 146 5.9 The crew must learn to survive on the inhospitable planet as the Doctor , Crewman Suder and Paris attempt to regain control of the ship . 44 `` Flashback '' 50126.4 David Livingston Brannon Braga Tuvok , Janeway September 11 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 11 ) 40840 - 145 5.2 Tuvok experiences brain - damaging flashbacks to his service on the Excelsior . He and the captain attempt to find the reason for the flashbacks , believed to be a suppressed memory , through a joint mindmeld . 45 `` The Chute '' 50156.2 Les Landau Story by : Clayvon C. Harris Teleplay by : Kenneth Biller Paris , Kim September 18 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 18 ) 40840 - 147 4.3 Tom Paris and Harry Kim are trapped in a prison . Tom gets stabbed trying to protect Kim , leaving him to try to find an escape plan alone . Simultaneously , Voyager is trying to find a way to prove their innocence . 46 `` The Swarm '' 50252.3 Alexander Singer Mike Sussman Doctor September 25 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 25 ) 40840 - 149 5.1 Voyager encounters a swarm of ships while trying to take a shortcut through a space belonging to a hostile species , while the Doctor begins to experience memory loss . 47 5 `` False Profits '' 50074.3 Cliff Bole Story by : George Brozak Teleplay by : Joe Menosky Various October 2 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 02 ) 40840 - 144 4.3 The crew encounters the Delta Quadrant terminus of the Barzan wormhole ... and the two Ferengi from `` The Price '' now posing as gods on a nearby planet . 48 6 `` Remember '' 50203.1 Winrich Kolbe Story by : Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky Teleplay by : Lisa Klink Torres October 9 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 09 ) 40840 - 148 4.7 B'Elanna experiences vivid dreams . 49 7 `` Sacred Ground '' 50063.2 Robert Duncan McNeill Story by : Geo Cameron Teleplay by : Lisa Klink Janeway October 30 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 30 ) 40840 - 143 4.6 Kes is left comatose after contacting an energy field around a rock . 50 8 `` Future 's End , Part I '' Unknown David Livingston Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky Various November 6 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 06 ) 40840 - 150 5.6 A 29th century timeship causes a time paradox when it accidentally sends itself and Voyager to two different periods in 20th century Earth . 51 9 `` Future 's End , Part II '' 50312.6 Cliff Bole Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky Various November 13 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 13 ) 40840 - 151 5.8 Janeway must prevent the destruction of the solar system by a 20th century entrepreneur who has acquired the timeship . 52 10 `` Warlord '' 50348.1 David Livingston Story by : Andrew Shepard Price and Mark Gaberman Teleplay by : Lisa Klink Kes November 20 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 20 ) 40840 - 152 4.7 Kes is controlled by an alien warlord named Tieran . 53 11 `` The Q and the Grey '' 50384.2 Cliff Bole Story by : Shawn Piller Teleplay by : Kenneth Biller Various November 27 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 27 ) 40840 - 153 4.7 Q visits Voyager with a proposal for Janeway as civil war breaks out in the Q Continuum . 54 12 `` Macrocosm '' 50425.1 Alexander Singer Brannon Braga Janeway December 11 , 1996 ( 1996 - 12 - 11 ) 40840 - 154 4.9 Voyager answers help from a mining colony about a viral outbreak that manages to sneak onto Voyager through the transporter , leaving only Janeway and the Doctor to stop it . 55 13 `` Fair Trade '' Unknown Jesús Salvador Treviño Story by : Ronald Wilkerson and Jean Louise Matthias Teleplay by : André Bormanis Neelix January 8 , 1997 ( 1997 - 01 - 08 ) 40840 - 156 4.2 Voyager approaches the edge of Neelix 's knowledge and a trading station . 56 14 `` Alter Ego '' 50460.3 Robert Picardo Joe Menosky Tuvok January 15 , 1997 ( 1997 - 01 - 15 ) 40840 - 155 4.8 The crew enjoys a luau on the holodeck and Tuvok discovers an unusual hologram . 57 15 `` Coda '' 50518.6 Nancy Malone Jeri Taylor Janeway January 29 , 1997 ( 1997 - 01 - 29 ) 40840 - 158 4.6 Janeway appears to be trapped in a time - loop with different events , but all ending in her death . 58 16 `` Blood Fever '' 50537.2 Andrew Robinson Lisa Klink Torres , Paris February 5 , 1997 ( 1997 - 02 - 05 ) 40840 - 157 4.6 Vorik passes on the Pon farr to B'Elanna . 59 17 `` Unity '' 50614.2 Robert Duncan McNeill Kenneth Biller Chakotay February 12 , 1997 ( 1997 - 02 - 12 ) 40840 - 159 5.4 Chakotay answers a call for help on a planet and finds himself in the middle of a shoot - out between two groups of people . Meanwhile , the Voyager crew discovers an abandoned Borg ship . 60 18 `` Darkling '' 50693.2 Alexander Singer Story by : Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky Teleplay by : Joe Menosky Kes , The Doctor February 19 , 1997 ( 1997 - 02 - 19 ) 40840 - 161 4.3 The Doctor 's attempt to graft other personalities into his program causes him to develop an evil alternate personality . 61 19 `` Rise '' Unknown Robert Scheerer Story by : Jimmy Diggs Teleplay by : Brannon Braga Tuvok , Neelix February 26 , 1997 ( 1997 - 02 - 26 ) 40840 - 160 4.6 Voyager helps a planet with asteroid problems . Tuvok and Neelix crash - land on the planet and attempt to fix a maglev space elevator . 62 20 `` Favorite Son '' 50732.4 Marvin V. Rush Lisa Klink Kim March 19 , 1997 ( 1997 - 03 - 19 ) 40840 - 162 4.4 Harry Kim is drawn to a planet that is nearly all women . 63 21 `` Before and After '' Unknown Allan Kroeker Kenneth Biller Kes April 9 , 1997 ( 1997 - 04 - 09 ) 40840 - 163 4.5 Shortly before her death in the future , Kes begins to travel backwards in time , with a portion of events occurring in the Year of Hell . 64 22 `` Real Life '' 50836.2 Anson Williams Story by : Harry ' Doc ' Kloor Teleplay by : Jeri Taylor The Doctor April 23 , 1997 ( 1997 - 04 - 23 ) 40840 - 164 4.4 The Doctor creates a family on the holodeck . 65 23 `` Distant Origin '' Unknown David Livingston Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky Various April 30 , 1997 ( 1997 - 04 - 30 ) 40840 - 165 4.4 A reptilian scientist trying to prove his heretical theories kidnaps Chakotay and draws the entire crew in conflict between his race 's doctrine and the startling truth about its origin . 66 24 `` Displaced '' 50912.4 Allan Kroeker Lisa Klink Various May 7 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 07 ) 40840 - 166 4.0 Crew members are replaced one - by - one with aliens from an unknown race . 67 25 `` Worst Case Scenario '' 50953.4 Alexander Singer Kenneth Biller Paris , Tuvok May 14 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 14 ) 40840 - 167 4.7 B'Elanna Torres discovers a holodeck program where Chakotay and the Maquis rebel against Janeway . 68 26 `` Scorpion , Part I '' 50984.3 David Livingston Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky Janeway May 21 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 21 ) 40840 - 168 5.6 Voyager must pass through Borg space , only to discover a new alien race that is even deadlier than the Borg . Season 4 ( 1997 -- 98 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Stardate Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 69 `` Scorpion , Part II '' 51003.7 Winrich Kolbe Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky Various September 3 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 03 ) 40840 - 169 6.5 Janeway and Tuvok work with the Borg and meet Seven of Nine as they collaborate on developing a weapon against Species 8472 in exchange for safe passage through Borg space . 70 `` The Gift '' 51008 Anson Williams Joe Menosky Kes September 10 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 10 ) 40840 - 170 5.6 Kes ' mental abilities develop to a point where they endanger Voyager . 71 `` Day of Honor '' Unknown Jesús Salvador Treviño Jeri Taylor Torres September 17 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 17 ) 40840 - 172 4.5 B'Elanna tries to observe the Klingon Day of Honor after the warp core is lost . 72 `` Nemesis '' 51082.4 Alexander Singer Kenneth Biller Chakotay September 24 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 24 ) 40840 - 171 4.5 Chakotay helps fight in an alien war . 73 5 `` Revulsion '' 51186.2 Kenneth Biller Lisa Klink Doctor , Torres October 1 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 01 ) 40840 - 173 5.0 A hologram contacts Voyager and the Doctor is excited to meet another hologram . 74 6 `` The Raven '' Unknown LeVar Burton Story by : Bryan Fuller Teleplay by : Bryan Fuller and Harry ' Doc ' Kloor Seven of Nine October 8 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 08 ) 40840 - 174 4.8 Seven of Nine experiences Borg flashbacks as she attempts to become more human . 75 7 `` Scientific Method '' 51244.3 David Livingston Story by : Sherry Klein and Harry ' Doc ' Kloor Teleplay by : Lisa Klink Various October 29 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 29 ) 40840 - 175 4.6 The crew have unexplained illnesses as they are closely observed by unseen intruders . 76 8 `` Year of Hell , Part I '' 51268.4 Allan Kroeker Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky Various November 5 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 05 ) 40840 - 176 4.7 Voyager creates a new Astrometrics lab , which maps a new course that brings them into contact with a Krenim temporal ship that can erase things from history . 77 9 `` Year of Hell , Part II '' 51425.4 Mike Vejar Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky Various November 12 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 12 ) 40840 - 177 5.2 A badly damaged Voyager hides in a nebula as a skeleton crew attempts repairs ; meanwhile the Krenim commander proposes a compromise to Chakotay and Tom Paris . 78 10 `` Random Thoughts '' 51367.2 Alexander Singer Kenneth Biller Torres , Tuvok November 19 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 19 ) 40840 - 178 4.4 Torres is arrested while visiting a world of telepaths where violent thoughts are a crime . 79 11 `` Concerning Flight '' 51386.4 Jesús Salvador Treviño Story by : Jimmy Diggs and Joe Menosky Teleplay by : Joe Menosky Various November 26 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 26 ) 40840 - 179 4.1 Aliens steal several key components of Voyager , which are retrieved with assistance from a holographic Leonardo da Vinci . 80 12 `` Mortal Coil '' 51449.2 Allan Kroeker Bryan Fuller Neelix December 17 , 1997 ( 1997 - 12 - 17 ) 40840 - 180 3.9 Neelix dies in an attempt to sample proto - matter from a nebula . Seven of Nine helps resuscitate him using Borg nanoprobes , but Neelix , having no memory of an afterlife of any kind , experiences a spiritual crisis . 81 13 `` Waking Moments '' 51471.3 Alexander Singer André Bormanis Various January 14 , 1998 ( 1998 - 01 - 14 ) 40840 - 182 3.7 The crew becomes trapped in a shared nightmare generated by alien technology . Only Chakotay , through his Native American spiritual capabilities , can save them . 82 14 `` Message in a Bottle '' 51462 Nancy Malone Story by : Rick Williams Teleplay by : Lisa Klink The Doctor January 21 , 1998 ( 1998 - 01 - 21 ) 40840 - 181 4.2 The Doctor 's program is sent to an advanced Starfleet vessel via a vast ancient communications network , but he soon discovers that only he and the ship 's own EMH remain to fight against Romulans who have taken over the ship and are attempting to return to Romulan space with it . 83 15 `` Hunters '' 51501.4 David Livingston Jeri Taylor Various February 11 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 11 ) 40840 - 183 3.8 A transmission from Starfleet Command gets held at a Hirogen relay station and Janeway sets course to retrieve it . 84 16 `` Prey '' 51652.3 Allan Eastman Brannon Braga Various February 18 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 18 ) 40840 - 184 3.8 Voyager rescues a Hirogen survivor who tells them a new kind of prey is on the loose . 85 17 `` Retrospect '' 51658.2 Jesús Salvador Treviño Story by : Andrew Shepard Price and Mark Gaberman Teleplay by : Bryan Fuller and Lisa Klink Seven of Nine February 25 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 25 ) 40840 - 185 4.2 After experiencing unsettling hallucinations , Seven of Nine is hypnotized by the Doctor whose analysis reveals a trader might have extracted Borg technology from Seven without her consent . 86 18 `` The Killing Game , part I '' 51715.2 David Livingston Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky Various March 4 , 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 04 ) 40840 - 186 4.3 4.3 The Hirogen implant devices into the crew making them believe they are characters within the holodecks being used for hunts , all set in World War II Europe . 87 19 `` The Killing Game , part II '' 51715.2 David Livingston Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky Various March 4 , 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 04 ) 40840 - 824 4.3 4.3 The Hirogen implant devices into the crew making them believe they are characters within the holodecks being used for hunts , all set in World War II Europe . 88 20 `` Vis à Vis '' 51762.4 Jesús Salvador Treviño Robert J. Doherty Paris April 8 , 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 08 ) 40840 - 188 3.1 An alien shuttle with a prototype propulsion system suddenly appears and requires assistance . Paris is restless and volunteers to help the pilot , Steth , repair the shuttle . 89 21 `` The Omega Directive '' 51781.2 Victor Lobl Story by : Jimmy Diggs and Steve J. Kay Teleplay by : Lisa Klink Various April 15 , 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 15 ) 40840 - 189 3.7 Janeway undertakes the Omega Directive , an order to destroy Omega molecules , even if it means violating the Prime Directive . 90 22 `` Unforgettable '' 51813.4 Andrew Robinson Greg Elliot and Michael Perricone Chakotay April 22 , 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 22 ) 40840 - 190 3.4 An alien female from a cloaked ship asks for Chakotay by name and requests asylum on Voyager from her people . 91 23 `` Living Witness '' Unknown Tim Russ Story by : Brannon Braga Teleplay by : Bryan Fuller , Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky The Doctor April 29 , 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 29 ) 40840 - 191 3.9 A Kyrian museum curator 700 years in the future hopes a Voyager relic containing a copy of the Doctor can confirm their version of history . 92 24 `` Demon '' Unknown Anson Williams Story by : André Bormanis Teleplay by : Kenneth Biller Various May 6 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 06 ) 40840 - 192 3.8 Tom Paris and Harry Kim take a shuttle down to an extremely inhospitable planet to obtain fuel . 93 25 `` One '' 51929.3 Kenneth Biller Jeri Taylor Seven of Nine May 13 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 13 ) 40840 - 193 3.9 Seven of Nine is left alone on Voyager when a nebula 's deadly radiation forces the rest of the crew to stay in stasis and the Doctor 's hologram projectors are disrupted . 94 26 `` Hope and Fear '' 51978.2 Winrich Kolbe Story by : Rick Berman , Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky Teleplay by : Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky Janeway , Seven of Nine May 20 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 20 ) 40840 - 194 4.1 Paris and Neelix return from a mission with a passenger named Arturis who knows more than 4,000 languages . He manages to decode a message from Starfleet that could lead to a way home . Season 5 ( 1998 -- 99 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Stardate Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 95 `` Night '' 52081.2 David Livingston Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky Various October 14 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 14 ) 40840 - 195 3.7 Voyager loses power traversing a dark region of space containing theta radiation . 96 `` Drone '' Unknown Les Landau Story by : Bryan Fuller and Harry ' Doc ' Kloor Teleplay by : Bryan Fuller , Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky Seven of Nine October 21 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 21 ) 40840 - 196 3.7 The Doctor 's mobile emitter is damaged while beaming back from an away mission , merging with Seven of Nine 's Borg nanoprobes and the DNA of a male Ensign to create a 29th century Borg . 97 `` Extreme Risk '' Unknown Cliff Bole Kenneth Biller Torres October 28 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 28 ) 40840 - 197 3.6 B'Elanna purposely puts herself into increasingly dangerous situations . Meanwhile the crew decides to build a new shuttlecraft , the Delta Flyer . 98 `` In the Flesh '' 52136.4 David Livingston Nick Sagan Various November 4 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 04 ) 40840 - 198 4.2 The ship encounters a training facility for an alien invasion of Earth . 99 5 `` Once Upon a Time '' Unknown John Kretchmer Michael Taylor Naomi Wildman November 11 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 11 ) 40840 - 199 3.8 Neelix looks after Naomi Wildman when her mother is injured on an away mission . 100 6 `` Timeless '' 52143.6 LeVar Burton Story by : Rick Berman and Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky Teleplay by : Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky Chakotay , Kim November 18 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 18 ) 40840 - 201 4.3 Fifteen years in the future , Chakotay and Harry Kim attempt to prevent the Voyager from crash - landing on an ice planet . 101 7 `` Infinite Regress '' 52356.2 David Livingston Story by : Robert J. Doherty and Jimmy Diggs Teleplay by : Robert J. Doherty Seven of Nine November 25 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 25 ) 40840 - 203 3.3 When Voyager brings aboard an advanced piece of Borg technology from a salvaged Borg cube , Seven of Nine begins to take on the personalities of the people assimilated by the cube . 102 8 `` Nothing Human '' Unknown David Livingston Jeri Taylor The Doctor December 2 , 1998 ( 1998 - 12 - 02 ) 40840 - 200 4.1 A wounded alien is brought on board from a stranded vessel and attaches itself to B'Elanna Torres . 103 9 `` Thirty Days '' 52179.4 Winrich Kolbe Story by : Scott Miller Teleplay by : Kenneth Biller Paris December 9 , 1998 ( 1998 - 12 - 09 ) 40840 - 202 4.2 Tom Paris disregards orders by helping an aquatic world and is demoted to Ensign . 104 10 `` Counterpoint '' Unknown Les Landau Michael Taylor Janeway December 16 , 1998 ( 1998 - 12 - 16 ) 40840 - 204 3.4 While passing through Devore space , Voyager is routinely searched for telepaths . 105 11 `` Latent Image '' Unknown Mike Vejar Story by : Eileen Connors , Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky Teleplay by : Joe Menosky The Doctor January 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 20 ) 40840 - 206 3.8 The Doctor finds out that some of his memories have been blocked . 106 12 `` Bride of Chaotica ! '' Unknown Allan Kroeker Story by : Bryan Fuller Teleplay by : Bryan Fuller and Michael Taylor Various January 27 , 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 27 ) 40840 - 207 4.0 Paris ' latest holodeck adventure The Adventures of Captain Proton takes an unexpected turn . 107 13 `` Gravity '' 52438.9 Terry Windell Story by : Jimmy Diggs , Bryan Fuller and Nick Sagan Teleplay by : Nick Sagan and Bryan Fuller Tuvok , Paris February 3 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 03 ) 40840 - 205 4.0 Tuvok and Paris crash on a planet stuck in a pocket of subspace , where they meet a female named Noss . 108 14 `` Bliss '' 52542.3 Cliff Bole Story by : Bill Prady Teleplay by : Robert J. Doherty Seven of Nine February 10 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 10 ) 40840 - 209 3.9 A large organism telepathically deceives the Voyager crew into flying into its digestive chamber . 109 110 15 16 `` Dark Frontier '' 52619.2 Cliff Bole Terry Windell Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky Seven of Nine February 17 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 17 ) 40840 - 824 ( 211 / 212 ) 4.7 Janeway plans to steal a transwarp coil from a disabled Borg ship to shorten their journey home . Seven of Nine experiences memories of her past just before she and her parents are assimilated and plans to re-join the Borg collective . The Borg Queen incorrectly tells Seven of Nine that she is the only Borg to have ever returned to being an individual . ( Picard / Locutus also returned to humanity . ) 111 17 `` The Disease '' Unknown David Livingston Story by : Kenneth Biller Teleplay by : Michael Taylor Kim February 24 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 24 ) 40840 - 210 3.4 Kim finds love when the crew encounters a Varro generational ship that needs assistance repairing its warp drive . 112 18 `` Course : Oblivion '' 52586.3 Anson Williams Story by : Bryan Fuller Teleplay by : Bryan Fuller and Nick Sagan Various March 3 , 1999 ( 1999 - 03 - 03 ) 40840 - 213 3.7 After Torres and Paris get married , subspace radiation causes the crew and their ship to disintegrate . 113 19 `` The Fight '' Unknown Winrich Kolbe Story by : Michael Taylor Teleplay by : Joe Menosky Chakotay March 24 , 1999 ( 1999 - 03 - 24 ) 40840 - 208 2.9 Chakotay lies in sickbay as he attempts to communicate with aliens through hallucinations . 114 20 `` Think Tank '' Unknown Terrence O'Hara Story by : Rick Berman and Brannon Braga Teleplay by : Michael Taylor Seven of Nine March 31 , 1999 ( 1999 - 03 - 31 ) 40840 - 214 3.7 Voyager is being chased by the Hazari when a think tank offers assistance . 115 21 `` Juggernaut '' Unknown Allan Kroeker Story by : Bryan Fuller Teleplay by : Bryan Fuller , Nick Sagan and Kenneth Biller Torres April 26 , 1999 ( 1999 - 04 - 26 ) 40840 - 215 1.7 The crew responds to a distress call from Malon escape pods contaminated with radiation . 116 22 `` Someone to Watch Over Me '' 52647 Robert Duncan McNeill Story by : Brannon Braga Teleplay by : Michael Taylor Seven , The Doctor April 28 , 1999 ( 1999 - 04 - 28 ) 40840 - 216 3.4 Seven of Nine explores dating with some help from the Doctor . 117 23 `` 11 : 59 '' Unknown David Livingston Story by : Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky Teleplay by : Joe Menosky Janeway May 5 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 05 ) 40840 - 217 3.2 Janeway reminisces about one of her ancestors , Shannon O'Donnell from Indiana . 118 24 `` Relativity '' 52861.274 Allan Eastman Story by : Nick Sagan Teleplay by : Bryan Fuller , Nick Sagan and Michael Taylor Seven of Nine May 12 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 12 ) 40840 - 218 3.3 Captain Braxton recruits Seven of Nine to stop Voyager being sabotaged . 119 25 `` Warhead '' Unknown John Kretchmer Story by : Brannon Braga Teleplay by : Michael Taylor and Kenneth Biller Various May 19 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 19 ) 40840 - 219 3.3 The crew rescues a device with artificial intelligence embedded in rock , that then proceeds to take control of The Doctor and reveals itself to be a weapon of mass destruction . 120 26 `` Equinox , Part I '' Unknown David Livingston Story by : Rick Berman , Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky Teleplay by : Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky Various May 26 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 26 ) 40840 - 220 3.2 Voyager finds another Federation ship , the USS Equinox , under attack from flying nucleogenic lifeforms . Season 6 ( 1999 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Stardate Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 121 `` Equinox , Part II '' Unknown David Livingston Story by : Rick Berman , Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky Teleplay by : Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky Various September 22 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 22 ) 40840 - 221 3.8 The crew of the USS Equinox attempts to elude the USS Voyager in order to exploit the nucleogenic lifeforms in a bid to return home . 122 `` Survival Instinct '' 53049.2 Terry Windell Ronald D. Moore Seven of Nine September 29 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 29 ) 40840 - 222 3.9 Three Borg from Seven 's past appear , and ask to be completely separated from the Collective . 123 `` Barge of the Dead '' Unknown Mike Vejar Story by : Ronald D. Moore and Bryan Fuller Teleplay by : Bryan Fuller Torres October 6 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 06 ) 40840 - 223 3.8 B'Elanna 's shuttle is hit by an ion storm and she awakens to find herself among Klingons in the Barge of the Dead , on the way to Klingon Hell . 124 `` Tinker , Tenor , Doctor , Spy '' Unknown John Bruno Story by : Bill Vallely Teleplay by : Joe Menosky The Doctor October 13 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 13 ) 40840 - 224 3.5 The Doctor adds daydreaming to his program , imagining himself as the Emergency Command Hologram ( ECH ) aboard Voyager ; but aliens , tapping into his perceptions to observe the crew , prepare an attack when they believe that what they are seeing in the daydreams is real . 125 5 `` Alice '' Unknown David Livingston Story by : Juliann deLayne Teleplay by : Bryan Fuller and Michael Taylor Paris October 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 20 ) 40840 - 226 3.5 Tom Paris becomes obsessed with a salvaged alien shuttlecraft , which appears to have a mind of its own . 126 6 `` Riddles '' 53263.2 Roxann Dawson Story by : André Bormanis Teleplay by : Robert J. Doherty Tuvok November 3 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 03 ) 40840 - 227 3.4 Returning from a diplomatic mission , Tuvok is attacked by a cloaked intruder and suffers neurological damage . 127 7 `` Dragon 's Teeth '' 53167.9 Winrich Kolbe Story by : Michael Taylor Teleplay by : Michael Taylor , Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky Various November 10 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 10 ) 40840 - 225 3.6 Voyager discovers a network of subspace passageways , but is forced to land on a planet after being attacked . 128 8 `` One Small Step '' 53292.7 Robert Picardo Story by : Mike Wollaeger and Jessica Scott Teleplay by : Mike Wollaeger , Jessica Scott , Bryan Fuller and Michael Taylor Various November 17 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 17 ) 40840 - 228 3.7 Voyager is nearly hit by a mysterious subspace mass and the crew theorize that the debris of an ancient Earth -- Mars ship is inside . 129 9 `` The Voyager Conspiracy '' Unknown Terry Windell Joe Menosky Seven of Nine November 24 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 24 ) 40840 - 229 3.6 After assimilating Voyager 's data from the past six years , through an enhancement to her Borg implants , Seven of Nine suspects the ship did not arrive in the Delta Quadrant by accident . 130 10 `` Pathfinder '' Unknown Mike Vejar Story by : David Zabel Teleplay by : David Zabel and Kenneth Biller Reg Barclay December 1 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 01 ) 40840 - 230 4.0 Barclay gets over-involved with holographic recreations of the Voyager crew in his attempts to contact them . This episode also features Deanna Troi . 131 11 `` Fair Haven '' Unknown Allan Kroeker Robin Burger Various January 12 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 12 ) 40840 - 231 3.4 The crew enjoys a respite inside a holodeck creation designed by Tom Paris , while Voyager faces the threat of an oncoming storm in space . 132 12 `` Blink of an Eye '' Unknown Gabrielle Beaumont Story by : Michael Taylor Teleplay by : Joe Menosky Various January 19 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 19 ) 40840 - 233 3.7 Voyager is trapped in orbit about a planet with a space - time differential such that , while its inhabitants live through years , Voyager experiences mere minutes . 133 13 `` Virtuoso '' 53556.4 Les Landau Story by : Raf Green Teleplay by : Raf Green and Kenneth Biller The Doctor January 26 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 26 ) 40840 - 234 3.7 Visiting aliens who have never before encountered music become fascinated with the Doctor 's Opera singing , and ask him to leave Voyager and join their society . 134 14 `` Memorial '' Unknown Allan Kroeker Story by : Brannon Braga Teleplay by : Robin Burger Various February 2 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 02 ) 40840 - 236 3.8 Chakotay , Tom Paris , Harry Kim , and Neelix begin to experience horrific flashbacks after an away mission . 135 15 `` Tsunkatse '' 53447.2 Mike Vejar Story by : Gannon Kenney Teleplay by : Robert J. Doherty Seven of Nine , Tuvok February 9 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 09 ) 40840 - 232 4.1 Seven of Nine and Tuvok are kidnapped while on shore leave , and Seven is forced to fight in a gladiatorial contest to the death . ( Guest stars Dwayne Johnson . ) 136 16 `` Collective '' Unknown Allison Liddi Story by : Andrew Shepard Price and Mark Gaberman Teleplay by : Michael Taylor Various February 16 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 16 ) 40840 - 235 3.5 Chakotay , Kim , Paris , and Neelix are taken hostage when the Delta Flyer is captured by Borg children in a derelict Cube . 137 17 `` Spirit Folk '' Unknown David Livingston Bryan Fuller Various February 23 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 23 ) 40840 - 237 3.2 Problems arise from running the holographic Irish village of Fair Haven non-stop , when a malfunction leads the holographic characters to become self - aware . 138 18 `` Ashes to Ashes '' 53679.4 Terry Windell Story by : Ronald Wilkerson Teleplay by : Robert J. Doherty Kim March 1 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 01 ) 40840 - 238 3.4 A deceased crew member resurfaces , claiming to have been resurrected by an alien race who have since adopted her . 139 19 `` Child 's Play '' Unknown Mike Vejar Story by : Paul Brown Teleplay by : Raf Green Icheb March 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 08 ) 40840 - 239 3.4 The family of Icheb , one of the Borg children , is found , but he is reluctant to rejoin them . Seven , too , is reluctant for him to leave the ship ; and his parents are concealing the real reason for desiring his return . 140 20 `` Good Shepherd '' 53753.2 Winrich Kolbe Story by : Dianna Gitto Teleplay by : Dianna Gitto and Joe Menosky Janeway March 15 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 15 ) 40840 - 240 3.8 Three crew members who are under - performing are taken on a mission by Janeway . 141 21 `` Live Fast and Prosper '' 53849.2 LeVar Burton Robin Burger Various April 19 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 19 ) 40840 - 242 3.1 Con artists impersonate Janeway and Tuvok . 142 22 `` Muse '' 53896 Mike Vejar Joe Menosky Torres April 26 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 26 ) 40840 - 244 3.3 Torres is stranded on a bronze - age planet after a crash in the Delta Flyer , where she helps a playwright adapt the story of Voyager to the stage . Also , Kim is missing in an escape pod . 143 23 `` Fury '' Unknown John Bruno Story by : Rick Berman and Brannon Braga Teleplay by : Bryan Fuller and Michael Taylor Kes May 3 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 03 ) 40840 - 241 3.4 A much older and more powerful Kes returns to Voyager , and attempts to travel back in time to change her history . 144 24 `` Life Line '' Unknown Terry Windell Story by : John Bruno and Robert Picardo Teleplay by : Robert J. Doherty , Raf Green and Brannon Braga The Doctor May 10 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 10 ) 40840 - 243 3.7 The Doctor 's creator , Lewis Zimmerman , is dying in the Alpha Quadrant from a disease similar to the Vidiian phage . The Doctor 's compressed matrix is transferred to Zimmerman 's lab on the Jupiter station , to assist Mr. Barclay and Counselor Troi in attempting to treat the illness . 145 25 `` The Haunting of Deck Twelve '' Unknown David Livingston Story by : Mike Sussman Teleplay by : Mike Sussman , Kenneth Biller and Bryan Fuller Janeway , Neelix May 17 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 17 ) 40840 - 245 3.0 As Voyager travels through a nebula , all ship 's power is turned off , giving Neelix an opportunity to tell the Borg children a ghost story . 146 26 `` Unimatrix Zero , Part I '' Unknown Allan Kroeker Story by : Mike Sussman Teleplay by : Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky Various May 24 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 24 ) 40840 - 246 3.3 Janeway , B'Elanna and Tuvok infiltrate a Borg Cube in an attempt to save Borg drones who are trying to develop individuality . Season 7 ( 2000 -- 01 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Stardate Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 147 `` Unimatrix Zero , Part II '' 54014.4 Mike Vejar Story by : Mike Sussman , Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky Teleplay by : Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky Various October 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 04 ) 40840 - 247 4.5 Janeway , B'Elanna and Tuvok are assimilated by the Borg while attempting to save the group of drones who have developed individuality . 148 `` Imperfection '' 54058.6 David Livingston Story by : André Bormanis Teleplay by : Carleton Eastlake and Robert J. Doherty Seven of Nine , Icheb October 11 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 11 ) 40840 - 248 3.6 When her cortical implant malfunctions , Seven of Nine needs a life - saving transplant . 149 `` Drive '' 54090.4 Winrich Kolbe Michael Taylor Paris , Torres October 18 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 18 ) 40840 - 249 3.7 The crew of Voyager enters the Delta Flyer in a sub-warp race , crewed by Tom Paris and B'Elanna Torres , and events conspire to encourage Tom to propose to her . 150 `` Repression '' 54129.4 Winrich Kolbe Story by : Kenneth Biller Teleplay by : Mark Haskell Smith Tuvok October 25 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 25 ) 40840 - 251 3.2 Ex-Maquis crew members are attacked after a data stream arrives from Starfleet . 151 5 `` Critical Care '' Unknown Terry Windell Story by : Kenneth Biller and Robert J. Doherty Teleplay by : James Kahn The Doctor November 1 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 01 ) 40840 - 250 3.4 The Doctor 's program is stolen and he is forced to work in an alien hospital , where he skillfully manipulates the system to provide ethical medical care . 152 6 `` Inside Man '' 54208.3 Allan Kroeker Robert J. Doherty Reginald Barclay November 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 08 ) 40840 - 252 3.0 A hologram of Reginald Barclay is sent to Voyager , supposedly to implement a dangerous plan to bring them home ; but the hologram has been tampered with by some Ferengi , who are trying to steal valuable Borg nanoprobes from Seven of Nine . 153 7 `` Body and Soul '' 54238.3 Robert Duncan McNeill Story by : Michael Taylor Teleplay by : Eric Morris , Phyllis Strong and Mike Sussman The Doctor November 15 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 15 ) 40840 - 255 3.6 During an emergency on a mission , The Doctor is forced to upload his program into Seven of Nine 's Borg implants , allowing him to experience real sensations for the first time . 154 8 `` Nightingale '' 54274.7 LeVar Burton Story by : Robert Lederman and Dave Long Teleplay by : André Bormanis Kim November 22 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 22 ) 40840 - 256 2.8 Harry Kim takes command of an alien ship that has lost its officers in an attack . 155 156 9 10 `` Flesh and Blood '' 54337.5 Mike Vejar David Livingston Story by : Jack Monaco , Bryan Fuller and Raf Green Teleplay by : Bryan Fuller Story by : Bryan Fuller and Raf Green Teleplay by : Raf Green and Kenneth Biller The Doctor November 29 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 29 ) 40840 - 827 3.4 Voyager 's hologram technology , which Janeway had previously donated to the Hirogen , has been modified to make the holographic `` prey '' more cunning , enabling the hologram characters to rebel against their new masters . 157 11 `` Shattered '' Unknown Terry Windell Story by : Mike Sussman and Michael Taylor Teleplay by : Michael Taylor Various January 17 , 2001 ( 2001 - 01 - 17 ) 40840 - 257 2.8 Voyager is fractured into several time periods by an accident , and only Chakotay is able to move between them , in the process meeting old friends and old foes from the previous six seasons . 158 12 `` Lineage '' 54452.6 Peter Lauritson James Kahn Torres January 24 , 2001 ( 2001 - 01 - 24 ) 40840 - 258 2.8 Now married to Tom Paris , B'Elanna Torres discovers she is pregnant . The Doctor tells her to expect a daughter ; but B'Elanna's unresolved fear of the childhood traumas , which she suffered as a part - Klingon girl growing up among humans , makes her determined to remove her child 's Klingon DNA . 159 13 `` Repentance '' Unknown Mike Vejar Story by : Mike Sussman and Robert J. Doherty Teleplay by : Robert J. Doherty Various January 31 , 2001 ( 2001 - 01 - 31 ) 40840 - 259 N / A Prisoners are brought onto Voyager from a damaged alien vessel , and the crew must deliver them to their destination -- for execution . 160 14 `` Prophecy '' 54518.2 Terry Windell Story by : Larry Nemecek , J. Kelley Burke , Raf Green and Kenneth Biller Teleplay by : Mike Sussman and Phyllis Strong Torres , Paris February 7 , 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 07 ) 40840 - 260 N / A Voyager encounters an ancient Klingon battlecruiser . The Klingons aboard it had set out long ago to find their savior , and they believe it to be Tom and B'Elanna 's unborn child . 161 15 `` The Void '' 54553.4 Mike Vejar Story by : Raf Green and Kenneth Biller Teleplay by : Raf Green and James Kahn Various February 14 , 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 14 ) 40840 - 261 N / A Voyager is pulled into a void , where the ships that have become trapped attack each other for food and resources . 162 16 `` Workforce , Part I '' 54584.3 Allan Kroeker Kenneth Biller and Bryan Fuller Various February 21 , 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 21 ) 40840 - 262 N / A The Voyager crew is brainwashed into taking new jobs on an industrialized planet that has a severe labor shortage , leaving only Chakotay , Kim and Neelix ( who were on an away mission ) and the Doctor ( who , in the absence of the crew , has become the Emergency Command Hologram ) to save them . 163 17 `` Workforce , Part II '' 54622.4 Roxann Dawson Story by : Kenneth Biller and Bryan Fuller Teleplay by : Kenneth Biller and Michael Taylor Torres , Paris February 28 , 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 28 ) 40840 - 263 N / A Chakotay and Neelix take jobs on the new planet , and try to rescue their amnesiac crewmates -- who do n't want to leave . 164 18 `` Human Error '' Unknown Allan Kroeker Story by : André Bormanis and Kenneth Biller Teleplay by : Brannon Braga and André Bormanis Seven of Nine March 7 , 2001 ( 2001 - 03 - 07 ) 40840 - 264 N / A Seven practices her social skills on the holodeck . 165 19 `` Q2 '' 54704.5 LeVar Burton Story by : Kenneth Biller Teleplay by : Robert J. Doherty Icheb April 11 , 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 11 ) 40840 - 265 N / A Q leaves his son ( Q2 ) on Voyager to learn from the crew . 166 20 `` Author , Author '' 54732.3 David Livingston Story by : Brannon Braga Teleplay by : Phyllis Strong and Mike Sussman The Doctor April 18 , 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 18 ) 40840 - 266 N / A The Doctor writes a holo - novel to be published in the Alpha Quadrant , featuring characters who closely resemble -- but do not flatter -- the crew . 167 21 `` Friendship One '' 54775.4 Mike Vejar Michael Taylor and Bryan Fuller Various April 25 , 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 25 ) 40840 - 267 N / A The crew is sent on its first mission by Starfleet in nearly seven years : to find a lost probe sent by Earth in the 21st century that has ended up in the Delta Quadrant . 168 22 `` Natural Law '' 54827.7 Terry Windell Story by : Kenneth Biller and James Kahn Teleplay by : James Kahn Seven of Nine , Chakotay May 2 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 02 ) 40840 - 268 N / A Seven and Chakotay are stranded on a planet with primitive humanoids . 169 23 `` Homestead '' 54868.6 LeVar Burton Raf Green Neelix May 9 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 09 ) 40840 - 269 N / A Voyager encounters a Talaxian settlement leaving Neelix with the difficult decision of whether to leave the crew . 170 24 `` Renaissance Man '' 54890.7 Mike Vejar Story by : Andrew Shepard Price and Mark Gaberman Teleplay by : Phyllis Strong and Mike Sussman The Doctor May 16 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 16 ) 40840 - 270 N / A The Doctor is forced to help aliens steal Voyager 's warp core . 171 172 25 26 `` Endgame '' 54973.4 Allan Kroeker Story by : Rick Berman , Kenneth Biller and Brannon Braga Teleplay by : Kenneth Biller and Robert J. Doherty Various May 23 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 23 ) 40840 - 828 ( 271 / 272 ) N / A In the future where it took Voyager 23 years to get home , Admiral Janeway devises a plan to alter history . As the crew enters a final showdown with the Borg , the two Janeways implement a risky plan to take out one of the six Borg Transwarp Hubs in the galaxy and simultaneously cross the transwarp threshold to get home . See also ( edit ) Star Trek portal List of Star Trek characters List of Star Trek : The Original Series episodes List of Star Trek : The Animated Series episodes List of Star Trek : The Next Generation episodes List of Star Trek : Deep Space Nine episodes List of Star Trek : Enterprise episodes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ( VOY ) Season 1 '' . TrekNation . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2001 . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( VOY ) Season 2 '' . TrekNation . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2001 . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( VOY ) Season 3 '' . TrekNation . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2001 . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season 4 ratings '' . TrekNation . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2000 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( VOY ) Season 5 '' . TrekNation . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2001 . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( VOY ) Season 6 '' . TrekNation . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2001 . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( VOY ) Season 7 '' . TrekNation . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2001 . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Memory Alpha Episode list at startrek.com Season 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 Brief summaries and production and transmission details List of Star Trek : Voyager episodes on IMDb List of episodes with links to synopses , reviews and images for each episode Star Trek : Voyager Characters Reginald Barclay Chakotay The Doctor Kathryn Janeway Kes Harry Kim Neelix Tom Paris Seven of Nine B'Elanna Torres Tuvok Other topics Episodes season 4 Awards Cast Novels String Theory : Cohesion Kazon Vidiians The Maquis The Borg Species 8472 USS Voyager Janeway Lambda one Video games Voyager Elite Force The Arcade Game Star Trek Outline Timeline Canon Television series The Original Series episodes The Animated Series episodes The Next Generation episodes Deep Space Nine episodes Voyager episodes Enterprise episodes Discovery episodes Feature films The Original Series The Motion Picture The Wrath of Khan The Search for Spock The Voyage Home The Final Frontier The Undiscovered Country The Next Generation Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis `` Reboot '' films Star Trek Into Darkness Beyond Setting Characters A -- F G -- M N -- S T -- Z Concepts Games Kobayashi Maru Law Prime Directive Materials Dilithium Sexuality Pon farr Stardate Maquis Locations Galactic quadrant Mirror Universe Planets A -- B C -- F G -- L M -- Q R -- S T -- Z Cultures and species Andorian Bajoran Borg Breen Cardassian Dominion Ferengi Rules of Acquisition Gorn Kazon Klingon language Orion Romulan Species 8472 United Federation of Planets Starfleet Academy Section 31 Tribble Vidiians Vulcan nerve pinch salute Xindi Technology Communicator Deflector shields Holodeck Hypospray Impulse drive LCARS Medicine Replicator Spacecraft Deep Space Nine Defiant Earth Spacedock Enterprise NX - 01 NCC - 1701 Shuttlecraft Voyager Starships ordered by class Transporter Tricorder Uniforms Warp drive Weapons Bat'leth Production List of staff Gene Roddenberry Norway Corporation Composers and music musical theme `` Where no man has gone before '' `` Beam me up , Scotty '' Redshirt Unmade projects The God Thing Planet of the Titans Phase II Spin - off fiction Games Literature Comics Novels Reference books Stage A Klingon Christmas Carol Klingon opera Documentaries Trekkies Mind Meld Trekkies 2 How William Shatner Changed the World Beyond the Final Frontier The Captains Trek Nation To Be Takei For the Love of Spock Cultural influence Comparison to Star Wars Crossovers Fandom productions expanded universe Kirk and Uhura 's kiss Kirk / Spock Memory Alpha The Exhibition The Experience Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Star_Trek:_Voyager_episodes&oldid=814058707 '' Categories : Star Trek : Voyager episodes Star Trek episode lists Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from October 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Use mdy dates from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Magyar मराठी Nederlands Norsk Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 17 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episodes in season 7 of voyager | [
"\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\n\n\n\n1\n16\nJanuary 16, 1995 (1995-01-16)\nMay 22, 1995 (1995-05-22)\n\n\n\n2\n26\nAugust 28, 1995 (1995-08-28)\nMay 20, 1996 (1996-05-20)\n\n\n\n3\n26\nSeptember 4, 1996 (1996-09-04)\nMay 21, 1997 (1997-05-21)\n\n\n\n4\n26\nSeptember 3, 1997 (1997-09-03)\nMay 20, 1998 (1998-05-20)\n\n\n\n5\n26\nOctober 14, 1998 (1998-10-14)\nMay 26, 1999 (1999-05-26)\n\n\n\n6\n26\nSeptember 22, 1999 (1999-09-22)\nMay 24, 2000 (2000-05-24)\n\n\n\n7\n26\nOctober 4, 2000 (2000-10-04)\nMay 23, 2001 (2001-05-23)\n\n"
] | [
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-3495774835943430689 | Napoleonic Wars | Napoleonic Wars - wikipedia Napoleonic Wars Jump to : navigation , search Napoleonic Wars Top : Battle of Austerlitz Bottom : Battle of Waterloo Date 18 May 1803 -- 20 November 1815 ( 1803 - 05 - 18 -- 1815 - 11 - 20 ) ( 12 years , 5 months and 4 weeks ) Location Europe , Atlantic Ocean , Mediterranean Sea , North Sea , Río de la Plata , French Guiana , West Indies , Indian Ocean , North America , Caucasus Result Overall Coalition victory Congress of Vienna Fall of the First French Empire Exile of Napoleon I to St. Helena Restoration of the Bourbon monarchy Creation of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark - Norway , establishment of the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway Rise of the British Empire as the dominant world superpower Rise of Prussia as a great power Decline of the Spanish and Portuguese empires Widespread rise of nationalism and liberalism Belligerents Coalition powers : Great Britain Hanover French Royalists Austrian Empire Russian Empire Prussia Sweden Spanish Empire Portuguese Empire Ottoman Empire Persian Empire Two Sicilies Hungary Bavaria Württemberg Saxony Sardinia United Netherlands Brunswick Tuscany Nassau Montenegro French Empire and allies : French Republic First French Empire French clients : ( show ) Italy Duchy of Warsaw Polish Legions Holland Etruria Lucca - Piombino Naples Switzerland Confederation of the Rhine Bonapartist Spain Spanish Empire Denmark -- Norway Austrian Empire Ottoman Empire Russian Empire Prussia Persian Empire Sweden Batavian Republic Commanders and leaders George III Prince George William Pitt # Duke of Portland # Spencer Perceval † Lord Liverpool Duke of Wellington Viscount Nelson † Sir George Prévost Francis I Archduke Charles Archduke John Karl Philipp Alexander I Mikhail Kutuzov # Barclay de Tolly Levin Bennigsen Pyotr Bagration † Frederick William III Gebhard von Blücher Duke of Brunswick # Prince of Hohenlohe Ferdinand VII Miguel de Álava Maria I Prince Regent John Count of Feira Selim III Mustafa IV Mahmud II Prince of Orange William II of the Netherlands Ferdinand I Gustav IV Prince Charles John Louis XVIII Napoleon I Joseph Bonaparte Louis Bonaparte Jérôme Bonaparte Michel Ney Louis Berthier # Prince Eugène Joachim Murat Louis - Nicolas Davout Jean Lannes † André Masséna Jean - de-Dieu Soult Pierre Villeneuve Jean Bessières † Prince Poniatowski † Maximilian I Frederick I Frederick I Frederick VI Christian August Strength 750,000 British under arms in total 250,000 British regulars and militia at peak strength 320,000 Prussian regulars and militia at peak strength 900,000 Russian regulars , cossacks and militia at peak strength 3,000,000 French under arms in total 1,200,000 French regulars and militia at peak strength 680,000 French and allied regulars at peak strength Casualties and losses Italians : 120,000 killed or missing Spanish : more than 300,000 military deaths -- more than 586,000 killed British : 32,232 killed in action British 279,574 killed by wounds , disease , accidents and other causes 371,000 killed in action 800,000 killed by disease , wounds , accidents and other causes 600,000 civilians killed 65,000 French allies killed Jump up ^ 1805 , 1809 , 1813 - 1815 Jump up ^ 1804 - 1807 , 1812 - 1815 Jump up ^ 1806 - 1807 , 1813 - 1815 Jump up ^ 1804 - 1809 , 1812 - 1815 Jump up ^ 1808 - 1815 Jump up ^ 1800 - 1807 , 1809 - 1815 ^ Jump up to : 1807 - 1812 Jump up ^ 1806 - 1815 Jump up ^ 1809 ^ Jump up to : 1813 - 1815 ^ Jump up to : 1815 Jump up ^ 1806 - 1807 , 1813 - 1814 Jump up ^ until 1804 Jump up ^ 1808 - 1813 Jump up ^ 1803 - 1808 Jump up ^ 1807 - 1814 Jump up ^ 1809 - 1813 Jump up ^ 1806 - 1809 Jump up ^ 1804 - 1807 , 1812 - 1813 Jump up ^ 1810 - 1812 ^ Jump up to : until the eve of the Battle of Leipzig , 1813 Jump up ^ until 1813 Napoleonic Wars Third Coalition Anglo - Spanish War Russo - Persian War Franco - Swedish War Fourth Coalition Russo - Turkish War Gunboat War Finnish War Dano - Swedish War Anglo - Turkish War Peninsular War Anglo - Russian War Fifth Coalition Anglo - Swedish War French invasion of Russia Sixth Coalition German Campaign Campaign in north - east France Campaign in south - west France Swedish - Norwegian War Seventh Coalition Neapolitan War Waterloo Campaign Minor campaigns of 1815 West Indies Campaign Adriatic campaign 1st Java Indian Ocean 2nd Java Anglo - French wars 1202 -- 04 1213 -- 14 1215 -- 1217 1242 -- 1243 1294 -- 1303 1337 -- 1453 1496 - 98 1512 -- 14 1522 -- 26 1542 -- 46 1557 -- 59 1627 -- 29 1666 -- 67 1689 -- 97 1702 -- 13 1744 -- 48 1754 -- 63 1778 -- 83 1793 -- 1802 1803 -- 1814 1815 The Napoleonic Wars ( 1803 -- 1815 ) , were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies , led by Napoleon I , against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions , financed and usually led by Great Britain . The wars stemmed from the unresolved disputes associated with the French Revolution and its resultant conflict . The wars are often categorised into five conflicts , each termed after the coalition that fought Napoleon ; the Third Coalition ( 1805 ) , the Fourth ( 1806 -- 7 ) , Fifth ( 1809 ) , Sixth ( 1813 ) , and the Seventh and final ( 1815 ) . Napoleon , upon ascending to First Consul of France in 1799 , had inherited a chaotic republic ; he subsequently created a state with stable finances , a strong bureaucracy , and a well - trained army . In 1805 , Austria and Russia waged war against France . In response , Napoleon defeated the allied Russo - Austrian army at Austerlitz in December 1805 , which is considered his greatest victory . At sea , the British inflicted a severe defeat in October 1805 upon the joint Franco - Spanish navy , securing British control of the seas and preventing the invasion of Britain itself . Prussian concerns about increasing French power led to a resumption of war in October 1806 . Napoleon quickly defeated the Prussians , and defeated Russia in June 1807 , bringing an uneasy peace to the continent . The peace failed ; war broke out two years later in 1809 , and this coalition was soon defeated . Hoping to isolate Britain economically , Napoleon invaded Iberia , declaring his brother Joseph king of Spain in 1808 . The Spanish and Portuguese revolted with British support , and , after six years of fighting , expelled the French from Iberia in 1814 . Concurrently , Russia , unwilling to bear economic consequences of reduced trade , routinely violated the Continental System , enticing Napoleon to launch a massive invasion of Russia in 1812 . The resulting campaign ended with the dissolution and withdrawal of the French Grande Armée . Encouraged by the defeat , Prussia , Austria , and Russia began a new campaign against France , decisively defeating Napoleon at Leipzig in October 1813 after several inconclusive engagements . The Allies then invaded France , capturing Paris at the end of March 1814 and forcing Napoleon to abdicate in early April . He was exiled to the island of Elba , and the Bourbons were restored to power . However , Napoleon escaped in February 1815 , and reassumed control of France . The Allies responded with the Seventh Coalition , defeating Napoleon permanently at Waterloo in June 1815 and exiling him to St Helena . The Congress of Vienna redrew the borders of Europe , and brought a lasting peace to the continent . The wars had profound consequences on global history ; it fostered the spread of nationalism and liberalism , saw the rise of the British Empire as the world 's foremost power , independence movements in Latin America and the subsequent collapse of the Spanish Empire , the fundamental reorganisation of German and Italian territories into larger states , and the establishment of radically new methods of conducting warfare . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Background 2.1 Start date and nomenclature 2.2 Napoleon 's tactics 3 Prelude 4 War between Britain and France , 1803 -- 1814 4.1 British motivations 4.2 Economic warfare 4.3 Financing the war 5 War of the Third Coalition 1805 6 War of the Fourth Coalition 1806 -- 1807 6.1 Scandinavia and Finland 6.2 Poland 7 War of the Fifth Coalition 1809 8 Subsidiary wars 8.1 War of 1812 8.2 The Latin American Revolutions 9 The Invasion of Russia 1812 10 War of the Sixth Coalition 1812 -- 1814 11 War of the Seventh Coalition 1815 12 Political effects 13 Military legacy 13.1 Enlarged scope 13.2 Innovations 13.3 Total war 14 In fiction 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 Sources 19 Further reading 19.1 General and reference books 19.2 Napoleon and French 19.3 British , Austrian , Prussian & Russian roles 19.4 Historiography and memory 19.5 Primary sources 20 External links Overview ( edit ) Napoleon seized power in 1799 , creating a de facto military dictatorship . There are a number of opinions on the date to use as the formal beginning of the Napoleonic Wars ; 18 May 1803 is often used , when Britain and France ended the only short period of peace between 1792 and 1814 . The Napoleonic Wars began with the War of the Third Coalition , which was the first of the Coalition Wars against the First French Republic after Napoleon 's accession as leader of France . Britain ended the Treaty of Amiens and declared war on France in May 1803 ; one reason for this was Napoleon 's changes to the international system in Western Europe , especially in Switzerland , Germany , Italy and the Netherlands . Kagan argues that Britain was irritated in particular by Napoleon 's assertion of control over Switzerland . Furthermore , Britons felt insulted when Napoleon stated that their country deserved no voice in European affairs , even though King George III was an elector of the Holy Roman Empire . For its part , Russia decided that the intervention in Switzerland indicated that Napoleon was not looking toward a peaceful resolution of his differences with the other European powers . The British quickly enforced a naval blockade of France to starve it of resources . Napoleon responded with economic embargoes against Britain , and sought to eliminate Britain 's Continental allies to break the coalitions arrayed against him . The so - called Continental System formed a league of armed neutrality to disrupt the blockade and enforce free trade with France . The British responded by capturing the Danish fleet , breaking up the league , and later secured dominance over the seas , allowing it to freely continue its strategy . Napoleon won the War of the Third Coalition at Austerlitz , forcing the Austrian Empire out of the war , formally dissolving the Holy Roman Empire . Within months , Prussia declared war , triggering a War of the Fourth Coalition . This war ended disastrously for Prussia , defeated and occupied within 19 days of the campaign 's beginning . Napoleon subsequently defeated the Russian Empire at Friedland , creating powerful client states in Eastern Europe , ending the fourth coalition . Concurrently , Portugal 's refusal to commit to the Continental System , and Spain 's failure to maintain it , led to the Peninsular War , and the outbreak of a War of the Fifth Coalition . The French occupied Spain and formed a Spanish client kingdom , ending the alliance between the two . Heavy British involvement in the Iberian Peninsula soon followed , while a British effort to capture Antwerp failed . Napoleon oversaw the situation in Iberia , defeating the Spanish , and expelling the British from the Peninsula . Austria , keen to recover territory lost during the War of the Third Coalition , invaded France 's client states in Eastern Europe . Napoleon defeated the fifth coalition at Wagram . Attempts to disrupt the British blockade led to the United States declaring war on Britain , while grievances over control of Poland , and Russia 's withdrawal from the Continental System , led to Napoleon invading Russia in June 1812 . The invasion was an unmitigated disaster for Napoleon ; scorched earth tactics , desertion , French strategic failures and the onset of the Russian winter compelled Napoleon to retreat with massive losses . Napoleon suffered further setbacks ; French power in the Iberian Peninsula was broken at Battle of Vitoria the following summer , and a new coalition began the War of the Sixth Coalition . The coalition defeated Napoleon at Leipzig , precipitating his fall from power and eventual abdication on 6 April 1814 . The victors exiled Napoleon to Elba and restored the Bourbon monarchy . Napoleon escaped from Elba in 1815 , gathering enough support to overthrow the monarchy of Louis XVIII , triggering a seventh , and final , coalition against him . Napoleon was decisively defeated at Waterloo , and he abdicated again on 22 June . On 15 July , he surrendered to the British at Rochefort , and was exiled to Saint Helena , where he died in 1821 . The Treaty of Paris , signed on 20 November 1815 , formally ended the war . The Bourbon monarchy was restored once more , and the victors began the Congress of Vienna , to restore peace to the continent . As a direct result of the war , the Kingdom of Prussia rose to become a great power on the continent , while Great Britain , with its unequalled Royal Navy and growing Empire became the world 's dominant superpower , beginning the Pax Britannica . The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved , and the philosophy of nationalism , that emerged early in the war , greatly contributed to the later unification of the German states , and those of the Italian peninsula . The war in Iberia greatly weakened Spanish power , and the Spanish Empire began to unravel ; Spain would lose nearly all of its American possessions by 1833 . The Portuguese Empire began a rapid decline , with Brazil declaring independence in 1822 . The wars revolutionised European warfare ; the application of mass conscription and total war led to campaigns of unprecedented scale , as whole nations committed all their economic and industrial resources to a collective war effort . Tactically , the French Army redefined the role of artillery , while Napoleon emphasised mobility to offset numerical disadvantages , and aerial surveillance was used for the first time in warfare . While not a new tactic , the highly successful Spanish guerrillas demonstrated the capability of a people driven by fervent nationalism , liberalism and religious fundamentalism against an occupying force . Due to the longevity of the wars , and the extent of Napoleon 's conquests , the ideals of the French Revolution had a massive impact on European social culture ; many subsequent revolutions , such as that of Russia , looked to the French as their source of inspiration , while its core founding tenets greatly expanded the arena of Human rights and shaped modern political philosophies in use today . Background ( edit ) Main articles : French Revolution , French Revolutionary Wars , War of the First Coalition , and War of the Second Coalition The outbreak of the French Revolution had been received with great alarm by the rulers of Europe 's continental powers , which had been further exacerbated by the execution of Louis XVI of France , and the overthrow of the French monarchy . In 1793 , the Austrian Empire , the Kingdom of Sardinia , the Kingdom of Naples , Prussia , the Spanish Empire , and the Kingdom of Great Britain formed the First Coalition to curtail the growing unrest in France . Measures such as mass conscription , military reforms , and total war allowed France to defeat the coalition , despite the concurrent civil war in France . Napoleon , then a general in the French army , forced the Austrians to sign the Treaty of Campo Formio , leaving only Great Britain opposed to the fledgling French Republic . A Second Coalition formed in 1798 by Great Britain , Austria , Naples , the Ottoman Empire , the Papal States , Portugal , Russia , and Sweden . The French Republic , under the Directory , suffered from heavy levels of corruption and internal strife . The new republic also lacked funds , and no longer enjoyed the services of Lazare Carnot , the minister of war who had guided France to its victories during the early stages of the Revolution . Bonaparte , commander of the Armée d'Italie in the latter stages of the First Coalition , had launched a campaign in Egypt , intending to disrupt the British economic powerhouse of India . Pressed from all sides , the Republic suffered a string of successive defeats against revitalised enemies , supported by Britain 's financial help . Bonaparte returned to France from Egypt on 23 August 1799 , his campaign there having failed . He seized control of the French government on 9 November , in a bloodless coup d'état , replacing the Directory with the Consulate and transforming the republic into a de facto dictatorship . He further reorganised the French military forces , establishing a large reserve army positioned to support campaigns on the Rhine or in Italy . Russia had already been knocked out of the war , and , under Napoleon 's leadership , the French decisively defeated the Austrians in June 1800 , crippling Austrian capabilities in Italy . Austria was definitively defeated that December , by Moreau 's forces in Bavaria . The Austrian defeat was sealed by the Treaty of Lunéville early the following year , further compelling the British to sign the Treaty of Amiens with France , establishing a tenuous peace . Start date and nomenclature ( edit ) No consensus exists as to when the French Revolutionary Wars ended and the Napoleonic Wars began . Possible dates include 9 November 1799 , when Bonaparte seized power on 18 Brumaire in France ; 18 May 1803 , when Britain and France ended the one short period of peace between 1792 and 1814 ; or 2 December 1804 , when Bonaparte crowned himself Emperor . British historians occasionally refer to the nearly continuous period of warfare from 1792 to 1815 as the Great French War , or as the final phase of the Anglo - French Second Hundred Years ' War , spanning the period 1689 to 1815 . Historian Mike Rapport ( 2013 ) suggested to use the term `` French Wars '' to unambiguously describe the entire period from 1792 to 1815 . In France , the Napoleonic Wars are generally integrated with the French Revolutionary Wars : Les guerres de la Révolution et de l'Empire . German historiography may count the War of the Second Coalition ( 1798 / 9 -- 1801 / 2 ) , during which Napoleon seized power , as the Erster Napoleonischer Krieg ( `` First Napoleonic War '' ) . In Dutch historiography , it is common to refer to the seven major wars between 1792 and 1815 as the Coalition Wars ( coalitieoorlogen ) , referring to the first two as the French Revolution Wars ( Franse Revolutieoorlogen ) . Napoleon 's tactics ( edit ) Napoleon was , and remains , famous for his battlefield victories , and historians have spent enormous attention in analysing them . In 2008 , Donald Sutherland wrote : The ideal Napoleonic battle was to manipulate the enemy into an unfavourable position through manoeuvre and deception , force him to commit his main forces and reserve to the main battle and then undertake an enveloping attack with uncommitted or reserve troops on the flank or rear . Such a surprise attack would either produce a devastating effect on morale , or force him to weaken his main battle line . Either way , the enemy 's own impulsiveness began the process by which even a smaller French army could defeat the enemy 's forces one by one . After 1807 , Napoleon 's creation of a highly mobile , well - armed artillery force gave artillery usage increased tactical importance . Napoleon , rather than relying on infantry to wear away the enemy 's defences , could now use massed artillery as a spearhead to pound a break in the enemy 's line . Once that was achieved he sent in infantry and cavalry . Prelude ( edit ) Britain was irritated by several French actions following the Treaty of Amiens . Bonaparte had annexed Piedmont and Elba , made himself President of the Italian Republic , a state in northern Italy that France had set up , and failed to evacuate Holland . France continued to interfere with British trade despite peace having been made and complained about Britain harbouring certain individuals and not cracking down on the anti-French press . In fighting , Napoleon focused on penetration , gaining a central position , and surrounding small groups of enemy forces . To Napoleon , penetration meant `` You engage , and then you wait and see . '' Central Positioning aimed to divide enemy forces into weaker smaller groups . Malta had been captured by Britain during the war and was subject to a complex arrangement in the 10th article of the Treaty of Amiens where it was to be restored to the Knights of St. John with a Neapolitan garrison and placed under the guarantee of third powers . The weakening of the Knights of St. John by the confiscation of their assets in France and Spain along with delays in obtaining guarantees prevented the British from evacuating it after three months as stipulated in the treaty . The Helvetian Republic had been set up by France when they invaded Switzerland in 1798 . France had withdrawn its troops , but violent strife broke out against the government , which many Swiss saw as overly centralised . Bonaparte reoccupied the country in October 1802 and imposed a compromise settlement . This caused widespread outrage in Britain , which protested that this was a violation of the Treaty of Lunéville . Although continental powers were unprepared to act , the British decided to send an agent to help the Swiss obtain supplies , and also ordered their military not to return Cape Colony to Holland as they had committed to do in the Treaty of Amiens . Swiss resistance collapsed before anything could be accomplished , and after a month Britain countermanded the orders not to restore Cape Colony . At the same time Russia finally joined the guarantee with regards to Malta . Concerned that there would be hostilities when Bonaparte found out that Cape Colony had been retained , the British began to procrastinate on the evacuation of Malta . In January 1803 a government paper in France published a report from a commercial agent which noted the ease with which Egypt could be conquered . The British seized on this to demand satisfaction and security before evacuating Malta , which was a convenient stepping stone to Egypt . France disclaimed any desire to seize Egypt and asked what sort of satisfaction was required but the British were unable to give a response . There was still no thought of going to war ; Prime Minister Addington publicly affirmed that Britain was in a state of peace . In early March 1803 the Addington ministry received word that Cape Colony had been re-occupied by the British army in accordance with the orders which had subsequently been countermanded . On 8 March they ordered military preparations to guard against possible French retaliation , and justified them by falsely claiming that it was only in response to French preparations and that they were conducting serious negotiations with France . In a few days it was known that Cape Colony had been surrendered in accordance with the counter-orders , but it was too late . Bonaparte berated the British ambassador in front of 200 spectators over the military preparations . The Addington ministry realised they would face an inquiry over their false reasons for the military preparations , and during April unsuccessfully attempted to secure the support of William Pitt the Younger to shield them from damage . In the same month the ministry issued an ultimatum to France demanding the retention of Malta for at least ten years , the permanent acquisition of the island of Lampedusa from the Kingdom of Sicily , and the evacuation of Holland . They also offered to recognise French gains in Italy if they evacuated Switzerland and compensated the King of Sardinia for his territorial losses . France offered to place Malta in the hands of Russia to satisfy British concerns , pull out of Holland when Malta was evacuated , and form a convention to give satisfaction to Britain on other issues . The British falsely denied that Russia had made an offer and their ambassador left Paris . Desperate to avoid war , Bonaparte sent a secret offer where he agreed to let Britain retain Malta if France could occupy the Otranto peninsula in Naples . All efforts were futile and Britain declared war on 18 May 1803 . War between Britain and France , 1803 -- 1814 ( edit ) Main article : The United Kingdom in the Napoleonic Wars British motivations ( edit ) `` Maniac - raving 's - or - Little Boney in a strong fit '' by James Gillray . His caricatures ridiculing Napoleon greatly annoyed the Frenchman , who wanted them suppressed by the British government . Britain ended the uneasy truce created by the Treaty of Amiens when it declared war on France in May 1803 . The British were increasingly angered by Napoleon 's reordering of the international system in Western Europe , especially in Switzerland , Germany , Italy and the Netherlands . Kagan argues that Britain was especially alarmed by Napoleon 's assertion of control over Switzerland . Britons felt insulted when Napoleon said it deserved no voice in European affairs ( even though King George was an elector of the Holy Roman Empire ) , and sought to restrict the London newspapers that were vilifying him . Britain had a sense of loss of control , as well as loss of markets , and was worried by Napoleon 's possible threat to its overseas colonies . McLynn argues that Britain went to war in 1803 out of a `` mixture of economic motives and national neuroses -- an irrational anxiety about Napoleon 's motives and intentions . '' McLynn concludes that it proved to be the right choice for Britain , because in the long run Napoleon 's intentions were hostile to the British national interest . Napoleon was not ready for war and so this was the best time for Britain to stop them . Britain seized upon the Malta issue , refusing to follow the terms of the Treaty of Amiens and evacuate the island . The deeper British grievance was their perception that Napoleon was taking personal control of Europe , making the international system unstable , and forcing Britain to the sidelines . Numerous scholars have argued that Napoleon 's aggressive posture made him enemies and cost him potential allies . As late as 1808 , the continental powers affirmed most of his gains and titles , but the continuing conflict with Britain led him to start the Peninsular War and the invasion of Russia which many scholars see as a dramatic miscalculation . Battle of San Domingo , 6 February 1806 Battle of the Pyrenees , July 1813 The charge of the French Cuirassiers at the Battle of Waterloo against a square of Scottish Highlanders There was one serious attempt to negotiate peace with France during the war , made by Charles James Fox in 1806 . The British wanted to retain their overseas conquests and have Hanover restored to George III in exchange for accepting French conquests on the continent . The French were willing to cede Malta , Cape Colony , Tobago , and French Indian posts to Britain but wanted to obtain Sicily in exchange for the restoration of Hanover , a condition the British refused . Unlike its many coalition partners , Britain remained at war throughout the period of the Napoleonic Wars . Protected by naval supremacy ( in the words of Admiral Jervis to the House of Lords `` I do not say , my Lords , that the French will not come . I say only they will not come by sea '' ) , Britain maintained low - intensity land warfare on a global scale for over a decade . The British government paid out large sums of money to other European states , so that they could pay armies in the field against France . These payments are colloquially known as the Golden Cavalry of St George . The British Army provided long - term support to the Spanish rebellion in the Peninsular War of 1808 -- 1814 , assisted by Spanish guerrilla ( ' little war ' ) tactics . Anglo - Portuguese forces under Arthur Wellesley supported the Spanish , which campaigned successfully against the French armies , eventually driving them from Spain and allowing Britain to invade southern France . By 1815 , the British Army played the central role in the final defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo . Beyond minor naval actions against British imperial interests , the Napoleonic Wars were much less global in scope than preceding conflicts such as the Seven Years ' War , which historians term a `` world war '' . Economic warfare ( edit ) In response to the naval blockade of the French coasts enacted by the British government on 16 May 1806 , Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree on 21 November 1806 , which brought into effect the Continental System . This policy aimed to eliminate the threat from Britain by closing French - controlled territory to its trade . Britain maintained a standing army of 220,000 at the height of the Napoleonic Wars , of whom less than half were available for campaigning . The rest were necessary for garrisoning Ireland and the colonies , and providing security for Britain . France 's strength peaked at around 2,500,000 full - time and part - time soldiers including several hundred thousand National Guardsmen who Napoleon could draft into the military if necessary . Both nations enlisted large numbers of sedentary militia who were unsuited for campaigning , and were mostly employed to release regular forces for active duty . The Royal Navy disrupted France 's extra-continental trade by seizing and threatening French shipping and colonial possessions , but could do nothing about France 's trade with the major continental economies and posed little threat to French territory in Europe . France 's population and agricultural capacity far outstripped that of Britain . Britain had the greatest industrial capacity in Europe , and its mastery of the seas allowed it to build up considerable economic strength through trade . This ensured that France could never consolidate its control over Europe in peace . Many in the French government believed that cutting Britain off from the Continent would end its economic influence over Europe and isolate it . Financing the war ( edit ) A key element in British success was its ability to mobilise the nation 's industrial and financial resources and apply them to defeating France . With a population of 16 million against France 's 30 million , the French numerical advantage was offset by British subsidies that paid for many of the Austrian and Russian soldiers , peaking at about 450,000 men in 1813 . Under the Anglo - Russian agreement of 1803 , Britain paid a subsidy of £ 1.5 million for every 100,000 Russian soldiers in the field . British national output remained strong , and the well - organised business sector channeled products into what the military needed . Britain used its economic power to expand the Royal Navy , doubling the number of frigates , adding 50 % more large ships of the line , and increasing the number of sailors from 15,000 to 133,000 in eight years after the war began in 1793 . France saw its navy shrink by more than half . The smuggling of finished products into the continent undermined French efforts to ruin the British economy by cutting off markets . Subsidies to Russia and Austria kept them in the war . The British budget in 1814 reached £ 66 million , including £ 10 million for the Royal Navy , £ 40 million for the army , £ 10 million for the allies , and £ 38 million as interest on the national debt , which soared to £ 679 million , more than double the GDP . It was supported by hundreds of thousands of investors and taxpayers , despite the higher taxes on land and a new income tax . The cost of the war came to £ 831 million . In contrast , the French financial system was inadequate and Napoleon 's forces had to rely in part on requisitions from conquered lands . War of the Third Coalition 1805 ( edit ) Main article : Third Coalition The British HMS Sandwich fires to the French flagship Bucentaure ( completely dismasted ) in the battle of Trafalgar . Bucentaure also fights HMS Victory ( behind her ) and HMS Temeraire ( left side of the picture ) . HMS Sandwich never fought at Trafalgar and her depiction is a mistake by the painter . Britain gathered together allies to form the Third Coalition against France . In response , Napoleon seriously considered an invasion of Great Britain , and massed 180,000 troops at Boulogne . Before he could invade , he needed to achieve naval superiority -- or at least to pull the British fleet away from the English Channel . A complex plan to distract the British by threatening their possessions in the West Indies failed when a Franco - Spanish fleet under Admiral Villeneuve turned back after an indecisive action off Cape Finisterre on 22 July 1805 . The Royal Navy blockaded Villeneuve in Cádiz until he left for Naples on 19 October ; the British squadron caught and overwhelmingly defeated the combined enemy fleet in the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October ( the British commander , Lord Nelson , died in the battle ) . Napoleon never again had the opportunity to challenge the British at sea , nor to threaten an invasion . He again turned his attention to enemies on the Continent . European strategic situation in 1805 before the War of the Third Coalition In April 1805 , Britain and Russia signed a treaty with the aim of removing the French from the Batavian Republic ( roughly present - day Netherlands ) and the Swiss Confederation . Austria joined the alliance after the annexation of Genoa and the proclamation of Napoleon as King of Italy on 17 March 1805 . Sweden , which had already agreed to lease Swedish Pomerania as a military base for British troops against France , entered the coalition on 9 August . The Austrians began the war by invading Bavaria with an army of about 70,000 under Karl Mack von Leiberich , and the French army marched out from Boulogne in late July 1805 to confront them . At Ulm ( 25 September -- 20 October ) Napoleon surrounded Mack 's army , forcing its surrender without significant losses . With the main Austrian army north of the Alps defeated ( another army under Archduke Charles manoeuvred inconclusively against André Masséna 's French army in Italy ) , Napoleon occupied Vienna . Far from his supply lines , he faced a larger Austro - Russian army under the command of Mikhail Kutuzov , with the Emperor Alexander I of Russia personally present . On 2 December , Napoleon crushed the Austro - Russian force in Moravia at Austerlitz ( usually considered his greatest victory ) . He inflicted 25,000 casualties on a numerically superior enemy army while sustaining fewer than 7,000 in his own force . Surrender of the town of Ulm , 20 October 1805 Austria signed the Treaty of Pressburg ( 26 December 1805 ) and left the coalition . The treaty required the Austrians to give up Venetia to the French - dominated Kingdom of Italy and the Tyrol to Bavaria . With the withdrawal of Austria from the war , stalemate ensued . Napoleon 's army had a record of continuous unbroken victories on land , but the full force of the Russian army had not yet come into play . Napoleon had now consolidated his hold on France , had taken control of Belgium , the Netherlands , Switzerland , and most of Western Germany and northern Italy . His admirers say that Napoleon wanted to stop now , but was forced to continue in order to gain greater security from the countries that refused to accept his conquests . Esdaille rejects that explanation and instead says that it was a good time to stop expansion , for the major powers were ready to accept Napoleon as he was : in 1806 both Russia and Britain had been positively eager to make peace , and they might well have agreed to terms that would have left the Napoleonic imperium almost completely intact . As for Austria and Prussia , they simply wanted to be left alone . To have secured a compromise peace , then , would have been comparatively easy . But ... Napoleon was prepared to make no concessions . War of the Fourth Coalition 1806 -- 1807 ( edit ) Main article : War of the Fourth Coalition Napoleon in Berlin ( Meynier ) . After defeating Prussian forces at Jena , the French Army entered Berlin on 27 October 1806 . Within months of the collapse of the Third Coalition , the Fourth Coalition ( 1806 -- 07 ) against France was formed by Britain , Prussia , Russia , Saxony , and Sweden . In July 1806 , Napoleon formed the Confederation of the Rhine out of the many tiny German states which constituted the Rhineland and most other western parts of Germany . He amalgamated many of the smaller states into larger electorates , duchies , and kingdoms to make the governance of non-Prussian Germany smoother . Napoleon elevated the rulers of the two largest Confederation states , Saxony and Bavaria , to the status of kings . In August 1806 , the Prussian king , Frederick William III , decided to go to war independently of any other great power . The army of Russia , a Prussian ally , in particular was too far away to assist . On 8 October 1806 , Napoleon unleashed all the French forces east of the Rhine into Prussia . Napoleon defeated a Prussian army at Jena ( 14 October 1806 ) , and Davout defeated another at Auerstädt on the same day . 160,000 French soldiers ( increasing in number as the campaign went on ) attacked Prussia , moving with such speed that they destroyed the entire Prussian army as an effective military force . Out of 250,000 troops the Prussians sustained 25,000 casualties , lost a further 150,000 as prisoners , 4,000 artillery pieces , and over 100,000 muskets . At Jena , Napoleon had fought only a detachment of the Prussian force . The battle at Auerstädt involved a single French corps defeating the bulk of the Prussian army . Napoleon entered Berlin on 27 October 1806 . He visited the tomb of Frederick the Great and instructed his marshals to remove their hats there , saying , `` If he were alive we would n't be here today '' . Napoleon had taken only 19 days from beginning his attack on Prussia to knock it out of the war with the capture of Berlin and the destruction of its principal armies at Jena and Auerstädt . Saxony left Prussia , and together with small states from north Germany , allied with France . Charge of the Russian Imperial Guard cavalry against French cuirassiers at the Battle of Friedland , 14 June 1807 In the next stage of the war , the French drove Russian forces out of Poland and employed many Polish and German soldiers in several sieges in Silesia and Pomerania , with the assistance of Dutch and Italian soldiers in the latter case . Napoleon then turned north to confront the remainder of the Russian army and to try to capture the temporary Prussian capital at Königsberg . A tactical draw at Eylau ( 7 -- 8 February 1807 ) , followed by capitulation at Danzig ( 24 May 1807 ) and the Battle of Heilsberg ( 10 June 1807 ) , forced the Russians to withdraw further north . Napoleon decisively beat the Russian army at Friedland ( 14 June 1807 ) , following which Alexander had to make peace with Napoleon at Tilsit ( 7 July 1807 ) . In Germany and Poland , new Napoleonic client states , such as the Kingdom of Westphalia , Duchy of Warsaw , and Republic of Danzig , were established . By September , Marshal Guillaume Brune completed the occupation of Swedish Pomerania , allowing the Swedish army to withdraw with all its munitions of war . Scandinavia and Finland ( edit ) Main articles : Gunboat War , Finnish War , and Dano - Swedish War of 1808 - 09 Britain 's first response to Napoleon 's Continental System was to launch a major naval attack against Denmark . Although ostensibly neutral , Denmark was under heavy French and Russian pressure to pledge its fleet to Napoleon . London could not take the chance of ignoring the Danish threat . In August 1807 , the Royal Navy besieged and bombarded Copenhagen , leading to the capture of the Dano - Norwegian fleet , and assuring use of the sea lanes in the North and Baltic seas for the British merchant fleet . Denmark joined the war on the side of France , but without a fleet it had little to offer , beginning an engagement in a naval guerrilla war in which small gunboats attacking larger British ships in Danish and Norwegian waters . Denmark also committed themselves to participate in a war against Sweden together with France and Russia . At Tilsit , Napoleon and Alexander had agreed that Russia should force Sweden to join the Continental System , which led to a Russian invasion of Finland in February 1808 , followed by a Danish declaration of war in March . Napoleon also sent an auxiliary corps , consisting of troops from France , Spain and the Netherlands , led by Marshal Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte , to Denmark to participate in the invasion of Sweden . But British naval superiority prevented the armies from crossing the Øresund strait , and the war came mainly to be fought along the Swedish - Norwegian border . At the Congress of Erfurt ( September -- October 1808 ) , France and Russia further agreed on the division of Sweden into two parts separated by the Gulf of Bothnia , where the eastern part became the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland . The war between Denmark and Britain effectively ended with a British victory at the battle of Lyngør in 1812 , involving the destruction of the last large Dano - Norwegian ship -- the frigate Najaden . Polish cavalry at the Battle of Somosierra in Spain , 1808 Poland ( edit ) Main article : Duchy of Warsaw In 1807 Napoleon created a powerful outpost of his empire in Central Europe . Poland had recently been partitioned by its three large neighbours , but Napoleon created the Grand Duchy of Warsaw , which depended on France from the very beginning . The duchy consisted of lands seized by Austria and Prussia ; its Grand Duke was Napoleon 's ally the king of Saxony , but Napoleon appointed the intendants who ran the country . The population of 4.3 million was released from occupation and by 1814 sent about 200,000 men to Napoleon 's armies . That included about 90,000 who marched with him to Moscow ; few marched back . The Russians strongly opposed any move towards an independent Poland and one reason Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812 was to punish them . The Grand Duchy was dissolved in 1815 and Poland did not become a state until 1918 . Napoleon 's impact on Poland was huge , including the Napoleonic legal code , the abolition of serfdom , and the introduction of modern middle class bureaucracies . War of the Fifth Coalition 1809 ( edit ) Main articles : War of the Fifth Coalition and Peninsular War Surrender of Madrid ( Gros ) , 1808 . Napoleon enters Spain 's capital during the Peninsular War . The Fifth Coalition ( 1809 ) of Britain and Austria against France formed as Britain engaged in the Peninsular War in Spain and Portugal . The sea became a major theatre of war against Napoleon 's allies . During the time of the Fifth Coalition , the Royal Navy won a succession of victories in the French colonies . On land the major battles included Battle of Raszyn , Battle of Aspern - Essling , and Battle of Wagram . On land , the Fifth Coalition attempted few extensive military endeavours . One , the Walcheren Expedition of 1809 , involved a dual effort by the British Army and the Royal Navy to relieve Austrian forces under intense French pressure . It ended in disaster after the Army commander , John Pitt , 2nd Earl of Chatham , failed to capture the objective , the naval base of French - controlled Antwerp . For the most part of the years of the Fifth Coalition , British military operations on land ( apart from the Iberian Peninsula ) remained restricted to hit - and - run operations executed by the Royal Navy , which dominated the sea after having beaten down almost all substantial naval opposition from France and its allies and blockading what remained of France 's naval forces in heavily fortified French - controlled ports . These rapid - attack operations were aimed mostly at destroying blockaded French naval and mercantile shipping and the disruption of French supplies , communications , and military units stationed near the coasts . Often , when British allies attempted military actions within several dozen miles or so of the sea , the Royal Navy would arrive , land troops and supplies , and aid the coalition 's land forces in a concerted operation . Royal Navy ships even provided artillery support against French units when fighting strayed near enough to the coastline . The ability and quality of the land forces governed these operations . For example , when operating with inexperienced guerrilla forces in Spain , the Royal Navy sometimes failed to achieve its objectives because of the lack of manpower that the Navy 's guerrilla allies had promised to supply . The European strategic situation in February 1809 Economic warfare continued : the French Continental System against the British naval blockade of French - controlled territory . Due to military shortages and lack of organisation in French territory , many breaches of the Continental System occurred as French - dominated states tolerated or even encouraged trade with British smugglers . In terms of economic damage to Great Britain , the blockade was largely ineffective . As Napoleon realised that extensive trade was going through Spain and Russia , he invaded those two countries . He tied down his forces in Spain , and lost very badly in Russia in 1812 . Both sides entered further conflicts in attempts to enforce their blockade ; the British fought the United States in the War of 1812 ( 1812 -- 15 ) , and the French engaged in the Peninsular War ( 1808 -- 14 ) to prevent smuggling into Spain . The Iberian conflict began when Portugal continued trade with Britain despite French restrictions . When Spain failed to maintain the Continental System , the uneasy Spanish alliance with France ended in all but name . French troops gradually encroached on Spanish territory until they occupied Madrid , and installed a client monarchy . This provoked an explosion of popular rebellions across Spain . Heavy British involvement soon followed . Austria , previously an ally of France , took the opportunity to attempt to restore its imperial territories in Germany as held prior to Austerlitz . Austria achieved some initial victories against the thinly spread army of Marshal Berthier . Napoleon had left Berthier with only 170,000 men to defend France 's entire eastern frontier ( in the 1790s , 800,000 men had carried out the same task , but holding a much shorter front ) . After defeats in Spain suffered by France , Napoleon took charge and enjoyed success , retaking Madrid , defeating the Spanish and forcing a withdrawal of the heavily out - numbered British army from the Iberian Peninsula ( Battle of Corunna , 16 January 1809 ) . But when he left , the guerrilla war against his forces in the countryside continued to tie down great numbers of troops . Austria 's attack prevented Napoleon from successfully wrapping up operations against British forces by necessitating his departure for Austria , and he never returned to the Peninsular theatre . The British then sent in a fresh army under Sir Arthur Wellesley ( later the Duke of Wellington ) whom the French could not stop . The Peninsular war proved a major disaster for France . Napoleon did well in when he was in direct charge , but that followed severe losses , and was followed by worse losses . He severely underestimated how much manpower would be needed . Spain proved to be a major , long - term drain on money , manpower and prestige . Historian David Gates called it the `` Spanish ulcer . '' France lost the Peninsular War ; Napoleon realised it had been a disaster for his cause , writing later , `` That unfortunate war destroyed me ... All the circumstances of my disasters are bound up in that fatal knot . '' The Austrians drove into the Duchy of Warsaw , but suffered defeat at the Battle of Raszyn on 19 April 1809 . The Polish army captured West Galicia following its earlier success . The French Empire in Europe in 1812 , near its peak extent Napoleon assumed personal command in the east and bolstered the army there for his counter-attack on Austria . After a few small battles , the well - run campaign forced the Austrians to withdraw from Bavaria , and Napoleon advanced into Austria . His hurried attempt to cross the Danube resulted in the major Battle of Aspern - Essling ( 22 May 1809 ) -- Napoleon 's first significant tactical defeat . But the Austrian commander , Archduke Charles , failed to follow up on his indecisive victory , allowing Napoleon to prepare and seize Vienna in early July . He defeated the Austrians at Wagram , on 5 -- 6 July . ( It was during the middle of that battle that Marshal Bernadotte was stripped of his command after retreating contrary to Napoleon 's orders . Shortly thereafter , Bernadotte took up the offer from Sweden to fill the vacant position of Crown Prince there . Later he actively participated in wars against his former Emperor . ) The War of the Fifth Coalition ended with the Treaty of Schönbrunn ( 14 October 1809 ) . In the east , only the Tyrolese rebels led by Andreas Hofer continued to fight the French - Bavarian army until finally defeated in November 1809 ; in the west the Peninsular War continued . In 1810 , the French Empire reached its greatest extent . On the continent , the British and Portuguese remained restricted to the area around Lisbon ( behind their impregnable lines of Torres Vedras ) and to besieged Cadiz . Napoleon married Marie - Louise , an Austrian Archduchess , with the aim of ensuring a more stable alliance with Austria and of providing the Emperor with an heir ( something his first wife , Josephine , had failed to do ) . As well as the French Empire , Napoleon controlled the Swiss Confederation , the Confederation of the Rhine , the Duchy of Warsaw and the Kingdom of Italy . Territories allied with the French included : the Kingdom of Denmark the Kingdom of Spain ( under Joseph Bonaparte , Napoleon 's elder brother ) the Kingdom of Westphalia ( Jérôme Bonaparte , Napoleon 's younger brother ) the Kingdom of Naples ( under Joachim Murat , husband of Napoleon 's sister Caroline ) the Principality of Lucca and Piombino ( under Elisa Bonaparte ( Napoleon 's sister ) and her husband Felice Baciocchi ) ; and Napoleon 's former enemies , Sweden , Prussia and Austria . Subsidiary Wars ( edit ) The Napoleonic Wars were the direct cause of wars in the Americas and elsewhere . War of 1812 ( edit ) Main article : War of 1812 Coinciding with the War of the Sixth Coalition was the War of 1812 . Historians in the United States and Canada see it as a war in its own right , while Europeans often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars . The United States declared war on Britain because of British interference with American merchant ships and forced enlistment into the British Royal Navy . France had interfered too ( and at one point the US considered declaring war on France . ) The war ended in a military stalemate and there were no boundary changes at the Treaty of Ghent which took effect in early 1815 , when Napoleon was on Elba . The Latin American revolutions ( edit ) Main article : Spanish American wars of independence The abdication of kings Carlos IV and Fernando VII of Spain and the installation of Napoleon 's brother as King José provoked civil wars and revolutions leading to the independence of most of Spain 's mainland American colonies . In Spanish America many local elites formed juntas and set up mechanisms to rule in the name of Ferdinand VII , whom they considered the legitimate Spanish monarch . The outbreak of the Spanish American wars of independence in most of the empire was a result of Napoleon 's destabilizing actions in Spain and led to the rise of strongmen in the wake of these wars . In contrast , the Portuguese royal family escaped to Brazil and established the court there , resulting in political stability for Portuguese America . With the defeat of Napoleon and the return of the Braganza monarchy to Portugal , the heir remained in Brazil and declared Brazilian independence , achieving it peacefully with the territory intact . The invasion of Russia 1812 ( edit ) Main article : Napoleon 's invasion of Russia The Battle of Borodino as depicted by Louis Lejeune . The battle was the largest and bloodiest single - day action of the Napoleonic Wars . The Treaty of Tilsit in 1807 resulted in the Anglo - Russian War ( 1807 -- 12 ) . Emperor Alexander I declared war on Britain after the British attack on Denmark in September 1807 . British men - of - war supported the Swedish fleet during the Finnish War and won victories over the Russians in the Gulf of Finland in July 1808 and August 1809 . The success of the Russian army on the land forced Sweden to sign peace treaties with Russia in 1809 and with France in 1810 and to join the blockade against Britain . But Franco - Russian relations became progressively worse after 1810 , and the Russian war with Britain effectively ended . In April 1812 , Britain , Russia and Sweden signed secret agreements directed against Napoleon . The central issue for both Napoleon and Tsar Alexander I was control over Poland . Each wanted a semi-independent Poland he could control . As Esdaile notes , `` Implicit in the idea of a Russian Poland was , of course , a war against Napoleon . '' Schroeder says Poland was `` the root cause '' of Napoleon 's war with Russia but Russia 's refusal to support the Continental System was also a factor . In 1812 , at the height of his power , Napoleon invaded Russia with a pan-European Grande Armée , consisting of 650,000 men ( 270,000 Frenchmen and many soldiers of allies or subject areas ) . The French forces crossed the Niemen River on 24 June 1812 . Russia proclaimed a Patriotic War , and Napoleon proclaimed a Second Polish war . The Poles supplied almost 100,000 men for the invasion force , but against their expectations , Napoleon avoided any concessions to Poland , having in mind further negotiations with Russia . The Grande Armée marched through Russia , winning some relatively minor engagements and the major Battle of Smolensk on 16 -- 18 August . In the same days , part of the French Army led by Marshal Nicolas Oudinot was stopped in the Battle of Polotsk by the right wing of the Russian Army , under command of General Peter Wittgenstein . This prevented the French march on the Russian capital , Saint Petersburg ; the fate of the invasion was decided in Moscow , where Napoleon led his forces in person . Napoleon 's withdrawal from Russia , a painting by Adolph Northen Russia used scorched - earth tactics , and harried the Grande Armée with light Cossack cavalry . The Grande Armée did not adjust its operational methods in response . This led to most of the losses of the main column of the Grande Armée , which in one case amounted to 95,000 men , including deserters , in a week . The main Russian army retreated for almost three months . This constant retreat led to the unpopularity of Field Marshal Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly and a veteran , Prince Mikhail Kutuzov , was made the new Commander - in - Chief by Tsar Alexander I. Finally , the two armies engaged in the Battle of Borodino on 7 September , in the vicinity of Moscow . The battle was the largest and bloodiest single - day action of the Napoleonic Wars , involving more than 250,000 men and resulting in at least 70,000 casualties . It was indecisive ; the French captured the main positions on the battlefield , but failed to destroy the Russian army . Logistical difficulties meant that French casualties could not be replaced , unlike Russian ones . Napoleon entered Moscow on 14 September , after the Russian Army had retreated yet again . By then , the Russians had largely evacuated the city and released criminals from the prisons to inconvenience the French ; the governor , Count Fyodor Rostopchin , ordered the city to be burnt . Alexander I refused to capitulate , and the peace talks attempted by Napoleon failed . In October , with no sign of clear victory in sight , Napoleon began the disastrous Great Retreat from Moscow . Charles Joseph Minard 's graph of the decreasing size of the Grande Armée represented by the width of the line as it marches to Moscow ( tan ) and back ( black ) At the Battle of Maloyaroslavets the French tried to reach Kaluga , where they could find food and forage supplies . The replenished Russian Army blocked the road , and Napoleon was forced to retreat the same way he had come to Moscow , through the heavily ravaged areas along the Smolensk road . In the following weeks , the Grande Armée was dealt a catastrophic blow by the onset of the Russian Winter , the lack of supplies and constant guerrilla warfare by Russian peasants and irregular troops . When the remnants of the Napoleon 's army crossed the Berezina River in November , only 27,000 fit soldiers survived , with 380,000 men dead or missing and 100,000 captured . Napoleon then left his men and returned to Paris to prepare the defence against the advancing Russians . The campaign effectively ended on 14 December 1812 , when the last enemy troops left Russia . The Russians had lost around 210,000 men , but with their shorter supply lines , they soon replenished their armies . War of the Sixth Coalition 1812 -- 1814 ( edit ) Main article : Sixth Coalition Seeing an opportunity in Napoleon 's historic defeat , Prussia , Sweden , Austria , and several German states re-entered the war . Napoleon vowed that he would create a new army as large as the one he had sent into Russia , and quickly built up his forces in the east from 30,000 to 130,000 and eventually to 400,000 . Napoleon inflicted 40,000 casualties on the Allies at Lützen ( 2 May 1813 ) and Bautzen ( 20 -- 21 May 1813 ) . Both battles involved forces of over 250,000 , making them some of the largest conflicts of the wars so far . Metternich in November 1813 offered Napoleon the Frankfurt proposals . They would allow Napoleon to remain Emperor but France would be reduced to its `` natural frontiers '' and lose control of most of Italy and Germany and the Netherlands . Napoleon still expected to win the wars , and rejected the terms . By 1814 , as the Allies were closing in on Paris , Napoleon did agree to the Frankfurt proposals , but it was too late and he rejected the new harsher terms proposed by the Allies . The Battle of Leipzig involved over 600,000 soldiers , making it the largest battle in Europe prior to World War I . In the Peninsular War , Arthur Wellesley , 1st Duke of Wellington , renewed the Anglo - Portuguese advance into Spain just after New Year in 1812 , besieging and capturing the fortified towns of Ciudad Rodrigo , Badajoz , and in the Battle of Salamanca ( which was a damaging defeat of the French ) . As the French regrouped , the Anglo -- Portuguese entered Madrid and advanced towards Burgos , before retreating all the way to Portugal when renewed French concentrations threatened to trap them . As a consequence of the Salamanca campaign , the French were forced to end their long siege of Cadiz and to permanently evacuate the provinces of Andalusia and Asturias . In a strategic move , Wellesley planned to move his supply base from Lisbon to Santander . The Anglo -- Portuguese forces swept northwards in late May and seized Burgos . On 21 June , at Vitoria , the combined Anglo - Portuguese and Spanish armies won against Joseph Bonaparte , finally breaking French power in Spain . The French had to retreat out of the Iberian peninsula , over the Pyrenees . The belligerents declared an armistice from 4 June 1813 ( continuing until 13 August ) during which time both sides attempted to recover from the loss of approximately a quarter of a million men in the preceding two months . During this time coalition negotiations finally brought Austria out in open opposition to France . Two principal Austrian armies took the field , adding 300,000 men to the coalition armies in Germany . The Allies now had around 800,000 front - line soldiers in the German theatre , with a strategic reserve of 350,000 formed to support the front - line operations . The Battle of Hanau ( 30 -- 31 October 1813 ) , took part between Austro - Bavarian and French forces . Napoleon succeeded in bringing the imperial forces in the region to around 650,000 -- although only 250,000 came under his direct command , with another 120,000 under Nicolas Charles Oudinot and 30,000 under Davout . The remainder of imperial forces came mostly from the Confederation of the Rhine , especially Saxony and Bavaria . In addition , to the south , Murat 's Kingdom of Naples and Eugène de Beauharnais 's Kingdom of Italy had 100,000 armed men . In Spain , another 150,000 to 200,000 French troops steadily retreated before Anglo -- Portuguese forces numbering around 100,000 . Thus around 900,000 Frenchmen in all theatres faced around 1,800,000 coalition soldiers ( including the strategic reserve under formation in Germany ) . The gross figures may mislead slightly , as most of the German troops fighting on the side of the French fought at best unreliably and stood on the verge of defecting to the Allies . One can reasonably say that Napoleon could count on no more than 450,000 men in Germany -- which left him outnumbered about four to one . Following the end of the armistice , Napoleon seemed to have regained the initiative at Dresden ( August 1813 ) , where he once again defeated a numerically superior coalition army and inflicted enormous casualties , while sustaining relatively few . The failures of his marshals and a slow resumption of the offensive on his part cost him any advantage that this victory might have secured . At the Battle of Leipzig in Saxony ( 16 -- 19 October 1813 ) , also called the `` Battle of the Nations '' , 191,000 French fought more than 300,000 Allies , and the defeated French had to retreat into France . After the French withdrawal from Germany , Napoleon 's remaining ally , Denmark - Norway , became isolated and fell to the coalition . The Russian army enters Paris in 1814 Napoleon then fought a series of battles in France , including the Battle of Arcis - sur - Aube , but the overwhelming numbers of the Allies steadily forced him back . The Allies entered Paris on 30 March 1814 . During this time Napoleon fought his Six Days ' Campaign , in which he won multiple battles against the enemy forces advancing towards Paris . During this entire campaign he never managed to field more than 70,000 men against more than half a million coalition soldiers . At the Treaty of Chaumont ( 9 March 1814 ) , the Allies agreed to preserve the coalition until Napoleon 's total defeat . Napoleon determined to fight on , even now , incapable of fathoming his fall from power . During the campaign he had issued a decree for 900,000 fresh conscripts , but only a fraction of these materialised , and Napoleon 's schemes for victory eventually gave way to the reality of his hopeless situation . Napoleon abdicated on 6 April . Occasional military actions continued in Italy , Spain , and Holland in early 1814 . The victors exiled Napoleon to the island of Elba , and restored the French Bourbon monarchy in the person of Louis XVIII . They signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau ( 11 April 1814 ) and initiated the Congress of Vienna to redraw the map of Europe . War of the Seventh Coalition 1815 ( edit ) See also : Hundred Days and the Neapolitan War between the Kingdom of Naples and the Austrian Empire . Wellington at Waterloo by Robert Alexander Hillingford The Seventh Coalition ( 1815 ) pitted Britain , Russia , Prussia , Sweden , Switzerland , Austria , the Netherlands and several German states against France . The period known as the Hundred Days began after Napoleon escaped from Elba and landed at Cannes ( 1 March 1815 ) . Travelling to Paris , picking up support as he went , he eventually overthrew the restored Louis XVIII . The Allies rapidly gathered their armies to meet him again . Napoleon raised 280,000 men , whom he distributed among several armies . To add to the 90,000 - strong standing army , he recalled well over a quarter of a million veterans from past campaigns and issued a decree for the eventual draft of around 2.5 million new men into the French army , which was never achieved . This faced an initial coalition force of about 700,000 -- although coalition campaign plans provided for one million front - line soldiers , supported by around 200,000 garrison , logistics and other auxiliary personnel . Napoleon took about 124,000 men of the Army of the North on a pre-emptive strike against the Allies in Belgium . He intended to attack the coalition armies before they combined , in hope of driving the British into the sea and the Prussians out of the war . His march to the frontier achieved the surprise he had planned , catching the Anglo - Dutch Army in a dispersed arrangement . The Prussians had been more wary , concentrating ⁄ of their army in and around Ligny . The Prussians forced the Armée du Nord to fight all the day of the 15th to reach Ligny in a delaying action by the Prussian 1st Corps . He forced Prussia to fight at Ligny on 16 June 1815 , and the defeated Prussians retreated in disorder . On the same day , the left wing of the Armée du Nord , under the command of Marshal Michel Ney , succeeded in stopping any of Wellington 's forces going to aid Blücher 's Prussians by fighting a blocking action at Quatre Bras . Ney failed to clear the cross-roads and Wellington reinforced the position . But with the Prussian retreat , Wellington too had to retreat . He fell back to a previously reconnoitred position on an escarpment at Mont St Jean , a few miles south of the village of Waterloo . Map of the Waterloo campaign Napoleon took the reserve of the Army of the North , and reunited his forces with those of Ney to pursue Wellington 's army , after he ordered Marshal Grouchy to take the right wing of the Army of the North and stop the Prussians re-grouping . In the first of a series of miscalculations , both Grouchy and Napoleon failed to realise that the Prussian forces were already reorganised and were assembling at the village of Wavre . The French army did nothing to stop a rather leisurely retreat that took place throughout the night and into the early morning by the Prussians . As the 4th , 1st , and 2nd Prussian Corps marched through the town towards Waterloo the 3rd Prussian Corps took up blocking positions across the river , and although Grouchy engaged and defeated the Prussian rearguard under the command of Lt - Gen von Thielmann in the Battle of Wavre ( 18 -- 19 June ) it was 12 hours too late . In the end , 17,000 Prussians had kept 33,000 badly needed French reinforcements off the field . Napoleon delayed the start of fighting at the Battle of Waterloo on the morning of 18 June for several hours while he waited for the ground to dry after the previous night 's rain . By late afternoon , the French army had not succeeded in driving Wellington 's forces from the escarpment on which they stood . When the Prussians arrived and attacked the French right flank in ever - increasing numbers , Napoleon 's strategy of keeping the coalition armies divided had failed and a combined coalition general advance drove his army from the field in confusion . Grouchy organised a successful and well - ordered retreat towards Paris , where Marshal Davout had 117,000 men ready to turn back the 116,000 men of Blücher and Wellington . Davout was defeated at the Battle of Issy and negotiations for surrender had begun . On arriving at Paris three days after Waterloo , Napoleon still clung to the hope of a concerted national resistance ; but the temper of the legislative chambers , and of the public generally , did not favour his view . Lacking support Napoleon abdicated again on 22 June 1815 and on 15 July , surrendered to the British squadron at Rochefort . The Allies exiled him to the remote South Atlantic island of Saint Helena , where he died on 5 May 1821 . In Italy , Joachim Murat , whom the Allies had allowed to remain King of Naples after Napoleon 's initial defeat , once again allied with his brother - in - law , triggering the Neapolitan War ( March to May 1815 ) . Hoping to find support among Italian nationalists fearing the increasing influence of the Habsburgs in Italy , Murat issued the Rimini Proclamation inciting them to war . The proclamation failed and the Austrians soon crushed Murat at the Battle of Tolentino ( 2 May to 3 May 1815 ) , forcing him to flee . The Bourbons returned to the throne of Naples on 20 May 1815 . Murat tried to regain his throne , but after that failed , he was executed by firing squad on 13 October 1815 . Political effects ( edit ) The national boundaries within Europe are set by the Congress of Vienna , 1815 The Napoleonic Wars brought radical changes to Europe , but the reactionary forces returned to power and tried to reverse some of them by restoring the Bourbon house on the French throne . Napoleon had succeeded in bringing most of Western Europe under one rule . In most European countries , subjugation in the French Empire brought with it many liberal features of the French Revolution including democracy , due process in courts , abolition of serfdom , reduction of the power of the Catholic Church , and a demand for constitutional limits on monarchs . The increasing voice of the middle classes with rising commerce and industry meant that restored European monarchs found it difficult to restore pre-revolutionary absolutism , and had to retain many of the reforms enacted during Napoleon 's rule . Institutional legacies remain to this day in the form of civil law , with clearly defined codes of law -- an enduring legacy of the Napoleonic Code . France 's constant warfare with the combined forces of the other major powers of Europe for over two decades finally took its toll . By the end of the Napoleonic Wars , France no longer held the role of the dominant power in Continental Europe , as it had since the times of Louis XIV , as the Congress of Vienna produced a `` balance of power '' by resizing the main powers so they could balance each other and remain at peace . In this regard , Prussia was restored in its former borders , and also received large chunks of Poland and Saxony . Greatly enlarged , Prussia became a permanent Great Power . In order to drag Prussia 's attention towards the west and France , the Congress also gave the Rhineland and Westphalia to Prussia . These industrial regions transformed agrarian Prussia into an industrial leader in the nineteenth century . Britain emerged as the most important economic power , and its Royal Navy held unquestioned naval superiority across the globe well into the 20th century . After the Napoleonic period , nationalism , a relatively new movement , became increasingly significant . This shaped much of the course of future European history . Its growth spelled the beginning of some states and the end of others , as the map of Europe changed dramatically in the hundred years following the Napoleonic Era . Rule by fiefdoms and aristocracy was widely replaced by national ideologies based on shared origins and culture . Bonaparte 's reign over Europe sowed the seeds for the founding of the nation - states of Germany and Italy by starting the process of consolidating city - states , kingdoms and principalities . At the end of the war Denmark was forced to cede Norway to Sweden , but because Norway had signed its own constitution on 17 May 1814 , Sweden was forced to fight for the right to own Norway . The resulting union between Sweden and Norway gave Norway more independence than under Denmark and ended with Norway becoming an independent country in 1905 . The United Kingdom of the Netherlands created as a buffer state against France dissolved rapidly with the independence of Belgium in 1830 . The Napoleonic wars also played a key role in the independence of the Latin American colonies from Spain and Portugal . The conflict weakened the authority and military power of Spain , especially after the Battle of Trafalgar . There were many uprisings in Spanish America , leading to the wars of independence . In Portuguese America , Brazil experienced greater autonomy as it now served as seat of the Portuguese Empire and ascended politically to the status of Kingdom . These events also contributed to the Portuguese Liberal Revolution in 1820 and the Independence of Brazil in 1822 . The century of relative transatlantic peace , after the Congress of Vienna , enabled the `` greatest intercontinental migration in human history '' beginning with `` a big spurt of immigration after the release of the dam erected by the Napoleonic Wars . '' Immigration inflows relative to the US population rose to record levels ( peaking at 1.6 % in 1850 - 51 ) as 30 million Europeans relocated to the United States between 1815 and 1914 . Another concept emerged from the Congress of Vienna -- that of a unified Europe . After his defeat , Napoleon deplored the fact that his dream of a free and peaceful `` European association '' remained unaccomplished . Such a European association would share the same principles of government , system of measurement , currency and Civil Code . One - and - a-half centuries later , and after two world wars several of these ideals re-emerged in the form of the European Union . Military legacy ( edit ) In 1800 Bonaparte took the French Army across the Alps , eventually defeating the Austrians at Marengo . Enlarged scope ( edit ) Until the time of Napoleon , European states employed relatively small armies , made up of both national soldiers and mercenaries . These regulars were highly drilled professional soldiers . Ancien Régime armies could only deploy small field armies due to rudimentary staffs and comprehensive yet cumbersome logistics . Both issues combined to limit field forces to approximately 30,000 men under a single commander . Military innovators in the mid-18th century began to recognise the potential of an entire nation at war : a `` nation in arms '' . The scale of warfare dramatically enlarged during the Revolutionary and subsequent Napoleonic Wars . During Europe 's major pre-revolutionary war , the Seven Years ' War of 1756 -- 1763 , few armies ever numbered more than 200,000 with field forces often numbering less than 30,000 . The French innovations of separate corps ( allowing a single commander to efficiently command more than the traditional command span of 30,000 men ) and living off the land ( which allowed field armies to deploy more men without requiring an equal increase in supply arrangements such as depots and supply trains ) allowed the French republic to field much larger armies than their opponents . Napoleon ensured during the time of the French republic that separate French field armies operated as a single army under his control , often allowing him to substantially outnumber his opponents . This forced his continental opponents to increase the size of their armies as well , moving away from the traditional small , well drilled Ancien Régime armies of the 18th century to mass conscript armies . Napoleon on the field of Eylau The Battle of Marengo , which largely ended the War of the Second Coalition , was fought with fewer than 60,000 men on both sides . The Battle of Austerlitz which ended the War of the Third Coalition involved fewer than 160,000 men . The Battle of Friedland which led to peace with Russia in 1807 involved about 150,000 men . After these defeats , the continental powers developed various forms of mass conscription to allow them to face France on even terms , and the size of field armies increased rapidly . The battle of Wagram of 1809 involved 300,000 men , and 500,000 fought at Leipzig in 1813 , of whom 150,000 were killed or wounded . About a million French soldiers became casualties ( wounded , invalided or killed ) , a higher proportion than in the First World War . The European total may have reached 5,000,000 military deaths , including disease . France had the second - largest population in Europe by the end of the 18th century ( 27 million , as compared to Britain 's 12 million and Russia 's 35 to 40 million ) . It was well poised to take advantage of the levée en masse . Before Napoleon 's efforts , Lazare Carnot played a large part in the reorganisation of the French army from 1793 to 1794 -- a time which saw previous French misfortunes reversed , with Republican armies advancing on all fronts . Napoleon 's retreat from Russia in 1812 . His Grande Armée had lost about half a million men . The French army peaked in size in the 1790s with 1.5 million Frenchmen enlisted although battlefield strength was much less . Haphazard bookkeeping , rudimentary medical support and lax recruitment standards ensured that many soldiers either never existed , fell ill or were unable to withstand the physical demands of soldiering . About 2.8 million Frenchmen fought on land and about 150,000 at sea , bringing the total for France to almost 3 million combatants during almost 25 years of warfare . The Battle of Trafalgar Britain had 750,000 men under arms between 1792 and 1815 as its army expanded from 40,000 men in 1793 to a peak of 250,000 men in 1813 . Over 250,000 sailors served in the Royal Navy . In September 1812 , Russia had 900,000 enlisted men in its land forces , and between 1799 and 1815 2.1 million men served in its army . Another 200,000 served in the Russian Navy . Out of the 900,000 men , the field armies deployed against France numbered less than 250,000 . There are no consistent statistics for other major combatants . Austria 's forces peaked at about 576,000 ( during the War of the Sixth Coalition ) and had little or no naval component yet never fielded more than 250,000 men in field armies . After Britain , Austria proved the most persistent enemy of France ; more than a million Austrians served during the long wars . Its large army was overall quite homogeneous and solid and in 1813 operated in Germany ( 140,000 men ) , Italy and the Balkans ( 90,000 men at its peak , about 50,000 men during most of the campaigning on these fronts ) . Austria 's manpower was becoming quite limited towards the end of the wars , leading its generals to favour cautious and conservative strategies , to limit their losses . French soldiers in skirmish with Bashkirs and Cossacks in 1813 Prussia never had more than 320,000 men under arms at any time . In 1813 - 1815 , the core of its army ( about 100,000 men ) was characterised by competence and determination , but the bulk of its forces consisted of second - and third - line troops , as well as militiamen of variable strength . Many of these troops performed reasonably well and often displayed considerable bravery but lacked the professionalism of their regular counterparts and were not as well equipped . Others were largely unfit for operations , except sieges . During the 1813 campaign , 130,000 men were used in the military operations , with 100,000 effectively participating in the main German campaign , and about 30,000 being used to besiege isolated French garrisons . Spain 's armies also peaked at around 200,000 men , not including more than 50,000 guerrillas scattered over Spain . In addition the Maratha Confederation , the Ottoman Empire , Italy , Naples and the Duchy of Warsaw each had more than 100,000 men under arms . Even small nations now had armies rivalling the size of the Great Powers ' forces of past wars but most of these were poor quality forces only suitable for garrison duties . The size of their combat forces remained modest yet they could still provide a welcome addition to the major powers . The percentage of French troops in the Grande Armee which Napoleon led into Russia was about 50 % while the French allies also provided a significant contribution to the French forces in Spain . As these small nations joined the coalition forces in 1813 - 1814 , they provided a useful addition to the coalition while depriving Napoleon of much needed manpower . Innovations ( edit ) The initial stages of the Industrial Revolution had much to do with larger military forces -- it became easy to mass - produce weapons and thus to equip larger forces . Britain was the largest single manufacturer of armaments in this period . It supplied most of the weapons used by the coalition powers throughout the conflicts . France produced the second - largest total of armaments , equipping its own huge forces as well as those of the Confederation of the Rhine and other allies . Napoleon showed innovative tendencies in his use of mobility to offset numerical disadvantages , as demonstrated in the rout of the Austro - Russian forces in 1805 in the Battle of Austerlitz . The French Army redefined the role of artillery , forming independent , mobile units , as opposed to the previous tradition of attaching artillery pieces in support of troops . The semaphore system had allowed the French War - Minister , Carnot , to communicate with French forces on the frontiers throughout the 1790s . The French continued to use this system throughout the Napoleonic wars . Aerial surveillance was used for the first time when the French used a hot - air balloon to survey coalition positions before the Battle of Fleurus , on 26 June 1794 . Total war ( edit ) Main article : Total war The Second of May 1808 was the beginning of the popular Spanish resistance against Napoleon . Historians have explored how the Napoleonic wars became total wars . Most historians argue that the escalation in size and scope came from two sources . First was the ideological clash between revolutionary / egalitarian and conservative / hierarchical belief systems . Second was the emerging nationalism in France , Germany , Spain , and elsewhere that made these `` people 's wars '' instead of contests between monarchs . Bell has argued that even more important than ideology and nationalism were the intellectual transformations in the culture of war that came about through the Enlightenment . One factor , he says , is that war was no longer a routine event but a transforming experience for societies -- a total experience . Secondly the military emerged in its own right as a separate sphere of society distinct from the ordinary civilian world . The French Revolution made every civilian a part of the war machine , either as a soldier through universal conscription , or as a vital cog in the home front machinery supporting and supplying the army . Out of that , says Bell , came `` militarism , '' the belief that the military role was morally superior to the civilian role in times of great national crisis . The fighting army represented the essence of the nation 's soul . As Napoleon proclaimed , `` It is the soldier who founds a Republic and it is the soldier who maintains it . '' In fiction ( edit ) Main article : Napoleonic Wars in fiction See also ( edit ) Napoleonic Wars portal International relations 1648 - 1814 , for diplomacy British Army during the Napoleonic Wars Coalition forces of the Napoleonic Wars Imperial and Royal Army during the Napoleonic Wars Royal Prussian Army of the Napoleonic Wars List of Napoleonic battles Uniforms of La Grande Armée Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hanover was in a Personal Union with Great Britain ^ Jump up to : The term `` Austrian Empire '' came into use after Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of the French in 1804 , whereby Francis II , Holy Roman Emperor took the title Emperor of Austria ( Kaiser von Österreich ) in response . The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806 , and consequently `` Emperor of Austria '' became Francis ' primary title . For this reason , `` Austrian Empire '' is often used instead of `` Holy Roman Empire '' for brevity 's sake when speaking of the Napoleonic Wars , even though the two entities are not synonymous . ^ Jump up to : Both Austria and Prussia briefly became allies of France and contributed forces to the French Invasion of Russia in 1812 . ^ Jump up to : Russia became an ally of France following the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807 . The alliance broke down in 1810 , which led to the French invasion in 1812 . During that time Russia waged war against Sweden ( 1808 -- 1809 ) and the Ottoman Empire ( 1806 -- 1812 ) , and nominally against Britain ( 1807 -- 1812 ) . ^ Jump up to : Nominally , Sweden declared war against Great Britain after its defeat by Russia in the Finnish War ( 1808 -- 1809 ) . ^ Jump up to : Spain was an ally of France until a stealthy French invasion in 1808 , then fought France in the Peninsular War . ^ Jump up to : The Ottoman Empire fought against Napoleon in the French Campaign in Egypt and Syria as part of the French Revolutionary Wars . During the Napoleonic era of 1803 to 1815 , the Empire participated in two wars against the Allies : against Britain in the Anglo - Turkish War ( 1807 -- 1809 ) and against Russia in the Russo - Turkish War ( 1806 -- 1812 ) . Russia was allied with Napoleon 1807 -- 1810 . ^ Jump up to : Qajar dynasty fought against Russia from 1804 to 1813 ; the Russians were allied with Napoleon 1807 -- 1812 . Jump up ^ Sicily remained in personal union with Naples until Naples became a French client - republic following the Battle of Campo Tenese in 1806 . Jump up ^ The Kingdom of Hungary participated in the war with separate Hungarian regiments in the Imperial and Royal Army , and also by a traditional army ( `` insurrectio '' ) . The Hungarian Diet voted to join in war and agreed to pay one third of the war expenses . ^ Jump up to : Napoleon established the Duchy of Warsaw , ruled by the Kingdom of Saxony in 1807 . Polish Legions had already been serving in the French armies beforehand . Jump up ^ The French Empire annexed the Kingdom of Holland in 1810 . Dutch troops fought against Napoleon during the Hundred Days in 1815 . Jump up ^ The French Empire annexed the Kingdom of Etruria in 1807 . Jump up ^ The Kingdom of Naples , briefly allied with Austria in 1814 , allied with France again and fought against Austria during the Neapolitan War in 1815 . Jump up ^ Sixteen of France 's allies among the German states ( including Bavaria and Württemberg ) established the Confederation of the Rhine in July 1806 following the Battle of Austerlitz ( December 1805 ) . Following the Battle of Jena - Auerstedt ( October 1806 ) , various other German states that had previously fought alongside the anti-French allies , including Saxony and Westphalia , also allied with France and joined the Confederation . Saxony changed sides again in 1813 during the Battle of Leipzig , causing most other member - states to quickly follow suit and declare war on France . Jump up ^ These four states were the leading nations of the Confederation , but the Confederation was made up of a total of 43 principalities , kingdoms , and duchies . Jump up ^ Denmark - Norway remained neutral until the Battle of Copenhagen ( 1807 ) . Denmark was compelled to cede Norway to Sweden by the Treaty of Kiel in 1814 . Following a brief Swedish campaign against Norway , Norway entered a personal union with Sweden . Jump up ^ £ 3 trillion in modern economic cost terms . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ James R. Arnold : Napoleon Conquers Austria : The 1809 Campaign for Vienna , ABC - Clio , 2003 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The Austrian Imperial - Royal Army ( Kaiserliche - Königliche Heer ) 1805 -- 1809 : The Hungarian Royal Army ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Todd Fisher : The Napoleonic Wars : The Empires Fight Back 1808 -- 1812 , Oshray Publishing , 2001 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` The Rise of Prussia 1700 - 1830 '' . ^ Jump up to : Chandler & Beckett , p. 132 Jump up ^ Blücher , scourge of Napoleon , Leggiere Jump up ^ Riehn 1991 , p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : John France ( 2011 ) . Perilous Glory : The Rise of Western Military Power . Yale UP . p. 351 . Jump up ^ Correspondance générale - Tome 12 : La campagne de Russie , 1812 Par Fondation Napoléon - https://books.google.com/books/about/Correspondance_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_Tome_12.html?id=toua1U8uORQC&redir_esc=y ^ Jump up to : White 2014 , Napoleonic Wars cites Urlanis 1971 Jump up ^ Canales 2004 . ^ Jump up to : White 2014 cites Dumas 1923 citing Hodge Jump up ^ White 2014 cites Bodart 1916 ^ Jump up to : Philo 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Colin . The Cambridge Illustrated History of France ( 1st ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 193 -- 194 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43294 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Frederick Kagan , The End of the Old Order : Napoleon and Europe , 1801 - 1805 ( 2007 ) pp 42 - 43 Jump up ^ `` The Rise of Prussia 1700 - 1830 '' . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Niall ( 2004 ) . Empire , The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02328 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Benjamin Keen and Keith Haynes , A History of Latin America ( 2012 ) ch 8 Jump up ^ Bell , David Avrom ( 2007 ) . The First Total War : Napoleon 's Europe and the birth of warfare as we know it . New York : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 51 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 34965 - 0 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Wawro ( 2002 ) . Warfare and Society in Europe , 1792 -- 1914 . Routledge . p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : R.R. Palmer ( 1941 ) . Twelve Who Ruled : The Year of the Terror in the French Revolution . Princeton UP . pp. 81 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Boot , Max ( 2013 ) . Invisible Armies : An Epic History of Guerrilla Warfare from Ancient Times to the Present . Liveright . pp. 10 -- 11 , 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87140 - 424 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dmitry Shlapentokh , The French Revolution and the Russian Anti-Democratic Tradition ( Edison , NJ : Transaction Publishers , 1997 ) , p. 220 - 8 Jump up ^ Palmer , R.R. & Colton , Joel A History of the Modern World p. 361 Jump up ^ Suzanne Desan et al. eds . The French Revolution in Global Perspective ( 2013 ) , pp. 3 , 8 , 10 Jump up ^ Frank McLynn , Napoleon ( 1998 ) . p 215 . Jump up ^ Spencer C. Tucker ( 2012 ) . The Encyclopedia of the War Of 1812 . ABC - CLIO . p. 499 . Jump up ^ Arthur H. Buffinton , The Second Hundred Years ' War , 1689 -- 1815 ( 1929 ) . See also : Francois Crouzet , `` The Second Hundred Years War : Some Reflections '' . French History 10 ( 1996 ) , pp. 432 -- 450 . and H.M. Scott , `` Review : The Second ' Hundred Years War ' 1689 -- 1815 '' . The Historical Journal 35 ( 1992 ) , pp. 443 -- 469 . Jump up ^ Rapport , Mike ( 2013 ) . The Napoleonic Wars : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 4 . ISBN 9780191642517 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ France - Les guerres de la Révolution et de l'Empire . Herodote.net . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Rabich , Adalbert ( 2011 ) . `` erster + napoleonischer + krieg '' &hl = en Die Regionalgeschichte von Dülmen und Umgebung , Teil 2 ( in German ) . Norderstedt : GRIN Verlag . p. 37 . ISBN 9783640805846 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ ( in Dutch ) Encarta - encyclopedie Winkler Prins ( 1993 -- 2002 ) s.v. `` coalitieoorlogen '' . Microsoft Corporation / Het Spectrum . Jump up ^ Chandler , David ( 1966 ) . The Campaigns of Napoleon . The Mind and Method of History 's Greatest Soldier . New York : Macmillan . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Donald M.G. ( 2008 ) . The French Revolution and Empire : The Quest for a Civic Order . Wiley . p. 356 . Jump up ^ McConachy , Bruce ( 2001 ) . `` The Roots of Artillery Doctrine : Napoleonic Artillery Tactics Reconsidered '' . Journal of Military History . 65 ( 3 ) : 617 -- 640 . JSTOR 2677528 . McConachy rejects the alternative theory that growing reliance on artillery by the French army beginning in 1807 was an outgrowth of the declining quality of the French infantry and , later , France 's inferiority in cavalry numbers . ^ Jump up to : Annual Register ... for the Year 1803 ( 1805 ) Jump up ^ Haine , Scott . The History of France ( 1st ed . ) . Greenwood Press . p. 92 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30328 - 2 . Jump up ^ Mahan , A.T. The influence of sea power on the French Revolution and Empire Vol. II ( 1892 ) pp. 106 - 107 Jump up ^ Andrew Roberts , Napoleon : A Life ( 2014 ) p 316 Jump up ^ Roberts , Napoleon : A Life ( 2014 ) p 309 Jump up ^ John D. Grainger , Amiens Truce : Britain & Bonaparte , 1801 - 1803 ( 2004 ) has a well - balanced analysis of both sides Jump up ^ Arthur Bryant , Years of victory : 1802 - 1812 ( 1944 ) , pp 1 - 52 , although older , is a well - regarded interpretation from the British perspective Jump up ^ Kagan , The End of the Old Order : Napoleon and Europe , 1801 - 1805 ( 2007 ) pp 1 - 50 stresses Napoleon 's initiatives . Jump up ^ Paul Schroeder , The Transformation of European politics 1763 - 1848 ( 1994 ) pp 231 - 45 is highly analytical and hostile to Napoleon Jump up ^ Jean Tulard , Napoleon : The Myth of the Saviour ( 1984 ) p 351 . Jump up ^ Colin S. Gray ( 2007 ) . War , Peace and International Relations : An Introduction to Strategic History . Routledge . p. 47 . Jump up ^ Robin Neillands ( 2003 ) . Wellington & Napoleon : Clash of Arms . Pen and Sword . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Alistair Horne in Robert Cowley , ed. ( 2000 ) . What If ? : The World 's Foremost Historians Imagine What Might Have Been . Penguin . p. 161 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Steve Chan ( 2013 ) . Looking for Balance : China , the United States , and Power Balancing in East Asia . Stanford UP . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Martin Malia ( 2008 ) . History 's Locomotives : Revolutions and the Making of the Modern World . Yale UP . p. 205 . Jump up ^ `` The Annual Register , Or , A View of the History , Politics , and Literature for ... '' . Jump up ^ Schroeder , The Transformation of European Politics 1763 -- 1848 ( 1994 ) pp 307 -- 10 ^ Jump up to : Paul Kennedy , The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers -- economic change and military conflict from 1500 to 2000 ( 1989 ) , pp. 128 -- 9 Jump up ^ John M. Sherwig , Guineas and Gunpowder British Foreign Aid in the War with France , 1793 -- 1815 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Alan Palmer , Alexander I ( 1974 ) p 86 Jump up ^ Asa Briggs , The Making of Modern England 1783 -- 1867 : The Age of Improvement ( 1959 ) p 143 Jump up ^ `` Measuring Worth - Purchase Power of the Pound '' . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Élie Halévy , A History of the English People in 1815 ( 1924 ) vol 2 p 205 -- 28 Jump up ^ Roger Knight , Britain Against Napoleon : The Organisation of Victory , 1793 -- 1815 ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ J. Steven Watson , The Reign of George III 1760 -- 1815 ( 1960 ) , 374 - 77 , 406 - 7 , 463 - 71 , Jump up ^ `` Auguste Mayer 's picture as described by the website of the Musée national de la Marine ( in French ) '' . Musee-marine.fr . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Paul W. Schroeder , The Transformation of European Politics 1763 -- 1848 ( 1994 ) pp 231 -- 86 Jump up ^ Frederick Kagan ( 2007 ) . The End of the Old Order : Napoleon and Europe , 1801 -- 1805 . Da Capo Press . pp. 141ff . Jump up ^ `` Invasion of Britain -- National Maritime Museum '' . Nmm.ac.uk . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` O'Meara's account of Napoleon on the invasion of the England '' . Napoleon.org . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Esdaille , Napoleon 's Wars , pp 252 - 53 Jump up ^ A.N. Ryan , `` The Causes of the British Attack upon Copenhagen in 1807 . '' English Historical Review ( 1953 ) : 37 - 55 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Thomas Munch - Petersen , Defying Napoleon : How Britain Bombarded Copenhagen and Seized the Danish Fleet in 1807 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Otto Pivka ( 2012 ) . Napoleon 's Polish Troops . Osprey Publishing . pp. 8 -- 10 . Jump up ^ J.P. Riley , Napoleon and the World War of 1813 : Lessons in Coalition Warfighting ( 2000 ) pp 27 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Alexander Grab , Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe ( 2003 ) pp 176 -- 87 Jump up ^ J.M. Thompson , Napoleon Bonaparte : His rise and fall ( 1951 ) pp 235 - 40 Jump up ^ Gregory Fremont - Barnes , The Napoleonic Wars ( 3 ) : The Peninsular War 1807 - 1814 ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ David Gates , The Spanish Ulcer : A History of the Peninsular War ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ John Lawrence Tone , `` Partisan Warfare in Spain and Total War , '' in Roger Chickering and Stig Förster , eds. ( 2010 ) . War in an Age of Revolution , 1775 -- 1815 . Cambridge UP . p. 243 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Jeremy Black , The War of 1812 in the Age of Napoleon ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ John Lynch , Caudillos in Spanish America 1800 - 1850 . Oxford : Clarendon Press 1992 , pp. 402 -- 403 . Jump up ^ Alan Palmer , Alexander I : Tsar of War and Peace ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Charles Esdaile , Napoleon 's Wars : An International History , 1803 -- 1815 ( 2007 ) p 438 Jump up ^ Schroeder , The Transformation of European Politics : 1763 -- 1848 ( 1994 ) p 419 Jump up ^ Riehn , Richard = K. ( 1990 ) , 1812 : Napoleon 's Russian campaign Jump up ^ Riehn 1990 , pp. 138 -- 140 . Jump up ^ Reihn 1990 , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Philip Haythornthwaite , Borodino 1812 ; Napoleon 's great gamble ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Reihn , 1812 , pp. 253 -- 254 Jump up ^ With Napoleon in Russia , The Memoirs of General Coulaincourt , Chapter VI ' The Fire ' pp. 109 -- 107 Pub . William Morrow and Co 1945 Jump up ^ The Wordsworth Pocket Encyclopedia , page 17 , Hertfordshire 1993 Jump up ^ Philip Dwyer , Citizen Emperor : Napoleon in Power ( 2013 ) , pp 431 - 74 Jump up ^ J.P. Riley ( 2013 ) . Napoleon and the World War of 1813 : Lessons in Coalition Warfighting . Routledge . p. 206 . Jump up ^ Peter Young and James Philip Lawford , Wellington 's masterpiece : the battle and campaign of Salamanca ( outledge , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Michael Glover , Wellington 's Peninsular Victories : Busaco , Salamanca , Vitoria , Nivelle ( 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Peter Hofschroer , Leipzig 1813 : The Battle of the Nations ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Philip Dwyer , Citizen Emperor : Napoleon In Power ( 2013 ) pp 464 - 98 Jump up ^ Peter Hofschroer , The Waterloo Campaign : Wellington , His German Allies and the Battles of Ligny and Quatre Bras ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Jacques Godechot , et al . The Napoleonic era in Europe ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ `` The Rise of Prussia 1700 - 1830 '' . Jump up ^ `` The Royal Navy '' . Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Les Transformations des Universités du Xiiie Au Xxie Siècle '' . Jump up ^ Drew Keeling , `` The Transportation Revolution and Transatlantic Migration , '' Research in Economic History 19 ( 1999 ) , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Franklin D. Scott , The Peopling of America : Perspectives of Immigration ( 1984 ) , p. 24 . Marcus Hansen , The Atlantic Migration ( 1940 ) , pp. 79 - 106 , termed this a `` new beginning '' for American immigration . For further background context , see `` North Atlantic , 1815 - 19 '' . Migration as a travel business . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Drew Keeling , `` Transport Capacity Management and Transatlantic Migration , 1900 - 1914 . '' Research in Economic History 25 ( 2008 ) , pp. 267 - 68 . Jump up ^ Maldwyn Jones , American Immigration ( 1992 , 2nd ed . ) ‚ p. 79 . Jones referred to this unprecedented migration as `` one of the wonders of the age '' ( p. 78 ) . Jump up ^ `` Napoleon 's Total War '' . HistoryNet.com . Retrieved 18 November 2008 . Jump up ^ David A. Bell , The First Total War : Napoleon 's Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Know It ( 2007 ) p 7 Jump up ^ Paul Kennedy , The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 ( 1987 ) pp 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ Colin McEvedy and Richard M. Jones , Atlas of World Population History ( 1978 ) pp 41 -- 222 Jump up ^ Chappell , p. 8 Jump up ^ Blücher , scourge of Napoleon , Leggiere Jump up ^ Christopher David Hall ( 1992 ) . British Strategy in the Napoleonic War , 1803 -- 15 . Manchester U.P. p. 28 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Wawro ( 2002 ) . Warfare and Society in Europe , 1792 -- 1914 . Routledge . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Donald Stoker ; et al. ( 2008 ) . Conscription in the Napoleonic Era : A Revolution in Military Affairs ? . Routledge . pp. 24 , 31 -- 32 , 38 . Jump up ^ Bell , The First Total War ( 2008 ) pp 7 -- 13 Jump up ^ Many historians say it was not the `` first '' total war ; for a critique of Bell see Frederick C. Schneid ( 2012 ) . Napoleonic Wars . Potomac Books . p. 1802 . Jump up ^ Robert Harvey ( 2013 ) . The War of Wars . Constable & Robinson . p. 328 . Sources ( edit ) Canales , Esteban ( 2004 ) , 1808 -- 1814 : demografía y guerra en España ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) , Autonomous University of Barcelona , retrieved 3 May 2017 Philo , Tom ( 2010 ) , Military and Civilian War Related Deaths Through the Ages , archived from the original on 20 April 2010 Riehn , Richard K. ( 1991 ) , 1812 : Napoleon 's Russian Campaign ( Paperback ed . ) , New York : Wiley , ISBN 978 - 0471543022 White , Matthew ( 2014 ) , Statistics of Wars , Oppressions and Atrocities of the Nineteenth Century , retrieved 3 May 2017 . This source references : Bodart , Gaston ( 1916 ) , Losses of Life in Modern Wars Dumas , Samuel ( 1923 ) , Losses of Life Caused By War Urlanis , Boris ( 1971 ) , Wars and Population Further reading ( edit ) General and reference Books ( edit ) Bell , David A . The First Total War : Napoleon 's Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Know It ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search Bruun , Geoffrey . Europe and the French Imperium , 1799 - 1814 ( 1938 ) online , political and diplomatic context Bruce , Robert B. et al. Fighting Techniques of the Napoleonic Age 1792 -- 1815 : Equipment , Combat Skills , and Tactics ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search Dupuy , Trevor N. and Dupuy , R. Ernest . The Encyclopedia of Military History ( 2nd ed. 1970 ) pp 730 -- 770 Esdaile , Charles . Napoleon 's Wars : An International History , 1803 -- 1815 ( 2008 ) ; 645pp excerpt and text search a standard scholarly history Gates , David . The Napoleonic Wars 1803 - 1815 ( NY : Random House , 2011 ) Godechot , Jacques ; Béatrice Fry Hyslop ; David Lloyd Dowd ; et al. ( 1971 ) . The Napoleonic era in Europe . Holt , Rinehart and Winston . Harvey , Robert ( 2013 ) . The War of Wars . Constable & Robinson . p. 328 . , well - written popular survey of these wars Linch , Kevin . Desertion from the British Army during Napoleonic Wars : Journal of Social History , Volume 49 Number 4 ( 2016 ) pp 808 -- 828 Pope , Stephen ( 1999 ) . The Cassel Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars . Cassel . ISBN 0 - 304 - 35229 - 2 . Rapport , Mike . The Napoleonic Wars : A Very Short Introduction ( Oxford UP , 2013 ) Richardson , Hubert N.B. A Dictionary of Napoleon and His Times ( 1920 ) online free 489pp Ross , Steven T. European Diplomatic History , 1789 -- 1815 : France Against Europe ( 1969 ) Ross , Steven T . The A to Z of the Wars of the French Revolution ( Rowman & Littlefield , 2010 ) ; 1st edition was Historical dictionary of the wars of the French Revolution ( Scarecrow Press , 1998 ) Rothenberg , Gunther E. ( 1988 ) . `` The Origins , Causes , and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 18 ( 4 ) : 771 -- 793 . JSTOR 204824 . Rothenberg , E. Gunther . The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon ( 1977 ) Schneid , Frederick C. ( 2011 ) . The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars . Mainz : Institute of European History . Schneid , Frederick C. Napoleon 's Conquest of Europe : The War of the Third Coalition ( 2005 ) excerpt and text search Schneid , Frederick C. Napoleonic Wars : The Essential Bibliography ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search 121 pp. online review in H - FRANCE Schroeder , Paul W . The Transformation of European Politics 1763 -- 1848 ( 1994 ) 920pp ; online ; advanced analysis of diplomacy Smith , Digby George . The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book : Actions and Losses in Personnel , Colours , Standards and Artillery ( 1998 ) Stirk , Peter . `` The concept of military occupation in the era of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars . '' Comparative Legal History 3 # 1 ( 2015 ) : 60 - 84 . Napoleon and French ( edit ) Chandler , David G . The Campaigns of Napoleon ( 1973 ) 1172 pp ; a detailed guide to all major battles excerpt and text search Chandler , David G. , ed . Napoleon 's Marshals ( 1987 ) short scholarly biographies Dwyer , Philip . Napoleon : The Path to Power ( 2008 ) excerpt vol 1 ; Citizen Emperor : Napoleon in Power ( 2013 ) excerpt and text search v 2 ; most recent scholarly biography Elting , John R. Swords Around a Throne : Napoleon 's Grand Armee ( 1988 ) . Forrest , Alan I. Napoleon 's Men : The Soldiers of the Empire Revolution and Empire ( 2002 ) . Forrest , Alan . Conscripts and Deserters : The Army and French Society during Revolution and the Empire ( 1989 ) excerpt and text search Gallaher , John G. Napoleon 's Enfant Terrible : General Dominique Vandamme ( 2008 ) . excerpt Griffith , Paddy . The Art of War of Revolutionary France , 1789 -- 1802 ( 1998 ) excerpt and text search Haythornthwaite , Philip J. Napoleon 's Military Machine ( 1995 ) excerpt and text search Hazen , Charles Downer . The French Revolution and Napoleon ( 1917 ) online free Kagan , Frederick W . The End of the Old Order : Napoleon and Europe , 1801 - 1805 ( 2007 ) McLynn , Frank . Napoleon : A Biography ( 1997 ) Nester , William R. Napoleon and the Art of Diplomacy : How War and Hubris Determined the Rise and Fall of the French Empire ( 2011 ) . excerpt Parker , Harold T. `` Why Did Napoleon Invade Russia ? A Study in Motivation and the Interrelations of Personality and Social Structure , '' Journal of Military History ( 1990 ) 54 # 2 pp 131 -- 46 in JSTOR . Riley , Jonathon P. Napoleon as a General ( Hambledon Press , 2007 ) Roberts , Andrew . Napoleon : A Life ( 2014 ) Major new biography by a leading British Historian British , Austrian , Prussian & Russian roles ( edit ) Andress , David . The Savage Storm : Britain on the Brink in the Age of Napoleon ( 2013 ) , emphasises turmoil inside Britain & impact on military Bamford , Andrew . Sickness , Suffering , and the Sword : The British Regiment on Campaign , 1808 - 1815 ( 2013 ) . excerpt Black , Jeremy . `` British Strategy and the Struggle with France 1793 -- 1815 . '' Journal of Strategic Studies 31 # 4 ( 2008 ) : 553 - 569 . Bryant , Arthur . Years of Endurance 1793 -- 1802 ( 1942 ) ; and Years of Victory , 1802 -- 1812 ( 1944 ) well - written surveys of the British story Christie , Ian R. Wars and Revolutions Britain , 1760 -- 1815 ( 1982 ) Cookson , J.E. The British Armed Nation 1793 -- 1815 ( 1997 ) DOI : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780198206583.001. 0001 online Davey , James . In Nelson 's Wake : The Navy and the Napoleonic Wars ( 2016 ) . Ehrman , John . The Younger Pitt : The Consuming Struggle ( Volume 3 ) ( 1996 ) Esdaile , Charles J. `` The British Army in the Napoleonic Wars : Approaches Old and New . '' English Historical Review 130 # 542 ( 2015 ) : 123 - 137 . Glover , Richard . Peninsular Preparation : The Reform of the British Army 1795 -- 1809 ( 1963 ) excerpt and text search Hall , Christopher D. British Strategy in the Napoleonic War , 1803 -- 15 ( 1992 ) Haythornthwaite , Philip J. Wellington 's Military Machine , 1792 -- 1815 ( 1989 ) Haythornthwaite , Philip J. The Russian Army of the Napoleonic Wars ( 1987 ) vol 1 : Infantry 1799 -- 1814 ; vol 2 : Cavalry , 1799 -- 1814 Knight , Roger . Britain Against Napoleon : The Organization Of Victory ; 1793 - 1815 ( 2013 ) ; 710pp Lavery , Brian . Nelson 's Navy : The Ships , Men , and Organization , 1793 -- 1815 ( 2nd ed. 2012 ) Leggiere , Michael V. Blücher : Scourge of Napoleon ( 2014 ) . excerpt Lieven , D.C. `` Russia and the Defeat of Napoleon ( 1812 -- 14 ) , '' Kritika : Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History ( 2006 ) 7 # 2 pp 283 -- 308 . Linch , Kevin , and Matthew McCormack . `` Wellington 's Men : The British Soldier of the Napoleonic Wars '' History Compass ( 2015 ) 13 # 6 pp 288 -- 296 . Muir , Rory . Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon : 1807 -- 1815 ( 1996 ) Muir , Rory . Wellington : The Path to Victory 1769 -- 1814 ( 2013 ) vol 1 of two - volume scholarly biography excerpt and text search Nester , William R. Titan : The Art of British Power in the Age of Revolution and Napoleon ( 2016 ) Robson , Martin . A History of the Royal Navy : The Napoleonic Wars I.B. Tauris , 20140 256pp . Rothenberg , Gunther E. Napoleon 's Great Adversaries : The Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army 1792 -- 1814 ( 1982 ) Schneid , Frederick C. ed . European Armies of the French Revolution , 1789 -- 1802 ( 2015 ) Nine essays by leading scholars . Uglow , Jenny . In These Times : Living in Britain Through Napoleon 's Wars , 1793 - 1815 ( 2015 ) 752pp excerpt Willis , Sam . In the Hour of Victory : The Royal Navy at War in the Age of Nelson ( 2013 ) Excerpt and text search Historiography and memory ( edit ) Esdaile , Charles . `` The Napoleonic Period : Some Thoughts on Recent Historiography , '' European History Quarterly , ( 1993 ) 23 : 415 -- 32 online Forrest , Alan et al. eds . War Memories : The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in Modern European Culture ( 2013 ) Hyatt , Albert M.J. `` The Origins of Napoleonic Warfare : A Survey of Interpretations . '' Military Affairs ( 1966 ) 30 # 4 pp 177 -- 185 . Lieven , D.C. `` Russia and the Defeat of Napoleon ( 1812 -- 14 ) . '' Kritika : Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History ( 2006 ) 7 # 2 pp 283 -- 308 . Linch , Kevin . `` War Memories : The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in Modern European Culture . '' Social History 40 # 2 ( 2015 ) : 253 - 254 . Martin , Jean - Clément . `` War Memories . The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in Modern European Culture . '' Annales Historiques De La Revolution Francaise. ( 2015 ) No. 381 . Messenger , Charles , ed. ( 2001 ) . Reader 's Guide to Military History . Routledge . pp. 391 -- 427 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) evaluation of the major books on Napoleon and his wars published by 2001 . Mikaberidze , Alexander . `` Recent Trends in the Russian Historiography of the Napoleonic Wars , '' Journal of Military History ( 2010 ) 74 # 1 pp 189 -- 194 . Primary sources ( edit ) Dwyer , Philip G. `` Public remembering , private reminiscing : French military memoirs and the revolutionary and Napoleonic wars , '' French Historical Studies ( 2010 ) 33 # 2 pp. 231 -- 258 online Kennedy , Catriona . Narratives of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars : Military and Civilian Experience in Britain and Ireland ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2013 ) Leighton , James . Witnessing the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in German Central Europe ( 2013 ) , diaries , letters and accounts by civilians Online review External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Napoleonic Wars . Wikivoyage has travel information for Napoleonic Wars . Texts on Wikisource : Beck , Archibald Frank ( 1911 ) . `` Waterloo Campaign '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 ( 11th ed . ) . pp. 371 -- 381 . Maude , Frederic Natusch ( 1911 ) . `` Napoleonic Campaigns '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 ( 11th ed . ) . pp. 212 -- 236 . Robinson , Charles Walker ( 1911 ) . `` Peninsular War '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 ( 11th ed . ) . pp. 90 -- 98 . Rose , John Holland ( 1911 ) . `` Napoleon I . '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 ( 11th ed . ) . pp. 190 -- 211 . The Legend of Bonaparte The Napoleonic Wars Exhibition held by The European Library 15th Kings Light Dragoons ( Hussars ) Re-enactment Regiment 2nd Bt . 95th Rifles Reenactment and Living History Society The Napoleonic Wars Collection Website Napoleon , His Army and Enemies Napoleonic Guide War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy Napoleonic Wars Client states of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars ( 1792 -- 1815 ) Sister republics Germany Cisrhenia Mainz Greece Septinsular Ireland Connacht Italy Alba Ancona Bergamo Bologna Brescia Cisalpinia Cispadania Crema Italy Liguria Lucca Parthenopea Piedmont Rome Subalpinia Tiberinia Transpadania Netherlands Batavia Bouillon Liège Poland Danzig Switzerland Helvetia Lemania Rauracia Rhodania Swiss Confederation Europe at the height of Napoleon 's Empire Napoleonic creations Germany Aschaffenburg Confederation of the Rhine Baden Bavaria Berg Erfurt Frankfurt Hesse Leyen Regensburg Salm Salm - Horstmar Salm - Reifferscheid - Dyck Saxony Westphalia Wetzlar Württemberg Würzburg Italy Benevento Etruria Guastalla Italy Lucca and Piombino Massa and Carrara Naples Pontecorvo Tuscany Malta Gozo Netherlands Holland Poland Warsaw Spain Spain Napoleonic Wars Third Coalition Fourth Coalition Peninsular War Fifth Coalition French Invasion of Russia Sixth Coalition Seventh Coalition Belli - gerents France , client states and allies France Polish Legions Italy Holland Etruria Swiss Confederation Naples Confederation of the Rhine Bavaria Saxony Westphalia Württemberg Denmark -- Norway Ottoman Empire Persia Spain Coalition forces United Kingdom Austria Russia Prussia Spain Portugal Sicily Papal States Ottoman Empire Persia Sardinia Sweden Netherlands Brunswick Hanover Nassau French Royalists Major battles Prelude French Revolution First Coalition Second Coalition 18 Brumaire Planned invasion of the United Kingdom Duc d'Enghien Execution Coronation of Napoleon 1805 Diamond Rock Cape Finisterre Wertingen Günzburg Haslach - Jungingen Elchingen Ulm Verona Trafalgar Caldiero Cape Ortegal Amstetten Dürenstein Schöngrabern Austerlitz 1806 Gaeta Campo Tenese Maida Schleiz Saalfeld Jena -- Auerstedt Erfurt Halle Magdeburg Prenzlau Pasewalk Stettin Waren - Nossentin Lübeck Greater Poland Uprising Hameln Czarnowo Golymin Pułtusk 1807 Mohrungen Stralsund Eylau Ostrołęka Kolberg Danzig Mileto Guttstadt - Deppen Heilsberg Friedland Copenhagen Invasion of Portugal 1808 Dos de Mayo Bruch Rosily Squadron Cabezón 1st Zaragoza Valencia Medina de Rioseco Bailén Roliça Vimeiro Pancorbo Valmaseda Burgos Espinosa Tudela Somosierra 2nd Zaragoza Sahagún Benavente 1809 Castellón Uclés Corunna Valls Tyrolean Rebellion Villafranca Yevenes / Yébenes Ciudad Real 1st Porto Medellín Bergisel Sacile Teugen - Hausen Raszyn Abensberg Landshut Eckmühl Ratisbon Neumarkt - Sankt Veit Dalmatian Campaign Ebelsberg Gerona Piave River Grijó 2nd Porto Wörgl Tarvis Aspern - Essling Alcañiz Sankt Michael Stralsund Raab María Graz Wagram Korneuburg Stockerau Gefrees Hollabrunn Schöngrabern Armistice of Znaim Talavera Walcheren Campaign Ölper Almonacid Tamames Ocaña Alba de Tormes 1810 Cádiz Astorga Ciudad Rodrigo Barquilla Côa Almeida Bussaco 1811 Gebora Barrosa Pombal Redinha Casal Novo Campo Maior Sabugal Almeida Fuentes de Oñoro Tarragona Albuera Usagre Saguntum Arroyo dos Molinos Valencia 1812 Ciudad Rodrigo Badajoz Villagarcia Almaraz Maguilla Mir Salamanca García Hernández Saltanovka Ostrovno Vitebsk Klyastitsy Majadahonda Smolensk 1st Polotsk Valutino Mesoten Borodino Burgos Tarutino 2nd Polotsk Venta del Pozo Maloyaroslavets Chashniki Vyazma Smoliani Krasnoi Berezina 1813 Castalla Lützen Bautzen Tarragona Luckau Vitoria San Sebastián Pyrenees Sorauren Großbeeren Katzbach Dresden 1st Kulm San Marcial Dennewitz 2nd Kulm Göhrde Bidassoa Leipzig Hanau Nivelle Bornhöved Sehested 1814 Brienne La Rothière Mincio River Champaubert Montmirail Château - Thierry Vauchamps Garris Mormant Montereau Orthez Bar - sur - Aube Laon Reims Craonne Arcis - sur - Aube Fère - Champenoise Saint - Dizier Montmartre Paris Toulouse Bayonne 1815 Panaro Occhiobello Carpi Casaglia Ronco Cesenatico Pesaro Scapezzano Tolentino Ancona Castel di Sangro San Germano Gaeta Quatre Bras Ligny Waterloo Wavre Rocheserviere La Suffel Rocquencourt Issy Info French and ally military and political leaders Napoleon Louis - Alexandre Berthier Joachim Murat Louis - Nicolas Davout Jean Lannes Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Michel Ney Jean - de-Dieu Soult Marshal Victor Jean - Baptiste Bessières Pierre - Charles Villeneuve Joseph I Louis Bonaparte Jérôme Bonaparte Prince Poniatowski Prince Eugène Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria Frederick Augustus I of Saxony Frederick I of Württemberg Frederick VI of Denmark Coalition military and political leaders Duke of Wellington Rowland Hill John Moore Horatio Nelson Thomas Cochrane Francis II , Holy Roman Emperor Manuel Lapeña Archduke Charles Prince von Schwarzenberg Archduke John of Austria Alexander I of Russia Mikhail Kutuzov Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly Count Bennigsen Pyotr Bagration Frederick William III of Prussia Gebhard von Blücher Duke of Brunswick Prince of Hohenlohe Ferdinand VII of Spain Miguel de Álava Maria I of Portugal Prince Regent John of Portugal Count of Feira William , Prince of Orange Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden Prince Charles John of Sweden Louis XVIII of France Related conflicts Anglo - Spanish War English Wars Gunboat War Dano - Swedish War Pomeranian War ( Franco - Swedish War ) Russo - Persian War Russo - Turkish War Finnish War Anglo - Turkish War Anglo - Russian War Anglo - Swedish War War of 1812 Swedish -- Norwegian War Treaties Campo Formio Lunéville Amiens Artlenburg Pressburg Finckenstein Tilsit Cintra Schönbrunn Paris ( 1810 ) Tauroggen Ried Chaumont Kiel Mantua Casalanza Paris ( 1815 ) Miscellaneous Bibliography Continental System England expects that every man will do his duty Casualties Grande Armée Longwood House Bourbon Restoration Portal Military History definition media quotes Hundred Days Waterloo Campaign -- Main battles Battle of Ligny Battle of Quatre Bras Battle of Waterloo Battle of Wavre Other battles Battle of Rocheserviere Battle of La Suffel Battle of Rocquencourt Battle of Issy Related articles Napoleonic Wars Timeline of the Napoleonic era Minor Campaigns Military mobilisation Order of battle of the Waterloo Campaign Neapolitan War NDL : 00568043 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&oldid=800699785 '' Categories : Napoleonic Wars Anglo - French wars Global conflicts 1800s conflicts 1810s conflicts 1800s in France 1810s in France Hidden categories : Articles containing German - language text All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2017 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with Dutch - language external links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use British English from February 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2013 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - 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Magyar मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Patois Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 04 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which nation emerged as the strongest country in the world as a result of the napoleonic wars | [
"The Congress of Vienna redrew the borders of Europe, and brought a lasting peace to the continent. The wars had profound consequences on global history; it fostered the spread of nationalism and liberalism, saw the rise of the British Empire as the world's foremost power, independence movements in Latin America and the subsequent collapse of the Spanish Empire, the fundamental reorganisation of German and Italian territories into larger states, and the establishment of radically new methods of conducting warfare."
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-921744351886943867 | Deadweight loss | Deadweight loss - wikipedia Deadweight loss This article 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on Talk : Deadweight loss . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Deadweight loss created by a binding price ceiling . The producer surplus always decreases , but the consumer surplus may or may not increase ; however , the decrease in producer surplus must be greater than the increase , if any , in consumer surplus . A deadweight loss , also known as excess burden or allocative inefficiency , is a loss of economic efficiency that can occur when equilibrium for a good or a service is not achieved . That can be caused by monopoly pricing in the case of artificial scarcity , an externality , a tax or subsidy , or a binding price ceiling or price floor such as a minimum wage . Contents 1 Examples 2 Harberger 's triangle 3 Hicks vs. Marshall 4 Deadweight loss of Taxation 4.1 The Determinants of Deadweight losses 4.2 How Deadweight loss changes as taxes vary 4.3 Deadweight loss of a monopoly 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Examples ( edit ) An example is a market for nails where the cost of each nail is $0.10 and the demand decreases linearly , from a high demand for free nails to zero demand for nails at $1.10 . If the market has perfect competition , producers would have to charge a price of $0.10 , and every customer whose marginal benefit exceeds $0.10 would have a nail . However , if there is one producer with a monopoly on the product , it will charge whatever price will yield the greatest profit . The producer would then charge $0.60 and thus exclude every customer who had less than $0.60 of marginal benefit . The deadweight loss would then be the economic benefit foregone by such customers because of monopoly pricing . Conversely , deadweight loss can come from consumers if they buy a product even if it costs more than it benefits them . To describe this , if the same nail market had the government giving a $0.03 subsidy to every nail produced , the subsidy would push the market price of each nail down to $0.07 . Some consumers would then buy nails even though the benefit to them is less than the real cost of $0.10 . That unneeded expense would then create a deadweight loss , with resources not being used efficiently . The deadweight loss is the area of the triangle formed by the grey tax income box ( to the right of it ) , the original supply curve , and the demand curve . It is sometimes called Harberger 's triangle . If the price of a glass of wine is $3.00 and the price of a glass of beer is $3.00 , a consumer might prefer to drink wine . If the government decides to levy a wine tax of $3.00 per glass , the consumer might prefer to drink beer . The excess burden of taxation is the loss of utility to the consumer for drinking beer instead of wine since everything else remains unchanged . Harberger 's triangle ( edit ) Harberger 's triangle , generally attributed to Arnold Harberger , refers to the deadweight loss ( as measured on a supply and demand graph ) associated with government intervention in a perfect market . That can happen through price floors , caps , taxes , tariffs , or quotas . It also refers to the deadweight loss created by a government 's failure to intervene in a market with externalities . In the case of a government tax , the amount of the tax drives a wedge between what consumers pay and what producers receive , and the filled - in wedge shape is equivalent to the deadweight loss from the tax . The area represented by the triangle comes from the fact that the intersection of the supply and the demand curves are cut short so the consumer surplus and the producer surplus are also cut short . The loss of such surplus that is not recouped , is the deadweight loss . Some economists like James Tobin have argued that the triangles do not have a huge impact on the economy , but others like Martin Feldstein maintain that they can seriously affect long - term economic trends by pivoting the trend downwards and cause a magnification of losses in the long run . Hicks vs. Marshall ( edit ) An important distinction should be made between Hicksian ( per John Hicks ) and Marshallian ( per Alfred Marshall ) deadweight loss . After the consumer surplus is considered , it can be shown that the Marshallian deadweight loss is zero if demand is perfectly elastic or supply is perfectly inelastic . However , Hicks analyzed the situation through indifference curves and noted that when the Marshallian demand curve is perfectly inelastic , the policy or economic situation that caused a distortion in relative prices has a substitution effect , i.e. is a deadweight loss . In modern economic literature , the most common measure of a taxpayer 's loss from a distortionary tax , such as a tax on bicycles , is the equivalent variation , the maximum amount that a taxpayer would be willing to forgo in a lump sum to avoid the distortionary tax . The deadweight loss can then be interpreted as the difference between the equivalent variation and the revenue raised by the tax . The difference is attributable to the behavioural changes induced by a distortionary tax that are measured by a substitution effect . However , that is not the only interpretation , and Lind and Granqvist ( 2010 ) point out that Pigou did not use a lump sum tax as the point of reference to discuss deadweight loss ( excess burden ) . Deadweight loss of taxation ( edit ) The Deadweight loss of taxation ; the tax increases the price paid by buyers to Pc and decreases price received by sellers to Pp and the quantity sold reduces from Qe to Qt . When a tax is levied on buyers , the demand curve shifts downward by the size of the tax . Similarly , when tax is levied on sellers , the supply curve shifts upward by the size of tax . When the tax is imposed , the price paid by buyers increases , and the price received by seller decreases . Therefore , buyers and sellers share the burden of the tax , regardless of how it is imposed . Since tax situates a wedge between the price buyers pay and the price sellers get , the quantity sold goes down below the level that it would be without tax . To put it another way , a tax on good leads the size of market for the good to decrease . The reason is why tax creates deadweight losses can be explained with one example . Suppose that Will is a cleaner who is working in the cleaning service company and Amie hired Will to clean her room every week for $100 . The opportunity cost of Will 's time is $80 , while the value of a clean house to Amie is $120 . Hence , each of them get same amount of benefit from their deal. Amie and Will get 20 $ making the total surplus $40 from trade . However , when the government decides to imposed $50 a tax upon the providers of cleaning services . There would be no beneficial trade between them . Because Amie would not willing to pay any price above $120 , while Will would not desire get his opportunity cost below the level that they have made a deal . Because of these reasons , not only Amie and Will give up the deal , but also Amie has to live dirtier house , and Will does not get his income . Thereby , they have lost amount of surplus that they have gotten from their deal , and at the same time , this made each of them worse off up to $40 . When it comes to government revenue from this tax , since Amie and Will have given up the deal , the government also can not get any revenue from them . So this $40 is referred deadweight loss ; it causes losses both for buyers and sellers in a market and government revenues . Taxes cause deadweight losses because they prevent buyers and sellers from realizing some of the gains from trade . In the graph , the deadweight loss can be seen at the area between the supply and demand curves . While the demand curve shows the value of goods to the consumers , the cost of the producers is reflected by supply curve . As the example above explains it , when the government imposes a tax upon taxpayers , the tax increases the price paid by buyers to Pc and decreases price received by sellers to Pp , buyers and sellers ( Amie and Will ) give up the deal between them and they leave the market . Thus , the quantity sold reduces from Qe to Qt . Mainly , the deadweight loss occurs because the tax deters these kinds of beneficial trades in the market . The determinants of deadweight losses ( edit ) Price elasticities of supply and demand determines whether the deadweight loss from tax is a large or small . This basically measures how much quantity supplied and quantity demanded respond to changes in the price . For instance , when the supply curve is relatively inelastic , quantity supplied responds slightly to changes in the price . However , when the supply curve is more elastic , quantity supplied responds significantly to changes in the price . In other words , when the supply curve is more elastic , the area between the supply and demand curves is larger . Similarly , when the demand curve is relatively inelastic , deadweight loss from the tax is smaller , comparing to more elastic demand curve . The reason is that tax has a deadweight loss , because it causes buyers and sellers to change their behaviour . Buyers tend to consume less , when the tax raises the price paid by buyers . Also , when the tax lowers the price received by sellers , they produce less . Due to these reasons , the size of market decreases below the optimum . The elasticities of supply and demand designate to what extent the tax distorts the market outcome . Thereby , as the elasticities of supply and demand increase , it causes more the deadweight loss of a tax . How deadweight loss changes as taxes vary ( edit ) Taxes have a potential to be changed over time by the government or policymakers at the different level of the state . For instance , when the small tax is levied , the deadweight loss is substantially small if we compare to medium or large tax . The deadweight loss of a tax increases more quickly than the size of the tax . Because an area of the triangle of deadweight loss based on the square of its dimension . When the size of tax is doubled , the bottom and height of the triangle double . Thus , deadweight loss increases by the number of 4 . While deadweight loss occur as taxes vary , at the same time , this affects the government 's tax revenue . Tax revenue is shown as the area of the rectangle between supply and demand curve . When small tax is levied , tax revenue is relatively small . As the size of tax increases , tax revenue expands . But when the much larger tax is levied , tax revenue decreases because the larger tax lowers the size of the market . The main reason is that people would most likely stop buying and selling good in the market . Deadweight loss of a monopoly ( edit ) The deadweight loss occurs in monopolies in the same way that the tax causes deadweight loss. When a monopoly , as a tax collector , charges a price in order to consolidate its power above marginal cost.it situates a wedge.As imposing a tax distorts market outcome , the wedge leads to quantity sold to go down below the social optimum . However , there is only a difference between two cases ; while private company receives the monopoly profit , the government obtains the revenue from a tax . See also Excess burden of taxation Optimal tax Pareto efficiency Tax choice References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Negative Externality '' . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gruber , Jonathan ( 2013 ) . Public Finance and Public Policy . New York : Worth Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 7845 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : N. Mankiw - David Hakes ( 2012 ) . Principles of microeconomics . South - Western Cengage Learning . Further reading ( edit ) Case , Karl E. ; Fair , Ray C. ( 1999 ) . Principles of Economics ( 5th ed . ) . Prentice - Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 961905 - 4 . Hines , James R. , Jr. ( 1999 ) . `` Three Sides of Harberger Triangles '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 13 ( 2 ) : 167 -- 188 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 13.2. 167 ... Lind , H. ; Granqvist , R. ( 2010 ) . `` A Note on the Concept of Excess Burden '' . Economic Analysis and Policy . 40 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 73 . doi : 10.1016 / S0313 - 5926 ( 10 ) 50004 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Worthwhile Canadian Initiative `` Too much stuff : the deadweight loss from overconsumption '' Microeconomics Major topics Aggregation Budget set Consumer choice Convexity and non-convexity Cost Average Marginal Opportunity Social Sunk Transaction Cost -- benefit analysis Deadweight loss Distribution Economies of scale Economies of scope Elasticity Equilibrium General Exchange Externality Firms Household Income -- consumption curve Information Indifference curve Intertemporal choice Market Market failure Market structure Competition Monopolistic Perfect Duopoly Monopoly Bilateral Monopsony Oligopoly Oligopsony Pareto efficiency Preferences Price Production Profit Public goods Rationing Rent Returns to scale Risk aversion Scarcity Shortage Substitution effect Surplus Social choice Supply & demand Uncertainty Utility Expected Marginal Wage Subfields Behavioral Business Computational Statistical decision theory Econometrics Engineering Experimental Game theory Industrial organization Labor Managerial Mathematical Microfoundations of macroeconomics Operations research Optimization Welfare Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deadweight_loss&oldid=853855959 '' Categories : Imperfect competition Price controls Scarcity Welfare economics Hidden categories : Accuracy disputes from January 2018 All accuracy disputes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 11 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | deadweight loss measures the inefficiency as the loss of | [
"A deadweight loss, also known as excess burden or allocative inefficiency, is a loss of economic efficiency that can occur when equilibrium for a good or a service is not achieved. That can be caused by monopoly pricing in the case of artificial scarcity, an externality, a tax or subsidy, or a binding price ceiling or price floor such as a minimum wage.\n"
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2768466580250700034 | Clifford the Big Red Dog (TV series) | Clifford the Big Red Dog ( TV series ) - wikipedia Clifford the Big Red Dog ( TV series ) hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be written from a fan 's point of view , rather than a neutral point of view . Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality , and to make it neutral in tone . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Clifford the Big Red Dog Genre Education Comedy Fantasy Based on Clifford the Big Red Dog by Norman Bridwell Directed by John Over Voices of John Ritter Grey DeLisle Cree Summer Kel Mitchell Cam Clarke Kath Soucie Gary LeRoi Gray Ulysses Cuadra Earl Boen Edie McClurg Nick Jameson Tony Plana Composer ( s ) Josh Mancell Mark Mothersbaugh Country of origin United States United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 65 ( 130 Segments ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Deborah Forte Gary Conrad Running time 30 minutes ( 15 minutes per segment ) ( approx . per episode ) Production company ( s ) Scholastic Productions Mike Young Productions Release Original network PBS Kids ( 2000 - 2003 ) PBS Kids / Amazon Prime ( 2019 ) Original release September 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 04 ) -- February 25 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 25 ) Chronology Followed by Clifford 's Puppy Days Clifford the Big Red Dog is an American - British educational animated children 's television series , based upon Norman Bridwell 's children 's book series of the same name . Produced by Scholastic Productions , it originally aired on PBS Kids from September 4 , 2000 to February 25 , 2003 . The UK version ( where it was dubbed with British voice actors replacing the original American soundtrack ) originally aired on BBC 2 on 1 April , 2002 . Two 15 - minute stories made up each half - hour cartoon . Usually one story featured Clifford and his canine friends , Cleo and T - Bone among them ; the other story would focus on Clifford 's owner Emily Elizabeth and her friends . During scenes focusing on the dog character 's perspective , human speech would replace barking to engage viewers in the storyline from the dogs ' point of view . John Ritter voiced Clifford in all episodes . This was originally done by Brent Titcomb in the 1988 direct - to - video series . Generally speaking , Ritter 's schedule dictated the production of Clifford the Big Red Dog . By the time the last of the 68 half - hour cartoons and the subsequent film Clifford 's Really Big Movie were completed , Ritter was back on ABC 's prime - time schedule , starring in 8 Simple Rules . Ritter 's death on September 11 , 2003 came less than a week before PBS debuted Clifford 's Puppy Days , a show that kept Clifford 's legacy going . While no new Clifford episodes have been released since Ritter 's death in 2003 , voice actors for the main characters have reprised some of their roles for the Ready to Learn PBS Kids PSAs . Clifford 's Really Big Movie serves as the series finale due to Ritter 's death , as no new episodes were made to continue from where it left off . However , Clifford 's Puppy Days still continued to air until its cancellation in 2006 . On May 16 , 2018 , Scholastic announced a reboot to the series and is scheduled for a late 2019 premiere concurrently on PBS Kids and Amazon Prime . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 1.1 Dogs 1.2 Humans 2 Setting 3 Format 4 Production 5 Broadcast 6 Episodes 7 In other media 7.1 Film 7.2 Video games 7.2. 1 Original series 7.2. 2 Modern series 8 Reboot 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Characters ( edit ) Dogs ( edit ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( voiced by John Ritter ; Tom Eastwood in the British version ) : A giant red Labrador Retriever / Vizsla cross . The depiction of Clifford 's size is inconsistent ; he is often shown as being about 25 feet tall ( 7.6 m ) from paws to head , but can appear far larger . The character is based on the imaginary friend of creator Norman Bridwell 's wife . Clifford is devoted to his owner Emily Elizabeth . He is friendly , shy , lovable , loyal , gentle and helpful but sometimes gets into trouble because of his size , or is tempted into trouble by his friends and those he meets . Despite being the protagonist , he seldom has episodes focusing on him , usually serving as the voice - of - reason for his friend 's adventures . Cleo ( voiced by Cree Summer ; Regine Candler in the British version ) : An energetic , selfish , trouble - making purple poodle with a tendency to not tell the truth . Her catchphrase is `` Have I ever steered you wrong ? '' which she inadvertently does immediately after . She is one of Clifford 's best friends . Her owner is Mrs. Diller . T - Bone ( voiced by Kel Mitchell ; Benjamin Small in the British version ) : A male yellow and orange bulldog with a large appetite . He is often cowardly , clumsy , and cautious , but does have his moments of bravery . He is one of Clifford 's best friends . T - Bone is in love with Mimi , another dog who visits from time to time . His owner is Sheriff Lewis . T - Bone had a best friend named Hamburger ( voiced by Kel Mitchell 's longtime comedy partner Kenan Thompson ) who moved away before Clifford arrived . Mac ( voiced by Cameron Clarke ) : A male blue greyhound with an inflated sense of self - importance , who shifts between aloofness and wanting to be part of Clifford , Cleo , and T - Bone 's circle of friends . Mac competes in dog shows . He can be vain , bossy and selfish . However , he appears to be devoted to his owner Jetta . It is revealed in a few episodes that his name is short for Machiavelli . Humans ( edit ) Emily Elizabeth Howard ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ; Joanna Ruiz in the British version ) : Clifford 's eight - year - old owner . A friendly , curious , and helpful girl . The best skater on the island , and also very good at soccer . Emily Elizabeth adopted Clifford when he was a very small puppy , when her parents gave him to her on her 6th birthday . Emily 's love apparently caused Clifford to grow enormous , thus starting their new lives on Birdwell Island . Just like Clifford , she rarely has episodes about her and ends up being the voice of reason . Emily was named for creator Norman Bridwell 's daughter and based on the imaginary adventures of Bridwell 's wife . Caroline Howard ( also voiced by Grey DeLisle ) : Emily Elizabeth 's mom Mark Howard ( voiced by Cameron Clarke ) : Emily Elizabeth 's dad Charley ( voiced by Gary LeRoi Gray ) : Emily Elizabeth 's best friend and the best soccer player on the Birdwell Birds ( the school soccer team ) . He lives on a houseboat with his father , who owns a restaurant . Samuel ( voiced by Terrence C. Carson ) : Charley 's father and the Jamaican owner of Samuel 's Fish and Chips . He is a great storyteller and runs most of the pier . Jetta Handover ( voiced by Kath Soucie ) : Mac 's owner . She is a wealthy , self - centered friend of Emily Elizabeth who is often oblivious to others ' feelings . She is often shown leading parades and competing in talent shows as a majorette . Jetta often claims her accomplishments are bigger or better than others ' and finds herself humbled when she aims too high to the point where she needs help . Her mother owns one of the island stores and seems somewhat oblivious to Jetta 's behavior . She often appears to dislike Clifford , criticizing him for minor accidents caused by his size , but occasionally she will show that she really does like him . Cosmo Handover ( voiced by Debi Derryberry ) is the infant brother of Jetta . He is first seen in the episode `` And Baby Makes 4 '' . Vaz ( voiced by Ulysses Cuadra ) : Somewhat clumsy and shy boy who is friends with Emily Elizabeth and Charley . Sheriff Lewis ( voiced by Nick Jameson ) : T - Bone 's owner . The island 's sheriff and the soccer coach . He feeds T - Bone often , ( explaining why T - Bone is overweight ) . He had a best friend named Deputy Wilson who moved away with T - Bone 's best buddy , Hamburger . Ms. Diller ( voiced by Cree Summer ) : Cleo 's owner . Horace Bleakman ( voiced by Earl Boen ) lives with his wife Violet . He is often grumpy and impatient about the noise and mess Clifford inadvertently causes , but he is still a good neighbor and helps Clifford and the others from time to time . Violet Bleakman ( voiced by Edie McClurg ) is the first neighbor of the Howards to introduce herself . She is a little more nice , calm , and patient than her cranky husband Horace . Pedro and Victor ( both voiced by Tony Plana ) are dock workers who help unload the boat in `` Welcome to Birdwell Island '' . Setting ( edit ) Birdwell Island Series Clifford the Big Red Dog Type Island First appearance `` My Best Friend '' Last appearance Clifford 's Really Big Movie The TV series takes place in the fictional island of Birdwell Island , where Clifford lives . The name is inspired by Norman Bridwell , the author of the books , but the letters I and R are switched . It is based on Martha 's Vineyard , where Bridwell lived . Emily Elizabeth used to live in an apartment in New York City , but she moved away with her parents and Clifford to Birdwell Island because her mother told her that a small apartment is no place for a big dog like Clifford . Format ( edit ) The series has at least 5 segments in the show , which are : Theme Song 1st Story - The opening theme is followed by the first central story , which is about the dogs , and a problem they face . Storytime with Speckle - Between the first and second story , Emily Elizabeth reads Clifford the Speckle Story , a small 60 seconds ( approximately ) time filler about a fictional dog ( Speckle ) , and his animal friends . 2nd Story - This is followed by another central story , about Emily Elizabeth and her friends . Clifford 's Big Ideas - Before the credits , another 30 - second short takes place called Clifford 's Big Ideas . The short is basically an animation of an etiquette , a proverb , or basic truth such as `` Play Fair '' , `` Help Others '' , etc. , with narration by Emily Elizabeth . Production ( edit ) This series was produced by Mike Young Productions and Scholastic Studios . Broadcast ( edit ) Clifford The Big Red Dog is shown on BBC One and Tiny Pop in United Kingdom Replacing the American cast with British actors . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Clifford the Big Red Dog episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 40 September 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 04 ) December 5 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 05 ) 25 May 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 16 ) February 25 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 25 ) In other Media ( edit ) Film ( edit ) In 2004 , Warner Bros. Pictures distributed a feature - length animated film based on the show titled Clifford 's Really Big Movie . It was about Clifford , Cleo and T - Bone joining an animal show to win a lifetime supply of dog food to provide for Clifford . This was John Ritter 's last film as he died on September 11 , 2003 , after completing voice work for the film . The film was dedicated to his memory . The movie also stars Wayne Brady as Shackleford the Ferret , Judge Reinhold as Amazing Larry , John Goodman as George Wolfsbottom , and Jenna Elfman as Dorothy the Cow . The film also serves as the series finale . Video games ( edit ) Original series ( edit ) Clifford 's Reading Clifford 's Thinking Games Modern series ( edit ) Clifford 's Learning Activities Clifford 's Musical Memory Games Clifford 's Phonics Clifford 's Big Puzzle Game ( A Wendy 's Kids ' Meal DVD game , available for a limited time only ) Reboot ( edit ) A reboot was announced on May 16 , 2018 by Scholastic , and will premiere in late 2019 . Scholastic , Brown Bag Films and 100 Chickens will produce the series in association with Out of the Blue Enterprises & 9 Story Media Group . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Clifford 's Puppy Days Clifford 's Really Big Movie References ( edit ) ^ Media and Culture , 5th ed. , Richard Campbell , Christopher R. Martin and Bettina Fabos . ^ Jump up to : `` Clifford the Big Red Dog ( TV series ) ( 2000 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` He 's Big ! He 's Red ! He 's Coming to PBS Kids ! Scholastic Productions ' `` Clifford the Big Red Dog '' Animated Series Debuts on PBS Fall 2000 '' ( Press release ) . PBS . January 7 , 2000 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zurawik , David ( July 13 , 2000 ) . `` PBS gives kids new Saturday morning shows '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Search Results - BBC Genome '' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : Sopan , Deb ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Clifford the Big Red Dog ' Returning to TV in 2019 '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Markstein , Donald D. `` Don Markstein 's Toonopedia : Clifford the Big Red Dog '' . www.toonopedia.com . Jump up ^ `` The Cast of Clifford the Big Red Dog ® '' . PBS Kids . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Little Clifford '' 19 September 2000 , 6 candles on cake Jump up ^ Alvarez , Victor Paul ( 2014 - 12 - 16 ) . `` ' Clifford the Big Red Dog ' Author Dies at 86 '' . Boston.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Clifford the Big Red Dog on IMDb Official site of book series Clifford the Big Red Dog at TV.com Good article about Clifford 's creation Norman Bridwell 's Clifford the Big Red Dog Clifford ( character ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( 1988 series ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( TV series ) List of episodes Clifford 's Puppy Days Clifford 's Really Big Movie PBS Kids original programming Current Sesame Street ( since 1969 , second run since 2016 ) Arthur ( since 1996 ) Cyberchase ( since 2002 ) Bob the Builder ( since 2005 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( since 2010 ) Wild Kratts ( since 2011 ) Daniel Tiger 's Neighborhood ( since 2012 ) Peg + Cat ( since 2013 ) Odd Squad ( since 2014 ) Nature Cat ( since 2015 ) Ready Jet Go ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the voice of tbone on clifford | [
"T-Bone (voiced by Kel Mitchell; Benjamin Small in the British version): A male yellow and orange bulldog with a large appetite. He is often cowardly, clumsy, and cautious, but does have his moments of bravery. He is one of Clifford's best friends. T-Bone is in love with Mimi, another dog who visits from time to time. His owner is Sheriff Lewis.\nT-Bone had a best friend named Hamburger (voiced by Kel Mitchell's longtime comedy partner Kenan Thompson) who moved away before Clifford arrived.",
"T-Bone (voiced by Kel Mitchell; Benjamin Small in the British version): A male yellow and orange bulldog with a large appetite. He is often cowardly, clumsy, and cautious, but does have his moments of bravery. He is one of Clifford's best friends. T-Bone is in love with Mimi, another dog who visits from time to time. His owner is Sheriff Lewis.\nT-Bone had a best friend named Hamburger (voiced by Kel Mitchell's longtime comedy partner Kenan Thompson) who moved away before Clifford arrived."
] | [
"Kel Mitchell",
"Benjamin Small in the British version"
] |
2688243725675376698 | Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty | Gurjara - Pratihara dynasty - Wikipedia Gurjara - Pratihara dynasty `` Pratihar '' redirects here . For other uses , see Parhar , Parihar . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gurjara - Pratihara dynasty mid-8th century CE -- 1036 CE Extent of the Pratihara Empire shown in green Capital Kannauj Common languages Sanskrit , Prakrit Religion Hinduism Government Monarchy Historical era Late Classical India Established mid-8th century CE Conquest of Kannauj by Mahmud of Ghazni 1008 CE Disestablished 1036 CE Preceded by Succeeded by Empire of Harsha Chandela Paramara dynasty Kalachuris of Tripuri Ghurid Sultanate Chavda dynasty Chahamanas of Shakambhari Today part of India Part of a series on the History of India Ancient ( show ) Madrasian Culture Soanian , c . 500,000 BCE Neolithic , c. 7600 -- c. 3300 BCE Bhirrana 7570 - 6200 BCE Jhusi 7106 BCE Lahuradewa 7000 BCE Mehrgarh 7000 - 2600 BCE Indus Valley Civilization , c. 3300 -- c. 1700 BCE Post Indus Valley Period , c. 1700 -- c. 1500 BCE Vedic Civilization , c. 1500 -- c. 500 BCE Early Vedic Period Rise of Śramaṇa movement Later Vedic Period Spread of Jainism - Parshvanatha Spread of Jainism - Mahavira Rise of Buddhism Mahajanapadas , c. 500 -- c. 345 BCE Nanda Dynasty , c. 345 -- c. 322 BCE Classical ( show ) Maurya Dynasty , c. 322 -- c. 185 BCE Shunga Dynasty , c. 185 -- c. 75 BCE Kanva Dynasty , c. 75 -- c. 30 BCE Kushan Dynasty , c. 30 -- c. 230 CE Satavahana Dynasty , c. 30 BCE -- c. 220 CE Gupta Dynasty , c. 200 -- c. 550 CE Early medieval ( show ) Chalukya Dynasty , c. 543 -- c. 753 CE Harsha 's Dynasty , c. 606 CE -- c. 647 CE Karakota Dynasty , c. 724 -- c. 760 CE Arab Invasion , c. 738 CE Tripartite Struggle , c. 760 -- c. 973 CE Gurjara - Pratihara Dynasty Rastrakuta Dynasty Pala Dynasty Chola Dynasty , c. 848 -- c. 1251 CE 2nd Chalukya Dynasty , c. 973 -- c. 1187 CE Late medieval ( show ) Delhi Sultanate , c. 1206 -- c. 1526 CE Slave Dynasty Khalji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodhi Dynasty Pandyan Dynasty , c. 1251 -- c. 1323 CE Vijayanagara , c. 1336 -- c. 1646 CE Bengal Sultanate , c. 1342 -- c. 1576 CE Early modern ( show ) Mughal Dynasty , c. 1526 -- c. 1540 CE Suri Dynasty , c. 1540 -- c. 1556 CE Mughal Dynasty , c. 1556 -- c. 1857 CE Bengal Subah , c. 1576 -- c. 1757 CE Maratha Empire , c. 1674 -- c. 1818 CE Company Raj , c. 1757 -- c. 1858 CE Kingdom of Mysore , c. 1760 -- c. 1799 CE Sikh Empire , c. 1799 -- c. 1849 CE Modern ( show ) The Great Rebellion , c. 1857 -- c. 1858 CE British Raj , c. 1858 -- c. 1947 CE Independence Movement Independent India , c. 1947 CE -- present Related articles ( show ) Timeline of Indian History Dynasties in Indian History Economic History Demographic History Linguistic History Architectural History Art History Literary History Philosophical History History of Religion Musical History Education History Coinage History Science and Technology History List of Inventions and Discoveries Military History Naval History Wars involving India The Gurjara - Pratihara dynasty , also known as the Pratihara Empire , was an imperial power during the Late Classical period on the Indian subcontinent , that ruled much of Northern India from the mid-8th to the 11th century . They ruled first at Ujjain and later at Kannauj . The Gurjara - Pratiharas were instrumental in containing Arab armies moving east of the Indus River . Nagabhata I defeated the Arab army under Junaid and Tamin during the Caliphate campaigns in India . Under Nagabhata II , the Gurjara - Pratiharas became the most powerful dynasty in northern India . He was succeeded by his son Ramabhadra , who ruled briefly before being succeeded by his son , Mihira Bhoja . Under Bhoja and his successor Mahendrapala I , the Pratihara Empire reached its peak of prosperity and power . By the time of Mahendrapala , the extent of its territory rivalled that of the Gupta Empire stretching from the border of Sindh in the west to Bengal in the east and from the Himalayas in the north to areas past the Narmada in the south . The expansion triggered a tripartite power struggle with the Rashtrakuta and Pala empires for control of the Indian Subcontinent . During this period , Imperial Pratihara took the title of Maharajadhiraja of Āryāvarta ( Great King of Kings of India ) . Gurjara - Pratihara are known for their sculptures , carved panels and open pavilion style temples . The greatest development of their style of temple building was at Khajuraho , now a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The power of the Pratiharas was weakened by dynastic strife . It was further diminished as a result of a great raid led by the Rashtrakuta ruler Indra III who , in about 916 , sacked Kannauj . Under a succession of rather obscure rulers , the Pratiharas never regained their former influence . Their feudatories became more and more powerful , one by one throwing off their allegiance until , by the end of the 10th century , the Pratiharas controlled little more than the Gangetic Doab . Their last important king , Rajyapala , was driven from Kannauj by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1018 . Contents 1 Etymology and origin 2 History 2.1 Early rulers 2.2 Conquest of Kannauj and further expansion 2.3 Decline 3 Gurjara - Pratihara art 3.1 Māru - Gurjara architecture 4 Bateshwar Hindu temples complex 5 Caliphate campaigns in India 6 Legacy 7 List of rulers 8 References 8.1 Bibliography Etymology and origin ( edit ) Nilgund inscription ( 866 ) of Amoghavarsha mentions that his father Govinda III subjugated the Gurjaras of Chitrakuta Main article : Origin of the Gurjara - Pratiharas The origin of the dynasty and the meaning of the term `` Gurjara '' in its name is a topic of debate among historians . The rulers of this dynasty used the self - designation `` Pratihara '' for their clan , and never referred to themselves as Gurjaras . The Imperial Pratiharas could have emphasized their Kshatriya , instead of Gurjara , identity for political reasons . However , at local levels Pratiharas were not wary of projecting their tribal ( Gurjara ) identity . They claimed descent from the legendary hero Lakshmana , who is said to have acted as a pratihara ( `` door - keeper '' ) for his brother Rama . K.A. Nilakanta Sastri theorized that the ancestors of the Pratiharas served the Rashtrakutas , and the term `` Pratihara '' derives from the title of their office in the Rashtrakuta court . Multiple inscriptions of their neighbouring dynasties describe the Pratiharas as `` Gurjara '' . The term `` Gurjara - Pratihara '' occurs only in the Rajor inscription of a feudatory ruler named Mathanadeva , who describes himself as a `` Gurjara - Pratihara '' . Another Pratihara king named Hariraja is also mentioned as a `` ferocious Gurjara '' ( garjjad gurjjara meghacanda ) in the Kadwaha inscription . According to one school of thought , Gurjara was the name of the territory ( see Gurjara - desha ) originally ruled by the Pratiharas ; gradually , the term came to denote the people of this territory . An opposing theory is that Gurjara was the name of the tribe to which the dynasty belonged , and Pratihara was a clan of this tribe . Several historians consider Gurjaras to be the ancestors of the modern Gurjar or Gujjar tribe . The proponents of the tribal designation theory argue that the Rajor inscription mentions the phrase : `` all the fields cultivated by the Gurjaras '' . Here , the term `` Gurjara '' obviously refers to a group of people rather than a region . The Pampa Bharata refers the Gurjara - Pratihara king Mahipala as a Gurjara king . Rama Shankar Tripathi argues that here Gurjara can only refer to the king 's ethnicity , and not territory , since the Pratiharas ruled a much larger area of which Gurjara - desha was only a small part . Critics of this theory , such as D.C. Ganguly , argue that the term `` Gurjara '' is used as a demonym in the phrase `` cultivated by the Gurjaras '' . Several ancient sources including inscriptions clearly mention `` Gurjara '' as the name of a country . Shanta Rani Sharma notes that an inscription of Gallaka in 795 CE states that Nagabhata I , the founder of the Imperial Pratihara dynasty , conquered the `` invincible Gurjaras , '' which makes it unlikely that the Pratiharas were themselves Gurjaras . However , she does concede that Imperial Pratiharas were indeed known as Gurjaras , on account of their nationality . She mentions two groups of people who were known as Gurjaras , and draws a line between them ; i.e. Gurjaras who were an ethnic people and Gurjaras who were nationals of Gurjaradesa ( Gurjara Country ) . According to her , Gujjars are the descendants of ethnic Gurjaras , and have nothing to do with imperial Pratiharas and Chalukyas who were also known as Gurjaras ( due to their Gurjara nationality ) . Among those who believe that the term Gurjara was originally a tribal designation , there are disagreements over whether they were native Indians or foreigners . The proponents of the foreign origin theory point out that the Gurjara - Pratiharas suddenly emerged as a political power in north India around 6th century CE , shortly after the Huna invasion of that region . Critics of the foreign origin theory argue that there is no conclusive evidence of their foreign origin : they were well - assimilated in the Indian culture . Moreover , if they invaded Indian through the north - west , it is inexplicable why would they choose to settle in the semi-arid area of present - day Rajasthan , rather than the fertile Indo - Gangetic Plain . According to the Agnivansha legend given in the later manuscripts of Prithviraj Raso , the Pratiharas and three other Rajput dynasties originated from a sacrificial fire - pit ( agnikunda ) at Mount Abu . Some colonial - era historians interpreted this myth to suggest a foreign origin for these dynasties . According to this theory , the foreigners were admitted in the Hindu caste system after performing a fire ritual . However , this legend is not found in the earliest available copies of Prithviraj Raso . It is based on a Paramara legend ; the 16th century Rajput bards probably extended the original legend to include other dynasties including the Pratiharas , in order to foster Rajput unity against the Mughals . History ( edit ) The original centre of Pratihara power is a matter of controversy . R.C. Majumdar , on the basis of a verse in the Harivamsha - Purana , AD 783 , the interpretation of which he conceded was not free from difficulty , held that Vatsaraja ruled at Ujjain . Dasharatha Sharma , interpreting it differently located the original capital in the Bhinmala Jalor area . M.W. Meister and Shanta Rani Sharma concur with his conclusion in view of the fact that the writer of the Jaina narrative Kuvalayamala states that it was composed at Jalor in the time of Vatsaraja in AD 778 , which is five years before the composition of Harivamsha - Purana . Early rulers ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nagabhata I ( 730 -- 756 ) extended his control east and south from Mandor , conquering Malwa as far as Gwalior and the port of Bharuch in Gujarat . He established his capital at Avanti in Malwa , and checked the expansion of the Arabs , who had established themselves in Sind . In this battle ( 738 CE ) Nagabhata led a confederacy of Gurjara - Pratiharas to defeat the Muslim Arabs who had till then been pressing on victorious through West Asia and Iran . Nagabhata I was followed by two weak successors , who were in turn succeeded by Vatsraja ( 775 -- 805 ) . Varaha ( the boar - headed Vishnu avatar ) , on a Gurjara - Pratihara coin . 850 -- 900 CE . British Museum . Conquest of Kannauj and further expansion ( edit ) The metropolis of Kannauj had suffered a power vacuum following the death of Harsha without an heir , which resulted in the disintegration of the Empire of Harsha . This space was eventually filled by Yashovarman around a century later but his position was dependent upon an alliance with Lalitaditya Muktapida . When Muktapida undermined Yashovarman , a tri-partite struggle for control of the city developed , involving the Pratiharas , whose territory was at that time to the west and north , the Palas of Bengal in the east and the Rashtrakutas , whose base lay at the south in the Deccan . Vatsraja successfully challenged and defeated the Pala ruler Dharmapala and Dantidurga , the Rashtrakuta king , for control of Kannauj . Around 786 , the Rashtrakuta ruler Dhruva ( c. 780 -- 793 ) crossed the Narmada River into Malwa , and from there tried to capture Kannauj . Vatsraja was defeated by the Dhruva Dharavarsha of the Rashtrakuta dynasty around 800 . Vatsraja was succeeded by Nagabhata II ( 805 -- 833 ) , who was initially defeated by the Rashtrakuta ruler Govinda III ( 793 -- 814 ) , but later recovered Malwa from the Rashtrakutas , conquered Kannauj and the Indo - Gangetic Plain as far as Bihar from the Palas , and again checked the Muslims in the west . He rebuilt the great Shiva temple at Somnath in Gujarat , which had been demolished in an Arab raid from Sindh . Kannauj became the center of the Gurjara - Pratihara state , which covered much of northern India during the peak of their power , c. 836 -- 910 . Rambhadra ( 833 - c. 836 ) briefly succeeded Nagabhata II . Mihira Bhoja ( c. 836 -- 886 ) expanded the Pratihara dominions west to the border of Sind , east to Bengal , and south to the Narmada . His son , Mahenderpal I ( 890 -- 910 ) , expanded further eastwards in Magadha , Bengal , and Assam . Decline ( edit ) Bhoj II ( 910 -- 912 ) was overthrown by Mahipala I ( 912 -- 944 ) . Several feudatories of the empire took advantage of the temporary weakness of the Gurjara - Pratiharas to declare their independence , notably the Paramaras of Malwa , the Chandelas of Bundelkhand , the Kalachuris of Mahakoshal , the Tomaras of Haryana , and the Chauhans of Rajputana . The south Indian Emperor Indra III ( c. 914 -- 928 ) of the Rashtrakuta dynasty briefly captured Kannauj in 916 , and although the Pratiharas regained the city , their position continued to weaken in the 10th century , partly as a result of the drain of simultaneously fighting off Turkic attacks from the west , the attacks from the Rashtrakuta dynasty from the south and the Pala advances in the east . The Gurjara - Pratiharas lost control of Rajasthan to their feudatories , and the Chandelas captured the strategic fortress of Gwalior in central India around 950 . By the end of the 10th century the Gurjara - Pratihara domains had dwindled to a small state centered on Kannauj . Mahmud of Ghazni captured Kannauj in 1018 , and the Pratihara ruler Rajapala fled . He was subsequently captured and killed by the Chandela ruler Vidyadhara . The Chandela ruler then placed Rajapala 's son Trilochanpala on the throne as a proxy . Jasapala , the last Gurjara - Pratihara ruler of Kannauj , died in 1036 . Gurjara - Pratihara art ( edit ) Vishnu Trivikrama , an 11th - century Pratihara stone sculpture from Kashipur , kept at the National Museum , New Delhi . Teli ka Mandir is a 8 - 9th century Hindu Temple built by the Pratihara emperor Mihira Bhoja . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2018 ) There are notable examples of architecture from the Gurjara - Pratihara era , including sculptures and carved panels . Their temples , constructed in an open pavilion style , were particularly impressive at Khajuraho . Māru - Gurjara architecture ( edit ) Māru - Gurjara architecture was developed during Gurjara Pratihara Empire . Bateshwar Hindu temples complex ( edit ) Bateshwar Hindu temples , Madhya Pradesh was constructed during the Gurjara - Pratihara Empire between 8th to 11th century . Caliphate campaigns in India ( edit ) Main article : Caliphate campaigns in India Junaid , the successor of Qasim , finally subdued the Hindu resistance within Sindh . Taking advantage of the conditions in Western India , which at that time was covered with several small states , Junaid led a large army into the region in early 738 CE . Dividing this force into two he plundered several cities in southern Rajasthan , western Malwa , and Gujarat . Indian inscriptions confirm this invasion but record the Arab success only against the smaller states in Gujarat . They also record the defeat of the Arabs at two places . The southern army moving south into Gujarat was repulsed at Navsari by the south Indian Emperor Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty and Rashtrakutas . The army that went east , after sacking several places , reached Avanti whose ruler Nagabhata ( Gurjara - Pratihara ) trounced the invaders and forced them to flee . After his victory Nagabhata took advantage of the disturbed conditions to acquire control over the numerous small states up to the border of Sindh . Junaid probably died from the wounds inflicted in the battle with the Gurjara - Pratihara . His successor Tamin organized a fresh army and attempted to avenge Junaid 's defeat towards the close of the year 738 CE . But this time Nagabhata , with his Chauhan and Guhilot feudatories , met the Muslim army before it could leave the borders of Sindh . The battle resulted in the complete rout of the Arabs who fled broken into Sindh with the Gurjara - Pratihara close behind them . The Arabs crossed over to the other side of the Indus River , abandoning all their lands to the victorious Hindus . The local chieftains took advantage of these conditions to re-establish their independence . Subsequently , the Arabs constructed the city of Mansurah on the other side of the wide and deep Indus , which was safe from attack . This became their new capital in Sindh . Thus began the reign of the imperial Gurjara - Pratiharas . In the Gwalior inscription , it is recorded that Gurjara - Pratihara emperor Nagabhata `` crushed the large army of the powerful Mlechcha king . '' This large army consisted of cavalry , infantry , siege artillery , and probably a force of camels . Since Tamin was a new governor he had a force of Syrian cavalry from Damascus , local Arab contingents , converted Hindus of Sindh , and foreign mercenaries like the Turkics . All together the invading army may have had anywhere between 10 -- 15,000 cavalry , 5000 infantry , and 2000 camels . The Arab chronicler Sulaiman describes the army of the Pratiharas as it stood in 851 CE , `` The ruler of Gurjars maintains numerous forces and no other Indian prince has so fine a cavalry . He is unfriendly to the Arabs , still he acknowledges that the king of the Arabs is the greatest of rulers . Among the princes of India there is no greater foe of the Islamic faith than he . He has got riches , and his camels and horses are numerous . '' Legacy ( edit ) Historians of India , since the days of Elphinstone , have wondered at the slow progress of Muslim invaders in India , as compared with their rapid advance in other parts of the world . The Arabs possibly only stationed small invasions independent of the Caliph . Arguments of doubtful validity have often been put forward to explain this unique phenomenon . Currently it is believed that it was the power of the Gurjara - Pratihara army that effectively barred the progress of the Muslims beyond the confines of Sindh , their first conquest for nearly three hundred years . In the light of later events this might be regarded as the `` Chief contribution of the Gurjara Pratiharas to the history of India '' . List of rulers ( edit ) Nagabhata I ( 730 -- 760 ) Kakustha and Devaraja ( 760 -- 780 ) Vatsaraja ( 780 -- 800 ) Nagabhata II ( 800 -- 833 ) Ramabhadra ( 833 -- 836 ) Mihira Bhoja or Bhoja I ( 836 -- 885 ) Mahendrapala I ( 885 -- 910 ) Bhoja II ( 910 -- 913 ) Mahipala I ( 913 -- 944 ) Mahendrapala II ( 944 -- 948 ) Devapala ( 948 -- 954 ) Vinayakapala ( 954 -- 955 ) Mahipala II ( 955 -- 956 ) Vijayapala II ( 956 -- 960 ) Rajapala ( 960 -- 1018 ) Trilochanapala ( 1018 -- 1027 ) Yasahpala ( 1024 -- 1036 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Avari 2007 , pp. 204 -- 205 : Madhyadesha became the ambition of two particular clans among a tribal people in Rajasthan , known as Gurjara and Pratihara . They were both part of a larger federation of tribes , some of which later came to be known as the Rajputs Jump up ^ Wink , André ( 2002 ) . Al - Hind : Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam , 7th -- 11th Centuries . Leiden : BRILL . p. 284 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 391 - 04173 - 8 . Jump up ^ Avari 2007 , p. 303 . ^ Jump up to : Sircar 1971 , p. 146 . ^ Jump up to : Partha Mitter , Indian art , Oxford University Press , 2001 pp. 66 Jump up ^ Sanjay Sharma 2006 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Sanjay Sharma 2006 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Tripathi 1959 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Puri 1957 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri ( 1953 ) . History of India . S. Viswanathan . p. 194 . Jump up ^ Puri 1957 , p. 9 - 13 . Jump up ^ Sanjay Sharma 2006 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Majumdar 1981 , pp. 612 - 613 . Jump up ^ Puri 1957 , p. 1 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Tripathi 1959 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Ganguly 1935 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Ganguly 1935 , pp. 167 - 168 . Jump up ^ Ganguly 1935 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Puri 1986 , pp. 9 - 10 . Jump up ^ Mishra 1954 , pp. 50 - 51 . ^ Jump up to : Shanta Rani Sharma 2012 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Shanta Rani Sharma 2012 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Puri 1957 , p. 1 - 2 . Jump up ^ Puri 1957 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Puri 1957 , pp. 4 - 6 . Jump up ^ Yadava 1982 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Singh 1964 , pp. 17 - 18 . Jump up ^ Majumdar , R.C. ( 1955 ) . The Age of Imperial Kanauj ( First ed . ) . Bombay : Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan . pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Dasharatha ( 1966 ) . Rajasthan through the Ages . Bikaner : Rajasthan State Archives . pp. 124 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Meister , M.W ( 1991 ) . Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture , Vol. 2 , pt. 2 , North India : Period of Early Maturity , c . AD 700 - 900 ( first ed . ) . Delhi : American Institute of Indian Studies . p. 153 . ISBN 0195629213 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Shanta Rani ( 2017 ) . Origin and Rise of the Imperial Pratihāras of Rajasthan : Transitions , Trajectories and Historical Chang ( First ed . ) . Jaipur : University of Rajasthan . pp. 77 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 93 - 85593 - 18 - 5 . Jump up ^ Chopra , Pran Nath ( 2003 ) . A Comprehensive History of Ancient India . Sterling Publishers . pp. 194 -- 195 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 207 - 2503 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kulke , Hermann ; Rothermund , Dietmar ( 2004 ) ( 1986 ) . A History of India ( 4th ed . ) . Routledge . p. 114 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32920 - 0 . Jump up ^ Dikshit , R.K. ( 1976 ) . The Candellas of Jejākabhukti . Abhinav . p. 72 . ISBN 9788170170464 . Jump up ^ Mitra , Sisirkumar ( 1977 ) . The Early Rulers of Khajurāho . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 72 -- 73 . ISBN 9788120819979 . Jump up ^ K.D. Bajpai ( 2006 ) . History of Gopāchala . Bharatiya Jnanpith . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 263 - 1155 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kala , Jayantika ( 1988 ) . Epic scenes in Indian plastic art . Abhinav Publications . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7017 - 228 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` ASI to resume restoration of Bateshwar temple complex in Chambal '' . Hindustan Times . 21 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Chaurasia , Radhey Shyam ( 2002 ) . History of Ancient India : Earliest Times to 1000 A.D. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors . p. 207 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 269 - 0027 - 5 . Bibliography ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gurjara - Pratihara dynasty . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gurjara - Pratihara dynasty Avari , Burjor ( 2007 ) . India : The Ancient Past . A History of the Indian - Subcontinent from 7000 BC to AD 1200 . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 08850 - 0 . Sircar , Dineschandra ( 1971 ) . Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India . Motilal Banarsidass Publ . ISBN 9788120806900 . Ganguly , D.C. ( 1935 ) , Narendra Nath Law , ed. , `` Origin of the Pratihara Dynasty '' , The Indian Historical Quarterly , Caxton , XI : 167 -- 168 Majumdar , R.C. ( 1981 ) , `` The Gurjara - Pratiharas '' , in R.S. Sharma and K.K. Dasgupta , A Comprehensive history of India : A.D. 985 - 1206 , 3 ( Part 1 ) , Indian History Congress / People 's Publishing House , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7007 - 121 - 1 Majumdar , R.C. ( 1955 ) . The Age of Imperial Kanauj ( First ed . ) . Bombay : Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan . Mishra , V.B. ( 1954 ) , `` Who were the Gurjara - Pratīhāras ? '' , Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute , 35 ( 1⁄4 ) : 42 -- 53 , JSTOR 41784918 Meister , M.W ( 1991 ) . Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture , Vol. 2 , pt. 2 , North India : Period of Early Maturity , c . AD 700 - 900 ( first ed . ) . Delhi : American Institute of Indian Studies . p. 153 . ISBN 0195629213 Puri , Baij Nath ( 1957 ) , The history of the Gurjara - Pratihāras , Munshiram Manoharlal Puri , Baij Nath ( 1986 ) ( first published 1957 ) , The History of the Gurjara - Pratiharas , Delhi : Munshiram Manoharlal Sharma , Dasharatha ( 1966 ) . Rajasthan through the Ages . Bikaner : Rajasthan State Archives Sharma , Sanjay ( 2006 ) , `` Negotiating Identity and Status Legitimation and Patronage under the Gurjara - Pratīhāras of Kanauj '' , Studies in History , 22 ( 22 ) : 181 -- 220 , doi : 10.1177 / 025764300602200202 Sharma , Shanta Rani ( 2012 ) , `` Exploding the Myth of the Gūjara Identity of the Imperial Pratihāras '' , Indian Historical Review , 39 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 10 , doi : 10.1177 / 0376983612449525 Singh , R.B. ( 1964 ) , History of the Chāhamānas , N. Kishore Sharma , Shanta Rani ( 2017 ) . Origin and Rise of the Imperial Pratihāras of Rajasthan : Transitions , Trajectories and Historical Change ( First ed . ) . Jaipur : University of Rajasthan . p. 77 - 78 . ISBN 978 - 93 - 85593 - 18 - 5 . Tripathi , Rama Shankar ( 1959 ) . History of Kanauj : To the Moslem Conquest . Motilal Banarsidass . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0478 - 4 . Yadava , Ganga Prasad ( 1982 ) , Dhanapāla and His Times : A Socio - cultural Study Based Upon His Works , Concept hide Gurjara - Pratihara dynasty Nagabhata I ( 730 -- 760 ) Kakustha and Devaraja ( 760 -- 780 ) Vatsaraja ( 780 -- 800 ) Nagabhata II ( 800 -- 833 ) Ramabhadra ( 833 -- 836 ) Mihira Bhoja or Bhoja I ( 836 -- 885 ) Mahendrapala I ( 885 -- 910 ) Bhoja II ( 910 -- 913 ) Mahipala I ( 913 -- 944 ) Mahendrapala II ( 944 -- 948 ) Devapala ( 948 -- 954 ) Vinayakapala ( 954 -- 955 ) Mahipala II ( 955 -- 956 ) Vijayapala II ( 956 -- 960 ) Rajapala ( 960 -- 1018 ) Trilochanapala ( 1018 -- 1027 ) Yasahpala ( 1024 -- 1036 ) Middle kingdoms of India Timeline and cultural period Northwestern India ( Punjab - Sapta Sindhu ) Indo - Gangetic Plain Central India Southern India Upper Gangetic Plain ( Kuru - Panchala ) Middle Gangetic Plain Lower Gangetic Plain IRON AGE Culture Late Vedic Period Late Vedic Period ( Brahmin ideology ) Painted Grey Ware culture Late Vedic Period ( Kshatriya / Shramanic culture ) Northern Black Polished Ware Pre-history 6th century BC Gandhara Kuru - Panchala Magadha Adivasi ( tribes ) Culture Persian - Greek influences `` Second Urbanisation '' Rise of Shramana movements Jainism - Buddhism - Ājīvika - Yoga Pre-history 5th century BC ( Persian rule ) Shishunaga dynasty Adivasi ( tribes ) 4th century BC ( Greek conquests ) Nanda empire HISTORICAL AGE Culture Spread of Buddhism Pre-history Sangam period ( 300 BC -- 200 AD ) 3rd century BC Maurya Empire Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam Culture Preclassical Hinduism - `` Hindu Synthesis '' ( ca . 200 BC - 300 AD ) Epics - Puranas - Ramayana - Mahabharata - Bhagavad Gita - Brahma Sutras - Smarta Tradition Mahayana Buddhism Sangam period ( continued ) ( 300 BC -- 200 AD ) 2nd century BC Indo - Greek Kingdom Shunga Empire Maha - Meghavahana Dynasty Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam 1st century BC 1st century AD Indo - Scythians Indo - Parthians Kuninda Kingdom 2nd century Kushan Empire 3rd century Kushano - Sasanian Kingdom Kushan Empire Western Satraps Kamarupa kingdom Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Culture `` Golden Age of Hinduism '' ( ca . AD 320 - 650 ) Puranas Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism 4th century Kidarites Gupta Empire Varman dynasty Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Kadamba Dynasty Western Ganga Dynasty 5th century Hephthalite Empire Alchon Huns Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Vishnukundina 6th century Nezak Huns Kabul Shahi Maitraka Adivasi ( tribes ) Badami Chalukyas Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Culture Late - Classical Hinduism ( ca . AD 650 - 1100 ) Advaita Vedanta - Tantra Decline of Buddhism in India 7th century Indo - Sassanids Vakataka dynasty Empire of Harsha Mlechchha dynasty Adivasi ( tribes ) Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Pandyan Kingdom ( Revival ) Pallava 8th century Kabul Shahi Pala Empire Pandyan Kingdom Kalachuri 9th century Gurjara - Pratihara Rashtrakuta dynasty Pandyan Kingdom Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Cholas ) Chera Perumals of Makkotai 10th century Ghaznavids Pala dynasty Kamboja - Pala dynasty Kalyani Chalukyas Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Cholas ) Chera Perumals of Makkotai Rashtrakuta hide References and sources for table References Jump up ^ Samuel Jump up ^ Samuel Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 39 Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 39 Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Micheals ( 2004 ) p. 40 Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 41 Sources Flood , Gavin D. ( 1996 ) , An Introduction to Hinduism , Cambridge University Press Hiltebeitel , Alf ( 2002 ) , Hinduism . In : Joseph Kitagawa , `` The Religious Traditions of Asia : Religion , History , and Culture '' , Routledge Michaels , Axel ( 2004 ) , Hinduism . Past and present , Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press Samuel , Geoffrey ( 2010 ) , The Origins of Yoga and Tantra . Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century , Cambridge University Press Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty&oldid=855238486 '' Categories : Pratihara empire History of Rajasthan History of Gujarat Empires and kingdoms of India History of Malwa Agnivansha 8th - century establishments in India 1036 disestablishments in Asia 11th - century disestablishments in India Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from December 2015 Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles to be expanded from May 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Français हिन्दी Italiano ქართული Lietuvių മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 21 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which dynasty stopped the expansion of the pratiharas into the deccan | [
"The metropolis of Kannauj had suffered a power vacuum following the death of Harsha without an heir, which resulted in the disintegration of the Empire of Harsha. This space was eventually filled by Yashovarman around a century later but his position was dependent upon an alliance with Lalitaditya Muktapida. When Muktapida undermined Yashovarman, a tri-partite struggle for control of the city developed, involving the Pratiharas, whose territory was at that time to the west and north, the Palas of Bengal in the east and the Rashtrakutas, whose base lay at the south in the Deccan.[32][33] Vatsraja successfully challenged and defeated the Pala ruler Dharmapala and Dantidurga, the Rashtrakuta king, for control of Kannauj.\n"
] | [
"Vatsraja"
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-5366101085446253209 | Danube | Danube - wikipedia Danube Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the river . For other uses , see Danube ( disambiguation ) . Danube River Danube in Vienna Countries Germany , Austria , Slovakia , Hungary , Croatia , Serbia , Bulgaria , Romania , Moldova , Ukraine Cities Ulm , Ingolstadt , Regensburg , Linz , Vienna , Bratislava , Győr , Budapest , Dunaújváros , Vukovar , Novi Sad , Zemun , Belgrade , Pančevo , Smederevo , Drobeta Turnu - Severin Primary source Breg - location Martinskapelle , Black Forest , Germany - elevation 1,078 m ( 3,537 ft ) - length 2,860 km ( 1,777 mi ) - coordinates 48 ° 05 ′ 44 '' N 08 ° 09 ′ 18 '' E / 48.09556 ° N 8.15500 ° E / 48.09556 ; 8.15500 Secondary source Brigach - location St. Georgen , Black Forest , Germany - elevation 940 m ( 3,084 ft ) - length 2,860 km ( 1,777 mi ) - coordinates 48 ° 06 ′ 24 '' N 08 ° 16 ′ 51 '' E / 48.10667 ° N 8.28083 ° E / 48.10667 ; 8.28083 Source confluence - location Donaueschingen - coordinates 47 ° 57 ′ 03 '' N 08 ° 31 ′ 13 '' E / 47.95083 ° N 8.52028 ° E / 47.95083 ; 8.52028 Mouth Danube Delta - coordinates 45 ° 13 ′ 3 '' N 29 ° 45 ′ 41 '' E / 45.21750 ° N 29.76139 ° E / 45.21750 ; 29.76139 Coordinates : 45 ° 13 ′ 3 '' N 29 ° 45 ′ 41 '' E / 45.21750 ° N 29.76139 ° E / 45.21750 ; 29.76139 Length 2,860 km ( 1,777 mi ) Depth 1 -- 8 m ( 3 -- 26 ft ) Basin 817,000 km ( 315,445 sq mi ) Discharge for before delta - average 7,000 m / s ( 247,203 cu ft / s ) Discharge elsewhere ( average ) - Passau 580 m / s ( 20,483 cu ft / s ) 30km before town - Vienna 1,900 m / s ( 67,098 cu ft / s ) - Budapest 2,350 m / s ( 82,989 cu ft / s ) - Belgrade 4,000 m / s ( 141,259 cu ft / s ) Course of the Danube , marked in red Danube summary route map Legend 2860 Source at Donaueschingen 2587 Limit of navigation at Ulm 2458 Ingolstadt 2411 Rhine -- Main -- Danube Canal 2376 Regensburg 2226 Inn River Germany Austria 2128 Linz 1918 Vienna Austria Slovakia Morava River 1867 Bratislava Slovakia Hungary 1794 Győr 1639 Budapest 1579 Dunaújváros Hungary Croatia 1433 Hungary Serbia 1425 Danube -- Tisa -- Danube Canal 1424 Bezdan Bridge 1382 Drava River 1367 Bogojevo Road Bridge 1366 Bogojevo Railway Bridge 1335 Vukovar 1297 Ilok -- Bačka Palanka Bridge 1296 Croatia Serbia in Serbia 1258 Liberty Bridge 1255 Varadin Bridge 1254 Novi Sad 1254 Boško Perošević Bridge 1253 Danube -- Tisa -- Danube Canal 1232 Beška Bridge 1215 Tisza River 1176 Pupin Bridge 1173 Zemun 1170 Sava River 1169 Belgrade 1167 Pančevo Bridge 1153 Pančevo 1104 Great Morava 1116 Smederevo 1113 Pipeline bridge 1112 Kovin Bridge 1077 Danube -- Tisa -- Danube Canal 1076 Serbia Romania 943 Iron Gate I 930 Drobeta - Turnu Severin 863 Iron Gate II Serbia Bulgaria 846 796 New Europe Bridge Olt River 495 Ruse 489 Danube Bridge Bulgaria Romania 300 Anghel Saligny Bridge 300 Cernavodă Bridge 238 Giurgeni -- Vadu Oii Bridge Romania Moldova Moldova Ukraine Danube Delta 0 Black Sea Note : Distances are in kilometers , rounded to the nearest kilometer . Waterway distances are shown , not towpath distances . Country capitals are shown in bold . The Danube ( / ˈdænjuːb / DAN - ewb , known by various names in other languages ) is Europe 's second - longest river , after the Volga River . It is located in Central and Eastern Europe . The Danube was once a long - standing frontier of the Roman Empire , and today flows through 10 countries , more than any other river in the world . Originating in Germany , the Danube flows southeast for 2,860 km ( 1,780 mi ) , passing through or touching the border of Austria , Slovakia , Hungary , Croatia , Serbia , Romania , Bulgaria , Moldova and Ukraine before emptying into the Black Sea . Its drainage basin extends into nine more countries . The Danube river basin is the most biodiverse region in Europe , and is home to hundreds of fish species , such as pike , zander , huchen , wels catfish , burbot and tench . It is also home to a large diversity of carp and sturgeon , as well as salmon and trout . A few species of Euryhaline fish , such as European seabass , mullet , and eel , inhabit the Danube delta and the lower portion of the river . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names and etymology 2 Geography 2.1 Drainage basin 2.2 Tributaries 2.3 Cities and towns 2.4 Islands 2.5 Sectioning 3 Modern navigation 4 Piracy 5 Danube delta 6 International cooperation 6.1 Ecology and environment 6.2 Navigation 7 Geology 8 History 8.1 Ancient cultural perspectives of the lower Danube 8.2 Ottoman -- Hungarian and Ottoman -- Habsburg rivalry along the Danube 9 Economics 9.1 Drinking water 9.2 Navigation and transport 9.3 Fishing 9.4 Tourism 9.4. 1 Danube Bike Trail 9.4. 2 Sultans Trail 9.4. 3 Donausteig 9.4. 4 The Route of Emperors and Kings 10 Important national parks 11 Cultural significance 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Names and etymology ( edit ) Old European river names derived from a Proto - Indo - European * dānu . Other river names from the same root include the Dunajec , Dzvina / Daugava , Don , Donets , Dnieper , Dniestr and Dysna . In Rigvedic Sanskrit , dānu means `` fluid , drop '' , in Avestan , the same word means `` river '' . In the Rigveda , Dānu once appears as the mother of Vrtra . It is possible that dānu in Scythian as in Avestan was a generic word for `` river '' : Dnieper and Dniestr , from Danapris and Danastius , are presumed to continue Scythian * dānu apara `` far river '' and * dānu nazdya - `` near river '' , respectively . Known to the ancient Greeks as the Istros ( Ἴστρος ) a borrowing from a Daco - Thracian name meaning `` strong , swift '' ( akin to Sanskrit iṣiras `` swift '' ) . In Latin , the Danube was variously known as Danubius , Danuvius or as Ister . The Dacian / Thracian name was Donaris for the upper Danube and Istros for the lower Danube . The Thraco - Phrygian name was Matoas , `` the bringer of luck '' . The Latin name is masculine , as are all its Slavic names ( the name of the Rhine is also masculine in Latin , most of the Slavic languages , as well as in German ) . The German Donau ( Early Modern German Donaw , Tonaw , Middle High German Tuonowe ) is feminine , as it has been re-interpreted as containing the suffix - ouwe `` wetland '' . The modern languages spoken in the Danube basin all use names related to Dānuvius : German : Donau ( ( ˈdoːnaʊ̯ ) ; Bavarian : Doana ; Yiddish : Dunay דונײַ ( dʊnaj ) ) ; Silesian : Důnaj ; Upper Sorbian : Dunaj ; Slovak : Dunaj ( ( ˈdunaj ) ) ; Hungarian : Duna ( ( ˈdunɒ ) ) ; Serbo - Croatian : Dunav / Дунав ( ( dǔnaʋ ) or ( dǔnaːʋ ) Romanian : Dunărea ( ( ˈdunəre̯a ) ) ; Romani : Dunaja ( ( ˈdunaja ) ) ; Bulgarian : Дунав , Dunav ( ( ˈdunɐf ) ) ; Ukrainian : Дунай , Dunai ( ( duˈnɑj ) ) ; Czech : Dunaj ( Czech pronunciation : ( ˈdʊnaj ) ) ; Polish : Dunaj ( Polish pronunciation : ( ˈdũnaj ) ) ; Slovene : Donava ( ( ˈdóːnaʋa ) ) ; Italian : Danubio ( ( da'nubjo ) ) ; Romansh : Danubi . Geography ( edit ) The Danube basin Classified as an international waterway , it originates in the town of Donaueschingen , in the Black Forest of Germany , at the confluence of the rivers Brigach and Breg . The Danube then flows southeast for about 2,800 km ( 1,700 mi ) , passing through four capital cities before emptying into the Black Sea via the Danube Delta in Romania and Ukraine . Once a long - standing frontier of the Roman Empire , the river passes through or touches the borders of 10 countries : Romania ( 29.0 % of basin area ) , Hungary ( 11.6 % ) , Serbia ( 10.2 % ) , Austria ( 10.0 % ) , Germany ( 7.0 % ) , Bulgaria ( 5.9 % ) , Slovakia ( 5.9 % ) , Croatia ( 4.4 % ) , Ukraine ( 3.8 % ) , and Moldova ( 1.6 % ) . Its drainage basin extends into nine more . Drainage basin ( edit ) The Danube discharges into the Black Sea ( the upper body of water in the image ) . Where the Danube Meets the Black Sea ( NASA Goddard image ) . In addition to the bordering countries ( see above ) , the drainage basin includes parts of nine more countries : Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 4.6 % ) , the Czech Republic ( 2.9 % ) , Slovenia ( 2.0 % ) , Montenegro ( 0.9 % ) , Switzerland ( 0.2 % ) , Italy ( < 0.1 % ) , Poland ( < 0.1 % ) , the Republic of Macedonia ( < 0.1 % ) and Albania ( < 0.1 % ) . The highest point of the drainage basin is the summit of Piz Bernina at the Italy -- Switzerland border , at 4,049 metres ( 13,284 ft ) . Tributaries ( edit ) Main article : List of tributaries of the Danube The land drained by the Danube extends into many other countries . Many Danubian tributaries are important rivers in their own right , navigable by barges and other shallow - draught boats . From its source to its outlet into the Black Sea , its main tributaries are ( in order that they enter ) : Iller ( entering at Ulm ) Lech Altmühl ( entering at Kelheim ) Naab ( entering at Regensburg ) Regen ( entering at Regensburg ) Isar Inn ( entering at Passau ) Ilz ( entering at Passau ) Enns Morava ( entering near Devín Castle ) Rába ( entering at Győr ) Váh ( entering at Komárno ) Hron ( entering at Štúrovo ) Ipeľ Sió Dráva Vuka ( entering at Vukovar ) 18 . Tisza 19 . Sava ( entering at Belgrade ) 20 . Tamiš ( entering at Pančevo ) 21 . Great Morava 22 . Caraș 23 . Jiu ( entering at Bechet ) 24 . Iskar ( entering near Gigen ) 25 . Olt ( entering at Turnu Măgurele ) 26 . Osam ( entering near Nikopol , Bulgaria ) 27 . Argeș ( entering at Oltenița ) 28 . Ialomița 29 . Siret ( entering near Galați ) 30 . Prut ( entering near Galați ) The confluence of the Sava into the Danube at Belgrade . Pictured from Belgrade Fortress , Serbia Cities and towns ( edit ) The historical source of the Danube in Donaueschingen . The Donauzusammenfluss , or `` Danube confluence '' , where the Breg and Brigach unite to form the Danube in Donaueschingen , Germany The Danube in Ulm from the steeple of Ulm Minster , looking southwest The Danube in Regensburg , Germany Danube in Linz , Austria The Danube in Bratislava , Slovakia Basilica of Esztergom ( Hungary ) , the third largest cathedral in Europe Buda Castle , Budapest , Hungary Confluence of river Sava into the Danube beneath Belgrade citadel The Danube flows through many cities , including four national capitals ( shown below in bold ) , more than any other river in the world . Ordered from the source to the mouth they are : Germany Donaueschingen in the State of Baden - Württemberg -- rivers Brigach and Breg join to form the Danube Möhringen an der Donau in Baden - Württemberg Tuttlingen in Baden - Württemberg Sigmaringen in Baden - Württemberg Riedlingen in Baden - Württemberg Munderkingen in Baden - Württemberg Ehingen in Baden - Württemberg Ulm in Baden - Württemberg Neu - Ulm in Bavaria Günzburg in Bavaria Dillingen an der Donau in Bavaria Donauwörth in Bavaria Neuburg an der Donau in Bavaria Ingolstadt in Bavaria Kelheim in Bavaria Regensburg in Bavaria Straubing in Bavaria Deggendorf in Bavaria Passau in Bavaria Austria Linz , capital of Upper Austria Krems in Lower Austria Tulln in Lower Austria Vienna -- capital of Austria and the most populous city on the Danube , where the Danube floodplain is called the Lobau , though the Innere Stadt is situated away from the main flow of the Danube ( it is bounded by the Donaukanal -- ' Danube canal ' ) . Slovakia Bratislava -- capital of Slovakia Komárno Štúrovo Hungary Mosonmagyaróvár Győr Komárom Esztergom Visegrád Vác Szentendre Dunakeszi Budapest -- capital of Hungary , the largest city and the largest agglomeration on Danube ( about 3,300,000 people ) . Szigetszentmiklós Százhalombatta Ráckeve Adony Dunaújváros Dunaföldvár Paks Kalocsa Baja Mohács Croatia Vukovar Ilok Serbia Apatin Bačka Palanka Futog Veternik Novi Sad Sremski Karlovci Zemun Belgrade -- capital of Serbia Pančevo Smederevo Kovin Veliko Gradište Golubac Donji Milanovac Kladovo Bulgaria Danube at Nikopol , Bulgaria in winter Vidin Lom Kozloduy Oryahovo Nikopol Belene Svishtov Ruse Tutrakan Silistra Moldova Giurgiulești Ukraine 0 km , Danube Delta ( Ukraine ) Reni Izmail Kiliya Vylkove Romania The Danube in Sulina , Romania Moldova Nouă Orșova Drobeta - Turnu Severin Calafat Bechet Dăbuleni Corabia Turnu Măgurele Zimnicea Giurgiu Oltenița Călărași Fetești Cernavodă Hârșova Brăila Galați -- largest port on the Danube Isaccea Tulcea Sulina -- last city through which it flows Panorama of the Danube in Vienna The Danube Bend is a curve of the Danube in Hungary , near the city of Visegrád . The Transdanubian Mountains lie on the right bank ( left side of the picture ) , while the North Hungarian Mountains on the left bank ( right side of the picture ) . Panorama of the Danube in Budapest Budapest at night Panoramic image of the Danube and Sava river from Kalemegdan , Belgrade Serbia . Islands ( edit ) Further information : List of islands in the Danube Aerial view of Margaret Island , Budapest , Hungary . There are 15 bridges over the Danube in Budapest . Great War Island , Belgrade , as seen from Zemun , Serbia . It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube . Adakale Island in the Danube was forgotten during the peace talks at the Congress of Berlin in 1878 , which allowed it to remain a de jure Turkish territory and the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II 's private possession until the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 ( de facto until Romania unilaterally declared its sovereignty on the island in 1919 and further strengthened this claim with the Treaty of Trianon in 1920 . ) The island was submerged during the construction of the Iron Gates hydroelectric plant in 1970 , which also removed the possibility of a potential legal claim by the descendants of Abdülhamid II . Adakale Island Ostrovul Mare , Gogoșu Balta Ialomiței Belene Island Csepel Island Donauinsel Great Brăila Island Great War Island Island of Vukovar Island of Šarengrad Žitný ostrov Szigetköz Island of Szentendre Margaret Island Csepel Island Island of Mohács Ostrovul Ciocănești Ostrovul Mare , Islaz Ostrvo ( Kostolac ) Kozloduy Island Ribarsko Ostrvo , Novi Sad Vardim Island Sectioning ( edit ) Upper Section : From spring to Devín Gate , at the border of Austria and Slovakia . Danube remains a characteristic mountain river until Passau , with average bottom gradient 0.0012 % ( 12 ppm ) , from Passau to Devín Gate the gradient lessens to 0.0006 % ( 6 ppm ) . Middle Section : From Devín Gate to Iron Gate , at the border of Serbia and Romania . The riverbed widens and the average bottom gradient becomes only 0.00006 % ( 0.6 ppm ) . Lower Section : From Iron Gate to Sulina , with average gradient as little as 0.00003 % ( 0.3 ppm ) . Modern navigation ( edit ) The Danube in Budapest Fisher in the Danube Delta Play media Freight ship on the Danube near Vienna The Danube is navigable by ocean ships from the Black Sea to Brăila in Romania and by river ships to Kelheim , Bavaria , Germany ; smaller craft can navigate further upstream to Ulm , Württemberg , Germany . About 60 of its tributaries are also navigable . Since the completion of the German Rhine -- Main -- Danube Canal in 1992 , the river has been part of a trans - European waterway from Rotterdam on the North Sea to Sulina on the Black Sea , a distance of 3,500 km ( 2,200 mi ) . In 1994 the Danube was declared one of ten Pan-European transport corridors , routes in Central and Eastern Europe that required major investment over the following ten to fifteen years . The amount of goods transported on the Danube increased to about 100 million tons in 1987 . In 1999 , transport on the river was made difficult by the NATO bombing of three bridges in Serbia during the Kosovo War . Clearance of the resulting debris was completed in 2002 , and a temporary pontoon bridge that hampered navigation was removed in 2005 . At the Iron Gate , the Danube flows through a gorge that forms part of the boundary between Serbia and Romania ; it contains the Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station dam , followed at about 60 km ( 37 mi ) downstream ( outside the gorge ) by the Iron Gate II Hydroelectric Power Station . On 13 April 2006 , a record peak discharge at Iron Gate Dam reached 15,400 m / s ( 540,000 cu ft / s ) . There are three artificial waterways built on the Danube : the Danube - Tisa - Danube Canal ( DTD ) in the Banat and Bačka regions ( Vojvodina , northern province of Serbia ) ; the 64 km ( 40 mi ) Danube - Black Sea Canal , between Cernavodă and Constanța ( Romania ) finished in 1984 , shortens the distance to the Black Sea by 400 km ( 250 mi ) ; the Rhine -- Main -- Danube Canal is about 171 km ( 106 mi ) , finished in 1992 , linking the North Sea to the Black Sea . Piracy ( edit ) In 2010 -- 12 , shipping companies ( especially from Ukraine ) claimed that their vessels suffered from `` regular pirate attacks '' , on the Serbian and Romanian stretches of the Danube . However , these transgressions may not be considered acts of piracy , as defined according to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , but rather instances of `` river robbery '' . On the other hand , media reports say the crews on transport ships often steal and sell their own cargo and then blame the plundering on `` pirates '' , and the alleged attacks are not piracy but small - time contraband theft that is taking place along the river . Danube Delta ( edit ) Main article : Danube Delta The Danube Delta ( Romanian : Delta Dunării pronounced ( ˈdelta ˈdunərij ) ; Ukrainian : Дельта Дунаю , Del'ta Dunaju ) is the largest river delta in the European Union . The greater part of the Danube Delta lies in Romania ( Tulcea county ) , while its northern part , on the left bank of the Chilia arm , is situated in Ukraine ( Odessa Oblast ) . The approximate surface is 4,152 km ( 1,603 sq mi ) , of which 3,446 km ( 1,331 sq mi ) are in Romania . If one includes the lagoons of Razim - Sinoe ( 1,015 km ( 392 sq mi ) of which 865 km ( 334 sq mi ) water surface ) , which are located south of the delta proper , but are related to it geologically and ecologically ( their combined territory is part of the World Heritage Site ) , the total area of the Danube Delta reaches 5,165 km ( 1,994 sq mi ) . The Danube Delta is also the best preserved river Delta in Europe , a UNESCO World Heritage Site ( since 1991 ) and a Ramsar Site . Its lakes and marshes support 45 freshwater fish species . Its wetlands support vast flocks of migratory birds of over 300 species , including the endangered pygmy cormorant ( Phalacrocorax pygmaeus ) . These are threatened by rival canalization and drainage schemes such as the Bystroye Canal . International cooperation ( edit ) Ecology and environment ( edit ) Main article : International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River Pelicans in the Danube Delta , Romania The International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River ( ICPDR ) is an organization consisting of 14 member states ( Germany , Austria , the Czech Republic , Slovakia , Slovenia , Hungary , Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Serbia , Bulgaria , Romania , Moldova , Montenegro and Ukraine ) and the European Union . The commission , established in 1998 , deals with the whole Danube river basin , which includes tributaries and the groundwater resources . Its goal is to implement the Danube River Protection Convention by promoting and coordinating sustainable and equitable water management , including conservation , improvement and rational use of waters and the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive . Navigation ( edit ) Main article : Danube Commission The Danube Commission is concerned with the maintenance and improvement of the river 's navigation conditions . It was established in 1948 by seven countries bordering the river . Members include representatives from Austria , Bulgaria , Croatia , Germany , Hungary , Moldova , Slovakia , Romania , Russia , Ukraine , and Serbia , It meets regularly twice a year . It also convenes groups of experts to consider items provided for in the commission 's working plans . The commission dates to the Paris Conferences of 1856 and 1921 , which established for the first time an international regime to safeguard free navigation on the Danube . Today the Commission include riparian and non-riparian states . Geology ( edit ) Iron Gates , Serbia - Romania border Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station , Romania - Serbia Although the headwaters of the Danube are relatively small today , geologically , the Danube is much older than the Rhine , with which its catchment area competes in today 's southern Germany . This has a few interesting geological complications . Since the Rhine is the only river rising in the Alps mountains which flows north towards the North Sea , an invisible line beginning at Piz Lunghin divides large parts of southern Germany , which is sometimes referred to as the European Watershed . Before the last ice age in the Pleistocene , the Rhine started at the southwestern tip of the Black Forest , while the waters from the Alps that today feed the Rhine were carried east by the so - called Urdonau ( original Danube ) . Parts of this ancient river 's bed , which was much larger than today 's Danube , can still be seen in ( now waterless ) canyons in today 's landscape of the Swabian Alb . After the Upper Rhine valley had been eroded , most waters from the Alps changed their direction and began feeding the Rhine . Today 's upper Danube is but a meek reflection of the ancient one . The Iron Gate , on the Serbian - Romanian border ( Iron Gates natural park and Đerdap national park ) Since the Swabian Alb is largely shaped of porous limestone , and since the Rhine 's level is much lower than the Danube 's , today subsurface rivers carry much water from the Danube to the Rhine . On many days in the summer , when the Danube carries little water , it completely oozes away noisily into these underground channels at two locations in the Swabian Alp , which are referred to as the Donauversickerung ( Danube Sink ) . Most of this water resurfaces only 12 kilometres ( 7 mi ) south at the Aachtopf , Germany 's wellspring with the highest flow , an average of 8,500 litres per second ( 300 cu ft / s ) , north of Lake Constance -- thus feeding the Rhine . The European Water Divide applies only for those waters that pass beyond this point , and only during the days of the year when the Danube carries enough water to survive the sink holes in the Donauversickerung . Since such large volumes of underground water erode much of the surrounding limestone , it is estimated that the Danube upper course will one day disappear entirely in favor of the Rhine , an event called stream capturing . The hydrological parameters of Danube are regularly monitored in Croatia at Batina , Dalj , Vukovar and Ilok . History ( edit ) The oldest bridge across the Danube , constructed by Apollodorus of Damascus between 103 - 105 CE , directed by Trajan , modern Serbia and Romania . At Esztergom and Štúrovo , the Danube separates Hungary from Slovakia The Danube in Vienna The Danube between Belene and Belene Island , Bulgaria A look upstream from the Donauinsel in Vienna , Austria during an unusually cold winter ( February 2006 ) . A frozen Danube usually occurs just once or twice in a lifetime . Bratislava does not usually suffer major floods , but the Danube sometimes overflows its right bank Combat between Russian and Turkish forces on the Danube in 1854 , during the Crimean War ( 1853 -- 1856 ) The Danube basin was the site of some of the earliest human cultures . The Danubian Neolithic cultures include the Linear Pottery cultures of the mid-Danube basin . Many sites of the sixth - to - third millennium BC Vinča culture , ( Vinča , Serbia ) are sited along the Danube . The third millennium BC Vučedol culture ( from the Vučedol site near Vukovar , Croatia ) is famous for its ceramics . Darius the Great , king of Persia , crossed the river in the late 6th century BC in order to invade European Scythia and to subdue the Scythians . Alexander the Great defeated the Triballian king Syrmus and the northern barbarian Thracian and Illyrian tribes by advancing from Macedonia as far as the Danube in 336 BC . Under the Romans the Danube formed the border of the Empire with the tribes to the north almost from its source to its mouth . At the same time it was a route for the transport of troops and the supply of settlements downstream . From AD 37 to the reign of the Emperor Valentinian I ( 364 -- 375 ) the Danubian Limes was the northeastern border of the Empire , with occasional interruptions such as the fall of the Danubian Limes in 259 . The crossing of the Danube into Dacia was achieved by the Imperium Romanum , first in two battles in 102 and then in 106 after the construction of a bridge in 101 near the garrison town of Drobeta at the Iron Gate . This victory over Dacia under Decebalus enabled the Province of Dacia to be created , but in 271 it was lost again . Avars used the river as their southeastern border in the 6th century . Ancient cultural perspectives of the lower Danube ( edit ) Part of the rivers Danubius or Istros was also known as ( together with the Black Sea ) the Okeanos in ancient times , being called the Okeanos Potamos ( Okeanos River ) . The lower Danube was also called the Keras Okeanoio ( Gulf or Horn of Okeanos ) in the Argonautica by Apollonius Rhodos ( Argon. IV . 282 ) . At the end of the Okeanos Potamos , is the holy island of Alba ( Leuke , Pytho Nisi , Isle of Snakes ) , sacred to the Pelasgian ( and later , Greek ) Apollo , greeting the sun rising in the east . Hecateus Abderitas refers to Apollo 's island from the region of the Hyperboreans , in the Okeanos . It was on Leuke , in one version of his legend , that the hero Achilles was buried ( to this day , one of the mouths of the Danube is called Chilia ) . Old Romanian folk songs recount a white monastery on a white island with nine priests . Ottoman -- Hungarian and Ottoman -- Habsburg rivalry along the Danube ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Between the late 14th and late 19th centuries , the Ottoman Empire competed first with the Kingdom of Hungary and later with the Austrian Habsburgs for controlling the Danube ( Turks call it Tuna ) , which formed the northern border of the Ottoman Empire for centuries . Many of the Ottoman -- Hungarian Wars ( 1366 -- 1526 ) and Ottoman -- Habsburg wars ( 1526 -- 1791 ) were fought along the river . The most important wars of the Ottoman Empire along the Danube include the Battle of Nicopolis ( 1396 ) , the Siege of Belgrade ( 1456 ) , the Battle of Mohács ( 1526 ) , the first Turkish Siege of Vienna ( 1529 ) , the Siege of Esztergom ( 1543 ) , the Long War ( 1591 -- 1606 ) , the Battle of Vienna ( 1683 ) , the Great Turkish War ( 1683 -- 1699 ) , the Crimean War ( 1853 -- 1856 ) and the Russo - Turkish War ( 1877 -- 1878 ) . Economics ( edit ) Drinking water ( edit ) Along its course , the Danube is a source of drinking water for about 20 million people . In Baden - Württemberg , Germany , almost 30 percent ( as of 2004 ) of the water for the area between Stuttgart , Bad Mergentheim , Aalen and Alb - Donau ( district ) comes from purified water of the Danube . Other cities such as Ulm and Passau also use some water from the Danube . In Austria and Hungary , most water is drawn from ground and spring sources , and only in rare cases is water from the Danube used . Most states also find it too difficult to clean the water because of extensive pollution ; only parts of Romania where the water is cleaner still obtain drinking water from the Danube on a regular basis . Navigation and transport ( edit ) In the 19th century , the Danube was an important waterway but was , as The Times of London put it , `` annually swept by ice that will lift a large ship out of the water or cut her in two as if she were a carrot . '' Today , as `` Corridor VII '' of the European Union , the Danube is an important transport route . Since the opening of the Rhine -- Main -- Danube Canal , the river connects the Port of Rotterdam and the industrial centres of Western Europe with the Black Sea and , also , through the Danube -- Black Sea Canal , with the Port of Constanța . The waterway is designed for large - scale inland vessels ( 110 × 11.45 m ) but it can carry much larger vessels on most of its course . The Danube has been partly canalized in Germany ( 5 locks ) and Austria ( 10 locks ) . Proposals to build a number of new locks to improve navigation have not progressed , due in part to environmental concerns . Downstream from the Freudenau locks in Vienna , canalization of the Danube was limited to the Gabčíkovo dam and locks near Bratislava and the two double Iron Gate locks in the border stretch of the Danube between Serbia and Romania . These locks have larger dimensions . Downstream of the Iron Gate , the river is free flowing all the way to the Black Sea , a distance of more than 860 kilometres ( 530 mi ) . The Danube connects with the Rhine -- Main -- Danube Canal at Kelheim , with the Donaukanal in Vienna , and with the Danube -- Black Sea Canal at Cernavodă . Apart from a couple of secondary navigable branches , the only major navigable rivers linked to the Danube are the Drava , Sava and Tisa . In Serbia , a canal network also connects to the river ; the network , known as the Danube -- Tisa -- Danube Canals , links sections downstream . Fishing from a Zille on the Danube in Lower Austria , 1982 In the Austrian and German sections of the Danube , a type of flat - bottomed boat called a Zille was developed for use along the river . Zillen are still used today for fishing , ferrying , and other transport of goods and people in this area . Fishing ( edit ) The importance of fishing on the Danube , which was critical in the Middle Ages , has declined dramatically . Some fishermen are still active at certain points on the river , and the Danube Delta still has an important industry . The Upper Danube ecoregion alone has about 60 fish species and the Lower Danube -- Dniester ecoregion has about twice as many . Among these are an exceptionally high diversity of sturgeon , a total of six species ( beluga , Russian sturgeon , bastard sturgeon , sterlet , starry sturgeon and European sea sturgeon ) , but these are all threatened and have largely -- or entirely in the case of the European sea sturgeon -- disappeared from the river . The huchen , one of the largest species of salmon , is endemic to the Danube basin , but has been introduced elsewhere by humans . Tourism ( edit ) Wachau Valley near Spitz , Austria Important tourist and natural spots along the Danube include the Wachau Valley , the Nationalpark Donau - Auen in Austria , Gemenc in Hungary , the Naturpark Obere Donau in Germany , Kopački rit in Croatia , Iron Gate in Serbia and Romania , the Danube Delta in Romania , and the Srebarna Nature Reserve in Bulgaria . Also , leisure and travel cruises on the river are of significance . Besides the often frequented route between Vienna and Budapest , some ships even go from Passau in Germany to the Danube Delta and back . During the peak season , more than 70 cruise liners are in use on the river , while the traffic - free upper parts can only be discovered with canoes or boats . The Danube region is not only culturally and historically of importance , but also due to its fascinating landmarks and sights important for the regional tourism industry . With its well established infrastructure regarding cycling , hiking and travel possibilities , the region along the Danube attracts every year an international clientele . In Austria alone , there are more than 14 million overnight stays and about 6.5 million arrivals per year . The Danube Banks in Budapest are a part of Unesco World Heritage sites , they can be viewed from a number of sightseeing cruises offered in the city . The Danube Bend is also a popular tourist destination . Danube Bike Trail ( edit ) The Danube Bike Trail running along the Schlögener Schlinge The Danube Bike Trail leading through the city Linz The Danube Bike Trail ( also called Danube Cycle Path or the Donauradweg ) is a bicycle trail along the river . Especially the parts through Germany and Austria are very popular , which makes it one of the 10 most popular bike trails in Germany . The Danube Bike Trail starts at the origin of the Danube and ends where the river flows into the Black Sea . It is divided into four sections : Donaueschingen -- Passau ( 559 km ) Passau -- Vienna ( 340 km ) Vienna -- Budapest ( 306 km ) Budapest -- Black Sea ( 1670 km ) Sultans Trail ( edit ) The Sultans Trail is a hiking trail that runs along the river between Vienna and Smederevo in Serbia . From there the Sultans Trail leaves the Danube , terminating in Istanbul . Sections along the river are as follows . Vienna -- Budapest ( 323 km ) Budapest -- Smederevo ( 595 km ) Donausteig ( edit ) Resting area along the Donausteig hiking trail near Bad Kreuzen In 2010 the Donausteig , a hiking trail from Passau to Grein , was opened . It is 450 kilometres ( 280 mi ) long and it is divided into 23 stages . The route passes five Bavarian and 40 Austrian communities . An impressive landscape and beautiful viewpoints , which are along the river , are the highlights of the Donausteig . The route of Emperors and Kings ( edit ) The Route of Emperors and Kings is an international touristic route leading from Regensburg to Budapest , calling in Passau , Linz and Vienna . The international consortium ARGE Die Donau - Straße der Kaiser und Könige , comprising ten tourism organisations , shipping companies , and cities , strives for the conservation and touristic development of the Danube region . In medieval Regensburg , with its maintained old town , stone bridge and cathedral , the Route of Emperors and Kings begins . It continues to Engelhartszell , with the only Trappist monastery in Austria . Further highlight - stops along the Danube include the `` Schlögener Schlinge '' , the city of Linz , which was European Capital of Culture in 2009 with its contemporary art richness , the Melk Abbey , the university city of Krems and the cosmopolitan city of Vienna . Before the Route of Emperors and Kings ends , you pass Bratislava and Budapest , the latter which was seen as the twin town of Vienna during the times of the Austro - Hungarian Empire . Since ancient Roman times , famous emperors and their retinue travelled on and along the Danube and used the river for travel and transportation . While travelling on the mainland was quite exhausting , most people preferred to travel by ship on the Danube . So the Route of Emperors and Kings was the setting for many important historical events , which characterize the Danube up until today . The route got its name from the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I of Barbarossa and the crusaders as well as from Richard I of England who had been jailed in the Dürnstein Castle , which is situated above the Danube . The most imperial journeys throughout time were those of the Habsburg family . Once crowned in Frankfurt , the emperors ruled from Vienna and also held in Regensburg the Perpetual Diet of Regensburg . Many famous castles , palaces , residences and state - run convents where built by the Habsburger along the river . Nowadays they still remind us of the bold architecture of the `` Donaubarock '' . Today , people can not only travel by boat on the Danube , but also by train , by bike on the Danube Bike Trail or walk on the `` Donausteig '' and visit the UNESCO World Heritage cities of Regensburg , Wachau and Vienna . Important national parks ( edit ) Gornje Podunavlje Special Nature Reserve in Serbia . Golubac Fortress in Đerdap National park , Serbia . Naturpark Obere Donau ( Germany ) Donauauen zwischen Neuburg und Ingolstadt ( Germany ) -- map Nature protection area Donauleiten ( Germany ) Nationalpark Donau Auen ( Austria ) -- map Chránená krajinná oblasť Dunajské luhy ( Slovakia ) -- map Danube - Ipoly National Park ( Hungary ) -- map Danube - Drava National Park ( Hungary ) -- map Naturalpark Kopački Rit ( Croatia ) -- map Gornje Podunavlje Nature Reserve ( Serbia ) -- map Fruška Gora National Park ( Serbia ) Koviljsko - petrovaradinski rit Nature Reserve ( Serbia ) Great War Island Nature Reserve ( Serbia ) Đerdap National park ( Serbia ) Iron Gates Natural Park ( Romania ) Persina Nature Park ( Bulgaria ) -- map Kalimok - Brushlen Protected Site ( Bulgaria ) -- map Srebarna Nature Reserve ( Bulgaria ) -- map Măcin Mountains Natural Park ( Romania ) Small Island of Brăila Natural Park ( Romania ) Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve ( Romania ) -- map Danube Biosphere Reserve in Ukraine Cultural significance ( edit ) This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this article to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( May 2012 ) The 1900 plan to link the Danube and the Adriatic Sea by C. Wagenführer . It would be a realisation of the erroneous notion of the Danube having a bifurcation . The Danube is mentioned in the title of a famous waltz by Austrian composer Johann Strauss , An der schönen , blauen Donau ( On the Beautiful Blue Danube ) . This piece is well known across the world and is also used widely as a lullaby . The Waves of the Danube ( Romanian : Valurile Dunării ) is a waltz by the Romanian composer Iosif Ivanovici ( 1845 -- 1902 ) . Joe Zawinul wrote a symphony about the Danube called Stories of the Danube . It was performed for the first time at the 1993 Bruckner festival , at Linz . 16th - century Danube landscape near Regensburg , by Albrecht Altdorfer - a member of the Danube school . In 2008 , the Finnish indie rock band Wiidakko released a song called Tonava ( Danube in Finnish ) on their second album Asiat joita et voi koskaan saavuttaa . The Danube figures prominently in the Bulgarian National Anthem , as a symbolic representation of the country 's natural beauty . In Lithuanian folklore songs appearance of Danube ( Dunojus , Dunojėlis ) is more common than the appearance of the longest Lithuanian river Neman . The German tradition of landscape painting , the Danube school , was developed in the Danube valley in the 16th century . One of Claudio Magris 's masterpieces is called Danube ( ISBN 1 - 86046 - 823 - 3 ) . The book , published in 1986 , is a large cultural - historical essay , in which Magris travels the Danube from the very first sources to the delta , tracing the rich European ethnic and cultural heritage , literary and ideological past and present along the way . Jules Verne 's The Danube Pilot ( 1908 ) ( `` Le Pilote du Danube '' ) depicts the adventures of fisherman Serge Ladko as he travels down the river . Algernon Blackwood 's The Willows , about a boat excursion on the river , is considered one of the greatest stories in the literature of the supernatural . The river is the subject of the film The Ister ( 2004 ) ( official site here ( 1 ) ) . Parts of the German road movie Im Juli take place along the Danube . In Nicolas Roeg 's 1980 film Bad Timing , the border crossing over the Danube between Bratislava and Vienna is a recurring site in which the romance between Milena ( Teresa Russell ) , Alex ( Art Garfunkel ) and Milena 's husband Stefan ( Denholm Elliot ) is played out . In the Star Trek universe , the Danube - class runabout is a type of starship used by the Federation Starfleet , most notably in the Deep Space Nine series . The river is mentioned a great number of times throughout the Earth 's Children Saga by Jean M. Auel , especially in the book The Plains of Passage , when the main characters Ayla and Jondalar travel west along this river , which they call the Great Mother River , due to its big size . Miklós Jancsó 's film the Blue Danube Waltz ( 1992 ) The Hungarian sweet speciality , Duna kavics ( `` Danube pebbles '' ) is named after the river . A Hungarian folk ensemble , the Danube Folk Ensemble ( Duna Művészegyüttes ) is named after the river . The group is made up of 30 dancers and musicians . During their performances they show the Hungarian folk music , dance and costumes . There are Hasidic ( Chabad Nigunnim ) songs called `` dunai '' , dating from around 1800 . They are often lullabys and are named after the river Dunay . Farmers around the river used to come to it and sing spiritual songs to thank their god for the great beauty which they saw every day . See also ( edit ) 2006 European floods Between the Woods and the Water , a travel book telling of a Danubian journey in 1934 The Ister , 2004 film List of crossings of the Danube Steamboats on the Danube References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mallory , J.P. and Victor H. Mair . The Tarim Mummies : Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West . London : Thames and Hudson , 2000 . p. 106 . Абаев В . И . Осетинский язык и фольклор ( Ossetian language and folklore ) . Moscow : Publishing house of Soviet Academy of Sciences , 1949 . P. 236 ^ Jump up to : Katičić , Radoslav . Ancient Languages of the Balkans , Part One . Paris : Mouton , 1976 : 144 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Robert ( 1974 ) . `` Matoas , the Thraco - Phrygian name for the Danube , and the IE root * madų '' . Glotta . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht ( GmbH & Co . KG ) . 52 ( 1 / 2 ) : 91 . Jump up ^ Šašel Kos , Marjeta ( 2009 ) . `` Reka kot božanstvo -- Sava v antiki '' ( River as a Deity -- The Sava in Antiquity ) . In Barachini , Jožef . Ukročena lepotica : Sava in njene zgodbe ( The Tamed Beauty : The Sava and Its Stories ) ( PDF ) ( in Slovenian and English ) . Sevnica : Javni zavod za kulturo , šport , turizem in mladinske dejavnosti . pp. 42 -- 50 . ISBN 978 - 961 - 92735 - 0 - 0 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Tonaw in Sebastian Franck , Weltbuch ( 1542 ) , 81 . Donaw e.g. in Leonhard Thurneisser zum Thurn , Pison ( 1572 ) , 186 ; spelling Donau from the 17th century . Jump up ^ Grimm , Deutsche Grammatik , 407 . ^ Jump up to : `` Countries of the Danube River Basin '' . International Commission for the protection of the Danube River . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/water/blanks/assessment/black.pdf Jump up ^ Treaty of Peace with Turkey signed at Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland , 24 July 1923 , retrieved 6 December 2014 Jump up ^ Adakale Island in the Danube Jump up ^ Riječni gusari u Srbiji pljačkaju hrvatske brodove ( in Serbian ) Jump up ^ `` Ukrainian Danube Shipping Company Says Its Ships Are Being Attacked Frequently In Romanian Part Of River Danube '' . Un.ua . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Romanian Pirates Attack Ukrainian Ships More Frequently ( in Ukrainian ) Jump up ^ Pirates on the lower Danube at rivercruiseinfo.com Jump up ^ Reports Of ' Pirates Of The Danube ' Get The Old Heave - Ho at Radio Free Europe Jump up ^ `` Daily hydrological report '' . State Hydrometeorological Bureau of the Republic of Croatia . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Dacia Preistorica , Nicolae Densusianu ( 1913 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Danube '' . International Association of Water Supply Companies in the Danube River Catchement Area . Archived from the original on 19 May 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Danube , '' The Times , February 13 , 1883 , page 12 ^ Jump up to : Hales , J. ( 2013 ) . Upper Danube . Freshwater Ecoregions of the World . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Froese , Rainer and Pauly , Daniel , eds. ( 2013 ) . `` Hucho hucho '' in FishBase . February 2013 version . ^ Jump up to : `` Press release of the `` ARGE Donau Österreich '' '' ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 March 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Die ADFC - Radreiseanalyse 2013 -- Zahlen , Daten und Fakten '' ( in German ) . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Donausteig '' . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Route of Emperors and Kings '' . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Žmuc , Irena ( 2010 ) . `` Sustained Interest '' . In Županek , Bernarda . Emona : Myth and Reality ( PDF ) . Museum and Galleries of Ljubljana ; City Museum of Ljubljana . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 961 - 6509 - 20 - 6 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=20ES9xlnZTM External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Danube . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Danube . Geographic data related to Danube at OpenStreetMap Danube watershed map and information from the World Resources Institute Danube Panorama Project сайт о Дунае ( in Russian ) Danube and the sport of rowing Danube image pool on Flickr Danube Tourist Commission ( in German ) danubemap.eu - The Tourist Map of the Danube International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River Bridges of Budapest over the Danube Description of the Danube estuary in June 1877 , The Times of London The Danube Countries Germany Austria Slovakia Hungary Croatia Serbia Bulgaria Romania Moldova Ukraine Cities Ulm Ingolstadt Regensburg Passau Linz Vienna Bratislava Győr Budapest Vukovar Novi Sad Belgrade Ruse Brăila Galați Izmail Tulcea Tributaries Iller Lech Regen Isar Inn Morava Váh Hron Ipeľ / Ipoly Drava Tisza / Tisa Sava Timiș / Tamiš Great Morava Timok Jiu Iskar Olt Osam Yantra Vedea Argeș Ialomița Siret Prut See also List of islands in the Danube List of crossings of the Danube Hydrography of Croatia Rivers Sava Drava Kupa Danube Bosut Korana Bednja Lonja Česma Una Vuka Dobra Cetina Glina Karašica Sutla Orljava Ilova Odra Lika Krapina Krka Pakra Sunja Zrmanja Mura Plitvica Mrežnica Glogovnica Kupčina Mirna Trnava Spačva Boljunčica Karašica Raša Neretva Rječina Studva Slunjčica Gacka Jadro Ombla Lakes Vrana ( Dalmatia ) Dubrava Peruća Prokljan Varaždin Vrana ( Cres ) Krušćica Plitvice Baćina Trakošćan Valleys , estuaries , canyons , wetlands Lim Paklenica Kopački Rit Lonjsko Polje Waterfalls Galovački buk Skradinski buk Roški slap Štrbački buk Large waterfall ( Plitvice ) VIAF : 235009044 LCCN : n85318261 GND : 4012712 - 6 NDL : 00628835 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danube&oldid=800116090 '' Categories : Danube Danube basin International rivers of Europe Geography of Central Europe Geography of Eastern Europe Geography of Southeastern Europe Rivers of Austria Rivers of Bavaria Rivers of Bulgaria Rivers of Croatia Rivers of Hungary Rivers of Moldova Rivers of Romania Rivers of Serbia Rivers of Slovakia Rivers of Ukraine Rivers of Baden - Württemberg Bačka Banat Geography of Bács - Kiskun County Geography of Vojvodina Syrmia Border rivers Bulgaria -- Romania border Croatia -- Serbia border Hungary -- Slovakia border Romania -- Ukraine border Romania -- Serbia border Federal waterways in Germany Hidden categories : CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) Articles with Serbian - language external links Articles with Ukrainian - language external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from July 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type Articles containing Latin - 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Vlams Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 16 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the danube river located in europe | [
"The Danube (/ˈdænjuːb/ DAN-ewb, known by various names in other languages) is Europe's second-longest river, after the Volga River. It is located in Central and Eastern Europe."
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"Central and Eastern Europe."
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8739413469033512707 | Pod Save America | Pod Save America - Wikipedia Pod Save America Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be merged with Keepin ' it 1600 . ( Discuss ) Proposed since July 2017 . Pod Save America `` A no - bullshit conversation about politics . '' Presentation Hosted by Jon Favreau , Daniel Pfeiffer , Jon Lovett , Tommy Vietor Format Weekly political commentary Language English Production Preceded by Keepin ' it 1600 Publication Original release January 2017 -- present Provider Crooked Media Related shows Pod Save the People , Lovett or Leave It Website Pod Save America Pod Save America is an American progressive political podcast , co-hosted by Jon Favreau , Tommy Vietor , Jon Lovett , and Daniel Pfeiffer . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Content 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) The podcast began in January 2017 as a successor to Keepin ' it 1600 , a political podcast which ran from March to December 2016 . It kept the same format with the same hosts . It is the flagship podcast of Crooked Media , a progressive media company of which three of the four co-hosts ( Favreau , Vietor , and Lovett ) are founders . In an interview with Kara Swisher , the hosts have stated that rather than continue the previous podcast , the election of Donald Trump as President of the United States spurred them to create a new , progressive media company with a network of podcasts . Their goal is to inform , entertain , and inspire action or activism . The hosts went on their first tour in the fall of 2017 . Content ( edit ) The podcast typically covers recent news items relating to politics ( specifically the Trump Administration , the U.S. Government , and the Democratic Party ) , analyzing the possible outcomes and side effects of any legislation or action to the American public . The show often features a guest speaker involved in the show topic , usually an official or politician , either active or retired . Their views run opposite of the Trump administration . During podcasts , the hosts frequently inform listeners of varying ways to resist or to take political action ( such as showing up to town halls or to consider running for local offices ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gillies , Craille Maguire ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Pod save America : 12 podcasts to get you through the Trump presidency '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Rutenberg , Jim ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) . `` Opposition and a Shave : Former Obama Aides Counter Trump '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Willis , Jay ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) . `` The Pod Save America Guys Have Some Ideas About What President Obama Should Do Next '' . GQ . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` CROOKED MEDIA FIGHTS TRUMP WITH `` POD SAVE AMERICA '' `` . Newsweek. 2017 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Team , Crooked ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Pod Save America '' . getcrookedmedia.com . Jump up ^ `` Crooked Media - About Us '' . Crooked Media . Jump up ^ `` Live @ SXSW : Crooked Media and Kara Swisher '' . Crooked Media . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pod Tours America -- Crooked Media '' . Crooked Media . 2017 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Twitter page Podcast website This article about podcasting is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article related to the politics of the United States is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pod_Save_America&oldid=808524069 '' Categories : 2017 podcast debuts Audio podcasts English - language podcasts Political podcasts Internet broadcasting stubs United States politics stubs Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from July 2017 All articles to be merged All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 11 : 06 . About Wikipedia | when do pod save america episodes come out | [
"\n\nPod Save America\n\n\n\n\"A no-bullshit conversation about politics.\"\n\n\n\nPresentation\n\n\nHosted by\nJon Favreau, Daniel Pfeiffer, Jon Lovett, Tommy Vietor\n\n\nFormat\nWeekly political commentary\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nPreceded by\nKeepin' it 1600\n\n\nPublication\n\n\nOriginal release\nJanuary 2017 – present\n\n\nProvider\nCrooked Media\n\n\nRelated shows\nPod Save the People, Lovett or Leave It\n\n\nWebsite\nPod Save America\n\n"
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"Weekly"
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